Wycombe Wanderers Football Club () is an English professional association football club based in the town of High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. The team compete in League One, the third tier of the English football league system. They play their home matches at Adams Park, located on the western outskirts of High Wycombe.

Founded in 1887, they entered the Southern League in 1896. They switched to the Great Western Suburban League in 1908 and then the Spartan League in 1919, before joining the Isthmian League after winning the Spartan League in 1919–20 and 1920–21. They spent 64 years in the Isthmian League, winning eight league titles and one FA Amateur Cup title. Having rejected numerous invitations to join the Alliance Premier League (now National League), they finally accepted an offer in 1985 and eventually found success in the fifth tier of English football under the management of Martin O'Neill, winning promotion into the Football League as Football Conference champions in 1992–93. They also lifted the FA Trophy in 1991 and 1993, and won the Conference League Cup, Conference Shield (three times) and Conference Charity Shield.

Wycombe made an immediate impact in the Football League, winning promotion out of the Third Division via the play-offs in 1994. They spent a decade in the third tier and reached the FA Cup semi-finals in 2001, though were relegated three years later. They also reached the League Cup semi-finals in 2007 and then gained promotion out of League Two in 2008–09. This was the first of four successive seasons of promotions and relegations between League Two and League One, which was followed by a decline that saw the club only avoid relegation into non-League on goal difference in 2014. The club secured promotion out of League Two in 2017–18 under the stewardship of Gareth Ainsworth, who then took the club to the Championship for the first time in the club's history with victory in the 2020 League One play-off final. The subsequent season in the Championship proved difficult for Wycombe, and despite a late run of form which produced five wins and a draw from their last eight games, they were relegated back to League One at the end of the season.

History

Formation and early years (1887–1921)
The exact details of the formation of Wycombe Wanderers F.C. have largely been lost to history. A group of young furniture trade workers started a team to play matches which led to a meeting, held at the Steam Engine public house in Station Road, High Wycombe in 1887 which saw the formation of Wycombe Wanderers F.C. It is highly likely the club was named Wanderers after the famous Wanderers, winners of the first FA Cup in 1872. The club played friendly matches between 1887 and 1896. It first entered the FA Amateur Cup in 1894 and the FA Cup in 1895. In 1895 the club moved to Loakes Park, which would become its home for the next 95 years. In 1896 the club joined the Southern League and competed in the Second Division until 1908.

In the summer of 1908 the club declined the invitation to retain their membership of the Southern League. The club decided to pursue amateur instead of professional football and joined the Great Western Suburban League and remained there until the outbreak of the First World War. After the hostilities had ended the club joined the Spartan League in 1919 and were Champions in successive years. In March 1921 the club's application to join the Isthmian League was accepted.

Amateur years (1921–1974)
The club remained a member of the Isthmian League until 1985, when they finally accepted promotion to the Alliance Premier League. For over sixty years the Wanderers sought to be the greatest amateur club in the country. One of the club's greatest achievements came in April 1931 when it won the FA Amateur Cup. The Wanderers beat Hayes 1–0 in the final at Highbury, home of Arsenal. The club also reached the first round proper of the FA Cup for the first time in November 1932, losing to Gillingham in a replay at Loakes Park.

The club remained active during the Second World War, competing in the Great Western Combination, which was won in 1945. In 1947 Frank Adams, who had captained the club to its double Championship victories in the Spartan League and made 331 appearances for the Wanderers, scoring 104 goals, made arguably his greatest contribution when he gave Loakes Park to the club. It provided the basis for a period of unprecedented success in 1950s.

The club appointed Sid Cann as coach in 1952 and he led the Wanderers to their first Isthmian League title in 1956. The title was successfully defended the following season, and the club also reached Wembley for the first time in their history. They were beaten 3–1 by Bishop Auckland in the final of the FA Amateur Cup in April 1957. Their North-East rivals were something of a nemesis having also beaten the Chairboys at the semi-final stage in both 1950 and 1955. The second round proper of the FA Cup was reached in December 1959 when the club was defeated 5–1 by Watford at Vicarage Road. The stars of the team included winger Len Worley and striker Paul Bates.

