Hasan-i Sabbah (;  1050 – 12 June 1124) was a religious and military leader, founder of the Nizari Ismaili sect and also the Hashshashin also known as the Order of Assassins.

Alongside his role as a formidable leader, Sabbah was an accomplished scholar of mathematics, most notably in geometry, as well as astronomy and philosophy, especially in epistemology. He came to be known in the West as the Old Man of the Mountain, a name given to him in the writings of Marco Polo that referenced the sect's possession of the commanding mountain fortress of Alamut Castle.

Sources
Hasan is thought to have written an autobiography, which did not survive but seems to underlie the first part of an anonymous Isma'ili biography entitled Sargozasht-e Seyyednā (). The latter is known only from quotations made by later Persian authors. Hasan also wrote a treatise, in Persian, on the doctrine of ta'līm, called, al-Fusul al-arba'a The text is no longer in existence, but fragments are cited or paraphrased by al-Shahrastānī and several Persian historians.

Early life and conversion

Qom and Rayy

The possibly autobiographical information found in Sargozasht-i Seyyednā is the main source for Hasan's background and early life. According to this, Hasan-i Sabbāh was born in the city of Qom, Persia in the 1050s to a family of Twelver Shia. His father, a Kufan Arab reportedly of Yemenite origins, had left the Sawād of Kufa (located in modern Iraq) to settle in the town of Qom, one of the first centres of Arab settlement in Persia and a stronghold of Twelver Shia.

Early in his life, his family moved to Rayy. Rayy was a city that had a history of radical Islamic thought since the 9th century, with Hamdan Qarmaṭ as one of its teachers.

It was in this religious centre that Hasan developed a keen interest in metaphysical matters and adhered to the Twelver code of instruction. During the day he studied at home, and mastered palmistry, languages, philosophy, astronomy and mathematics (especially geometry).

Rayy was also the home of Isma'ili missionaries in the Jibal. At the time, Isma'ilism was a growing movement in Persia and other lands east of Egypt. The Persian Isma'ilis supported the da'wa ("mission") directed by the Fatimid caliphate of Cairo and recognized the authority of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir (d. 1094), though Isfahan, rather than Cairo, may have functioned as their principal headquarters. The Ismā'īlī mission worked on three layers: the lowest was the fida'i or foot soldier, followed by the rafīk or comrade, and finally the dā'ī or missionary. It has been suggested that the popularity of the Ismā'īlī religion in Persia was due to the people's dissatisfaction with the Seljuk rulers, who had recently removed local rulers.

Conversion to Ismailism and training in Cairo
At the age of 17, Hasan converted and swore allegiance to the Fatimid caliph in Cairo. Hasan's studies did not end with his crossing over. He further studied under two other dā'iyyayn, and as he proceeded on his path, he was looked upon with eyes of respect.

Hasan's austere and devoted commitment to the da'wa brought him in audience with the chief missionary of the region: 'Abdu l-Malik ibn Attash. Ibn Attash, suitably impressed with the young seventeen-year-old Hasan, made him Deputy Missionary and advised him to go to Cairo to further his studies.

However, Hasan did not initially travel to Cairo. Some historians have postulated that Hasan, following his conversion, was playing host to some members of the Fatimid caliphate, and this was leaked to the anti-Fatimid and anti-Shī'a vizier Nizam al-Mulk. This prompted his abandoning Rayy and heading to Cairo in 1076.

Hasan took about 2 years to reach Cairo. Along the way he toured many other regions that did not fall in the general direction of Egypt. Isfahan was the first city that he visited. He was hosted by one of the Missionaries of his youth, a man who had taught the youthful Hasan in Rayy. His name was Resi Abufasl and he further instructed Hasan.

From here he went to Arran (current Azerbaijan), hundreds of miles to the north, and from there through Armenia. Here he attracted the ire of priests following a heated discussion, and Hasan was thrown out of the town he was in.

He then turned south and traveled through Iraq, reached Damascus in Syria. He left for Egypt from Palestine. Records exist, some in the fragmentary remains of his autobiography, and from another biography written by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani in 1310, to date his arrival in Egypt at 30 August 1078.

It is unclear how long Hasan stayed in Egypt: about 3 years is the usually accepted amount of time. He continued his studies here, and became a full missionary.

Return to Persia
Whilst he was in Cairo, studying and preaching, he incurred the displeasure of the Chief of the Army, Badr al-Jamalī. This may have been a result of the fact that Hasan supported Nizar, the Ismaili Imam-Caliph al-Mustanṣir's elder son, as the next Imam. Hasan was briefly imprisoned by Badr al-Jamali. The collapse of a minaret of the jail was taken to be an omen in favor of Hasan and he was promptly released and deported. The ship that he was traveling on was wrecked. He was rescued and taken to Syria. Traveling via Aleppo and Baghdad, he terminated his journey at Isfahan in 1081.

Hasan's life now was totally devoted to the mission. Hasan toured extensively throughout Persia. In northern Persia, touching the south shore of the Caspian Sea, are the mountains of Alborz. These mountains were home to a people who had traditionally resisted attempts by both Arabs and Turkish subjugation; this place was also a home of Shia leaning. The news of this Ismā'īlī's activities reached Nizam al-Mulk, who dispatched his soldiers with the orders for Hasan's capture. Hasan evaded them, and went deeper into the mountains.

Capture of Alamut

His search for a base from which to guide his mission ended when in 1088 he found the castle of Alamut in the Rudbar area (modern Qazvin, Iran). It was a fort that stood guard over a valley that was about fifty kilometers long and five kilometers wide. This fortress had been built about the year 865; legend has it that it was built by a king who saw his eagle fly up to and perch upon a rock, a propitious omen, the importance of which this king, Wah Sudan ibn Marzuban, understood. Likening the perching of the eagle to a lesson given by it, he called the fort Aluh Amu(kh)t: the "Eagles' Teaching".

Hasan's takeover of the fort was conducted without any significant bloodshed. To effect this transition Hasan employed a patient and deliberate strategy, one which took the better part of two years to effect. First Hasan sent his Daʻiyyīn and Rafīks to win over the villages in the valley, and their inhabitants. Next, key people amongst this populace were converted, and finally, in 1090, Hasan took over the fort by infiltrating it with his converts. Hasan gave the former owner a draft drawn on the name of a wealthy landlord and told him to obtain the promised money from this man; when the landlord saw the draft with Hasan's signature, he immediately paid the amount to the fort's owner, astonishing him. Another, probably apocryphal version of the takeover states that Hasan offered 3000 gold dinars to the fort's owner for the amount of land that would fit a buffalo's hide. The terms having been agreed upon, Hasan cut the hide into strips and linked them into a large ring around the perimeter of the fort, whose owner was thus undone by his own greed.

While legend holds that after capturing Alamut Hasan thereafter devoted himself so faithfully to study that in the nearly 35 years he was there he never left his quarters, excepting only two times when he went up to the roof, this reported isolation is highly doubtful, given his extensive recruiting and organizational involvement in the growing Ismā'īlī insurrections in Persia and Syria. Nonetheless, Hasan was highly educated and was known for austerity, studying, translating, praying, fasting, and directing the activities of the Daʻwa: the propagation of the Nizarī doctrine was headquartered at Alamut. He knew the Qur'ān by heart, could quote extensively from the texts of most Muslim sects, and apart from philosophy, was well versed in mathematics, astronomy, alchemy, medicine, architecture, and the major scientific disciplines of his time. In a major departure from tradition, Hasan declared Persian to be the language of holy literature for Nizaris, a decision that resulted in all the Nizari Ismā'īlī literature from Persia, Syria, Afghanistan and Central Asia to be transcribed in Persian for several centuries.

Foreign views: Marco Polo and China

Hasan, the founder of Nizari Isma'ilis in Persia, was designated by Marco Polo using a Syrian equivalent term known in Europe at that time, as Elder or Old Man of the Mountain. Polo's travelogue (ca. 1300) describes Hasan as a charlatan who devised plots to convert young men to his sect. At the court of the Old Man of the Mountain "they were educated in various languages and customs, courtly etiquette, and trained in martial and other skills". At Alamut they had "impressive libraries whose collections included books on various religious traditions, philosophical and scientific texts, and scientific equipment".

Xishiji, a Chinese manuscript completed in 1263, relates a story similar to that of Polo. The sect leaders "ordered to send assassins to hide in those kingdoms which did not surrender. They stabbed their lords, and women as well, and they died".

Nizari doctrine
Historians and scholars identify Hasan-i Sabbah as the founder of the Nizari Assassins and their doctrine. It developed during the struggle for succession of Nizar to the Fatimid throne in Cairo that eventually laid the foundation of the Nizari Isma'ilism Shia Islam. Since then, as a basic element of conservative nature, the Ismaili Imamate includes a hidden imam, in addition to the visible (or hazar, meaning apparent) imam of the time, acting as such in a community. An important task of the latter is the proliferation of the doctrine, and of the undisclosed imam's spiritual guidance, in learning centers having instructors proficient in teaching techniques.

Devotion of the "true believers" having "absolute faith" in the beliefs is another element originating from the times of Sabbah in Northern Iran, who reportedly "was so devout that he even had one of his sons executed after he was accused of drunkenness".

A Nizari assassin is identified as fida'i or devotee, "who offers his life for others or in the service of a particular cause".

Personal life
Hasan is known for his ascetic and austere religious lifestyle. At his modest living quarters in the Alamut Castle, he spent most of his time reading, writing, and administration. During his 45 years of residence in Alamut, he apparently left his quarters only twice to ascend the rooftop.

Hasan-i Sabbah probably had one wife, two daughters, and two sons. Hasan's wife and daughters were sent to Gerdkuh as a safe place during Shirgir's campaign against Alamut; they never returned. They lived on spinning. He had both his sons executed, Muhammad for khamr and Ustad Husayn for his suspected role in the murder of da'i Husayn Qa'ini.

Hassan was highly revered by the Nizari community, whose members called him Sayyidna ("Our Master") and regularly visited his mausoleum in Rudbar before it was demolished by the Mongols.

In popular culture
 Betty Bouthoul published a popular book in French titled Le grand maître des assassins (Master of the Assassins) about Hasan-i Sabbāh in 1936.
 A 1938 novel named Alamut by Vladimir Bartol is based on Hasan's rise to power.
The British "space rock" group Hawkwind has a song called "Hassan I Sahba" on its 1977 album, Quark, Strangeness and Charm.
 Hasan-i Sabbāh is mentioned, often by his moniker 'The Old Man of the Mountain', in many of William S. Burroughs's novels, including Nova Express, Cities of the Red Night, The Place of Dead Roads and The Western Lands. According to Barry Miles book The Beat Hotel Burroughs was introduced to Hasan through Betty Bouthoul's book while staying in Paris, France.
He is portrayed in the Turkish TV series Uyanış: Büyük Selçuklu by Gürkan Uygun.
There are various Assassin class Servants who go by the name of "Hassan-i Sabbah" in the Fate/stay night anime and visual novel franchise. It is established that "Hassan-i Sabbah" is a title used by each of the nineteen leaders of the Hashshashin. The founder of the Order, identified as the "First Hassan", appears in Fate/Grand Order with the title of "Grand Assassin" due to being the origin of the word itself.

See also
 Aga Khan IV
 Firdaws-i Bareen

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Secondary sources
 Daftary, Farhad, A Short History of the Ismā'īlīs. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998.
 Daftary, Farhad, The Assassin Legends: Myths of the Ismā'īlīs. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 1994. Reviewed by Babak Nahid at Ismaili.net
 Daftary, Farhad, "Hasan-i Sabbāh and the Origins of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī movement." In Mediaeval Ismā'īlī History and Thought, ed. Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 181–204.
 Hodgson, Marshall, The Order of Assassins. The Struggle of the Early Nizārī Ismā'īlī Against the Islamic World. The Hague: Mouton, 1955.
 Hodgson, Marshall, "The Ismā'īlī State." In The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, ed. J.A. Boyle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. 422–82.

 Lewis, Bernard, The Assassins. A Radical Sect in Islam. New York: Basic Books, 1968.
 Madelung, Wilferd, Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran. Albany: Bibliotheca Persica, 1988. 101–5.

