طائرة رحلة رقم 1153 التابعة لشركة الخطوط الدولية التونسية وهي من نوع إيه تي آر 72 ورقم التسجيل هو TS-LBB، كانت في رحلة من  في مدينة باري الإيطالية إلى مطار جربة جرجيس الدولي بجزيرة جربة التونسية. سقطت بالبحر بتاريخ 6 أغسطس 2005 بعد نفاد الوقود. كابتن الطائرة واسمه شفيق الغربي ومساعده المدعو علي شكري حرباوي

وسبب سقوط الطائرة هو تقني بحت، حيث بالخطأ وُضع عداد وقود يصلح لطائرة من نوع إيه تي آر 42 ولكنه صغير نوعا ما لطائرة إيه تي آر 72، وقد وُضعت كمية وقود في باري مناسبة اعتمادا على قراءة العداد نفسه، ولم يكن الطاقم الطائر يعلم بأن الكمية أقل من المطلوب، مما أدى لنفاد كمية الوقود خلال منتصف الطريق. وقد طلب الهبوط الاضطراري في باليرمو بصقلية، ولكن الطائرة لم تتمكن من الوصول إلى المطار مما أدى إلى سقوطها في البحر.

وقد توقف المحرك الأيمن عن العمل على ارتفاع ، ثم توقف المحرك الأيسر مما حدا بالطائرة بالنزول إلى مستوى ، والطيران بشكل شراعي دون الحاجة للمحركات لمدة 17 دقيقة قبل أن تسقط بالبحر على مسافة 23 ميلا (43 كيلومتر) شمال شرق مطار باليرمو الدولي. وقد انشطرت الطائرة إلى 3 أجزاء جراء الصدمة.

الركاب

مات أحد أفراد الطاقم الأربعة التونسيين و15 راكبا من بين ال35، وقد كان هناك مهندس استدعاه الكابتن بعد توقف المحركات، لذا فهو يعتبر راكب وليس من ضمن الطاقم الطائر جميع الركاب القتلى إيطاليين، ماعدا المهندس وأحد المضيفين فهما تونسيان. وقد أشار الفحص الطبي للجثث إلى أن معظمهم مات جراء الاصطدام بالبحر. الغريب أن الناجون كانوا بالمقاعد الخلفية من الطائرة، بينما الغرقى كان معظمهم بالمقاعد الأمامية.

التحقيقات

أكدت التحقيقات بأن عداد الوقود أعطى قراءة للوقود وهي 2,700 كغم عند الوصول لمدينة باري، ولكن الكمية الحقيقية الموجودة كانت 305 كغم، وهي قراءة كان المفروض ان تعطي تنبيه للطيارين بقلة الوقود ولكن لم يحصل التنبيه لأن العداد المزود للطائرة هو للطائرات ذات الحجم الأصغر ATR-42، فطلب الكابتن إضافة 265 كغم وقود للطائرة. فأصبح المجموع الحقيقي للوقود الذي أقلعت به الطائرة هو 570 كغم.

يقول المحققون بأن بإمكان الطائرة أن تصل إلى باليرمو من خلال الريح المساندة، وبتوجيه مراوح المحركات بزاوية تجعل الرياح تضربها مما يمكن الطائرة من الطيران الشراعي حتى الوصول إلى مطار باليرمو، وهو مالم يفعله الطيارون -حسب المحققون-، فعندما توقف المحرك الآخر عن العمل لم يخفض الطاقم من سرعة الطائرة للحصول على السرعة المثلى من الطيران الشراعي بالنسبة لهذا النوع من الطائرات (ATR 72) لكي يصل إلى أبعد مدى. فعندما تم عمل طيران تشبيهي بالتجهيزات الموجودة في فرنسا وبنفس السيناريو، فإن الاختيار تمكن من الوصول إلى مطار باليرمو بواسطة توجيه المراوح وتقليل السرعة إلى السرعة الشراعية المثلى، وإن يؤخذ بالحسبان بأن الطيار التشبيهي لم يكن بحالة خطر وهو قد اختار أن يطير شراعيا. كابتن تلك الطائرة اهتم بمحاولة تشغيل المحركات وهو لا يعلم بأن الخزانات خاوية من الوقود، ولم يعمل بإجراء عمل توجيه للمراوح. فعندما لم تعمل المرواح بدأ الطيار بالتركيز على أفضل مكان للهبوط على المياه مع العلم بأن جميع العدادات وأجهزة الاتصال تعمل بشكل جيد. فقبل الارتطام بالماء رفع الكابتن مقدمة الطائرة 9 درجات لكي تتمكن الطائرة من الانزلاق على الماء بدلا من الارتطام، فيسهل على الناجون من الركاب النجاة من الطائرة. اقترح المحققون في تقريرهم النهائي بأن على شركات الطيران عمل تدريبات للطيارين لمحاكاة مثل تلك الظروف الاستثنائية.

نتائج الحادث

عوضت شركات التأمين كل عوائل الضحايا والناجين ب 20,000 €. وبتاريخ 7 سبتمبر منعت الحكومة الإيطالية شركة الخطوط الدولية من التحليق في أجوائها. وقد تم تغيير مسمى تلك الشركة إلى شركة الطيران السابع وبدات بالتحليق مرة أخرى في الأجواء الإيطالية عام 2007.

إدانة جنائية

في 23 مارس أدانت المحكمة الإيطالية الطيار شفيق غربي وحكمت عليه ب 10 سنوات سجن بسبب القتل غير المتعمد. فالمدعون العامون قالوا بأن بعد توقف محركات الطائرة عن العمل، فإن الغربي لم يتبع تعليمات الطوارئ في مثل تلك الحالة، لأنه لو عمل بما هو مطلوب منه عند مثل تلك الحالات فإنه سيصل إلى مدرج 25 التابع لمطار باليرمو أو المدرج الرئيسي رقم 20. وقال الشهود بأنه قد أصابته حالة من الارتباك وبدأ بالدعاء بصوت عال، بدلا من المحاولة للوصول بالطائرة إلى أقرب مطار. وفي التسجيل الخاص بالصندوق الأسود الصوتي تم الاستماع إلى مقاطع ومداخلات دينية خلال آخر 5 دقائق قبل السقوط، مثل «ارحمنا يارب»، مع تكرار مخاطبة الطيار للبرج بأن الطائرة بعيدة عن الوصول إلى المطار، ومفضلا السقوط بالقرب من أي سفينة لكي يتمكن الركاب من النجاة عبرها، أو فإنه سيحاول مرة أخرى تشغيل المحركات.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة حوادث الطائرات المدنية
 الخطوط الدولية

وصلات خارجية

 تسجيل صوتي لقمرة القيادة قبل الهبوط الاضطراري
 حوار إذاعي مع الطيارين وملخص لأهم الأحداث بالصوت

المصادر

أحداث أغسطس 2005 في أوروبا
العلاقات الإيطالية التونسية
حوادث طائرات آي تي آر 72
حوادث طيران في 2005
حوادث طيران في إيطاليا
حوادث طيران في تونس
حوادث طائرات بسبب أخطاء التصميم أو التصنيع
حوادث طائرات بسبب خطأ الطيار
حوادث طائرات بسبب نفاذ الوقود
حوادث طائرات بسبب أخطاء الصيانة
كوارث في أوروبا 2005

الخطوط التونسية السريعة الرحلة 1153


Die Argentina International 1997 im Badminton fanden Ende November 1997 statt.

Die Sieger und Platzierten

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=A9CDB75E-A842-4A5F-8E22-A6AF8C9A6FEA

1997
Badminton 1997

Argentina International 1997


Ozan Doğulu (d. 13 Ocak 1972, İstanbul), Türk DJ ve aranjördür.

Yaşamı
Şarkıcı Kenan Doğulu'nun ağabeyi ve besteci merhum Yurdaer Doğulu'nun oğludur. Annesi ise Serpil Doğulu'dur. Canan Doğulu adında moda ve tasarım ile ilgilenen bir kız kardeşi vardır. Aslen Gazianteplidir.

Uzun bir süre Sezen Aksu'nun orkestra şefliğini yapmıştır, şimdilik ise yoğun tempo dolayısıyla kendisini daha çok kardeşinin albüm ve konser çalışmalarına vermiştir.
Ayrıca kendi müzik projesi olan "Ozan Doğulu Live Project"i DJ performanslarıyla çeşitli mekânlarda ve etkinliklerde yürütmektedir.

Ozan Doğulu piyanoyla çocukken tanıştı ve Zeki Müren dâhil olmak üzere birçok sanatçının arkasında çaldı. Gününün çoğu vaktini piyano çalmaya adadı ve konservatuvarı birincilikle bitirdi.

2003 yılında Bursa'da Sezen Aksu konserinde tanıştığı Ece Yosmaoğlu ile 18 Aralık 2007 tarihinde Maslak Refresh The Venue'de evlenmiştir. İlk kızları Arya, 24 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde dünyaya gelmiştir. Çiftin daha sonra Lila ve Elya adında iki kızı daha dünyaya gelmiş ve çift 2018 yılında boşanmıştır.

15 Haziran 2010 tarihinde DMC'den 130 Bpm isimli ilk albümünü çıkarmış ve bu albümde sanatçıya Sezen Aksu, Tarkan, Kenan Doğulu, Sıla, Ferhat Göçer, Ajda Pekkan, Mustafa Ceceli, Ziynet Sali ve Agusev Brass Band eşlik etmiştir. Albümün ilk klibi, sözlerinin Sıla'ya ve müziğinin Ozan Doğulu'ya ait olduğu "Alain Delon" isimli şarkıya çekilmiş ve Haziran ayında gösterime girmiştir. İkinci klip ise Ziynet Sali'nin seslendirdiği "Sen Mutlu Ol" şarkısına çekilmiştir.

