John Neil Andrew  (born 7 June 1944) is a former Australian politician. He served in the House of Representatives for over 20 years from 1983 to 2004 representing the Division of Wakefield in South Australia for the Liberal Party. He became the 24th Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1998, a position he held until 2004.

Early life
Andrew was born in Waikerie, South Australia, and was a horticulturalist before entering politics. He was a councillor in the District Council of Waikerie from 1976 to 1983.

Politics
Andrew was elected to the House of Representatives in the 1983 federal election. Having served as Deputy Chairman of Committees, and Government Chief Whip, he became Speaker of the House after the October 1998 elections. He presided over the House during the special sitting in May 2001 to mark the centenary of the Parliament of Australia, which met in the Victorian Legislative Assembly after meeting in the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne, as did the first Parliament in 1901. In 2003, he "named" Greens Senators Bob Brown and Kerry Nettle after they interjected during George W. Bush's speech to Parliament.

In the international sphere, Andrew did much to raise Australia's reputation as being a country which punched well above its weight, and could be relied upon to keep its word, once given. He participated in bilateral meetings wherever possible. For example, he held bilateral meetings with the Finno-Ugric group at Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) meetings in Chile in 2003 to explain Australia's participation in the intervention in the Middle East.

One of Neil Andrew's most significant parliamentary contributions was made in the advancement of parliamentary administration and reform, as was acknowledged in the citation for his recognition in the Order of Australia. Together with the then President of the Senate, he authorised the review into parliamentary administration by the Parliamentary and Public Service Commissioner Andrew Podger. Subsequently, Andrew sponsored measures to reform the Parliament's administration, conducting sensitive private and public briefings, and providing moral support in the maneuvering of reform proposals through the Australian Senate. His efforts resulted in the success of reforms which had been advocated on at least a dozen occasions, without success over the previous 90 years, starting with Prime Minister Fisher in 1910.

Andrew previously represented a large swath of rural territory north of Adelaide. However, a redistribution ahead of the 2004 elections pushed his seat well to the south to take in heavily pro-Labor northern Adelaide suburbs that had previously been in the safe Labor seat of Bonython. Meanwhile, most of his former rural territory was redistributed to neighbouring Grey and Barker. Andrew held his old seat with a comfortably safe majority of 14 percent, but the reconfigured Wakefield had a Labor majority of just over one percent. Prior to the new boundaries being announced, Andrew notified Prime Minister John Howard that he would not renominate for Wakefield in the upcoming election. He remained Speaker until David Hawker was elected to succeed him on 16 November.

Honours
Andrew was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 2008 Australia Day Honours list "for service to the Parliament of Australia through the advancement of parliamentary administration and reform, and to the community in the areas of agricultural research, development and education" particularly as Chair of the Crawford Fund in Australia.

He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (FTSE) in 2006.

References

External links
 Daily Hansard with dispute over above division

1944 births
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Living people
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wakefield
Officers of the Order of Australia
Speakers of the Australian House of Representatives
Delegates to the Australian Constitutional Convention 1998
20th-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian politicians
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering

Neil Andrew


1944 වසර (MCMXLIV) යනු, ග්‍රෙගෝරියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර  ඉරිදා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන අධික අවුරුද්දක් (බැඳිය විසින් සම්පූර්ණ දින දසුනම දක්වනු ඇත) වෙයි.

1944


Crucea imperială este unul dintre însemnele imperiale ale Sfântului Imperiu Roman. Este goală pe dinăuntru pentru a adăposti ambele "mari relicve ale lui Cristos": sfânta lance în brațul orizontal și o bucată din Sfânta Cruce în partea inferioară a brațului vertical. Crucea imperială este relicvariul inițial al moaștelor imperiului. Ea este păstrată în camera tezaurului imperial din Palatul Hofburg.

Bibliografie

 Hermann Fillitz: Die Insignien und Kleinodien des Heiligen Römischen Reiches. Schroll, Wien u. a. 1954.
 Ernst Günther Grimme: Goldschmiedekunst im Mittelalter. Form und Bedeutung des Reliquiars von 800 bis 1500. M. DuMont Schauberg, Köln 1972, ISBN 3-7701-0669-5, S. 39–40.
 Karl-Heinz Rueß (Red.): Die Reichskleinodien. Herrschaftszeichen des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (= Schriften zur staufischen Geschichte und Kunst. Bd. 16). Gesellschaft für Staufische Geschichte, Göppingen 1997, ISBN 3-929776-08-1.
 Jan Keupp, Hans Reither, Peter Pohlit, Katharina Schober, Stefan Weinfurter (Hrsg.): "… die keyserlichen zeychen …" Die Reichskleinodien – Herrschaftszeichen des Heiligen Römischen Reiches. Schnell + Steiner, Regensburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-7954-2002-4.
 Sabine Haag (Hrsg.): Meisterwerke der Weltlichen Schatzkammer (Kurzführer durch das Kunsthistorische Museum. 2). Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien 2009, ISBN 978-3-85497-169-6.

Regalia Sfântului Imperiu Roman
Simboluri creștine

Crucea imperială a Sfântului Imperiu Roman


Mireasa cu gene false este o piesă de teatru a autorului român Dumitru Radu Popescu. A avut premiera la 9 decembrie 1995 în regia lui Tudor Chirilă.

Prezentare

Personaje
 Rita
Bebe
Sotir
Jigurcă
Frusina
Argăseală
Zeno

Teatru radiofonic
 1994 - adaptare radiofonică și regia artistică Nicoleta Toia, cu Ileana Stana Ionescu, Corneliu Revent, Petre Nicolae, Cerasela Stan, Ionuț Antonie, Mihai Velcescu, Petrică Popa

Ecranizării

Referințe și note

Bibliografie

Vezi și

 Listă de piese de teatru românești

Piese de teatru românești
Piese de teatru de Dumitru Radu Popescu

Mireasa cu gene false


Inventor of Evil deveti je studijski album njemačkog thrash metal sastava Destruction, objavljen 22. kolovoza 2005.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Destruction
Schmier – bas-gitara, vokal, produkcija
Sifringer – gitara, produkcija
Marc "Speedy" Reign – bubnjevi, prateći vokali, produkcija

Dodatni glazbenici
Biff Byford – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi "The Alliance of Hellhoundz")
Doro Pesch – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi "The Alliance of Hellhoundz")
Shagrath – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi "The Alliance of Hellhoundz")
Björn "Speed" Strid – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi "The Alliance of Hellhoundz")
Paul Di'Anno – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi "The Alliance of Hellhoundz")
Messiah Marcolin – dodatni vokal (na pjesmama "The Alliance of Hellhoundz" i "Seeds of Hate")
Mark Osegueda – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi "The Alliance of Hellhoundz")
Peter "Peavy" Wagner – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi "The Alliance of Hellhoundz")
Inga Pulver – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi "Seeds of Hate"), prateći vokal
André Grieder – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi "Seeds of Hate"), prateći vokal
Reimo – prateći vokal
Andy Brooks – prateći vokal
Ferdy Doemberg – solo-gitara (na pjesmi "The Alliance of Hellhoundz")
Harry Wilkens – solo-gitara (na pjesmama "The Alliance of Hellhoundz", "The Chosen Ones" i "Seeds of Hate"), prateći vokal

Ostalo osoblje
V.O. Pulver – solo-gitara (na pjesmi "The Alliance of Hellhoundz"), prateći vokal, inženjer zvuka
Peter Tägtgren – dodatni vokal (na pjesmi "The Alliance of Hellhoundz"), inženjer zvuka, miks
Frank Winkelmann – prateći vokal, inženjer zvuka, mastering
Katja Piolka – fotografije
Dirk Schelpmeier – fotografije
Gyula Havencsák – naslovnica

Izvori

Albumi sastava Destruction
Albumi iz 2005.

Inventor of Evil


සොහොන් මංකොල්ලකෑම යනු එතුළ වූ මානව කෘති සොරකම කිරීමට හෝ සම්පූර්ණ ශරීරයම සොරකම් කිරීම සඳහා හෝ එහි පුද්ගලික බලපෑම් සඳහා මල සිරුර පො‍ළවෙන් උඩට ගැනීම සඳහා සොහොනක් නිරාවරණය කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවයි. මෙම ක්‍රියාවෙහි නිරත වන්නා සොහොන් මංකොල්ලකරුවා (tomb raider) ලෙස හඳුන්වයි.

සොහොන් මංකොල්ලකෑම කලා ඉතිහාසඥයින්ට හා පුරා විද්යායඥයින්ට වසංගතයකි. වටිනා සොහොන් බිම් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් විශේෂඥයින් විසින් ඒවා පරීක්ෂා කිරීමට ප්‍රථම මංකොල්ල කා තිබුණි. ඒ හා සමානවම චීන ජේඩ් මිහිදන් කිරීමේ ඇඳුම් වසර කිහිපයක් පුරාවටම මිත්‍යාවක් ලෙස සලකනු ලැබූ අතර 1968 දී දෙකක් සොයා ගැනීමත් සමඟ එය දුරු වී ගියේය. දැන් ඔවුන් විශ්වාස කරන්නේ බොහෝමයක් ජේඩ් මිහිදන් කිරීමේ ඇඳුම් බොහෝ කලකට පෙර සොහොන් මංකොල්ලකරුවන් විසින් ඉවත් කර ඇති බවයි.

මධ්‍යතන හා පුනරුද යුරෝපයේ වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යා හා කලා ශිෂ්‍යයන් විසින් ඔවුන්ගේ අධ්‍යයනයන්ට සහාය වීම සඳහා මෝචරි, පුද්ගලික නිවාස හා සුසාන භූමිවලින් මල මිනී සොරකම් කළ බවට වාර්තා වී තිබුණි. පුනරුද සිත්තරෙකු හා මූර්තිකරුවෙකු වූ මයිකල් ඈන්ජෙලෝ ඔහු‍ගේ සිතුවම් පරිපූර්ණ කිරීම සඳහා මනුෂ්යෙ සැකිලි පද්ධතිය අධ්‍යයනය කිරීම සඳහා මෝචරිවලින් ශරීර සොරකම් කිරීමට ප්‍රසිද්ධ අයෙකු වේ. කෙසේ නමුත් මෙය සොහොන් මංකොල්ල කෑමකට වඩා මෘත දේහ ඩැහැ ගැනීමක් ලෙස සැලකේ. ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිවාදියා  වූ ලියනාඩෝ ඩාවින්චි ද මේ ක්‍රියාව සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධියක් ඉසිලීය.

ටුම්බ් රේඩර් (tomb raider) වීඩියෝ ක්‍රීඩා ශ්‍රේණියේ වීරවරිය වූ ලාරා ක්‍රොමෆ්ට් සොහොන් මංකොල්ල කයි.

පුරාවිද්‍යාව

සොහොන් මංකොල්ලකෑම


ඇමඩෝ ඇවගාඪරෝ

ඇමඩෝ ඇවගාඪරෝ උපත ලැබුවේ ඉතාලියේ මියුරින්හි පියඪමොන්ට් නම් වංශවත් පවුලකටය. ඔහුගේ උපන් දිනය 1776 අගෝස්තු 9 වන දිනය. ඔහු වඩා ප්‍රචලිත වන්නේ මෞලික ස්කන්ධය හා ඇවගාඪරෝ නියමය වැනි විද්‍යාවේ සොයාගැනිම්වලටය. ඔහුට කරන ගෞරවයක් ලෙස ද්‍රව්‍ය (පරමාණු, අණු හෝ අයණ) මෞලයක ඇති ද්‍රව්‍යය ප්‍රමාණය ඇවගාඪරෝ අංකය ලෙස හදුන්වයි.

1811 දී ඔහු මෞලික ස්කන්ධ වල සාපේක්ෂ ස්කන්ධයන් සොයන්නේ කෙසේද පිළිබදවත් ඇවගාඪරෝ කල්පිතයන් සදහන් කරමින් ලිපියක් පල කලේය. මෙය ප්‍රංශ සගරාවක් වන ''ජුවර්නල් ඩි ෆිසික්ස්, ඩි වයිමි එම් ඩි හිස්ටොරී නැචුරෙල්" සගරාවට යොමු කරන ලදි.

1820 දී ඔහු මියුරින් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ භෞතික විද්‍යාව පිලිබද මහාචාර්යවරයකු බවට පත්විය. ඔහුගේ පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය පිළිබදව වැඩි සදහනක් දක්නට නොලැබේ. එනමුත් ඔහු ෆෙලිසිටා මාසේ සමග විවාහ වූ බවත් දරුවන් 6 දෙනෙක් ලද බවත් පැවසේ.

ඇවගාඪරෝ මහජන උපදේශන පිළිබද රාජකීය සුපිරි කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයකුද වේ. ඔහු විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය තුල සංඛ්‍යානය, කාලගුණ විද්‍යාව හා බර හා මිනුම් පිළිබද ධුරද ෙහබවිය.

