Forensic psychology is the practice of psychology applied to the law. Forensic psychology is the application of scientific knowledge and methods to help answer legal questions arising in criminal, civil, contractual, or other judicial proceedings. Forensic psychology includes research on various psychology-law topics, such as jury selection, reducing systemic racism in criminal law, eyewitness testimony, evaluating competency to stand trial, or assessing military veterans for service-connected disability compensation. The American Psychological Association's Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists reference several psychology subdisciplines, such as social, clinical, experimental, counseling, and neuropsychology.

History

As early as the 19th century, criminal profiling began to emerge, with the Jack the Ripper case being the first instance of criminal profiling, by forensic doctor and surgeon Thomas Bond. In the first decade of the 20th century, Hugo Münsterberg, the first director of Harvard's psychological laboratory and a student of Wilhelm Wundt, one of the first experimental psychologists, authored On the Witness Stand. In the publication, Münsterberg attempted to demonstrate how psychological research could be applied in legal proceedings. Sigmund Freud also discussed how psychopathological processes play a role in criminal behavior. Other significant early figures in forensic psychology include Lightner Witmer, and William Healy.

In 1917, the lie detector was invented by the psychologist William Marston. Six years after its invention, Marston brought his lie detector to court in the case of Frye v. United States at the request of James A. Frye's attorneys, who hoped Marston's device would prove their client's innocence. The results were not deemed admissible, due to lie detection not being widely accepted in the scientific community. This led to the creation of the Frye standard, which states scientific evidence is only admissible when it has prominent standing within the scientific community.

The 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, was the first where the Supreme Court of the United States referenced expert opinions by psychologists. After this, the preponderance of psychological mechanisms within courtrooms began to be considered beneficial. Several years after the Brown ruling, Justice David Bazelon of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that psychologists had the legal authority to testify as medical experts about mental illness.

In 1969, the American Psychology–Law Society was founded, later being converted into Division 41 of the APA in 1980. As the field continued to grow, more organizations supported the application of psychology to the law. In 1976, the American Board of Forensic Psychology was chartered, eventually becoming part of the American Board of Professional Psychology in 1985. Organizations and conferences later aided in solidifying the development of forensic psychology, such as the American Academy of Forensic Psychology and the National Invitational Conference on Education and Training in Forensic Psychology. By 2001, forensic psychology was recognized as a professional specialty by the American Psychological Association.

Modern forensic psychological research applies psychological methodology to legal contexts. In the 1980s, Saul Kassin, a psychology professor at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York, published a series of papers on false confessions. One of Kassin's articles was instrumental in overturning the convictions of five boys who had been falsely convicted of the rape of a jogger.  At the University of Liverpool, David V. Canter is credited with the creation of the term investigative psychology, a sub-specialization of forensic psychology that pertains to of criminal behavior and the investigative process. Through the psychological profiling of the Railway Rapists, Canter assisted in the capture of the killers. The 20th-century psychologist William Stern, conducted numerous experiments on eyewitness testimony, credibility, consistency, and the influence of leading questions in court.

Recently, forensic psychology has grown in popularity in the media. For example, many recent docuseries on Netflix feature forensic psychological content, including Making a Murderer and Sins of our Mother. Other TV shows and movies such as Criminal Minds, Manhunter, Mindhunter, and Silence of The Lambs have widely popularized the practice of criminal profiling, particularly within the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU). One example of a highly-publicised case that used forensic psychology was Ted Bundy's sentencing. In 1980, he went to trial and was evaluated by multiple psychology professionals to determine his ability to stand before the court. The results from the multiple psychologist evaluations determined that Ted Bundy was fit to stand before the court.

Training and education
Forensic psychology involves both elements of basic as well as applied work. Forensic psychologists may hold a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in clinical psychology, counseling psychology, social psychology, organizational psychology, school psychology, or experimental psychology under accredited institutions. Additionally, 2 years of supervised experience in their field is necessary. There are no specific license requirements in the United States to be a forensic psychologist, although U.S. states, territories, and the District of Columbia require licensure for psychologists in the state they intend to practice. Certification specifically in forensic psychology is also available.

There are 65 forensic psychology degree programs offered in the US. Average tuition cost is $9,475 in-state and $25,856 out-of-state.

There is a wide range of pay for individuals in the forensic psychology field. In the United States, the median annual income of clinical-forensic psychologists is $125,000 - $149,999, and the pay can range from $50,000 (entry-level) a year to more than $350,000 a year.

Practice and research in forensic psychology
Forensic psychology may be utilized in five major areas (police and public safety, law, crime and delinquency, victimology and victim services, and corrections) and two sub-areas (family and schools).

Practice/direct service
Forensic psychologists complete evaluations and assessments to assess a person's psychological state for legal purposes. Reasons for completing these evaluations can involve acquiring information for criminal court (such as insanity or incompetence), for criminal sentencing or parole hearings (often regarding a potential intellectual disability that prevents sentencing or one's risk of recidivism), for family court (including child custody or parental termination cases), or civil court (involving, for example, personal injury, competence to manage one's financial affairs, and psychological autopsies especially as related to testamentary capacity). Additional assessments that these professionals can perform include school threats. Forensic psychologists also usually have to participate in court as a witness and assist judges, attorneys, or other court personnel in legal matters. This gives them the opportunity to help out as much as they can. There is great debate about whether these Forensic Psychological evaluations constitute as health care treatment, with most arguments claiming they do not. It is important to note that while a forensic psychologist is responsible for assessing and reporting results of an evaluation, they do not make decisions on "ultimate issues" such as competence to stand trial or service-connected disability for U.S. military veterans. Instead, the information provided by the expert evaluator is analyzed and is ruled on by the court which ordered the evaluation to take place.

Treatment
Forensic psychologists may be asked to administer psychological interventions to those requiring or requesting services in both criminal and civil cases. Regarding criminal cases, forensic psychologists can work with individuals who have already been sentenced to reduce the likelihood of repeating their offense. Other treatments are frequently put together in these case, especially for substance use disorder, sex offenders, mental illness, or anger management. As for civil proceedings, forensic psychology treats families going through divorce cases, custody cases, and psychological injuries due to trauma. Treatment often occurs in forensic and state psychiatric hospitals, mental health centers, and private practices.

Consultations
Providing consultations allows forensic psychologists to apply psychological expertise and research to help law enforcement, attorneys, and other legal professionals or proceedings better understand human behavior (e.g. criminal, witness, victim, jury), civil processes, effects of trauma or other life events, and so on. If working as a consultant, a forensic psychologist can be involved in legal proceedings through responsibilities such as reviewing court records (such as a defendant's psychosocial history or assessing mitigating or aggravating factors in a case), serving as a jury consultant (organizing focus groups, shadow juries, mock juries, or helping with the voir dire proceedings), and assessment without testimony (in which results of a defendant's evaluation are not disclosed to the prosecution team, allowing the defense team to develop a defense strategy), among others. Essentially, consultations can take many forms, including the common ones below:

 Law enforcement consultations may take the form of assisting with criminal profiling, developing hiring procedures and methods, determining the psychological fitness of returning officers, or simply lending expertise on certain criminal behaviors. There are several methods and approaches related to criminal profiling, but there is a lot of skepticism and criticism about the efficiency and accuracy of criminal profiling in general. A couple common approaches are the scientific approach, which includes the FBI's Crime Scene Analysis and Canter's Investigative Psychology, and the intuitive approach, which includes Tukey's Behavioral Evidence Analysis.
 Trial consultants are psychologists who work with legal professionals, such as attorneys, to aid in case preparation. This includes jury selection, development of case strategy, and witness preparation. Forensic psychologists working as trial consultants rely on research to best advise the individuals they are working with. Because trial consultants are often hired by one specific side in a trial, these psychologists face many ethical issues. It is the psychologist's responsibility to remain neutral when consulting. In other words, the consultant must not choose a side to support and consequentially omit or create information that would be beneficial to one side or another. Before accepting a case to work on, the forensic psychologist weighs the responsibilities of consulting on that case with the ethical guidelines put in place for the field of forensic psychology.

Expert testimony about matters relating to psychology is also an area in which forensic psychologists play an active role. Unlike fact witnesses, who are limited to testifying about what they know or have observed, expert witnesses can express further knowledge of a situation or topic because, as their name suggests, they are presumed to be "experts" in a certain topic and possess specialized knowledge about it. The requirements that must be met for forensic psychologists to be considered expert witnesses include clinical psychology expertise and knowledge of the laws that have jurisdiction over the court they are to testify. Procedural and legal rules guide expert testimony, including that the evidence must be relevant to the case, the method the expert used must be valid and reliable, and that the evidence will help the trier of fact. An expert can be deposed by opposing counsel to discover what they plan to say in court. Attorneys have the opportunity to raise a challenge to the admissibility of the expert's testimony if there are questions about its relevance, or its validity and reliability (in the United States - the rules vary by country and jurisdiction). Regardless of who calls in the expert, it is the judge who determines whether or not the expert witness will be accepted through a voir dire process of qualification.

Research
Forensic psychology researchers make scientific discoveries relevant to psychology and the law and sometimes provide expert witness testimony. These professionals usually have an advanced degree in psychology (most likely a Ph.D.). These professionals may be employed in various settings, which include colleges and universities, research institutes, government or private agencies, and mental health agencies. Researchers test hypotheses empirically regarding issues related to psychology and the law, such as jury research and research on mental health law and policy evaluation. Their research may be published in forensic psychology journals such as Law and Human Behavior or Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, and more broadly, in basic psychology journals. Some famous psychologists in the field include Scott Lilienfeld, who was widely known for his scholarship on psychopathology and psychopathy; Saul Kassin, who is widely known for studying false confessions; Jennifer Skeem, who is widely known for studying justice-involved people with mental illness; Michael Saks, who is known for his contributions to jury research and improvements to forensic science; Barbara Spellman, who is known for her cognitive psychology-law work as well as for her open science leadership; and Elizabeth Loftus and Gary Wells, who are both known for their research on eyewitness memory.

Education
Academic forensic psychologists teach, research, train, and supervise students, among other education-related activities. These professionals also have an advanced degree in psychology (most likely a Ph.D.) and are most often employed at colleges and universities. In addition to holding professorships, forensic psychologists may engage in education by presenting research, hosting talks about a particular subject, or engaging with and educating the community about a relevant forensic psychology topic.

Advocacy
Through advocacy, forensic psychologists can use psychological research to influence laws and policies. These may be related to certain movements, such as Black Lives Matter or the Me Too movement, or may even be related to certain civil rights that are being overlooked.

Forensic psychological evaluations

Common types of evaluations

Forensic assessments of competencies
Competence, in a legal setting, refers to the defendant's ability to appreciate and understand the charges against them and what is happening in the legal proceedings, as well as their ability to help the lawyer understand and defend their case. Though it is the psychologist's responsibility to assess for competence, it is ultimately up to the judge to decide whether the defendant is competent or not. If the defendant is found incompetent to stand trial, the psychologist must then give a recommendation on whether or not the defendant can be restored to competence through treatment or if the charges should be dropped completely due to incompetence. Potential causes of incompetence include brain damage, the occurrence of a psychotic episode, a mental disorder, or a developmental disability.

Multiple cases have helped define competence. In Dusky v. United States (1960), the case upheld the Youtsey v. United States ruling and set specific criteria for competence. These include having a rational and factual understanding of court proceedings and being able to consult with an attorney in a rational manner.