Cann left the club to join Norwich City in 1961 and the club's fortunes took something of a downturn during the 1960s. That changed in December 1968 when Brian Lee was appointed as the club's first conventional manager. He changed several aspects of the club including team selection, which up to that point had been chosen by committee. He led the Wanderers to a third Isthmian League title in 1971 and it was again defended successfully in 1972. The club suffered yet more FA Amateur Cup disappointment at the semi-final stage, losing 2–1 to Hendon at Griffin Park, Brentford.

A fifth Isthmian League title was won in 1974 and the following season it was defended yet again, this time by the narrowest of margins, a superior goal difference of 0–1 to Enfield. In the same season the club created history by reaching the third round proper of the FA Cup for the first time, losing 1–0 to First Division Middlesbrough in a replay at Ayresome Park having drawn 0–0 at Loakes Park.

Loss of purpose (1974–1984)
Lee retired as manager in 1976 and again the Wanderers suffered a decline. A significant factor was the abolition of amateur football by the FA in 1974 which left the club without a sense of purpose. The Wanderers rejected the invitation to join the Alliance Premier League on its formation in 1979 and again in 1981 with concern over the increased travelling costs. The club reached the semi-finals of the FA Trophy for the first time in 1982 but lost out to Altrincham. A seventh Isthmian League title was won in 1983 but promotion to the Alliance Premier League was again turned down.

Football League dream (1984–1993)
As a consequence crowds at Loakes Park dropped to record lows and the club decided to accept promotion to the Gola League in 1985, having finished third in the Isthmian League Premier Division. The club's first season in a national league ended in disappointment, with the Wanderers relegated on goal difference. They soon returned after romping to an eighth Isthmian League title in 1987 after a battle with Yeovil Town. The club consolidated their place in the newly named GM Vauxhall Conference and under manager Jim Kelman they finished in fourth place in 1989. The following season would be the club's last at their Loakes Park home. It was a disappointing season on the field with Kelman being asked to resign following an ignominious defeat to the Metropolitan Police in the FA Trophy.

The club appointed Martin O'Neill as his successor and he went on to lead the Wanderers to unprecedented success. The club moved to its new Adams Park home in 1990, and in May 1991, the Blues defeated Kidderminster Harriers 2–1 in the final of the FA Trophy in front of a then-record crowd. The club narrowly missed out on promotion to the Football League the following season, finishing level on 94 points with Colchester United, but placing second in the league on goal difference.

Football League (1993–2000)
The club recovered to become only the third in history to do the non-league double. The Wanderers claimed the 92–93 Conference title before winning the FA Trophy again, beating Runcorn 4–1 in the final at Wembley in May 1993. O'Neill rejected the chance to manage Nottingham Forest that summer, staying with Wycombe to lead the club to fourth in the Third Division and qualify for the play-offs in their inaugural season in the Football League. They beat Carlisle United in the two-legged semi-final, and beat Preston North End 4–2 in the final at Wembley in May 1994 to secure their second consecutive promotion, entering the Second Division (the third tier) for the first time in club history.

In their first season in the Second Division, Wycombe finished sixth, but due to league re-organisation, missed out on a play-off place, and O'Neill left to become manager of First Division Norwich City in June 1995. Former Crystal Palace manager Alan Smith was appointed as his successor, but was sacked in September 1996 as Wycombe struggled in the bottom half of the Second Division. John Gregory took over and managed to steer the club to safety on the penultimate weekend of the 96–97 season. He left to manage Aston Villa in February 1998 and youth team boss Neil Smillie was given the job.

Smillie was sacked in January 1999 with the Wanderers looking destined for relegation back to the fourth tier. Lawrie Sanchez was appointed his successor and tasked with keeping the club in the Second Division. Safety was secured on the final day of the season when Paul Emblen headed home the winner seven minutes from time to beat Lincoln City 1–0. In tribute to this result, the club acquired a new mascot, in the form of the Wycombe Comanche.