Primary sources
 Hasan-i Sabbah, al-Fuṣūl al-arba'a ("The Four Chapters"), tr. Marshall G.S. Hodgson, in Ismaili Literature Anthology. A Shi'i Vision of Islam, ed. Hermann Landolt, Samira Sheikh and Kutub Kassam. London, 2008. pp. 149–52. Persian treatise on the doctrine of ta'līm. The text is no longer extant, but fragments are cited or paraphrased by al-Shahrastānī and several Persian historians.
 Sarguzasht-e Sayyidnā

External links
 HASAN BIN SABBAH AND NIZARI ISMAILI STATE IN ALAMUT
 The life of Hasan-i-Sabbah as part of an online book on the Assassins of Alamut.
 Arkon Daraul on Hasan-i-Sabbah.
 An illustrated article on the Order of Assassins.
 William S. Burrough's invocation of Hasan-i-Sabbah in Nova Express.
 Assassins entry in the Encyclopedia of the Orient.
 Review of the book, "The Assassin Legends: Myths of the Isma'ilis (I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd: London, 1994), 213 pp." by Babak Nahid, Department of Comparative Literature, University of California, Los Angeles
 Ismaili Imams and their Love for Knowledge. Islamic Publications Limited

1050s births
1124 deaths
11th-century Ismailis
12th-century Ismailis
Cult leaders
Medieval legends
People from Alamut
People from Qom
Prisoners and detainees of the Fatimid Caliphate
People of the Nizari–Seljuk wars
11th-century Arab people
12th-century Arab people

Hasan-i Sabbah


An Brachiaria echinulata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Parodi. An Brachiaria echinulata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Brachiaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Brachiaria

Brachiaria echinulata


Anadolu'nun yörelere göre farklılık gösteren, genellikle düğün ve bayramlarda yapılan, temel olarak yarma buğday ve etten oluşan geleneksel bir yemektir.

2011 yılında Endonezya'nın Bali kentinde düzenlenen 6. oturum sonucunda UNESCO tarafından Türkiye'nin Somut Olmayan Kültürel Mirası Listesine dahil edildi. Ayrıca Merzifon Belediyesi Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu'na yaptığı coğrafi tescil kaydı ile, 2015 yılında "coğrafi işaret belgesi" almıştır. Bu belge ile kendi yörelerindeki yemeğin adı Merzifon keşkeği olarak tescil edilmiştir.

Keşkek yemeği özellikle Hatay, Mersin, Sivas, Bolu, Çanakkale, Edirne, Tekirdağ, Balıkesir, Sinop, Tokat, Samsun, Ordu, Çankırı, Denizli, Uşak, Afyonkarahisar, Amasya, Aydın, Çorum, Karabük, Antalya ve Düzce gibi şehirlerde bilinir ve tüketilir. Hatay'da Herise, Aşur ve Dövme ismiyle de bilinir. Anadolu'da keşkek daha çok düğün yemeği olarak bilinir.

Düğünden bir gün önce ıslatılan buğday, düğün günü sabahtan büyük kazanlar içinde kaynatılmaya başlanır. Kaynatılan buğdaylar ve etler büyük kazanlar içine alınıp tokmaklar yardımıyla kazanın içine vurarak malzemenin iyice erimesi sağlanır. Bu işleme keşkek dövmek denilir. Geleneksel olarak düğün aşçıları tarafından hep birlikte imece usulü ile yapılır. Yorucu bir iş olan keşkek dövme işlemi sonucu etler ve buğday eriyerek özdeşleşir. Et, tahıllarla iç içe geçmiş, neredeyse tamamen yemeğin içinde erimiş durumdadır. Ne kadar uzun süre ve kuvvetle dövülürse o kadar iyi olduğu söylenir. Çok iyi dövülmüş keşkeğe "sakız gibi keşkek" benzetmesi yapılır. Lifleri iyi ayrılmış etin buğday özüyle birleştiği, bulamaç gibi değil ama kaşıkla tabaktan çekince uzayan bir keşkek, gerçekten de sakız gibi uzar. Günümüzde sırf keşkek dövmek için tasarlanmış keşkek mikserleriyle dövülüyor olsa da geleneksel yöntemlerle dövüleni her zaman daha makbul sayılır. Bu yüzden köylerde genellikle geleneksel olarak tokmaklarla dövülmeye devam etmektedir. Güveç, tencere veya büyük kazanlarda odun ateşinde pişirilir. Yine yöreye göre değişmekle birlikte kırmızı biber, salça, soğan ve yağdan oluşan bir sosla servis yapılır.Genellikle dana etiyle yapılır ama tavuk etiyle de yapılabilir. Yöresine göre keşkek, yanında haşlanmış tavuk, salçalı nohut yemeği, pirinç pilavı, bulgur pilavı ve ayran ile servis edilir. Genellikle kemikli dana etinden yapılan keşkeğin üzerine, kırmızı biber ve tereyağından hazırlanmış sos dökülür. Bazı yörelerde etsiz pişirilir ve üzerine tereyağı sosu dökülür. Sinop Ayancık ve çevresinde kurutulmuş kırık mısır ve barbunyadan yapılan farklı bir keşkek türü de pişirilir. Kastamonu, Çanakkale ve Bafra'da yaygındır. Trakya'da Silistre köylerinde keşkeğe tavuk eti ile birlikte kuzu eti ve süt ilave edilir.

Yörelere Göre Çeşitleri

Şuhut Keşkeği
Afyonkarahisar Şuhut keşkeği, diğer keşkeklerden yöresel hammadde temini, bileşenlerinin hazırlığı, pişirme ve sunum usulleri ile ayrılır. Buğdayın kabuğu soyulmuş ve yıkanmış hali göce olarak adlandırılır. Şuhut keşkeği geleneksel olarak yörede yetişen buğdaydan yapılmış göce ve yörede yetişen nohut ile yapılır. İlçede yürütülen ekonomik faaliyetlerden en önemlisi büyükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğidir. Şuhut keşkeğinde de yörede yetiştirilen büyükbaş hayvanların belirli bölümleri kullanılır. Bu kısım sırt kısmının kuyruğa yakın bölümüdür ki yöresel adıyla zıpkın olarak ifade edilir. Zıpkın eti hayvanın sırt kısmından kuyruğa yakın bölgesinden tercih edilir. Her sığırda 5 adet sakral omurun birleşmesinde oluşan os sacrum 'zıpkın' ilk kuyruk omuru ile eklemleşir. Bu bölgenin yağ dokusu ince ve sık bulunduğundan etin kalitesi yüksektir. Ayrıca zıpkının kemiği hayvanın en yoğun ilikli bölgesidir ve içerdiği yağ keşkeğin kıvamını almasını sağlar. İlaveten aynı miktarda kemiksiz kırmızı et eklenir. Bölge
meralarında doğal beslenen büyükbaşların zıpkın eti ve kemiksiz eti Şuhut keşkeğine geleneksel tadını verir.

Şuhut Keşkeği Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Merzifon Keşkeği
Merzifon Keşkeği genel olarak bayram sabahlarında, düğünlerde ve özel misafirlere ikram edilir. Özellikle büyükbaş hayvan eti, nohut, aşurelik bütün buğday ile taş çömleklerde yaklaşık on iki saat odun ateşinde (taş fırınlarda) pişirilmesi ve çömlek içinde ahşap kaşık
(çömçe) yardımıyla çarpılarak (dövülerek) bütün ürünlerin ezilerek lapa haline getirilmesi ve üzerine tereyağlı salça sos ilave edilerek sıcak ikram edilmesi ayırt edici özellikleridir.

Merzifon Keşkeği Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Dedebağ Keşkeği
Dedebağ Keşkeği / Karacasu Keşkeği; yüzyıllardır Dedebağ Yaylasında, yaylaya ismini veren tarihsel bir kişiliğe addedilerek yapılan bölgeye özgü bir yemektir. Kabri de aynı yerde bulunan Dedebağ adına hayır yemeği olarak yapılan bu keşkek aynı isim ile bilinir. Ürün, Horasan alperenlerinden asıl mesleği çobanlık olan Dedebağ ismindeki bir hayırseverin bölgeden geçen kervanlara, yoksul ve kimsesizlere kendi eliyle yapıp ikram etmesiyle başlayan, bölgesinin önemli değerlerinden birisidir. Kendisinin vefatından sonra yakınlarının ve bölge insanının imece usulüyle devam ettirdiği hayır yemeği günümüze kadar ulaşmış ve bölgenin bir âdeti haline gelmiştir. Yöre halkı malzeme temini ve keşkeğin yapımında birlikte çalışır.

Dedebağ Keşkeği / Karacasu Keşkeği; Dedebağ'ın kabrinin de bulunduğu yaylada yedi asırdır yapılagelmiştir. Yaylanın resmi kayıtlardaki ismi de Dedebağ'dır. "Dedebağ Keşkek Hayrı" olarak bilinen bir organizasyon şeklinde Karacasu ilçesi, Dedebağ Yaylasında her sene ağustos ayının son haftasında yapılır.

Üretimde genç erkek keçilerden (erkeç) elde edilen karkas eti kullanılır. Genellikle 20 kg ağırlığına ulaşmış erkeçler tercih edilir. Dedebağ Keşkeği / Karacasu Keşkeğinde kesinlikle başka et kullanılmaz. Kullanılan buğday aşurelik veya yarma buğday olabilir. Dedebağ Keşkeği Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Adapazarı Dartılı Keşkek
Adapazarı Dartılı Keşkek düğün, sünnet, bayram gibi özel günlerde pişirilen ve konuklara ikram edilen yöresel yemektir.

Ürünün ayırt edici özellikleri; tavuk eti ile yapılması ve Adapazarı yöresine özgü olarak hazırlanan "kızdırılmış tereyağında kırmızıbiber ve karabiber ile hazırlanan dartı" nın kullanılmasıdır. Adapazarı Dartılı Keşkek Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Amasya Keşkeği
Amasya Keşkeği 28.07.2022 tarihinde Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Aşur

Aşur, bir çeşit keşkektir. Malzemeleri buğday, et, kuyruk yağıdır. Hatay mutfağında yapılır.

Kaynakça

İran mutfağındaki sulu yemekler
Türk mutfağındaki sulu yemekler
Türk mutfağındaki et yemekleri
Yunan mutfağı
Somut olmayan kültürel miras
Düğün yemekleri

Keşkek


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අනුරාධපුර ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධියට නිරිතදෙසින් පිහිටා ඇති මයුර පිරිවෙණ, අනුරාධපුර යුගයේ මහා විහාර සංකීර්ණයට අයත් මූලික අධ්‍යාපනික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැළකේ. අතීත මූලාශ්‍ර අනූව පිරිවෙණ බුද්ධදාස රජු (ක්‍රි.ව. 340-368) සමයේ ගොඩනගන ලද්දක් වේ.

1894 වර්ෂයේදී එච්.සී.පී. බෙල් මහතා විසින් මෙහි කැණීම් සිදුකර එතෙක් කඩා වැටී තුබූ ගල් කුළුණු නගා සිටවූ බව සඳහන්ය.

මේවාද බලන්න
මහා විහාරය

මූලාශ්‍ර

මහා විහාරය
අනුරාධපුර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
අනුරාධපුර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

මයුර පිරිවෙණ


Alberto José Iturbe (Buenos Aires, 28 de mayo de 1913 - íd., 12 de octubre de 1981) fue un ingeniero y político argentino que ejerció como Gobernador de la Provincia de Jujuy entre 1946 y 1952.

Biografía

Pertenecía a una familia originaria de la Provincia de Jujuy, aunque nació en la Capital Federal. Era hijo de Miguel Iturbe, un ingeniero que había llevado el ferrocarril hasta esa provincia. Estudió en una escuela católica porteña y se recibió de ingeniero civil en 1938 en la Universidad de Buenos Aires.

Trabajó durante dos años en la Dirección de Navegación y Puertos de la Nación, en la Dirección de Estudios y Obras del Riachuelo y en la Dirección Nacional de Irrigación.

Instalado en Jujuy, fue director General de Obras Públicas de la Provincia de la Provincia de Jujuy durante un breve lapso en el año 1940, y luego Ingeniero Jefe de la Dirección de Vialidad provincial. Fue nombrado en octubre de 1943 Director de Obras públicas por el gobierno surgido de la  Revolución del 43, período durante el cual inició una política activa de construcción de viviendas; entre otras obras, se inició la construcción de los dos primeros "barrios obreros" de la provincia: Los Naranjos y 4 de junio, ambos en San Salvador de Jujuy. Simpatizó con el coronel Juan Domingo Perón desde el inicio de su figuración pública. Apoyó la formación del que después sería el Partido Justicialista, y fue candidato a la gobernación de su provincia de adopción.