Forensic assessment of insanity
Insanity, as opposed to competence, refers to an individual's mental state at the time of the crime rather than at the time of the trial. According to legal principles of insanity, it is only acceptable to judge, find someone criminally responsible, and punish a defendant if that individual was sane at the time of the crime. In order to be considered sane, the defendant must have exhibited both mens rea and actus reus. Mens rea, translated to "guilty mind", indicates that the individual exhibited free will and some intent to do harm at the time of the crime. Actus reus refers to the voluntary committing of an unlawful act.

The insanity defense acknowledges that, while an unlawful act did occur, the individual displayed a lack of mens rea. The burden of proof in determining if a defendant is insane lies with the defense team. A notable case relating to this type of assessment is that of Ford v. Wainwright, in which it was decided that forensic psychologists must be appointed to assess the competency of an inmate to be executed in death penalty cases.

There are various definitions of insanity acknowledged within the legal system. The M'Naghten/McNaugton rule (1843) defines insanity as the individual not understanding the nature and quality of his or her acts or that these acts were wrong due to a mental disease or defect. This is also referred to as the cognitive capacity test. Meanwhile, the Durham Test (established in Durham v. United States, 1954) states that one can be declared insane if the actions were caused by a mental disorder. The vague nature of this description causes this definition to only be used in one state (New Hampshire). The final definition acknowledged within the courts is the Brawner Rule (U.S. v. Brawner, 1972), also referred to as the American Law Institute Standard. This definition posits that, due to a mental disease or defect, an individual is considered insane if unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of an act and are unable to conform their behavior to the dictates of the law.

Evaluating insanity involves using crime scene analysis to determine the mental state at the time of the crime, establishing a diagnosis, interviewing the defendant and any other relevant witnesses, and verifying impressions of the defendant.

Violence risk assessment
Violence risk assessment evaluates how dangerous an individual is and the risk of them re-offending, also referred to as recidivism. Risk assessments are used in sentencing and affect the possibility of an inmate receiving parole or being released from prison. Imposition of the death penalty often requires a consideration of "future dangerousness," for which risk assessment can play a vital role.

Although there are many advocates for the use of risk assessment in sentencing, there are others who question whether risk assessments are accurate enough to be relied upon when making these consequential legal decisions. Risk assessment, as with any attempt to understand future behavior, is very difficult, especially because "risk" isn't always defined the same way in different legal settings. There is a wide research literature on risk assessment, but the information is varied and sometimes contradictory, and bias can play a role in risk assessment.

 Types of violence risk assessments.  There are several different methods of risk assessment, the main five of which are unstructured clinical assessment, anamnestic assessment, structured professional judgment, actuarial assessment, and adjusted actuarial assessment.
 Unstructured clinical assessment is a form of risk assessment in which the forensic examiner or clinician decides both what information to use and how to use it to determine risk based on their clinical judgment. The information used in these types of assessments tends to come from in-depth interviews with the examinee, as well as collateral interviews with known personal contacts, the results of psychological testing, and historical records. Because these assessments rely heavily on the individual clinician's judgment, the interrater reliability for this method of assessing risk tends to be low. According to most research on predictive validity, unstructured clinical assessment is less accurate at predicting risk than other, more structured methods (though there have been some issues raised with the evidence supporting this claim).
 Anamnestic assessment is another type, which is a form of clinical risk assessment that is focused on risk factors specific to the individual being examined. This type of risk assessment tends to be used for assessing violence risk, and relies heavily on an examinee's past history of violent behavior to identify risk factors for that individual behaving aggressively again, rather than risk factors for violence in general. Because these risk assessments are based on clinical interviews and tailored to the individual in question, they can be useful for determining ways to reduce an individual's violence risk, but they suffer from the same limitations as general unstructured clinical assessment in terms of interrater reliability.
 Structured professional judgement (SPJ) is similar to unstructured clinical assessment in that the examiner still makes the final decision about risk, but it is more structured because these tools give the examiner specific, empirically-based factors to focus on when assessing risk. Because of the more structured nature of these assessments, the interrater reliability of risk assessments done using these tools tends to be higher than that of those done using completely unstructured clinical assessment, and some argue the accuracy is higher than other types of assessment including actuarial methods, but there are questions about the legitimacy of these claims. Additionally, because most actuarial risk assessment tools are based on static (or unchanging) risk factors, SPJ tools tend to be better at identifying dynamic risk factors (which can be changed), and thus can be more useful in treatment settings than actuarial assessments.
 Actuarial risk assessment is a more objective method of risk assessment that involves structured tools and algorithms that combine certain risk factors to produce a risk score or rating. The algorithm tells evaluators both which factors to pay attention to and how to weigh and combine them to produce the risk score. The risk factors included in actuarial tools are empirically linked to violence or recidivism risk and tend to be more static (permanent, unchanging) than dynamic (changeable). Because actuarial risk assessment tools provide the most guidance and involve the least amount of clinician judgment, they tend to have higher interrater reliability and to be more accurate than unstructured clinical assessment. Two example actuarial tools for assessing violence risk are the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) and the Classification of Violence Risk (COVR). An example actuarial tool for assessing sexual recidivism risk is the Static-99 Revised (Static-99R).
 Adjusted actuarial risk assessment is a combination of unstructured clinical assessment and actuarial risk assessment. In adjusted actuarial assessment, evaluators use an actuarial method to determine risk, and then adjust the score produced by the algorithm based on their own clinical judgment. This type of risk assessment is meant to make actuarial instruments more flexible and adaptable to the facts of a specific case; however, supporters of the actuarial technique tend to criticize this method as forgoing the main benefit of actuarial risk assessment—the lack of subjectivity—by reintroducing clinician judgment after a risk assessment score has been calculated.

Other types of evaluations
While insanity and competency assessments are among the most common criminal assessments administered within the legal system, there are several other types implemented. Some of these include death penalty case assessments, assessments of child sexual abuse, assessments for child custody or divorce cases, civil court assessments, and immigration/asylum cases.

 Immigration/asylum evaluations. In removal proceedings, the judge or parties may request the assistance of a forensic psychologist for those individuals eligible to apply for various forms of immigration benefits. There are eight grounds for an individual to apply for which are hardship, risk for torture, asylum, domestic violence, ANAC (abused, neglected, or abandoned children), discretionary determinations, risk assessment, and competence to proceed. Each removal proceeding is as unique as the individual on trial which is where mental health professionals play a crucial role in helping document their experiences as many individuals may or may not have proof to support their stories. In the case that an individual does apply for relief/protection from removal, a psychological evaluation is conducted by a forensic psychologist to help the court determine if the individual meets the requirements for the type of relief for which they are applying. Immigration evaluations are often done through a series of interviews with the individual and their family members that delve into their life of what led up to the migration, medical information such as history and physical examinations, social background information, and their current level of cognitive and psychological functioning.

Distinction between forensic and therapeutic evaluation
A forensic psychologist's interactions with and ethical responsibilities to the client differ widely from those of a psychologist dealing with a client in a clinical setting.
 Scope. Rather than the broad set of issues a psychologist addresses in a clinical setting, a forensic psychologist addresses a narrowly defined set of events or interactions of a nonclinical nature.
 Importance of client's perspective. A clinician places primary importance on understanding the client's unique point of view, while a forensic psychologist is interested in accuracy, and the client's viewpoint is secondary.
 Voluntariness. Usually, in a clinical setting, a psychologist is dealing with a voluntary client. A forensic psychologist evaluates clients by order of a judge or at the behest of an attorney.
 Autonomy. Voluntary clients have more latitude and autonomy regarding the assessment's objectives. Any assessment usually takes their concerns into account. The objectives of a forensic examination are confined by the applicable statutes or common law elements that pertain to the legal issue in question.
 Threats to validity. While the client and therapist are working toward a common goal, although unconscious distortion may occur, in the forensic context there is a substantially greater likelihood of intentional and conscious distortion.
 Relationship and dynamics. While therapeutic interactions work toward developing a trusting, empathic therapeutic alliance, a forensic psychologist may not ethically nurture the client or act in a "helping" role, as the forensic evaluator has divided loyalties and there are substantial limits on confidentiality they can guarantee the client. A forensic evaluator must always be aware of manipulation in the adversary context of a legal setting. These concerns mandate an emotional distance that is unlike a therapeutic interaction.
 Pace and setting. Unlike therapeutic interactions which may be guided by many factors, the forensic setting with its court schedules, limited resources, and other external factors places great time constraints on the evaluation without opportunities for reevaluation. The forensic examiner focuses on the importance of accuracy and the finality of legal dispositions.

Ethics in forensic psychology

The ethical recommendations and expectations outlined for forensic psychology specifically are listed in the APA's Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology. These guidelines involve reminders that forensic psychologists should value integrity, impartiality, and fairness, as well as avoid conflicts of interest when possible. These conflicts of interest may arise in situations in which the psychologist is working as a consultant to one side or another in a court case, when the psychologist is required to testify or evaluate something that collides with their own beliefs or values, or when a psychologist is faced with the decision of choosing between playing the role of an individual's evaluator or treatment provider in a case. This final conflict of interest also relates to the ethical guidelines relating to having multiple relationships with clients. As a standard of ethics, forensic psychologists are expected to offer a certain amount of reduced fee or pro bono services for individuals who may not be able to afford hiring a psychologist for a court case otherwise. Other ethical guidelines involve receiving informed consent from clients before communicating information regarding their treatment or evaluations, respecting and acknowledging privacy, confidentiality, and privilege among clients, remaining impartial and objective when involved in a trial, and weighing the moral and ethical costs of complying with any court orders that may conflict with professional standards.

Notable research in forensic psychology
 Maryanne Garry conducted research on imagination inflation, and whether imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. The study investigated whether imagining a childhood event that did not happen increased individuals confidence that it did. The results reported that participants who originally reported an event did not happen changed their mind after imagining the scenario.
 Research by Tess Neal found that while there are a lot of psychometric measuring tools that are used by psychologists in legal cases, there are little challenges to the result they present.
 Stanley Milligram conducted research on how far people would go to obey authority figure if another person was harmed in the process. How the situation influenced the individual proves as a way to draw conclusions about the individual and their upbringing.

See also
 Applied psychology
 Forensic psychiatry
 Settled insanity
 Competency evaluation (law)
 List of United States Supreme Court cases involving mental health
 Media psychology
 Medical jurisprudence

Notes

References

Further reading
 Adler, J. R. (Ed.). (2004). Forensic Psychology: Concepts, debates and practice. Cullompton: Willan.
 Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (1999). History of Forensic Psychology. In A. K. Hess & Irving B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of Forensic Psychology (2nd ed., ). London: John Wiley and Sons.

 Dalby, J. T.  (1997) Applications of Psychology in the Law Practice: A guide to relevant issues, practices and theories. Chicago: American Bar Association.
 Davis, J. A. (2001). Stalking crimes and victim protection. CRC Press. 538 pages. . (hbk.)

 G.H. Gudjonsson and Lionel Haward: Forensic Psychology. A guide to practice. (1998)  (pbk.),  (hbk.)

 Melton, G. B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N. G., Otto, R. K., Mossman, D., & Condie, L. O. (2017). Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.

 Ogloff, J. R. P., & Finkelman, D. (1999). Psychology and Law: An Overview. In R. Roesch, S. D. Hart, & J. R. P. Ogloff (Eds.), Psychology and Law the State of the Discipline . New York: Springer.
 O'Mahony, B. (2013). So, You Want to Be a Forensic Psychologist? Create Space.
 Ribner, N.G.(2002). California School of Professional Psychology Handbook of Juvenile Forensic Psychology. Jossey-Bass.
 Roesch, R., & Zapf, P. A. (Eds.). (2012). Forensic assessments in criminal and civil law: A handbook for lawyers. NY: Oxford University Press.
 Rogers, R. (Ed.) (2008). Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.