Diskografi

Albümleri
 130 Bpm (2010)
 130 Bpm Allegro (2011)
 130 Bpm Moderato (2014)
 130 Bpm Forte (2017)
 130 Bpm Kreşendo (2019)

Toplama/Remix albümleri
 130 Bpm (DJ Eyüp Remixes) (2014)
 130 Bpm Quartet (2015)

Teklileri
 Dağılmak İstiyorum (ft. Model) (2012)
 Uzun Lafın Kısası (ft. Gülden & Bahadır Tatlıöz) (2016)
 Kime Ne (ft. Gökçe) (2016)
 Wet (ft. Baby Brown & Ece Seçkin) (2016)
 Yağmur (ft. Ziynet Sali) (2016)
 Öle Öle (feat. Hera) (2018)
 Ola Ola (feat. Ozeus) (2021)
 Uzun Lafın Kısası 2 (Live Performance) (Bahadır Tatlıöz ve Gülden ile birlikte) (2022)
 Bir Kereden Hiçbir Şey Olmaz (Gülşen ile birlikte) (2022)
 Ben de İsterem (İbrahim Erkal Hürmet) (Cem Belevi ile birlikte) (2023)

Video Klipleri
130 Bpm (2010)
 Alain Delon
 Hata
 Sen Mutlu Ol
 Bunlar da Geçer
 Kaybolan Yıllar

130 Bpm Allegro (2011)
 Daha
 Aşkistan

130 Bpm Moderato (2014)
 Harika
 Naparsan Yap
 Böyle Akşamlar
 Hoşuna mı Gidiyor

130 Bpm Forte (2017)
 Kulüp
 Sayın Seyirciler
 Derdim Çok
 Hey

130 Bpm Kreşendo (2019)
 Gerçek Şu ki
 Ne Zamandır
 Deli Fişek
 Yok De
 Elizabeth
 Yanar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yaşayan insanlar
1972 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu müzisyenler
20. yüzyıl Türk müzisyenleri
21. yüzyıl Türk müzisyenleri
Türk DJ'ler
Türk aranjörler
Türk klavyeciler
Türk müzik yapımcıları
DMC sanatçıları
Radyo Boğaziçi Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
Altın Kelebek Ödülü sahipleri
Türk film müziği bestecileri
Türk şarkı yazarları

Ozan Doğulu


UDIK ili Udruga za društvena istraživanja i komunikacije (bošnjački: Udruženje za društvena istraživanja i komunikacije) je regionalna nevladina organizacija za ljudska prava i međunarodno humanitarno pravo, osnovana 2013. godine u vezi s oružanim sukobima u bivšoj Jugoslaviji. Koordinator i osnivač je Edvin Kanka Ćudić.

Aktivnosti na polju zaštite ljudskih prava

UDIK je 2013. godine osnovao Edvin Kanka Ćudić. Cilj je prikupiti činjenice, dokumente i podatke o genocidu, ratnim zločinima i kršenjima ljudskih prava u Bosni i Hercegovini i bivšoj Jugoslaviji. UDIK radi preko nacionalnih granica kako bi pomogao postkonfliktnim društvima u regiji uspostaviti vladavinu zakona i rješavanje prošlih kršenja ljudskih prava. UDIK također sprovodi program tranzicione pravde usmjeren na žrtve s tri glavne komponente:
 Dokumentovanje
 Pravda i institucionalna reforma
 Kultura sjećanja

UDIK čine neovisni članovi, intelektualci i stručnjaci iz različitih akademskih disciplina.

Ostale aktivnosti
Od svog osnivanja, UDIK podržava ženska ženska i LGBT prava. Ćudić je u nekoliko intervjua rekao da je LBGT zajednica, sa Romima, najugroženija zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini. Kada je najavljena prva bosanskohercegovačka Parada ponosa 2019. godine, UDIK ju je odmah podržao.

Koordinatori

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Udruga za društvena istraživanja i komunikacije
Organisation Data  TACSO
Organisation Data  Insight on Conflict
Organisation Data Ana Lindh Foundation
Organisation Data Transconflict

Aktivizam
Međunarodne nevladine organizacije

UDIK


{{Info/Televisão
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}}American Born Chinese'' é uma série de televisão de comédia de ação baseada na graphic novel de mesmo nome de Gene Luen Yang. As filmagens começaram em Los Angeles em fevereiro de 2022. A série está programada para estrear no Disney+.

Premissa
Jin Wang, lutando com sua vida escolar e doméstica, conhece o novo estudante de intercâmbio em sua escola, levando-o a se envolver em uma batalha entre os deuses da mitologia chinesa.

Elenco e personagens
 Michelle Yeoh como Guanyin
 Ben Wang como Jin Wang
 Yeo Yann Yann como Christine Wang
 Chin Han como Simon Wang
 Daniel Wu como Sun Wukong
 Ke Huy Quan como Freddy Wong
 Jim Liu como Wei-Chen
 Sydney Taylor como Amelia
 Stephanie Hsu como Shiji Niangniang
 Poppy Liu como Princesa Iron Fan

Produção

Desenvolvimento
Em 4 de outubro de 2021, foi anunciado que o Disney+ havia aprovado uma adaptação da graphic novel de Gene Luen Yang e a ordenou direto para série, com Destin Daniel Cretton dirigindo e Charles Yu e Kelvin Yu escrevendo a série. Em 28 de abril de 2022, os designers de moda asiático-americanos Prabal Gurung e Phillip Lim se juntaram à série para trabalhar ao lado da figurinista Joy Cretton para criar figurinos. Lucy Liu confirmou que é diretora na série.

Seleção de elenco
Em fevereiro de 2022, foi relatado que Michelle Yeoh, Ben Wang, Yeo Yann Yann, Chin Han, Daniel Wu, Jonathan Ke Quan, Jim Liu e Sydney Taylor foram escalados para papéis principais. Stephanie Hsu se juntou ao elenco da série em maio, interpretando Shiji Niangniang, com Poppy Liu adicionada em junho.

Filmagens
A fotografia principal começou em Los Angeles em 8 de fevereiro de 2022.

Referências

Ligações externas

Séries de televisão de comédia de ação dos Estados Unidos
Programas de televisão em língua inglesa
Obras de Destin Daniel Cretton
Programas originais do Disney+
Séries de televisão baseadas em bandas desenhadas
Programas de televisão produzidos pela 20th Television

American Born Chinese (série de televisão)


رومان بافليوتشينكو ، من مواليد 15 ديسمبر 1981، لاعب كرة قدم روسي.

يلعب مع نادي سبارتاك موسكو، وفي عام 2008 انتقل إلى نادي توتنهام هوتسبير الإنجليزي.

يلعب مع منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية روس مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية روس
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
روس من أصل أوكراني
رياضيون روس مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون من كراسنودار كراي
سياسيو حزب روسيا الموحدة
قوميون روس
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2012
لاعبو توتنهام هوتسبر
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري كرة القدم الروسي للمحترفين
لاعبو دينامو ستافروبول
لاعبو سبارتاك موسكو
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون من روسيا
بافليوتشينكو
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون روس
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو لوكوموتيف موسكو
لاعبو منتخب روسيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أورال يكاترينبورغ
لاعبو نادي روتور فولغوغراد
لاعبو نادي كوبان كراسنودار
بافليوتشينكو
لاعبو كرة قدم من كراسنودار كراي

رومان بافليوتشينكو


RRS may stand for:

 Racing Rules of Sailing, a set of rules governing the conduct of yacht racing, windsurfing and many other forms of racing with wind-powered vessels
 Railroad Station, see Train Station
 Rapid Response Services, a humanitarian logistics service operating in Darfur
 Rational Response Squad
 Reaction Research Society
 Red River Shootout, an annual football game between University of Texas and University of Oklahoma
 Relative rate of spoilage, a mathematical model used to predict the shelf life of some food products
 Rentsys Recovery Services, a provider of Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Solutions
 Resource Recovery Services (z/OS feature)
 Reutech Radar Systems
 Royal Regiment of Scotland
 Royal Research Ship
 Ryan Rowland-Smith, baseball player
 The IATA airport code for Røros Airport
 Realistic Robot Simulation, a joint project between robot manufacturers and suppliers of robot simulation software
 Reconfigurable Radio Systems, a generic concept based on wireless technologies

RRS


Rapaura est une localité de la région de Marlborough, située tout à fait au nord de l'Île du Sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation
C'est un village localisé au nord-ouest de la ville de Blenheim.
Le fleuve Wairau s'écoule au-delà vers le nord.
La ville de Spring Creek se trouve à l'est   .

Installations
La ville de Rapaura consiste essentiellement en une église et une école.
Elle possède des terres de grande qualité pour y faire pousser le raisin.

Éducation
L'école de «Rapaura School»  est une école mixte assurant tout le primaire, (allant de l'année 1 à 8) avec un taux de décile de 10 et un effectif de  .

Voir aussi

 Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
 Région de Marlborough

Rapaura


An Notylia ecuadorensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Notylia ecuadorensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Notylia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Notylia

Notylia ecuadorensis


The Australia cricket team are currently touring India in September and October 2017 to play five One Day Internationals (ODIs) and three Twenty20 International (T20I) matches. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) confirmed the full dates in September 2017. Ahead of the ODIs, Australia played a 50-over warm-up match against India's Board President XI, with Australia winning by 103 runs.

Josh Hazlewood was ruled out of Australia's squad, after suffering an injury during the first Test against Bangladesh in August 2017. Kane Richardson was added to Australia's squad as a replacement for Hazlewood. Shikhar Dhawan was not available for the first three ODIs, as he took leave to attend to his wife, who was unwell. Peter Handscomb was added Australia's ODI squad as a cover for Aaron Finch, who was struggling with a calf injury. Ravindra Jadeja was added to India's ODI squad for the first three matches, as a replacement for Axar Patel who injured his ankle.

එක්දින තරග

පළමු තරගය

දෙවන තරගය

තෙවන තරගය

හතරවන තරගය

පස්වන තරගය

විස්සයි20 තරග

පළමු තරගය

දෙවන තරගය

තෙවන තරගය

References

ඔස්ට්‍රේලියා කණ්ඩායමේ ඉන්දිය සංචාරය 2017


2.5D (two-and-a-half dimensional) perspective refers to gameplay or movement in a video game or virtual reality environment that is restricted to a two-dimensional (2D) plane with little or no access to a third dimension in a space that otherwise appears to be three-dimensional and is often simulated and rendered in a 3D digital environment.

This is similar but different from pseudo-3D perspective (sometimes called three-quarter view when the environment is portrayed from an angled top-down perspective), which refers to 2D graphical projections and similar techniques used to cause images or scenes to simulate the appearance of being three-dimensional (3D) when in fact they are not.

By contrast, games, spaces or perspectives that are simulated and rendered in 3D and used in 3D level design are said to be true 3D, and 2D rendered games made to appear as 2D without approximating a 3D image are said to be true 2D.

Common in video games, 2.5D projections have also been useful in geographic visualization (GVIS) to help understand visual-cognitive spatial representations or 3D visualization.

The terms three-quarter perspective and three-quarter view trace their origins to the three-quarter profile in portraiture and facial recognition, which depicts a person's face that is partway between a frontal view and a side view.

Computer graphics

Axonometric and oblique projection

In axonometric projection and oblique projection, two forms of parallel projection, the viewpoint is rotated slightly to reveal other facets of the environment than what are visible in a top-down perspective or side view, thereby producing a three-dimensional effect. An object is "considered to be in an inclined position resulting in foreshortening of all three axes", and the image is a "representation on a single plane (as a drawing surface) of a three-dimensional object placed at an angle to the plane of projection." Lines perpendicular to the plane become points, lines parallel to the plane have true length, and lines inclined to the plane are foreshortened.

