Gustaf (Kyösti) Nestor Järvinen (Jyväskylä, 31 de março de 1869 – Helsinque, 31 de março de 1957) foi um professor e político finlandês, que serviu como reitor da Faculdade de Economia de Helsinque, ministro das finanças e ministro do comércio e indústria. Foi um dos principais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento do ensino econômico na Finlândia.

Ver também
 Governo Kallio II
 Governo Mantere
 Governo Sunila II

Professores da Finlândia
Membros do Parlamento da Finlândia
Ministros das Finanças da Finlândia
Ministros do Comércio e Indústria da Finlândia

Kyösti Järvinen


The New York Times Magazine, é um suplemento de revista de domingo incluído na edição de domingo do The New York Times. Seu primeiro número foi publicado em 6 de setembro de 1896 e continha as primeiras fotografias já impressas no jornal. A revista apresenta artigos mais longos do que aqueles normalmente no jornal e atraiu muitos colaboradores notáveis. A revista é conhecida por sua fotografia, especialmente no que diz respeito à moda e estilo. Seus quebra-cabeças são populares desde a sua introdução.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Official website

Revistas dos Estados Unidos

The New York Times Magazine


18579 Duongtuyenvu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
18579 Duongtuyenvu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Caussols, în cadrul proiectului ODAS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,60 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 0,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 18001-19000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

18579 Duongtuyenvu


An der Endrunde der Rugby-Union-Weltmeisterschaft 2015, die im September und Oktober in England ausgetragen wird, nehmen 20 Mannschaften teil.

Vorab startberechtigt sind jeweils die drei Bestplatzierten aller vier Vorrundengruppen der Weltmeisterschaft 2011. Für die übrigen acht Startplätze finden kontinentale und interkontinentale Qualifikationsturniere statt. Europa und Amerika haben je zwei feste Startplätze zur Verfügung, Afrika, Asien und Ozeanien je einen, der letzte verbleibende Startplatz wird in einer letzten Qualifikationsrunde, Repechage genannt, mit jeweils einem Teilnehmer aus Europa, Afrika, Amerika und Asien ermittelt.

Qualifizierte Mannschaften

 Afrika
  als Viertelfinalist der Weltmeisterschaft 2011
  als Afrika 1

 Amerika
  als Viertelfinalist der Weltmeisterschaft 2011
  als Amerika 1
  als Amerika 2
  als Sieger Play-off-Finale

 Asien
  als Asien 1

 Europa
  als Gastgeber und Viertelfinalist der Weltmeisterschaft 2011
  als Zweiter der Weltmeisterschaft 2011
  als Europa 1
  als Viertelfinalist der Weltmeisterschaft 2011
  als Gruppendritter der Weltmeisterschaft 2011
  als Europa 2
  als Gruppendritter der Weltmeisterschaft 2011
  als Vierter der Weltmeisterschaft 2011

 Ozeanien
  als Dritter der Weltmeisterschaft 2011
  als Titelverteidiger
  als Gruppendritter der Weltmeisterschaft 2011
  als Gruppendritter der Weltmeisterschaft 2011
  als Ozeanien 1

Afrika
Südafrika qualifizierte sich über sein Ergebnis bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2011 und ist nicht am nachfolgenden kontinentalen Qualifikationsprozess beteiligt. Darüber hinaus hat Afrika einen festen Startplatz für die Endrunde zur Verfügung und eine weitere Mannschaft kann sich über die Repechage qualifizieren.

Die Qualifikation umfasst die drei obersten Divisionen der Afrikameisterschaft, wobei der Gewinner der Division 1A der Saison 2014 sich direkt qualifiziert und der Zweitplatzierte in die Barrage einzieht. Der Sieger der Division 1C des Jahres 2012 hat die Chance, bis 2014 in die Division 1A aufzusteigen, der Letztplatzierte der Division 1B des Jahres 2012 scheidet aus der WM-Qualifikation aus. Im Jahr 2013 steigt der Sieger der Division 1B auf und wahrt sich so die Chance auf eine WM-Qualifikation, während der Letztplatzierte der Division 1A absteigt und ausscheidet.

2012
 Division 1C
Alle Spiele fanden zwischen dem 22. und 29. Juli 2012 in Gaborone (Botswana) statt. Kamerun zog sich kurzfristig zurück, was eine Änderung des Spielplans zur Folge hatte.

Botswana setzte sich mit dem besseren Punkteverhältnis gegen die Elfenbeinküste durch, stieg in die Division 1B auf und blieb so in der Qualifikation, Elfenbeinküste, Mauritius, Sambia und Nigeria schieden aus.

 Division 1B

Halbfinale:

Finale:

Spiel um Platz 3:

Tabelle:

Madagaskar stieg in die Division 1A auf, während Marokko in die Division 1C abstieg und aus der Qualifikation ausschied.

2013
 Division 1B
Das Turnier fand zwischen dem 11. und 15. Juni 2013 in Dakar (Senegal) statt.

Halbfinale:

Finale:

Spiel um Platz 3:

Tabelle:

Namibia stieg in die Division 1A auf und blieb somit in der Qualifikation, Senegal, Tunesien und Botswana schieden aus.

 Division 1A
Das Turnier fand zwischen dem 10. und 14. Juli 2013 in Antananarivo (Madagaskar) statt.

Halbfinale:

Finale:

Spiel um Platz 3:

Tabelle:

Uganda, die letztplatzierte Mannschaft, stieg in die Division 1B ab und schied damit aus der WM-Qualifikation aus.

2014
Die Spiele fanden vom 26. Juni bis 6. Juli 2014 im Stadion Municipal de Mahamasina in Antananarivo, Madagaskar statt. Namibia qualifizierte sich zum fünften Mal in Folge für die Rugby-Union-Weltmeisterschaft, Simbabwe zog in die Repechage ein, Kenia und Madagaskar schieden aus.

Amerika
Argentinien ist aufgrund seines Abschneidens bei der Weltmeisterschaft vorab qualifiziert. Darüber hinaus haben Nord- und Südamerika zusammen zwei feste Startplätze für die Endrunde zur Verfügung und es besteht für eine dritte Mannschaft die Möglichkeit, sich über die Repechage zu qualifizieren.

Der Qualifikationsmodus war wie folgt:
 Kanada und die USA trugen 2013 zwei Spiele gegeneinander aus. Die bessere Mannschaft qualifizierte sich als Amerika 1 für die Endrunde.
 Der Unterlegene der Begegnung Kanada gegen USA trug zwei Spiele gegen den Sieger des A-Turniers der südamerikanischen CONSUR aus. Die bessere Mannschaft qualifizierte sich als Amerika 2 für die Endrunde.
 Dem Verlierer dieser Begegnung hat die Möglichkeit, sich über die Repechage gegen die Vertreter anderer Kontinentalverbände zu qualifizieren.

Der Qualifikationsprozess begann mit einem karibischen Turnier zwischen März und Juni 2012, gefolgt von der Division B Südamerikas. Die beiden Regionalmeister trugen ein Playoff aus, um festzustellen, wer gegen den Letztplatzierten der CONSUR-Division A um den Aufstieg spielt.

Runde 1A: Karibische Meisterschaft 2012

Gruppe A
 1. Runde

Kaimaninseln weiter in 2. Runde, Mexiko und Jamaika ausgeschieden.

 2. Runde

Bermuda weiter ins Endspiel Runde 1A, Kaimaninseln und Bahamas ausgeschieden.

Gruppe B
 1. Runde

Barbados weiter in 2. Runde, St. Vincent und die Grenadien ausgeschieden.

 2. Runde

Guayana weiter ins Endspiel der Runde 1A, Trinidad und Tobago und Barbados ausgeschieden.

Endspiel Runde 1A

Bermuda weiter ins Finale der Runde 1, Guayana ausgeschieden.

Runde 1B: CONSUR Division B 2012

Paraguay weiter im Finale Runde 1, Kolumbien, Venezuela, Peru ausgeschieden.

Finale Runde 1

Paraguay weiter in Runde 2, Bermuda ausgeschieden.

Runde 2

Brasilien weiter in Runde 3A, Paraguay ausgeschieden.

Runde 3A: CONSUR Division A 2013

Uruguay weiter in Runde 4, Brasilien und Chile ausgeschieden.

Runde 3B

Kanada qualifiziert sich mit zwei Siegen als Amerika 1 für die WM-Endrunde, USA weiter in Runde 4.

Runde 4

USA mit einem Sieg und einem Unentschieden als Amerika 2 für die WM qualifiziert, Uruguay weiter in die Repechage.

Asien
Aus dem asiatischen Verband qualifizierte sich als einziger keine Mannschaft über das Ergebnis der Weltmeisterschaft 2011. Asien hat jedoch einen festen Startplatz für die Endrunde, der über die reguläre Qualifikation vergeben wird. Darüber hinaus besteht für eine zweite Mannschaft die Möglichkeit, sich über die interkontinentale Repechage zu qualifizieren.

Die Qualifikation umfasst die vier obersten Divisionen der asiatischen Nationalmannschaftsturniere. Der Sieger der Asian Five Nations im Jahr 2014 qualifiziert sich direkt für die Endrunde, der Zweitplatzierte rückt in die Barrage vor. Die Sieger der Divisionen 2 und 3 des Jahres 2012 spielten um den Aufstieg in die Division 1. Der Letztplatzierte der Division 1 des Jahres 2012 fiel für die WM-Qualifikation nicht mehr in Betracht. Der Sieger der Division 1 des Jahres 2013 nimmt am Asian Five Nations 2014 teil, der letzten kontinentalen Qualifikationsrunde.

2012
 Divisionen 2 und 3

Viertelfinale:

Halbfinale:

Finale:

Die Sieger der Divisionen 2 und 3 spielten um den Aufstieg in die Division 1 des Jahres 2013. Thailand als Sieger blieb in der Qualifikation, Indonesien, Pakistan, China, Iran, Guam, Malaysia und Indien schieden aus.

 Division 1

Philippinen stiegen in die Asia Five Nations des Jahres 2013 auf, während Singapur abstieg und somit aus der WM-Qualifikation ausschied.

2013
 Division 1

Das Turnier fand zwischen dem 31. März und dem 6. April in Sri Lanka statt. Sri Lanka stieg in die Asia Five Nations für 2014 auf und blieb in der Qualifikation, während Kasachstan, Taiwan und Thailand ausschieden.

 Asian Five Nations

Die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate schieden als Absteiger aus der Qualifikation aus.

2014
 Asian Five Nations
Der Sieger der Asian Five Nations 2014 qualifiziert sich als Asien 1 für die WM-Endrunde, der Zweitplatzierte rückt in die Repechage vor, die Dritt- bis Fünftplatzierten scheiden aus.

Japan als Asien 1 qualifiziert, Hongkong weiter in der Repechage, Südkorea, Philippinen und Sri Lanka ausgeschieden.

Europa
England als Gastgeber musste sich für die Weltmeisterschaften nicht qualifizieren. Über das Ergebnis der WM im Jahr 2011 startberechtigt sind Frankreich, Irland, Italien, Schottland und Wales. Darüber hinaus hat Europa zwei feste Startplätze für die Endrunde, während eine dritte Mannschaft in die Repechage vorrückt und sich über diese zusätzlich qualifizieren kann. Der Qualifikationsprozess umfasst die Divisionen 1 und 2 des European Nations Cup 2012–2014 sowie Playoff-Spiele.

1. Runde
In der ersten Runde trafen die Sieger der Hinrunde der Division 2D und 2C in einem Playoff-Spiel aufeinander. Der Sieger rückte in die zweite Runde der Qualifikation vor.

 Division 2D

Luxemburg blieb in der Qualifikation, Norwegen, Bosnien und Herzegowina, Griechenland und Finnland schieden aus.

 Division 2C

* Obwohl Zypern an der Division 2C des European Nations Cup teilnahm, war es als Nichtmitglied des IRB von der WM-Qualifikation ausgeschlossen.

Slowenien blieb als zweitplatzierte Mannschaft in der Qualifikation, Ungarn, Bulgarien und Österreich schieden aus.

 Playoff

Luxemburg blieb in der Qualifikation in der 2. Runde, Slowenien schied aus.

2. Runde
In der 2. Runde traf der Sieger aus der 1. Runde auf den Erstplatzierten der Division 2B.

 Division 2B

Israel blieb in der Qualifikation, Lettland, Dänemark, Andorra und Serbien schieden aus.

 Playoff

Luxemburg schied aus der Qualifikation aus, Israel weiter in 3. Runde.

3. Runde
In der 3. Runde traf der Sieger der 2. Runde auf den Erstplatzierten der Division 2A.

 Division 2A

Niederlande blieb in der Qualifikation, Schweiz, Kroatien, Malta und Litauen schieden aus.

 Playoff

Israel schied aus der Qualifikation aus, Niederlande weiter in 4. Runde.

4. Runde
In der vierten Runde traf der Sieger aus der 3. Runde auf den Gewinner der Division 1B. Der Sieger rückte in die 6. Runde weiter.

 Division 1B

Deutschland blieb in der Qualifikation, Moldawien, Ukraine, Polen, Schweden und Tschechien schieden aus.

 Playoff

Niederlande schieden aus der Qualifikation aus, Deutschland weiter in Runde 6.

5. Runde

 Division 1A

Georgien qualifizierte sich als Europa 1 und Rumänien als Europa 2 für die Weltmeisterschaft. Russland blieb in der Qualifikation, Portugal, Spanien und Belgien schieden aus.

6. Runde

 Playoff

Russland weiter in die Repechage, Deutschland ausgeschieden.

Ozeanien
Australien, Neuseeland, Tonga und Samoa waren aufgrund ihrer Platzierungen bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2011 startberechtigt. Ozeanien stand darüber hinaus ein weiterer Startplatz zur Verfügung, der zwischen Fidschi und dem Gewinner des Oceania Cup 2013 ausgespielt wurde.