Cup success and relegation (2000–2006)
In 2000–01, Wycombe began a successful FA Cup run, with wins over First Division sides Grimsby Town, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Wimbledon taking them to a quarter-final with Premiership outfit Leicester City. Striker Roy Essandoh headed an injury-time winner to seal a 2–1 win for the Wanderers at Filbert Street. The semi-final at Villa Park saw Wycombe face Liverpool, and goals from Emile Heskey and Robbie Fowler put the Premiership side up 2–0. A last ditch effort from club mainstay Keith Ryan gave some hope to the Wanderers, but they would exit the competition after succumbing to a 2–1 defeat.

Despite cup success, the club's league form continued to struggle, as they finished 13th in the Second Division in 00–01. As bottom half finishes continued, Sanchez was eventually sacked in September 2003 after the club ended the previous campaign in 18th. His successor Tony Adams failed to turn things around, and Wycombe ended a 10-year stay in the Second Division at the end of 03–04, finishing bottom of the league and suffering relegation to the Third Division, then renamed as the Coca-Cola League Two. At the time, the Wanderers were English football's last professional members' club, but at an extraordinary general meeting in July 2004, the members voted by a narrow margin to restructure the club as a Public Limited Company. Chairman Ivor Beeks, Director Brian Kane and sponsor Steve Hayes all subsequently invested in the club, with an approximate total value of £750,000.

Adams remained in the manager's job for just a year, resigning in November 2004, and John Gorman was appointed as his successor. His tenure saw a record of 21 league games unbeaten at the start of the 2005–06 season. A double tragedy would soon hit the club, however, with midfielder Mark Philo killed in a road accident in January 2006 and Gorman's wife Myra dying of cancer in March. Subsequently, the team's form slipped and they fell from top spot to eventually finish in sixth place, still achieving a playoff spot. Cheltenham Town won the two-legged play-off semi-final 2–1 and Gorman was sacked in May 2006.

Paul Lambert took over in June, and took the club on another ambitious cup run, this time to the semi-finals of the Carling Cup. Having previously never passed the second round, Wycombe defeated Fulham away, and knocked out then Premier League side Charlton Athletic in the quarter-finals. This bought them to a semi-final with reigning Premier League champions Chelsea. The Wanderers drew the first leg 1–1 at Adams Park, with Jermaine Easter scoring a late equaliser after a first half goal from Wayne Bridge. The second leg at Stamford Bridge was a different story, as doubles from both Andriy Shevchenko and Frank Lampard saw Wycombe lose 4–0 and exit the competition. Again, however, the side's league form would suffer, and a number of changes were made to the squad and staff in the summer of 2007. They reached the League Two play-offs in 2008 but were knocked out 2–1 on aggregate by Stockport County. Lambert resigned shortly afterwards.

Yo-yoing between the lower divisions (2006–2012)
Peter Taylor was appointed as his successor in May 2008 and he led the side to another lengthy unbeaten start which lasted 18 games. The side was nine points clear at the top at Christmas but results soon tailed off and the team eventually finished in the last automatic promotion place, ahead of Bury by virtue of a superior goal difference of just one. The summer of 2009 saw Steve Hayes become the first sole owner of the club, converting £3m of loans into equity. He also announced his intention to move the club into a community stadium based on the site of the Wycombe Air Park.

Taylor was sacked in October 2009 after a poor start to the season, and was replaced by Gary Waddock who was unable to save the club from relegation back to League Two. Waddock did however guide the Wanderers straight back to League One at the first attempt. He led the side to a third-place finish, and achieved a points total of 80, the highest the club had recorded since its promotion to the Football League. In July 2011, after much argument and debate, Wycombe District Council announced that work on the community stadium proposed at Wycombe Air Park would stop.

Wycombe Wanderers kicked off their 2011–12 League One season on 6 August 2011, with a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United at home. However, Wycombe were relegated back to League Two on 28 April 2012, after a 4–3 home defeat to Notts County.