They are popular camera perspectives among 2D video games, most commonly those released for 16-bit or earlier and handheld consoles, as well as in later strategy and role-playing video games. The advantage of these perspectives is that they combine the visibility and mobility of a top-down game with the character recognizability of a side-scrolling game. Thus the player can be presented an overview of the game world in the ability to see it from above, more or less, and with additional details in artwork made possible by using an angle: Instead of showing a humanoid in top-down perspective, as a head and shoulders seen from above, the entire body can be drawn when using a slanted angle; turning a character around would reveal how it looks from the sides, the front and the back, while the top-down perspective will display the same head and shoulders regardless.

There are three main divisions of axonometric projection: isometric (equal measure), dimetric (symmetrical and unsymmetrical), and trimetric (single-view or only two sides). The most common of these drawing types in engineering drawing is isometric projection. This projection is tilted so that all three axes create equal angles at intervals of 120 degrees. The result is that all three axes are equally foreshortened. In video games, a form of dimetric projection with a 2:1 pixel ratio is more common due to the problems of anti-aliasing and square pixels found on most computer monitors.

In oblique projection typically all three axes are shown without foreshortening. All lines parallel to the axes are drawn to scale, and diagonals and curved lines are distorted. One tell-tale sign of oblique projection is that the face pointed toward the camera retains its right angles with respect to the image plane.

Two examples of oblique projection are Ultima VII: The Black Gate and Paperboy. Examples of axonometric projection include SimCity 2000, and the role-playing games Diablo and Baldur's Gate.

Billboarding
In three-dimensional scenes, the term billboarding is applied to a technique in which objects are sometimes represented by two-dimensional images applied to a single polygon which is typically kept perpendicular to the line of sight. The name refers to the fact that objects are seen as if drawn on a billboard. This technique was commonly used in early 1990s video games when consoles did not have the hardware power to render fully 3D objects. This is also known as a backdrop. This can be used to good effect for a significant performance boost when the geometry is sufficiently distant that it can be seamlessly replaced with a 2D sprite. In games, this technique is most frequently applied to objects such as particles (smoke, sparks, rain) and low-detail vegetation. It has since become mainstream, and is found in many games such as Rome: Total War, where it is exploited to simultaneously display thousands of individual soldiers on a battlefield. Early examples include early first-person shooters like Marathon Trilogy, Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Hexen and Duke Nukem 3D as well as racing games like Carmageddon and Super Mario Kart and platformers like Super Mario 64.

Skyboxes and skydomes

Skyboxes and skydomes are methods used to easily create a background to make a game level look bigger than it really is. If the level is enclosed in a cube, the sky, distant mountains, distant buildings, and other unreachable objects are rendered onto the cube's faces using a technique called cube mapping, thus creating the illusion of distant three-dimensional surroundings.  A skydome employs the same concept but uses a sphere or hemisphere instead of a cube.

As a viewer moves through a 3D scene, it is common for the skybox or skydome to remain stationary with respect to the viewer. This technique gives the skybox the illusion of being very far away since other objects in the scene appear to move, while the skybox does not. This imitates real life, where distant objects such as clouds, stars and even mountains appear to be stationary when the viewpoint is displaced by relatively small distances. Effectively, everything in a skybox will always appear to be infinitely distant from the viewer.  This consequence of skyboxes dictates that designers should be careful not to carelessly include images of discrete objects in the textures of a skybox since the viewer may be able to perceive the inconsistencies of those objects' sizes as the scene is traversed.

Scaling along the Z axis
In some games, sprites are scaled larger or smaller depending on its distance to the player, producing the illusion of motion along the Z (forward) axis. Sega's 1986 video game Out Run, which runs on the Sega OutRun arcade system board, is a good example of this technique.

In Out Run, the player drives a Ferrari into depth of the game window. The palms on the left and right side of the street are the same bitmap, but have been scaled to different sizes, creating the illusion that some are closer than others. The angles of movement are "left and right" and "into the depth" (while still capable of doing so technically, this game did not allow making a U-turn or going into reverse, therefore moving "out of the depth", as this did not make sense to the high-speed game play and tense time limit). Notice the view is comparable to that which a driver would have in reality when driving a car. The position and size of any billboard is generated by a (complete 3D) perspective transformation as are the vertices of the poly-line representing the center of the street. Often the center of the street is stored as a spline and sampled in a way that on straight streets every sampling point corresponds to one scan-line on the screen. Hills and curves lead to multiple points on one line and one has to be chosen. Or one line is without any point and has to be interpolated lineary from the adjacent lines. Very memory intensive billboards are used in Out Run to draw corn-fields and water waves which are wider than the screen even at the largest viewing distance and also in Test Drive to draw trees and cliffs.

Drakkhen was notable for being among the first role-playing video games to feature a three-dimensional playing field. However, it did not employ a conventional 3D game engine, instead emulating one using character-scaling algorithms. The player's party travels overland on a flat terrain made up of vectors, on which 2D objects are zoomed. Drakkhen features an animated day-night cycle, and the ability to wander freely about the game world, both rarities for a game of its era. This type of engine was later used in the game Eternam.

Some mobile games that were released on the Java ME platform, such as the mobile version of Asphalt: Urban GT and Driver: L.A. Undercover, used this method for rendering the scenery. While the technique is similar to some of Sega's arcade games, such as Thunder Blade and Cool Riders and the 32-bit version of Road Rash, it uses polygons instead of sprite scaling for buildings and certain objects though it looks flat shaded. Later mobile games (mainly from Gameloft), such as Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and the mobile version of Iron Man 2, uses a mix of sprite scaling and texture mapping for some buildings and objects.

Parallax scrolling

Parallaxing refers to when a collection of 2D sprites or layers of sprites are made to move independently of each other and/or the background to create a sense of added depth. This depth cue is created by relative motion of layers. The technique grew out of the multiplane camera technique used in traditional animation since the 1940s. This type of graphical effect was first used in the 1982 arcade game Moon Patrol.
Examples include the skies in Rise of the Triad, the arcade version of Rygar, Sonic the Hedgehog, Street Fighter II, Shadow of the Beast and Dracula X Chronicles, as well as Super Mario World.

Mode 7

Mode 7, a display system effect that included rotation and scaling, allowed for a 3D effect while moving in any direction without any actual 3D models, and was used to simulate 3D graphics on the SNES.

Ray casting

Ray casting is a first person pseudo-3D technique in which a ray for every vertical slice of the screen is sent from the position of the camera. These rays shoot out until they hit an object or wall, and that part of the wall is rendered in that vertical screen slice. Due to the limited camera movement and internally 2D playing field, this is often considered 2.5D.

Bump, normal and parallax mapping

Bump mapping, normal mapping and parallax mapping are techniques applied to textures in 3D rendering applications such as video games to simulate bumps and wrinkles on the surface of an object without using more polygons. To the end user, this means that textures such as stone walls will have more apparent depth and thus greater realism with less of an influence on the performance of the simulation.

Bump mapping is achieved by perturbing the surface normals of an object and using a grayscale image and the perturbed normal during illumination calculations. The result is an apparently bumpy surface rather than a perfectly smooth surface although the surface of the underlying object is not actually changed. Bump mapping was introduced by Blinn in 1978.

In normal mapping, the unit vector from the shading point to the light source is dotted with the unit vector normal to that surface, and the dot product is the intensity of the light on that surface. Imagine a polygonal model of a sphere—you can only approximate the shape of the surface. By using a 3-channel bitmapped image textured across the model, more detailed normal vector information can be encoded. Each channel in the bitmap corresponds to a spatial dimension (x, y and z). These spatial dimensions are relative to a constant coordinate system for object-space normal maps, or to a smoothly varying coordinate system (based on the derivatives of position with respect to texture coordinates) in the case of tangent-space normal maps. This adds much more detail to the surface of a model, especially in conjunction with advanced lighting techniques.

Parallax mapping (also called offset mapping or virtual displacement mapping) is an enhancement of the bump mapping and normal mapping techniques implemented by displacing the texture coordinates at a point on the rendered polygon by a function of the view angle in tangent space (the angle relative to the surface normal) and the value of the height map at that point.  At steeper view-angles, the texture coordinates are displaced more, giving the illusion of depth due to parallax effects as the view changes.

Film and animation techniques
The term is also used to describe an animation effect commonly used in music videos and, more frequently, title sequences. Brought to wide attention by the motion picture The Kid Stays in the Picture, an adaptation of film producer Robert Evans's memoir, it involves the layering and animating of two-dimensional pictures in three-dimensional space. Earlier examples of this technique include Liz Phair's music video "Down" (directed by Rodney Ascher) and "A Special Tree" (directed by musician Giorgio Moroder).

On a larger scale, the 2018 movie In Saturn's Rings used over 7.5 million separate two-dimensional images, captured in space or by telescopes, which were composited and moved using multi-plane animation techniques.

Graphic design
The term also refers to an often-used effect in the design of icons and graphical user interfaces (GUIs), where a slight 3D illusion is created by the presence of a virtual light source to the left (or in some cases right) side, and above a person's computer monitor. The light source itself is always invisible, but its effects are seen in the lighter colors for the top and left side, simulating reflection, and the darker colours to the right and below of such objects, simulating shadow.

An advanced version of this technique can be found in some specialised graphic design software, such as Pixologic's ZBrush. The idea is that the program's canvas represents a normal 2D painting surface, but that the data structure that holds the pixel information is also able to store information with respect to a z-index, as well material settings, specularity, etc. Again, with this data it is thus possible to simulate lighting, shadows, and so forth.

History
The first video games that used pseudo-3D were primarily arcade games, the earliest known examples dating back to the mid-1970s, when they began using microprocessors. In 1975, Taito released Interceptor, an early first-person shooter and combat flight simulator that involved piloting a jet fighter, using an eight-way joystick to aim with a crosshair and shoot at enemy aircraft that move in formations of two and increase/decrease in size depending on their distance to the player. In 1976, Sega released Moto-Cross, an early black-and-white motorbike racing video game, based on the motocross competition, that was most notable for introducing an early three-dimensional third-person perspective. Later that year, Sega-Gremlin re-branded the game as Fonz, as a tie-in for the popular sitcom Happy Days. Both versions of the game displayed a constantly changing forward-scrolling road and the player's bike in a third-person perspective where objects nearer to the player are larger than those nearer to the horizon, and the aim was to steer the vehicle across the road, racing against the clock, while avoiding any on-coming motorcycles or driving off the road. That same year also saw the release of two arcade games that extended the car driving subgenre into three dimensions with a first-person perspective: Sega's Road Race, which displayed a constantly changing forward-scrolling S-shaped road with two obstacle race cars moving along the road that the player must avoid crashing while racing against the clock, and Atari's Night Driver, which presented a series of posts by the edge of the road though there was no view of the road or the player's car. Games using vector graphics had an advantage in creating pseudo-3D effects. 1979's Speed Freak recreated the perspective of Night Driver in greater detail.