ඔහු සොයාගත් ඇවගාඪරෝ අංකය පලමුව ජර්මන් ජාතික ජෝන් ජෝසප් ලෝෂ්මිඩ්ට් විසින් ගණනය කරන ලදී. මෙය ලෝෂ්මිඩ්ට් අංකය ලෙස ජර්මන් කතාකරන රටවල් වල හදුන්වයි.

ඇමඩෝ ඇවගාඪරෝ


Post-nominal letters, also called post-nominal initials, post-nominal titles, designatory letters or simply post-nominals, are letters placed after a person's name to indicate that the individual holds a position, an academic degree, accreditation, an office, a military decoration, or honour, or is a member of a religious institute or fraternity. An individual may use several different sets of post-nominal letters, but in some contexts it may be customary to limit the number of sets to one or just a few. The order in which post-nominals are listed after a name is based on rules of precedence and what is appropriate for a given situation. Post-nominal letters are one of the main types of name suffix. In contrast, pre-nominal letters precede the name rather than following it, such as addressing a physician or professor as "Dr. Smith".

List

Different awards and post-nominal letters are in use in the English-speaking countries.

Usage

Listing order
The order in which post-nominal letters are listed after a person's name is dictated by standard practice, which may vary by region and context.

In Australia

Various University Style Guides, such as: the University of Sydney Style Guide and the Australian Government Style Manual and that of the various State Governments.

Outside of any specific academic or State or Federal Government requirement, then in the following order:

 Those Honours promulgated by the Governor-General in the Commonwealth Government Gazette, e.g. Current National and former Imperial honours
 Those Honours and Appointments promulgated by a State Governor or Territory Administrator in the relevant State Government Gazette, e.g. Fellows of the Royal Society of NSW (FRSN), King's Counsels (KC).
 All honorary degrees included in an Australian university's Annual Report to an Australian Parliament.
 Fellowships and memberships of professional bodies and learned societies incorporated by a statutory instrument i.e a Royal Charter under the Australian (not a foreign) Crown (e.g. the Australian Academy of Science, the Australian Academy of the Humanities, the Institution of Engineers Australia,  the Australian Institute of Building, and the Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy) or an Act of Parliament (such as the Bar Associations of some States)
 Parliamentary designations
 Foreign Honours where permitted by Australian Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs.
 Fellowships and memberships of other Australian Professional Institutions.
 Australian Qualifications, ideally with date and institution, in descending order (with the highest closest after the name).
 Foreign Professional Memberships.
 Foreign Qualifications.

In Canada

The Canadian government's The Canadian Style specifies that no more than two sets of post-nominal letters should normally be given, unless all are to be given either for information or for reasons of protocol, and that these should be the two highest of different types. The types and the order in which they are given are:

 Distinctions conferred directly by the Crown
 University degrees
 Memberships of societies and other distinctions

In European fraternities
Going back to the mid 17th century, today's classical European fraternities such as the German Student Corps have used post-nominal symbols and letters to allow their members to indicate their fraternity membership and honorary positions held in their signature.

Order of post-nominals in the UK

Civil usage in the UK

In the United Kingdom various sources have issued guidance on the ordering of styles and titles for British citizens, including the Ministry of Justice, Debrett's and A & C Black's Titles and Forms of Address; these are generally in close agreement, with the exception of the position of MP, etc., in the listing:
 Bt/Bart or Esq;
 In the UK, "Esq." may refer to any gentleman in place of the pre-nominal Mr or Dr;
 British Orders and decorations (e.g. OBE; in descending order of precedence);
 Crown Appointments, i.e.:
 University degrees:
 According to Debrett's, DD, MD and MS degrees are always given; other doctorates, other medical degrees, and other divinity degrees are sometimes given; and other degrees are seldom shown, with BA and MA never used socially (although formal lists may include them);

 According to Debrett's and Black's: Member of Parliament (MP), etc. (Black's also includes Writers to the Signet here);
 Membership of the Armed Forces (e.g. RAF, RN, VR, RM, RMP) (not included by Black's).

In addition, British citizens who have received honours from Commonwealth countries are usually given permission from the King to use the postnominals for that honour.

Academic usage in the UK

The Oxford University Style Guide and the University of Nottingham Style Guide give the alternative ordering:

 Civil honours
 Military honours
 KC
 Degrees in the order:
 Bachelor's
 Master's
 Doctorates
 Postdoctoral
 Diplomas
 Certificates
 Membership of academic or professional bodies

This differs from the civil ordering in that it omits appointments except for KC, includes diplomas and certificates in addition to degrees, merges medical qualifications, fellowships of learned societies, royal academicians, and membership of professional bodies into a single item, and omits membership of the armed forces.

Loughborough University gives a very similar ordering, but with "Appointments (e.g MP, KC)" replacing item 3 (KC) and "Higher Education awards (in ascending order, commencing with undergraduate)" replacing items 4–6 (degrees, diplomas and certificates). This restores the Appointments section from the civil list omitted by Oxford and Nottingham, although the other differences remain.

Nottingham Trent University gives essentially the same ordering as Oxford and Nottingham, but without specifying the order in which degrees should be given. Nottingham Trent, Oxford and Loughborough recommend degree abbreviations be given in mixed case without stops between the letters (e.g. BA, not B.A.; PhD, not Ph.D.), as does Cambridge. Imperial College London, however, uses all small caps for post-nominals (e.g. , not PhD).

Where all degrees are shown, as in university calendars, most universities will give these in ascending order. However, advice on the precise ordering varies:
 The Oxford University Calendar Style Guide places degrees in the order: bachelor's degrees (including postgraduate bachelor's degrees such as the Oxford BCL) and other first degrees; master's degrees (including those that are first degrees, such as MPhys); doctorates; higher doctorates in order of academic precedence. Degrees at the same level are ordered alphabetically by awarding institution and multiple degrees from the same institution are grouped, with position determined by the lowest degree in the grouping. Certificates and diplomas are listed after degrees (no mention is made of foundation degrees). Oxford recommends giving institution names separated by a space from the degree, not enclosed in parentheses, and that degrees from the same institution be separated by spaces only, with commas between degrees from different institutions.
 Loughborough University advises listing all higher education awards in ascending order starting from undergraduate, so MPhys would come before BCL and postgraduate certificates and diplomas would come between undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The examples given do not include institution names.

Order of post-nominals in the United States

In the United States, standard protocol is to list post-nominal letters in the following order:

 Religious institutions
 Theological degrees
 Military decorations
 Academic degrees
 Honorary degrees, honors, decorations
 Professional licenses, certifications and affiliations
 Retired uniformed service.

Active duty services personnel do not use any post-nominals other than, if applicable, Staff Corps affiliation (Navy only) followed by a comma and then their branch of service. Names are bracketed by the appropriate pre-nominal and post-nominal, e.g. LCDR John Q Public, MC, USN.

Etiquette for higher educational qualifications

Higher education qualifications in the UK

In the UK, it is usual to list only doctorates, degrees in medicine, and degrees in divinity. In particular, when a person has letters indicating Crown honours or decorations, only the principal degree would normally be given. The University of Oxford Style Guide advises writers: "Remember that you do not need to list all awards, degrees, memberships etc held by an individual – only those items relevant to your writing."

In an academic context, or in formal lists, all degrees may be listed in ascending order of academic status, which may not be the same as the order in which they were obtained (although see notes on medical qualifications, below). The Oxford style is to list qualifications by their title starting with bachelor's degrees, then master's degrees, then doctorates. Postgraduate Certificates and Diplomas are listed after doctorates, but before professional qualifications, with a similar ordering being used by other universities. In this style, foundation degrees and other sub-bachelor qualifications are not shown. An alternative style is to give all higher education qualifications, starting from undergraduate, ordered by their level rather than their title. In this style, one might list a Certificate or Diploma of Higher Education first, then foundation degrees, first degrees at bachelor level, first degrees at master level (integrated master's degrees and first degrees in medicine), postgraduate degrees at master level (including postgraduate bachelor's degrees such the Oxford BCL), and doctorates. In this style, postgraduate certificates and diplomas could be shown either before postgraduate degrees at master's level (as in the table given by Loughborough University) or before first degrees at master's level (reflecting their position in the Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies). Strictly speaking, both the Debrett's and Ministry of Justice lists only allow for the inclusion of degrees, not non-degree academic awards.

For someone with a substantive doctorate, it is usual either to give "Dr" as the title (without a stop per normal British usage) or to list their degrees post-nominally, e.g. "Dr John Smith" or "John Smith, PhD" but not "Dr John Smith, PhD". Postnominals may be used with other titles, e.g. "Mr John Smith, PhD", "Sir John Smith, PhD", or "The Rev John Smith, PhD".

In the case of a BA from Oxford, Cambridge or Dublin who proceeds to be an MA of those universities (which is taken without further study), the MA replaces the BA and thus only the MA should be listed. Oxford has said that there is no risk of confusion between their MA and "earned" MAs as the Oxford MA is denoted "MA (Oxon)" rather than simply MA. However, Debrett's has advised using just "MA" to describe a Cambridge Master of Arts.

Graduates from British and Irish universities sometimes add the name of the university that awarded their degree after the post-nominals for their degree, either in parentheses or not, depending on preferred style. University names are often abbreviated and sometimes given in Latin, e.g."BA, MA (Dunelm), PhD (Ebor)"; a list of abbreviations used for university names can be found at Universities in the United Kingdom#Post-nominal abbreviations. Where the same degree has been granted by more than one university, this can be shown by placing the names or abbreviations in a single bracket after the degree name, e.g. ", Mus.D. (Oxon., Cantab., Dunelm. et Yale, U.S.A.), LL.D. (Leeds, Aberdeen, and W. University, Pennsylvania.)".

Honorary degrees, if shown, can be indicated either by "Hon" before the post-nominals for the degree or "hc" (for honoris causa) after the post-nominals, e.g. "Professor Evelyn Algernon Valentine Ebsworth CBE, PhD, MA, ScD, DCL hc, FRSC, FRSE" (emphasis added); "Professor Stephen Hawking Hon.ScD, CH, CBE, FRS" (emphasis added). The Oxford University Calendar Style Guide recommends not giving honorary degrees in post-nominals.

Higher education qualifications in the US
In academia and research, all degrees may be listed. In general, however, it is normal to only list those relevant to the circumstance. For example, if Jane Doe had a BS, MS, and PhD in computer science as well as an MBA, then if working in management in a retail company she would write "Jane Doe, MBA", but if working in an IT company she might write "Jane Doe, PhD", and if working in academia she could write "Jane Doe, BS, MS, MBA, PhD".

The Gregg Reference Manual recommends placing periods between the letters of post-nominals (e.g., B.S., Ph.D.); however, The Chicago Manual of Style recommends writing degrees without periods (e.g., BS, PhD). If post-nominals are given, the full name should be used, without Dr., Mr., Ms., Mrs., or Miss. Other prefixes (e.g., Professor) may be used.

Etiquette for medical qualifications

Medical qualifications in the UK

In contrast to the style for academic qualifications, medical qualifications are listed in descending order, i.e.: doctorates, master's degrees, bachelor's degrees, postgraduate diplomas, and qualifying diplomas. Letters indicating doctorates, master's degrees and fellowships of royal colleges are always given, while bachelor's degrees, memberships and qualifying diplomas are only shown for people with no higher qualifications. In all but formal lists, only three medical qualifications are normally given.

Where someone holds qualifications in multiple fields, they are normally given in the order: medicine, surgery (except for MRCS, which is considered a qualifying diploma), obstetrics, gynaecology and other specialities. These are followed by qualifying diplomas and other diplomas.

The academic style guides do not have a separate section for medical qualifications, so if following one of these guides, medical degrees should be listed with other degrees, medical diplomas with other diplomas, and fellowships and memberships of royal colleges with other fellowships and memberships of professional bodies.

Etiquette for fellowships or memberships

Learned societies and professional bodies in Africa
In Africa, learned societies and professional bodies use designatory letters for their members and fellowships. For example, professionals admitted to the African Planning Society are entitled to place postnominal letters behind their names:

 An Associate of the African Planning Society uses the post-nominal AAPS, e.g. "George Kumba AAPS." A Member of the African Planning Society is entitled to use the post-nominal, MAPS, e.g. "Archimedes Muzenda MAPS." A Fellow of the African Planning Society is entitled to use postnominals, FAPS, e.g. "Innocent Chirisa FAPS."

Learned societies, royal academies and professional institutions in the UK

In the UK there is, according to Debrett's, no defined order of precedence for placing designatory letters for fellowships of learned societies and memberships of professional bodies within their respective groups. Debrett's suggests that "In practice, where one society is indisputably of greater importance than another the letters are usually placed in that order. Alternatively, the fellowship of the junior society may be omitted. If such precedence cannot be determined, the letters may be placed in order of conferment.  Where this is not known, they may be placed in alphabetical order." Earlier guidance that "Strictly speaking, they should be arranged according to date of foundation or incorporation of the societies concerned" has now been removed.