Oceania Cup 2013

Die Cookinseln blieben in der Qualifikation, Papua-Neuguinea, Salomonen und Tahiti schieden aus.

Playoff
Fidschi traf auf die Cook-Inseln, den Sieger des Oceania Cup 2013.

Fidschi qualifizierte sich als Ozeanien 1 für die Weltmeisterschaft, die Cookinseln schieden aus.

Repechage
Der letzte Startplatz für die Weltmeisterschaft wurde in einer interkontinentalen Qualifikationsrunde ausgespielt. Dabei spielten zunächst die startberechtigten Mannschaften aus Europa und Afrika sowie aus Amerika und Asien gegeneinander. Heimrecht hatte jeweils das in der IRB-Weltrangliste besser platzierte Team. Russland als Weltranglisten 19. spielte gegen den 30. Simbabwe und Uruguay als 20. gegen Hongkong als 23. Im Finale spielten die beiden Sieger der 1. Runde jeweils einmal auswärts und daheim gegeneinander.

1. Runde

Russland und Uruguay rückten in die finale Runde ein, Simbabwe und Hongkong schieden aus.

Play-off-Finale

Damit ist Uruguay für die Weltmeisterschaftsendrunde qualifiziert, Russland ausgeschieden.

Weblinks
 Neuigkeiten und Ergebnisse zur WM-Qualifikation
 World Rugby

Einzelnachweise

Qualifikation
Rugby 2012
Rugby 2013
Rugby 2014

Rugby-Union-Weltmeisterschaft 2015/Qualifikation


A maldição do conhecimento é um viés cognitivo que ocorre quando um indivíduo, que está se comunicando com outros indivíduos, presume que outros indivíduos têm um plano de fundo similar e profundidade de conhecimento para entender. Esse viés também é chamado por alguns autores de maldição da perícia.

Por exemplo, em um ambiente de sala de aula, os professores têm dificuldade porque não podem se colocar na posição do aluno. Um professor experiente pode não se lembrar mais das dificuldades que um jovem estudante encontra ao aprender um novo assunto. Essa maldição do conhecimento também explica o perigo por trás de pensar a aprendizagem dos alunos com base no que parece melhor para os professores, em oposição ao que foi verificado com os alunos.

Ver também
 Seleção adversa
 Efeito Dunning–Kruger
 Efeito de falso consenso
 Shoshin
 Zona de desenvolvimento proximal

Vieses cognitivos

Maldição do conhecimento


The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom (Mitul persecuției: cum creștinii primari au inventat povestea martirajului) este o carte din anul 2013 de Candida Moss, profesor universitar de Noul Testament și creștinism primar la University of Notre Dame. Teza lui Moss este că ideea tradițională a "epocii martirilor", în care creștinii ar fi suferit persecuții din partea autorităților romane și ar fi trăit cu frica de a fi aruncați la lei, este în mare parte imaginară. Nu au existat niciodată persecuții viguroase țintite de autoritățile Imperiului Roman asupra creștinilor. Persecutarea oficială a creștinilor de către Împărat a durat cel mult doisprezece ani ai primilor trei sute de ani ai istoriei Bisericii. Cele mai multe povestiri despre martiri individuali sunt pure scorneli și chiar cele mai vechi și mai corecte din punct de vedere istoric povestiri despre martiri și suferințele lor au fost corupte și rescrise de către editori ulteriori, astfel încât este imposibil să mai știm cu certitudine ceva despre ceea ce martirii au gândit, făcut sau spus.

Cuprins

Martirii dinaintea creștinismului
Cartea explică originea cuvântului grecesc "martir" și cum a ajuns el să fie folosit de către creștini pentru a desemna pe cineva care l-a mărturisit pe Hristos prin moartea proprie.
Moss afirmă că tradiția creștină afirma că nu ar fi existat martiri în epocile pre-creștine. Ea arată că au fost exemple de martiri anteriori printre evrei, greci și romani, dar nu fuseseră denumiți cu acest termen. Citând moartea lui Socrate și pe cea a bătrânului învățător evreu Eleazar, Moss susține că acestea au influențat puternic narațiunile despre martirii creștini, până acolo încât "creștinii și-au adaptat ideile despre martiriu și uneori chiar istorisirile lor" [cursive în original] "după autori antici evrei și păgâni."

Istoricitate
Teza centrală a cărții este că scrierile antice despre martiri și martiriu nu sunt relatări de încredere ale evenimentelor descrise. Moss caracterizează cele mai multe dintre sursele păstrate până azi, cum ar fi Faptele martirilor, drept "elaborate, ornamentate, distractive și departe de adevăr". Moss a găsit de asemenea similitudini între evenimentele relatate și romanele grecești de dragoste.

Examinarea surselor primare
În examinarea Martiriului lui Policarp, Moss afirmă că acesta conține "multe coincidențe bizare, evenimente improbabile și ilegalități". Deși ea nu neagă faptul că Policarp de Smirna a fost într-adevăr martirizat, ea observă că "ne este imposibil să ne imaginăm că Martiriul lui Policarp ar fi o relatare istorică a evenimentelor petrecute în mod real". Observația ei nu este împărtășită de Paul Foster care crede că exceptând miracolele, niciunul din aceste elemente nu este complet implauzibil.

Moss a examinat torturile și morțile Sfântului Pothinus, Blandinei și ale altora din Istoria bisericească a lui Eusebiu din Cezareea. În timp ce evenimentele au avut loc în Galia în jurul anului 177, autoarea observă că ele izvorăsc dintr-o versiune parțială scrisă după circa două sute de ani de la evenimente. În acest text, Moss observă neconcordanțe între orașele menționate și provinciile Imperiului. Moss afirmă că diverși termeni teologici folosiți în text nu au fost atestați înaintea secolului al III-lea. Moss observă că scrisoarea începe prin a afirma că evenimentele sunt "demne de amintire nemuritoare" și observă că această frază a fost de asemenea folosită de Eusebiu atât în Istoria bisericească, cât și Martirii palestinieni. Conform lui Moss, aceste lucruri indică faptul că scrisoarea fusese editată de Eusebiu și că este prin urmare imposibil de deosebit care părți ale ei sunt istorice și care părți au fost adăugate de el în scopuri teologice.

Durata
Conform lui Moss, deși guvernatorii provinciali din Imperiul Roman aveau mari puteri discreționare și puterea de a face ceea ce ei credeau că ar fi necesar în jurisdicția proprie și că au existat într-adevăr incidente sporadice de persecuție și de violențe de masă contra creștinilor, pentru cea mai mare parte a primilor trei sute de ani ai istoriei creștine creștinii puteau trăi liniștiți, își puteau practica meseriile și puteau fi promovați în poziții de răspundere. "Din cei aproape trei sute de ani putem vorbi de mai puțin de zece de-a lungul cărora creștinii au fost executați ca urmare a inițiativelor imperiale." Conform Enciclopediei Catolice din 1913 "din cei 249 de ani de la prima persecuție sub domnia lui Nero (64) până în anul 313, când Constantin a inaugurat pacea durabilă, s-a calculat că au suferit creștinii persecuții timp de 129 de ani și s-au bucurat de oarecare toleranță timp de circa 120 de ani."

Motivele persecuțiilor
Moss susține că romanii interpretau refuzul de a arde tămâie și de a aduce sacrificii imaginii împăratului drept răzvrătire și drept semn al unei posibile trădări. Pe ei nu-i interesau dogmele religioase, ci rebeliunea politică.

Răsplăți pentru martiri
Moss descrie învățăturile Bisericii conform cărora, odată morți, toți oamenii vor aștepta Ziua Judecății spre hotărârea sorții lor eterne - cu excepția martirilor, care erau încununați cu coroana martirilor și se duceau imediat în rai. Din acest motiv unii creștinii căutau martiriul într-o râvnă suicidară pentru coroana de martir.

Concluzii
Autoarea susține că au existat consecințe ale promovării unui astfel de "mit", consecințe care influențează chiar zilele noastre. Deși ea acceptă că au existat cazuri autentice de martiriu și de persecuții de stat contra creștinilor, autoarea susține că ideea de biserică persecutată a fost puternic exagerată, în special de către istoricul bisericii primare Eusebiu. Autoarea conchide că ideea conform căreia creștinii au fost mereu persecutați de către puterile răului și vor fi persecutați mereu de către ele a condus la atitudini combative și agresive printre creștini până în ziua de azi. Asta este exemplificat, după Moss, în dezbaterile privind avortul și căsătoriile homosexuale.

Recepția

Laura Miller, scriind pentru website-ul Salon, a trecut în revistă The Myth of Persecution. Ea a afirmat că "Moss nu poate fi numită scriitor natural sau fluent, dar este metodică, urmărește claritatea și este autentic motivată de preocuparea ei referitoare la influența acestui mit al martiriului asupra societăților occidentale."

În The National Catholic Reporter, Maureen Daly a afirmat: "În primele pagini ale The Myth of Persecution, am avut senzația că aș fi picat peste o ceartă deja aprinsă... Moss, cercetătoare academică a bisericii primare și a martirilor, susține că persecuțiile erau rare și de scurtă durată. De ce contează asta? « Mitul martiriului creștin nu este doar neadevărat, ci a contribuit la mari violențe și continuă să susțină o viziune asupra lumii în care ne simțim atacați de către semenii noștri», scrie ea".

Ephraim Radner, un teolog și istoric, autor al First Things, a trecut cartea în revistă. El a scris "conform criteriilor lui Moss... Regula pare a fi de a citi cu scepticism scrierile din trecut, dar să nu ne îndoim de imaginația cercetătorilor academici de azi. Întreaga carte pledează pentru cea din urmă presupunere. Cum a redat ea capitolele despre necinste și pericolele aserțiunilor de «persecuție» făcute de voci ale politicienilor conservatori contemporani și ale liderilor religioși vădesc cu ușurință părtinirea ei."

Kirkus Review a afirmat "Mitul martiriului — și așteptările de recompense enorme în ceruri — au strâns laolaltă identitatea de grup a creștinilor primari, care presupunea ideea de a fi «supuși atacurilor» și justifica reacțiile violente. Deși niciunul din argumentele prezentate de Moss nu sunt suficient de noi sau de șocante, ea oferă o întreprindere stimulantă care cere mai multă cercetare și concentrare."

În trecerea sa în revistă N. Clayton Croy a afirmat: "Ideologia modernă călăuzește teza lui Moss mai mult decât mărturiile antice, iar rezultatul este distorsionarea istoriei mai severă decât în caricatura pe care ea ar vrea s-o dea în vileag."

Treceri în revistă

Note

The Myth of Persecution


Olaylar
 Macaristan kralı Samuel Aba tahta çıktı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 17 Ocak - I. Mesud, Gazne Devleti sultanı
 8 Nisan - Gazneli Muhammed, Gazne Devleti sultanı
 10 Aralık - IV. Mihail, Bizans imparatoru (d. 1010)

1041


Marita Petersen (nacida Marita Johansen; Vágur, Suðuroy, 21 de octubre de 1940-Tórshavn, 26 de agosto de 2001) fue una política socialdemócrata feroesa afiliada al Partido de la Igualdad. Fue la primera y hasta la fecha la única mujer en haber ocupado el puesto de primera ministra de las Islas Feroe, entre 1993 y 1994. Asimismo fue presidenta de su partido de 1993 a 1996 y presidenta del Løgting de 1994 a 1995.

Inicios
Nació en el sureño poblado de Vágur, en Suðuroy, en 1940, siendo hija de los maestros Sámal Johansen (1899-1991) y Anna Elisabeth Matras (1904-1988). Tanto el padre como dos de los hermanos de Marita eran activos políticamente. Se casó en 1962 con el abogado Kári Dalsgaard Petersen.

Se graduó como maestra del Seminario de Hellerup (Dinamarca) en 1964, y realizó estudios adicionales de pedagogía en la Escuela Normal Superior de Dinamarca en 1980. Trabajó como maestra hasta 1989, cuando se encargó de la dirección de enseñanza del Directorado Feroés de Educación. Fue también presidenta de la Asociación de Maestros de las Islas Feroe entre 1980 y 1984.

Carrera política
Entre el 15 de enero de 1991 y el 18 de enero de 1993, durante el gobierno de Atli Dam, Marita Petersen fue ministra de educación, cultura y justicia. Destacó por reformar la educación para los jóvenes, en especial los programa de educación profesional. Durante su cargo, las Islas Feroe experimentaron un cambio liberal en la ley del consumo de alcohol.

El 18 de enero de 1993 renunció Atli Dam y Petersen asumió como primera ministra, tomando posesión oficialmente el 18 de febrero del mismo año. Petersen recibió el gobierno en medio de una grave crisis financiera. Los bancos, la industria pesquera y la agricultura estaban al borde del colapso, y el desempleo alcanzó niveles muy elevados. Al mismo tiempo ocurrió una emigración masiva, y se produjeron subastas obligatorias de bienes. Como primera ministra, Petersen fue la responsable de entablar negociaciones con Dinamarca y el Danske Bank, en un intento por reencauzar la economía. El resultado fue que el gobierno feroés compró acciones del Føroya Banki.

Al mismo tiempo que recibió el gobierno, Petersen también recibió la presidencia del Partido de la Igualdad. En su calidad de líder de su instituto político, trabajó en la renovación del programa del mismo. Luchó por volver más activos a los miembros femeninos del partido, creando una red femenina.

En las elecciones parlamentarias de 1994, el Partido de la Igualdad vio reducirse su apoyo electoral y el número de asientos en el Løgting a la mitad de la anterior legislatura, lo que representaba su peor resultado desde 1932. Petersen se vio obligada a dimitir como primera ministra y ocuparía el puesto de presidenta del Løgting de 1994 a 1995.