Tras la victoria electoral, asumió el gobierno provincial el 18 de mayo de 1946, acompañado como vicegobernador por Juan José Castro. Llama la atención que la fecha de asunción no coincidió con la del presidente Perón, sino que se adelantó dos semanas. Las elecciones de febrero de 1946 le otorgaron un triunfo arrollador, logrado captar en conjunto casi el 70% de los votos.

En esta nueva etapa, el Estado jujeño impulsó la minería: en 1945 se había obtenido la primera colada de hierro en los Altos Hornos Zapla. También se fomentó la actividad tabacalera y se amplió notablemente la red caminera provincial. San Salvador de Jujuy adquirió nuevas formas, con edificios como el de la Caja de Jubilaciones, y nuevos barrios, como Los Naranjos o el barrio 4 de junio (actual Almirante Brown). Entre las obras públicas se destacó la construcción de escuelas, tanto en áreas rurales como urbanas, donde funcionaban comedores y se otorgaban becas a los alumnos de escasos recursos.

Durante su gobierno llevó adelante gran cantidad de obras públicas, especialmente en cuanto a viviendas, hospitales, rutas y escuelas. También obligó a las grandes empresas, especialmente a las industriales, a dotar de viviendas dignas a sus obreros. También provincializó el Hotel Termas de Reyes, dedicándolo a la recuperación de niños enfermos de bajos recursos, y lo donó posteriormente a la Fundación Eva Perón. Llevó adelante el Plan Cuadrienal de Obras Públicas, que prestó atención a las endebles áreas de salud y educación en toda la provincia, principalmente en las regiones de Quebrada y Puna, hizo especial hincapié en las obras de urbanización (ampliación de agua potable, de desagües, pavimentación, etc.) y en las construcciones de distintos edificios y locales públicos. El de Iturbe fue un gobierno tranquilo y estable. Por otro lado, durante su gobierno ocurrió una transformación sustancial en el perfil productivo de la provincia, con la incorporación de la producción de acero en los Altos Hornos Zapla.

La sanción de la reforma de la Constitución Nacional del año 1949, que incluía la disposición de que los cargos ejecutivos nacionales y provinciales debían ser renovados simultáneamente, se decidió prorrogar el mandato — por una disposición transitoria de la misma — de Iturbe hasta el 4 de junio de 1952, dos años, más las dos semanas que su asunción se había adelantado a la de Perón.

Fue elegido senador nacional por su provincia en 1952, y durante su mandato fue presidente de la Comisión de Obras Públicas y la comisión bicameral de Viviendas; también actuó durante un año como presidente provisional del Senado.

En junio de 1955 renunció a su banca para asumir como Ministro de Transportes, pero ejerció ese cargo durante apenas tres meses, ya que renunció al producirse el golpe de Estado autodenominado Revolución Libertadora en septiembre de ese mismo año.

Durante los años de proscripción del peronismo se exilió en Bolivia. A su regreso a Jujuy ejerció la dirigencia del partido prohibido, secundado activamente por el activo organizador que fue José Humberto Martiarena.
En 1962 fue designado secretario general del Comando Superior Peronista.

Falleció en Buenos Aires en octubre de 1981.

Referencias

Porteños
Ingenieros civiles de Argentina
Ingenieros de Argentina del siglo XX
Gobernadores de la provincia de Jujuy
Políticos del Partido Justicialista
Alumnado de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Buenos Aires
Exiliados de la Revolución Libertadora
Ministros de Transporte de Argentina
Exiliados argentinos en Bolivia
Gabinete de Juan Domingo Perón

Alberto Iturbe


4Minute var en sydkoreansk pigegruppe, der var aktive fra 2009 og frem til 2016. Gruppens medlemmer var Nam Ji-hyun, Heo Ga-yoon, Jeon Ji-yoon, Hyuna og Kwon So-hyun.

Diskografi
 Diamond (2010)
 4Minutes Left (2011)

Musikgrupper fra Sydkorea
Etableret i 2009
Ophørt i 2016

4Minute


Acer nipponicum er lauftré af ættkvísl hlyna (Acer) sem er frá mið og suður Japan. Hann getur orðið allt að 20 m hár.

Tilvísanir

Hlynir

Acer nipponicum


İç Hizmet Kanunu, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'ndeki görev ve yetkileri tanımlayan yasa.

Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri

Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri: Kara, Hava ve Deniz Kuvvetleri subay, astsubay, askerî  memur, uzman çavuş, erbaş ve erleri ile askerî öğrencilerden teşekkül eden ve seferde ihtiyatlarla ikmal edilen, kadro ve kuruluşlarla teşkilatı gösterilen silahlı Devlet kuvvetidir.

Kanun'un otuz beşinci maddesine göre, Silahlı Kuvvetlerin vazifesi; yurt dışından gelecek tehdit ve tehlikelere karşı Türk vatanını savunmak, caydırıcılık sağlayacak şekilde askerî gücün muhafazasını ve güçlendirilmesini sağlamak, TBMM kararıyla yurt dışında verilen görevleri yapmak ve uluslararası barışın sağlanmasına yardımcı olmaktır.

Otuz sekizinci maddede, sancağın, Silahlı Kuvvetlerin şeref timsali olduğu belirtilmiştir. Sancağın muhafazası Silahlı Kuvvetlerin mukaddes vazifesidir. Sancak hiçbir sebep ve bahane ile terk edilemez. Kuruluşunda alay teşkilatı (hudut alayları hariç) bulunmayan her tugay ile her alay (deniz ve havada eşiti birliklere) yönetmeliğe göre bir sancak verilir.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

İç Hizmet Kanunu
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti yasaları
1961'de Türkiye

Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri İç Hizmet Kanunu


The Chloroflexia are a class of bacteria in the phylum Chloroflexota. Chloroflexia are typically filamentous, and can move about through bacterial gliding. It is named after the  order Chloroflexales.

Etymology
The name "Chloroflexi" is a Neolatin plural of "Chloroflexus", which is the name of the first genus described. The noun is a combination of the Greek  chloros (χλωρός) meaning "greenish-yellow" and the Latin flexus (of flecto) meaning "bent" to mean "a green bending". The name is not due to chlorine, an element confirmed as such in 1810 by Sir Humphry Davy and named after its pale green colour.

Taxonomy and molecular signatures

The Chloroflexia class is a group of deep branching photosynthetic bacteria (with the exception of Herpetosiphon and Kallotenue species) that currently consist of three orders: Chloroflexales, Herpetosiphonales, and Kallotenuales. The Herpetosiphonales and Kallotenuales each consist of a single genus within its own family, Herpetosiphonaceae (Herpetosiphon) and Kallotenuaceae (Kallotenue), respectively, whereas the Chloroflexales are more phylogenetically diverse.

Microscopic distinguishing characteristics
Members of the phylum Chloroflexota are monoderms and stain mostly Gram negative, whereas most bacteria species are diderms and stain Gram negative, with the Gram positive exceptions of the Bacillota (low GC Gram positives), Actinomycetota (high GC, Gram positives), and the Deinococcota (Gram positive, diderms with thick peptidoglycan).

Genetic distinguishing characteristics
Comparative genomic analysis has recently refined the taxonomy of the class Chloroflexia, dividing the Chloroflexales into the suborder Chloroflexineae consisting of the families Oscillachloridaceae and Chloroflexaceae, and the suborder Roseiflexineae containing  family Roseiflexaceae. The revised taxonomy was based on the identification of a number of conserved signature indels (CSIs) which serve as highly reliable molecular markers of shared ancestry.

Physiological distinguishing characteristics
Additional support for the division of the Chloroflexales into two suborders is the observed differences in physiological characteristics where each suborder is characterized by distinct carotenoids, quinones, and fatty acid profiles that are consistently absent in the other suborder.

In addition to demarcating taxonomic ranks, CSIs may play a role in the unique characteristics of members within the clade: In particular, a four-amino-acid insert in the protein pyruvate flavodoxin/ferredoxin oxidoreductase, a protein which plays important roles in photosynthetic organisms, has been found exclusively among all members in the genus Chloroflexus, and is thought to play an important functional role.

Additional work has been done using CSIs to demarcate the phylogenetic position of Chloroflexia relative to other photosynthetic groups such as the Cyanobacteria. Chloroflexia shares a number of CSIs with Chlorobiota in the chlorophyll-synthesizing proteins. As the two lineages are not otherwise closely related, the interpretation is that the CSIs are the result of a horizontal gene transfer event between the two. Chloroflexia in turn acquired these proteins by another HGT from a "Clade C" marine cyanobacteria.

Phylogeny

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is as follows:

Class Chloroflexia Gupta et al. 2013
 Genus "Dehalobium" Wu et al. 2002
 Genus "Candidatus Lithoflexus" Saghai et al. 2020
 Genus "Candidatus Sarcinithrix" Nierychlo et al. 2019
 Order "Thermobaculales"
 Family "Thermobaculaceae"
 Genus "Thermobaculum" Botero et al. 2004
 Order Kallotenuales Cole et al. 2013
Family Kallotenuaceae Cole et al. 2013
 Genus Kallotenue Cole et al. 2013
 Order Herpetosiphonales Gupta et al. 2013
 Family Herpetosiphonaceae Gupta et al. 2013
 Genus "Candidatus Anthektikosiphon" Ward, Fischer & McGlynn 2020
 Genus Herpetosiphon Holt & Lewin 1968 [Flavilitoribacter García-López et al. 2020]
 Order Chloroflexales Gupta et al. 2013
 Suborder Roseiflexineae Gupta et al. 2013
 Family Roseiflexaceae Gupta et al. 2013 ["Kouleotrichaceae" Mehrshad et al. 2018]
 Genus "Kouleothrix" Kohno et al. 2002
 Genus Heliothrix Pierson et al. 1986
 Genus Roseiflexus Hanada et al. 2002
 Suborder Chloroflexineae Gupta et al. 2013
 Family Chloroflexaceae Gupta et al. 2013
 Genus Candidatus Chloranaerofilum Thiel et al. 2016
 Genus Chloroflexus Pierson & Castenholz 1974 ["Chlorocrinis"]
 Family Oscillochloridaceae Gupta et al. 2013
 Genus Candidatus Chloroploca Gorlenko et al. 2014
 Genus Chloronema ♪ Dubinina & Gorlenko 1975
 Genus Oscillochloris Gorlenko & Pivovarova 1989
 Genus Candidatus Viridilinea Grouzdev et al. 2018

See also
 List of bacteria genera
 List of bacterial orders
Green sulfur bacteria

References

Further reading

External links

External links

Bergey's volume 1
Phototrophic bacteria

Chloroflexia


سبتيموس أذينة الثاني ملك تدمر (توفي عام 267م) كان يحكم تدمر في وسط سوريا بمساعدة مجلس الشيوخ.

نسبه وشخصيته
كان للملك أذينة ملك تدمر السورية نفوذ واسع على المنطقة من الأناضول إلى حدود شمال أفريقيا، يبدو أن الملك من أصول عربية وآرامية مختلطة: اسمه، واسم والده حيران، واسم جده وهب اللات، وهي عربية. بينما يحمل جده الأكبر نصور اسم آرامي.

وكانت أول خطوة تحققت هي قرار القيصر بتعيين أذينة رئيساً لمجلس الشيوخ، ولقد ساعده هذا المنصب لكي يوطد نفوذه على البادية ويعبئ صفوفها لتحقيق أمله بالتحرر من تبعيته للرومان، ابتداءً من إعلان شعبه بتسميته ملكاً على تدمر ولكن قيصر وقد أقلقه هذا القرار، دفع من قتله في قصره، وعين رئيساً لمجلس الشيوخ ابنه الأكبر خيران، وكان ابنه الأصغر يحمل لوالده حباً دفعه للتخطيط للانتقام لمقتله من الرومان. وكان هذا الابن مقرباً من أبيه ويحمل اسم أبيه أذينة الثاني، وقد تمتع بشخصية جذابة صارمة مما جعل البدو يلتفون حوله لتحقيق مشاريعه، ويهتفون لنجاحاته. ولقد بدا ولاؤهم وحبهم له عندما احتفل بزواجه وهو ابن السابعة عشر. ثم عندما ماتت زوجته الأولى إثر الولادة، وتركت له ابناً دعاه باسم هيرودوس.