Only postnominals indicating honorific fellowships (e.g., FRS, FBA, FREng) are normally used socially. For professional bodies it is usual to list those most relevant to a person's profession first, or those most relevant to the particular circumstances. It is common to omit fellowships (except honorific fellowships) and memberships that are not relevant in a given situation.

Debrett's notes that although Royal Academicians are listed after fellows of learned societies (and before members of professional bodies), they do not yield to them in precedence, "In practice the two lists do not coincide."

The distinction between a learned society and a professional body is not well defined. Many organisations (e.g., the Royal Society of Chemistry) claim to be both learned societies and professional bodies. However, it is clear from both the Ministry of Justice and Debrett's that only fellowships of learned societies are listed, while fellowships and memberships may be listed for professional bodies.

Examples

Examples of post-nominal letters:
 A Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire is authorised to use the post-nominal KBE, e.g. "Sir Terry Wogan KBE DL" (DL indicating he was Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire).
 A Fellow of the Royal Society uses the post-nominal FRS and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh FRSE, e.g. "Professor Malcolm Longair CBE, FRS, FRSE" (CBE indicating he is also a Commander of the Order of the British Empire).
 A Doctor of Philosophy may use the post-nominal PhD or DPhil (according to the usage of the awarding institution), or the pre-nominals Dr or Dr., e.g. Indiana Jones could be styled "Dr. Henry Walton Jones, Jr." or "Henry Walton Jones, Jr., PhD", but not "Dr. Henry Walton Jones, Jr., PhD".
 A Postgraduate Diploma is indicated by the post-nominals PgDip. Someone with a BA, MA and postgraduate diploma could write "BA PgDip MA" or (following the Oxford Calendar's style) "BA MA PgDip".
 Commonly seen postnominals for religious orders include OFM for the Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor), SJ for the Jesuits (Society of Jesus), e.g. "Jorge Bergoglio, SJ, and OP for the Dominicans (Order of Preachers); most other Catholic religious institutes have specific post-nominal letters.
 A BA graduate of the Open University could indicate the university from which they got their degree using "BA (Open)" or "BA Open".
 Someone with a BSc from Cardiff, an MSc from London and a PhD from Cardiff could write "BSc PhD Card, MSc Lond", or "BSc Card, MSc Lond, PhD Card"; alternatively they could choose to omit the lower degrees and simply write "PhD Card" ("London" may be substituted for "Lond" and "Cardiff" for "Card", and institution names could be enclosed in parentheses). If not indicating the awarding universities, they would write "BSc MSc PhD", or simply "PhD".
 A member of the British parliament may use the postnominals "MP", e.g. "Caroline Lucas MP". Note the post-nominals MP may not be used once someone ceases to be a Member of Parliament, including after Parliament has been dissolved for an election.
 A peer who is a member of the Privy Council may use the postnominals "PC"; for non-peers, the pre-nominal "Right Honourable", abbreviated "Rt Hon", identifies them as members. Thus: "The Rt Hon David Cameron MP", but "The Rt Hon Earl Grey KG PC" (KG indicating he was also a Knight of the Garter).
 Chartered status is shown before the relevant professional membership, e.g. "Prof. Dame Carole Jordan DBE FRS CPhys FInstP", where DBE indicates Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, FRS Fellow of the Royal Society, CPhys Chartered Physicist, and FInstP Fellow of the Institute of Physics, the awarding body for CPhys.
 In the UK, someone who earned a BA, MA and BSc in that order would normally write "BA, BSc, MA", but in Australia they would normally write "BA, MA, BSc".
 "Reverend Canon Mark Tanner MA (Oxon), BA (Hons), MTh" demonstrates: 1) the use of '(Oxon)' to indicate an Oxbridge MA (to avoid confusion with an earned MA); 2) the use of '(Hons)' to indicate an honours degree; 3) ordering of degrees by date gained.
In Belgium, the persons officially admitted to the Royal Association of Descendants of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels are entitled to place the post-nominal initials PB (Patricius Bruxellensis) or - in case they hold a title of nobility - NBP (Nobilis Patricius Bruxellensis) behind their name.

See also
 List of post-nominal letters
 Pre-nominal letters

References

External links
 Letters after the name, Debrett's (UK usage)
 How to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations, Robert Hickey (US usage)

Titles

Post-nominal letters


An Tolumnia calochila in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Guido Jozef Braem. An Tolumnia calochila in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tolumnia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tolumnia

Tolumnia calochila


Edme Mariotte (; ; c. 162012 May 1684) was a French physicist and priest (abbé). He is particularly well known for formulating Boyle's law independently of Robert Boyle. Mariotte is also credited with designing the first Newton's cradle.

Biography
Born in Til-Châtel, Edme Mariotte was the youngest son of Simon Mariotte, administrator at the district Til-Châtel (died 16 August 1652), and Catherine Denisot (died 26 September 1636 due to plague). His parents lived in Til-Châtel and had 4 other children: Jean, Denise, Claude, and Catharine. Jean was administrator in the Parlement of Paris from 1630 till his death in 1682. Denise and Claude, both married, stayed in the Dijon region, where as Catharine married Blaise de Beaubrieul, advisor of king Louis de XIV. Catherine and Blaise lived in the same street 16, perhaps on the same address, where Jean lived.  The early life of Edme Mariotte is unknown. His title "Sieur de Chazeuil" was probably inherited from his brother Jean in 1682. It refers to the estate of his father, which was first given to Jean. This estate was in the region Chazeuil. It is not clear whether Mariotte spent most of his early life at Dijon, and whether he was prior of St Martin sous Beaune. There are no references to confirm this. In 1668 Colbert invited Mariotte to participate in the "l'Académie des Sciences", the French equivalence of the Royal Society. From that time on he published several articles.

In 1670 Mariotte moved to Paris. The address on a letter found in the Leibniz archive shows that Edme lived in the rue de Bertin-Poirree, near the chapel of the guild of the goldsmiths in the rue des Orfèvres in 1677. Perhaps he lived together with Jean and the couple Catherine and Blaise de Beaubreuil. Leibniz wrote that Edme stayed at Mr. Beaubrun's address, but probably he meant Beaubreuil, which sounds quite similar. Edme died on 12 May 1684 in Paris.

Career
Mariotte is best known for his recognition in 1679 of Boyle's law about the inverse relationship of volume and pressures in gases. In 1660 he had discovered the eye's blind spot. A small coin placed in the blind spot disappears from vision, a seemingly magical event that amazed the French royal court when first presented by Mariotte. He was one of the first members of the French Academy of Sciences founded at Paris in 1666.

The first volume of the Histoire et mémoires de l'Académie (1733) contains many original papers by him upon a great variety of physical subjects, such as the motion of fluids, the nature of colour, the notes of the trumpet, the barometer, the fall of bodies, the recoil of guns, the freezing of water, the absorption of heat rays by glass etc. His Essais de physique, four in number, of which the first three were published at Paris between 1676 and 1679, are his most important works, and form, together with a Traité de la percussion des corps, the first volume of the Œuvres de Mariotte (2 vols., Leiden, 1717).

The second of these essays (De la nature de l'air) contains the statement of the law that the volume of a gas varies inversely as the pressure. It was made from the discovery by Robert Boyle in 1662; Mariotte said Boyle's theory was right only when the temperature is constant. However, in mostly Europe it is known as Boyle's law.

The fourth essay is a systematic treatment of the nature of colour, with a description of many curious experiments and a discussion of the rainbow, halos, parhelia, diffraction, and the more purely physiological phenomena of colour. He also made a significant contribution to the development of aerodynamic theory with the statement that aerodynamic resistance varies as the square of the velocity. The discovery of the blind spot is noted in a short paper in the second volume of his collected works.

Newton's cradle
Marriote invented what is today known as Newton's cradle to demonstrate Newton's first law and the collision of suspended bodies of equal mass with the motion of the moving body being transferred to the one at rest.
 Newton acknowledged Mariotte's work, among that of others, in his Principia.

Publications
Nouvelle découverte touchant la veüe (1668)
Traité du nivellement, avec la description de quelques niveaux nouvellement inventez (1672)
Traité de la percussion ou choc des corps, dans lequel les principales règles du mouvement, contraires à celles que Mr. Descartes et quelques autres modernes ont voulu établir, sont démontrées par leurs véritables causes (1673)
Lettres écrites par MM. Mariotte, Pecquet, et Perrault, sur le sujet d'une nouvelle découverte touchant la veüe faite par M. Mariotte (1676)
Essay de logique, contenant les principes des sciences et la manière de s'en servir pour faire de bons raisonnemens (1678). Texte en ligne Réédition sous le titre : Essai de logique. Suivi de : Les principes du devoir et des connaissances humaines, Fayard, Paris, 1992.
Essais de physique, ou Mémoires pour servir à la science des choses naturelles attribué à Roberval (1679–1681)

Posthumous publications
Traité du mouvement des eaux et des autres corps fluides, divisé en V parties, par feu M. Mariotte, mis en lumière par les soins de M. de La Hire (1686). This was translated into English by John Theophilus Desaguliers in 1718
Œuvres de Mariotte (2 volumes, 1717). Réédition : J. Peyroux, Bordeaux, 2001. Texte en ligne

Discours de la nature de l'air, de la végétation des plantes. Nouvelle découverte touchant la vue, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1923.

See also
 Elastic and inelastic collisions apparatus
 Mariotte's bottle
 List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

References

External links

1620 births
1684 deaths
Clergy from Dijon
17th-century French physicists
17th-century French botanists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Catholic clergy scientists
Scientists from Dijon

Edme Mariotte


බිට්ලොකර් ඩ්‍ර‍යිව් එන්ක්‍රිප්ෂන් යනු මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් සමාගමෙහි වින්ඩෝස් විස්ටා සහ වින්ඩෝස් 7 වැඩතල මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධතිවල අල්ටිමේට් සහ එන්ටප්‍රයිස් සංස්කරණ තුලද, වින්ඩෝස් සර්වර් 2008 සහ වින්ඩෝස් සර්වර් 2008 R2 වැනි සර්වර් කරලි මතද අඩංගු වන පූර්ණ තැටි ආරක්ෂණ ගුණාංගයකි.

බිට්ලොකර් ඩ්‍ර‍යිව් එන්ක්‍රිප්ෂන්


Le Dewoitine D.770 était un prototype d'avion d'assaut bimoteur de la fin des années 1930, conçu par la SNCAM afin de proposer un successeur au Breguet Br.693. Encore en essais lors de l'éclatement de la bataille de France, l'avion ne fut pas achevé ni produit.

Conception et développement
En août 1937, le service technique de l'aéronautique, branche du ministère de l'Air français, émit une demande pour un avion d'assaut léger, afin de répondre au manque criant de bombardiers dans l'aviation militaire française. La Société Nationale des Constructions Aéronautiques du Midi (SNCAM) proposa alors un appareil bimoteur triplace, dont deux exemplaires prototypes furent commandés, le Dewoitine D.770 et D.771, propulsés respectivement par deux moteurs Hispano-Suiza 12Y V12, et deux Gnome-Rhône 14N.

Entretemps, le besoin de plus en plus pressant d'avions poussa le ministère de l'Air a ordonner l'adaptation du Breguet Br.690 en appareil d'attaque, avec une commande ferme de 200 exemplaires en juin 1938.

Au printemps 1939, le premier prototype de D.770 était achevé à l'usine SNCAM de Toulouse. L'appareil était entièrement construit en métal et possédait des ailes cantilever, ainsi qu'un train rétractable.

L'armement de l'avion était constitué par deux mitrailleuses de 7,5 millimètres et un canon de 20 mm situé dans le nez de l'appareil; ainsi que deux mitrailleuses ventrales, et une dernière MAC 1934 en position dorsale. L'avion pouvait en outre emporter jusqu'à huit bombes de 50 kilos dans la soute.

Le D.770 effectua son vol inaugural le 27 juin 1939 avec le pilote d'essai Marcel Doret. L'appareil se montra capable d'atteindre une bonne vitesse, mais le prototype souffrit de problèmes de refroidissement du moteur et d'une mauvaise stabilité. En outre, le travail de mise au point de l'avion fut particulièrement lent, à tel point que les essais n'étaient toujours pas terminés en juin 1940, lorsque la capitulation de la France survint.

Entretemps, le gouvernement s'était désintéressé du projet, préférant se concentrer sur les plus prometteurs Bloch MB.175 et Breguet Br.693, notamment grâce à leur capacité d'emport plus importante.

Les deux prototypes déjà terminés furent alors ferraillés en 1941.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

 Green, William (1967). War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Seven Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft. London: Macdonald.
 Green, William (1967). War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Eight Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft. London: Macdonald

Avion militaire français
Avion d'attaque au sol français
Premier vol en 1939

Dewoitine D.770


Vyaçeslav Molotov
 Molotov-Ribbentrop Paktı
 Molotov Hattı
 Molotov Planı
 Molotov (band)
 Molotov kokteyli
 Molotov, Perm kentinin 1940 - 1957 yılları arasındaki adı.