En 1995, en una elección al seno de su partido, volvió a ganar la presidencia del mismo contra Jóannes Eidesgaard. Sin embargo, en la siguiente convención nacional (1996), se retiró voluntariamente del cargo, y Eidesgaard la sustituyó.

Últimos años
Retirada de la política, regresó a su carrera en la enseñanza, y se concentró en la construcción de un centro especial de pedagogía, el Sernámsmiðdepilin, del que sería la directora desde 1997.

Falleció por cáncer el 26 de agosto de 2001, a los 60 años de edad.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Primeros ministros de las Islas Feroe

Marita Petersen


Mads Lauritsen (født den 14. april 1993) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for Viborg FF.

Karriere

Viborg FF
Mads Lauritsen fik sin seniordebut som 18-årig, da han den 12. august 2011 kom på banen til de sidste tre minutter af første spillerunde i 1. division mod Vendsyssel FF. Lauritsen fik yderligere et indhop i sæsonen, mens han i den efterfølgende sæson kun fik en enkelt kamp. Han sad dog på bænken i 24 kampe for Viborg FF, der vandt rækken og rykkede op i Superligaen.

Thisted FC
I sommeren 2013 skiftede Lauritsen derfor til Thisted FC i 2. division (fodbold). Her spillede han i fire sæsoner. I sin sidste sæson i klubben var han i 2016/2017 med til at rykke op i 1. division. Han nåede at spille fem kampe for klubben i den efterfølgende sæson i 1. division og scorede i sin sidste kamp for klubben.

Vejle Boldklub
Den 30. august 2017 offentliggjorde Vejle Boldklub, at klubben havde købt Lauritsen og skrevet kontrakt med ham gældende til den 31. december 2019. Lauritsen fik sin debut den 10. september 2017, da han kom på banen til de sidste 30 minutter i udebaneopgøret mod Vendsyssel FF.

Referencer

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Vejle Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra Thisted FC

Mads Lauritsen


Querido Verlag este o veche editură germanofonă cu sediul în Amsterdam, care a fost fondată în 1933 de către Emanuel Querido (1871–1943) și Fritz Helmut Landshoff. Ea a publicat autori antinaziști interziși în Germania, cum ar fi Alfred Döblin, Lion Feuchtwanger, Heinrich și Klaus Mann, Joseph Roth și Anna Seghers.

Autori publicați

 Theodor W. Adorno
 Vicki Baum
 Bernard von Brentano
 Alfred Döblin
 Albert Einstein
 Lion Feuchtwanger
 Bruno Frank
 Leonhard Frank
 Alexander Moritz Frey
 Anna Gmeyner
 Oskar Maria Graf
 Thomas Theodor Heine
 Fritz Heymann
 Max Horkheimer
 Heinrich Eduard Jacob
 Georg Kaiser
 Marta Karlweis
 Hans Keilson
 Kurt Kersten
 Hermann Kesten
 Irmgard Keun
 Annette Kolb
 Emil Ludwig
 Erika Mann
 Heinrich Mann
 Klaus Mann
 Thomas Mann
 Valeriu Marcu
 Ludwig Marcuse
 Robert Neumann
 Rudolf Olden
 Erich Maria Remarque
 Gustav Regler
 Joseph Roth
 Arthur Schnitzler
 Leopold Schwarzschild
 Anna Seghers
 Wilhelm Speyer
 Ernst Toller
 Jakob Wassermann
 Alfred Wolfenstein
 Arnold Zweig

Note

Edituri din Țările de Jos
Edituri din Germania

Querido Verlag


Kuzey İrlanda millî futbol takımı, Kuzey İrlanda Futbol Federasyonu tarafından yönetilen, Kuzey İrlanda'yı uluslararası futbol organizasyonlarında temsil eden futbol takımıdır.

Turnuva tarihi

FIFA Dünya Kupası tarihi

Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası tarihi

UEFA Uluslar Ligi tarihi
 Yükseldi   Aynı ligde kaldı   Düştü

Güncel kadro
26 Mart'ta Bosna-Hersek'e karşı 2020 Euro eleme play-off maçına aşağıdaki oyuncular çağrıldı.

İstatistikler

En çok oynayan futbolcuları

En golcü oyuncuları

Kaynakça

Kuzey İrlanda millî futbol takımı


Akalan, Orhaneli, Bursa ili Orhaneli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akalan, Acıpayam, Denizli ili Acıpayam ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akalan, Eğil, Diyarbakır ili Eğil ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akalan, Çatalca , İstanbul ili Çatalca ilçesine bağlı
 Akalan, Malazgirt, Muş ili Malazgirt ilçesine bağlı köy
 Akalan, Bafra, Samsun ili Bafra ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akalan, Atakum, Samsun ili Atakum ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akalan, Kemalpaşa, İzmir ili Kemalpaşa ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akalan, İstanbul

Akalan


الأمير كليمنس فينزل مترنيش  (15 مايو 1773 - 11 يونيو 1859) سياسي ورجل دولة نمساوي ومن أهم شخصيات القرن التاسع عشر. ينسب إليه وضع قواعد العمل السياسي التي سارت عليها القوى الكبرى في أوروبا طوال الأربعين عاما التي أعقبت هزيمة نابليون بونابرت. شكّلت مبادئ مترنيش، والتي تبلورت خلال مفاوضات مؤتمر فيينا، مجرى الأحداث السياسية الأوروبية الأساسية. يعتبر البعض مترنيش خير من طبق مبادئ الميكيافيللية السياسية بصورتها الكلاسيكية.

الواقع أن مترنيش كان الدعامة الرئيسية للنظام السياسي في أوروبا القرن التاسع عشر والقائم على مبدأ رفض التغيير والمحافظة على توازنات القوى في أوروبا. وعلى الرغم من رسوخ صورة تقليدية لمترنيش في ذاكرة أجيال عدة باعتباره سياسيا رجعيا قد قاوم بشدة مبدأ حق الشعب في الحكم ومبدأ الثورة على النظام القائم، هناك رأى آخر يقول أنه كان رافضا لتلك المبادئ الثورية لتيقنه من أنه لو تراخى في مواجهة الثورات الشعبية لأدى ذلك لتقوية المشاعر الوطنية للقوميات العديدة في أوروبا مما يؤدي في النهاية لتفكك الإمبراطوريات القديمة وشيوع الفوضى والحرب في أنحاء أوروبا.

السنوات الأولى

ولد مترنيش بمدينة كوبلنتس بوسط غرب ألمانيا في 15 مايو 1773. أبوه هو فرانز جورج كارل والملقب بالكونت فون مترنيش والذي كان يعمل دبلوماسيا في خدمة البلاط النمساوي. أما الأم فكانت الكونتيسة ماريا بياتريس ألويسيا. عند ولادة مترنيش وخلال سنوات عمره الأولى عمل والده سفيرا للبلاط النمساوي لدى إحدى الإمارات الألمانية الواقعة على نهر الراين حيث تأثر مترنيش الصغير بالأفكار السائدة خلال تلك الفترة بين الأرستقراطيات الألمانية الواقعة تحت النفوذ الفرنسي والتي تمحورت حول ضرورة المحافظة على النظام الأوروبي القديم أو ما عرف بالحكم الأترافي.

في عام 1787 بدأ مترنيش الدراسة بجامعة ستراسبورغ الفرنسية، إلا أن اندلاع الثورة الفرنسية عام 1789 إضطره لقطع الدراسة ومغادرة فرنسا. وفي عام 1792 عمل مترنيش بحكومة الأراضي المنخفضة النمساوية (بلجيكا حاليا) التي كانت تابعة لآل هابسبورغ في ذلك الوقت. بعد أن قضى عامين بإنجلترا انتقل إلى فيينا وفي 27 سبتمبر 1795 تزوج من الكونتيسة إليانور فون كونيتز والتي كانت حفيدة لمستشار سابق للإمبراطورية النمساوية. فتح هذا الزواج أبواب النخب الأرستقراطية بفيينا أمام مترنيش الذي عين سفيرا للبلاط النمساوي بدوقية ساكسونيا العليا حيث وطد هناك علاقاته بالعديد من الأسر الأرستقراطية الألمانية والروسية البولندية. وفي نوفمبر 1803 تم تعيينه سفيرا لدى برلين وهناك أيضا وطد علاقاته بالسفير الفرنسي لدرجة أن نابليون بونابرت طلب أن ينتقل مترنيش إلى باريس وفعلا انتقل إليها كسفيرا للنمسا في أغسطس 1806. خلال إقامته في باريس تشعبت علاقات مترنيش بالحكومة والمجتمع الفرنسي عموما وبدأ نفوذه على مجريات السياسة الأوروبية في الظهور. إلا أنه وعند اندلاع الحرب بين النمسا وفرنسا في عام 1809 قبض على مترنيش وأودع السجن انتقاما من النمسا التي كانت قد قبضت على إثنين من موظفي البلاط الفرنسي بهنجاريا. بقى مترنيش سجينا في فرنسا حتى سقطت فيينا بيد نابليون الذي أمر بترحيله إلى فيينا حيث إستبدله بالأسيرين الفرنسيين. في نفس السنة عين الإمبراطور مترنيش وزيرا للخارجية في الثامن من أكتوبر عام 1809 إلا أنه لم يحضر المفاوضات التي جرت بين فرنسا والنمسا بعد هزيمة النمسا في الحرب والتي فرضت فيها فرنسا عقوبات قاسية على النمسا حسب ما جاء في إتفاقية شونبرون والتي وقعت بفيينا في 14 أكتوبر 1809.

مترنيش وزيرا للخارجية

عمل مترنيش وزيرا لخارجية الإمبراطورية النمساوية في الفترة من عام 1809 وحتى العام 1848. وعلى مدى الأربعين عاما التي قضاها في هذا المنصب كان مدركا تماما للمخاطر التي واجهتها النمسا خصوصا بعد أن تغير وضعها وفقدت مركزها كقوة أوروبية عظمى في أعقاب الهزيمة من نابليون وتوقيع إتفاقية شونبرون. توصل مترنيش إلى قناعة مفاداها أن أمن الإمبراطورية النمساوية (أو بالأحرى ما تبقى منها) يعتمد بالدرجة الأولى على منع حدوث تقارب بين روسيا وفرنسا. وعلى الرغم من تعامله مع الدولتين كعدوتين محتملتين للنمسا إلا أنه كان معجبا بفرنسا بصورة خاصة، لذلك فقد رحب بطلب نابليون ليد الأرشيدوقة ماري لويز ابنة الإمبراطور فرانز الأول وسافر معها في موكب الزفاف الإمبراطوري إلى باريس في 13 مارس 1810. وعلى الرغم من أن المكاسب التي تحققت للنمسا من وراء هذا الزواج كانت متواضعة إلا أن مترنيش حقق مكسبا مهما من نابليون الذي سمح للنمسا بحرية الحركة سياسيا على الساحة الأوروبية. عاد مترنيش بعد ذلك إلى فيينا في الوقت المناسب لكي يحول دون عقد تحالف بين النمسا وروسيا كان أنصار روسيا في البلاط النمساوي يعملون على إقناع الإمبراطور به. كان مترنيش مؤمنا أنه إذا ما حافظ على مسافة متساويه من كلٍ من روسيا وفرنسا فإن ذلك سوف يمنحه قدرا كافيا من حرية الحركة والمناورة للحفاظ على المصالح النمسوية.

مع تصاعد العداء بين فرنسا وروسيا خلال الشهور التي سبقت غزو نابليون لروسيا في 1812، باتت سياسة مترنيش المعتمده على المحافظة على نوعٍ من الحياد بالنسبة للقوتين المتصارعتين شبه مستحيله إلا أنه ومع ذلك حاول الاستمرار في نفس السياسة حتى وقت اندلاع الحرب. فعلى الرغم من عقده لاتفاق تحالف مع نابليون وعده فيه بالمساعدة في 14 مارس 1812، فإنه سرعان ما أرسل تطمينات سرية لروسيا بأن القوات الإمبراطورية النمساوية ستبقى محايده خلال الحرب وستدافع فقط عن أراضي الإمبراطورية. لمّح مترنيش لروسيا أيضا بإمكانية عقد تحالف معها في المستقبل.

بعد ما أصبحت هزيمة نابليون مؤكدة إثر النتائج الكارثية لحملته على روسيا، تشجع مترنيش وأعلن نقض اتفاقه مع فرنسا والتزام النمسا بالحياد الذي كان يأمل من وراءه أن يؤهل النمسا للعب دور الحكم بين فرنسا وروسيا عقب انتهاء القتال. أثارت هذه السياسات غضب نابليون الذي أنهى لقاء له مع مترنيش في يونيو 1812 قائلا «سوف نتقابل في فيينا». كان هذا بمثابة إعلان للحرب على النمسا التي باتت، مثل روسيا، عدوا لفرنسا. بعدها سارع مترنيش في الانضمام إلى ما عرف بالتحالف السادس والذي ضمَّ كلًا من بريطانيا وروسيا والسويد وبروسيا والبرتغال بالإضافة إلى النمسا وتمكن هذا التحالف في النهاية من هزيمة نابليون وإنهاء حقبة الحروب النابليونية. خلال السنوات التي أعقبت الحرب تركزت جهود مترنيش حول المحافظة على توازن القوى في أوروبا بحيث لا يميل إلى مصلحة أي من دول التحالف خصوصا روسيا وبروسيا. ترسخ هذا المبدأ كركيزة أساسية للنظام السياسي الأوروبي طوال القرن التاسع عشر .