In 1979, Nintendo debuted Radar Scope, a shoot 'em up that introduced a three-dimensional third-person perspective to the genre, imitated years later by shooters such as Konami's Juno First and Activision's Beamrider. In 1980, Atari's Battlezone was a breakthrough for pseudo-3D gaming, recreating a 3D perspective with unprecedented realism, though the gameplay was still planar. It was followed up that same year by Red Baron, which used scaling vector images to create a forward scrolling rail shooter.

Sega's arcade shooter Space Tactics, released in 1980, allowed players to take aim using crosshairs and shoot lasers into the screen at enemies coming towards them, creating an early 3D effect. It was followed by other arcade shooters with a first-person perspective during the early 1980s, including Taito's 1981 release Space Seeker, and Sega's Star Trek in 1982. Sega's SubRoc-3D in 1982 also featured a first-person perspective and introduced the use of stereoscopic 3-D through a special eyepiece. Sega's Astron Belt in 1983 was the first laserdisc video game, using full-motion video to display the graphics from a first-person perspective. Third-person rail shooters were also released in arcades at the time, including Sega's Tac/Scan in 1982, Nippon's Ambush in 1983, Nichibutsu's Tube Panic in 1983, and Sega's 1982 release Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom, notable for its fast pseudo-3D scaling and detailed sprites.

In 1981, Sega's Turbo was the first racing game to use sprite scaling with full-colour graphics. Pole Position by Namco is one of the first racing games to use the trailing camera effect that is now so familiar .  In this particular example, the effect was produced by linescroll—the practice of scrolling each line independently in order to warp an image.  In this case, the warping would simulate curves and steering.  To make the road appear to move towards the player, per-line color changes were used, though many console versions opted for palette animation instead.

Zaxxon, a shooter introduced by Sega in 1982, was the first game to use isometric axonometric projection, from which its name is derived. Though Zaxxon's playing field is semantically 3D, the game has many constraints which classify it as 2.5D: a fixed point of view, scene composition from sprites, and movements such as bullet shots restricted to straight lines along the axes. It was also one of the first video games to display shadows. The following year, Sega released the first pseudo-3D isometric platformer, Congo Bongo. Another early pseudo-3D platform game released that year was Konami's Antarctic Adventure, where the player controls a penguin in a forward-scrolling third-person perspective while having to jump over pits and obstacles. It was one of the earliest pseudo-3D games available on a computer, released for the MSX in 1983. That same year, Irem's Moon Patrol was a side-scrolling run & gun platform-shooter that introduced the use of layered parallax scrolling to give a pseudo-3D effect. In 1985, Space Harrier introduced Sega's "Super Scaler" technology that allowed pseudo-3D sprite-scaling at high frame rates, with the ability to scale 32,000 sprites and fill a moving landscape with them.

The first original home console game to use pseudo-3D, and also the first to use multiple camera angles mirrored on television sports broadcasts, was Intellivision World Series Baseball (1983) by Don Daglow and Eddie Dombrower, published by Mattel. Its television sports style of display was later adopted by 3D sports games and is now used by virtually all major team sports titles. In 1984, Sega ported several pseudo-3D arcade games to the Sega SG-1000 console, including a smooth conversion of the third-person pseudo-3D rail shooter Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom.

By 1989, 2.5D representations were surfaces drawn with depth cues and a part of graphic libraries like GINO. 2.5D was also used in terrain modeling with software packages such as ISM from Dynamic Graphics, GEOPAK from Uniras and the Intergraph DTM system. 2.5D surface techniques gained popularity within the geography community because of its ability to visualize the normal thickness to area ratio used in many geographic models; this ratio was very small and reflected the thinness of the object in relation to its width, which made it the object realistic in a specific plane. These representations were axiomatic in that the entire subsurface domain was not used or the entire domain could not be reconstructed; therefore, it used only a surface and a surface is one aspect not the full 3D identity.

The specific term "two-and-a-half-D" was used as early as 1994 by Warren Spector in an interview in the North American premiere issue of PC Gamer magazine. At the time, the term was understood to refer specifically to first-person shooters like Wolfenstein 3D and Doom, to distinguish them from System Shock's "true" 3D engine.

With the advent of consoles and computer systems that were able to handle several thousand polygons (the most basic element of 3D computer graphics) per second and the usage of 3D specialized graphics processing units, pseudo-3D became obsolete. But even today, there are computer systems in production, such as cellphones, which are often not powerful enough to display true 3D graphics, and therefore use pseudo-3D for that purpose. Many games from the 1980s' pseudo-3D arcade era and 16-bit console era are ported to these systems, giving the manufacturers the possibility to earn revenues from games that are several decades old.

The resurgence of 2.5D or visual analysis, in natural and earth science, has increased the role of computer systems in the creation of spatial information in mapping. GVIS has made real the search for unknowns, real-time interaction with spatial data, and control over map display and has paid particular attention to three-dimensional representations. Efforts in GVIS have attempted to expand higher dimensions and make them more visible; most efforts have focused on "tricking" vision into seeing three dimensions in a 2D plane. Much like 2.5D displays where the surface of a three-dimensional object is represented but locations within the solid are distorted or not accessible.

Technical aspects and generalizations

The reason for using pseudo-3D instead of "real" 3D computer graphics is that the system that has to simulate a 3D-looking graphic is not powerful enough to handle the calculation-intensive routines of 3D computer graphics, yet is capable of using tricks of modifying 2D graphics like bitmaps. One of these tricks is to stretch a bitmap more and more, therefore making it larger with each step, as to give the effect of an object coming closer and closer towards the player.

Even simple shading and size of an image could be considered pseudo-3D, as shading makes it look more realistic. If the light in a 2D game were 2D, it would only be visible on the outline, and because outlines are often dark, they would not be very clearly visible. However, any visible shading would indicate the usage of pseudo-3D lighting and that the image uses pseudo-3D graphics. Changing the size of an image can cause the image to appear to be moving closer or further away, which could be considered simulating a third dimension.

Dimensions are the variables of the data and can be mapped to specific locations in space; 2D data can be given 3D volume by adding a value to the x, y, or z plane. "Assigning height to 2D regions of a topographic map" associating every 2D location with a height/elevation value creates a 2.5D projection; this is not considered a "true 3D representation", however is used like 3D visual representation to "simplify visual processing of imagery and the resulting spatial cognition".

See also
3D computer graphics
Bas-relief
Cel-shaded animation
Flash animation
Head-coupled perspective
Isometric graphics in video games
Limited animation
List of stereoscopic video games
Live2D
Ray casting
Trompe-l'œil
Vector graphics

References

Video game development
Video game graphics
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Dimension

2.5D


La baronía de la Andaya es un título nobiliario español creado por la reina regente María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena, durante la minoría de edad del rey Alfonso XIII, en favor de José Patricio Fernández de Lascoiti y Sancha, senador del reino, mediante real decreto del 21 de enero de 1891 y real despacho del día 21 del mismo mes y año.

Barones de la Andaya

Historia de los barones de la Andaya
 José Fernández de Lascoiti (Madrid, 17 de marzo de 1848-21 de marzo de 1907), I barón de la Andaya, conde pontificio de Lascoiti, senador del reino, gran cruz de Isabel la Católica, gentilhombre de cámara del rey con ejercicio.
Casó con María de los Dolores Jiménez y González-Núñez. El 16 de enero de 1908 le sucedió su hijo:

 José Fernández de Lascoiti y Jiménez (n. Madrid, 18 de enero de 1880), II barón de la Andaya, conde pontificio de Lascoiti, mayordomo de semana del rey.
Casó el 6 de agosto de 1901, en Madrid, con María de las Angustias de Zulueta y Martos, II baronesa de Spínola. En 1950, por cesión, le sucedió su hijo:

 José Fernández de Lascoiti y de Zulueta (Madrid, 24 de julio de 1902-Burgos, 14 de junio de 1983), III barón de la Andaya, III barón de Spínola, IV marqués de Álava, IV vizconde de Casablanca, conde pontificio de Lascoiti, caballero de la Orden de Malta.
Casó con Ana Gonzalo y Fanlo. Sin descendientes. El 24 de enero de 1986 le sucedió su sobrina, hijo de su hermano Luis Fernández de Lascoiti y Zulueta, que casó con María del Carmen Franco y Rojas:

 Fabiola Fernández de Lascoiti y Franco (n. Madrid, 22 de mayo de 1935), IV baronesa de la Andaya, V marquesa de Álava, V vizcondesa de Casablanca, IV baronesa de Spínola.
Casó con Tomás de la Vega y Gómez-Acebo (1928-2001), licenciado en Derecho e informático.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Andaya, de la

Baronía de la Andaya


أريكيبا هي عاصمة منطقة أريكيبا الواقعة في مقاطعة أريكيبا، ويقع في أقصى جنوب غرب بيرو على ارتفاع 2.325 متر، فإن المدينة في سهل خصب في منتصف أ منطقة صحراوية في الجزء الغربي من جبال الإنديز. واعتبرتها الوكالات الحكومية والمؤسسات الرئيسية في البلاد ثاني أهم مدينة في بيرو بعد ليما، وأيضًا هي بمثابة المدينة الصناعية الثانية في البلاد بعد رمح ليما - كاياو.

تعد، في الوقت الحاضر، محور هام التجارية في جنوب البلاد، حيث يبرز من إنتاج المنسوجات والصوف والألباكا مع جودة الصادرات. ولديه المتأنق المطبخ، والتي كان فيها ليعلن بأنه ، إلى جانب البنية الأساسية المميزة. وفي العهود الاستعمارية، عُرفت بأنها  للعديد من المعابد والمنازل. وقد اعترفت به منظمة اليونسكو بوصفها موقعًا للتراث الثقافي العالمي في عام 2000.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لأريكيبا:

توأمة
لأريكيبا اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 فلورنسا
 غوانزو
 بييلا
 فانكوفر
 زيبو
 كورينتس
 أريكا
 إيكويكو
 ساو باولو
 بونتا غروسا

 إل توكويو
 مويوبامبا
 لندن
 مدينة مكسيكو
 غوادالاخارا
 تشارلوت
 لاباز

أعلام

 هارييت مونرو
 ماريو فارغاس يوسا
 مانويل كاندامو
 أبيمال غوزمان
 إدواردو لوبيز دي رومانا

انظر أيضا
 قائمة مدن البيرو

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1540
أماكن مأهولة في إقليم أريكيبا
السياحة في بيرو
تأسيسات سنة 1540 في الإمبراطورية الإسبانية
عواصم إقليمية في بيرو
مدن بيرو

أريكيبا


Torreya er ættkvísl lítilla til meðalstórra trjáa af ýviðarætt (Taxaceae). Fjórar tegundirnar vaxa í Asíu, og tvær í norður Ameríku.