External links
 American Academy of Forensic Psychology Board-certified forensic experts, continuing education.
 American Board of Forensic Psychology Board certification and other information.
 American Psychology - Law Society
 Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law
 European Association of Psychology and Law
 European Association of Psychology and Law Student Society Resources and Fact sheets on Forensic Psychology

Academic disciplines

Forensic psychology


Liden sol er det tredje studiealbum fra den danske sangerinde Helene Blum. Det blev udgivet i 2010 og blev godt modtaget af anmelderne.

Albummet indeholder fortolkninger af gamle danske sange og enkelte nye.
Sangen "Gennem marv og ben" er skrevet af Christian Juncker og Klaus Lynggaard til albummet. Teksten til "Det er hvidt derude" er skrevet af Steen Steensen Blicher i 1838 og den har en melodi skrevet af Thomas Laub i 1914. "Der er noget i luften" er skrevet af Vilhelm Gregersen i 1911. Teksten til "Spurven sidder stum bag kvist" er forfattet af Jeppe Aakjær i 1910, mens Thorvald Aagaard har skrevet melodien i 1915.

Spor
 "Liden sol" - 2:14
 "Gennem marv og ben" (Christian Juncker, Klaus Lynggaard) - 3:37
 "Spurven sidder stum bag kvist" (Jeppe Aakjær, Thorvald Aagaard) - 3:15
 "Der er noget i luften" (Vilhelm Gregersen) - 3:10
 "Fryd dig, du Kristi brud" - 2:12
 "Decembernat" - 4:06
 "Julevise" - 3:15
 "Julefest" - 3:34
 "Ouverture (Det er hvidt herude)" (Steen Steensen Blicher, Thomas Laub) - 4:39
 "Sneflokke kommer vrimlende" - 1:01

Medvirkende
 Helene Blum - vokal
 Harald Haugaard - violin
 Rasmus Zeeberg - guitar, mandolin
 Sune Hansbæk - guitar
 Kirstine Elise Pedersen - cello
 Tapana Varis - kontrabas, jødeharpe
 Torben Sminge - flygelhorn
 Sune Rahbek - percussion

Referencer

Helene Blum-album
Album fra 2010

Liden sol (album)


Paşapınar, Orhangazi - Bursa ili Orhangazi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Paşapınar, Menteşe - Muğla ili Menteşe ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Paşapınar


Schinoasa Mare este un sector reprezentativ cu vegetație silvică în raionul Anenii Noi, Republica Moldova. Este amplasat în ocolul silvic Anenii Noi, Schinoasa Mare, parcela 5, subparcela 3. Are o suprafață de 15 ha. Obiectul este administrat de Gospodăria Silvică de Stat Chișinău.

Referințe

Legături externe

Schinoasa Mare
Raionul Anenii Noi

Pădurea Schinoasa Mare (arie protejată)


An Phymatidium aquinoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Phymatidium aquinoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phymatidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Phymatidium

Phymatidium aquinoi


En matros, der tager afsked med sin pige er et genremaleri fra juni 1840 af C.W. Eckersberg. Det har tidligere tilhørt grosserer Bernhard Hirschsprung (bror til Heinrich Hirschsprung), men er i dag en del af samlingen på Ribe Kunstmuseum. Værket havde i 2015-16 en central placering i udstillingen Eckersberg - En smuk løgn på SMK i København, hvor det blev brugt som hovedmotiv både på udstillingsplakat og tilhørende katalog.

Billedet forestiller to personer, der skilles et sted i København. Personen til højre, en matros, har placeret hånden i retning mod parrets sammensmeltede skygge mod den bagvedliggende mur, hvilket ofte tolkes som pegende frem imod en fælles fremtid for de to.

I Eckersbergs dagbog fra 1840 skriver han den 16. juni: "Anlagt et lidet Maleri", og senere igen - ni dage senere - "Arbeidet paa og blevet færdig med et lidet Maleri forestillende en Matros som tager Afsked med sin Pige".

Den Kongelige Kobberstiksamling ejer et forstudie til værket i ca. kvart størrelse. Dette er udført på papir med blyant, pen, gråt blæk, pensel og gråbrun lavering i flere toner. Studiet blev erhvervet i 1998 på Kunsthallens Auktioner som en gave fra Kulturværdiudvalget, og var opført i auktionskataloget med titlen Et møde ved parkens mur. Dagslys

Referencer

Malerier fra 1840
Malerier af C.W. Eckersberg
Malerier fra Ribe Kunstmuseum

En matros, som tager afsked med sin pige


Kobiele Wielkie ist ein Dorf im Powiat Radomszczański in der Woiwodschaft Łódź, Polen. Es ist ebenfalls Sitz der gleichnamigen Landgemeinde (gmina wiejska).

Geographie
Kobiele Wielkie liegt ca. 81 km südlich von Łódź, 13 km südöstlich von Radomsko und 42 km nordöstlich von Częstochowa.

Geschichte
Von 1975 bis 1998 gehörte das Dorf zur Woiwodschaft Piotrków.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Park Dworski aus dem neunzehnten Jahrhundert.

Gemeinde

Geographie
Die Gemeinde hat eine Flächenausdehnung von 101,85 km². 63 % des Gemeindegebiets werden landwirtschaftlich genutzt, 27 % sind mit Wald bedeckt.

Sołectwo
Die Landgemeinde besteht aus den 20 Sołectwa (Schulzenämter): Babczów, Biestrzyków Mały, Biestrzyków Wielki, Brzezinki, Cadów, Cieszątki, Huta Drewniana, Karsy, Kobiele Małe, Kobiele Wielkie, Łowicz, Nowy Widok, Orzechów, Orzechówek, Posadówka, Przyborów, Przybyszów, Ujazdówek, Wola Rożkowa und Zrąbiec. Sowie den Dörfern Cadówek, Jasień, Kajetanówka, Katarzynów, Łazy, Przydatki Przybyszowskie, Rozpęd, Stary Widok, Świerczyny und Tomaszów.

Söhne und Töchter des Ortes
 Władysław Reymont (1867–1925), Schriftsteller

Weblinks
 Webseite der Gemeinde

Einzelnachweise

Gmina in der Woiwodschaft Łódź
Ort der Woiwodschaft Łódź
Powiat Radomszczański

Kobiele Wielkie


Royston Campbell Crane (November 22, 1901 – July 7, 1977), who signed his work Roy Crane, was an American cartoonist who created the comic strip characters Wash Tubbs, Captain Easy and Buz Sawyer. He pioneered the adventure comic strip, establishing the conventions and artistic approach of that genre. Comics historian R. C. Harvey wrote, "Many of those who drew the earliest adventure strips were inspired and influenced by his work."

Biography
Born in Abilene, Texas, Crane grew up in nearby Sweetwater. When he was 14, he took the Charles N. Landon correspondence course in cartooning. He initially attended college at Hardin-Simmons University in Abilene and later the University of Texas, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. At 19, he studied for six months at the Academy of Fine Arts in Chicago. His early work history was a checkered one, including pitching tents for a Chautauqua, a seaman's berth and a stint riding the rails. In 1922, he began his newspaper cartooning career on the New York World, where he assisted H. T. Webster. Crane was also influenced by the work of cartoonist Ethel Hays, especially in the drawing of women.

Wash Tubbs and Captain Easy
In 1924, Crane approached Charles N. Landon, an editor at the Newspaper Enterprise Association. Landon and Crane discussed a strip titled Washington Tubbs II about a diminutive goof employed at a grocery store. With the title shortened to Wash Tubbs, the strip debuted April 21, 1924. After four months, Crane tired of the gag-a-day format and sent his pint-size hero hunting for a treasure buried somewhere on a South Pacific island. The strip then evolved into a rollicking adventure yarn, with Crane introducing innovations in storytelling, sound effects and layouts, as noted by pop culture historian Tim DeForest:
Though played mostly for laughs, the storyline contained a notable element of danger as well... Crane was developing strength as an artist that added to his already strong figure work. He had an eye for detail, paying close attention to background and to the overall layout of each panel. He was an innovator in the use of lettering, using bold type and exclamation points to enhance the emotions already expressed by his character design... It was Crane who pioneered the use of onomatopoeic sound effects in comics, adding "bam," "pow" and "wham" to what had previously been an almost entirely visual vocabulary. Crane had fun with this, tossing in an occasional "ker-splash" or "lickety-wop" along with what would become the more standard effects. Words as well as images became vehicles for carrying along his increasingly fast-paced storylines. Following Wash's initial adventure, the strip reverted to a dependence on gags for a time. But Wash had acquired a taste for travel and adventure.

With the introduction in 1929 of the raffish soldier of fortune, Captain Easy, Crane heightened the spirit of adventure and later created a Sunday strip focusing on Captain Easy. NBM Publishing's Flying Buttress Classics Library reprinted the complete run of Wash Tubbs and Captain Easy in a series of 18 volumes. Bill Blackbeard's introductions to these books contain biographical and critical material.

Buz Sawyer

World War II rendered the comic-opera settings of Tubbs' adventures frivolous, and the strip took on a new tone. In 1943, an offer from Hearst's King Features Syndicate persuaded Crane to jump ship and create a more realistic comic strip, Buz Sawyer. He left Wash Tubbs in the hands of his assistant, Leslie Turner, a boyhood friend who had shared the hobo life with him.

Crane, an excellent draftsman despite his deceptively cartoonish style, introduced more illustrative shading techniques to the daily comics page. He progressed from line drawings with crosshatching to grease pencil on textured paper, then to Benday Dots and finally to Craftint Doubletone Paper. The Craftint paper, when brushed with chemical solutions, revealed either one or two layers of diagonal shading. Under Crane's brush, the technique yielded scenes of dramatic atmosphere, such as junglescapes fading into the misty distance. As he had done with Wash Tubbs, Crane traveled to various locations to research his plot lines and visuals. According to Crane: "In using benday, at first I thought in terms of blacks, grays, and white. Years of indifferent results and frustration followed. Gradually, black became less important. Today white is not just something to bring out the color of black... on the contrary, black is something to bring out the color of white".

Crane progressively relinquished his cartooning to assistants, and he died in Orlando, Florida in 1977.

Today, Buz Sawyer has been resurrected digitally as one of the vintage strips in King Features' emailed DailyINK subscription service.

According to comics historian Jeet Heer, Crane had a relationship with the State Department and the Navy Department and used the Buz Sawyer strip for propaganda purposes in order to support American foreign policy aims during World War II, the Cold War as well as the Vietnam War.

Awards

Crane was awarded the National Cartoonists Society's Billy DeBeck Memorial Award, later renamed the Reuben Award, for Cartoonist of the Year in 1950, and their Story Comic Strip Award in 1965, both for Buz Sawyer.  In 1961 he was awarded the Silver Lady by the New York Banshee Society.  He was named a Distinguished Alumnus of the University of Texas at Austin in 1969.

In 1965, he established the Roy Crane Award in the Arts at the University of Texas to encourage excellence and creativity in the arts among undergraduate and graduate students. In 1980, this award was given to Berkeley Breathed.

References

Further reading
Goulart, Ron. The Adventurous Decade. Arlington House, 1975. (Reprinted by Hermes Press, 2004.)
Marschall, Richard. America's Great Comic-Strip Artists. New York: Abbeville Press, 1989.
Captain Easy: Soldier of Fortune, Rick Norwood, ed. Fantagraphics Books, 2010. (Sunday Captain Easy strips in color.)