مؤتمر فيينا

لمع اسم مترنيش، الذي كان لايزال شابا، في الفترة التي أعقبت هزيمة نابليون. في أكتوبر من العام 1813 أنعم عليه بلقب أمير ثم تبعه لقب كونت. عند توقيعه لمعاهدة باريس في 1814 أتبع مترنيش توقيعه بلقب «وزير خارجية النمسا». عاد بعد ذلك لفيينا ليشرف على التحضير لمؤتمر فيينا الذي بدأ انعقاده في أكتوبر 1814 واستمر منعقدا لمدة عام.

كان الهدف المعلن للمؤتمر هو التوصل إلى اتفاق للسلام مع فرنسا وما يتبعه من إحلال السلام في أوروبا لكن كان الهدف الحقيقي للاجتماع هو إعادة رسم الخريطة السياسية لأوروبا لإرجاعها للوضع القائم قبيل اندلاع الثورة الفرنسية بما يضمن إرضاء قوى التحالف المقدس المنتصره في الحرب وبما يضمن كذلك حماية تلك الإمبراطوريات والممالك من انتشار أفكار الحرية والديمقراطية التي روجت لها الثورة الفرنسية.

كان المؤتمر فرصة فريدة للأمير مترنيش لكي يؤثر أكبر تأثير على مجريات السياسة الأوروبية بما يؤمن مصالح النمسا، وقد أحسن هو استغلال تلك الفرصة. وبفضل تميزه في الخطابة وكذلك أسلوبه المنمق وذكائه الشديد في معالجة كافة المشاكل المطروحة على المؤتمرين، حاز مترنيش على إعجاب جميع الحاضرين بما في ذلك ممثل فرنسا تاليراند. نجح المؤتمر في تحقيق أهدافه أو بالأحرى أهداف مترنيش الذي تمكن من التوصل لتسويات للمشاكل المتعلقة بكل من بروسيا وبولندا وإيطاليا والأراضي المنخفضة النمساوية (بلجيكا الحالية) وهولندا. إلا أن أعظم أهدافه التي تحققت كان نجاحه في تحقيق توازن دقيق بين القوى الأوروبية الرئيسية روسيا وبروسيا وبريطانيا وفرنسا والنمسا. خرج مترنيش من المؤتمر مقتنعا بأنه وقد وضع أساسا راسخا لقيام سلام دائم في أوروبا.

عهد مترنيش

تربع مترنيش على قمة السياسة الأوروبية طوال الثلاثين عاما التي تلت انعقاد مؤتمر فيينا حتى أن المؤرخين قد أطلقوا على الفترة من 1815 وحتى 1848 اسم «عهد مترنيش» والذي قضى هذه الفترة منهمكا في تدعيم النظام القائم الذي كان هو المصمم الرئيس لدعائمه. كان الهدف الأساسي لسياساته هو استغلال النظام المتفق عليه في مؤتمر فيينا والذي اقتضى تعاون الدول الموقعة عليه في مواجهة أي ثورات قد تقوم بإحدى دول الاتفاق. نجح نظام مترنيش في قمع العديد من الثورات التي اندلعت بألمانيا وإيطاليا وهولندا والمجر والإمبراطورية النمساوية خلال العشرينيات والثلاثينات من القرن التاسع عشر. مثلت تلك الفترة قمة عصر الاستبداد وقمع الحريات في عهد مترنيش. على الرغم من ذلك حاول مترنيش أن يقترح بعض الإصلاحات داخل الإمبراطورية النمساوية بما في ذلك إنشاء برلمان تكون كل عرقيات الإمبراطورية ممثلة فيه. قوبلت هذه الأفكار بالرفض من جانب الإمبراطور فرانز الثاني الذي يراه بعض المؤرخين الراعي الحقيقي للسياسات الرجعية التي اتبعتها الإمبراطورية النمساوية في تلك الفترة والتي ساهمت إلى حدٍّ كبير في قيام ثورات 1848.

نهاية عهد مترنيش

أدى اندلاع ثورات 1848 في كل أنحاء أوروبا تقريبا إلى العديد من التغيرات في الملكيات القديمة والتي وإن احتفظت بعروشها إضطرت إلى تقديم تنازلات لشعوبها لتحجيم خطر الثورة. وفي فيينا احتشد آلاف المتظاهرين أمام مقر الحكومة الإمبراطورية مطالبين بعزل الإمبراطور وعزل المستشار مترنيش. وفعلاً تنازل الإمبراطور فرديناند الأول عن عرشه واضطر مترنيش عندها إلى الهرب من فيينا متخفيا حرصا على سلامته. وفي 13 مارس 1848 أعلن الإمبراطور الجديد فرانز جوزيف قبول استقالة المستشار مترنيش الذي اختار بريطانيا كمنفى إختياري له وانتقل إليها مع عائلته حيث عاش بين بريستول ولندن معتزلا الحياة السياسية حتى أكتوبر 1849. انتقل بعد ذلك إلى بلجيكا وعاش بها حتى خريف عام 1851 حين عاد في سبتمبر إلى فيينا بعد غياب دام أكثر من ثلاث سنوات. ظلَّ مترنيش بفيينا حتى وفاته يوم 11 يونيو عام 1859.

روابط خارجية

المصادر

أرشيدوقيون نمساويون
أشخاص من كوبلنتس
اتجاه محافظ في النمسا
الحاصلون على وسام ألبرت بير
الحاصلون على وسام الصقر الأبيض
الصلبان العظمى لوسام المسيح (البرتغال)
تنوير مضاد
ثورة مضادة
حاصلون على الصليب الأكبر من وسام جوقة الشرف
حاصلون على وسام هاينريش الأسد
خريجو جامعة ستراسبورغ
رومان كاثوليك نمساويون
سفراء النمسا لدى النرويج
سياسيون من كوبلنتس
شخصيات من الربيع الأوروبي 1848
ملكيون نمساويون
مواليد 1773
مواليد في كوبلنتس
نمساويون من أصل ألماني
وزراء خارجية النمسا
وفيات 1859
وفيات في فيينا

كليمنس فون مترنيش


Michael Lansing (født den 13. juni 1994) er en amerikansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for AC Horsens.

Karriere
Han startede sin seniorkarriere i den danske 1. divisions klub Vejle Boldklub. Han fik sin debut i en pokalkamp mod serieklubben Tjæreborg 2016, og 27. oktober 2016 fik han i udekampen på Castus Park i Herfølge med et clean sheet i 3-0 sejren over HB Køge divisionsdebut.

Den 26. januar 2017 blev det offentliggjort, at Michael Lansing skiftede til AaB fra 1. juli 2017, hvor han skrev under på en toårig kontrakt.

I juni 2019 skrev Lansing under på en kontrakt med AC Horsens.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra USA
Fodboldspillere fra AaB
Fodboldspillere fra Vejle Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra AC Horsens

Michael Lansing


රටක නීතියෙන් සහ අන්තර්ජාතික නීතිය මගින් නෛතික අයිතිවාසිකම් ලෙස නිරතුරුව පිලිගැනෙන සදාචාරත්මක ප්‍රතිපත්තීන් මානව හිමිකම් හෙවත් මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් නම්වේ.

	මිනිසාට මිනිසෙකු ලෙස ජිවත්වීමට ඇති අයිතිවාසිකම් මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් ලෙස සරළව හදුන්වාදිය හැකිය. කෙසේවෙතත් මේ ආකරයට මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් යනු කුමක්ද යන්න හදුන්වා දුන්නද එය නිශ්ච්ත නිර්වචනයකින් ඉදිරිපත්කල නොහැකිය. එහිදී විවිධ චින්තකයින් මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් පිළිබද විවිධ නිර්වචන ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත.
	මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් යන්න සරළ ලෙස ස්භාවික පියවි ජිවිතයක් ගතකිරීම සදහා මනුෂයකුට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය මුලික අයිතිවාසිකම් ලෙස අර්ථ දැක්විය හැකිය.(ශ්‍රි ලංකා නිතිය හා මානව අයිතිවාසිකම්-නීතිඥ චාරුක සමරසේකර)
	මානව හිමිකම් යනු මිනිසුන් වීම නිසා ලැබෙන්නා වු අයිතින් වන අතර ඒවා සිවිල් දේශපාලන සංස්කෘතික හා ආර්ථික අයිතින් වන අතර මේවා මනුෂයාගේ ගෞරවය මත රදාපවතී.(විශ්ව කෝෂය- කොළොම්බියානු සරසවිය)
	මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් යනු යුතුකම්ය.(මහත්මා ගාන්දි)
		යනුවෙන් තම අදහස් දක්වා ඇත. කෙසේවෙතත් අතීතයේ දී ලොව සැම මිනිසෙකුටම මේම අයිතිවාසිකම් එක හා සමානව හිමිනොවීය. ඒ තුළ ඇති හැකි සුළු පිරිසක් පමණක් අයිතිවාසිකම් භුක්තිවිදිමක් විය. ඇත්තටම එය අයිතිවාසිකම් වලට වඩා වර්ප්ප්‍රසාද නමින් හැදින්විණි. කෙසේවෙතත් නුතන රාජ්‍ය සංකල්පය බිහි විමත් සමග මිනිස් අයිතිවාසිකම් ගැන කතාකිරීමට ලක්විය. එනම් ඒ තුළ සෑම මිනිසෙකුටම සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් හිමිවිය යුතු බව තීරණය විය. ඒ තුළ මුල් කාලීන සිවිල් හා දේශපාලන අයිතිවාසිකම් මුලික කරගත් අයිතිවාසිකම් ඇතුලත් මිනිසාගේ ජීවත්වීමේ අයිතිය  ඇතුලත් අයිතීන් ස්වල්පයක් පිළිගැනීමට විය. කෙසේවෙතත් පසු කාලීනව පොදු මනුෂභාවය සංකල්පය බිහිවිමත් සමඟ මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් යන්න ඉතා පුළුල් ලෙස විග්‍රහයට ලක්විය. එනම් එහිදී මිනිසාගේ ආර්ථික,දේශපාලන,සමාජ,සිවිල් සහ සංස්කෘතික අයිතින් සියල්ල මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් ලෙස විග්‍රහයට ලක්විය.

සමාජයේ ජිවත්වන මිනිසාට මිනිසෙකු ලෙස නැගිසිටිමේ ප්‍රථිඵලයක් වශයෙක් වශයෙන් අයිතිවාසිකම් හිමිවිය. අතිතයේ මිනිසා නොයෙක් දුක්ගැහැට විදිමින් තමන්ට හිමි නිසිතැන අහිමිවෙමින් අපමණ දුක්ගැහැට වලට ගොදුරුවෙමින්ජිවත් විය.මෙවන් පදනමක් තුළ ලෝක ප්‍රජාව විසින් අයිතිවාසිනකම් සංකල්පය නිර්වචනය කරමින් මිනිසාට මිනිසකුලෙස නැගීසිටිමට අවස්ථාව උදාවිය. මේතත්වය තුළ මුල්කාලිනව වරප්ප්‍රසාද ලෙස පැවත පසුකාලයේදී ක්‍රමයෙන් වර්ධනය වීමත් සමඟ මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් බිහි විය. මෙවන් තත්වයක් තුළ මුළුලෝකය පුරාම මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් ව්‍යප්ත විය.

මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් 1945 ට පෙර හා පසු
මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් 1945 ට පෙර හා පසු

1945 න් පසු මානව අයතිවාසිකම් වල වර්ධනය

		  ලෝක ජනතාව මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් නිසිලෙස භුක්ති විදිමක් සිදු වුයේ වර්ෂ 1945 න් පසුව ය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයෙන් පසු සාමය ඇති කරගැනීම සදහා මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් කොන්දේසියක් මත පිහිටා පිළිගනු ලැබිය. මෙහි ප්‍රථිඵලයක් ලෙස 1945 ඹක්තෝබර් මාසයේ එක්සත් ජාතීගේ සංවිදානය බිහිවිය. මේ තුළින් ලෝකයේ සිටින සියලුම ජනයාගේ මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සදහා ජාතීන්ගේ කැපවීමක තහවුරුවීමක් දක්නට හැකිය.
	මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් බිහිවීම මේ ආකාර උවද දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයෙන් පසුව වඩා වේගයෙන් සංවර්ධනය වීම සදහා බලපෑකරුණු දෙකක් විය.

	1.ඒ වන විටත් ඇතැම් ජාතික රාජ්‍යයන් විසින් තමන්ගේ නිදහස හෝ මුලික අයිතිවාසිකම් නිදහස ලෙස පිළිගත් එම සිද්ධාන්තය එම රටවල ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවට ඇතතුලත් කිරීම

	2.මානුෂික අයිතිවාසිකම් නීතිය ප්‍රවර්ධනයට ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධාන හා කලාපීය සංවිධාන වශයෙන් ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රජාව දැක්වු උන්දුව.