Molotov


Ben White (Benjamin Lewis White, Jr; 3 de setembro de 1951 - 30 de julho de 2005) foi um arborista, ambientalista, defensor dos direitos dos animais e ativista dos direitos dos nativos americanos. Um documentário da PBS Frontline de 1997 descreveu-o como "um guerrilheiro contra a exploração animal".

White trabalhou com a Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, a In Defense of Animals, e o Animal Welfare Institute. Ele co-fundou a Cetacean Freedom Network.

Recebeu o Lifetime Achievement Award da organização In Defense of Animals.

Mortos em 2005
Nascidos em 1951
Sea Shepherd
Ambientalistas dos Estados Unidos

Ben White (ambientalista)


Hadım Hasan Paşa (ö. Mayıs 1598 İstanbul), III. Mehmed saltanatı döneminde 3 Kasım 1597-9 Nisan 1598 tarihleri arasında beş ay altı gün sadrazamlık yapmış  Osmanlı devlet adamı.

Hayatı

Aslının ne olduğu tartışmalıdır. Bazı kaynaklar Arnavut olduğunu bildirirler. Devşirme olarak İstanbul'a saraya getirildi.  Enderun'da eğitim görüp, hadım bir ak-ağa olarak görev yaptı. Sonrasında  haznedarbaşılığa kadar yükselebildi.

Saraydan çıkması 1580'de Mısır valiliği görevine atanması ile oldu. Ancak Mısır'daki görevi süresince, hakkında İstanbul'a çok şikayet yapıldı. Bu görevde 1 yıl bulunduktan sonra valilikten azledilip, İstanbul'da geri çağrılıp hapse konuldu.

Fakat Valide Sultan'a gönderdiği hediyeler ve paralar nihayetiyle affedildi ve hapisten çıkarıltıldı. Önce 1583'te Şirvan Beylerbeyi sonra da Revan Beylerbeyi görevleri verildi. Sultan III. Mehmed'in de katıldığı Eğri Seferi sırasında İstanbul'da bulunmakta idi ve "İstanbul Muhafızı" ve "Sedaret Kaymakamı" görevini yaptı.

1597'de Sadrazam ve Serdar olan Damat İbrahim Paşa kuzey Balkanlarda askeri br sefer düzenlemek hedefiyle Davutpaşa'da otağa çıktı. Ama hasta olduğunu ileri süren Sadrazam buradan sefere başlamaktan çekindi. Bu nedenle Damat İbrahim Paşa 3 Kasım 1597'de III. Mehmet tarafından sadrazamlıktan azledildi ve yeni sadrazam olarak sultanın mührü Hadım Hasan Paşa'ya verildi.<ref name="sakaoğlu">Sakaoğlu, Necdet (1999), Bu Mülkün Sultanları''', İstanbul:Oğalak.p say.191</ref>

İstanbul'da asayiş, Celali isyanlarının getirisi olarak, çiftini bozarak şehre gelen çok sayıda fakir köylü muhacirler nedeniyle bozulmuştu.  Sultan III. Mehmet, o kış İstanbul'a dönmekle beraber, Davutpaşa'da yaptırdığı yeni sarayda kalmayı tercih etmişti. Ocak 1598'de annesi "Safiye Sultan" adına yeni bir cami (sonradan Yeni Cami adını alan camii)  inşa etmek üzere başkentin merkezlerinden olan Eminönü'nde kamulaştırmaya başlandı. Burada bulunan çoğu kağir taştan yapılmış olan evlerden oluşan Yahudi mahalleleri ve bir Yahudi sinagogu, gayet yüksek bedel ödenerek kamulaştırılıp yıkılmaya başlandı. Mart 1599'da şehir halkı hem ilkbaharı hem de Ramazanı kutlamak için hazırlık yapmaya başladı. Ancak bu dönemde enflasyonun birden şiddetlendi ve fiyatlar konulan narhlara aldırılmadan iki misli arttı. Bu artış bir süre daha devam etti. Çarşı kontrolü ile görevli olan yeniçeriler esnafa karışmaz, vergiler toplanamaz olmuştu. ve darbedilen gümüş akçeler tağyiş edilerek paranın değerinin düşürülmesi stratejisine başvuruldu. Devlet idaresinden herkes şikayet eder oldu.

Hadim Hasan Pasa devletin malî durumunu sıkı kontrole almak istemekteydi. Bu nedenle devletin giderlerini karşılamak için vergi gelirlerini artırma yolunu seçti. "Tüccar Akçesi" adı verilen ve ticaretten alınan bir yeni vergi ihdas etti.  Mısır'dan dönüşünde hapsedilmesine sebep olan Kapıağası Gazanfer Ağa'yı elemine etmek için çareler aramaya başladı. Şeyhülislam  Sunullah Efendi'nin  yerine, Hoca Saadeddin'in getirilmemesi yönünde yaptığı çabalarla da Hoca Saadeddin'i kendine düşman etti.  Kapıağası Gazanfer Ağa ile Hoca Saaddedin Efendi birliğe geçip aralarına Yeniçeri Ağası Tırnakcı Hasan Ağa'yı da katarak sadrazam aleyhinde çalışmaya başladılar. Sadrazamın memuriyet tayinlerinden büyük meblaglar topladığı ve bunu Safiye Sultan'a verdiği söylentileri yaygınlaştı. Sonunda düşmanları,  Hadım Hasan Paşa'nın rüşvet defterini ele geçirmeyi başarıp bunu III. Mehmet'e sundular. Sultan, halkın şikayetleri doğrultusunda yaşanan karışıklıkların haberini de aldı.  III. Mehmed bu konu hakkında Şeyhülislam Bostanzade Mehmed Efendi'ye danıştı. Ramazan ayı içinde  Sadrazam Hadım Hasan Paşa, yaklaşık 6 ay sedarette bulunduktan sonra, 9 Nisan 1598'da azledildi. Yerine Sadrazam olarak Cerrah Mehmed Paşa getirildi.

Azli ile birlikte bostancıbaşı tarafından divandan alınıp Yedikule'de tutuklandı. Hapiste birkaç hafta kaldıktan sonra Mayıs 1598 başlarında (Hicri Ramazan 1006'da) Yedikule'de boğularak idam edildi.

İngiliz Elçisi Lalo'ya göre Hadım Hasan Paşa'nın bu akıbetine baş neden Valide  Safiye Sultan'ın devlet işlerine devamlı müdahalesinden çok sıkılıp ondan şikayet etmesidir.  Bu hatıralarda  Hadım Hasan Paşa'nın "Valide Sultan beni takside bağlamıştır" diye açıkça şikayet etmesi sonunda azil edilmesi ve idamı hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi sağlanmaktadır.

 Eserleri
İstanbul'da Cağaloğlu semtinde mescit, medrese. çeşme ve sebil yaptırmıştır. Türbesi de bu külliye içindedir.

 Kaynakça

 Dış bağlantılar
 Uzunçarsılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Altıncı Baskı 2011 ISBN 978-975-16-0010)  say.357-358
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971), Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı,  İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Tektaş, Nazım. (2009), Sadrâzamlar - Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı''. İstanbul:Çatı Kitapları. ISBN 9789758845000

1598 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı sadrazamları
16. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
İdam edilmiş Osmanlılar
İstanbul'da ölenler
İstanbul'da defnedilenler
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
Osmanlı Mısır valileri
16. yüzyılda Osmanlı sadrazamları
Devşirme
Osmanlı kişi taslakları

Hadım Hasan Paşa


Miconia octopetala é uma espécie de arbusto da flora de Brasil pertencente à família Melastomataceae.

Taxonomia
Miconia octopetala foi nomeada por o botânico belga Célestin Alfred Cogniaux, descrito em Monographiae Phanerogamarum 7: 764, e publicado em 1891.

Conservação
O Governo do Estado do Espírito Santo incluiu em 2005 M. octopetala em sua primeira lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção, por intermédio do Decreto nº 1.499-R, classificando-a como uma espécie vulnerável.

octopetala
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo
Plantas descritas em 1891

Miconia octopetala


Joseph Mensah ()

Note

Nașteri în 1994
Mijlocași
Fotbaliști ghanezi
Oameni în viață

Joseph Mensah


Friedrichshöhe ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Eisfeld im Landkreis Hildburghausen in Thüringen.

Lage
Friedrichshöhe befindet sich auf einem Hochplateau im Thüringer Schiefergebirge nördlich von Eisfeld und südöstlich von Masserberg am Rennsteig. Das Dorf liegt mitten in Bergwiesen, umrahmt von Wäldern bei 800 Meter über NN. Verkehrsmäßige Verbindung besteht über eine Zufahrtsstraße zur Bundesstraße 281.

Geschichte
Am 1. September 1725 wurde das Dorf erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Es war eine Gründung von Glasmachern aus Fehrenbach und Stützerbach und wurde nach dem Landesherrn Herzog Ernst Friedrich I. von Sachsen-Hildburghausen benannt. Bis zur Wende war das Dorf mit 32 Einwohnern der kleinste selbständige Ort der DDR. Friedrichshöhe gehörte seit 1994 zur Gemeinde Sachsenbrunn. 60 Einwohner lebten 2012 im Ortsteil in 30 Häusern.

Zum 1. Januar 2019 kam Friedrichshöhe im Zuge der Eingemeindung von Sachsenbrunn zur Stadt Eisfeld.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Hildburghausen
Geographie (Eisfeld)
Ersterwähnung 1725
Gemeindeauflösung 1994
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Hildburghausen)

Friedrichshöhe (Eisfeld)


Die Rheinlandpartei – Die Europäischen Föderalisten (RP) war eine deutsche Regionalpartei, die sich hauptsächlich dafür einsetzte, den Umzug der Bundesregierung und des Bundestags von Bonn nach Berlin zu verhindern.

Sie wurde 1992 in Bonn als Abspaltung der CDU gegründet, nachdem der Beschluss für den Umzug gefallen war. Gegen den Umzug hatte sich 1991 die Bürgerinitiative Bürger Bund Bonn (BBB) gegründet. Um auch an Wahlen teilnehmen zu können, gründeten etwa 30 Mitglieder des BBB die Rheinlandpartei. Der BBB trat 1994 als Wählergruppe ebenfalls zu Kommunalwahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen an.

Die Partei hatte etwa 500–1000 Mitglieder, vor allem ehemalige CDU-Mitglieder aus dem Raum Bonn und Köln. Es gab einen nordrhein-westfälischen Landesverband, die Gründung eines weiteren in Rheinland-Pfalz war geplant. Formell existierte auch ein Bundesverband.

Initiator und Vorsitzender der Partei war Hermann Gebertz, ein ehemaliger Mitarbeiter des Bundespresseamts. Gebertz trat regelmäßig auf Kundgebungen gegen den Umzug nach Berlin auf dem Bonner Marktplatz auf. Er sah die Wiederherstellung der Hauptstadtfunktion Berlins, die er als "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Adolf-Hitler-Stadt" bezeichnete, als Fortsetzung einer "Tradition des Dritten Reichs und des Nationalismus".

Programmatik
Ziele der Partei, die sich als "wertkonservativ und linksliberal" bezeichnete, waren neben der Rücknahme des Umzugsbeschlusses eine multikulturelle Gesellschaft sowie direkte Demokratie. Die damals von der CDU/CSU forcierten Einschränkungen des Asylrechts lehnte sie ab. Darüber hinaus vertrat sie eine explizit pro-europäische Position, befürwortete den Vertrag von Maastricht und die Gründung einer Europaarmee anstelle der Bundeswehr. Innerhalb einer föderalistisch strukturierten EU sollten die Regionen, so auch das Rheinland, mehr Kompetenzen erhalten. Die RP hatte Kontakte mit der Hamburger Statt Partei sowie zum Zentrum im Raum Dormagen.

Wahlergebnisse
Zur Kommunalwahl in Nordrhein-Westfalen 1999 trat die Rheinlandpartei mit einer gemeinsamen Liste mit dem BBB und der ÖDP an und scheiterte in Bonn knapp an der damals geltenden Sperrklausel von 5 %.

Sie trat 1995 zu den Landtagswahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen an, erreichte jedoch landesweit nur 2.757 Stimmen und damit 0,03 %. Im Rhein-Sieg-Kreis erreichte sie 1,1 %, in einigen Wahlbezirken über 3 %, jedoch nirgends über 5 %.

Literatur

 Dirk van den Boom: Politik diesseits der Macht? Zu Einfluss, Funktion und Stellung von Kleinparteien im politischen System der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1999, ISBN 978-3-8100-2510-4.

Einzelnachweise

Historische Partei (Deutschland)
Politik (Bonn)
Partei (Nordrhein-Westfalen)
Gegründet 1992
Regionalpartei (Deutschland)
Geschichte (Rheinland)

Rheinlandpartei


D+Sect es el cuarto álbum de la banda japonesa Moi dix Mois lanzado el 15 de diciembre de 2010. Alcanzó el número # 113 en el Oricon Style Albums Weekly Chart y se mantuvo en las listas durante una semana.