Wycombe Wanderers Trust ownership and rise to the Championship (2012–2021)
On 30 June 2012, the Wycombe Wanderers Trust (Supporter owned) formally took over the club. This financial stabilisation ended a transfer embargo. Gary Waddock took advantage of this immediately and signed several new players for the 2012–13 season. The season also included their 125th anniversary, and the shirt design was an adaptation of their first-ever kit, in Oxford and Cambridge Blue halves (instead of quarters).

Wycombe kicked off their new season in League Two with a 3–1 victory away at York City. Despite this strong start, Wycombe went through a bad period soon after and for a while sat just above the relegation zone in League Two. On 22 September 2012, after Wycombe's third successive defeat, Waddock was sacked as manager with immediate effect.

Former club captain, Gareth Ainsworth was immediately named as the caretaker manager in Waddock's absence. Just over a month later, on 8 November 2012, Ainsworth was named as Wycombe's permanent manager. He signed a contract, lasting for the rest of the season. Ainsworth revitalised the squad and the club as a whole, and steered Wycombe safely away from the relegation threat. Wycombe eventually ended the season in 15th place, nine points clear of relegation. At the end of the season, Wycombe's player-manager Gareth Ainsworth announced his retirement from professional football (after an 18-year career), although he signed a new two-year contract as Wycombe manager.

At the start of the final day of the 2013–14 season, Wycombe were three points adrift of safety in the relegation zone of League Two. However, after a 3–0 win away at Torquay, and Bristol Rovers losing to Mansfield Town, Wycombe finished in 22nd place, above Bristol on goal difference, to remain in the Football League.

Following the near-relegation of the previous season, Gareth Ainsworth released seven players from the club, including defender Leon Johnson who had made 200 appearances in 7 years. During the summer break, Ainsworth rebuilt his squad, with the addition of Paul Hayes for a second spell at the club. The 2014–15 season saw the club spend the majority of the season in the automatic promotion places. However, two costly home defeats to Morecambe and local rivals Oxford United led to a finishing position of 4th, setting up a play-off fixture against Plymouth Argyle. The play-off final took place on 23 May and within five seconds of kick-off Wycombe midfielder Sam Saunders pulled his calf muscle and had to be substituted for Matt Bloomfield in the fourth minute. During the regular 90 minutes both teams had a goal disallowed, but neither managed to score. Four minutes into extra time Wycombe were awarded a free kick just outside the Southend penalty area. Joe Jacobson took the free kick and the ball rebounded off keeper Dan Bentley and into the net. Southend continued to put pressure on Wycombe until Joe Pigott scored in the 122nd minute to tie the game at 1–1 and send it to a penalty shoot out. Southend won the shoot out 7–6 when Sam Wood's effort was saved by Bentley.

In the 2017–18 season, Exeter and Notts County both losing respectively combined with Wycombe winning their penultimate game of the season ensured promotion to EFL League One, joining Luton Town and EFL League Two champions Accrington Stanley. In the 2019–20 season, Wycombe finished 3rd in League One on points per game due to the impact of COVID-19. They won the play-off semi final 6–3 on aggregate, against Fleetwood Town, then, on 13 July beat Oxford United 2–1 in the final, at an empty Wembley Stadium, to ensure that Wycombe would play in the EFL Championship for the first time in the club's history.

The 2020–21 Championship season was a learning experience for everyone involved with the club. With all but three of the 46 League matches being played behind closed doors due to the continuing COVID-19 pandemic, Wycombe struggled in the early stages, failing to register a point in their first seven League outings, and failing to score in their first four. An improved run of form, which included back-to-back wins against Sheffield Wednesday and Birmingham City, lifted Wycombe to 22nd in the table, but three successive defeats in December saw the club drop to bottom position on the Saturday before Christmas. The indifferent form continued into the New Year, but a fourth round FA Cup tie at home to Tottenham Hotspur proved a welcome distraction, with Wycombe taking the lead through Fred Onyedinma in the first half, before the Premier League club found their form to win the tie 4–1. Still bottom of the table going into the Easter period, Wycombe's fortunes then began to turn around significantly, and they still had a theoretical outside chance of survival going into the final game away at Middlesbrough. A 3–0 win was not enough, but results elsewhere meant that Wycombe finished the season in 22nd place with 43 points, 16 of which had been gained from the final eight games. The club was therefore relegated back to League One, but only by a margin of one point and an inferior goal difference to Derby County. After Derby County, previously accused of breaching financial fair play regulations, went into administration in September 2021, Wycombe considered legal action to recoup potential losses of up to £20m.