	මෙහි ප්‍රථිඵලයක් වශවයෙන් ලොව සෑම රාජ්‍යයක්ම තම ජාතීන්ගේ උන්නතිය උදෙසා මෙම මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් සුරක්ෂිතව පවත්වා ගැනීමට උන්දු වුහ. මෙය සරළ නිදර්ශනයකටගෙන බලන විට පෙන්වාදිය හැක්කේ එදා 1945දී ජාතීන් 51ක් අතර ඇති කරගනු ලබන එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියෙනි. 2006 වසර වන විට රාජ්‍යයන් 192 ක් සාමාජික්ත්වය දරන එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානයේ ව්‍යවස්ථාව වී ඇත්තේ මේ ප්‍රඥප්තිය වන බැවින් ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියක් වශයෙන් මානුෂික අයිතිවාසාකම් සංවර්ධනය කිරිම සම්බන්ධයෙන් වන ප්‍රාරම්භක ලේඛනයක් වශයෙන් මෙය පෙන්වාදීමට හැකිය.
	කෙසේ වෙතත් එහි එක් පරමාර්ථයක් ලෙස මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් නංවාලීම හා සුරැකීම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ සදහන් කරන ලදමුත් මානව අයිතින් යන පදය යටතේ කවර නිශ්චිත අයිතින් ඇතුලත් කරන ලද දැයි විස්තර කිරිමක් එහි නොවීය. මානව අයිතින් පිළිබද නිතිය යටතේ වන යුතුකම් සවිස්තරව නිශ්චය කරමින් අනාගතයේදී සම්මුතීන් සම්මත කරනු ඇතැයි ප්‍රඥප්තිය කෙටුම්පත් කල උදවිය සිතූහ. එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය පිහිටුවීමෙන් අනතුරුව එම සංවිධානය විසින් වහාම අලු‍තෙන් පිහිටුවන ලද මානව අයිතින් කොමිෂන් සභාව මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් සවිස්තරව පෙළගස්වමින් මානව අයිතින් විශ්ව ප්‍රකාශනය කෙටුම්පත් කළාය. එහි පුර්විකාවට අණුව එම ප්‍රකාශනයේ අදහස් කරන ලද්දේ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානයේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ සදහන් කරන ලද මානව අයිතීන් සහ නිදහස පිළිබද පොදු අවබෝධයක් සැපයීමය. 1948.12.10 දින එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය අයිතින් පිළිබද විස‍්තීරණ ප්‍රකාශනයක් ප්‍රජාව විසින් සම්මත කල ප්‍රථම වතාව එය බැවිණි.මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් දිනය වන දෙසැම්බර්10 දින මෙම සිදුවීම් ලොව පුරා අනුස්මරණය කරයි.
	මානව අයිතින් විශ්ව ප්‍රකාශනය බැදීමෙන් යුත් නෛතික සම්මුතියක්නොවේ. රාජ්‍ය විසින්  එය ස්ථිර කලයුතු නැත. ඒ අණුව එහි සදහන් වන්නේ සමජයේ සෑම පුද්ගලයකු හා සෑම සංවිධානයක්ම විසින් නිරතුරුවම මෙම ප්‍රකාශනය සිහියේ තබාගෙන ඉගැන්විම සහ අධ්‍යපනය මගින් මෙය අයිතීන්වලට සහ නිදහසට ගරුකරනු ලැබීමත් දේශීය වශයෙන් හා ජාත්‍යන්තරව ගන්නා ක්‍රමික පියවර මගින් සාමාජික රටවල මෙන්ම ඔවුන්ගේ අධිකරණ බලය සහිතව දේශයන්හි ජනතාව අතර විශ්විය වශයෙන් ඒවා ඵලදායිව පිළිගැනීම හා තහවුරු කිරිමක් අරමුණුකොට සියලු ජනතාව හා ජාතීන් විසින් සාක්ෂාත් කරගතයුතු පොදු ප්‍රමිතියකි.
	මේ ආකරයට මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් ඉතා පුළුල්ව වර්ධනය වීම සදහා ඉතා සුවිශාල කර්යභරයක් සිදුකළ ආයතන කීපයක් විය.

	1.එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය

	2.යුරෝපා මණ්ඩලය

	3.අමරිකානු සංවිධානය

	4.අප්‍රිකානු එකමුතු සංවිධානය

		මේ ආකාරයට මානව අයිතිවාසිකම්වල වර්ධනය පිළිබද නොයෙකුත් පියවර මගින් හදුන්වාදුන්නද මේ සියල්ලටම හේතු වුයේ වඩාත් ක්‍රියාශීලී වැඩකරන පන්තියක වර්ධනය වීමත් ලෝක දේශපාලන බලවේග වර්ධනයත් සහ සමාජවාදී ව්‍යාපාරවල වර්ධනය නිසා බවයි.

පින්තුර ඒකතුව

මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න
මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් 1945 ට පෙර හා පසු

මානව අයිතිවාසිකම්
සිරකරුවෝ හෝ රැඳවුම්කරුවෝ
සිරකරුවන් හා රැදවියන්

මානව අයිතිවාසිකම්


Crkva sv. Martina biskupa u Vranjicu, zaštićeno kulturno dobro

Opis dobra
Prema prijepisu povelje kralja Krešimira II mjesto Vrana (Durana) današnji Vranjic spominje se kao mjesto koje već 950 godine ima crkvu posvećenu sv. Martinu biskupu, sv. Stjepanu Papi i mučeniku te Djevici Mariji. 1080 godine posjede Vranjica (Vrana) kralj Zvonimir daruje splitskom nadbiskupu Lovri, te je Vranjic od tada u posjedu splitske nadbiskupije. Crkvica ostaje jedinom crkvom na poluotoku sve do odlaska Turaka 1648. godine. Za župnika Šimuna Grubića crkva se ruši i djelomično obnavlja a djelomično širi, što je obilježeno uklesanim natpisom na ploči nad glavnim ulazom u crkvu. Crkva je proširena i nadograđena, zadržan je zvonik na preslicu sa stare crkve a dogradnje se vrše kamenjem stare crkve, djelomično antičkim spolijama te kamenjem nađenim u moru. Crkva je jednobrodna longitudinalna građevina orijentirana istok zapad.Duga je 17,80 metara, a u najširem dijelu široka 12 metara. Pokrivena je dvoslivnim krovom na kojem je kupa kanalica. Pravokutni ulazni dio širi se u uzdužni glavni brod čiji su zidovi raščlanjeni s po tri oltarne niše lučnog završetka sa segmentim kamenom u sredini luka. Pravokutno svetište povišeno je od glavnog broda za četiri mramorne stepenice i osvijetljeno trima jednolučnim prozorima s geometrijskim vitrajem. S vanjske strane svetištu su simetrično dodane sakristija na sjeveru i pomoćni ulaz na jugu. Crkva je građena od pravilno klesanog kamenja, u baroknom slogu. Pročelje je jednostavno oblikovano, rasčlanjeno jednokrilnim vratima s klesanim dovratnicima i profiliranim nadvratnikom, te rozetom i zvonikom na preslicu s tri luka za zvona. Oblikovanje pročelja i zvonik na preslici crkva je zadržala kroz sve svoje faze. Ipak 1930. godine uz crkvu je podignut samostojeći kameni zvonik. Zvonik završava s triforama na sve četiri strane i četverostrašnim krovićem s kupom kanalicom. Uz uske monofore na zvoniku je ispod trijema s triforama javni sat. Bočne strane gl. broda raščlanjene su s po dva polukružna prozora oko jednokrilnih vrata iznad kojih je okulus dok su bočne strane ulaznog dijela rasčlanjene biforom. U unutrašnjosti nad glavnim ulazom diže se drveni kor na kojem su Brandlove orgulje iz 1931. godine. Unutrašnjost crkve oslikao je 1929. godine slikar Jozo Kljaković, uz pomoć Vjekoslava Paraća i Krste Hegedušića. Solinjanin Kljaković freske poklanja svom rodnom mjestu a ikonografski program složen je zajedno s don Franom Bulićem, također rođenim vranjičaninom. U svetištu iza glavnog oltara naslikane su freske Sveto Trojstvo, Posljednja večera i Čudotvorni ribolov u apsidi; Sv. Ćiril i Metod, Sv. Petar i Pavao, simboli evanđelistâ, Solinski mučenici i Sveti Jeronim na bočnim zidovima. Freske su rađene monumentalnim klasicističkim stilom, mirnih ploha i velikih volumena karakterističnih za fresko slikarstvo J. Kljakovića. U prikazu Posljednje večere izrađuje svoj autoportret, dok su mu za obje freske živi modeli bili mještani Vranjica. Ikonografski program koji spaja dalmatinske svece, mučenike i živi narodni puk jedinstven je u Dalmaciji .Fresku s prikazom anđela svirača na koru i ulje na platnu s prikazom sveca titulara crkve sv. Martina izvod Vjekoslav Parać sam, ali približavajući se Kljakovićevom stilu i radeći prema njegovim kartonima. U crkvi danas šest oltara, veliki mramorni neobarokni oltar sa svetohraništem, kameni oltar prema puku ispred njega te bočni oltari : Sv. Križa, gospe od Zdravlja, Duša u čistilištu, i sv. Martina. Posebno se valorizira četrnaest slika postaja Križnog puta. Ciklus slika Križni put iz župne crkve sv. Martina u Vranjicu obuhvaća svih četrnaest postaja križnog puta. Slike su potpisane, na poleđini nalazimo ime autora Ferdinanda Candelle, te dataciju 1846. godinu. Iako se radi o pučkom, naturalističkom prikazu ovo je rijedak primjer sačuvanih prikaza Križnog puta signiran i datiran. Četrnaest slika registrirano je te restaurirano kroz program zaštitnih radova Ministarstva kulture RH. Okoliš vranjičke crkve popločan je kamenim pločama (neke od njih su nadgrobne ploče iz starije crkve) i hortikulturno sređen. Ispred crkve postavljena je brončana bista don Frane Bulića rad Ivana Meštrovića. Uz nju je i kameni spomen Putu sv. Martina. Na južnoj strani dvorišta kamene su spomen-ploče dvojice vranjičkih župnika (don Ante Braškića i don Radovana Jerkovića) žrtava komunističkog režima. U dvorištu crkve privremeno su pohranjeni sarkofazi i kameni spomenici pronađeni u arheološkim istraživanjima tijekom nadogradnje vranjičke rive. Spomenici su dio fundusa Arhološkog muzeja u Splitu. Slojevitošću i vrsnoćom izrade arhitektonskih elemenata gdje se povijesni slojevi skladno uklapaju u novu cjelinu, te jedinstvenim oslicima koji prožimaju arheologiju kršćanstva na ovim prostorima sa suvremenim ikonografskim prikazom vranjička crkva je jedinstveni spomenik kulutre u Dalmaciji.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6912 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Vranjic
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj

Crkva sv. Martina biskupa u Vranjicu


Toto IV ist das vierte Studioalbum der US-amerikanischen Band Toto. Es erschien im April 1982 bei Columbia Records.

Geschichte
Auf dem vierten Album konzentrierten sich Toto mehr darauf, eingängige Melodien sowie einfachere Texte zu schreiben. Neben Rosanna wurde auch Africa bald zum Hit. Nach den Aufnahmen verließ der Bassist David Hungate die Band. Für das Album tourte die Gruppe anschließend durch Japan, die USA und Europa, wo sie am 18. September 1982 auch in Mannheim Station machte.

Erfolg und Kritik
Das Album erreichte Platz 4 in Großbritannien und in den USA. In Deutschland erreichte es Platz 12. In Australien, Kanada und den Niederlanden kam es auf Platz eins der Charts. Die Platte wurde mit sechs Grammy Awards ausgezeichnet, darunter den für das Album des Jahres.

Auf der Webseite Allmusic.com gab der Kritiker 4,5 von 5 Sternen. Er schrieb, das Album sei sowohl Comeback als auch Höhepunkt der Gruppe gewesen.

Titelliste
Seite A:
 Rosanna (D. Paich) – Gesang: Bobby Kimball & Steve Lukather
 Make Believe (D. Paich) – Gesang: Bobby Kimball
 I Won't Hold You Back (S. Lukather) – Gesang: Steve Lukather
 Good for You (S. Lukather, B. Kimball) – Gesang: Bobby Kimball
 It's a Feeling (S. Porcaro) – Gesang: Steve Porcaro

Seite B:
 Afraid of Love (D. Paich, S. Lukather, J. Porcaro) – Gesang: Steve Lukather
 Lovers in the Night (D. Paich) – Gesang: David Paich
 We Made It (D. Paich, J. Porcaro) – Gesang: Bobby Kimball
 Waiting for Your Love (B. Kimball, D. Paich) – Gesang: Bobby Kimball
 Africa (D. Paich, J. Porcaro) – Gesang: David Paich & Bobby Kimball

Auszeichnungen für Musikverkäufe

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Album (Rock)
Album 1982
Mehrfach-Platin-Album (Vereinigte Staaten)
Toto (Band)

Toto IV


Messias de Souza Costa (Inhumas, 9 de dezembro de 1927 – Goiânia, 17 de março de 2022) foi um político brasileiro. Ele foi prefeito de Goiânia de 2 de fevereiro de 1955 a 5 de março de 1955.

Biografia
Nascido em Inhumas, no interior de Goiás, em 1927, filho de pai agricultor que se mudou para Bahia para trabalhar no campo. Estudou no Lyceu de Goiânia e trabalhou, como jovem, como balconista na capital goiana. Nesta época, já se engajou com o meio político, sendo co-fundador e primeiro presidente do Sindicato dos Empregados do Comércio do Estado de Goiás.

Em 1956, após concluir seu mandato como prefeito, formou-se em pela Faculdade de Direito de Goiânia, que atualmente pertence à Universidade Federal de Goiás, e se especializou em Direito do Trabalho. Dois anos depois, em 1958, inaugurou a Associação Goiana de Municípios. Como membro da Procuradoria Geral do Estado, foi nomeado desembargador do Tribunal de Justiça de Goiás (TJ-GO). Casado com Helvétia de Souza Costa, teve quatro filhos.

Administração
O mandato de Messias de Souza Costa durou pouco mais de um mês em 1955. Ele assumiu a prefeitura de Goiânia interinamente, pelo Partido Social Democrático (PSD), entre o fim da segunda gestão de Venerando de Freitas Borges e a posse do prefeito eleito João de Paula Teixeira Filho. Anteriormente, no cargo de presidente da Câmara Municipal, sua administração concentrou-se em preparar a transição entre os dois governos, por causa de uma confusão na contagem de votos no bairro de Campinas.

Morte
Morreu em 17 de março de 2022, aos 94 anos.