Tilvísanir

Ýviðarætt
Barrtré

Torreya


Frosties (i mange lande Frosted Flakes) er en type morgenmadsprodukt, der produceres af Kellogg Company. Det består af sukkerglaserede cornflakes. Det blev introduceret i USA i 1952, som Sugar Frosted Flakes. Ordet "sugar" (sukker) blev fjernet fra navnet i 1983.

Genereiske versioner, som supermarkeders egne mærker, findes også. Til forskel fra mange andre morgenmadsprodukter (som bl.a. Cheerios og Rice Krispies, for example), så bruges navnet Frosted Flakes også af mange af de andre mærker.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Official website of Frosted Flakes (US)
 Official website of Frosties (UK)
 Advert on The Link Portal

Morgenmadsprodukter

Frosties


توهج القمر الصناعي ويعرف أيضًا (باسم وميض القمر الصناعي) ، هو مسار القمر الصناعي الذي يمكن رؤيته بالعين المجردة من على سطح الأرض ويعرف بأنه «توهج» قصير ومشرق. وهو ناتج عن الانعكاس نحو الأرض أسفل ضوء الشمس الساقط على أسطح الأقمار الصناعية مثل الألواح الشمسية والهوائيات (على سبيل المثال رادار الفتحة التركيبية). تعتبر الشرائط الناتجة من توهج الأقمار الصناعية شكلاً من أشكال التلوث الضوئي التي يمكن أن تؤثر سلبًا على علم الفلك، ومراقبة النجوم.

مواضيع ذات صلة
 قمر اصطناعي

مراجع

أقمار اصطناعية
علم الفلك الرصدي
قابلية الرؤية

توهج القمر الصناعي


Glenea perakensis é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Stephan von Breuning em 1956.  É conhecida a sua existência na Malásia e Bornéu.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

perakensis
Coleópteros descritos em 1956

Glenea perakensis


John Hardy "Johnny" Isakson (født 28. december 1944 i Atlanta, død
19. december 2021) var en amerikansk republikansk politiker. Han var medlem af USA's senat valgt i Georgia fra 2005 indtil 2019. Han var medlem af Repræsentanternes Hus i perioden 1999–2005.

Eksterne henvisninger

Medlemmer af USA's kongres for det republikanske parti
Medlemmer af Senatet i USA
Personer fra Atlanta

Johnny Isakson


.tm Türkmenistan için internet ülke kodu üst seviye alan adıdır. (CcTLD)

Türkmenistan
İnternet ülke alan kodları
1997 tanıtımları
tm

.tm


Das Herrenhaus Schloss Vogelsang befindet sich in der heutigen Gemeinde Vogelsang-Warsin im Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald im äußersten Osten Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns.

Geschichte

Auf den Grundmauern einer ehemaligen Burg ließ Bernd Friedrich von Enckevort im Jahr 1711 ein zweigeschossiges Gutshaus bauen.

1828 folgte eine Erbgrabstätte der Familie von Enckefort, die heute unter Denkmalschutz steht, und in den Jahren 1845 bis 1847 wurde das Gutshaus unter dem Schlossherrn Eduard Friedrich von Enckevort durch einen Neubau im neugotischen Stil ersetzt, zu dem Eduard Knoblauch und Karl Friedrich Schinkel die Pläne geschaffen hatten. Nach einem Brand im Jahr 1937 erhielt es noch ein Mezzaningeschoss, so dass es heute drei Geschosse besitzt; allerdings erfolgte die Sanierung nach diesem Unglücksfall in eher nüchternem architektonischem Stil. Das Schloss ist ein sechzehnachsiges Gebäude mit oktogonalen Ecktürmen und Zinnenaufbau im Stil der Tudorgotik. An der Hauptfassade befindet sich ein polygonaler Mittelrisalit. Die Hauptachsen des Gebäudes sind in nord-südlicher bzw. ost-westlicher Richtung angelegt; der Grundriss ist weitgehend achsensymmetrisch. Vor dem Hauptportal befindet sich ein Rondell. Das Schloss ist von einem etwa 12.000 m² großen Park umgeben.

1892 gehörte Vogelsang mit den 2316 ha Land, davon 1817 ha Wald, dem Major Adrian von Enckevort, er war Fideikommissherr. 1914 fiel sein Sohn und Nachfolger Kurt Eduard Otto von Enckevort, geboren 1878, als Kürassier-Reserveleutnant im Ersten Weltkrieg. Er vererbte Vogelsang mit Nebenbesitzungen an seinen Sohn Bernd-Bogislav von Enckevort, der den Besitz später nicht mehr halten konnten. Noch 1928 gehörten ihm das Rittergut Vogelsang mit Vorwerk Adlig Bellin, Warsin, Carlshof und Fraudenhorst, gesamt 5679 ha.

Das Gutshaus wurde dann zunächst als Landschulheim genutzt und 1934 dem Reichsbund der Deutschen Beamten übereignet, der dort ein Schulungslager einrichtete. Dieses trug den Namen "Franz-Schwede-Coburg-Beamtenlager". Vom vormaligen Rittergut blieb 1939 ein Restgut von 150 ha im bürgerlichen Besitz.

Im Zweiten Weltkrieg diente das Schloss als Lazarett, anschließend als Kinderheim "August Bebel". Nachdem das Kinderheim im Jahr 1993 ausgezogen war, stand das Gebäude leer. In den 2000er Jahren wurde das Bauwerk saniert, in Eigentumswohnungen aufgeteilt und zum Kauf angeboten. Das Bauwerk gilt als denkmalwertes Gebäude.

Schlossherren
 Eduard Friedrich von Enckevort (1808–1883), preußischer Politiker, Gutsbesitzer
 Adrian von Enckevort (1840–1898), preußischer Politiker und Offizier, Gutsbesitzer

Fotos

Literatur

Weblinks

 Schloss Vogelsang. schloss-vogelsang.de

Einzelnachweise

Baudenkmal in Vogelsang-Warsin
Vogelsang
Vogelsang, Schloss
Enckevort (Adelsgeschlecht)

Schloss Vogelsang (Vogelsang-Warsin)


Paul Moncassin, né le  à Pau et mort le  à Aressy, est un joueur français de rugby à XV qui évolue principalement au poste de pilier des années 1920 jusqu'aux années 1940.

Paul Moncassin était boucher de profession.

Biographie
Paul Moncassin est champion de France de rugby en 1946 avec la Section paloise, composant la première ligne de la Section auprès de Martin et Larrat, et Moncassin.

Moncassin évolue ensuite au FC Lourdes à l'ASPTT Pau.

Palmarès de joueur

En club

 Avec la Section paloise

 Challenge Yves du Manoir :
 Vainqueur (1) : 1939
 Championnat de France de première division :
 Champion (1) : 1946
 Coupe de France :
 Finaliste (1) : 1946

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur français de rugby à XV
Pilier (rugby à XV)
Joueur de la Section paloise
Naissance en mars 1916
Naissance à Pau
Naissance dans les Basses-Pyrénées
Décès en novembre 2001
Décès à Aressy
Décès à 85 ans

Paul Moncassin


Un sistema de partículas es un modelo de sistema físico formado por partículas o cuerpos cuyas dimensiones y estado interno son irrelevantes para el problema bajo estudio. Eso hace que en un sistema de partículas conocidas las magnitudes cinemáticas de cada una de las partículas y sus acciones a distancia toda la dinámica del sistema esté completamente especificada a dinámica del punto material.

Muchos sistemas físicos reales pueden ser estudiados como sistema de partículas: las moléculas de un gas encerrado en un recipiente, el sistema solar, las estrellas de una galaxia, estructura electrónica de un átomo, entre otros.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Landau & Lifshitz: Mecánica, Ed. Reverté, Barcelona, 1991. ISBN 84-291-4081-6.

Conceptos de la mecánica estadística

Sistema de partículas (física)


Paul Andre Cyr (October 31, 1963 – May 12, 2012) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left wing who played for the Buffalo Sabres, New York Rangers and Hartford Whalers in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career
Cyr began his career with the Nanaimo Clippers of the British Columbia Hockey League, for whom he played the 1979–80 season, and then the Victoria Cougars of the Western Hockey League from 1980 to 1982. He was a member of the first Canadian team to win a gold medal at the World Junior Hockey Championship in 1982. Cyr only made the team after being recalled due to another player's injury. He scored in the Boxing Day game versus the Soviet Union. In the tournament, he scored a total of four goals and ten points in the ten games he played.

The Buffalo Sabres drafted Cyr ninth overall in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft. He made his debut for the Sabres that year, and played the next six seasons for the team, before being traded midway through the 1987–88 season to the New York Rangers in exchange for Mike Donnelly and a fifth round draft pick. After two injury-plagued seasons with the Rangers, Cyr signed as a free agent with the Hartford Whalers before the 1990–91 season. He had one successful year with the Whalers, appearing in 70 games and scoring 25 points. He was demoted to the Springfield Indians of the American Hockey League the subsequent year, where remained until his retirement in 1993.

Cyr played in a total of 470 games in the NHL over nine seasons, scoring 101 goals and 140 assists.

Personal life and death
In 1987, Cyr was shot in the stomach while vacationing in the Dominican Republic. He recovered. His house burned down during his retirement, which he rebuilt himself. Cyr died of heart failure in May 2012.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards
 WHL Second All-Star Team – 1982

References

External links

1963 births
2012 deaths
Buffalo Sabres draft picks
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Nanaimo Clippers players
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
New York Rangers players
People from Port Alberni
Victoria Cougars (WHL) players

Paul Cyr


A Associação Esportiva do Exército Austríaco (em    ) foi fundada em 19 de outubro de 1967 no teatro do Maria-Theresien-Barrack durante a assembléia geral. O responsável, portanto, foi o Ministro Federal da Defesa, Dr. Georg Prader. A sua ordem ministerial diz: "Nesta organização, os oficiais e suboficiais desportivos devem encontrar um novo campo de actividade disponível nos seus tempos livres." A Associação Desportiva do Exército Austríaco fará sempre um esforço para manter os contactos e ligações com outras federações desportivas civis. O maior patrocinador desta organização são as Forças Armadas Austríacas.

História
Em 1930, a Associação Desportiva do exército austríaco foi fundada como uma associação de o Ministério da Guerra. Um precursor já existia em 1921. Foi uma Associação Desportiva de guarnição do Forças Armadas Austríacas no Primeira República Austríaca. A estrutura era muito semelhante à de hoje em dia.

Esta organização destacou-se da política na Primeira República Austríaca e no estado corporativo . Em 1935, a Associação Esportiva do Exército Austríaco retirou-se dos eventos civis. O novo foco foi definido em competições militares.