External links
Roy Crane Papers 1908-1977 at Syracuse University (primary source material)
Papers of R. C. Crane, Sr. (artist's father) in Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University

1901 births
1977 deaths
American comic strip cartoonists
People from Abilene, Texas
Reuben Award winners
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
People from Sweetwater, Texas

Roy Crane


Le Vieux château de Peteghem est un château à Peteghem-sur-l'Escaut (Wortegem-Petegem). Il s'agissait auparavant d'un château entouré de douves situé sur la rive gauche d'un méandre de l'Escaut aujourd'hui coupé.

Historique de la construction
Au début du Moyen Âge, se trouvaient ici les ruines de l'un des plus anciens châteaux de Flandre. Un diplôme remis par Charles le Chauve en 864 indique que ce château était habité par les rois francs de la deuxième maison royale. Guy de Dampierre aurait transformé l'ancienne forteresse en château. Une présence humaine au  sur le site a été confirmée par des fouilles.

"'t Oud Kasteel" a été construit en 1789-1790 sur les ruines du château fort, à la demande de Judocus Clemmen. L'édifice rectangulaire en briques et pierres crépies de style Louis XVI était flanqué de remises à calèches (à l'ouest du château elles ont été conservées). En 1847, le nouveau château de Peteghem est construit à côté de l'ancien château. Après les bombardements de la Première Guerre mondiale (1918), le château a été en grande partie démoli. L'étage restant a été adapté avec un toit en bâtière de tuiles et des pignons à gradins latéraux.

Galerie

Voir aussi
 Liste des châteaux en Belgique
 Nouveau château de Peteghem

Références

Patrimoine immobilier classé dans la Région flamande
Château dans la province de Flandre-Orientale
Wortegem-Petegem

Vieux château de Peteghem


Nicolae Oancea (n. 1888, Dobra, județul Hunedoara – d. 1958, Deva, județul Hunedoara) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918 .

Biografie
A făcut școala primară și a intrat ca ucenic de blănar la Lugoj. După Unire s-a stabilit la Deva, unde își deschide un atelier de blănărie .

Activitatea politică
Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a fost delegat al Reuniunii sodalilor (calfelor, meșteșugarilor) din Dobra .

Recunoașteri

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8 8141-90-7.

Lectură suplimentară
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II).
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998.
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu-Mureș, 1993.
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015.

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații
http://centenarulromaniei.ro/delegatii-alesi-ai-romanilor-din-transilvania-adunarea-nationala-1-decembrie-1918-alba-iulia

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
 Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1888
Decese în 1958
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Meșteri populari români

Nicolae Oancea


Jessica Holmes (born August 29, 1973) is a Canadian comedian and actress. She is best known for her work with the Royal Canadian Air Farce, which she joined in 2003, after starring in her own show, The Holmes Show in 2002.  She is married to actor Scott Yaphe.

Holmes attended Canterbury High School in Ottawa followed by Ryerson University in Toronto.

For one season, Holmes hosted her own show, The Holmes Show.  She also appeared on XPM and History Bites.

Holmes is the daughter of a feminist mother and a Mormon father. She joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) at age 19; beginning at age 21, for 18 months she was a Mormon missionary in Venezuela. She is no longer a member of the LDS Church. In her comedy, she parodies right wing Christian fundamentalists through her character, Candy Anderson Henderson. She also parodies this by appearing as Sister Bessy, a nun with a thick Scottish accent who comments on politics.

On both The Holmes Show and Air Farce, she has performed caricatures of various celebrities, including Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Liza Minnelli, Myriam Bédard, Belinda Stronach, Geri Halliwell, Britney Spears, Tim Allen, Jim Carrey and others.

Jessica and Scott have 2 children. Penelope Corrin was her fill-in on Air Farce during Jessica's first maternity leave during the first two months of 2007. She returned to the show in March 2007. Holmes took her second leave during the first few episodes of Air Farce'''s last season in October 2008, as she gave birth to her second child.Air Farce left the air as a regular show as of December 2008.   Though the show has broadcast an annual reunion special every year since, Holmes has only participated in the 2010 and 2016 reunion special.

In 2010, she published a memoir entitled I Love Your Laugh: Finding the Light in My Screwball Life.

Holmes has appeared in a number of Ross Petty's annual Christmas pantomime family musicals at the Toronto's Elgin Theatre.

She received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Lead Performance in a Web Program or Series at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards in 2022, for her role in The Communist's Daughter''.

Filmography

Television

References

External links

1973 births
Actresses from Ottawa
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television personalities
Canadian television actresses
Canadian voice actresses
Canadian Unitarian Universalists
Former Latter Day Saints
Living people
Mormon missionaries in Venezuela
Royal Canadian Air Farce
Toronto Metropolitan University alumni
Canadian Mormon missionaries
20th-century Mormon missionaries
Female Mormon missionaries
Canadian women comedians
Canadian expatriates in Venezuela
Converts to Mormonism
21st-century Canadian memoirists
Canadian sketch comedians
Canadian women television personalities
Canadian impressionists (entertainers)
Canadian women memoirists
21st-century Canadian comedians
Comedians from Ottawa

Jessica Holmes


Bilgisayar ağı, küçük bir alan içerisindeki veya uzak mesafelerdeki bilgisayarların ve/veya iletişim cihazını iletişim hatları aracılığıyla birbirine bağlandığı, dolayısıyla bilgi ve sistem kaynaklarının farklı kullanıcılar tarafından paylaşıldığı, bir yerden başka bir yere

veri aktarımının mümkün olduğu iletişim sistemi. En az iki bilgisayarı birbirine bağlayarak bir ağ oluşturulur. 1980'li yıllarla birlikte, Ethernet ve LAN teknolojisinin gelişmesiyle, kişisel bilgisayarlar ve ofisler bilgisayar ağlarına kavuşmuştur. En bilinen ve en büyük bilgisayar ağı, İnternettir.

İlk bilgisayar ağı, İleri Araştırma Projeleri Ajansı'nın Amerikan Savunma Bakanlığı için geliştirdiği İleri Araştırma Projeleri Ajansı Bilgisayar Ağı yani ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)'tir.

Tarihçe

 1960'lı yılların sonla. Çoklu erişim, aynı kabloya birden fazla bilgisayarın bağlanabileceğini belirtir. Çarpışmanın tespiti ise hattaki verilerin çarpışmasını engellemek için alınmış bir güvenlik önlemidir. Bu eski ağ tasarımı bugünkü ethernetin temelidir.
 1972 yılında XEROX firması deneysel amaçlı ilk ethernet kartını üretti ve 1975 yılında ilk ethernet ürününü piyasaya sürdü. Bu ürünün orijinal versiyonu 2.95 Mbps hızında 1 km kablo ile 100 den fazla bilgisayarı birbirine bağlamak üzere tasarlanmıştı. XEROX ethernet kartı çok başarılı oldu. Intel, Xerox ve Digital 10 Mbps ethernet konusunda yeni bir standart getirdiler. Oluşturulan bu standart bugün kabul gören IEEE 802.3 standardı ile büyük benzerlikler göstermektedir.

Ethernet yerel iletişim ağı altında sistemleri birbirine bağlayan bir tür kablolama ve sinyalleşme biçimidir. Bilgisayar haberleşmesinin temelinde OSI modeli geçerlidir.

OSI modellemesinde ilk iki katmanda (1. katman -fiziksel- ve 2.inci katman -data link-) belirlenen Ethernet, ilk kez 1980'lerde Xerox firmasının DEC ve Intel firmalarıyla ortaklaşa yaptığı çalışmalar sonucunda, Ethernet Versiyon I. için 'Blue Book Standard' (Standart Mavi Kitap) adı altında, bu versiyonun kullandığı standartları açıklayan bir kitap ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

Burada açıklanan standartlar arasında, 'baseband' tekniği, CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect) network standardı ve ethernetin ilk dönemlerinde kullanılan ve uzun yıllar yaygın bir şekilde uygulanan koaksiyel kablo kullanım standartları anlatılmaktadır. Bu standart daha sonra 1985 yılında çıkan Ethernet II adlı yeni standartla revize edilmiştir.

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer) 802 numaralı projesinde ve 802.3 CSMA/CD network standardının oluşumunda, Ethernet II Versiyonu baz alınmıştır. Genelde de ethernet paketinin başında yer alan bilgi (header) dışında bir farkları olmadığı için, ikisi birbirlerinin yerine anılırlar.

Kablosuz Teknoloji

Karasal mikrodalgalar dünya tabanlı alıcı ve vericiler kullanır. Bu ekipmanlar çanak antenlere benzerler.

Karasal mikrodalga hattı düşük gigahertz aralığı kullanır. Mikrodalga antenler genellikle binalar, kuleler, tepeler ve dağ zirveleri üstüne yerleştirilir.

Amaçları
Bilgisayar ağları çeşitli amaçlar için kullanılır:
İletişim kolaylığı. Ağ kullanan insanlar mail, chat odaları, videolarla vb. daha kolay ve etkili iletişim kurabilirler.
Donanım paylaşımı. Ağ dünyasında, ağ üzerindeki herhangi bir bilgisayar ağda paylaşılan donanım kaynaklarına ulaşabilir ve bunları kullanabilir. Örneğin ağdaki bir bilgisayar ağın paylaşıma açık yazıcısından kendi bilgisayarı üzerinden çıktı alabilir.
Dosya, veri veya bilgi paylaşımı. Ağdaki yetkili kullanıcı ağ üzerindeki diğer bilgisayarlardaki veri ve bilgilere ulaşabilir. Ağdaki bu bilgi ve verilere kolayca ulaşabilme seçeneği birçok ağın önemli bir özelliğidir.
Yazılım paylaşımı. Ağa bağlı kullanıcı ağdaki uygulama programlarını uzaktaki bilgisayarlara kurabilir.

Ağ Paketi
Modern çoğu internet ağı, paket iletişimine dayalı protokoller kullanır. Bir ağ paketi, paket anahtarlamalı ağ tarafından taşınan verinin, biçimlendirilmiş birimidir.

Paketler iki tip veriden meydana gelir:

 Bilgi kontrolü
 Kullanıcı verisi(payload).

Bilgi kontrolü, kullanıcı bilgisini ulaştırmak için ağın ihtiyaç duyduğu veriyi sağlar.

Örnek olarak:

 Kaynak ve hedef ağ adresleri
 Hata algılama kodları
 Sıralama bilgisi

Genellikle bilgi kontrolü, arasında yararlı yük verisi olmakla beraber, paket başlıkları ve alt bilgilerde bulunur.

Ağın devre anahtarlamalı olması yerine, paketlerle beraber kullanıcılar arasındaki iletim ortamının bant genişliği daha iyi paylaşımlı olabilir. Eğer bir kullanıcı paket göndermiyorsa, ağdaki bağlantı diğer kullanıcılar tarafından paketlerle doldurulabilir. Böylece maliyet, kısmen küçük aksaklıklarla, paylaştırılır ve sunulan bağlantı aşırı kullanılmaz. Sık sık, bir paketin internet üzerinden gitmesi gereken rotası çabucak müsait olmaz. Bu gibi durumlarda, paket sıraya alınır ve bağlantı boşalana kadar bekler.

Paket ağlarının fiziksel katman teknolojileri, genellikle paketlerin boyutunu belirli bir en yuksek iletim birimine (MTU) sınırlar. Uzun bir mesaj, iletilmeden önce parçalanmış olabilir ve paketler ulaştıklarında ise, tekrar asıl mesaj hali için bir araya getirilir.