Naturais de Inhumas
Prefeitos de Goiânia
Alunos da Universidade Federal de Goiás

Messias de Souza Costa


The Liaden universe (  or ) is the setting for an ongoing series of science fiction stories written by Sharon Lee and Steve Miller. The series covers a considerable time period, some thousands of years in all, although since it also covers more than one universe the exact chronology is unclear. However the main timeline extends across only a few generations.

The central stories primarily concern Clan Korval, a leading house in Liaden society. The stories are primarily in the genre of space opera, with heavy doses of romance, intrigue, and wizardry.

As of May 2022 the series comprises 24 novels and 33 chapbooks (the stories within them now available as ebooks or in collections).

Overview
The series is set at some unspecified time in the future. There is a reference to the planet named "Terra" not being the first planet to bear that name; however, the familiar names and cultural references in the core books (coupled with a lack of them in the "Crystal" books) suggest that it is "our" earth nonetheless. In the wake of a diaspora from a "decrystallizing" galaxy that was mankind's prior home, the human race is divided into three major sub-races: Terran, Liaden and Yxtrang. (There are also numerous isolated colony planets that have backslid technologically and are held as protectorates until their civilizations regain enough advances to cope with extraplanetary contact.)

The original seven-book "Agent of Change" sequence tells of the struggle between Clan Korval, a Liaden Clan of much note, and the mysterious "Department of the Interior". Though their headquarters on Liad were destroyed at the end of the original sequence, vestiges of the Department continue to plague Clan Korval in subsequent novels.

The eighth novel, Balance of Trade, is set 275 years prior to the end of the "Agent of Change" sequence. It features Jethri Gobelyn, a young Terran trader who is adopted by a Liaden Master Trader to the consternation of virtually everyone. A sequel to this popular book, Trade Secret, was published in 2013 and follows Jethri as he starts his career as a trader. (A third book in the sequence, Fair Trade, was published in May 2022.)

The ninth novel, Crystal Soldier, published in February 2005, takes place even earlier still: it is the first half of "The Great Migration Duology", and tells the story of Cantra yos'Phelium, who piloted the original exodus to Liad, and her partner M Jela. The sequel, Crystal Dragon, was published in 2006 and takes the story up through the founding of Liad and of Clan Korval.

There is a timeline of the Liaden novels, below.

History of the series
The series almost failed to take flight, and probably would only be three books long except for the Internet. The authors had written the first three books (Agent of Change, Conflict of Honors, and Carpe Diem, published in 1988–1989) but were told that sales were not sufficient to justify continuing.

Unbeknownst to them the books had caused such a stir on the Usenet group rec.arts.sf.written that they were added to the group's FAQ. Upon gaining Internet access, the authors were surprised to find so many people looking for the next book, and even more surprised that its title was already decided upon: Plan B. They published some chapbooks to stave off the hungry fans and started writing: Plan B (published in 1999) and a further three books followed in due course to complete the "Agent of Change" sequence. There are also a number of short stories, some filling in gaps between novels, some providing background on minor (and not so minor) characters.

The series is ongoing , with twenty-three novels and numerous chapbooks and short stories, and a number of new novels contracted to be written. See "Forthcoming", below.

All the novels are available as ebooks.

Books in the series
The first three novels were originally published in mass-market by Del Rey. The novels were later re-published, along with several subsequent novels, by the now-defunct Meisha Merlin, who have also anthologised the earlier novels. The novels were then re-issued in mass-market by Ace Books.

Earlier books and some of the stories were formerly available in electronic form from Embiid Publishing, which is now out of business.

In 2007, Baen Books published the first 10 Liaden novels in electronic form, followed by two short story collections. Baen began publishing new Liaden novels in 2009, and in 2010 began releasing the first 10 Liaden novels in omnibus trade paperbacks.

Novels

Timeline chart

Chart Notes:
 Time flows down the chart, so events in those novels on the same horizontal level are happening (roughly) concurrently
 Columns represent main characters and/or clans
 Color Key
 Red = Progenitor Universe
 Orange = Trade Areas of Terran and Liaden space
 Yellow = primarily Liaden Space (with primary characters shown in parentheses)
 Green = Theo's home world (Delgado), first journey, Anlingdin Piloting Academy, and beyond
 Pink = Planet Surebleak
 Blue = Planet Surebleak and wide-ranging space faring & trading
 Gray = Trading, space faring, and A.I. mentoring

Novels listed in the order of the timeline of the Liaden universe.

The Great Migration Duology
These two novels comprise the origin story of the Liaden universe and introduce Cantra and Jela.

 Crystal Soldier (February 2005, )
 Crystal Dragon (February 2006, )

Liaden novels featuring Jethri Gobelyn
These stories of merchants and intrigue take place between "The Great Migration" and "Agent of Change" sequences.

 Balance of Trade (2004, , winner of the Hal Clement Award for best Young Adult Science Fiction novel of 2004)
 Trade Secret, a sequel to Balance of Trade, was published by Baen in hardcover in November 2013 ().
 Fair Trade, a sequel to Trade Secret, was published by Baen in hardcover in May 2022. Ends with a cliffhanger. So ...          ().
 Additional books in the series are following, with the next being Trade Lanes (see "Forthcoming").

The "Agent of Change" sequence
This is the mainline for stories in the Liaden universe. In the later novels the "Theo Waitley" story timeline becomes coincident with the "Clan Korval" and "Surebleak" timelines. See notes below tables.

Notes on novels
 Fledgling (2007), a 31-chapter serialized novel, was first seen in draft form on the authors' website, with chapters released weekly from January 2007 through October 2007. Fledgling introduces Theo Waitley and gives some of the background to her unexpected arrival at the end of I Dare. The revised version Fledgling (2009) was published in hardcover by Baen Books (September 2009 ). The original pre-revision Fledgling can be downloaded for free from both Amazon  and the Baen Free Library.
 Saltation (draft complete, January 2009), the sequel to Fledgling, a weekly serial novel on the authors' website. Publication began on Monday, 21 January 2008. A revised version was released in hardcover by Baen Books in April 2010 .
 Ghost Ship, the sequel to Saltation, was published by Baen Books on 2 August 2011. A synopsis of Ghost Ship was published in September 2010. Ghost Ships first draft was completed in late August 2010, and was published in hardcover  by Baen in August 2011, and paperback  in July 2012
 Dragon Ship, the sequel to Ghost Ship, was published in hardcover by Baen Books on 4 September 2012. .
 Necessity's Child, which occurs on Surebleak at the same time as Ghost Ship, was published by Baen in hardcover in Feb. 2013.
 Dragon in Exile, was published in hardcover (2 June 2015) and e-book (15 May 2015) by Baen Books in May 2015. .

Thirtieth Anniversary Editions
The (30th) Anniversary edition of the first Liaden Universe novel, Agent of Change, was published in November 2018 as a mass market paperback.

The (30th) Anniversary edition of the second Liaden Universe novel, Conflict of Honors, was published in October 2019 as a mass market paperback.

The (30th) Anniversary edition of the third Liaden Universe novel, Carpe Diem, was published in November 2020 as a mass market paperback.

Forthcoming
The latest book to be published was the Jethri Gobelyn novel Fair Trade, a direct sequel to Trade Secret. It was published in May 2022.

Following Fair Trade will be a fourth Jethri Gobelyn novel (Trade Lanes), and at least two other novels (Salvage Right at least partially set at Tinsori Light to be published July 4, 2023) in the Liaden Universe.

Omnibus volumes
Pre-Baen
 Partners in Necessity (Feb. 2000,  hardcover,  trade paperback)
 Contains Conflict of Honors, Agent of Change, and Carpe Diem
 Pilots Choice (Feb. 2001,  hardcover; November 2004,  trade paperback)
 Contains Local Custom and Scout's Progress

Baen e-book only
These were released immediately upon Lee & Miller coming to Baen in the wake of Meisha Merlin's dissolution, to bring the e-books back into print and begin earning royalties for Lee & Miller (who had not been paid by Meisha Merlin) right away. For new readers, the subsequent Baen omnibus editions (below) provide the same books at a lower cost.

 Korval's Legacy Collection (Baen ebook bundle)
 Contains Conflict of Honors, Agent of Change, Carpe Diem, Plan B, and Local Custom
 Phase Change Collection (Baen ebook bundle)
 Contains Scout's Progress, I Dare, Crystal Soldier, Crystal Dragon, and Balance of TradeAdditionally, Agent of Change and Fledgling are available at no cost in the Baen Free Library

Baen print and e-book
 The Dragon Variation (Jun. 2010,  trade paperback)
 Contains Local Custom, Scout's Progress, and Conflict of Honors
 The Agent Gambit (Jan. 2011,  trade paperback)
 Contains Agent of Change and Carpe Diem
 Korval's Game (May 2011,  trade paperback)
 Contains Plan B and I Dare
 The Crystal Variation (Sep. 2011,  trade paperback)
 Contains Crystal Soldier, Crystal Dragon, and Balance of TradeAudio-booksA number of novels have currently available audio-book editions

 Accepting the Lance
 The Tomorrow Log
 Neogenesis
 The Gathering Edge
 Alliance of Equals
 Dragon Ship
 Necessity's Child
 Ghost Ship
 Saltation
 Fledgling
 Mouse & Dragon
 Scout's Progress
 Local Custom
 Balance of Trade
 Crystal Soldier
 Dragon in Exile
 I Dare
 Plan B
 Carpe Diem
 Conflict of Honors
 Crystal Dragon
 Agent of Change

Short stories
These also include stories about Lute and Moonhawk, the earlier incarnations of two major characters in the books. Some short stories also are being made available for free either in the Baen Free Library or at Splinter Universe.

 Current collections
On 2 April 2012, Sharon Lee and Steve Miller announced that Baen had purchased publication rights for the contents of Chapbooks #1 through #17 (Two Tales of Korval through Skyblaze), and they would be reissued in two volumes. The first, Liaden Universe Constellation Volume I was published by Baen for July 2013 in trade paperback (tpb) and ebook formats. The second volume was published by Baen in January 2014. The third volume was published by Baen in August 2015. The fourth volume was published by Baen in June 2019.

Baen has collected the chapbooks and other short stories in five volumes:

 A Liaden Universe Constellation Volume 1 (2013,  trade paperback,  eBook)
 A Liaden Universe Constellation Volume 2 (2014,  trade paperback,  eBook)
 A Liaden Universe Constellation Volume 3 (2015,  trade paperback,  eBook)
 A Liaden Universe Constellation Volume 4 (4 June 2019,  trade paperback,  eBook)
 A Liaden Universe Constellation Volume 5 (1 February 2022,  trade paperback,  eBook)

 Out of print collections
The chapbooks have been collected in two compilations:

 Liaden Universe Companion Volume One (2005,  hardcover,  trade paperback)
 Liaden Universe Companion Volume Two (2007,  hardcover,  soft cover)

These stories are also being published by Baen webscriptions as the Liaden Universe Big Bang consisting of Liaden Unibus I and Liaden Unibus II. This includes the first 12 Liaden Universe chapbooks. It does not include the chapbook Calamity's Child (containing Liaden story Sweet Waters and non-Liaden A Night At the Opera), or the non-Liaden chapbooks The Naming of Kinzel and Master Walk.

Selected chapbooks are now being published by SRM Publisher (using the imprint Pinbeam Books) in the Amazon Kindle, Angus & Robertson, Apple, Baen, Barnes and Noble Nook, Google Play, Indigo, Rakuten Kobo, Scribd, Mondadori and Thalia ebook stores. In all these stores, they are sold without DRM. See below for availability.

 Table of Liaden Universe short stories and novelettes

Characters
As mentioned above, there are three main divisions of the human race which appear in the stories. There are some notable non-humans also.

Liaden
Home planet "Liad". Liadens are usually shorter than the Terran norm, often with golden skin. They are deeply concerned with their melant'i which roughly corresponds to the concern with "face" for which Japanese samurai are famous. Some are almost rabidly isolationist; it is not uncommon for bigoted Liaden to refer to those of other races as "it", likening them to animals. Several characters are part- or even half-Terran: this does not endear them to the isolationists.

Liaden society is clan-based, each Clan being made up of one or more families ("lines"). The Head of a Clan is the "Delm", the head of a line is the "Thodelm"; either might be male or female as circumstances dictate.

Liaden Clans do not generally allow lifemating. Instead, Liadens practice contract marriages, where two individuals from different clans are ordered, or allowed, by their Delms to create a progeny for one of the two clans. This marriage is over when the terms of the contract are fulfilled. Most members of the clan must produce at least one progeny to replace them.

Lifemating is when two individuals become exclusively bound to one and other. This can happen rarely by order of a Delm, or this can happen by the physical, emotional, and spiritual bonding of two individuals with dramliza abilities (regardless of the depth of those abilities).

Some Liaden are trained as explorers: the Scouts. They are regarded with distaste by the more isolationist within Liaden society.