كانت شخصية أذينة القوية وثروته ضمانه بالسيطرة على أكثر القبائل، وكثيراً ما أعلن أذينة عن أهدافه البعيدة أمام هذه القبائل التي عاش بينها والتي كانت تهفو إلى ذلك اليوم الذي تصبح فيه تدمر دولة ومملكة واسعة، تضاهي وتتحدى الإمبراطورية الرومانية، التي قضت على أبيه وعلى مطامحه التي ورثها أذينة وحمل مسؤولية تحقيقها.

زواجه من زنوبيا وحروبه
عندما تزوج أذينة من زنوبيا ابنة القائد زباي رئيس وقائد الفرسان، اقترن بنصير عنيد لا يقل عنه رغبةً في تحقيق أهدافه الجريئة والطموحة. كانت زنوبيا رائعة الجمال راجحة العقل والتفكير مثقفة. وكانت معرفة أذينة بها قبل زواجه سبباً لعودته إلى المدينة، يجالس فيها القادة والشيوخ ويتدخل في شؤون الحكم والحرب. ولكنه لم يكن قادراً على الا ستغناء عن البادية ورجاله فيها.

فجأة يموت أخوه رئيس مجلس الشيوخ، فاحتل أذينة مكان ابن أخيه «معني» معلناً عن عصر جديد سيقود تدمر إلى مصيرها في الذروة. استغل أذينة حدثاً هاماً تم لإمبراطور روما فاليريان، الذي قاد الحرب ضد ملك الفرس، فخسرها وأخذ أسيراً، فقام أذينة ملك تدمر بشن حرب ضد سابور الأول ملك الفرس وانتصر فيها وفي جولات ثلاث، مما أرغم سابور الأول ملك الفرس على الاحتماء وراء الأسوار وعرف أنه أمام جيش قوي لمملكة تفرض سيطرتها وهي مملكة تدمر.

على الرغم من شهرة أذينة كثائر متمرد على السلطة الرومانية، إلا أن انتصاره وقوته المفاجئة، دفعت روما إلى الاعتراف به شريكاً في الحكم على هذه المنطقة الواسعة، وأطلق عليه لقب «ملك الملوك». كان أذينة طموحاً لا تكفيه حدود مملكة تدمر، لذلك سعى منذ عام 265م إلى توسيع ملكه في أنحاء سوريا، معتمداً على جنده بعد أن أبعد الجنود الرومان من صفوفه وقد أصبحوا شوكة في كيان دولته بقيادة ابن أخيه «معنى».

مقتله

عندما كان أذينة عائداً من إحدى حروبه في اللاذقية إلى حمص، وكان ابنه عبد اللات بصحبته، أحاط الثائرون عليه في مكان وليمته، وقضوا عليه وعلى ابنه وعلى حرسه أجمعين، وأعلن «معني» نفسه ملكاً، ولكن إلى وقت قصير فقد تألّب عليه أنصاره أنفسهم، وحاصروه وقتلوه بعد أشهر من حكمه. وكان على وهب اللات ابن أذينة أن يسترد عرش أبيه بدعم أمه زنوبيا التي أصبحت وصية على الملك القاصر وتولت الحكم بصفتها ملكة تدمر لتقود المملكة وتلقب بملكة ملوك الشرق، وذلك عام 267 ميلادية.

مراجع

 وزارة السياحة السورية

أشخاص في الحروب الرومانية الساسانية
أشخاص في القرن 3
الإمبراطورية التدمرية
العرب في الإمبراطورية الرومانية
جنرالات رومانيون قدامى
حكام القرن 3
حكام تدمر
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
عرب في القرن 3
مغتالون
ملكيون في الشرق الأوسط في القرن 3
ملوك
ملوك عرب
مواليد عقد 220
وفيات 267

أذينة (ملك تدمر)


Hafik, eskiden Koçhisar, Sivas ilinin 39 km doğusunda yer alan, 2.382 km² yüz ölçümüne sahip bir ilçesidir. Kızılırmak havzasında Sivas-Erzincan kara yolu üzerinde kurulmuştur. Bilinen en eski adı Hafik olup 13. yüzyılda İbni Bîbî tarafından kaydedilmiştir. 1873 yılında Koçhisar adıyla kaza olmuştur. 1926 yılında Hafik adı yeniden kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Tarih
İlçede ilk yerleşim Hafik Gölü'nün kuzey kıyısına yakın bir yerdeki Pılır Höyük'tedir.  Höyükte İlk Tunç Çağı ve Kalkolitik Dönem gereçleri veren katmanların ve gölün su düzeyinin altında üst katmanların çanak çömleğinden tümüyle farklı bir tür çanak çömlekle karşılaşılmıştır.  Neolitik Dönem özellikleri gösteren bu buluntuların yanı sıra aynı döneme işaret eden başka buluntular da vardır. Çakmaktaşından minik uçlar, obsidyenden mini yaprak uçlar baskı çentikli olarak dişlikleri, el değirmeni taşları, tokmakları, kumtaşından yapılmış idoller ve hayvan kemikleri Pılır Höyük'te yapılan sondajda, yapı kalıntısı olarak da silindir biçimli çukurlar ve ağaç parçaları saptanmıştır. Ağaç parçaları ve ahşap izleri, kazıklara aittir. Neolitik Dönem'den sonra da Pılır'da yerleşim devam etmiştir. Ayrıca Beypınarı köyündeki Tekur Kalesi'nde toplanan seramiklerin incelenmesi sonucunda Helenistik-Roma Dönemi, Orta Çağ kaba seramiği ve boyalı seramik ve Erken Tunç Çağı perdahlı seramiklerden bu bölgenin Erken Tunç Çağı'nda yerleşim gördüğünü kanıtlamaktadır. 3000 yıllık yerleşimi olan Karlı Köyü, Boztepe Höyüğü'nde 1955 yılında Burney'in yüzey araştırmaları sonucunda MÖ 3000 ve Demir Çağı'na ait seramikler tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte MÖ 3000 nite, kaba, Orta ve orta nitelikli parçalar arasında kara özelliklerini gösterenlerin yanı sıra yerel nitelikli olanları da vardır. Köylerinden bazılarında eski yıkık kiliseleri hâlen mevcuttur.

Coğrafya
Hafik Sivas-Erzincan kara yolu üzerinde 37. km sinde yer almaktadır. Girişinden E-23 karayolu geçmektedir. İlçe 1350 rakımlıdır. İlçenin tepe mahallesi gibi yüksek yerleri de 1400 rakımlıdır. İlçe batısında Sivas, doğusunda Zara kuzeybatısında Tokat kuzeyinde Doğanşar, güneyinde de Kangal ilçeleriyle komşudur. Karasal iklim hüküm sürmektedir. Genel flora steptir (bozkır). Yazın sıcak ve kurak, kışın ise kar yağışlı ve çok soğuktur. İlçede bol miktarda göl ve ırmak bulunmaktadır. İlçenin gölleri : Hafik Gölü, Lota Gölü, Çekme Gölü, Ayı Gölü, Kemis ve Törük Gölleridir. Bu göllerin en büyüğü Hafik Gölü'dür (1 km²).

Hafik Gölü

İlçenin 2,1 km kuzeyinde, jips platosu üzerinde gelişmiş olan doğu-batı uzanımlı geniş ve yayvan şekilli karstik çanağın tabanında, yaklaşık 2 km genişlikte bir alanı kaplayan Hafik gölü ortalama 2 metre derinliktedir.  Hemen hemen tüm çevresi sazlık ve dibi balçıkla kaplı olan gölün suyu tatlıdır. Gölün su kaynağı daha çok gölün tabanında kaynayan su, ayrıca yağmur ve kar sularından oluşmaktadır. Sularında sazan balığı ve kerevit yetişen bu göl küçük bir kuş cennetidir. Buna ilaveten ilçedekiler bu gölde sazan, aynalı sazan, sarı sazan, kara sazan, kambur sazan, alabalık, kefal ve gümüş balığı tuttuklarını belirtmişlerdir. Kıyılarındaki sazlıklar; karabatak, yaban kazı, yaban ördeği. Yeşilbaş, kılkuyruk, angut, turna ve balıkçılların beslenme ve konaklama alanıdır. Hafik gölünün yağışlı mevsimlerde kabaran suları doğusundaki Kızılırmak'ın önemli bir kolu olan Koç Deresi'ne akar. Geniş tabanlı tekne şekilli vadisiyle jips platosuna yerleşmiş olan arasu, Hafik Gölü'nün yer aldığı karst çanağında vadisini genişletmesi sonucu kapmıştır. Göl yer altı karst boşlukları ile de derenin yeraltı su tablasına bağlantılıdır. Gölde balık tutma izni maliye tarafından ihale ile balıkçılara verilir.  Gölün etrafında mesire alanları mevcuttur. Buralarda çeşitli tesisler mevcuttur.

Lota Gölü

Hafik Gölü'nü boşaltan derenin doğusunda 5 km mesafede yine aynı jips platosu üzerinde açılmış olan doğu batı uzanımlı yayvan şekilli daha büyük bir uvalanın tavanında yassı sırtlar ve basık koni şekilli jips tepeleriyle ayrılmış iki göl ile arada yazın kuruyan geçici göl alanları yer alır. Buradaki göllerin morfolojisi Hafik gölünden oldukça farklıdır. Lota gölünün yerleştiği uvala ve çevresinde jipslerde gelişen morfolojinin en güzel örneklerini gözleme olanağı vardır.  Yaklaşık 250 metre çapında daireler şeklinde olan iki göl, aynı özellikte iki yuvarlak jips dolinini doldurmuştur. Birbirine yaklaşık 500 metre uzaklıkta olan göllerin doğudaki 50 metre batıdaki 135 metre derinliktedir. Aynı düzeyde olan göl yüzeyleri yıl içerisinde 3 metreye ulaşan alçalıp yükselme gösterirler.

Nüfus

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Belediye
 Kaymakamlık
 Hafik Efsaneleri, Sivas Efsaneleri, Kutlu Özen, 2001
 Hafik ve Zara'da Eğrilce (Emin Kuzucular, 1973, Sivas Folkloru)
 Sivas İli Yüzey Araştırmaları, Merkez ve İlçeler (Höyükler ve Tarihi Yerleşim Alanları, 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995, İndirilebilir PDF)

Sivas ilinin ilçeleri

Hafik


Robert C. Balling, Jr. is a professor of geography at Arizona State University, and the former director of its Office of Climatology. His research interests include climatology, global climate change, and geographic information systems. Balling has declared himself one of the scientists who oppose the consensus on global warming, arguing in a 2009 book that anthropogenic global warming "is indeed real, but relatively modest", and maintaining that there is a publication bias in the scientific literature.

Education and career
Balling was born and raised in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, and moved to Springfield, Ohio in 1970 to attend Wittenberg University.  Balling gained bachelor's and master's degrees in geography in 1974 (Wittenberg University, BA) and 1975 (Bowling Green State University, MA), before gaining his PhD in geography from the University of Oklahoma in 1979. He was assistant professor at the University of Nebraska (1979–1984), before joining the Office of Climatology at Arizona State University. He gained tenure there in 1987, and served as the director of the Office of Climatology until 2004.

Research
Balling has published much research pertaining to various factors that influence the Earth's climate. In 1988, Balling published a study which found that the construction of golf courses around Palm Springs, CA may have cooled the city over the preceding 15 years, in contrast to the warming effect usually associated with urban areas (also known as the urban heat island effect). Seven years later, Balling and Randall S. Cerveny, one of his ASU colleagues, published a study which found that the moon, when it is full, can cause Earth's troposphere to warm by more than 0.03 °F. However, it remained unclear why the moon might be able to do this. When interviewed by the New York Times, Balling suggested the main reason might be that infrared radiation from the Sun is reflected towards Earth by the full moon. In 1998, Balling and Cerveny published a letter to Nature which found that man-made air pollutants, especially ozone and carbon monoxide, were influencing weather patterns on the East Coast of the United States. Their study also concluded that this effect was the strongest on Saturdays, and that this was so because "...the end of the week brings worse air pollution than the beginning."