Em 1938 a organização foi dissolvida. Durante o período de ocupação pelos Aliados, após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, um clube esportivo foi fundado a partir da B-Constabulary no Tirol. Este clube começou em 1956 como a primeira Associação Esportiva do Exército, seguida por clubes em Graz, Salzburgo e Viena.

Surgiu a ideia de criar um novo corpo diretivo. As organizações civis temiam a expansão de uma organização desportiva militar análoga às organizações do Bloco de Leste. Tinham medo de perder atletas e promoções financeiras. O Ministro Federal da Defesa, Dr. Georg Prader, ordenou em 1965 a fundação da Associação Esportiva do Exército Austríaco. O restabelecimento aconteceu em 19 de outubro de 1967.

Desde 1992, a Associação Esportiva do Exército Austríaco se dividiu em nove associações nacionais e 90 categorias esportivas. A organização sediou ou apoiou campeonatos internacionais várias vezes. Alguns exemplos são Ironman Austria, Biathlon World Championships 2005, Marc-Aurel-March ou a parte austríaca da Supermaratona Viena-Bratislava-Budapeste.

Sucessos esportivos
Em 1988, o subtenente biatleta Alfred Eder de Saalfelden ocupou o 4º lugar nas Olimpíadas de Inverno de 1988 em Calgary . No ano do 25º aniversário, os atletas da Associação Esportiva do Exército Austríaco ganharam duas medalhas de prata e uma medalha de ouro participando das Olimpíadas de Inverno de 1992 em Albertville como presente.

Dez anos depois, outro atleta comemorou uma medalha olímpica. Christoph Bieler (HSV Sparkasse Absam) conquistou o bronze na competição por equipes 4 x 5 km ( combinação nórdica ) nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2002 em Salt Lake City . Bieler conquistou o ouro na mesma competição no dia 15 de fevereiro, nas Olimpíadas de Inverno de 2006 em Torino.

Mais de 60 esportistas da Associação Esportiva do Exército fazem parte dos Jogos Olímpicos . Mais de 600 medalhas foram conquistadas em campeonatos mundiais, europeus e militares, campeonatos europeus do CISM, também copas mundiais, europeias e alpinas. Além disso, 40 recordes mundiais e europeus e duas melhores performances mundiais foram estabelecidos.

Mais de 3.000 títulos estaduais e austríacos são resultado da promoção específica da juventude, implementada pelos homens de frente da Associação Esportiva do Exército Austríaco, representante do país para um tipo de esporte.

Em 2004, a Associação Esportiva do Exército Austríaco contava com o maior número de membros, com mais de 30.000 pessoas.

Representante do país para um tipo de esporte
As pessoas representativas do país são eleitas do comitê após necessidade. Suas responsabilidades são a coordenação de esportes competitivos e de alto rendimento. Eles também devem coordenar todo o nível juvenil dos esportes do Exército Austríaco em sua seção. Cursos e a realização de campeonatos da Associação Desportiva do Exército Austríaco também estão incluídos em suas atividades.

Sua área de atuação abrangia todo o território federal . Um representante do país para um tipo de esporte precisa dos seguintes requisitos e deve cumprir essas atividades:

 Expertise em seu tipo de esporte, um instrutor/professor de exigência mínima de educação graduada é esperado.
 Um representante do país para um tipo de esporte deve ter passado no curso de corpo oficial das Forças Armadas da Áustria.
 Ele também deve criar um cronograma de trabalho e plano de financiamento para esportes de alto rendimento e competitivos, bem como para o nível juvenil. Este plano deve cobrir um ano civil.

A Associação Esportiva do Exército Austríaco elegeu os seguintes representantes de países para um tipo de esporte (em janeiro de 2017).

Dias de associação

Desde 1968, a Associação Esportiva do Exército Austríaco realiza dias anuais de associação. Na maioria das vezes, esse evento leva dois dias.

Para decisões como um novo presidente ou outros julgamentos importantes, os dias de hoje são muito importantes.

Em 2017, o dia da associação será combinado com a cerimônia da ocasião "50 anos da Associação Esportiva do Exército Austríaco". Está previsto entusiasmar cerca de 300 pessoas com os melhores atletas austríacos, entrevistas, uma publicação de aniversário e muito mais. Este evento será nos dias 31 de maio e 1º de junho de 2017.

Em conexão com os 49º dias de associação, o esportista do ano de 2015 Sebastian Graser (Parachuting/HSV Red Bull Salzburg) e a esportista do ano de 2015 Susanne Menda ( Halterofilismo /HSV Langenlebarn) foram homenageados.

Referências

Desporto de Viena
Forças armadas da Áustria
Clubes de futebol da Áustria
Clubes de futebol fundados em 1967
Fundações na Áustria do século XX


La rue des Fossés est une rue de Lille, dans le Nord, en France.

Situation et accès
Cette voie du quartier de Lille-Centre relie la Rue de la Vieille Comédie au square Morisson en passant à l'extrémité de la rue des Molfonds.

La Mairie de quartier de Lille-Centre est située à son extrémité sud en bordure du square Morisson.

La rue est accessible depuis la ligne 1 du métro de Lille Métropole en sortant à la station Rihour et en prenant la Rue de la Vieille Comédie ou à la station République-Beaux-Arts légèrement plus éloignée.

Origine du nom
La rue tire son nom des fossés des anciens jardins du palais des ducs de Bourgogne sur lequel elle a été en partie établie.

Historique
La rue est ouverte en 1603 sur les anciens jardins du Palais Rihour lors de l'agrandissement de la ville au sud-ouest englobant l'ancien faubourg du Molinel.
Elle est parallèle au canal des Molfonds qui se prolonge au sud-ouest de la rue des Molfonds par le canal des Jésuites. Avant cet agrandissement de 1603, ces canaux  étaient  un tronçon, compris entre la tour de Rihour (qui était située à l'angle de la rue des Fossés et de la Rue de la Vieille Comédie) et la tour de l'Angèle (à l'emplacement de l'actuel square Morisson) au bord de l'ilot Rihour, du fossé de l'enceinte de la ville établie au cours du  pour englober les paroisses Saint-Maurice et de Saint-Sauveur.
Ce canal souterrain s'écoule à mi-distance de la rue de Béthune et de la rue des Molfonds. A l'extrémité sud de la rue, s'étendait, à l'emplacement de l'actuel square Morisson, l'abreuvoir des Jésuites alimenté par le canal des Jésuites. Le canal et l'abreuvoir tiraient leur nom du collège des Jésuites établi en 1606 le long de l'actuelle Rue de l'Hôpital-Militaire. L'abreuvoir créé lors de l'agrandissement de 1603 qui a reporté l'enceinte au delà de cette rue a été recouvert en 1883.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
 La rue piétonne est bordée en partie par des maisons de style classique lillois de la fin du  et début du .
 La maison du numéro 2 et sa voisine ont fait l'objet d'une opération de façadisme voyante.
 C'est une voie animée très proche du centre comprenant des cafés et des restaurants.
 La maison du numéro 13 à l'angle de la rue des Molfonds est inscrite au Monuments historiques depuis 1980

Annexes

Références

Articles connexes
 Liste des rues de Lille
 Lille-Centre

Lille-Centre
Fossés

Rue des Fossés (Lille)


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Poniky enthält die drei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Poniky im Okres Banská Bystrica.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Poniky


Grödersby Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 6,64 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 270 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Helmut Andresen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Grödersby


Nymphargus manduriacu est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Centrolenidae.

Description
L'espèce est décrite à partir de trois mâles, mesurant de , et d'une femelle de .

Répartition
Cette espèce en danger critique d'extinction a été identifiée dans le bassin du río Manduriacu en Équateur où elle est menacée par l'activité minière.

Publication originale

Liens externes

Notes et références

Anoure (nom scientifique)
Centroleninae
Faune endémique d'Équateur
Faune endémique des Andes

Nymphargus manduriacu


L'ambassade de Guinée équatoriale en Guinée est la principale représentation diplomatique de la république de Guinée équatoriale en Guinée.

Histoire

Liste des ambassadeurs

Références

Guinée
Guinée équatoriale

Ambassade de Guinée équatoriale en Guinée


Grækenlands historie går tilbage til grækernes ankomst til Europa et tidspunkt før 1500 f.Kr., selv om der kun har været en uafhængig græsk stat kaldt Grækenland siden 1821.

Grækenlands historie går imidlertid langt udenfor Grækenlands grænser. Så tidlig som det 7. århundrede f.Kr. havde grækerne koloniseret dele af det nuværende Tyrkiet, Cypern, Italien og Libyen. Aleksander den Stores erobringer i det 4. århundrede f.Kr. gav grækerne herredømme over Anatolien, Egypten, Syrien og Mesopotamien. Som del af Det byzantinske rige var disse og andre områder en del af den græske verden for mange århundreder. Inden det 15. århundrede levede næsten alle grækere under det Osmanniske Rige.

Oldtiden

Oldtidens Grækenland kan afgrænses tidsmæssigt og geografisk til henholdsvis en næsten tusindårig periode frem til kristendommens gennembrud, og til et område som udover det nuværende Grækenland omfattede meget af Middelhavs- og Sortehavsområderne. Oldtidens Grækenland bliver af de fleste historikere regnet som den vigtigste grundlæggende kultur for den vestlige civilisation. Græsk kultur havde en stor påvirkning på Romerriget, som igen satte sit præg på den europæiske kultur.

De gamle grækeres civilisation har haft stor indflydelse på sprog, politik, uddannelse, filosofi, videnskab, kunst og arkitektur i den moderne verden. Den græske kultur var også katalysator for renæssancen i 1400-1500-tallet. Begrebet "Antikkens Hellas" er brugt til at skildre den græsk-talende verden i antikken. Begrebet referer ikke bare til den græske halvø og det moderne Hellas, men også til områderne med hellensk kultur som var beboet af grækere: Cypern og De ægæiske øer, kysten omkring Det Ægæiske Hav, kaldet Anatolien (dengang kendt som Ionien), Sicilien og Syditalien, og de spredte, græske bosættelser på kysten af Illyrien, Thrakien, Egypten, Kyrene, Sydfrankrig og øst og nordøst på Den Iberiske Halvø.

Nyere historie

Grækenland var under det Osmanniske Rige fra 1359 til 1821. Den 25. marts 1821 gjorde grækerne oprør og erklærede sin uaghængighed, men opnåede ikke dette før i 1829 gennem den såkaldte London-protokol. De store europæiske magter så på uafhængighedskrigen med deres beretninger om tyrkiske overgreb i romantisk tid. Et eksempel på dette er Eugène Delacroix sit maleri fra 1824 kaldt Scènes des massacres de Scio.