Lista de canciones

Véase también
 Discografía de Moi dix Mois

Referencias

Álbumes de 2010
Álbumes de Moi dix Mois
Álbumes de artistas Visual kei

D+Sect


East Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 East Township (Iowa)
 East Township (Ohio)

East Township


Jan Brokoff, también escrito en alemán Johann Brokoff, Brokof o Prokop, fue un escultor y tallador barroco de origen alemán, nacido el año 1652 en Spišská Sobota, Eslovaquia, trabajó y vivió en Bohemia y fallecido el 1718 en Praga. Sus hijos, Michal Jan Josef Brokoff y Ferdinand Maxmilián Brokoff fueron también escultores.

Datos biográficos

Jan Brokoff nació en Georgenberg (, ), en el Condado de Zips, entonces parte de Hungría. Después de estudiar en Ratisbona en 1675 llegó hasta Praga. Hacia 1680 Brokoff dejó Eslovaquia y trabajó en varios lugares sobre todo al oeste de Bohemia. Hacia 1692 se instaló con su familia en la Ciudad Vieja de Praga, donde abrió una tienda en la esquina de las calles Skorepka y Uhelnéhoy y adquirió la ciudadanía de Praga el año 1693. Antes (en 1682) se había convertido al catolicismo. Más tarde vivió, sin dejar Praga, en la desaparecida casa Salátů de la Avenida Nacional.

Con su esposa Alžbetou (Isabel) tuvo cuatro hijos, Michal Jan Josef, Ferdinand Maxmilián, Antonín Šebastián y Anna Eleanor . Michal Jan Josef y Ferdinand Maxmilián se hicieron cargo del negocio de esculturas tras la muerte de su padre; Ferdinand Maxmilián se convirtió en la figura más destacada de la familia al sobrevivir a Michal Jan Josef, fallecido en 1721 y Antonín Sebastián se convirtió en poeta laureado por de la Corte de Viena.

Johann Brokoff y sus hijos están enterrados en el cementerio Iglesia de San Martin intramuros de Praga, donde una placa conserva sus nombres .

Obras

Las primeras obras de Jan Brokoff fueron creadas de forma individual y posteriormente colaboró con de sus hijos. Las obras más conocidas de Jan Brokoff son la estatua de San Juan Nepomuceno en el Puente de Carlos . Inicialmente tallada en madera, fue reproducida en bronce para su instalación en el puente. El original de madera se encuentra en la Iglesia de San Juan Nepomuceno en el Peñón ().

Es también el autor de otras esculturas de la decoración escultórica original del puente: la estatua de la Piedad , que fue transferida en 1859 al Hospital de las Hermanas de la Caridad de San Carlos Borromeo (hospital de la colina de Petrin), las estatuas de San José y el Bautismo de Cristo, que fueron destruidas durante la Revolución de 1848 y hoy forman parte de las colecciones del Lapidarium del Museo Nacional de Praga. Hasta la actualidad, también han llegado en el Puente de Carlos tres estatuas de santas ( Santa Isabel , Santa Margarita , Santa Bárbara ), realizadas en 1707, en las que, sin duda, trabajó con sus hijos.

<center>

<small> Pulsar sobre la imagen para ampliar. </center>

En el jardín del Castillo de Troja realizó los bustos alegóricos de las cuatro horas del día, los cuatro elementos y los cuatro continentes.

Con sus hijos trabajó en la decoración escultórica del palacio Toskánskeho del Castillo de Praga , donde son autores de las siete alegorías de las artes liberales en el ático y dos escudos de armas en la fachada. Jan Brokoff creó muchas otras obras de arte en varios lugares de Bohemia, por ejemplo, talló las estatuas de santos en la iglesia de Santa Bárbara en Manětíne, esculturas en los castillos de Klášterec nad Ohří y Červený Hrádek, también la decoración de la chimenea del salón del castillo de Saturno en Libochovice, el altar mayor del monasterio benedictino de San Adalberto en Broumov, y otras más.

A Jan Brokoff se le considera el autor de las estatuas de San Juan Nepomuceno que además de en el Puente de Carlos se encuentran en Poběžovice, Tachov, Jirkov, Chomutov y otros.

En su taller trabajó con Jan Jerzy Urbański – que es el autor de algunas esculturas barrocas en Breslavia.
 Esculturas fuera de Praga

En la localidad de Braunau es autor de la columna mariana en la Ringplatz y de ocho piezas en la terraza de la iglesia del monasterio

En Bor u Tachova es autor de la estatua de San Juan Nepomuceno en el puente del castillo.

En Klášterec nad Ohří es autor de las figuras en la terraza del castillo

En Libochovice hizo las esculturas de los moros en la sala de Saturno del castillo.

En el Santuario de la Montaña Sagrada de Příbram, decoración escultórica de la Puerta de Praga, en el claustro.

En la iglesia de la Asunción de Tachau : estatuas de los santos patronos.

En Rothenhaus las esculturas y fuentes en el parque del castillo.

 Asteroide
El asteroide (6769) Brokoff, lleva su nombre.

 Notas y referencias

 Bibliografía
 Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte der Böhmischen Länder, Vol. III, ISBN 3-486-55973-7, pp. 411
 Albert Ilg: Prokop. En: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 26, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1888, pp. 645 (artículo de la familia)
 Gerhard Franz: Brokoff, Johann. En: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Volumen 2, Duncker & Humblot, Berlín 1955, S. 632.
 Erhard Gorys: DuMont Kunst-Reiseführer Tschechische Republik. ISBN 3-7701-2844-3
 Knaurs Kunstführer Tschechische Republik, ISBN 3-426-26609-1

 Blažíček, O. J.: Ferdinand Brokof, Odeon, Praha 1976, s. 23-43, (en particular el capítulo de enseñanza y aprendizaje'' de Jan Brokoff.)

Enlaces externos

 PND : 122484061
 Wikipedia-Personeninfo

Escultores de Alemania del siglo XVII
Escultores de Alemania del siglo XVIII
Escultores de Eslovaquia
Eslovacos del siglo XVII
Eslovacos del siglo XVIII
Escultores de la República Checa del siglo XVIII
Arte en Eslovaquia del siglo XVII
Arte en Eslovaquia del siglo XVIII
Escultores del Barroco

Jan Brokoff


Hızırkahya, Antalya ilinin Kumluca ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Antalya iline 94 km, Kumluca ilçesine 4 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Kumluca'nın mahalleleri

Hızırkahya, Kumluca


Kandidat nauk (, ) er en akademisk titel i Sovjetunionen, der stadig eksisterer i nogle SNG-lande og Østeuropa, blandt andet Rusland, Hviderusland, Ukraine, Tjekkoslovakiet og Kasakhstan. Kandidat nauk  modsvarer en dansk Ph.D.-grad.

Graden blev indført i Sovjetunionen den 13. januar 1934 af Folkekommissærernes råd i USSR. Ifølge UNESCOs International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) og det russiske undervisningsministerie, svarer kandidat nauk til en Ph.D.

Specialer

I Rusland kan man aflægge afhandling i f. ex. jura, der hedder "kandidat nauk i jura". Det er muligt at forsvare doktorafhandling på følgende akademiske felter:

 Arkitektur
 Biologiskvidenskab
 Veterinærvidenskab
 Militærvidenskab
 Geografiskvidenskab
 Geologisk- og mineralogiskvidenskab
 Kunsthistorie
 Historisk videnskab
 Kulturstudier
 Medicinsk videnskab
 Pædagogisk videnskab
 Statskundskab
 Psykologi
 Jordbrugsvidenskab
 Samfundsvidenskab
 Teknisk videnskab
 Farmaceutisk videnskab
 Fysisk og Matematisk videnskab
 Filologi
 Filosofi
 Kemi
 Økonomisk videnskab
 Retsvidenskab

Reference

Ph.d.-grader
Uddannelse i Rusland
Sovjetunionen
Hviderusland
Ukraine
Tjekkoslovakiet
Kasakhstan

Kandidat nauk


NK GOŠK – Dubrovnik 1919 je hrvatski nogometni klub iz grada Dubrovnika, Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija. Nastao je 2015. spajanjem klubova  "GOŠK" i "Dubrovnik 1919".
U sezoni 2022./23. GOŠK - Dubrovnik 1919 (naveden i kao "GOŠK Dubrovnik") se natječe u 3. HNL – Jug, ligi četvrtog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.

O klubu
Naziv je dobio 2015. godine spajanjem imena dva dubrovačka kluba - NK "GOŠK" i HNK "Dubrovnik 1919".

Uspjesi
 1. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska
 prvak: 2015./16.

 Kup Županijskog nogometnog saveza Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije
 pobjednik: 2019./20.

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Poznati igrači

 Ivo Šeparović, igrao sredinom 1980-ih za vrijeme kad je GOŠK-Jug bio možda najjači klub na hrvatskom jugu.

Poznati igrači koji su ponikli u klubu

  Milan Petrović – Rico, igrao 1980-ih, odakle je prešao u Hajduk.
  Marinko Kurtela – igrač Hajduka i Dinama, s Dinamom prvak Jugoslavije, član glasovite generacije 1982. godine.
  Mario Bonić – ponikao u klubu, kasnije napadač Dinama, Salzburga i nekoliko grčkih klubova gdje je i danas skaut.
  Darko Miladin – bivši igrač Hajduka za sezonu 1998./99. dobio nagradu navijača Hajdučko srce.
  Ahmet Brković – karijeru je započeo u rodnom Dubrovniku, da bi se preko Varteksa probio do engleske druge lige, prvo do Leyton Orienta zatim do Luton Towna te na posljetku do Milwalla.
  Srđan Lakić – bivši mladi reprezentativac Hrvatske; ponikao u klubu, junior Hajduka, prvi strijelac 2. HNL u Hrvatskom dragovoljcu, odlična sezona u Kamen Ingradu, zatim prelazak u Herthu Berlin, potom i u Kaiserslautern, Wolfsburg, Hoffenheim, Frankfurt.
  Dario Marinović – jedan od glavnih igrača hrvatske malonogometne reprezentacije.
   Emir Spahić – kapetan nogometne reprezentacije BiH i igrač Bayera iz Leverkusena.
  Adnan Aganović – u klubu odigrao 2 sezone, zatim igrač nekoliko hrvatskih klubova, međuostalim Varteksa i Istre 1961, te slovenskog Brasova.

  Alen Peternac

Povezani članci
 NK GOŠK Dubrovnik
 HNK Dubrovnik 1919
 NK HTP Dubrovnik

Vanjske poveznice
NK GOŠK Dubrovnik at Nogometni magazin
Soccerway profil
  int.soccerway.com, NK GOŠK 1919 Dubrovnik
Neslužbena webstranica
Slobodna Dalmacija Nogometni Dubrovnik opet živi osamdesete]

Izvori
 izuzetno.com, GOŠK i Dubrovnik 1919 postaju jedan klub!
 dulist.hr, GOŠK-DUBROVNIK 1919 Stogodišnjak, koji to nije?, objavljeno 19. siječnja 2019., pristupljeno 30. srpnja 2019.
 poslovna.hr, Nogometni klub GOŠK - DUBROVNIK 1919
 finonfo.hr, NK "GOŠK-DUBROVNIK 1919"

GOŠK
GOŠK

NK GOŠK – Dubrovnik 1919


,  or  () is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times of history and different ancient Slavic lands. It is usually translated into English as prince or duke, depending on specific historical context and the potentially known Latin equivalents of the title for each bearer of the name. These translations probably derive from the fact that the title tsar was often treated as equivalent to "king" by European monarchs. In Latin sources the title is usually translated as , but the word was originally derived from the common Germanic  (king).

The female form transliterated from Bulgarian and Russian is  (),  in Slovene and Serbo-Croatian (Serbian Cyrillic: ), kniahinia (княгіня) in Belarusian and kniazioŭna (князёўна) is the daughter of the prince,  (княгиня) in Ukrainian. In Russian, the daughter of a knyaz is  (). In Russian, the son of a knyaz is  ( in its old form).

The title is pronounced and written similarly in different European languages. In Serbo-Croatian and some West Slavic languages, the word has later come to denote "lord", and in Czech, Polish and Slovak also came to mean "priest" (, , ) as well as "prince/duke" (, , , ). In Sorbian it means simply "Mister" (from "Master".  Compare French  from  "my lord"), and the Catholic title "monsignor" for a priest. Today the term  is still used as the most common translation of "prince" in Slovenian, Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian literature.  is also found as a surname in former Yugoslavia.

Etymology

The word is ultimately a cognate of the English king, the German König, and the Swedish konung. The proto-Slavic form was кънѧѕь, kŭnędzĭ; , kŭnędzĭ; , knyaz; , knyazĭ; ;  / ; ; ; etc. It is generally considered to be an early borrowing from Proto-Germanic kuningaz, a form also borrowed by Finnish and Estonian (kuningas).

Middle Ages
The meaning of the term changed over the course of history. Initially the term was used to denote the chieftain of a Slavic tribe. Later, with the development of feudal statehood, it became the title of a ruler of a state, and among East Slavs ( (knyazhestvo), ) traditionally translated as duchy or principality), for example, of Kievan Rus'. In medieval Latin sources the title was rendered as either rex or dux.