Funding controversy
Balling was mentioned as a fossil fuel industry – funded scientist in Ross Gelbspan's 1997 book The Heat is On. This led the Minnesota Star Tribune to run an editorial speaking of a "disinformation campaign" by some climatologists. Balling and his colleague Patrick Michaels took a complaint against the Star Tribune to the Minnesota News Council. By a 9–4 decision the council "voted to sustain the complaint that the Star Tribune editorial unfairly characterized the scientific reputations of Patrick Michaels and Robert Balling." At the 1998 hearing, Balling "acknowledged that he had received $408,000 in research funding from the fossil fuel industry over the last decade (of which his University takes 50% for overhead)."

Between December 1998 and September 2001 Balling was listed as a "Scientific Adviser" to the Greening Earth Society, a group that was funded and controlled by the Western Fuels Association (WFA), an association of coal-burning utility companies. WFA founded the group in 1997, according to an archived version of its website, "as a vehicle for advocacy on climate change, the environmental impact of CO2, and fossil fuel use." In 2001, while it was directed by Balling, ASU's office of climatology received $49,000 from ExxonMobil.

From 1989 to 2002, Balling received more than $679,000 from fossil-fuel-industry organizations; as of 2007, he also had received more than $7 million in research funding from the National Science Foundation and the EPA. He has also come under scrutiny because he was listed as a tentative author of the Heartland Institute's NIPCC report; however, ASU's vice president of public affairs, Virgil Renzulli, pointed out that this did not imply that Balling had been receiving money from Heartland. Balling himself added that his prior involvement with the Heartland Institute's activities amounted only to appearing at a luncheon they held in 2008.

On February 24, 2015, Arizona State Representative Raúl Grijalva wrote letters to seven universities where climate change deniers (including Balling) worked, citing concerns about these scientists' conflicts of interest and non-disclosure of corporate funding. In these letters, Grijalva requested records on the funding and testimony prepared before a government body.

Books
 Robert C. Balling, The Heated Debate: greenhouse predictions versus climate reality, Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, April 1992,
 Robert C. Balling, and Martin A. J. Williams, Interactions of Desertification & Climate, Oxford University Press, October 1995,
 Patrick Michaels and Robert C. Balling, The Satanic Gases: clearing the air about global warming, Cato Institute, 2000 ASIN: 1882577914
 Patrick Michaels and Robert C. Balling, Climate of extremes: global warming science they don't want you to know, Cato Institute, 2009

Views on global warming
Balling believes that humans are increasing the level of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere, and that the Earth should warm as a result. Balling also considers the mainstream description of climate change to be "a vastly overrated threat whose proposed solutions are worse than the problem." In particular, he has dismissed the idea that use of renewable energy could be an effective strategy for combating global warming as "absurd." In the book Climate of Extremes, Balling, along with his co-author Patrick Michaels, contend that certain phenomena usually attributed to anthropogenic global warming have actually been occurring for more than a century. The phenomena named include the loss of ice on Mount Kilimanjaro. Balling has made similar statements about current sea level rise; namely, that it has been occurring for 8,000 years and it is therefore "quite a stretch" to blame it on global warming.

Reaction to Balling's views on global warming
In the December 1995 issue of Harper's Magazine, Ross Gelbspan described Balling and other global warming deniers as "extraordinarily adept at draining the [global warming] issue of all sense of crisis." Climate of Extremes was reviewed in Foreign Affairs by Richard N. Cooper, who concluded that "Even if the authors have cherry-picked their scientific papers, this book is a useful antidote to the heavy dose of hype to which the public is regularly subjected." By contrast, The Satanic Gases, another Balling-Michaels collaboration which was published in 2000, received a scathing review from American Scientist. Reviewer John Firor argued that the book "does not fulfill" its claim (on the dust jacket) that global warming predictions are "simply wrong", that Michaels and Balling criticized the Kyoto Protocol without having read it, and that they quoted a well-known scientist out of context. After Balling wrote an article for TCS Daily harshly criticizing An Inconvenient Truth as scientifically inaccurate, his article was itself criticized as inaccurate by Judd Legum, who said that the article used "misleading scientific arguments." Legum's critique was endorsed by geochemist Eric Steig, a contributor to RealClimate, who said that "All those points are accurate," and that "Some of them could probably have been stronger; that is, Balling is even more wrong that Legum indicates."

References

Notes

Further reading
 Balling, R.C. and Sen Roy, S. (2005), Analysis of spatial patterns underlying the linkage between solar irradiance and near-surface air temperatures, Geophysical Research Letters 32 (11): art. no. L11702 June 8, 2005
 EMANUEL K. A. ; IDSO S. B. ; BALLING R. C. ; CERVENY R. S. Comment on : Carbon dioxide and hurricanes : implications of Northern hemispheric warming for Atlantic-Caribbean storms. Author's reply, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 1991, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 83–86 ISSN 0177-7971

External links
 Balling's homepage.
 Testimony Prepared for the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science March 6, 1996
  at TCS Daily

American geographers
Arizona State University faculty
American climatologists
Living people
American lobbyists
Wittenberg University alumni
University of Oklahoma alumni
1952 births
People from Uniontown, Pennsylvania
Bowling Green State University alumni

Robert Balling


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Licince enthält die sieben nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Licince im Okres Revúca.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Licince


Joey Yung (, ; born 16 June 1980) is a Hong Kong singer and Cantopop diva signed to Emperor Entertainment Group.

Since her debut in 1996, Yung has won numerous awards, including the JSG Most Popular Female Singer and Ultimate Best Female Singer – Gold awards a record-breaking nine times. She was ranked 63rd on the 2014 Forbes China Celebrity 100, making her the most influential Hong Kong-based female singer that year. In 2014, she reportedly earned HK$80 million (US$10.3 million).

Early life
Yung was born on 16 June 1980 at Yan Chai Hospital in Tsuen Wan elder to one brother. She has ancestral roots from Xinhui, Guangdong. She attended Ma On Shan Lutheran Primary School, where she was classmates with Wong Cho-lam in her sixth grade.

At the age of fifteen, Yung competed in the Big Echo Karaoke Singing Contest and was subsequently signed by Go East Entertainment Co., Ltd. As an artist under Go East, she recorded the song "The First Time I Want to be Drunk" as a theme song for a film but did not gain much recognition and was dropped by the label not long after.

She continued to attend school while working as a clerk and helping her mother manage a fashion boutique. Later, an ex-colleague from Go East introduced her to Pony Canyon. However, not long after she joined the company, Pony Canyon shut down its Hong Kong branch.

Career

1998–1999: Debut
In 1998, Yung signed with the Hong Kong record label Fitto Entertainment. In 1999, she was sent abroad for training and began to receive singing lessons from Teresa Carpio and Roman Tam, whom she accompanied on concert tours to gain experience as a performer. By that point, she had graduated from the Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education with a diploma in tourism.

On 30 September 1999, she released her debut EP, EP 1 Joey. It sold 130,000 copies in Hong Kong and remained on the IFPI Album Charts for 2.3 weeks.

2000–2009
In February 2000, Yung's apartment in Happy Valley was destroyed in a fire. That year, she made her first film appearance in Winner Takes All and her first television drama appearance in The Green Hope. She also released her second EP, titled EP 2 Can't Afford to Miss, and her first studio album, Who Will Love Me. At the same time, she fronted campaigns for several brands including Four Seas, the Red Cross, and Netvigator, and held her first concert, Joey Yung's 'See You Everywhere' Live Concert, at the Hong Kong Coliseum.

In 2001, Yung released her first compilation album Love Joey, which became the best-selling album of the year, followed by two Cantonese albums, All Summer Holiday and Solemn on Stage. In November, she held her second live concert and first concert series, H2O+ 'Solemn on Stage' Joey Yung Live in Concert 2001 at the Hong Kong Coliseum. She launched her singing career in Taiwan with the release of her first Mandarin album Honestly.

In 2002, she traveled abroad for two months to undergo dancing lessons, returning to Hong Kong to release the Cantonese album Something About You. She then became the spokesperson of Nissin and Nikon. On 11 October, she released the Mandarin album One Person's Love Song, and at the end of the year, she released her second compilation album, Love Joey 2.

In 2003, Yung's became well known for the song "My Pride" (我的驕傲) (the theme song of the TV commercial for Banyan Garden developed by Cheung Kong Holdings), released on 25 March on the album of the same name. That year, she became the spokesperson of a slimming parlour, losing some baby fat and presenting a new image. She released the album Show Up! on 30 September and held her third concert, Show Up! Live at the Hong Kong Coliseum. On 17 December, she released the Mandarin album Sola Portrait (獨照). At the end of the year, she dominated all the major Hong Kong music awards ceremonies, winning a handful of prestigious awards, including the JSG Most Popular Female Singer award and the Gold Song-Gold award (金曲金獎) at the JSG Best Ten Music Awards Presentation for "My Pride." She also won her first Best Female Singer-Gold award at the CRHK Music Awards, becoming the award's youngest ever recipient, and the Media Award for the artist who had accumulated the most awards from the four music award ceremonies in Hong Kong. Following this, she began the Show Up World Tour, which included dates in Canada, Australia, the United States, Mainland China, Macau, and Malaysia.

In 2004, Yung released the studio album Nin9 2 5ive and her first photo album The Real Joey, Glamour in London. The photo album was well received by the public and sold out shortly after its release. Her second album in 2004, Give Love a Break, was also a commercial success, breaking the platinum mark with pre-orders alone. At the end of the year, Yung released a Cantonese cover of "Chihuahua" (a song previously released in English by DJ BoBo) as part of a Coca-Cola advertising campaign in Hong Kong. At the year-end music awards, she won over 20 awards and received the highest honour award again, the Media Award. It was estimated that for 2004, her income was HK$60 million, including her income from endorsements alone, amounting to HK$10 million.

In 2005, Yung released her third compilation album, Love Joey 3, as well as a new Cantonese studio album, Bi-Heart. Her fourth major concert, Reflection of Joey's Live Concert, spanned eight days in October and November. The concert's theme song, "好事多為", was mixed and re-arranged in South Korea, resulting in the "好事多為 Reflection Mix". EEG was sponsored by Sony Ericsson for the theme song's music video. Following the success of the concert, its CD/VCD/DVD was certified triple platinum, selling 120,000 copies, and Yung's album sales surpassed five million worldwide, an impressive feat in the Cantopop industry (in which an average album will sell around 100,000 copies). However, Yung suffered from strained vocal cords and had to work for several days without talking in an effort to relax her vocal cords. She also spent several days receiving remedial acupuncture treatment in Nanjing and took singing lessons under vocal coach Christine Samson, known for teaching corrective singing techniques to many Cantopop singers. That year, she purchased two connecting flats named The Legend at Jardine's Lookout, Hong Kong, for HK$40 million.

On 27 February 2006, Yung released her tenth Cantonese studio album, Ten Most Wanted. According to Yung, the album was more experimental and had higher production values than her previous albums. She worked with Mavis Fan for two songs on the album; "Get Fit with Jane Fonda" and "Torn Tongue", both of which had lyrics by Yiu Fai Chow. On 21 July, she released a Mandarin album, Jump Up – 9492.

At the end of 2006, Yung released the Cantonese album Close Up to commercial success, selling out at stores over Hong Kong as well as online CD stores. A second version of the album was released on 26 January 2007, containing a bonus DVD with music videos for the songs "Splendid Encounter (華麗邂逅)" and "Elated Heart (心花怒放)". Around the same time, Yung held a concert organised by Neway with appearances from other artists such as Anthony Wong, at17, Hins Cheung, Yumiko Cheng, Vincent Wong, and Sun Boy'z.

In 2007, she became Hong Kong's ambassador of the World Vision 30 Hour Famine campaign and visited Kenya in March. On 5 July, she released her fifth Mandarin album, Insignificant Me, with the title track produced by Jay Chou. It was one of her worst selling Mandarin albums. On 7 July, she performed at the Live Earth concert in Shanghai. On 7 November, she released another album, Glow.

In early 2008, Yung released her fourth compilation album Love Joey 4 and held her fifth concert titled StarLight Live over ten days at the Hong Kong Coliseum. During the concert, she performed "The Power Medley", a 20-minute intense dance medley of her fast-tempo tracks. The concert's success led to a four-night extension. In February, Yung travelled to New York City with the hope of improving her dancing skills. That year she sang a number of official songs for the 2008 Beijing Olympics and began a world tour shortly afterwards with shows in Malaysia, Canada, the United States, Mainland China, Singapore, and Macau.