Ağ Topolojileri

Ağ düğümleri ve bağlantılarının fiziksel ve coğrafik konumlarının bir ağ zerinde genellikle nispeten ufak etkisi olur ama bir ağın ara bağlantılarının topolojisi, veri hacmini ve güvenilirliği  önemli ölçüde etkiler.

Yol ve yıldız ağları gibi birçok teknolojiyle, sadece bir hata tüm ağın hata almasına neden olabilir.

Genel olarak, bir ağın daha çok bağlantıya sahip olması, onun daha hatasız ve sağlam olmasını sağlar. Fakat aynı zamanda, yüklemek ve kurmak daha pahalı olabilir. Bu sebeple çoğu ağ diyagramı, ağdaki ana bilgisayarların mantıksal ara bağlantılarının haritası olan  topolojisine göre yerleştirilir.

Bilgisayar Ağı Türleri
Bilgisayar ağları büyüklüklerine, topolojilerine ve kullanılan protokollere göre çeşitli türlere ayrılırlar. .

Büyüklüklerine Göre
 BAN - Vücut alan ağı (Body Area Network)
 PAN - Kişisel alan ağı (Personal Area Network)
 CAN - Kampüs alan ağı (Campus Area Network)
 LAN - Yerel alan ağı (Local Area Network)
 MAN - Metropol alan ağı (Metropolitan Area Network)
 SAN - Depolama alan ağı (Storage Area Network)
 VPN - Sanal özel ağ (Virtual Private Network)
 WAN - Geniş alan ağı (Wide Area Network)

Ortamlarına Göre
 ATM
 Ethernet
 FDDI
 Token Ring

Topolojilerine Göre
 Ağaç (Hiyerarşik) Topolojisi
 Gelişmiş Yıldız Topolojisi
 Halka (Ring) Topolojisi
 Örgü (Mesh) Topolojisi
 Ortak Yol (BUS) Topolojisi
 Yıldız (Star) Topolojisi

Ağ katmanı (OSI Modeli'nde katman 3)
Ağ katmanının ana görevi yönlendirmedir (routing). İletilen veri blokları ağ katmanına geldiğinde paket olarak adlandırılır. Yönlendirme işlemi paketlerin yerel network dışında diğer bilgisayar ağlarına gönderilmesini sağlar.

Ağ katmanında iki istasyon arasında verinin iletimi kontrol edilir. Bu veri iletilmesi sırasında bunun en ekonomik yoldan gerçekleşmesine dikkat edilir. Bu katman sayesinde verinin routerlar aracılığıyla yönlendirilmesi sağlanır. Yönlendirme  işleminde verinin ağ adreslerine bakılır.

Bilgisayar ağı aşamasında mesajlar adreslenmesi ve mantıksal adreslerin fiziksel adreslere çevrilmesi gerçekleştirilir. Bu aşamada ağ (network) trafiği ve yönlendirme (routing) gibi işlemler de yapılır.

Kaynakça

Telekomünikasyon mühendisliği

Bilgisayar ağı


Storm Corrosion ist ein musikalisches Projekt von Mikael Åkerfeldt (Opeth) und Steven Wilson (Porcupine Tree).

Das erste, selbstbetitelte Studioalbum erschien am 4. Mai 2012 über Roadrunner Records. Wilson beschrieb es als "the final part in the odd trilogy of records completed by (Opeth's) Heritage and Steven Wilson's brand new solo album Grace for Drowning"

Geschichte
Mitte der 90er hörte Mikael Åkerfeldt das erste Mal von Steven Wilson. Åkerfeldts Freund Jonas Renkse spielte ihm damals die Porcupine Tree Alben The Sky Moves Sideways und Signify vor und Åkerfeldt wurde ein großer Fan dieser Band. Jahre später schrieb Wilson Åkerfeldt eine E-Mail, nachdem ein französischer Journalist ihm das Opeth-Album Still Life gegeben hatte. Die Zwei trafen sich in London und Åkerfeldt bat Wilson, das nächste Opeth-Album zu produzieren. Schon bei diesem Treffen sprachen sie auch über eine darüber hinausgehende musikalische Zusammenarbeit.

Wilson produzierte das fünfte Opeth Album Blackwater Park und auch die beiden Nachfolgealben Deliverance und Damnation. Außerdem mischte er das 2011 erschienene Heritage. 2005 übernahm Åkerfeldt auf dem achten Studioalbum der Porcupine Trees, Deadwing, Gastparts am Gesang und an der Gitarre.

Beide entschlossen sich im März 2010 ab und an an einem gemeinsamen Projekt zu arbeiten. Ursprünglich sollte Mike Portnoy, der ehemalige Schlagzeuger von Dream Theater, die Schlagzeugparts übernehmen, später erklärte Åkerfeldt, dass Portnoy nicht länger Teil des Projekts sei, da es bei dem bisherigen Material keinen Raum für ein Schlagzeug gäbe. Wilson konkretisierte, dass lediglich 15 – 20 % des Albums Schlagzeugparts enthalten und diese vom Porcupine Tree Drummer Gavin Harrison gespielt würden. Im September 2011 wurde das Album fertiggestellt, eine Veröffentlichung aber zunächst zurückgehalten, damit sich Steven Wilson auf die Veröffentlichung und Promotion für sein zweites Soloalbum Grace for Drowning und Åkerfeldt auf Opeths zehntes Studioalbum Heritage konzentrieren konnten, die beide im September 2011 erschienen. Am 4. Mai 2012 wurde Storm Corrosion in Deutschland veröffentlicht. Aufgenommen wurden die insgesamt sechs Songs in Wilson's No Man's Land Studio in Herfortshire, England.

Wilson über Storm Corrosion
"Ich glaube uns beiden schwirrte die Idee zu dieser Art von Musik im Kopf herum, von der wir wussten, dass unsere Bands sie nicht spielen würden, aber wir beide verstanden uns diesbezüglich sehr gut. Denn wir haben diese gemeinsame Leidenschaft: sehr experimentelle, düstere Alben, fast schon orchestral in ihrer Tragweite. Und wir wollten schon lange eine solche Platte machen. Aber es ist ein weiter Weg vom Metal dorthin, und es ist ein weiter Weg von allem, das Mikael je gemacht hat, denke ich, inklusive [Opeths] Damnation Album. Ich glaube, eine Menge Leute dachten "Oh, es wird sicherlich wie Damnation klingen". Das tut es nicht; auch davon ist es weit entfernt. Und auch von allem, was ich je gemacht habe, ist es weit entfernt… Was wir nämlich nicht tun wollten, ist, uns für eine Prog Metal Supergroup zusammenzutun, auch wenn das einfach gewesen wäre – und es war teilweise auch das, was von uns erwartet wurde. Und, weißt du, vielleicht machen wir das auch irgendwann. Aber diesmal haben wir gedacht "Lass uns einfach dieses Album machen". Manche Leute werden es lieben, manche nicht, und das ist OK, denn letztendlich wollten wir nicht das tun, was erwartet wurde, und genau das haben wir getan."

Wilson erzählte zudem, dass Åkerfeldt die meiste Gitarrenarbeit übernommen habe, während er selbst sich auf die Keyboard-Parts und das Arrangement der Musik konzentriert habe. Er sagte über das Album, dass es viele orchestrale Teile enthalte und "mellow, strange and disturbing" sei. Es werde sechs Titel enthalten, wobei einige davon sogar oberhalb von 10 Minuten Spieldauer lägen. Laut Wilson gebe es keine Pläne für eine Tour für das Album, da es zu schwierig umsetzbar sei – einerseits zeitlich, aufgrund der Projekte beider Bandmitglieder, aber auch aufgrund der Musik an sich. Auch über die Veröffentlichung hinausgehende Pläne gebe es bislang nicht.

Diskografie

Alben
 2012: Storm Corrosion (Roadrunner Records)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Multinationale Band
Rockband
Steven Wilson

Storm Corrosion


Juraj Krusić ili Đuro Kružić OCist (Dubrovnik – Dubrovnik, 18. ili 21. studenog 1513.) bio je prelat Katoličke Crkve koji je služio kao biskup trebinjsko-mrkanski od 1493. do 1513.

Životopis

Krusić je podrijetlom iz Dubrovnika. Oko 1470. godine ušao je u cistercite u Mađarskoj.

Dubrovački ga Senat predlaže, 1. prosinca 1492., a papa Aleksandar VI., 19. srpnja 1493., imenuje za trebinjsko-mrkanskog biskupa. Prije toga bio je opat benediktinskog samostana sv. Petra u Pečuškoj biskupiji.

Polovinu je svoje osobne knjižnice oporučno ostavio knjižnici Male braće, a drugu polu dubrovačkim dominikancima. U oporuci koju je sastavio 20. listopada 1511. Trebinjskoj biskupiji je ostavio posjed s kućom na Pločama kako navodi "ne zbog dužnosti (no(n) ex debito), već iz ljubavi (sed ex amoris)".

Preminuo je između 18. i 21. studenog 1513. godine. Pokopan je u kapeli crkve sv. Šime u Dubrovniku koja je nestala u potresu 1667.

Izvori

Literatura

Knjige

Članci

Mrežna sjedišta

Životopisi, Dubrovnik
Hrvatski cisterciti
Trebinjsko-mrkanski biskupi

Juraj Krusić


L'opération Pitting est une opération militaire britannique visant à évacuer les ressortissants britanniques et les Afghans éligibles d'Afghanistan à la suite de l'offensive talibane de 2021. L'opération impliquait de plus de 1 000 militaires, incluant des soldats de 16 brigade d'assaut par air et s'est déroulé en même temps que les efforts d'évacuation de nombreux autres pays.

Plus de 15 000 personnes ont été transportées par avion en toute sécurité sur plus de 100 vols dans le cadre de la plus grande évacuation britannique depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale et du plus grand pont aérien depuis le blocus de Berlin de 1948-1949. Parmi les personnes évacuées, 5 000 sont des ressortissants britanniques et 8 000 des Afghans, recherchés et persécutés par les talibans en raison de leur rôle en ayant collaborés avec les forces britanniques pendant l'opération Herrick  environ 2 200 enfants ont également été évacués, le plus jeune n'ayant qu'un jour.

L'évacuation met en œuvre les engagements pris par le gouvernement britannique dans le cadre de la politique de relocalisation et d'assistance afghane (Afghan Relocations and Assistance Policy, ARAP), qui a débuté en avril 2021. Au total, 10 000 Afghans éligibles ont été évacués dans le cadre de l'ARAP jusqu'à la fin de l'opération Pitting.

L'opération marqua la fin de la campagne militaire de 20 ans du Royaume-Uni en Afghanistan.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Opération Toral
 Opération Allies Refuge
 Opération Apagan

Évacuations de personnes
2021 en Afghanistan
Guerre d'Afghanistan (2001-2021)
Pitting

Opération Pitting


Evángelos Odysséas Papathanassíou (f. 29. mars 1943 – d. 17. maí 2022), betur þekktur sem Vangelis, var grískt tónskáld sem samdi klassíska, framúrstefnu og raftónlist. Meðal verka hans er tónlist við myndirnar Chariots of Fire og Blade Runner. Hann hlaut Óskarsverðlaun fyrir fyrri tónlist myndarinnar.

Á 9. áratugnum gerði Vangelis plötur með söngvara Yes, Jon Anderson, undir nafninu Jon & Vangelis. Þættirnir Cosmos með Carl Sagan notaðist við tónlist Vangelis. Meira en 50 plötur voru gefnar út af honum.