In Bulgaria, Boris I of Bulgaria changed his title to knyaz after his conversion to Christianity, but his son Simeon took the higher title of tsar soon in 913. According to Florin Curta, the primary sources have a variety of names for the rulers of the bulgars - such as including 'rex', 'basileus' and 'khagan'. However, secondary sources are almost always 'khan'. In Kievan Rus', as the degree of centralization grew, the ruler acquired the title Velikii Knyaz (Великий Князь) (translated as Grand Prince or Grand Duke, see Russian Grand Dukes). He ruled a  or  (Grand Duchy), while a ruler of its vassal constituent (udel, udelnoe knyazivstvo or volost) was called udelny knyaz or simply knyaz.

When Kievan Rus' became fragmented in the 13th century, the title Kniaz continued to be used in East Slavic states, including Kiev, Chernihiv, Novgorod, Pereiaslav, Vladimir-Suzdal, Muscovy, Tver, Kingdom of Ruthenia, and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Russia

As the Tsardom of Russia gained dominion over much of former Kievan Rus', velikii kniaz (великий князь) (Great Kniaz) Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar. From the mid-18th century onwards, the title Velikii Kniaz was revived to refer to (male-line) sons and grandsons of Russian Emperors. See titles for Tsar's family for details.

Kniaz (, ) continued as a hereditary title of Russian nobility patrilineally descended from Rurik (e.g., Belozersky, Belosselsky-Belozersky, Repnin, Gorchakov) or Gediminas (e.g., Galitzine, Troubetzkoy). Members of Rurikid or Gedyminid families were called princes when they ruled tiny quasi-sovereign medieval principalities. After their demesnes were absorbed by Muscovy, they settled at the Moscow court and were authorised to continue with their princely titles.

From the 18th century onwards, the title was occasionally granted by the Tsar, for the first time by Peter the Great to his associate Alexander Menshikov, and then by Catherine the Great to her lover Grigory Potemkin. After 1801, with the incorporation of Georgia into the Russian Empire, various titles of numerous local nobles were controversially rendered in Russian as "kniazes". Similarly, many petty Tatar nobles asserted their right to style themselves "kniazes" because they descended from Genghis Khan.

Finally, within the Russian Empire of 1809–1917, Finland was officially called Grand Principality of Finland (, , ).

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
As noted above, the title knyaz or kniaz became a hereditary noble title in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Following the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, kniaź became a recognised title in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. By the 1630s – apart from the title pan, which indicated membership of the large szlachta noble class – kniaź was the only hereditary title that was officially recognised and officially used in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Notable holders of the title kniaź include Jeremi Wiśniowiecki.

South Slavic countries

In the 19th century, the Serbian term knez (кнез) and the Bulgarian term knyaz (княз) were revived to denote semi-independent rulers of those countries, such as Alexander Karađorđević and Alexander of Battenberg. In parts of Serbia and western Bulgaria, knez was the informal title of the elder or mayor of a village or zadruga until around the 19th century.  Those are officially called gradonačelnik (градоначелник) (Serbia) and gradonachalnik (градоначалник) or kmet (кмет) (Bulgaria).

Bulgaria
 Prior to Battenberg, the title knyaz was born by Simeon I during the First Bulgarian Empire (9th–10th century). At the height of his power, Simeon adopted the title of tsar ("emperor"), as did the Bulgarian rulers after the country became officially independent in 1908.
 As of Bulgaria's independence in 1908, Knyaz Ferdinand became Tsar Ferdinand, and the words knyaz and knyaginya began to be used instead for the tsar's children – the heir to the throne, for example, held the title Knyaz Tarnovski (Prince of Tarnovo").

Bosnia
In early medieval Bosnia knez (knjaz, књаз) was a title used, along župan and duke titles, for Bosnian rulers. One of the first such ruler, recorded in historic documents and later historiography, was Stephen, Duke of Bosnia.

Later it was held by several of most powerful magnates (in Bosnia vlastelin) of the era, sometime along with an office title given to person through service to the monarch, such as Grand Duke of Bosnia, which was office of the supreme military commander of the realm. Other noble titles included the count, the duke and the prince. The title is equivalent to that of prince. Among most influential of Bosnian nobleman with the title knez was Pavle Radinović of Radinović-Pavlović noble family, while other include several noblemen from Radojević-Mirković family, such as Batić Mirković. Further families that bear this title are for example Šantić noble family and most members of Hrvatinić.

Croatia
 knez was the monarchial title used by the medieval rulers of the Duchy of Pannonian Croatia and the Duchy of Littoral Croatia from the 7th to the 10th century, who were mostly titled as dux and rarely as princeps in Latin sources and translated as Dukes in English ones.
 knez was, in the Late Middle Ages, a hereditary feudal title borne by Croatian vassal noble families who were great territorial magnates of high social class (such as knezovi Bribirski (Counts of Bribir), knezovi Krčki (Counts of Krk) and knezovi Zrinski (Counts of Zrin)) and went by the title of comes in Latin and Count in English.

Montenegro
 knjaz (књаз) was the ruler title used by the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty in Principality of Montenegro from 1852 until the establishment of Kingdom of Montenegro in 1905, translated as "Prince".

Serbia
 knez (кнез) or knjaz (књаз) is a common term used in Serbian historiography for Serbian rulers in the Early Middle Ages, who were titled archon in Greek.
 knez (кнез) or knjaz (књаз) was a noble title used by medieval rulers of the Principality of Serbia, Duklja, and Moravian Serbia.
 knez (кнез) was a title borne by local Serbian chiefs under the Ottoman Empire. It was another name for the Ottoman Turkish rank of kodjabashi, held by local Christian chiefs.
 obor-knez (обор-кнез) was a title borne by elected local native Serbian chiefs of the nahiyah (district of a group of villages) in the Ottoman Sanjak of Smederevo (also known as the Belgrade Pashaluk). The obor-knez was senior chief and responsible for his district's people and was their spokesman (intermediary) in direct relations with the Pasha, though usually through the sipahi, and was in charge of the transfer of taxes levied on the villages.
 knez (кнез) or knjaz (књаз) was the monarchial title used by Miloš Obrenović in Principality of Serbia, translated as "Prince". Serbia known as Kneževina Srbija (Кнежевина Србија) was de facto independent since 1817, becoming de jure independent with the 1869 constitution. The successors of Miloš used the title until 1882 when Serbia was elevated into a kingdom.

See also
 Voivode
 Boyar
 Hospodar
 Knyazev
 Knez (Vlach leader)

References

Sources
 Mihaljčić, R. (1999) Knez. in: Ćirković S.i R.Mihaljčić [ed.] Leksikon srpskog srednjeg veka, Beograd, str. 299-301

External links

Bulgarian noble titles
Ukrainian noble titles

Slavic titles
Noble titles

Titles of national or ethnic leadership
Serbian royal titles
Serbian noble titles
Croatian noble titles
Bosnian noble titles
Bosnian royal titles

Knyaz


Mahmudeaua a fost o monedă otomană de aur, care a fost emisă de sultanul Mahmud al II-lea (1785-1839), și care a circulat, între altele, și în Țările Române, în prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea.

Mahmudeaua fost emisă cu două valori nominale distincte, în funcție de greutate și de titlu: 16 piaștri, cu greutatea de 4,70 grame și respectiv 25 de piaștri, cu greutatea de 4,80 grame.

Datorită frumuseții și valorii lor, mahmudelele au fost folosite și ca obiecte de podoabă, accesorii ale costumelor populare, din Imperiul Otoman, inclusiv în Moldova, Dobrogea și în Țara Românească, fiind montate în salbe și în cercei.

Etimologie
Denumirea monedei este un împrumut din limba , care, la rândul său, provine de la numele sultanului care a dispus emiterea acestei monede, Mahmud al II-lea.

Note

Bibliografie
 Academia Republicii Populare Române, Dicționar enciclopedic român, vol. III K-P, Editura Politică, București 1965
 Ioan Oprea, Carmen-Gabriela Pamfil, Rodica Radu, Victoria Zăstroiu, Noul dicționar universal al limbii române, Ediția a doua, Editura Litera Internațional, București-Chișinău, 2007. ISBN 978-973-675-307-7

Legături externe
 Dicționar de numismatică

Imperiul Otoman
Numismatică
Monede de aur
Monede ieșite din circulație

Mahmudea


ليتي كوتين بوجربين  هي صحفية وكاتبة أمريكية ولدت في 9 يونيو 1930 تخرجت من جامعة براندي وأصبحت صحفية وناشطة نسوية في أوائل سبعينيات القرن الماض، في عام 1971 كانت إحدى المؤسسات لمجلة ميس  واستمرت بالعمل بها لمدة 17 عاما، وهي إيضا أحد الشركاء المؤسسيين للمؤتمر الوطني السياسي للمرأة في الولايات المتحدة، وكانت المستشارة لأكون حراً... أنت وأنا  وهو ألبوم أغاني للأطفال انتج في عام 1972 ليتم بعد ذلك تقديم هذه الأغاني مصورة في التلفاز.

ليتي كوتين معروفة أيضا بأنها مناصرة للحركة النسوية واليهودية والقضايا اليهودية النسائية. وهي أيضا ناشطة سياسية في قضايا الجوع والصراع العربي الإسرائيلي والعلاقات الأفروأمريكية-اليهودية. ولها العديد من المنشورات

مراجع

 صفحة عن الكاتبة من موقع أرشيف النساء اليهوديات

مصادر خارجية
 أرشيف النساء اليهوديات

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أمريكيات ناشطات في مجال حقوق المرأة
حائزون على جائزة إيمي
خريجو جامعة براندايس
صحفيات أمريكيات
كتاب غير روائيين أمريكيون
مرضى السرطان
مواليد 1939
مواليد في كوينز
نسويون أمريكيون
نسويون يهود
يهود أمريكيون

صحفيون أمريكيون يهود

ليتي كوتين بوجريبين


Na zapadu ništa novo (njem. Im Westen nichts Neues), najznačajniji roman njemačkoga književnika Ericha Marie Remarquea i najpoznatiji roman s tematikom Prvog svjetskog rata. Ubraja se među književne klasike 20. stoljeća i klasike svjetske književnosti. Iako ga je sam Remarque obilježio nepolitičnim, roman se svrstava u proturatnu prozu, zbog čega je i bio na popisu zabranjenih knjiga u Trećem Reichu. Roman se također svrstava i u Bildungsromane, zbog naglaska na izgradnji glavnog lika kroz tijek fabule.

Izlazio je u nastavcima kao dodatak u liberalnim berlinskim novinama Vossische Zeitung između 10. studenog 1928. i 29. siječnja 1929. godine te se tiskao u 450.000 primjeraka. Ubrzo nakon objavljivanja prvih nastavaka izazvao je rasprave u njemačkoj javnosti, uglavnom kao predmet prepirke liberala i nacista.

Samo u prvih 18 mjeseci od objavljivanja preveden je na 22 jezika i prodan u 2,5 milijuna primjeraka. Do danas je preveden na 50 jezika i prodan u 40 milijuna primjeraka.

Radnja romana odvija se na Zapadnom bojištu tijekom Prvom svjetskom ratu te prati sudbinu njemačkih vojnika koji, godinama izloženi strahotama modernog ratovanja, prolaze kroz teške tjelesne i psihološke traume nakon kojih više nisu sposobni uklopiti se u civilni život. Zbivanja se prikazuju s gledišta Paula Bäumera, mladića koji je kao dobrovoljac otišao u vojsku na poticaj učitelja i vlastitog domoljublja. Nakon što je iskusio oskudicu, ranjavanje i svjedočio pogiblji svojih školskih sudrugova, prijatelja i poznanika, postupno gubi vjeru u svoja načela te konačno i pogiba 1918. na dan kada službeni bilten njemačkog Vrhovnog zapovjedništva objavljuje kako »nema značajnih događaja na Zapadnom bojištu«.

Remarque je roman napisao djelomično nadahnut vlastitim ratnim iskustvima i potaknut željom da progovori o »naraštaju uništenom ratom, čak i ako je izbjegao granate«.

Izvan Njemačke roman nije doživio kontroverze, već su mu, naprotiv, hollywoodske filmske adaptacije donijele veliku popularnost. Godine 1979. američka kuća CBS snimila je i televizijsku seriju, a roman je doživio i stripovsku i radijsku adaptaciju.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 B. M.: E. M. Remarque: Na zapadu ništa novo, KŠC Don Bosco
  Im Westen nichts Neues na remarque.uos.de
 Na Zapadu ništa novo, mojtv.hr, film iz 1930.
 All Quiet on the Western Front (TV Movie 1979), IMDb, TV-film iz 1979.