En del ikke-grækere meldte sig frivillige til at kæmpe for deres sag, deriblandt George Byron. Ad flere omgange så det ud til at osmannerne var i færd med at knuse den græske revolution, den blev dog reddet af truslen om direkte militær invasion mod det Osmanniske Rige fra Frankrig, Storbritannien eller Rusland. Den russiske udenrigsminister, Ioannis Kapodistrias, som selv var græker, returnerede hjem som præsident i den nye republik efter den græske uafhængighed. Den republik forsvandt dog, da de europæiske stormagter hjalp med til at ændre Grækenland til et kongedømme. Den første konge, Otto 1., kom fra Bayern, og den anden, Georg 1., kom fra Danmark.

1. Verdenskrig
Under 1. verdenskrig gik Grækenland med på Ententemagternes side mod det osmanniske rige og de andre centralmagter. I krigens efterspil gav stormagterne dele af Lilleasien til Grækenland, inkluderet byen Smyrna, i dag kendt som Izmir, som havde en græsk majoritetsbefolkning. Men på dette tidspunkt havde tyrkiske nationalister ledet af Mustafa Kemal Atatürk kuppet den omanske regering, organiseret et militært angreb på græske styrker og besejret dem. Umiddelbart derefter måtte over en million indfødte grækere i Tyrkiet drage til Grækenland som befolkningsbytte med hundredtusindvis af muslimer som levede i den græske stat.

2. Verdenskrig og efter
I begyndelsen af 2. verdenskrig blev Grækenland angrebet af Benito Mussolinis Italien under Den Græsk-italienske krig. Det lykkedes dog grækerne at slå angrebet tilbage, men i 1941 besatte Nazi-Tyskland Grækenland efter sejr ved Slaget om Grækenland. Det skønnes, at ca 370.000 grækere (ca 7% af befolkningen) mistede livet under 2. verdenskrig, mange af disse af sult.

I 1944 trak Nazi-Tyskland sig ud af Grækenland. England forsøgte at genindsætte kongen, der var i eksil i London, men størsteparten af modstandsbevægelsen, nemlig den kommunistiske, modsatte sig. Det førte til den græske borgerkrig (1946-49), som afsluttedes med de borgerliges og royalisternes sejr i 1949 med støtte fra Storbritannien og USA. Borgerkrigen var præget af grusomme overgreb fra begge sider, både på modpartens styrker og på civilbefolkningen. Allerede i 1946 var kong Georg 2. vendt tilbage til Grækenland, efterfulgt af kong Paul 1. i 1947. Kong Konstantin 2., Pauls søn, efterfulgte ham på tronen i 1964, og blev senere gift med prinsesse Anne-Marie af Danmark, søster til Dronning Margrethe.

Den 13. december 1967 forsøgte kong Konstantin at tage magten over militæret, men mislykkedes, og han og dronning Anne-Marie måtte sammen med deres børn flygte fra Grækenland. I 1974 udråbte oberst Georgios Papadopoulos sig selv til præsident i Grækenland. Militæret havde magten i landet, indtil Tyrkiet invaderede Cypern senere samme år, og militærregeringen blev afsat. Fra 1945 til 1974 var den græske befolkning udsat for en kommunistjagt, der medførte, at demokratiets vilkår var meget anstrengte, eftersom alle venstreorienterede, også ikke-kommunister, blev forfulgt. Endog en del centrumorienterede og enkelte borgerlige kom i klemme, når de krævede ægte demokrati.

Genindføring af demokrati
Efter en folkeafstemning hvor folket bekræftede afsættelsen af kong Konstantin 2. i 1975, blev en demokratisk republikansk grundlov sat i værk. En anden politiker som tidligere havde været i eksil, Andreas Papandreou, returnerede også og grundlagde det socialistiske parti PASOK som vandt valgene i 1981 og dominerede landets politiske kurs i næsten to tiår.

Siden genindførelsen af demokratiet er stabiliteten og økonomiske velstand i Grækenland vokset. Grækenland tilsluttet sig EU i 1981 og indførte euroen som sin valuta i 2001. Ny infrastruktur, midler fra EU og voksende indtægter fra turisme, søfart, tjenester, lysindustri og telekommunikationsindustri har givet Grækenland en levestandard bedre end nogensinde før. Spændinger eksister stadigt mellem Grækenland og Tyrkiet omkring Cypern-spørgsmålet og grænserne i det Ægæiske Hav, men forholdene et blevet betydelig bedre efter flere jordskælv, først i Tyrkiet og så i Grækenland, som førte til sympati og assistance landene imellem.

I 2004 fik kongefamilien lov til igen at bosætte sig i Grækenland.

Litteratur
 Chadwick, John, The Mycenaean World, Cambridge UP, 1976,
 Mountjoy, P.A., Mycenaean Decorated Pottery: A Guide to Identification, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 73. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Forlag, 1986,
 Mylonas, George E., Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age, Princeton UP, 1966,
 Podzuweit, Christian, Die mykenische Welt und Troja, 1982, i B. Hänsel (ed.), Südosteuropa zwischen 1600 und 1000 v. Chr., 65-88.
 Taylour, Lord William, The Mycenaeans, revidert utgave, 1990, London: Thames & Hudson, 1964,
 Latacz, J. Between Troy and Homer. The so-called Dark Ages in Greece, i Storia, Poesia e Pensiero nel Mondo antico. Studi in Onore di M. Gigante, Rome, 1994

Eksterne henvisninger
 The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, Greece Tekster

Grækenlands historie


Alexandru D. Sturdza, numit și Alecu de către părinți, (n. 23 mai 1869 – d. 28 septembrie 1939, Zürich) a fost un militar dezertor român din Primul Război Mondial, unicul fiu al lui Dimitrie A. Sturdza și al Zoei Cantacuzino.

A îndeplinit funcția de comandant al Brigăzii 7 Mixtă și Diviziei 8 Infanterie în campaniile anilor 1916 și 1917.

Viața

A fost un copil precoce, primind de la o vârstă fragedă o educație aleasă prin intermediul unor profesori germani și francezi de la care a învățat să scrie și să citească în mai multe limbi străine. A fost format prin tatăl său în spiritul culturii germane, iar prin mama sa, în spiritul culturii franceze.

Studiile din Germania

A urmat studiile gimnaziale și secundare la Jena, iar pe cele universitare la Breslau (azi, Wrocław, în Polonia).

La 9 martie 1889 se înregistrează voluntar în armata română, iar la 16 noiembrie primește un concediu de 3 ani pentru a urma studiile militare în Germania. În 1889 devine cursant al Școlii Militare din Hanovra pe care o absolvă în 17 noiembrie 1891. În baza studiilor militare din Germania este primit în armata română cu gradul de sublocotenent și încadrat la Regimentul 1 Geniu. În fapt, el a servit în armata germană în baza unui acord special încheiat între regele Carol I și împăratul Wilhelm al II-lea. În perioada 16 februarie 1892-27 februarie 1901 a studiat la Școala de Artilerie și de Geniu din Charlottenburg și la Academia de Război din Berlin. Prin Decretul nr. 1787 din 10 aprilie 1895, care completa Înaltul Decret nr. 1987 din 9 mai 1894, este avansat la gradul de locotenent cu un an întârziere față de promoția lui.

În aprilie 1898 s-a căsătorit cu vara sa, Elisabeta, alintată Dud, unica fiică a lui P. P. Carp. Din cauza obligațiilor de serviciu, nunta nu a avut loc pe 9/21 aprilie când a fost fixată inițial, ci câteva zile mai târziu.

În toată această perioadă a urmat diverse stagii de pregătire, manevre și exerciții militare. Unul din stagii a fost la Regimentul de gardă al împăratului unde a fost însărcinat cu multe responsabilități. În martie 1899 a avut misiunea de a-l însoți pe colonelul Meintze von Krenski la Constantinopol. După întoarcerea din misiune a făcut demersuri pentru a fi admis în stagiu la Marele Stat Major german, iar cererea i-a fost aprobată. Deoarece stagiul său de pregătire în Germania se apropia de sfârșit a apelat la generalul Iacob Lahovari, ministrul de război, care a aprobat în aprilie 1900 prelungirea cu un an a concediului.

Stagiul la Marele Stat Major s-a încheiat la 15 iunie 1900 după care a fost mutat la Hanovra, la comandamentul Diviziei 6, Corpul 3 Armată. Prin Înaltul Decret nr. 2470 din 8 decembrie 1900 a fost avansat la gradul de căpitan, cu o întârziere de 2 ani față de colegii de promoție.

La 14 octombrie 1901 își încheie perioada de pregătire în Germania nu înainte de a fi primit de împăratul Wilhelm al II-lea.

Cariera militară
După absolvirea școlii militare de ofițeri cu gradul de sublocotenent, Alexandru D. Sturdza ocupat diferite poziții în cadrul unităților de infanterie sau în eșaloanele superioare ale armatei, cele mai importante fiind cele de șef birou în Statul Major General și comandant al comandant al Școlii militare de Ofițeri de Infanterie și Cavalerie și comandant al Regimentului 1 Infanterie.

În perioada Primului Război Mondial a îndeplinit funcția de comandant al Brigăzii 7 Mixte, în perioada septembrie - decembrie 1916, și al Diviziei 8 Infanterie, în perioada 23 decembrie 1916/4 ianuarie 1917 - 7/20 ianuarie 1917.

La 6 februarie 1917 părăsește comanda și dezertează la inamic.

Colonelul Crăiniceanu, comandant al Regimentului 25 Infanterie, care cunoștea intenția de dezertare la inamic a colonelului Sturdza, urma să treacă cu trupele sale în liniile germane.
Consiliul de război al Armatei a 2-a i-a condamnat pe coloneii Sturdza și Crăiniceanu la degradare militară și la moarte (primul în contumacie). Crăiniceanu a fost executat în fața foștilor subordonați în ziua de 31 martie/13 aprilie 1917.

Decorații
  Ordinul "Steaua României", în grad de ofițer (1912)
  Ordinul "Coroana României", în grad de ofițer (1894)
 Crucea "Meritul Sanitar" (1914)

Reprezentare în film
Trădarea colonelului Sturdza a fost reprezentată în filmul Triunghiul morții (1999) al lui Sergiu Nicolaescu.

Note

Bibliografie
 Dabija, Gheorghe (general), Armata română în răsboiul mondial (1916-1918), vol.I-IV, Tipografia "Lupta" N. Stroilă, București, 1932-1936
 Kapri, Valeriu (maior), Cazul fostului colonel  Alexandru Sturdza, Tipografia Societății pe Acțiuni "Adolf Sonnenfeld", Oradea, 1926
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (lt.-colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
 Otu, Petre, Georgescu, Maria, Radiografia unei trădări - Cazul colonelului Alexandru D. Sturdza, Editura Militară, București, 2011
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 Otu, Petre, Georgescu, Maria: Durchleuchtung eines Verrats. Der Fall des Oberst Alexandru D. Sturdza. Lektor Verlag. Hainburg. 2022.