The year 2009 marked the tenth anniversary of Yung's career with EEG. To celebrate the occasion, two albums (A Time For Us and Very Busy) and a documentary were released, and a mini-concert (Perfect Ten Live at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre's Grand Theatre, where Yung won her first major singing contest in 1995) was held on 4 October, with tickets for the two shows selling out within seven minutes. The Perfect Ten Live Boxset was released in two versions in December: the standard version included two concert DVDs, the Perfect 10 documentary, and a photo album, while the deluxe version contained two more CDs from Perfect Ten Live and more photos. Towards the end of the year, Yung performed at the concert Music Is Live with Mobile Chan and won the Media Award for the third time (having previously won the award in 2003 and 2004).

2010–2019
On 29 January 2010, the 10th Anniversary EP titled Joey Ten was released together with the Joey Ten Boxset. The EP consisted of 10 different covers (9 for Version 1 and 1 for Version 2) and five songs. The Joey Ten Boxset included a photo album, stickers, a thank you card from Yung, a 'Chofy' bookmark, a comic book, a 'Chofy' USB, a DVD, and the new EP ('Chofy' is plush that represents Joey and the name is a combination of her Chinese name and Miffy). Three songs were promoted from the EP and all were charted at number one on three or more charts. In March, Yung concluded her StarLight Tour with two final shows in Sydney and Melbourne. On 20 August, she released another EP, EP2010, and in November she began her Number6 concert, which was her sixth major solo concert held at the Hong Kong Coliseum.

In 2011, Yung took a break for the first time since 2002 and travelled around the world. She stated that she would be focusing on the Mandarin-language market after the break, recording a new Mandarin album and carrying out promotions in Taiwan and Mainland China. On 26 April 2011, Yung became the first Chinese female singer to perform at London's Royal Albert Hall and t\e third Chinese singer overall, after her mentor Roman Tam in 1979 and Eason Chan in 2010. This was her first concert in Europe. On 23 September 2011, Yung released her 21st studio album, Joey & Joey. From the album, the song "13:00 (13點)" took the number one spot on three of the four major Hong Kong music charts, and the songs "The Tree with a Thousand Flowers (花千樹)" and "Wallpaper (牆紙)" were number ones on all four charts. Joey & Joey became the highest-selling local album of the year. Yung also starred in the film Diva, produced by Chapman To.

During the first half of 2012, she continued to tour with her Number 6 concert in Macau, Reno, Atlantic City, and Toronto. In July, she released her seventh Mandarin album Moment, from which she promoted the songs "Right Time (正好)", "Looking at Flowers Through the Fog (霧裏看花)", and "Increase Power (加大力度)". That year, she sang the theme song "Drama Series (連續劇)" for the TVB show The Hippocratic Crush and received a total of fourteen awards at the four major awards ceremonies.

In May 2013, Yung released her first single of the year, "View in a New Light (另眼相看)". On 29 June, she performed the last date of her Number6 world tour in Resorts World Sentosa in Singapore. On 15 August, she released the album Little Day, which went 4× Platinum. She followed the album up with two compilation albums, the Hopelessly Romantic Collection (released 3 December) and the All Delicious Collection (released 20 December).

Between December 2013 and October 2015, she performed in the Ageas Joey Yung in Concert 1314 tour, beginning at the Hong Kong Coliseum and holding dates in China, Malaysia, and the United States. In 2014, Yung suffered another period where she lost her voice and had to take care of family illness. In 2015, Yung performed in concert with Hacken Lee, and she released the EP Me, re-do in April.

In 2016, Yung appeared alongside Hacken Lee on the Chinese television series I Am a Singer as the second substitute singer of the season and was eliminated before the second round of the finale.

Between 24 March and 15 April 2017, in a concert was on the drawing board for 6 years, Yung performed in My Secret Live in the Concert Hall of Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. It is a concert where all songs are non-promotional side-tracks from all her albums. The venue itself is also lesser known and smaller, as the total full attendance in the 17 shows combined would not amount to half the capacity of the Hong Kong Coliseum. On 31 October 2017, as Yung shifted her focus on commercial sponsorships and various ambassadorial work with Twins, she decided that she would not attend any music awards for the first time in her career in 2017/18 awards season, which was also due to her having no album releases or new works either as a singer or actress in 2017, meaning she would give up defending all her titles during the awards season.

On August 24, Joey Yung held the nineteenth "Pretty Crazy Joey Yung Concert Tour" at the Hong Kong Coliseum. Joey Yung invited many famous singers to the concert as guests, including Andy Lau, Leon Lai Ming, Jacky Cheung, JJ Lin, Nicholas Tse, Ekin Cheng, Jeff Chang, Louis Koo, Kenny Kwan, The Grasshopper, Julian Cheung, Leo Ku, Hacken Lee, etc.

2020–present: COVID-19 and onward
Due to the pandemic, Yung spent most of her time from mid-2020 in China.

Yung released a Cantonese single in November 2020 entitled "Live in the Moment (東京人壽)". This also marked the first time Yung participated in the composition of a song she had co-written with Howie from Dear Jane. A special music video for the song was released in December with clips from the Pretty Crazy Tour. In February 2021, "Gone with the Flare (煙花紀)" was released. The song title was inspired by the lyrics of her 2009 hit song "In Search of Deities (搜神記)" from the album A Time for Us.

The Pretty Crazy Tour started on 25 January 2021 with two consecutive shows at The Venetian, Las Vegas. The third show was held in Atlantic City. In Europe, Yung performed in Hague, The Netherlands on 3 March 2020 and in London, England on 9 March 2020. With the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the remaining shows in the world tour were either cancelled or postponed.

In January 2021, Yung joined the second season of the Chinese reality series Sisters Who Make Waves (season 2) which sees 30 women – all established artists in their own right – compete in various singing and dancing challenges weekly. Cecilia Cheung is also part of the line-up. Yung ranked 2nd during the initial evaluation stage in Episode 1. Yung subsequently led her team to victory for the third public performance. The fifth and final public performance took place in April 2021 and Yung emerged 4th overall in the final results, thus successfully debuting in a team.

Yung released a Chinese single, "So Fresh (featuring Dany Lee)," in August 2021. She joined The Masked Dancer (season 2) as a judge and participant. On 29 September 2021, she released a Cantonese single "After All These (不配)". She also directed the accompanying music video. During a live session, Yung also revealed that she would be releasing her first Cantonese studio album in 5 years by the end of 2021.

Personal life
In June 2012, Wilfred Lau publicly announced their relationship which Yung subsequently confirmed. They broke up in 2018.

She has openly expressed a pro-establishment stance during the 2019-2020 Hong Kong Protests and was featured prominently in a video campaign by the People's Daily to "oppose violence" and "rebuild Hong Kong."

In March 2021, Yung posted on Weibo, expressing her support for cotton made in Xinjiang, after companies suspended purchasing of cotton from there due to human rights concerns.

Discography

Cantonese studio albums:
 Joey EP (1999)
 Don't Miss EP (2000)
 Who Will Love Me (2000)
 All Summer Holiday (2001)
 Solemn on Stage (2001)
 Something About You (2002)
 My Pride (2003)
 Show Up! (2003)
 Nin9 2 5ive (2004)
 Give Love a Break (2004)
 Bi-Heart (2005)
 Ten Most Wanted (2006)
 Close Up (2006)
 Glow (2007)
 In Motion (2008)
 A Time for Us (2009)
 Joey Ten EP (2010)
 Airport EP (2010)
 Joey & Joey (2011)
 Little Day (2013)
 Me, re-do EP (2015)
 J-Pop (2016)
 Love in L.A. EP (2019)
 Schrodinger's Cat (2021)

Cantonese compilation albums:
 Love Joey (2001)
 Love Joey 2 (2002)
 Love Joey 3 (2005)
 Love Joey Love Four (2008)
 Hopelessly Romantic Collection (2013)
 All Delicious Collection (2013)

Cantonese singles:
 X'Mas Chihuahua (2004)

Mandarin studio albums:
 Honestly (2001)
 A Private Love Song (2002)
 Lonely Portrait (2003)
 Jump Up 9492 (2006)
 Little Little (2007)
 Very Busy (2009)
 Moment (2012)
 Searching For Answers (2018)

Mandarin compilation albums:
 A Hundred of Me (2016)

Filmography

Concerts

Concert Tours
 Show Up! Tour (2003–05)
 Reflection of Joey's Live Tour (2005–07)
 StarLight Tour (2008–10)
 Number 6 Tour (2010–12)
 1314 Tour (2013–15)
 Joey Yung & Hacken Lee Live Around the World (2015-2018)
 Pretty Crazy Joey Yung Concert Tour / Joey Yung The Tour: Love In (2019–)

Solo Concert Series
 Joey Yung Live 2000 (~H2O+容祖兒美麗在望慈善演唱會) Joey Yung Live in Concert 2001 (~H2O + 容祖兒隆重登場演唱會2001) Neway Joey Yung Live Show Up (容祖兒演唱會2003) Sony Ericsson Reflection of Joey's Live (Sony Ericsson: Reflection of Joey's Live 容祖兒演唱會 2005) Johnnie Walker Keep Walking StarLight Joey Yung Live (StarLight 容祖兒演唱會08) Joey Yung Perfect 10 Live 2009 (容祖兒Perfect 10 黃金十年演唱會) Nokia Joey Yung Concert Number 6 2010 (諾基亞Nokia容祖兒演唱會第六回 2010) Ageas Joey Yung in Concert 1314 (富通保險: 1314容祖兒演唱會) Pretty Crazy Joey Yung Concert Tour (Pretty Crazy 容祖兒演唱會) Joey Yung The Tour: Love In (容祖兒巡迴演唱會)

Other concerts

Awards

See also

 Cantopop
 Roman Tam

References

External links

 English Forum & Fansite
 Official FanClub Website

1980 births
Living people
Cantopop singers
20th-century Hong Kong women singers
Hong Kong film actresses
Hong Kong Mandopop singers
Hong Kong television actresses
Hong Kong female dancers
Hong Kong dancers
21st-century Hong Kong women singers
Hong Kong idols

Joey Yung


Horserød Hegn er en skov beliggende i Tikøb Sogn nord for Gurre Sø. Skoven er fredskov. Skoven er mod nordvest forbundet med Risby Vang. I skoven ligger Horserødlejren. Skoven gennemskæres af landevejen mellem Helsinge og Helsingør.

Skoven har et areal på 616,5 ha og rummer større sammenhængende områder med henholdsvis bøg, eg og rødgran. Horserød Hegn har en frodig og varieret skovnatur. Særligt tiltrækkende er skovbræmmen langs med Gurre Sø og med flere udsigter over vandet. Skoven er gennemskåret af stier og skovveje, deriblandt en sti, der følger søkanten og med en rasteplads anlagt til glæde for det natursøgende publikum.

I skoven ligger flere moser: Store Svens Mose, Lille Svens Mose, Torstens Mose, Klauses Mose, Hvidedys Mose, Hermans Mose, Store Tykke Mose, Lille Tykke Mose, Smedemose, Jens Olsens Mose, Huusmands Mose, Skjelmose, Rødebæks mose, Kirkebæks mose, Birkemose, Apperups mose, Korsvejs mose, Hornbæks mose og andre. I en af disse moser er fundet tranebær, tue-kæruld, revling, hedelyng, mose-bølle, tyttebær, blåbær og rosmarinlyng.

Ud mod Gurre Sø findes birkeskov med rød-el, pil, gran og enebær.

To granitsten med tallene 61 og 36 indhugget i siden stammer fra von Langens skovinddeling og udgjorde skelmarkeringer i 1765.

I skoven ligger Rævebakke, Slavebakke, Trodshøj.

I skoven ligger Kong Volmers Vold.

I skoven ligger flere forhistoriske dysser og gravhøje.

Horserød Hegn indgår i Nationalpark Kongernes Nordsjælland. og  Natura 2000-område nr. 131 Gurre Sø (habitatsområde nr 115).
Naturpakken 2016 medførte  i 2018 at der blev udpeget  72 hektar urørt løvskov og 25 ha anden biodiversitetsskov i Gurre Vang og Horserød Hegn.

Noter

Litteratur

Palle Gravesen: Foreløbig Oversigt over Botaniske Lokaliteter 1: Sjælland; Fredningsstyrelsen 1976; s. 274

Skove i Helsingør Kommune
Urørt skov

Horserød Hegn


Žensku saveznu ligu, najviši rang nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije za žene za sezonu 1989./90. je osvojio Mašinac iz Niša.