Njemačka književnost
Prvi svjetski rat
Povijesni roman

Na Zapadu ništa novo


Cascade County may refer to:

Cascade County, Montana
Cascade County, Washington (proposed new county)

Cascade County


Otto Mierzowski (* 19. Februar 1924 in Gleiwitz; † 8. Februar 2012 in Münster) war ein deutscher Fußballspieler. Der Torwart absolvierte von 1948 bis 1954 in der Oberliga West für Preußen Münster 134 Ligaspiele und stand am 30. Juni 1951 mit den Preußen im Finale um die deutsche Fußballmeisterschaft.

Laufbahn

Gleiwitz
Mierzowski begann mit dem Fußballspielen bei Vorwärts-Rasensport Gleiwitz. Als Meister der Sportbereichsklasse Schlesien nahm er mit dem Verein an der deutschen Meisterschaft 1940 teil; man erreichte in der ersten Runde den zweiten Platz – vor der NSTG Graslitz und hinter dem SK Rapid Wien – und schied damit bereits in der Gruppenphase aus; Mierzowski hatte dabei mit den Grün-Weißen als 16-Jähriger am 9. Juni das letzte Gruppenspiel gegen Graslitz (4:4) bestritten. Im darauffolgenden Jahr konnte man sich als Schlesischer Meister erneut für die Endrunde um die deutsche Meisterschaft qualifizieren. Der Verein konnte sich zwar zunächst gegen den LSV Stettin (3:1 und 2:3) und Preußen Danzig (0:0 – beim 4:1 im Rückspiel nicht eingesetzt) durchsetzten, verlor jedoch beide Gruppenfinals gegen den Dresdner SC (nicht eingesetzt). Vier Endrundenspiele um die deutsche Meisterschaft absolvierte das Torhütertalent insgesamt in den Jahren 1940 und 1941 für VR Gleiwitz mit den Mitspielern Wilhelm Kroppa, Alfred Wydra, Ernst Plener und Reinhard Schaletzki. Im Wettbewerb des Tschammerpokal nahm er am 3. beziehungsweise 24. August 1941 an den Spielen gegen Breslau SpVg (6:1) und im Achtelfinale gegen den FK Austria Wien (0:8) teil. Dabei erfuhr er in Wien eine Lehrstunde durch die Austria-Könner um Karl Sesta, Johann Mock, Leopold Neumer und Josef Stroh.

Münster, 1946 bis 1954
Nach der Rückkehr aus der Kriegsgefangenschaft fand der 1,93 Meter große Torwart-Hüne ab 1946 bei Preußen eine neue sportliche Heimat. In der Saison 1947/48 feierte er mit seinen Mannschaftskameraden die Meisterschaft in der Landesliga Westfalen, Gruppe 2. Nach fünf Aufstiegsspielen gegen den Meister der Gruppe 1, SuS Recklinghausen, errang er unter Trainer Willi Multhaup die Westfalenmeisterschaft und damit den Aufstieg in die Oberliga West. Damit hatte die Provinzialhauptstadt und damit auch das ganze Münsterland nunmehr einen Vertreter in der Erstklassigkeit des Westdeutschen Fußballverbandes. Die herausragende Torhüterleistung des Preußen-Keepers wurde durch den Einsatz am 4. April 1948 in Köln beim Repräsentativspiel von Westdeutschland gegen Norddeutschland ausgezeichnet. Beim 3:0-Erfolg der West-Auswahl spielte er mit Verteidiger Paul Janes, Außenläufer Georg Gawliczek, Mittelläufer Otto Tibulski und Mittelstürmer August Gottschalk zusammen. Das erste Oberligaspiel gewann der Torhüter mit den Adlerträgern am 12. September 1948 mit 1:0 gegen Fortuna Düsseldorf. Die Weststaffel trat 1948/49 mit 13 Vereinen an und der Aufsteiger belegte den vierten Rang. Mierzowski absolvierte alle 24 Rundenspiele. Am 8. Mai 1949 stand der Rückhalt der Preußen-Elf im Tor der Westauswahl, die in Bremen ein Repräsentativspiel gegen Norddeutschland bestritt. Das Spiel endete 1:1 und im Feld formierte sich vor dem Torhüter die Defensive mit Paul Janes, Kurt Borkenhagen, Paul Mebus, Paul Matzkowski und Erich Schanko.

Zur Runde 1949/50 kamen mit Josef Lammers und Siegfried Rachuba zwei Verstärkungen für die Offensive zur Preußen-Elf. Mit den weiteren Neuzugängen Felix Gerritzen, Alfred Preißler und Rudolf Schulz zur Saison 1950/51 war der sogenannte "Hunderttausend-Mark-Sturm" komplett. Als Zweitplatzierter der Oberliga West 1950/51 qualifizierte sich die Mannschaft um Torwart Mierzowski, er hatte 29 von 30 Rundenspielen unter Trainer Ferdinand Fabra absolviert, für die deutsche Meisterschaftsendrunde. Der Spielführer stand bei allen sechs Vorrundenspielen zwischen den Pfosten (2:1 und 6:4 – 3:1 und 1:5 – 2:3 und 8:2). Im Finale um die deutsche Meisterschaft unterlag man dem 1. FC Kaiserslautern im Berliner Olympiastadion schließlich vor 107.000 Zuschauern nach einer 1:0-Führung noch mit 1:2. Extra zur Endrunde hatte man Trainer Willi Multhaup wieder nach Münster geholt. Noch in der Saison 1952/53 kam Mierzowski für Münster zu einem DFB-Pokal-Einsatz. Die letzten Spiele für Münster in der Oberliga West absolvierte der mehrfache Studentennationalspieler in den Anfangswochen der Saison 1953/54. Es waren die ersten sechs Rundenspiele gegen Bayer Leverkusen (4:0), Schwarz-Weiß Essen (1:1), STV Horst Emscher (3:0), Preußen Dellbrück (2:0), Alemannia Aachen (1:2) und am 20. September 1953 gegen den Meidericher SV. Mit dem 3:3-Remis gegen die "Zebras" beendete der Bauingenieur seine sportliche Laufbahn und widmete sich intensiv seinem Statikerbüro.

Mierzowski starb Anfang Februar 2012 im Alter von 87 Jahren; er wurde auf dem Zentralfriedhof Münster beigesetzt.

Daten zu den Endrunden um die deutsche Meisterschaft
 Deutsche Fußballmeisterschaft 1939/40 für Vorwärts-Rasensport Gleiwitz: ein Einsatz, vier Gegentore (Gruppenphase)
 Deutsche Fußballmeisterschaft 1940/41 für Vorwärts-Rasensport Gleiwitz: drei Einsätze, vier Gegentore (Gruppenphase)
 Deutsche Fußballmeisterschaft 1950/51 für Preußen Münster: sieben Einsätze, 18 Gegentore (deutscher Vizemeister)

Familie
Sein Sohn Michael spielte in der Handball-Bundesliga, u. a. bei TuSEM Essen, TuS Wellinghofen und dem TV Emsdetten, und war Handball-Trainer bei Eintracht Hiltrup und Sparta Münster.

Literatur
 Hubert Dahlkamp, Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling: Preußen Münster. Fußball zwischen Filz und Fans. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 1995, ISBN 3-89533-141-4.
 Hardy Grüne, Lorenz Knieriem: Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs. Band 8: Spielerlexikon 1890–1963. Agon-Sportverlag, Kassel 2006, ISBN 3-89784-148-7.

Weblinks
 Trauer um Otto Mierzowski. scpreussen-muenster.de. Abgerufen am 15. März 2012

Einzelnachweise

Fußballtorhüter (Vorwärts-Rasensport Gleiwitz)
Fußballtorhüter (Preußen Münster)
Deutscher
Geboren 1924
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Otto Mierzowski


Léo Banos, né le , est un joueur français de rugby à XV jouant au poste de troisième ligne aile au Stade toulousain, en prêt par le Stade montois, son club formateur.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Léo Banos est le fils d'Olivier Banos, ancien deuxième ligne de Dax et Mont-de-Marsan. Originaire de Commensacq dans les Landes, il commence le rugby au Parentis SR en 2011. Puis, après cinq ans passés dans ce club, il rejoint le Stade montois en 2016, à l'âge de 14 ans. En 2019, il intègre le centre de formation du club, avant de signer son premier contrat un an plus tard, en , le liant au club landais jusqu'en 2024.

En janvier 2022, Il est sélectionné en équipe de France des moins de 20 ans pour le Tournoi des Six Nations des moins de 20 ans 2022. Durant cette compétition, il est titulaire lors de cinq matchs de son pays. Les Français terminent à la deuxième place derrière l'Irlande. Quelques mois plus tard, il est appelé pour jouer les Summer Series avec les moins de 20 ans. Il y joue quatre match et marque son premier essai avec les Bleuets, contre la Géorgie (victoire 44 à 17).

Débuts professionnels au Stade montois (depuis 2021)
Léo Banos fait ses débuts professionnels avec le Stade montois le , à seulement 18 ans, à l'occasion de la  journée de Pro D2 de la saison 2020-2021 face à Vannes. Il est titulaire en troisième ligne, mais les siens sont battus sur le score de 30 à 22. Il s'agit de son seul match de la saison.

La saison suivante, en 2021-2022, il s'impose dès les premières journées de championnat comme un titulaire indiscutable au sein de son équipe. Il réalise de très bonnes performances qui lui permettent notamment d'être appelé comme partenaire d'entraînement du XV de France en novembre 2021, âgé seulement de 19 ans. Il joue au total 21 matchs dont 20 en tant que titulaire et inscrit un essai, le premier de sa carrière. Cette saison, le Stade montois termine à la première place de la phase régulière et se qualifie donc en demi-finale, où  le club affronte victorieusement Nevers. Puis en finale, les Montois rencontrent l'Aviron bayonnais. Banos est titulaire durant ce match mais son équipe est battue 20 à 49. Léo Banos est alors l'une des révélations de la saison en Pro D2.

Très courtisé par de nombreux clubs de Top 14 après son excellente saison, dont l'Union Bordeaux Bègles et le Stade toulousain, Léo Banos choisit de rester dans son club formateur pour la saison 2022-2023.

Départ au Stade toulousain
En cours de saison 2022-2023, Léo Banos annonce qu'il rejoindra le Stade toulousain en prêt pendant la Coupe du monde 2023, avant de s'engager définitivement avec ce club en 2024. Il joue son premier match avec sa nouvelle équipe lors de la première journée de Top 14 de la saison 2023-2024, contre l'Aviron bayonnais. Il remplace Théo Ntamack à la  minute de jeu et son équipe est battue 26 à 7. Il est ensuite titularisé pour la première fois la semaine suivante, lors d'une victoire 38-13 face à Montpellier.

Statistiques

En club

Internationales
Léo Banos a disputé neuf matchs avec l'équipe de France des moins de 20 ans en une saison, prenant part à une édition du Tournoi des Six Nations des moins de 20 ans en 2022 et à une édition du  en 2022. Il a marqué un essai, soit cinq points.

Palmarès
  Stade montois
 Finaliste du Championnat de France de Pro D2 en 2022

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur français de rugby à XV
Joueur du Stade montois
Joueur du Stade toulousain
Troisième ligne aile (rugby à XV)
Naissance en août 2002

Léo Banos


Eduard Wlassack alias Eduard Flassac (* 9. November 1841 in Wien; † 3. Juni 1904 in Salzburg) war ein Jurist in der Verwaltung der Wiener Hoftheater im Kaisertum Österreich.

Leben
Die Familie Wlassack hieß ursprünglich Flassac und änderte den Namen um, nachdem sie aus Frankreich  kommend sich in Salzburg niedergelassen hatte. Wlassacks Vater war Officier und  Beamter im Kriegsministerium, seine Mutter eine geborene von Kiesewetter. Eduard Wlassack besuchte das Gymnasium und studierte Rechtswissenschaften und beendete seine Studien 1864 mit der Promotion. Er nahm als Offizier am Deutschen Krieg 1866 teil. Danach arbeitete er bei Gericht und wurde als Hofkonzipist in das Oberhofmeisteramt berufen. Dort war er, nach Ernennung  zum Hofsecretär, auch für die beiden Wiener Hoftheater zuständig. 1881 wurde er zum Kanzleidirektor und zum Regierungsrat ernannt. Er war von 1881 bis 1893 der "allmächtige" Kanzleidirektor in der Generalintendanz der k. u. k. Hoftheater unter Leopold Friedrich von Hofmann. In ihrer Personalpolitik spielte er eine Schlüsselrolle. Mit Rosa Papier befreundet, wurde er der wichtigste Förderer Gustav Mahlers. 1869 heiratete er Seraphine von Tomaschek. Er schrieb viele Beiträge für Zeitungen und Zeitschriften, besonders für die Neue Freie Presse und für die Wiener Abendpost. Zum Zentenarium schrieb er 1876 die Chronik des Burgtheaters. 1895 wurde er Corpsschleifenträger von Suevia Heidelberg.