Plötur

Kvikmyndatónlist
L'Apocalypse des animaux
Ignacio (aka Do You hear the Dogs Barking?)
La Fête sauvage
Opéra sauvage
Chariots of Fire
Blade Runner
Antarctica
1492: Conquest of Paradise
Alexander
Blade Runner Trilogy: 25th Anniversary
El Greco: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Chariots of Fire – The Play: Music from the Stage Show

Breiðskífur
Fais que ton rêve soit plus long que la nuit (1972)
Earth (1973)
Heaven and Hell (1975)
Albedo 0.39 (1976)
Spiral (1977)
Beaubourg (1978)
Hypothesis (1978; unofficial)
The Dragon (1978; unofficial)
China (1979)
See You Later (1980)
Soil Festivities (1984)
Mask (1985)
Invisible Connections (1985)
Direct (1988)
The City (1990)
Foros Timis Ston Greco (1995)
Voices (1995)
Oceanic (1996)
El Greco (1998)
Mythodea – Music for the NASA Mission: 2001 Mars Odyssey (2001)
Rosetta (2016)
Nocturne: The Piano Album (2019)
Juno to Jupiter (2021)

Með Jon Anderson
 Short Stories (1980)
 The Friends of Mr. Cairo (1981)
 Private Collection (1983)
 Page of Life (1991)

Grískir tónlistarmenn

Vangelis


Sidi Abderrahmane se poate referi la:
Sidi Abderrahmane, localitate în provincia Chlef, Algeria
Sidi Abderrahmane, localitate în provincia Tiaret, Algeria

Sidi Abderrahmane


An Lemna yungensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Landolt. An Lemna yungensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lemna, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lemna

Lemna yungensis


Felix Blocher (* 20. März 1956 in Basel) ist ein schweizerischer Vorderasiatischer Archäologe.

Blocher absolvierte 1975 die Matura am Humanistischen Gymnasium Basel. Er studierte von 1975 bis 1980 Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Ägyptologie und Klassische Archäologie an der Universität Basel und schloss 1979 mit dem Lizenziat ab. Von 1980 bis 1985 studierte er Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Assyriologie und Klassische Archäologie an der Universität München, wo er 1985 auch promoviert wurde. Nach einer kurzzeitigen Beschäftigung als wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft am Institut für Assyriologie und Hethitologie erhielt er von 1986 bis 1989 ein Postdoktoranden-Stipendium der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft zum Thema Siegelabrollungen auf frühaltbabylonischen Tontafeln.

Anschließend war er bis 1995 an der Universität Heidelberg wissenschaftlicher Assistent am Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Vorderasiatische Archäologie. Nach seiner Habilitation war er ebenda Hochschuldozent. 1998 war er unter Dittmar Machule stellvertretender Leiter der Ausgrabungen in Tall Mumbaqat.

Nach einer Vertretung der Professur wurde er 2001 an die Universität Halle-Wittenberg als Professor für Vorderorientalischen Archäologie berufen. Mit Ende des Sommersemesters 2022 wurde er emeritiert.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Der Bronzekopf von Ninive. Herkunft, Geschichte und Bedeutung einer altmesopotanischen Haartracht. Lizenziatsarbeit, Universität Basel, 1979
 Untersuchungen zum Motiv der nackten Frau in der altbabylonischen Zeit (= Münchner Vorderasiatische Studien. Band 4). Profil-Verlag, München 1987, ISBN 3-89019-185-1 (zugleich Dissertation, Universität München, 1985).
 Siegelabrollungen auf frühaltbabylonischen Tontafeln in der Yale Babylonian Collection. Ein Katalog. Profil-Verlag, München/Wien 1992, ISBN 3-89019-310-2.
 Siegelabrollungen auf frühaltbabylonischen Tontafeln im British Museum. Ein Katalog. Profil-Verlag, München/Wien 1992, ISBN 3-89019-311-0.

Weblinks
 Felix Blocher auf der Website der Universität Halle-Wittenberg
 Felix Blocher auf der Website des Sonderforschungsbereichs 586 ("Differenz + Integration")

Vorderasiatischer Archäologe
Hochschullehrer (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg)
Schweizer
Geboren 1956
Mann

Felix Blocher


El término manipulador de alimentos se refiere a toda persona que por su actividad laboral tiene contacto directo con los alimentos durante su preparación, fabricación, transformación, elaboración, envasado, almacenamiento, transporte, distribución, venta, suministro y servicio. Suelen excluirse de esta lista algunas actividades ligadas al sector primario.

Legislación
Como consecuencia de la Directiva 2006/123/CE y la entrada en vigor de las respectivas leyes europeas, en concreto el Reglamento (CE) 854/2004, se promulga en España, el Real Decreto 109/2010, de 5 de febrero (BOE 19/02/2010), que deroga expresamente el Real Decreto 202/2000, de 11 de febrero, por el que se establecen las normas relativas a los manipuladores de alimentos.

Según lo establecido en el Reglamento (CE) n.º 852/2004 que se refiere a la higiene de los productos alimenticios, entre las obligaciones de las empresas alimentarias se incluye la de garantizar «la supervisión y la instrucción o formación de los manipuladores de productos alimenticios en cuestiones de higiene alimentaria».

Es obligatorio tener el certificado si vas a trabajar manipulando alimentos aunque no es necesario realizarlo en otras ocasiones. Es recomendable realizar el curso cada 4 o 5 años para actualizar los conocimientos, además que las empresas empiezan a exigirlo.

En las visitas de control oficial que reciban las empresas alimentarias, éstas deberán mostrar los certificados de todos aquellos trabajadores cuya actividad laboral implique la manipulación de alimentos.

En Chile

Se define el término de Manipulador de Alimentos de manera oficial en la Legislación Sanitaria vigente como "toda persona que trabaja a cualquier título, aunque sea ocasionalmente, en lugares donde se produzca, manipule, elabore, almacene, distribuya o expenda alimentos". Esto corresponde a lo señalado en el Reglamento Sanitario de los Alimentos del Ministerio de Salud (Decreto N° 977/96, Publicado en el Diario Oficial con fecha 13.05.97)

Contaminación de los alimentos

Clasificación de la contaminación de los alimentos

Física
Se trata de cualquier objeto inanimado que puede caer o incorporarse a un alimento ( trozos de guante, tiritas, clips, botones, pendientes, trozos de techo o de pintura, fragmentos de fluorescente que se rompe, tornillos). La radiación en los alimentos también se considera contaminación física.

Química
Se trata de cualquier compuesto químico que pueda contener el alimento.

Puede tener diversos orígenes, aunque en las cocinas, la principal fuente son los productos de limpieza (es por ello que deben guardarse en un armario exclusivo y cerrado).
 Productos de limpieza
 Ingredientes a dosis elevadas (nitratos y nitritos en charcutería, restos de antibióticos en carne)
 Sustancias que se producen o contiene de forma natural el alimento (Solanina patatas, cianuro almendras amargas, hongos tóxicos)
 Sustancias que se producen o se añaden en el procesado de los alimentos (baterías de cocina con plomo, arsénico, aceite en las frituras, productos derivados del tostado de los alimentos.

Biológica
Es la más importante en la manipulación de alimentos.

Se diferencian dos tipos.
 La macroscópica; que se puede ver a simple vista (insectos, roedores y plagas voladoras, entre otros)
 La que no se ve pero se puede encontrar en alimentos mediante diversos test microbiológicos; la microbiológica (virus, bacterias, algunos parásitos y priones).
 Virus: Los virus pueden ir a parar a un alimento y la forma más habitual es que los incorpore una persona infectada. No obstante, como un alimento no tiene vida, un virus no se puede reproducir en él por lo general, ya que carecen de metabolismo propio. De esta manera el consumidor solo recibirá los que el infectado ha depositado.
 Bacterias: Es el organismo que causa con mayor frecuencia las infecciones de transmisión alimentaria. La vía de acceso de las bacterias a los alimentos es muy diversa, y lo más probable es que ya las presente el propio alimento. Lo más importante que hay que saber acerca de las bacterias es conocer qué factores las hacen crecer y multiplicarse. Hay que tener en cuenta que una bacteria es capaz de dividirse en solo 20 minutos si las condiciones le son favorables.
Las condiciones más favorables para el crecimiento de bacterias son la existencia de diversos nutrientes (proteínas, lípodos hidratos de carbono) y humedad. Por tanto, los alimentos como la leche y lactoderivados, los huevos, las carnes y el pescado suelen ser los más "peligrosos"

Higiene personal

Todo manipulador de alimentos debe destacar por su alto grado de higiene personal. Los manipuladores deberán mantener una esmerada limpieza personal mientras estén en funciones debiendo llevar ropa protectora, tal como: cofia o gorro que cubra la totalidad del cabello y delantal. Estos artículos deben ser lavables, a menos que sean desechables y mantenerse limpios. Este personal no debe usar objetos de adorno en las manos cuando manipule alimentos y deberá mantener las uñas de las manos cortas, limpias y sin barniz.

De los 2.500 millones de personas en todo el mundo que no tienen acceso a condiciones adecuadas de saneamiento, más de un tercio vive en India. Casi el 69% de la población de dicho país practica la defecación al aire y sin lavado de manos, de acuerdo a estimaciones, alrededor de 212.000 niños menores de cinco años mueren anualmente a causa de diarrea. Se ha planteado la interrogante de si construir más retretes detiene la propagación de enfermedades relacionadas con la falta de cuidado de salud, razón por la cual los programas gubernamentales indios de saneamiento se han centrado en la construcción de letrinas.

Un estudio evaluó la Campaña de Saneamiento Total del gobierno indio en Odisha, contando con la participación de más de 50.000 personas en 100 aldeas. Durante el período de estudio, la cantidad de letrinas en las aldeas intervenidas aumentó de 9% a 63%. Los resultados demuestran que este aumento no impidió la incidencia de diarrea en los beneficiarios, ni redujo las enfermedades. Por otro lado, la construcción de letrinas en sí misma no permite lograr el cambio de comportamiento asociado a la defecación al aire libre, ya que, de hecho, varios hogares que cuentan con retretes han mantenido dicha práctica.

Lavado de manos
El lavado de manos tiene como objetivo eliminar las suciedad visible y los posibles agentes patógenos que se puedan albergar en ellas así como la flora transitoria que se deposita sobre ellas. El personal que manipula alimentos deberá lavarse y cepillarse siempre las manos antes de iniciar el trabajo, inmediatamente después de haber hecho uso de los servicios higiénicos, después de manipular material contaminado y todas las veces que sea necesario.

Hábitos higiénicos
Hábitos prohibidos durante el trabajo:
 Fumar
 Comer
 Masticar chicle, caramelos…
 Secarse el sudor con la mano o brazo
 Toser o estornudar sobre los alimentos
 Hablar directamente sobre los alimentos
 Peinarse o rascarse
 Manipular dinero

Salud
Al responsable del establecimiento se debe comunicar:
 Si tenemos alguna lesión o herida en las manos
 Si tenemos diarrea, náuseas, vómitos y fiebre
 Si tenemos secreciones anormales por la nariz, las orejas o los ojos
Se deben comunicar para que el responsable conozca los hechos y adopte las medidas necesarias ya que estos casos son grandes fuentes de contaminación de alimentos.

En el caso de heridas, se deben curar, colocar una tirita o similar y siempre colocar un apósito impermeable que evite que se desprendan. Cuando la herida es en la mano, lo mejor es un guante.

Control de plagas

Para evitar la aparición de plagas existen métodos directos e indirectos:
 Directos: Evitar que entren y evitar que se queden.
 Indirectos: Eliminarlas si han entrado.