Ženska savezna liga

 prvenstvo je igrano od 24. rujna 1989. do 6. lipnja 1990.
 u slučaju neriješenog rezultata su izvođeni jedanaesterci, čiji bi pobjednik dobivao bod, a poraženi bi ostao bez bodova
 najbolji strijelac
 11 golova: Stojanka Stanković (Mašinac)

Poveznice
 Jugoslavensko nogometno prvenstvo za žene

Izvori
  rsssf.com, Yugoslavia (Women) 1989/90

ž-p-1989-90
žene

Prvenstvo Jugoslavije u nogometu za žene 1989./90.


Baja California (în spaniolă, Baja California) era o provincie a Viceregatului Noua Spanie. Creată în urma divizării provinciei Californiile în 1804, ea a devenit un teritoriu al Primului Imperiu Mexican la obținerea independenței în 1821, și Teritoriul Baja California începând cu 1824.

Note

Istoria Mexicului
Colonizarea spaniolă a Americilor

Baja California (colonie)


Sphagnopsida, razred mahovnjača danas zastupljen samo od jednog živog reda, Sphagnales, i fosilnog reda Protosphagnales, čiji je jedini poznati predstavnik Protosphagnum nervatum.

Rodu Sphagnum, po kojemu je razred dobio ime pripada preko 300 vrsta

Redovi
 Protosphagnales †
 Sphagnales

Izvori

Mahovine

Sphagnopsida


The A13 is a major road in England linking Central London with east London and south Essex. Its route is similar to that of the London, Tilbury and Southend line via Rainham, Grays, Tilbury, Stanford-Le-Hope & Pitsea,and runs the entire length of the northern Thames Gateway area, terminating on the Thames Estuary at Shoeburyness. It is a trunk road between London and the Tilbury junction, a primary route between there and Sadlers Hall Farm near South Benfleet, and a non-primary route between there and Shoeburyness.

Route

London

The A13 used to start at Aldgate Pump; but now begins at the junction with the A11 at what used to be the Aldgate one way system in east London and heads eastwards through the boroughs of Tower Hamlets, Newham, Barking & Dagenham and Havering before reaching the Greater London boundary.

Commercial Road and East India Dock Road
At the central London end, Commercial Road and East India Dock Road form one of two main arteries through the historic East End (the other being the A11 Whitechapel Road). The A13 route is a relatively recent addition to London's radial network, having been built at the beginning of the 19th century to connect the City with the (then) newly expanding Docklands area. Commercial Road dates from 1802, while East India Dock Road  was set out from 1806 to 1812. The first iron bridge across the River Lea was built in 1810. Today the route is still largely single carriageway, though notable is the junction with the A12 and A102 at the northern portal of the Blackwall Tunnel. This section of A13 is used by the important London Bus routes 15 (as far as Blackwall) and 115.

East Ham & Barking By-pass (Newham Way and Alfreds Way)

However, just east of Blackwall, at the crossing of the River Lea, there is a TOTSO (turn-off to stay on) with the A1261 East India Dock Link Tunnel, and the road changes character dramatically, becoming a dual three-lane expressway. This grade-separated route continues all the way to the Greater London Boundary. Notable junctions include Canning Town, and the A406 junction near Beckton, as well as the single carriageway Lodge Avenue flyover near Barking, where the old A13 route (Ripple Road) merges with the new. Grade-separated in 2002–2004, the dual carriageway section through Newham is Newham Way, while through Barking it is Alfreds Way, both comprising the East Ham & Barking Bypass, and originally dualled by the 1960s. This section is structurally sound and built to high standards, but was subject to a 40 mph (64 km/h) speed limit. Prior to grade-separation, the speed limit was 50 mph (80 km/h). Works involved inserting new underpasses at Prince Regent and Movers Lane, a new flyover at Beckton Alps, and expanding Canning Town flyover from two lanes either way to three. Also inserted was the free-flow link to the A1261 tunnel. London Bus route 173 is the only route to use the A13 here, between Beckton Alps and Ripple Road. However, the speed limit was increased back to 50 mph in 2011.

Ripple Road and the Thames Gateway
East of the Lodge Avenue junction near Barking, the route then takes over the much older Ripple Road, with its last at-grade junction at Renwick Road, while the all-new grade-separated section east of the Goresbrook Interchange at Dagenham is termed the Thames Gateway, completed in 1999. This is notable for the award-winning viaduct over Fords works, opening in late 1999, and the causeway over Rainham and Wennington Marshes, the latter structure causing some delay to the project due to necessary studies on its environmental impact, although this section opened first, in mid-1997. The contract also included the Wennington to M25 motorway section (see below). It has National Speed Limit from just east of Goresbrook Interchange. London Bus routes 173 and 287 are the only routes to use the A13 here, between Ripple Road and Goresbrook.

In 2005, Havering Council commissioned the Litmus Towers sculptures on the A13 junctions near Rainham which display local environmental data using large LED arrays.

Essex

Wennington to Sadlers Hall Farm

The Thames Gateway section of the A13 leaves London at Wennington on the border with Thurrock, still dual three lanes, intersecting with the M25 motorway at Junction 30, close to the Dartford Crossing and Lakeside Shopping Centre. The A13 here is a much older dual carriageway, dating mostly to the 1980s, including the four-lane flyover above the M25, left incomplete for over 15 years. The Wennington to M25 section opened in late 1998. The next junction, the turn-off for Lakeside (A126), has only west-facing slips, so there is no exit eastbound. It is then dual three lanes past the junction with the A1089, the road into Tilbury, and loses its Trunk Road status to the latter. The A13 finally drops down to two lanes each way at the nearby A128 junction. It is dual for another , bypassing Stanford-le-Hope and Basildon before it reaches the Sadlers Hall Farm (or Sadlers Farm) roundabout. Here the road meets the A130 and loses its dual and Primary Route status. The main route into Southend is now the A127 Southend Arterial Road, accessible via the A130.

A13/A130 Sadlers Farm Junction

Improvements to the A13/A130 Sadlers Farm Junction were first given government approval in July 2006 following a 2005 public consultation. The project involved by-passing the roundabout by creating a new full-depth cutting link road between the A13 and A130, building slip roads connecting traffic to the Sadlers Farm roundabout and widening the A13 to dual four lane carriageway to Pitsea and the A130 to dual three lane carriageway to the Rayleigh Spur roundabout. The scheme is part of the Thames Gateway transport infrastructure plans which gave it an estimated cost of £63 million in 2007 and timelines it for 2012. The scheme was opened in 2012.

Benfleet to Shoeburyness

The A13 continues east of Sadlers Farm as mostly single-carriageway through Thundersley, Hadleigh, Leigh-on-Sea and Westcliff, before reaching the seaside resort of Southend-on-Sea. This is the last major town on the route, but it continues eastwards, including brief dual sections (London Road, Hadleigh, Queensway round the town centre, with its roundabouts with the A127 and A1160 (another TOTSO), and Southchurch Boulevard in Southchurch), and on to Shoeburyness, on the estuary  east of Southend proper. It turns to the south at Parsons Corner, and then as Ness Road, it terminates at an end-on junction with the B1016, also forming part of Ness Road.

History

Original route through Newham and Barking

East of the River Lea, through Newham and Barking, the original route followed the A124  Barking Road and then the A123 Ripple Road. The present A13 still uses much of the eastern end of Ripple Road. The route was replaced by the East Ham & Barking Bypass first opened in 1928, which was given the number A118 before being redesignated. As with the route west of the River Lea, Barking Road is a relatively new route, being built .

Original route through Dagenham and Havering

Ripple Road leads to Dagenham. The eastern end of this as well as New Road heading towards Rainham, in Havering, and the Greater London border, were bypassed by the new-build Thames Gateway in 1999. The former route was redesignated A1306. The western end between Dagenham and Rainham is still dual, but a short section near Rainham was singled in recent years. Like Barking Road further west, the original section of New Road between Dagenham and Rainham dates from , and was dualled at roughly the same time as the East & Ham and Barking Bypass. New Road east of Rainham is much newer, and dates from the 1920s. It is and was single all the way towards the border at Wennington, consequently suffering congestion, especially after Lakeside Shopping Centre opened in 1990.

Original route in Thurrock and Basildon

The eastern half of New Road originates from 1924, and continues past Wennington as the A1306 Arterial Road, completed in 1925, bypassing Purfleet (the project including that town's now unclassified "bypass"). It subsequently intersects with the M25 and A282 at Junction 31, heads past Lakeside and then ends at the A1012 near Grays. The route continues as the unclassified Lodge Lane before the latter becomes part of the A1013. The A1013 continues as far as Stanford-le-Hope, where the old A13 route merges with new at the A1014 junction. The eastern end of the erstwhile single-carriageway bypass is now a farm access, but can be shadowed on foot, meeting the B1420 at a roundabout just south of the modern A13 (the actual original A13 (pre-1930s) followed London Road and Southend Road through Stanford and Corringham). East of there, the B1420 meets the A13 at the A176 junction at Thurrock/Essex border and then the B1464 London Road continues the route south of Basildon, before meeting the newer road and the A130 at Sadlers Farm. The section of the route between the M25 and Sadlers Farm was by-passed or dualled in several stages between the mid-1970s and early 1990s, with Wennington to M25 opening in 1998 (see above).

Original route in Southend

In Southend, the short dual carriageway Queensway bypasses the original route through the town centre, and while much of this is pedestrianised, it can be followed on foot. East of the town centre, Shoebury Road was bypassed by the single-carriageway Bournes Green Chase, just a few yards to the north, linking Southchurch with Shoeburyness. Finally, the terminus of the A13 has been truncated, the road formerly ending on Shoeburyness High Street at the railway station.

Proposed route near Southend

In the 1960s, a route along the lines of the A13 was planned to take traffic to a new airport located at Maplin Sands near Southend. Only preliminary planning was carried out for the road (which may have been designated a motorway) before the proposals for the airport were dropped in favour of expanding Stansted Airport).
The route would have followed a similar route to the current A13 through Barking and Dagenham to Rainham before heading north-east towards South Ockendon then east towards Basildon. It would have continued eastwards between Basildon and Stanford-le-Hope before passing north of Canvey Island and south of Hadleigh, Leigh-on-Sea. The last section of road would have been constructed in the Thames Estuary passing south of Southend-on-Sea and Shoeburyness to reach the proposed site of the airport.

Dump truck incident

In February 2016, Nicholas Churchill, a disgruntled middle aged construction worker stole his employer's mining truck and drove for about 50 km on this highway and other roads. During this time, he drove into various structures and police vehicles. He finally stopped the truck in Brandon where he was arrested.

Management

The section between Limehouse and Wennington is maintained by RMS (A13) Plc as part of a 30-year DBFO deal reached with the Highways Agency in 2000. It was RMS who undertook grade-separation of the East Ham & Barking Bypass section in 2002–2004. RMS also maintain the A1203 Limehouse Link tunnel as well as the Aspen Way and East India Dock Link tunnel sections of the A1261 through Docklands. This latter route runs just south of the A13, is dual carriageway and nearly all grade-separated and acts as an alternative to East India Dock Road and much of Commercial Road.

Despite the DBFO, Transport for London (who took over responsibility for all trunk non-motorway routes in London from the Highways Agency in 2000) still have overall responsibility for the entire A13 section inside Greater London, while the Highways Agency have responsibility for the remaining Trunk Road section between Wennington and the A1089 junction near Tilbury. From there until Sadlers Hall Farm, the A13 is a primary route and is maintained by Essex County Council, as is the non-primary section through Castle Point, although the sections through Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock are managed by their respective unitary authorities.

Cycle Superhighway 3

Cycle Superhighway 3 (CS3) runs along the A13 between Poplar and Barking.

To the east CS3 joins the A13 at the junction with the A1020/Leamouth Road. CS3 runs eastbound, crossing the Bow Creek and Barking Creek and passing through Canning Town and Beckton en route. To the west, CS3 ends at Greatfields Park, Barking, at the junction with Movers Lane/River Road.

West from Canning Town, CS3 crosses over the A1020/Leamouth Road, heading southbound along the pavement until a junction with Sorrel Lane, where it turns right. It is signposted from Sorrel Lane and runs unbroken to Tower Hill in the City and Lancaster Gate, Hyde Park.