Orden
 Orden der Eisernen Krone (Österreich) III. Klasse (ohne eine Erhebung in den Adelstand)
 Kriegsmedaille (Österreich)
 Orden der Krone von Rumänien, Großoffizier
 Orden de Isabel la Católica, Kommandeur mit dem Sterne
 Wasaorden
 Takovo-Orden
 Sonnen- und Löwenorden
 Albrechts-Orden
 Ritterorden der hl. Mauritius und Lazarus
 Orden der Krone von Italien
 Königlicher Kronen-Orden (Preußen)
 Herzoglich Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden (Ritter)

Werke
 Chronik des k. k. Hof-Burgtheaters. Wallishausser, Wien 1876. (Digitalisat)

Literatur
 Helmut Brenner/Reinhold Kubik: Mahlers Menschen. Freunde und Weggefährten. Sankt Pölten – Salzburg – Wien 2014. S. 239–241. ISBN 978-3-7017-3322-4
 Armin Danco: Das Gelbbuch des Corps Suevia zu Heidelberg, 3. Auflage (Mitglieder 1810–1985), Heidelberg 1985, Nr. 803

Weblinks
 Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Österreich

Einzelnachweise

Person (Burgtheater)
Verwaltungsjurist
Träger des Ordens der hl. Mauritius und Lazarus (Ausprägung unbekannt)
Träger des Albrechts-Ordens
Wikipedia:Träger des Albrechts-Ordens (Ausprägung ungeklärt)
Träger des Wasaordens
Träger des Ordens der Eisernen Krone (III. Klasse)
Träger des Ordens der Krone von Rumänien (Großkreuz)
Träger des Ordens der Krone von Italien (Ausprägung unbekannt)
Träger des Herzoglich Sachsen-Ernestinischen Hausordens (Ritter/Ritter I. Klasse)
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Person (Kaisertum Österreich)
Geboren 1841
Gestorben 1904
Mann
Träger des Takovo-Ordens

Eduard Wlassack


ඉන්දියානු ජාතිකයෙක් වන මැය  වඩාත් වැඩිපුර දක්නට ලැබෙන්නේ ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට වලය. හිටපු රූ රැජිනක් වන මැය 1994 දී ලෝක රූ රැජින තරගයෙන්ද ජයග්‍රහණය කරන ලද අතර මෙම තරගය ජයග්‍රහණය කල ප්‍රථම ඉන්දියානු කාන්තාව බවටද පත් විය.

ජීවන චරිතය

සෙන් උපත ලැබුවේ බෙන්ගාලී පවුලකය. ඇයගේ පියා සුබීර් සෙන් හිටපු ඉන්දීය ගුවන් හමුදා උසස් නිලධාරියෙකු වු අතර ඇගේ මව සුබෙර සෙන් විලාසිතා සහ ස්වර්ණාභරණ මෝස්තර  නිර්මාණ ශිල්පිණියක ලෙස කටයුතු කළාය. ඇයගේ සහෝදරයාගේ නම රජීව් සෙන් ය.ශාන්ත තෙරේසා රෝහලේ උපත ලත් ඇය වාසය කලේ දිල්ලි නගරයේය. ගුවන් හමුදා ස්වර්ණ ජයන්ති විද්‍යාලය ඇයගේ පාසල විය.
2000 වසරේදී ඇය විසින් රේනි නැමති දරුවෙකු හදා වඩාගත් අතර 2010 ජනවාරි මස 13 වන දින මාස 3ක් වයසැති දරුවෙක් හදාගත් අතර ඇයගේ නම අලිශා විය.

ලෝක රූ රෑජින තරගය

1994 දී වයස අවුරුදු 18 වන සෙන් ෆෙමිනා ඉන්දීය රූ රෑජින තරගයෙන් ජයග්‍රහණය කලේ අයිශ්වර්යා රායිවද පරාජය කරමින්ය.1994 දීම ඉන්දියාව නියෝජනය කරමින් පිලිපීනය මැනිලා නුවර පැවති ලෝක රූ රෑජින තරගයට සහභාගී වී ඉන් ජයග්‍රහණය කරන ලදි.

එම තරඟයේ ප්‍රාරම්භක වටයේදී සෙන් 3වැනි ස්ථානය දිනාගත් අතර කොලොම්බියා රූ රෑජිනක් වන කැරොලය්නා ගෝමස්ට පසු පසින් සිටියේය.සුෂ්මිතා පිහිනුම්, සම්මුඛ පරීක්ෂණ සහ රාත්‍රී ගවුම් තරඟ වලින් පිළිවෙලින් දෙවෙනි,පස්වෙනි සහ තුන්වන ස්ථාන වලට පත් විය. අවසන් තරඟයේ අවසන් තුන්දෙනා අතරට සෙන්ද,කොලොම්බියා සහ වෙනිසියුල රැජිනන් පැමිණි අතර අවසානයේ ජයග්‍රහණය හිමි වූයේ සුශ්මිතා සෙන් ටය. එම ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් පසු ඇයට ඉන්දියාවේ එම කිරුල හිම කරගත් ප්‍රථම කාන්තාව බවට පත් වීමටද අවස්ථාව ලැබුණි.

ඉන්දියානු ජාතිකයින්
නිළියන්
1975 උපත්

සුශ්මිතා සෙන්


Das Kreuzsteinbad ist das größte öffentliche Freibad in Bayreuth. Betrieben wird es von den Stadtwerken Bayreuth, einem Eigenbetrieb der Stadt.

Lage und Namensgebung
Die Badeanstalt befindet sich am östlichen Rand des Stadtteils Birken, südlich der Universitätsstraße, nahe der Universität und der Städtischen Jugendherberge. Namensgeber ist der am Haus Nürnberger Straße 5 befindliche Kreuzstein aus dem 16. Jahrhundert. Er wurde zum Gedenken an einen Ermordeten am Tatort als Gedächtnisstein gesetzt. Unweit davon wurde, an der Bahnstrecke nach Hollfeld und Thurnau, im Jahr 1904 die mittlerweile nicht mehr existente Bahnstation Kreuzstein eröffnet. Der nahegelegene Glasenweiher wird auch als "Kreuzsteinweiher" bezeichnet.

Geschichte

Vorläufer des Kreuzsteinbads war der vom Sendelbach gespeiste Lange Weiher. Im März 1831 wurde das im Besitz der Stadt befindliche Gewässer als Schwimmanstalt für die örtliche Garnison eingerichtet. 1883 wurde der inzwischen abgetrennte tiefere westliche Teil des Weihers bis 1923 dem Militär unentgeltlich überlassen.

Nach Vertragsablauf konnte der 1921 gegründete Schwimmverein Bayreuth in ein fast 40 Jahre dauerndes Pachtverhältnis mit der Stadt eintreten. Der vormalige Militärschwimmweiher wurde entschlammt und eine Sandsteinmauer als Beckenbegrenzung geschaffen. Die "Schwimmschule", wie das Bad fortan genannt wurde, bestand in dieser Form bis 1962 und erhielt das Wasser nach wie vor über einen Vorwärmweiher vom Sendelbach. In den 1950er Jahren wurde am Südrand des großen Beckens ein gefliestes Nichtschwimmerbecken abgetrennt, das beim Bau des Kreuzsteinbads erhalten blieb.

Nach der Saison 1962 endete das Pachtverhältnis zwischen Stadt und Schwimmverein. Während einer Sperrung im Jahr 1963 wurde die Schwimmschule umfassend umgebaut und am 14. Mai 1964 als städtisches Kreuzsteinbad wiedereröffnet. Mit seinen vier Becken und einem 10-Meter-Sprungturm war es die modernste und größte Freibadanlage der Region. Das Nichtschwimmerbecken erhielt am tieferen Ende eine Kinderrutsche. In der Saison 1968 wurde das Wasser – über eine provisorische Fernwärmeleitung und einen Wärmetauscher – erstmals beheizt.

Im Zuge einer umfangreichen Sanierungsmaßnahme in der zweiten Hälfte der 1990er Jahre wurde das Nichtschwimmerbecken abgerissen und 1996 durch ein Wellenbecken mit einem phantasievollen Grundriss ersetzt. Dort gibt es auch Wasserspeier, Schwallbrausen, Blubberbuchten und eine Insel. Die einfache Kinderrutsche wurde durch eine 85 Meter lange gewundene Großrutsche ersetzt, das Becken für Kleinstkinder versetzt und größer neu aufgebaut. Das quadratische Sprungbecken und das 50-Meter-Schwimmbecken blieben erhalten; im Rahmen des Umbaus wurden zur Badesaison 1999 ihre bisherigen Überlaufrinnen durch "Finnische Rinnen" ersetzt.

Aktuelle Situation
Nach wie vor bestehen die jetzt teilweise als Tischtennisräume genutzten Gebäude für die Umkleidekabinen und der Kiosk. Die Rasenflächen wurden nach Südosten hin ausgedehnt. 2014 wurde die Halle B umgebaut, um dort Personalräume, Sanitäreinrichtungen, Umkleiden und Schließfächer unterzubringen. Zur Saison 2016 wurde der Eingangs- und Kassenbereich modernisiert und barrierefrei umgestaltet. Das Beheizen des Wassers geschieht auf umweltfreundliche Weise.

Die Badesaison dauert im Durchschnitt 120 Tage im Jahr. Die Becken fassen 5500 Kubikmeter Wasser, davon werden stündlich 1600 Kubikmeter zu Trinkwasserqualität aufbereitet. Die Kosten für Strom, Gas und Wasser betrugen im Jahr 2014 pro Öffnungstag durchschnittlich 1200 Euro. An heißen Tagen fallen bis zu vier Kubikmeter Restmüll an. Am 18. Juni 2002 wurde mit 7818 Badegästen ein Besucherrekord aufgestellt, in der Saison 2015 wurden ca. 155.000 Besucher gezählt,

Die Gesamtfläche des Kreuzsteinbads beträgt ca. 42.000 Quadratmeter, davon sind rund 3.000 Quadratmeter Wasserflächen und 24.000 Quadratmeter Rasen- und Spielflächen. Der bisherige Besucherrekord mit 7818 Badegästen wurde am 18. Juni 2002 erreicht.

Sportveranstaltungen
 1964: Länderkampf im Kunst- und Turmspringen Bayern – Slowenien
 Juli 1966: Zweitägiger Länderkampf im Schwimmen, Springen und Wasserball Deutschland – Großbritannien. In fast allen Disziplinen waren die Briten überlegen, einer der wenigen deutschen Siege gelang über 100 Meter Freistil.
 1969: Bayerische Schwimmmeisterschaften

Attraktionen
Am 20. Juli 2019 lud das Kreuzsteinbad erstmals zum "Fun Day" ein. Bei freiem Eintritt gab es bis 20:30 Uhr u. a. Schnuppertauchen, Stand-up-Paddling, Kanufahren, Balancieren auf der Slackline, Kostümspringen und ein Spielmobil sowie Food- und Bartrucks.

Zum Saisonende gibt es jeweils einen "Hundebadetag", am 14. September 2015 wurde das Bad erstmals für Hunde freigegeben.

Weblinks
 Seite der Stadtwerke Bayreuth
 Luftbild mit dem BayernViewer
 Luftaufnahmen September 2014

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Badeanlage in Bayreuth
Bauwerk in Bayreuth

Kreuzsteinbad


Musçalı, Samsun ilinin Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 46 km, Çarşamba ilçesine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Çarşamba'nın mahalleleri

Musçalı, Çarşamba


Gelsenkirchen-Beckhausen, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Gelsenkirchen kentine bağlı idari bölge. Horst ile birlikte Gelsenkirchen'in batı kesimini meydana getirir. Bölgeye hala zirai faaliyetler çehresini kazandırmaktadır.

Gelsenkirchen'in ilçeleri

Gelsenkirchen-Beckhausen


Tvornička momčad u automobilizmu i motociklizmu je momčad ili vozač pojedinac koju pokrovitelj - proizvođač automobila (proizvođač motocikala) izravno podupire u natjecanjima. Auto-moto trke su skupi šport te je potreban određeni stupanje tvorničke potpore i često neophodan da bi se natjecalo s uspjehom. Najniža razina tvorničke potpore dolazi u obliku kontingencijskih nagrada, zasnovanih na izvedbi, što pomaže daje novac za namiriti trošak natjecanja. Potpuna tvornička potpora česta je u obliku najviših oblika međunarodnog natjecanja, uz velike auto-motošportske operacije koje često primaju stotine milijuna eura da bi predstavljale određenog proizvođača.
Suprotna vrsta momčadi su privatne momčadi. Ako je neki proizvođač motora dobavljač motora nekoj momčadi, to tu momčad još uvijek ne čini tvorničkom momčadi tog proizvođača.
Poseban oblik su monotipovi (eng. One-Design, one-make series, one-make racing, spec racing, single marque, nje. Einheitsklasse, fra. monotype), gdje su sva vozila ista ili vrlo slična dizajna ili modela. Poznati su Porsche Supercup, Ferrari Challenge, Renault Sport Trophy, Formula Renault odnosno World Series by Renault i dr. Renault je pionir u monotipovima za piste još prije 1974. godine i Renault Sport je i danas uzor u tom području.

Vidi
Satelitska momčad
Momčad radnika

Izvori

Automobilizam
Motociklizam

Tvornička momčad