Para evitar que entren:
 Utilizar telas mosquiteras en ventanas y en cualquier apertura al exterior
 Tapar agujeros
 Colocar faldones en las puertas
 Colocar cortina de aire en los accesos o presión positiva
 Asegurarse que los sumideros están con agua y con tapa
 Utilizar aparatos ahuyentadores por ultrasonidos

Para evitar que se queden:
 Eliminar los restos de alimentos que puedan quedar sobre las superficies de trabajo o sobre almacenes (Tener un correcto plan de limpieza).
 Proteger adecuadamente los alimentos (proteger sacos…)
 No dejar basuras por las noches (Plan de residuos)
 Eliminando fuentes de bebida para las ratas (como sumideros que gotean, desagües de nevera…)
 Tapar agujeros en baldosas o grietas que puedan servir de refugio para las plagas (Plan de mantenimiento)
 No acumular suciedad o trastos viejos en las instalaciones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
«Documento de orientación sobre formación de manipuladores de alimentos». Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición

Higiene
Seguridad alimentaria

Manipulador de alimentos


LUSS Richland (AFDM-14) (ancien YFD-68), est une cale sèche flottante auxiliaire moyenne de classe AFDM-13 construite en 1944 et exploitée par l'US Navy. Elle a été d'abord remorqué jusqu'aux Philippines, puis à Guam où elle a servi jusqu'à la fin de la guerre.

En 1946, elle a été remise en service pour soutenir la maintenance des sous-marins à la base navale de Guam pendant les quarante années suivantes.

Historique

Seconde Guerre mondiale
La cale sèche YFD-64 est restée sur la côte ouest jusqu'au , date à laquelle elle a été remorquée jusqu'à Pearl Harbor. Le , elle est remorquée à Eniwetok puis à Ulithi, des atolls de l'océan Pacifique. Elle a ensuite été remorquée jusqu'à la baie de San Pedro aux Philippines où elle a travaillé jusqu'en novembre, date à laquelle elle a été remorquée jusqu'à Guam. Elle y est désarmée le .

Réactivation et service d'après-guerre
YFD-64 a été renommée AFDM-8 le , et remise en service à Guam le . La cale sèche flottante a soutenu la maintenance des sous-marins de missiles balistiques de la flotte de la base navale de Guam pendant plus de quarante ans. Elle a été nommée Richland le .

La cale sèche a été rayée de la liste de la marine le  et transférée à l'autorité locale de réaménagement de Guam le .

Transfert aux Philippines
Après son service dans l'US Navy, Richland est devenu un élément du chantier naval de Guam. Puis elle a ensuite été transféré aux Philippines, achetée par les services maritimes philippins Harbour Star Shipping Services. Le , des remorqueurs locaux et le remorqueur philippin de 467 tonnes Rhocas ont commencé à déplacer la cale sèche, une opération qui a pris plusieurs jours.

Il a été rapporté plus tard que le fournisseur de  avait acheté la cale sèche flottante et assurait également le remorquage de Guam aux Philippines.

Décoration
  American Campaign Medal
  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
  World War II Victory Medal
  National Defense Service Medal

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Steadfast (AFDM-14) - Site NavSource.Online
 Floating Docks (AFDB, AFDM, AFDL, ARD, ARDM, YFD) - Shipbuilder Site

Liens connexes
 Liste des navires auxiliaires de l'United States Navy
 Base navale de Guam
 Théâtre du Pacifique de la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Auxiliary Floating Drydock de l'US Navy
Bateau lancé en 1943
Navire construit en Californie
Navire auxiliaire de l'US Navy de la guerre froide
Bateau de l'US Navy de la guerre du Viêt Nam

USS Richland (AFDM-8)


Doina Eugenia Lie (n. 1 iunie 1929, Sebeș-Alba)  o sculptorițǎ română. A fost prima soție a lui Victor Roman (1955-1962).

Formație
S-a nǎscut la 1 iunie 1929 în Sebeș-Alba, în familia preotului greco-catolic Candit Lie și a învǎțǎtoarei Elisabeta Lie. Dupǎ absolvirea liceului pedagogic Pia Brǎtianu din București și fiindu-i interzis studiul superior datoritǎ "originii nesǎnǎtoase" Doina Lie este nevoita sa lucreze ca educatoare. Dupǎ trei ani i se aprobǎ totuși înscrierea la institutul de arte plastice "Nicolae Grigorescu" din București.
În 1956 absolvǎ secția sculpturǎ la clasa profesorului Constantin Baraschi.

Din 1956 expune la majoritatea expozițiilor anuale, municipale și ocazionale organizate de Ministerul Culturii și de Uniunea Artișilor Plastici din România.
Începând din 1976 se concentreazǎ pe sculpturǎ micǎ și expune majoritar în strǎinatate.

Merite
2004 -- a fost distinsă cu Ordinul Meritul Cultural de Președintele României Ion Iliescu.
2007 -- Cetațean de onoare al orașului Sebeș-Alba

Despre Doina Lie

Doina Lie face parte din generația de sculptori care marcheazǎ configurația sculpturii românești contemporane. Ea s-a situat la intersecția a trei tendințe majore: a statuarului occidental, a imaginii hieratice bidimensionale și a modernitǎții europene caracterizatǎ prin dinamica geometriei.
Pe de alta parte creația Doinei Lie se raporteazǎ creator și la valorile patrimoniale realizând sculpturi în aer liber ca cea a lui Neagoe Basarab de la Mǎnastirea Argeș sau a lui Iuliu Maniu de la Alba Iulia pǎstrând tradiția artei românești.

Așa cum George Apostu este singurul nostru sculptor de facturǎ romanică, un constructor și un vizionar al formelor grele, abia desprinse din amorf, Doina Lie este singurul nostru sculptor gotic, cel puțin printr-o secvență bine definită a operei ei. Deși, în lucrările din această categorie, se întîlnesc deopotrivă elemente postbizantine, cubiste și expresioniste, caracterul fundamental rămîne acela gotic, spiritual și mistic, în care materia se resoarbe, carnea intră în disoluție, dar totul rămîne în datele unui figurativ esențializat, fără a migra spre tipologie sau abstracțiune.
Pavel Șușară

Expoziții personale
 1975 Galeria 'Orizont', București
 1975 Galeria 'Haus im Park', Emmerich/Germania
 1977 Städtisches Museum Wesel/Germania
 1979 Casa de cultură 'Friedrich Schiller', București
 1981 Galeria 'Den Gulden Fointain', Amsterdam/Olanda
 1991 Fundația 'Dinu Lipatti', Geneva/Elveția
 1991 Galeria 'Haus im Park', Emmerich/Germania
 1992 Deutsche Bank, Kleve/Germania

Artă monumentală
 Sebeș-Alba Unire, piatră
 Curtea de Argeș Neagoe Basarab, piatră
 Mamaia Înotatoare, bronz (lucrare disparută, )
 Craiova Fântâni arteziene (Teatrul Național), oțel inoxidabil
 Câmpina Aurel Vlaicu, piatră
 Bistrița Năsăud Maternitate, piatră
 București Istorică (Muzeul de Artă), piatră
 București Doftana (Muzeul de Istorie), piatră
 Giurgiu Maternitate (Consiliul Popular), lemn
 Ploiești Compoziție (Muzeul de Artă), piatră
 Galați Grivița 33 (Muzeul de Artă), piatră
 Galați Rod bogat (Muzeul de Artă), lemn
 Vrancea Orfeu (Consiliul Popular), bronz
 Bârlad Nud (Muzeul Vasile Pârvan), marmură
 Baia de Arieș Mineri, piatră
 Constanța Omagiu (Spitalul județean), piatră
 Alba Iulia Familie, piatră
 Alba Iulia Iuliu Maniu, bronz
 Emmerich (Germania) Pieta (Adelgundiskirche), bronz
 Emmerich (Germania) Fecioara cu pruncul (Capela orasului), bronz
 Emmerich (Germania) Orfeu (foaierul teatrului de stat), lemn aurit
 Emmerich (Germania) Sf. Willibrord (spitalul Sf. Willibrord), bronz

Lucrări în muzee naționale
 Muzeul de Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia
 Muzeul Național de Artă al României, București
 Muzeul de Istorie, București
 Muzeul de Artă vizuală, Galați
 Muzeul Bucovinei, Suceava
 Muzeul de Artă, Constanța
 Muzeul 'Vasile Pârvan', Bîrlad
 Muzeul de Artă, Ploiești Muzeul Bruckental, Sibiu

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Barbosa, Octavian, Dicționarul artiștilor români contemporani, Editura Meridiane, București, 1976
 Hagiu, Grigore, BucureșȘtiul Artistic, Editura Sport Turism, 1984
 Deac, Mircea, Sculptura în România, Editura Medro, București, 2005
 Șușara, Pavel, Doina Lie - O schiță de portret, Fundația România Literară, 2010

Nașteri în 1929
Artiști plastici români
Sculptori români
Oameni din Sebeș
Români greco-catolici

Doina Lie


Existen varias islas denominadas isla Chata en el mundo:
 isla Chata, una isla del archipiélago de las Malvinas (Argentina);
 isla Chata, una isla marítima situada en la Provincia de Santa Cruz (Argentina);
 isla Chata, una isla ubicada en el Canal Beagle, en la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur (Argentina).

Isla Chata


Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec 2018 var den 9. udgave af cykelløbet Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec. Det var det 35. arrangement på UCI's World Tour-kalender i 2018 og blev arrangeret 7. september 2018. Løbet blev vundet af australske Michael Matthews fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
 Jakob Fuglsang kørte for
 Michael Valgren kørte for
 Jesper Hansen kørte for
 Christopher Juul-Jensen kørte for
 Søren Kragh Andersen kørte for

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
UCI World Tour 2018

Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec 2018


La tartine de beurre (en francés, La rebanada de pan con mantequilla) en do mayor, K. Anh. 284n C 27.09, es una pieza para piano en tempo de vals atribuida a Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

La parte de la mano derecha puede interpretarse con un solo dedo.

Se trata de una obra apócrifa, publicada por las ediciones Litolff en Braunschweig, y ha sido también atribuida a Leopold Mozart, padre de Wolfgang.

Véase también

 Anexo:Composiciones para piano solo de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Interpretación de Sara Vujadinovic

Composiciones para piano solo de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Composiciones espurias o de dudosa autenticidad de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

La tartine de beurre


شركة شرق اليابان للسكك الحديدية  هي أكبر شركة سكك حديدية لنقل الركاب في العالم، وهي واحدة من سبع شركات تنتمي إلى مجموعة السكك الحديدية اليابانية.

مراجع

النقل بالسكك الحديدية في اليابان
تأسيسات سنة 1987 في اليابان
سكك حديدية فائقة السرعة
شركات السكك الحديدية اليابانية
شركات سكك حديدية أسست في 1987
شركات مدرجة في بورصة طوكيو
شركات نقل مقرها في طوكيو
شركات يابانية أسست في 1987
شينكانسن
قطار فائق السرعة حسب البلد

شركة شرق اليابان للسكك الحديدية


Prospero Caterini (Onano,  - Roma, ) foi um cardeal italiano.

Biografia
Próspero Caterini nasceu em Onano, diocese de Acquapendente  na região do Lácio nos então Estados Pontifícios. Seus pais eram Francesco Caterini e Maria Domenica Pacelli  ambos de famílias nobres. A tia paterna de Próspero, Maria Antonia Caterini era casada com outro Pacelli, Gaetano Pacelli, tornando Próspero Caterini um parente da família Pacelli tanto por parte de mãe quanto por parte de pai. Maria Antonia Caterini e Gaetano Pacelli eram os pais de Marcantonio Pacelli, que serviu como ministro das Finanças do Papa Gregório XVI e vice-ministro do Interior do Papa Pio IX de 1851 a 1870 e também fundou o jornal L'Osservatore Romano em 20 de julho de 1860.  Em 1939, Eugenio Pacelli, um dos netos de Marcantonio, foi eleito para o papado como Papa Pio XII.