Bloomfield era (2023–present)

Gareth Ainsworth departed for Queens Park Rangers in February 2023. The club quickly sought a replacement in former Wycombe club captain Matt Bloomfield from Colchester United. Ainsworth's departure marked the end of a period of unprecedented success for the club. During his time he took the club from the bottom of League Two to the Championship for the first time in their history.

League history
1896–97 – Joined Southern League Division Two.
1908–09 – Joined Great Western Suburban League.
1919–20 – Joined Spartan League.
1921–22 – Joined Isthmian League after two successive Spartan League titles.
1930–31 – FA Amateur Cup Winners.
1953–54 – Missed runner-up spot in Isthmian League on goal average.
1955–56 – Isthmian League Champions.
1956–57 – Isthmian League Champions (2nd time); FA Amateur Cup runner-up.
1957–58 – Isthmian League runner-up.
1959–60 – Isthmian League runner-up.
1969–70 – Isthmian League runner-up.
1970–71 – Isthmian League Champions (3rd time).
1971–72 – Isthmian League Champions (4th time).
1973–74 – Isthmian League Champions (5th time).
1974–75 – Isthmian League Champions (6th time) (on goal average).
1975–76 – Isthmian League runner-up. Winner of the Anglo-Italian Semiprofessional Cup
1976–77 – Isthmian League runner-up.
1978–79 – Rejected invitation to join the Alliance Premier League.
1980–81 – Rejected invitation to join the Alliance Premier League.
1981–82 – FA Trophy semi-finalists.
1982–83 – Isthmian League Champions (7th time) rejected promotion to the Alliance Premier League.
1985–86 – Joined Alliance Premier League, relegated after one season.
1986–87 – Rejoined Isthmian League; Isthmian League Champions (8th time).
1987–88 – Rejoined Conference (ex-Alliance Premier League).
1990–91 – FA Trophy Winners.
1991–92 – Conference runner-up (missed title and promotion to Football League on goal difference).
1992–93 – Conference Champions; FA Trophy Winners (2nd time); Promoted to Football League Division Three.
1993–94 – Promoted to Division Two after play-offs (Final – Wycombe Wanderers 4 Preston North End 2 at Wembley Stadium).
2000–01 – FA Cup semi-finalists.
2003–04 – Relegated to Division Three, which was then renamed "League Two".
2005–06 – Not promoted after play-offs (SF Wycombe Wanderers 1 Cheltenham Town 2, Cheltenham Town 0 Wycombe Wanderers 0 – Aggregate 1–2).
2006–07 – League Cup semi-finalists, beating Premiership Charlton Athletic and Fulham away from home, and finally falling 5–1 to Champions Chelsea on aggregate, following a 1–1 draw at Adams Park.
2007–08 – Not promoted after play-offs (SF Wycombe Wanderers 1 Stockport County 1, Stockport County 1 Wycombe Wanderers 0 – Aggregate 1–2).
2008–09 – Promoted to League One after finishing in third place (above fourth-placed Bury on goal difference by a single goal).
2009–10 – Relegated to League Two.
2009–10 – Football League Family Excellence Award.
2010–11 – Promoted to League One after finishing in third place (above fourth-placed Shrewsbury Town by one point).
2011–12 – Relegated to League Two.
2011–12 – Football League Family Excellence Award.
2013–14 – Escaped relegation to Conference on goal difference.
2014–15 – Not promoted after play-offs (SF Plymouth Argyle 2 Wycombe Wanderers 3, Wycombe Wanderers 2 Plymouth Argyle 1 – Aggregate 5–3, F Southend United 1 Wycombe Wanderers 1 at Wembley Stadium, Southend United won 7–6 on penalties).
2017–18 – Promoted to League One a week before their final game against Stevenage after winning against Chesterfield combined with losses for both Exeter City and Notts County in the two places immediately below them.
2019–20 – Promoted to Championship after play-offs (Final – Oxford United 1 Wycombe Wanderers 2 at Wembley Stadium).
2020–21 – Relegated to League One.
2021–22 – Not promoted after play-offs (SF Wycombe Wanderers 2 Milton Keynes Dons 0, Milton Keynes Dons 1 Wycombe Wanderers 0 – Aggregate 2–1, F Sunderland 2 Wycombe Wanderers 0 at Wembley Stadium).
Source:

Stadium

Wycombe's stadium is known as Adams Park, and is located on the edge of an industrial estate in the Sands area of High Wycombe. The stadium was named Adams Park in honour of benefactor and former captain Frank Adams. The club has played at the stadium since 1990; the move from its previous ground Loakes Park was financed almost solely by the sale of Loakes Park to the health authorities in order to facilitate the expansion of Wycombe Hospital.

During the 2003–04 and 2004–05 seasons, the stadium was known as "The Causeway Stadium" for sponsorship reasons.

The stadium has a current capacity of 9,558 with four stands. The original seated Main Stand (Origin Stand) is on the north side of the stadium, with a capacity of 1,248. The largest stand in the stadium is the Woodlands Stand on the south side of the ground, which was built in 1996, replacing a covered terrace. It has three tiers; the upper tier is known as the Frank Adams Stand (like the stadium, named after former captain Frank Adams), with a capacity of 2,842; the middle tier contains 20 executive boxes, plus the Woodlands Lounge, and has a capacity of 360; the lower tier is the Family Stand, with a capacity of 1,777. The stand therefore has a total capacity of 4,979. At one end of the Family Stand are 60 so-called "2020" seats, which can be used by both seated and standing spectators. The away section of the stadium, on the east side, is the Hillbottom Stand (WhiffAway Stand) with a usable capacity of 1,866 (although the physical seating capacity is actually 2,057). This stand was rebuilt in 2001, almost doubling its previous size. The stadium also has one terrace, on the west side, which is the Valley Terrace (Whites Beaconsfield Terrace). This is the home supporters' end, with a capacity of 1,430. In addition, there are 35 places in the stadium not accounted for above.

The main supporters' bars at the stadium are the Woodlands Lounge, the Caledonian Suite (formerly the Vere Suite), and Monty's (formerly the Centre Spot, then Scores). The new club shop was built in 2006, replacing the portable buildings that previously served as the shop; it was reconfigured in 2015 along with the main reception area, and again in 2020.

Wycombe Wanderers also shared the stadium with Aviva Premiership Rugby Union team Wasps (then known as London Wasps) between 2002 and 2014.

Rivalries
As a non-League club, Slough Town were considered Wycombe's fiercest local rivals. A rivalry with the more distant Colchester United also exists due to the two clubs battling to win promotion to the Football League in the early 1990s, which recently got more traction due to Wycombe's Matt Bloomfield starting his managerial career at Colchester, then moving to Wycombe mid-season, this despite the two teams not being in the same league since 2018.
Since becoming a Football League club, the Chairboys have also built on and off rivalries with neighbouring clubs Oxford United (M40 Derby), Milton Keynes Dons (Buckinghamshire Derby), Luton Town, and Reading.