For the entirety of its route, CS3 runs adjacent to the westbound carriageway of the A13 (to the south of the road) as a two-way bike freeway. The route is segregated from other traffic, except at some junctions. It is signposted and marked by blue paint.

Between Greatfields Park and the Lodge Avenue Junction, the two-way, segregated bike freeway continues along the southern edge of the A13. The route is part of National Cycle Route 13 (NCR 13), but not the TfL Cycleways network. NCR 13 leaves the A13 to the east of Lodge Avenue Junction, crossing the A13 and joining residential streets as it runs towards Rainham. The northern terminus of NCR 13 is in Fakenham, Norfolk.

Future developments

A13 Passenger Transport Corridor (Southend)
The scheme aims to improve public transport along the A13; it includes bus stop improvements, provision of real time information and bus prioritisation at signals as well as junction enhancements and road widening. The road widening is planned for a number of points on the Hatley Gardens and Kenneth Road stretch of the A13. Following a public consultation in March 2009, the scheme was approved."The people of Thurrock have been calling for this for more than a decade, now at last the money is in sight and we can start to get things moving." The original estimated cost of the scheme was given at £4 million in the 2001-2006 Local Transport Plan and increased to £4.9 million in the 2006-2011 update. "The government is recognising that a further £80 million more is needed to actually build the scheme."

London

Grade-separation of Renwick Road traffic lights in Barking, the final at-grade junction between Canning Town and Sadlers Hall Farm, was due to be undertaken "in time for the Olympics in 2012". The works may also involve replacement of the nearby Lodge Avenue Flyover (Ripple Road Flyover), but this is subject to available funding and development of Barking Riverside.

The junction with the A406 North Circular Road was built in 1987 and is incomplete. The long-awaited Thames Gateway Bridge is yet to get the go ahead, but if built it will start at a flyover above the A13, thereby linking the A406 with the road network south of the River Thames. As of 2008, the project in its original form was cancelled by newly elected mayor Boris Johnson.

M25 Junction 30

Improvements including widening are being made at J30 of the M25 motorway and at nearby Lakeside turn-off (A126), following a Route Management Strategy undertaken by the Highways Agency.
The work commenced in late 2014 and was scheduled to be completed in autumn 2016.

Junction list

A13 in popular culture
The A13 has inspired at least two rock songs: Billy Bragg's "A13, Trunk Road to the sea", which is a localisation of Bobby Troup's song about Route 66; The music video for the Underworld song "Scribble" also features the A13, with the distinctive fencing on the side of the road clearly visible during the video. There is also the spoken word track called 'A13' featured on the album Without Judgement by Jah Wobble's Invaders of the Heart, in which Wobble intones his deeper, satirical thoughts concerning the "hopeless highway of Essex" over the musical backing of the band. In 2004, British author Iain Sinclair published a psychogeographic road novel, titled Dining on Stones, which loosely follows the route of the A13 from East London to the Thames Estuary. Mike Newman published an account of attempting to walk the route of the A13 in Adverse Camber: An Incomplete walk to the seaside in 2018.

References

External links
A13 road photographs
Society for All British Road Enthusiasts entry for the A13
Adverse Camber: An Incomplete walk to the seaside

Transport in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Transport in the Borough of Basildon
Transport in the London Borough of Havering
Transport in the London Borough of Newham
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Roads in Essex
Roads in London
Transport in Castle Point
Transport in Southend-on-Sea
Transport in Thurrock

A13 road (England)


Rudolf Hartmann (* 11. Oktober 1900 in Ingolstadt; † 26. August 1988 in München) war ein deutscher Opernregisseur und -intendant.

Leben
Rudolf Hartmann, Sohn des Direktors eines Gymnasiums in Ingolstadt, widmete sich nach dem Abitur dem Studium der Musikwissenschaften an der Münchner Musikhochschule und an der dortigen Universität, das er mit dem Erwerb des akademischen Grades eines Dr. phil. abschloss. Nach Absolvierung einer Bühnenbildnerschule debütierte Hartmann als Opernsänger am Stadttheater von Bamberg, 1928 wechselte er als Oberspielleiter nach Nürnberg, 1934 an die Staatsoper Berlin, wo seine Zusammenarbeit mit Clemens Krauss begann, der ihn 1937 als Opernregisseur an die Münchner Staatsoper holte, eine Funktion, die er bis 1944 wahrnahm. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde er zum Operspielleiter am Nürnberger Opernhaus bestellt, 1952 übernahm er die Intendanz der Bayerischen Staatsoper in München, die er bis 1967 innehatte.

Rudolf Hartmann inszenierte Uraufführungen bedeutender Opern von Richard Strauss (Friedenstag 1938 in München; Capriccio 1942 in München; Die Liebe der Danae 1952 in Salzburg), Carl Orff (Der Mond 1939 in München) und Paul Hindemith (Die Harmonie der Welt 1957 in München), daneben vor allem Opern von Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart und Richard Wagner.

Er führte Regie bei Mozarts Oper Die Hochzeit des Figaro, die anlässlich der Eröffnung des Theaters der Stadt Schweinfurt am 1. Dezember 1966 aufgeführt wurde.

Hartmann erhielt 1960 das große Verdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens und wurde 1984 mit dem Bayerischen Maximiliansorden für Wissenschaft und Kunst ausgezeichnet.

Schriften
 Das geliebte Haus. Mein Leben mit der Oper, 1975
 Richard Strauss. Die Bühnenwerke von der Uraufführung bis heute, 1980

Literatur
 Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, 21. Auflage, Band 12, Bibliographisches Institut & F. A. Brockhaus, Mannheim Dezember 2005, ISBN 3765341428. Seite 71.
 Walther Killy und Rudolf Vierhaus (Hrsg.): Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie. Band 4, K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München, 1996, ISBN 3-598-23163-6. Seite 413.
 Hartmann, Rudolf, in: Ernst Klee: Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt am Main : S. Fischer, 2007, ISBN 978-3-10-039326-5, S. 220

Weblinks

 Rudolf Hartmann Audioaufnahmen aus dem Archiv der Österreichischen Mediathek mit Rudolf Hartmann

Opernregisseur
Intendant
Ensemblemitglied des Staatstheaters Nürnberg
Musiker (Nationalsozialismus)
Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Schönen Künste
Träger des Goldenen Ehrenrings der Stadt Bayreuth
Träger des Bayerischen Maximiliansordens für Wissenschaft und Kunst
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Deutscher
Geboren 1900
Gestorben 1988
Mann

Rudolf Hartmann (Regisseur)


Visitors est une série télévisée de science-fiction française créée par Simon Astier et diffusée à partir du  sur Warner TV. Il s'agit de la première série produite spécifiquement pour la chaîne qui diffusait jusque là des programmes en rediffusion ou américaine.

Elle est rediffusée le  sur TMC.

Synopsis
Dans la petite ville fictive de Pointe-Claire se produisent du jour au lendemain des événements inattendus à la suite de la chute d'objets extraterrestres. Richard, pour son premier jour dans la police, se charge d'enquêter sur le sujet. Il est vite confronté aux doutes de sa hiérarchie et doit également faire face à des problèmes conjugaux.

Distribution

La police
 Simon Astier : Richard
 Gérard Darier : le shérif Kovac
 Jérémie Dethelot : Roger
 Delphine Baril : Sharon
 Antonia Buresi : Scolla, policière fédérale
 David Marsais : Muller, policier fédéral

Les visiteurs
 Florence Loiret Caille : Fred / Dr Alice Bejm
 Alban Lenoir : Pierre-Emmanuel

L'entourage de Richard
 Tiphaine Daviot : Nancy, l'épouse de Richard
 Henri Guybet : Robert, le grand-père de Richard
 Christophe Guybet : Robert en 1981
 Damien Jouillerot : Bob, ami d'enfance de Richard
 Vincent Desagnat : Mitch, ami d'enfance de Richard

Les habitants de Pointe-Claire
 Arnaud Joyet : Carlos
 Julie Bargeton : Jacqueline "Jack"
 Arnaud Tsamere : Bret, agent immobilier
 Vincent Deniard : Ty
 Adrien Ménielle : Choco
 François Frapier : John Collins
 Aziz Aboudrar : Cynoque
 Stéphane Ponton : le vendeur de tacos
 Jérôme Niel : le reporter de WKP
 Grégoire Ludig : le présentateur de WKP
 Audrey Pirault : la présentatrice de WKP
 Jean-Michel Fête : le colonel William Lamour
 Bernard Le Coq : le prêtre
 Romane Raffin-Delys : l'infirmière
 Clémence Thioly : Flora
 Yoni Dahan : Marco
 Freddy Gladieux : le patron de la citerne

Fiche technique
 Création : Simon Astier
 Scénario : Simon Astier
 Réalisation : Simon Astier
 Musique : Polérik Rouvière
 Photographie : Morgan S. Dalibert, Dominique De Wever, Guillaume Adrey
 Direction artistique : Nicolas Garnier
 Direction littéraire : Joyce Acker
 Décors : Anna Brun
 Costumes : Nadège Dourmaud
 Son : Thomas Tymen, Marco Casanova, Hugo Thouin
 Montage : Sarah Chartier, Alan Jobart, Sébastien Le Gallo
 Production exécutive : Stéphane Drouet
 Producteurs délégués WarnerMedia : Guillermo Farré, Guillaume Le Gros, Nicolas Rostan
 Société de production : Warner TV, Making Prod

Production
Le tournage de la première saison s'est déroulée sur un mois environ, à l'été 2021, dans la région de Reims, notamment sur la base aérienne 112.

Épisodes
La première saison de Visitors se compose de huit épisodes, diffusés sur Warner TV et sur le service de vidéo à la demande MyCanal, entre le 10 et le .

Clins d'œil
Les policiers fédéraux Scolla et Muller, interprétés par Antonia Buresi et David Marsais font référence à Dana Scully et Fox Mulder, les protagonistes de la série X-Files, respectivement joués par Gillian Anderson et David Duchovny.

Les clients du magasin de jeux vidéos Choco et Cynoque font référence, quant à eux, au film Les Goonies.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Série télévisée française des années 2020
Série télévisée n'ayant pas de fin
Série télévisée de science-fiction
2022 en science-fiction

Visitors (série télévisée)


Stefan Kölbl (* 26. November 1967 in Nürnberg) ist ein deutscher Volkswirt und Manager. Er ist seit 6. April 2022 Präsident des Präsidialrats des DEKRA e.V. und Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrats der DEKRA SE. Vom 1. Januar 2010 bis zum 6. April 2022 war Stefan Kölbl Vorstandsvorsitzender von DEKRA e.V. und DEKRA SE, insgesamt arbeitet er seit 2000 für das Unternehmen.

Leben
Kölbl studierte Volkswirtschaft in Nürnberg mit dem Abschluss Diplom-Volkswirt. Sein beruflicher Weg führte über die Berliner Wirtschaftsinitiative für Deutschland e.V. und die Frankfurter Managementberatung Diebold Deutschland GmbH zu dem Stuttgarter Dienstleistungsunternehmen. Von 2006 bis 2009 war Kölbl für das gesamte automobile Auslandsgeschäft von DEKRA verantwortlich. Unter seiner Regie expandierte die Geschäftseinheit DEKRA Automotive International insbesondere auf Wachstumsmärkten wie Brasilien, Südafrika und China. Zuvor verantwortete Stefan Kölbl als Geschäftsführer in Personalunion die Entwicklung der DEKRA Akademie-Gruppe und der DEKRA Personaldienste GmbH.

Während seiner Amtszeit als Vorstandsvorsitzender von DEKRA e.V. und DEKRA SE von 2010 bis 2022 hat DEKRA mehr als 70 Firmen im In- und Ausland übernommen, der Umsatz des Unternehmens hat sich fast verdoppelt. Auch die Zahl der Mitarbeiter liegt mit fast 50.000 fast doppelt so hoch wie zu Amtsbeginn. Seinen Investitions-Schwerpunkt legt Kölbl dabei auf den Ausbau der digitalen Prüfkompetenz.

2022 wurde Kölbl Präsident des Präsidialrats der Prüfgesellschaft DEKRA und Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender der DEKRA SE als Nachfolger von Thomas Pleines.

Mandate
 seit 2010: Pro Mobilität – Initiative für Verkehrsinfrastruktur e.V., Vizepräsident
 seit 2012: Deutsches Verkehrsforum e.V., Mitglied des Präsidiums

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Manager
Deutscher
Geboren 1967
Mann

Stefan Kölbl