Vezi și
 Familia Sturdza

Legături externe
 Trădarea colonelului Sturdza , 28 martie 2011, Cornel Ilie, Historia

Nașteri în 1869
Decese în 1939
Generali români din Primul Război Mondial
Familia Sturdza
Dezertori
Trădare
Decorați cu Ordinul Steaua României
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României
Decorați cu Crucea "Meritul Sanitar"

Alexandru D. Sturdza


Le triisobutylaluminium, ou TiBA, est un composé organoaluminique de formule chimique . Il s'agit d'un liquide incolore pyrophorique qui réagit violemment avec l'eau, les alcools, l'oxygène, les oxydants, les acides et les bases. Il réagit également avec les aldéhydes et les cétones.  Il est utilisé essentiellement pour produire des alcools primaires et des alcènes terminaux.

Le triisobutylaluminium existe en équilibre avec son dimère, selon une constante de dissociation K qui vaut 3,810 à  :
2  <=>> .

Dans le dimère, la liaison  est allongée et montre des indications d'une rotation restreinte. Par souci de simplification, on décrira le TiBA comme monomère dans cette page.

Production

Les composés trialkylaluminium sont produits industriellement en faisant réagir de la poudre d'aluminium, de l'hydrogène  et les alcènes souhaités. La synthèse du triisobutylaluminium se déroule en deux étapes. La première donne l'hydrure de diisobutylaluminium  à partir de l'isobutylène  :
4  + 2 Al + 3  ⟶ 2 .

Une seconde étape consiste en l'addition supplémentaire d'isobutylène pour aboutir au triisobutylaluminium :
 +  ⟶ .

Réactions

Les alcènes terminaux sont rapidement éliminés des composés trialkylaluminium β-ramifiés. Les composés trialkylaluminium sont employés dans l'industrie pour la production de polymères. Le triisobutylaluminium est l'un de ces composés les plus courants et présente un taux de liaisons  significatif à l'équilibre. La plus grande stabilité des composés trialkylaluminium linéaires par rapport aux ramifiés est à la base de l'obtention de composés trialkylaluminium linéaires à partir du triisobutylaluminium :
 + 3  ⟶  + 3 .

Notes et références

Composé organo-aluminique

Triisobutylaluminium


Rudolf Hirschberg (Pseudonyme: Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura, Rudolf Jura, B. Marinelli, Sebald Wendhus; * 31. Dezember 1867 in Meißen als Karl Rudolf Hirschberg; † 1943) war ein deutscher Schriftsteller.

Leben

Rudolf Hirschberg war der Sohn des Meißner Bürgermeisters Karl Richard Hirschberg. Nachdem Rudolf Hirschberg die Fürstenschule St. Afra in Meißen absolviert hatte, studierte er von 1888 bis 1892 Jura an der Universität Leipzig, verfolgte allerdings nach Bestehen des Staatsexamens seine juristische Karriere nicht weiter.
Er besuchte das Konservatorium in Dresden und wirkte von 1893 bis 1897 als Schauspieler auf diversen deutschen Bühnen, u. a. in Königsberg und Breslau. Danach versuchte er sich als Rezitator eigener komischer Werke auf Kabarettbühnen (u. a. im Berliner "Überbrettl") und Varietés. Hirschberg lebte zeitweise in Straßburg, wo er die Schauspielerin Elisabeth Kramer heiratete. Ab 1902 war er in Hannover ansässig und Mitarbeiter von Tageszeitungen. Später lebte er als freier Schriftsteller in München und Leipzig.

Rudolf Hirschbergs veröffentlichte neben eigenen Kabarett-Texten eine Vielzahl von Romanen und Erzählungen.

Werke

 Der Improvisator, Naumburg 1895 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Nach Amerika, Mühlhausen i. Th. 1896 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Jura, zusammen mit Alexander Rumpelt)
 Rechtsanwalt Lohmann, Berlin 1902 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Der tote Liebhaber, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr 1902 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Ein unpraktischer Mensch, Berlin [u. a.] 1903 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Gehorsame Geister, Berlin 1904 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Ein großartiger Kerl, Mannheim 1904 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Der Liebeshandel, Berlin 1904 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Die Sonntagsbraut, Berlin 1904 (unter dem Namen B. Marinelli)
 Hans im Glück, Leipzig 1905 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Unter falschem Verdacht, Berlin 1905 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura, zusammen mit Friedrich Thieme)
 Die Variétéprinzessin, Bonn 1905 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Jura)
 Zwei Hundertmarkscheine. Der Detektiv im "Blauen Ferkel", Berlin [u. a.] 1906 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Möblierte Zimmer, Leipzig 1907 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Sinniges Unsinniges, Berlin 1907 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Die Villa des Gerechten, Stuttgart 1907 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Die wahre Kunst, Berlin 1907 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Die Schwiegermutter nach Noten, Leipzig 1908 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Jura)
 Philisters Kinder, Berlin 1909 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Primanerliebe, Berlin 1909 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Theater Glück!, Berlin 1909 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Theatersommer, Berlin 1909 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Cabaret, Leipzig 1910 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Entlarvt, Mülheim-Ruhr 1910 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Jura)
 Unglaubliche Geschichten, Nürnberg 1910 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Die Erstlinge, Leipzig 1912 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Harte Liebe, Leipzig 1912 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Eine schöne Erzieherin, Leipzig 1912 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Vergib uns unsere Schuld!, Leipzig 1912 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Der Zaubermeister, Berlin 1912 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Zu viel Liebe. Die Freudengöttin, Leipzig 1913 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Das Brillantenfräulein, Heilbronn 1914 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Das goldene Haar, Berlin [u. a.] 1916 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Heddas Heirat, Reutlingen 1916 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Die Schulbank der Liebe, Leipzig 1916 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Der Erbneffe, Dresden 1917 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Läuternde Flammen, Dresden 1918 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Des süßen Glückes reife Frucht, Dresden 1918 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Die zweite Liebe, Leipzig 1919 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Ruhm und Liebe, Leipzig 1920 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Das verratene Luftschiff, Berlin [u. a.] 1920 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Die Braut im Koffer, Leipzig 1921 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Die giftigen Kaninchen. 78000 Mark, Leipzig 1921 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Krank am Weibe, München 1921 (unter dem Namen R. Hirschberg-Jura)
 Der Preis, Leipzig-Stö. 1922 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Das verlorene Ich, Leipzig-Stö. 1922 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Schminke, Herz und Rampenlicht, Leipzig-Stö. 1924 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)
 Wenn du nicht kannst, laß mich mal – was vortragen, Leipzig 1924 (unter dem Namen Rudolf Hirschberg-Jura)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Schriftsteller (Leipzig)
Schriftsteller (München)
Theaterschauspieler
Autor
Literatur (Deutsch)
Deutscher
Geboren 1867
Gestorben 1943
Mann

Rudolf Hirschberg


O Estádio Municipal Annibal Batista de Toledo é um estádio multiuso em Aparecida de Goiânia, em Goiás. É utilizado principalmente para jogos de futebol, e tem capacidade máxima para 4.800 pessoas.

Em julho de 2019, a Câmara Municipal de Aparecida de Goiânia anunciou a realização de um processo de ampliação e reforma do estádio. A obra terminou quase um ano depois.

É o principal estádio de futebol do município de Aparecida de Goiânia e pertence ao poder público (Prefeitura Municipal de Aparecida de Goiânia e Governo do Estado de Goiás). Com capacidade de público de 4.800 espectadores, o estádio é utilizado pelos clubes profissionais de futebol da cidade em competições oficiais como: Campeonato Goiano de Futebol, Copa Verde e Brasileirão - Série C. É a casa da Associação Atlética Aparecidense (Campeã do Brasileirão - Série D de 2021), Aparecida Esporte Clube e Cerrado Esporte Clube (Campeã de 2021 da Terceira Divisão do Goianão). O município tem grande influência do futebol, inclusive na política. No futebol profissional é representado por estas agremiações.

Associação Atlética Aparecidense
Ann
Aparecida de Goiânia
Ann
Esporte de Aparecida de Goiânia


Canali er et italiensk mærke af luksustøj og accessories til mænd. Det sælges via firmaets egne butikker og luksus-stormagasiner i hele verden.

Historie
Canali blev grundlagt i 1934 af Giacomo Canali og Giovanni Canali som en familieejet virksomhed.

I 1950'erne overgik ejerskabet af Canali til den næste generation af familien. I 1970'erne blev Canali den første italiensk skræddervirksomhed som introducerede mekaniske klippemaskiner. Den første flagskibsbutik blev åbnet i Milano.

I 2010 blev pitcheren Mariano Rivera fra New York Yankees model for Canalis reklamekampagne.

I juni 2013 blev virksomheden ledet af den tredje generation af Canali-familien, og der var omkring 1.700 ansatte. Virksomheden indbefattede syv fabrikker i Italien, hvor der blev produceret omkring 250.000 stykker tøj årligt.

I 2012 blev 87,5% af produktionen eksporteret; omkring 1.400 jakkesæt og 1.600 par bukser blev produceret dagligt.

Canali har forretninger på alle kontinenter.

Se også
 Brunello Cucinelli
 Ermenegildo Zegna
 Isaia
 Kiton
 Armani
 Brioni
 Bottega Veneta
 Trussardi

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Beklædningsvirksomheder fra Italien
Luksusmærker
Etableret i 1934

Canali


AJ Vaccines er en dansk medicinalvirksomhed ejet af Aljomaih Group. Virksomheden blev grundlagt i 2016, da Alijomiah Group opkøbte vaccineproduktionen fra Statens Serum Institut.

Virksomheden producerer vacciner, der beskytter mod kighoste, stivkrampe, difteri, polio og tuberkulose også kaldet DiTeKiPol/Act-Hib, der ligeledes giver beskyttelse imod meningitis og strubelågsbetændelse forårsaget af bakterien Haemophilus influenzae. Vaccinen er en del af det danske børnevaccinationsprogram. AJ Vaccines er derudover en del af WHO's Poliovaccine initiativ.

AJ Vaccines er godkendt i overensstemmelse med Good manufacturing practice (GMP) af bl.a. Lægemiddelstyrelsen.

Salget af vaccineproduktion til det saudiarabiske firma Aljomaih Group blev kritiseret i medierne, både af hensyn til forsyningssikkerheden, salgsprisen samt beskyldninger om støtte til Det muslimske broderskab, hvilket dog ikke er bekræftet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Lægemiddelvirksomheder i Danmark
Etableret i 2016

AJ Vaccines