Os próprios Caterini traçaram sua nobreza para a família Cattanei ou Cattaneo, especificamente para Gualdo Cattaneo cuja família eram os Condes de Aversa em 1520. O nome "Caterini" foi tomado devido à devoção da família a Santa Catarina de Alexandria. Aqueles com o sobrenome Caterini mais tarde se tornaram parte da nobreza de Nocera Umbra , Acquapendente e Onano.

Perto da Grotte di Castro, nas proximidades do Lago Bolsena, a família Caterini tinha um castelo, o Castelo de Santa Cristina onde o jovem seminarista Eugenio Pacelli, futuro Papa Pio XII, passaria suas férias na companhia das famílias Pacelli-Caterini.

Prospero Caterini completou seus estudos em Roma.  Nenhuma informação foi encontrada sobre sua história de ordenação.  Foi secretário substituto da Sagrada Congregação Consistorial e mais tarde foi secretário da Sagrada Congregação de Estudos.  De 1 de março de 1841 a 28 de novembro de 1845, foi Auditor Santissimi .  Foi cônego da Basílica de São Pedro e tornou-se Assessor da Sagrada Congregação da Inquisição.

O Papa Pio IX o criou cardeal em 7 de março de 1853 e três dias depois, em 10 de março, o novo cardeal recebeu o chapéu vermelho e o título de Cardeal-Diácono de Santa Maria della Scala. Tornou-se Cardeal-Protodiácono em 6 de novembro de 1876 após a morte do atual protodiácono Cardeal Giacomo Antonelli. Em 18 de dezembro de 1876, ele optou e recebeu o título de Cardeal-Diácono de Santa Maria na Via Lata, anteriormente ocupado pelo falecido Cardeal Antonelli, mantendo em comenda o título de diácono de Santa Maria della Scala. Em 21 de dezembro de 1876, tornou-se secretário da Inquisição.

Prospero Caterini participou como cardeal-eleitor no conclave de 1878. Como protodiácono, anunciou no final do conclave a eleição do Cardeal Gioacchino Pecci como Papa Leão XIII.  Devido à doença, no entanto, ele foi incapaz de coroar o novo papa em sua coroação papal,  a honra foi para o Cardeal Teodolfo Mertel.

Faleceu em 28 de outubro de 1881 e após o velório realizado em sua diaconia, foi sepultado na capela da confraria do Preciosíssimo Sangue no cemitério Campo Verano, em Roma.

Link Externo
 sylwetka w słowniku biograficznym kardynałów Salvadora Mirandy

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio IX

Prospero Caterini


اليحر مدينة تابعة لمنطقة العين تقع على بعد 29 كيلو متر عن مركز مدينة العين وحوالي 130 كيلو متر عن مدينة أبو ظبي.

التسمية
سميت المدينة بالجَحَر لأن أراضيها تنخفض عن المناطق المحيطة بها حيث تحيط الكثبان الرملية بالمدينة من كافة الجوانب. وحيث إن أهل المنطقة يحولون حرف الجيم إلى حرف الياء في النطق العامي أصبحت المدينة تعرف باسم اليحر

التقسيم
المدينة تنقسم إلى عدة أقسام هي :
 اليحر القديمة.
 اليحر الشمالي.
 اليحر الجنوبي 1.
 اليحر الجنوبي 2.
 اليحر العالية أو حي عالية.
 منطقة اليحر الجديدة والتي انتشرت تسميتها بين سكان اليحر بألف مسكن.

المباني والمعالم
قد لا تتوفر في المنطقة معالم شهيرة الا انها تحوي الخدمات الاساسية التي توفرها وتدعمها الحكومة مثل :
 المدارس الحكومية بمختلف مراحلها ( ابتدائي - إعدادي - ثانوي ) وأنواعها ( بنين وبنات )
 نادي العين الرياضي الثقافي ( فرع اليحر )
  فرع لدائرة الماء والكهرباء
  فرع لمؤسسة الإمارات للاتصالات
  مركزين صحيين حكوميين.
  فرع بنك أبو ظبي التجاري
  فرع مصرف أبوظبي الإسلامي
  فرع بنك دبي الإسلامي
  فرع بنك الاتحاد الوطني
  محكمة ونيابة اليحر
  مركز تعليم الكبار
  العديد من المحلات والمراكز التجارية المتوسطة وكذلك عدد من المراكز الطبية الخاصة
  عدد  من المساجد ومصلى للعيد
 حديقة اليحر وبها حدقتين يالشمالي والجنوبي

وتتوافر في المنطقة الطرق الممهدة التي تربط كافة أرجائها من جهة وتربط المدينة بالمدن المجاورة من جهة أخرى.
تتميز اليحر بنشاطها تجاري جيد مماجعلها مقصداً هاماً للتجار لاستثمار مشاريعهم فيها بعد أن كانت قرية صحراوية نائية ومهملة يرفض عدد كبير ممن يحصلون على مساكن شعبية ان يسكنوا فيها أصبحت مقصدا لكثير من السكان.

الطقس
الطقس في منطقة اليحر  كباقي مناطق العين طقس صحراوي حار وجاف يمتاز بانخفاض  الرطوبة صيفا عن معدلاتها في المناطق الساحلية ، ولكن ترتفع فيها الحرارة قليلا مقارنة بوسط مدينة العين  نظرا لانخفاضها بين كثبان رملية  خصوصا التي تحيطها من الجهة الشمالية.

معرض الصور

المراجع
 المباني التاريخية
 عمادة المكتبات الجامعية
 العين مدينة الحدائق

الخليج العربي
العين، إمارة أبوظبي

اليحر


Dolní Věstonice () is a municipality and village in Břeclav District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. It is known for the eponymous archaeological site.

Geography
Dolní Věstonice is located about  northwest of Břeclav and  south of Brno. It lies on the border between the Mikulov Highlands and Dyje–Svratka Valley. The highest point is at  above sea level. The village is situated on the shore of the Nové Mlýny reservoirs. The municipality is partly located in the Pálava Protected Landscape Area. The area of the reservoir is protected as the Věstonice Reservoir Nature Reserve.

History

Prehistoric times

Dolní Věstonice is known for the Dolní Věstonice archaeological site. Approximately 25,000 years ago, during the Upper Paleolithic period of the Stone Age, a small settlement of mammoth hunters consisting of huts built with rocks and mammoth bones was founded on the site of what is now Dolní Věstonice. This is the oldest permanent human settlement that has ever been found. Numerous other archaeological discoveries point to extensive human habitation of the area in prehistoric times. The archaeological site is also known for the finding of the Venus of Dolní Věstonice, one of the most important archaeological discoveries in Europe and one of the oldest and most famous art in the world.

9th–20th century
During the Great Moravia period, which lasted between the 9th and 10th centuries, a small Slavic gord was built here. The gord protected a ford on an important trade route.

The first written mention of Věstonice is from 1312. During the 13th century the place became inhabited by German colonists. In 1460, the village was promoted to a market town by King George of Poděbrady. From the beginning of the 16th century until their expulsion in 1622, the Anabaptists settled here. They were famous for their high level of education and the establishment of wine cellars, which have survived to this day.

In 1938, it was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of Reichsgau Niederdonau. The German speaking population was expelled in 1945 according to the Beneš decrees and replaced by Czech settlers.

Demographics

Economy
Dolní Věstonice is known for viticulture. The municipality lies in the Mikulovská wine subregion.

Sights

The main landmark of Dolní Věstonice is the Church of Saint Michael the Archangel. It is a Baroque building with a Gothic core and Renaissance tower.

Tourist attractions follow the archaeological glory of the municipality. The archaeological site includes an outdoor exhibition. An educational archeological path leads from Dolní Věstonice to neighbouring Pavlov.

Remains of the gord rampart and floor plan of the church, which stood here until the early 13th century, are preserved.

References

External links

Photographs of the area and archaeological artefacts

Villages in Břeclav District
Stone Age Czech Republic
Archaeology of Moravia
Margraviate of Moravia

Dolní Věstonice


La ruta 15 es una de las rutas nacionales de Uruguay. Atraviesa el departamento de Rocha desde la ciudad de La Paloma (al sur), hasta la localidad de Cebollatí (al norte).

Por ley 13505 del 4 de octubre de 1966 se designó a esta ruta con el nombre del Javier Barrios Amorín, en el tramo comprendido entre la ciudad de La Paloma y la ruta 9.

Trazado
Esta carretera pertenece a la red vial secundaria de Uruguay y presenta dos tramos, el primero de ellos entre la ciudad de La Paloma y la ruta 9, y el otro entre la ciudad de Rocha y la localidad de Cebollatí.

En su recorrido atraviesa las siguientes localidades:
 La Paloma
 Rocha
 Parallé
 Velázquez
 Lascano
 Cebollatí

Recorrido y paisaje
Esta carretera atraviesa diferentes paisajes del departamento de Rocha a lo largo de todo su recorrido.

La Paloma-Rocha
El primer tramo de esta carretera, se inicia en el balneario de La Paloma y finaliza en la ciudad de Rocha y corresponde a zonas de praderas, el terreno se caracteriza por ser bajo con una altura inferior a los 50 m s. n. m.
La carretera nace de la Avenida Nicolás Solari de La Paloma y luego de unos 25 km ingresa a la ciudad de Rocha a través de la calle José Batlle y Ordóñez, dónde además empalma con la ruta 9.

Rocha-Lascano
El siguiente tramo comienza en la ciudad de Rocha, donde la carretera hace su salida a través de la calle Dr. F. Martínez Rodríguez. Abandonando la ciudad, la carretera atraviesa unos pocos km de praderas para luego zigzaguear por terrenos más altos y con afloramientos rocosos, atravesando la cuchilla de los Píriz y la cuchilla de Spalato.

Ya en el km 80 se encuentra la localidad de Velázquez, reconocida como «Capital histórica del departamento». En sus cercanías se encuentra la primera pulpería del caudillo nacionalista Bernardo Olid y la casa del poeta y periodista Constancio C. Vigil. A 6 km de la ciudad está el lugar donde se libraron las batallas de India Muerta. Cerca de la ciudad de Velázquez se encuentra el lago de la represa de India Muerta, donde se puede pescar y realizar deportes náuticos (kayak, canoa, windsurf).

Continuando hacia el norte y hasta la ciudad de Lascano se alternan zonas llanas de praderas y serranías. En el empalme de las rutas 14 y 15 se sitúa la ciudad de Lascano, conocida como «la Capital del arroz». En ella se asientan dos de las principales cerealeras de Uruguay.

Lascano-Cebollatí
El último tramo de esta carretera se caracteriza por recorrer terrenos bajos (alturas inferiores a 50 m s. n. m.), donde abundan las plantaciones de arroz.

En el km 187 de la ruta 15, se encuentra la localidad de Cebollatí, ubicada sobre la margen del río Cebollatí, lugar privilegiado por la naturaleza con más de 700 especies vegetales, entre ellas el ceibo de flores blancas, una especie única. En las orillas del río se encuentra la Barra del río Cebollatí, un mirador de monte ribereño. Es en esta localidad donde finaliza esta carretera.

Estado de la carretera
El estado de la carretera depende del tramo, no es el mismo en todo su recorrido.

Estado y tipo de construcción de la carretera según el tramo

Referencias

 015
Departamento de Rocha

Ruta 15 (Uruguay)