Most of the stories thus far center on members of Clan Korval, made up of the yos'Phelium and yos'Galan lines. Scouts also appear often.Korval Val Con yos'Phelium: Delm, ex-Scout, Lifemate to Miri
 Shan yos'Galan: Master Trader, foster-brother to Val Con; Lifemate of Priscilla Delacroix y Mendoza; (current incarnation of Lute)
 Daav yos'Phelium: ex-Delm, ex-Scout, father to Val Con and Theo Waitley
 Jen Sar Kiladi: Daav's alter ego, a professor of Cultural Genetics at Delgado University. Jen Sar was the onagrata of Kamele Waitley.
 Aelliana Caylon: Lifemate to Daav, mother to Val Con
 Er Thom yos'Galan: Master Trader, Lifemate of Anne Davis, father to Shan, Nova and Anthora
 Pat Rin yos'Phelium: cousin to Val Con
 Kareen yos'Phelium: sister to Daav, mother to Pat Rin, expert on "The Code of proper conduct"
 Anthora yos'Galan: sister to Shan and Nova, with preternatural (Dramliza) abilities
 Ren Zel dea'Judan: Lifemate to Anthora, with preternatural (Dramliza) abilities
 Nova yos'Galan: sister to Shan, Anthora and Val Con
 Luken bel'Tarda: cousin, rug dealer, foster father of Pat Rin.
 Children and younger members (in no particular order): Quinn, Padi, Syl Vor; Mik and Shindi; and Talizea.
 Jen Sin yos'Phelium: Chief Light Keeper at Tinsori Light. Thought to have died two hundred years ago, but was "merely temporarily misplaced".Others Jan Rek ter'Astin: Scout Captain, friend of Jethri Gobelyn
 Clonak ter'Meulen: Scout, friend of Daav and Val Con
 Shadia ne'Zame: Scout, friend of Clonak
 Win Ton yo'Vala: Scout, friend of Theo Waitley and Less Pilot of Bechimo
 Kara ven'Arith: Crew of Bechimo
 Vertu dea'San: Taxi driver originally from Liad, subsequently exiled to Surebleak. Significant Other to Cheever McFarland.

Terran
Home planet known as "Terra". As remarked above, there is a brief reference to the possibility that this planet is possibly the fourth of that name. Possibly one prior Terra would have been destroyed along with the war-torn universe/galaxy from which mankind fled in Crystal Dragon, though neither the word Terra, nor Terran appear in that book. From cultural references, familiar English names, and references to regional linguistic dialects that appear in the core books, it seems likely that this Terra is nonetheless our own Earth. There appears to be some resentment that the "younger" races (usually Liaden) hold more power in the realm of shipping and commerce than Terra; there is reference to at least one political party involved in less-than-legal operations. Based on the description of the Liaden as younger races, it may be reasonable to assume that they predated the Liaden arrival in the expanding universe.  Whether they simply arrived sooner and separately from Cantra's convoy or whether Terra existed in the expanded universe separately from the "Predecessor" universe is unclear.

The Juntavas are an organized-crime "clan" who appear in various guises, sometimes as antagonists, sometimes as allies of the main characters. Unlike the real-world mafia, the Juntavas are apparently able to act as an unopposed organized government in their own right, to the point of having appointed officials called Sector Judges who administer justice within their appointed jurisdictions. The Juntavas are usually not as oppressive as they might be, because they have learned that too much of that sort of thing is "bad for business."

A number of other planets are known to have non-Liaden human inhabitants, presumably of the Terran strain. Some of these worlds, such as Surebleak and Delgado, were settled by Terrans from this universe's Terra. Others, such as Sintia, were settled by ships from the same Crystal Dragon-era colonization waves as Liad and Terra.

Some of these colony worlds, such as Vandar, have backslid to pre-spaceflight technology levels. These worlds have been considered interdicted by the Liaden Scout Corps, with external contact forbidden in order to permit their societies to develop without interference. As of "Prodigal Son", post–I Dare, there are signs that this policy may be changing.Gobelyns Jethri Gobelyn: apprentice trader, apprenticed to Norn ven'Deelin
 Iza Gobelyn: Captain of Gobelyn's Market, mother to Cris, Seeli, Jethri
 Arin Gobelyn: deceased, husband to Iza, father to Jethri, related to Uncle
 Cris Gobelyn: first mate of Gobelyn's Market, Iza's eldest child
 Dyk Gobelyn: junior on Gobelyn's Market, cook
 Khatelane Gobelyn: pilot on Gobelyn's Market
 Mel Gobelyn: on Gobelyn's Market
 Paitor Gobelyn: trader on Gobelyn's Market, brother to Iza
 Seeli Gobelyn: admin on Gobelyn's Market, Iza's second child
 Zam Gobelyn: on Gobelyn's Market
 Grig Tomas: back-up everything on Gobelyn's Market, Arin's cousin, related to UncleKorval clan-members Anne Davis: Lifemate to Er Thom, mother to Shan, master linguist and musician
 Priscilla Delacroix y Mendoza: Lifemate to Shan (current incarnation of Moonhawk)
 Miri Robertson: half-Liaden "Mercenary Retired, Bodyguard Retired, Have Weapon Will Travel", Lifemate to Val Con and joint Delm (Delmae)
 Inas Bhar: Juntavas Sector Judge Natesa the Assassin, Lifemate of Pat Rin
 Gordy Arbuthnot: cabin boy, Dutiful Passage. Shan's cousin via the Davis side of the family.Korval-linked Theo Waitley: recently discovered (by Delm Korval and the clan generally) daughter to Daav yos'Phelium and acknowledged in Ghost Ship as blood kin to Korval but not Seen by Delm Korval so not a clan member (Daav and Val Con would probably advise Theo against membership at present).
 Kamele Waitley: Theo's mother and professor at Delgado University. Da'av was Kamele's Onagrata using the name Jen Sar Kiladi after Aelliana's murder.
 Cheever McFarland: Master Pilot, messenger to Korval, then Pat Rin's bodyguard/chief of security.
 Clarence o'Berin: Juntavas Boss on Liad; after retirement sat Second on Bechimo.
 Tollance Berik-Jones aka Tolly aka 1362: a mentor, who ensures that AIs are brought into awareness well socialized. Attached to Tocohl's mission.Uncle-linked (The) Uncle (aka Yuri Tomas): a serially reborn meddler with a finger in everybody's pies, while at any one time tending a half-dozen certain-to-be-unsettling projects of his own. Uncle remembers the old universe. Has ties to Cantra and to some crew members of Gobelyn's Market.
 Note: technically Uncle isn't a Terran because he predates Terra.
 Seignur Veeoni: one of Uncle's clones; she's working on making modern-day fractins at an undisclosed location.
 Dulsey Omron: Uncle's long-time companion and assistant.
 Grig (Grigory) Tomas: See Gobelyns.
 Raisy (Raisana) Thomas: Grig's older twin sister.Others'''
 Hakan Meltz: Val Con and Miri's musical friend on Vandar
 Estra Trelu: person Val Con and Miri stayed with on Vandar
 Athna Brigsbee: Vandar busybody
 Kem Darmill: Hakan Meltz' girlfriend and later (by the time of Prodigal Son) wife.
 various Juntavas various people on Surebleak various people on Vandar

Independent A.I.s
 Jeeves: planetary security A.I. repurposed as butler to yos'Galen at Trealla Fantrol, but transferred to Jelaza Kazone upon Korval's relocation to Surebleak.
 Tocohl Lorlin (Daughter of Korval): Jeeves' daughter. Currently in control of Tinsori Light.
 Bechimo: a "sentient and sapient" space ship, built long ago as a "long-loop trader", incorporating "old tech." He was rediscovered by Win Ton yo'Vala. Theo Waitley became his Captain.
 Admiral Bunter: Originally a composite AI, made up of seven semiderelict ships (with thirteen old and cramped computers between them) out of the junkyard at Jemiatha's Jumble Stop. Admiral Bunter is Theo's Fault. It guarded Jamiatha's Jumble Stop Station from pirates for a time; it was later transferred to another "cranium" and ship by Mentor Tolly Jones, Tocol Lorin, and Inkirani Yo (another mentor), and has since become a "Free Ship," no longer associated with Jamiatha's Jumble Stop.
 Disian: A "Free ship" mentored by Tolly Jones.

Yxtrang
Home planet unknown at this time. Usually much larger than the Terran norm, they are a war-like people who live for conquest. They are almost universally prone to thinking of the other human races as animals.

References in Crystal Soldier and Crystal Dragon suggest that the Yxtrang are the descendants of a group of "X Strain" and "Y Strain" genetically-engineered soldiers who served in a platoon with Jela and accompanied the human migration to the new universe.
Some of them venerate Jela (an "M Strain") for his skills and deeds as a warrior.

It is not known whether they can interbreed with Liadens or Terrans, though given their common genetic origin there is no reason why they should not be able to; the likely lifespan of such offspring is short, not for merely biological reasons.

 Nelirikk: ex-Explorer (equivalent to Scout), subsequently sworn to Line yos'Phelium, becomes Miri's bodyguard; aka "Beautiful".
 Hazenthull Explorer: junior Explorer, subsequently sworn to Line yos'Phelium.
 Diglon Rifle: enlisted soldier attached to Hazenthull, subsequently sworn to Line yos'Phelium.
 Commander Vepal:  Yxtrang roving ambassador.
 Pilot Erthax: member of Vepal's Small Troop.
 Ochin Rifle: member of Vepal's Small Troop.

Clutch Turtles
These non-humans are even larger than Yxtrang and very long-lived; they appear much like turtles walking upright, hence the name. The length of their names are directly proportional to how old they are and their accomplishments: Edger's full name apparently takes some hours to recite. They are usually slow to act, but are very dangerous when angered and can move quickly when needed.

Clutch turtles travel in starships made from hollowed-out asteroids using an electron substitution drive that can have hallucinogenic effects on the human nervous system.
Both a 'low drive' and 'high drive' exist; usually the clutch turtles use the slower low drive, but used the considerably faster high drive in "I Dare."

Clutch turtles are able to command forces of great destructive or healing potential by singing. Clutch turtles are greatly feared and avoided by the Yxtrang as the result of a resounding defeat in battle many years prior to the timeframe of the story.

The Clutch turtles encountered in the "Agent of Change" sequence make up a "market research" team on behalf of their clan, who are known for manufacturing crystalline blades of extreme sharpness and durability by growing them in caves over a timespan of decades.

 Edger
 Sheather
 Watcher
 Selector
 Handler

Cats
There are many cats which appear in the stories, usually by name, often taking an active part in the proceedings. Unlike ordinary housecats, these cats often display paranormal abilities, as well as considerable intelligence.

 Flinx: at Tarnia's Clanhouse
 Lord Merlin: Anthora's cat, very active in I Dare Patch: Binjali Repair Shop's resident cat and "co-owner"
 Lady Dignity: Daav yos'Phelium's answer to his sister's complaint that he has no (dignity, that is)
 Relchin: An orange-and-white cat who "enjoys the outdoors" also resides with Daav yos'Phelium
 Silk: Pat Rin's mouser and majordomo on Surebleak
 Charzi: lives in the Lysta Clanhouse in "Misfits"
 Coyster: Jen Sar Kiladi's cat, attached to Theo Waitley on Delgado in Fledgling Mandrin: Jen Sar Kiladi's black and white on Delgado

Norbears
Norbear—Size: 16–22 cm; Weight: 121–180 g. Furred quadrupedal mammal with a burrowing habit; soft dense coat, ranging in color from grey, brown, black, orange, white and mixed. Herbivore. Fearless and lively disposition, natural empath. Adapts well to domestication. Banned on certain worlds. Check port rules before importing. —Courier Wildlife Guide, Fourteenth Edition.

 Master Frodo aboard the Dutiful Passage in Conflict of Honors.
 Hevelin (named after long-time science fiction fan Rusty Hevelin)
 Podesta: Hevelin's great-granddaughter

Trees (Ssussdriads)
The race formally known as Ssussdriads. An unusual character is Jelaza Kazone (a term that has been translated as "Jela's Promise," "Jela's Contract," or "Jela's Dream," among other variants) and the seedlings thereof (of which only two have thus far appeared in narrative). This very large tree lives in the grounds of Clan Korval's primary residence (also called Jelaza Kazone) and is in the habit of communicating its likes and dislikes to senior members of that clan; it has particularly been noted to have an interest in the likely parents of future children of the Clan.

As a young soldier, Jela found the tree on a desert planet on which his ship had crashed. Though barely a stunted seedling and the last member of a dying race, the tree was by itself able to repel invasion of the planet by the enemy Sheriekas. As an act of trust, the tree gave its only seed pod to feed the starving Jela. When Jela's rescue came, he refused to leave the tree behind.

The tree proved to be intelligent, and able to communicate via mental images. It also had the ability to manipulate the chemistry of its seed pods to create useful pharmaceutical compounds. Both these powers proved useful as Jela and Cantra searched for information necessary for mankind to escape its collapsing universe.

The name Jelaza Kazone refers to the promise Cantra yos'Phelium made to Jela, who knew he was destined to die before the migration could be complete, to see the tree through to safety on the new human homeworld. Clan Korval holds itself the guardian of this promise in perpetuity, and every trading vessel of Korval carries a seed of the tree somewhere on board, to ensure the survival of its race.

 Tree mentioned in Plan B at Erob's Clan house on Lytaxin.
 Seedling was installed on Cantra's ship at the end of Crystal Dragon. This sapling was recovered, alive, in Neogenesis.
 Sapling planted on Yulie Sharper's freeholding.
 Two saplings planted on yos'Galan's island on SureBleak.

Concepts
Melant'i
A great deal of the Liaden culture centers on melant'i. Part of this concept is roughly analogous to personal honor or good manners: a person of impeccable melant'i will behave in a certain way, in a given situation. It is also used to distinguish between a person's different roles in life. If one is speaking to a shipmate in one's role as an officer of the ship, one uses a particular mode to cue the shipmate as to the formality of the situation, and is said to be expressing one's melant'i as that officer. If, on the other hand, one is speaking to the same shipmate, but in the role of daughter, one uses a different mode and is expressing the melant'i as a family member. Different levels of formality, and actions, will be appropriate in each case.

Bows and modes of speech
High and Low Liaden
The High Liaden language is used for all formal conversations between people, reflecting the exact melant'i and roles of the two individuals. For example, a sentence might be in the role of Master Pilot to Student Pilot, while another sentence might be Parent to Child, or Adult to Adult, or Adult to Your Delm (your clan leader), or Adult to Another Delm (some else's clan leader). The forms are symmetrical and directional, with Master Pilot to Student Pilot being a different mode than Student Pilot to Master Pilot. With High Liaden, you can always tell the roles that the speaker intends for the listener to interpret what is being said.

Low Liaden is reserved for informal family conversations.

Liaden bows
Bows are used by Liadens when both meeting and parting, and also reflect the exact melant'i and roles of the two individuals. Bows are precise and complicated.

Space travel
Jump drive
Human ships are able to travel quickly between planets by "jumping"; different technologies exist but are all fairly quick; journey durations are comparable to swift sea-travel here on Earth. Only the Clutch Turtles use a different method, with predictably idiosyncratic side-effects (of which few details are available).

Propulsion and artificial gravity is provided by Struven Surface Units which Theo describes as having a "sense of presence." The sealed unit is the source of gravity that the ship generates and "the source of the Struven Surface that the engines then amplified and tuned, building fields that allow the ship to interact with the lattice crystal of space-time and to move…elsewhere."

From The Gathering Edge:

Ships
Ships range from single-person courier, small trade craft, private ships, long-loop, and family trade ships (depreciated in modern shipping) to large trade ships (often carrying a Master Trader), bulk cargo ships, and large passenger liners. There are of course many specialty craft for station maintenance, and other utilitarian functions. In this era of relative peace, there is little mention of purpose-built military ships, except for the battleships of the warlike Yxtrang (though mercenary companies have troop ships and various support ships). Planetary governments may have small fleets of fighter craft, for defensive purposes, that operate both in air and near space. It is not uncommon, however, for merchant ships to carry weaponry to defend themselves from pirates and brigands. Some large trade ships, such as Korval's Dutiful Passage, have incorporated enough weaponry to be considered full battleships.

Pilots and piloting
Pilots are shown deference in the Liaden Universe, both in Terran and Liaden space. This is due to respect and/or fear of the pilots' capabilities and their importance to the lifeblood of trade and commerce for planetary society. Pilots are addressed as "Pilot" as an honorific title.

Pilots must have superior reflexes, coordination, and spatial orientation. Pilots need proficiency in higher mathematics to be able to quickly and accurately solve equations in trajectory, orbital mechanics, and jump coordinates (to many decimal places); one does not place one's life and one's crew or passengers in peril should computer navigation fail. A pilot needs to be able to defend herself in the low port or away from civilization, thus trains in self-defense and personal weaponry.

The Pilot is responsible for the ship and passengers; the Co-pilot is responsible for the pilot and ship. (Bechimo adds, "the ship is responsible for pilot and crew.") The pilot/captain operates the ship from the primary control board—"sits First". The co-pilot, or acting co-pilot, "sits Second". Larger ships may have a third board, communications officer, executive officer, etc.

Many, if not most, pilots belong to the Pilots Guild. The Guild takes 3% of the pilot's income for life and in return provides many important services. These services include certification (required on many ships and lines), legal services and bail bonds, mail boxes with forwarding, hiring and personnel services and records, and in larger localities a Guild Hall with lounges, bars and/or cafes. Each Guild Hall has a Guild Master.

The Guild certified Pilot Classes:

 3rd Class: base level, qualified to work within system and orbit, operating ships not above Class B.
 2nd Class: mid-level, qualified to lift any ship to Class AA within system and orbit.
 1st Class: a.k.a., Jump Pilot, qualified to fly interplanetary space via Jump hyperspace technology.
 Master: one able to perform all aspects of piloting with excellence. This grade may undertake to train and test any of the lower three levels.

First Class Jump Pilots are awarded and wear a Pilot's leather jacket. This heavy duty garment, with many internal pockets, is both a sign of rank and protection against weather and misadventure. Only Jump Pilots wear a Pilot's Jacket; this is not by law, but tends to be enforced through "social pressure" which may become physical.

In I Dare'', Pat Rin is given a rating of "1st Class S," S for "small," until the pilot has enough flight time logged on the larger ships.

Master Pilots may train and certify pilots. All Liaden Scout Pilots are of Master Class. A pilot in training will be granted "provisional" status in grade as the student advances.

Awards and recognition

Fan fiction
Lee and Miller strongly oppose any fan fiction written in the Liaden universe. "We built our universes, and our characters; they are our intellectual property; and they are not toys lying about some virtual sandbox for other kids to pick up and modify at their whim. Steve and I do not sanction fanfic written in our universes; any such work that exists, exists without our permission, and certainly without our support."

References

External links

Literary collaborations
Series of books
Science fiction book series
Fictional universes
Space opera

Liaden universe


Kleve Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 5,57 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 617 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Werner Matthießen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amtitzehoe-land.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Kleve, Steinburg


Tehnička škola Karlovac je srednja strukovna škola u gradu Karlovcu (Karlovačka županija, Republika Hrvatska). U školi postoji više smjerova (ili zanimanja) od kojih su neka: Elektrotehnika, Mehatronika, Strojarstvo itd.

Škola se prije zvala Školski Metalski Centar (ŠMrC) po čijoj je kratici još uvijek poznata mnogim Karlovčanima.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Srednje škole u Hrvatskoj

Tehnička škola Karlovac


Oracle Internet Directory (OID) is a directory service produced by Oracle Corporation, which functions compatible with LDAP version 3.

Functionality

OID makes the following features available from within an Oracle database environment:

 integration with Oracle 8i and subsequent databases for ease of use and administration
 a scalable, multi-platform listing structure for reliable and safe intranet integration
 synchronization of OID-based listings (also with distributed applications)
 integration of existing public key certificates, digital wallets (e-wallets) and entrance privileges
 co-existence with other LDAP implementations via Oracle's Directory Integration Platform (DIP)
 administration tools, including:
 routing policies
 system management objects such as Oracle Directory Manager (also known as "oidadmin" or "ODM")
 technical support regarding the quality of the services
 delegated administrative service

Implementation

OID uses standard Oracle database structures to store its internal tables.

In Oracle version 9 databases, by default, many Oracle LDAP Table Stores use tablespaces with names beginning with the OLTS_ (and occasionally P1TS_) prefixes. Relevant default schemas used may include ODS (for "Oracle directory server") and ODSCOMMON.

Operation

The OID Control Utility (OIDCTL) serves as a command-line tool for starting and stopping the OID server. The OID Monitor process interprets and executes the OIDCTL commands.

Marketing

In comparing Oracle Internet Directory with its competitors, Oracle Corporation stresses that it uses as its foundation an Oracle database; whereas many competing products (such as Oracle Directory Server Enterprise Edition and Novell eDirectory) do not rely on an enterprise-strength relational database, but instead on embedded database engines similar to Berkeley DB. Integration with the Oracle database makes many of the technologies available for Oracle database available for Oracle Internet Directory, and improvements that Oracle makes in the database space can instantly flow through to its LDAP implementation.

For marketing purposes, OID forms part of the Oracle Identity Management suite of Oracle Application Server.

Distribution

Oracle database version 9 included OID bundled as an extra facility.  OID shipped with the Oracle Application Server version 10.

 Oracle Corporation makes the most recent version of OID available only as part of the  Identity Management-suite bundling of Oracle Application Server (10.1.4.0.1).

Oracle Internet Directory 11g forms part of Oracle directory services (ODS).

See also
 List of LDAP software
 Oracle Identity Management
 Oracle Directory Server Enterprise Edition

References

Benchmarks
 50 Million Users on Sparc T5
 10 Million Users on Exalogic
 500 Million Users on Exadata
 2 Billion Users

External links

 Oracle Internet Directory product page
 11g Doc
 an installation guide

Directory services
Oracle software

Oracle Internet Directory


كمال الودغيري مهندس اتصالات وعالم فضاء مغربي الأصل من مدينة فكيك، يعمل في وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية ناسا. كان الودغيري ضمن الطاقم المشرف على هبوط المركبتين سبيريت وأوبورتيونيتي على المريخ، وشارك كذلك في عملية إنزال مختبر علوم المريخ، وكانت مهمته في هذه البعثة الأخيرة متابعة الإشارات التي يصدرها روفر كوريوسيتي خلال عملية نزوله على كوكب المريخ٬ انتقل إلى لوس انجليس الولايات المتحدة في أواخر الثمانينيات ليكمل دراساته العليا في الاتصالات في جامعة جنوب كاليفورنيا.

مرة أخرى، بصم العالم المغربي كمال الودغيري على إنجاز جديد بحصوله على ميدالية «الخدمة الاستثنائية» من طرف وكالة الفضاء الأمريكية «ناسا».

وكالة الفضاء الدولية
وكالة الفضاء الدولية قررت تتويج مسار الودغيري الحافل، عرفانا بإنجازاته المتواصلة وإسهاماته المتعددة في مشاريع وبرامج الوكالة الرائدة في مجال الاستكشافات الفضائية.

وراكم العالم المغربي تجارب بوكالة الفضاء تمتد لعقدين، وسبق أن حاز في السنة الجارية على خمس جوائز للامتياز حسب الفرق والتي تمنحها الوكالة عربونا على أهمية العمل الجماعي في نجاح مهام البعثات الفضائية.

ويعتلي اسم المغربي الودغيري منصات وكالة الفضاء الدولية بإنجازات عديدة لصالح «ناسا»؛ نذكر منها مختبر الذرة الباردة (سي أي إل)، ودوره في العديد من المهمات الفضائية، وخاصة تلك المتعلقة بالمعدات الاستكشافية للمريخ، «كيريوزيتي»، «روفرز»، «سبيريت»، و«أوبورتينيتي»، والمهمة الدولية «كاسيني» التي استهدفت كوكب زحل، ومهمة القمر «غرايل»، ومهمة «جونو» بشأن كوكب المشتري.

العالم المغربي يتولى، حاليا، الإشراف على مجموعة الرادار الكوكبي والراديو في مختبر الدفع النفاث التابع لـ«ناسا»، وتركز أبحاثه على التوصيف الجوي العالمي.

ابن العاصمة العلمية فاس، الذي انطلق حلمه صغيراً بالالتحاق بوكالة الفضاء الأمريكية، في حوزته اليوم أزيد من 39 جائزة للتميز؛ وهو ما يجعله أحد أكثر المتوجين من لدن «ناسا» خلال العشرين سنة الماضية. لتقوده إنجازاته، بدون تردد، إلى التتويج مرة أخرى على رأس بورصة هسبريس لنادي الطالعين.
في عام 1993، بعد سلسلة من المسابقات والمقابلات، كان واحداً من المجندين 6 الذين تم اختيارهم من بين 5000 مرشحا من قبل JPL وهو مختبر الدفع النفاث في باسادينا، وهذه واحدة من أهم المراكز البحثية التابعة لناسا.

انظر أيضا

 أمين رغيب
 يوسف تومي كمال
 فاروق الباز

وصلات خارجية
 مغربي في ناسا، كمال الودغيري (بالفرنسية)

مراجع

علماء مغاربة
مغاربة مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
ناسا

كمال الودغيري


Nokia 6600, 2 Temmuz 2002 tarihinde duyurulmuş ve 7 Ocak 2003 tarihinde 600 euro fiyatıyla satışa sunulmuştur. 66xx serisinin ilk telefonudur. Bu telefonda Nokia VGA kamera kullanmıştır. Telefon artık üretilmemektedir.

6 MB dahili hafızası vardır. Hafıza kartı olarak MMC uyumludur. SD Kart takılamaz. En fazla 512 MB kart destekler.

Kamera 0.3 MP (VGA)'dır.

Ekran LCD teknolojisine sahiptir.

Telefon 2003'ten 2007'ye kadar üretilmiş ve 150 milyon adet satmıştır. Bu satış rakamıyla dünyada en çok satılan 3. telefondur.

Kulaklık girişi 2.5 mm'dir. Yani şu an kullanılan kulaklıklardan farklıdır.

6600
Symbian cihazları
S60 (yazılım platformu)

Nokia 6600


The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence) er en nederlandsk-britisk exploitation-gyserfilm fra 2011. Filmen er instrueret af Tom Six og havde premiere ved Fantastic Fest den 22. september 2011.

Filmen blev indspillet i farve og senere konverteret til sort-hvid.

Medvirkende

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Britiske film fra 2011
Film fra Holland
Dramafilm
Engelsksprogede film
Exploitation-film
Film i sort-hvid
Gyserfilm fra Storbritannien

The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)


The Jewel in the Skull (Nestemata din craniu)  este un roman fantasy de Michael Moorcock, prima oară publicat în 1967. Romanul este primul din cele patru care alcătuiesc colecția The History of the Runestaff (1979) și care prezintă aventurile lui Dorian Hawkmoon, o versiune a Campionului Etern, acțiunea are loc într-o versiune a Europei, în viitorul îndepărtat, în care conducătorii nebuni ai "Imperiului Întunecat Granbretan" (denumirea dată țării care odată se numea Marea Britanie) doresc cucerirea continentului.

Referințe

Legături externe

Vezi și
1967 în literatură

Romane din 1967
Romane științifico-fantastice
Opere de Michael Moorcock

The Jewel in the Skull


En udkraget bue (tysk Kragbogen, engl. corbel arch) er en falsk bue hvor princippet er gentagne udkragninger indtil åbningen er overdækket. Metoden blev anvendt af mayaerne og andre tidligere civilisationer.

Galleri

Se også
 Konsol – Hvælving

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
  Wikimedia Commons har flere filer relaterede til Udkraget bue
 "Udkragning" hos Ordbog over det danske Sprog, Ordnet.dk
 "Udkragning" af Claës Dyrbye hos DSD, Den Store Danske

Bygningsdele
Murværk

Udkraget bue


Mafia er en dansk kortfilm med ukendt instruktør.

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Mafia (film)


الماين بلدية بدائرة الجعافرة ولاية برج بوعريريج.

مراجع

بلديات ولاية برج بوعريريج

الماين (ولاية برج بوعريريج)