They also had a small yet well-documented rivalry with Plymouth Argyle, which stemmed from Plymouth's former manager Derek Adams having a vocal dislike for Wycombe which is outlined in a photo of him rejecting a handshake from Gareth Ainsworth. It was ignited in the 2014-15 League Two Playoffs and flared up in January 2016, where Barry Richardson, who was 46 years old at the time, played a professional game for the first time since 2005, coming on for an injured Alex Lynch and keeping a clean sheet, prompting the Plymouth Argyle Twitter Admin to respond negatively to the playing style, with most Wycombe fans proclaming 30 January 2016 as "Barry Richardson Day"

Wycombe, in recent years, has had scrutiny from traditionally bigger clubs such as Sunderland, Derby County and Peterborough United. This is due to Wycombe's stature as a smaller club having constant battles at the top half of League One in recent years, as well as the style of play which became synonymous with Wycombe under Gareth Ainsworth, nicknamed Hoofball. This has spawned many comments from most clubs saying, "How do you watch that every week?" In Peterborough United's case it was due to the 2019-20 EFL League One season ending in Points Per Game which saw Wycombe move from 8th to 3rd and knocking Peterborough off the playoffs, this was due to Wycombe having a game in hand on the rest of the league because they never played Bury FC as they were kicked out due to ownership issues. This led to a hatred of Wycombe by Alan Swann, writer of the Peterborough Telegraph for Peterborough United. Derby County had financial issues and escaped a points deduction for the 2020-21 EFL Championship season which would have kept Wycombe in the Championship and Sunderland's fans felt that they were too big for League One, and with Wycombe's traditionally small stature, having a shock result in the 2019-20 season with a 1-0 win with former player Darius Charles scoring and proclaiming "You're in our house; you play by our rules."

Attendances
The club's average home league attendances since 1980–81 (* = approximate figure, ^ = season curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic (18 home games), ¬ = limited spectator attendance due to the COVID-19 pandemic (2 home games)).Averages have been calculated from referenced sources.

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

Retired numbers

 (posthumous)

All-time player lists

Footballing and medical staff

Board of directors

Managerial history
The club's first full-time coach, James McCormick, was appointed in 1951; the first manager (with responsibility for team selection), Brian Lee, was appointed in 1968.

Honours and achievements

League
League One (level 3)
Play-off winners: 2020

League Two / Third Division (level 4)
Third place promotion: 2008–09, 2010–11, 2017–18
Play-off winners: 1994

Conference (level 5)
Champions: 1992–93
Runners-up: 1991–92

Isthmian League
Champions (8): 1955–56, 1956–57, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1982–83, 1986–87

Spartan League
Champions: 1919–20, 1920–21

London Fives
Champions: 1994, 1995

Cups
FA Trophy
Winners: 1990–91, 1992–93

Football Conference Shield
Winners: 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94

Football Conference Charity Shield
Winners: 1987–88

FA Amateur Cup
Winners: 1930–31
Runners-up: 1956–57

Anglo-Italian semi-professional cup
Winners: 1975

Awards
FA Cup Giant Killers Award: 2000–01

References

External links

Association football clubs established in 1887
Southern Football League clubs
Spartan League
Great Western Combination
Isthmian League clubs
National League (English football) clubs
English Football League clubs
High Wycombe
1887 establishments in England
Great Western Suburban League
Fan-owned football clubs in England

Wycombe Wanderers F.C.


Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (5. janúar 1928 – 19. apríl 2021) var bandarískur stjórnmálamaður úr Demókrataflokknum. Hann var varaforseti Bandaríkjanna frá 1977 til 1981, í forsetatíð Jimmy Carter. Áður hafði Mondale setið á öldungadeild Bandaríkjaþings fyrir Minnesota frá 1964 til 1976. Mondale var frambjóðandi Demókrata í forsetakosningunum 1984 en þar galt hann sögulegt afhroð á móti sitjandi forsetanum Ronald Reagan og vann aðeins heimafylki sitt, Minnesota, auk höfuðborgarinnar. Mondale dró sig að mestu úr stjórnmálum eftir ósigurinn en hann var sendiherra Bandaríkjanna í Japan frá 1993 til 1996.

Æviágrip
Walter Mondale fæddist þann 5. janúar 1928 og var uppalinn í Minnesota. Hann var af norskri ætt sem hafði áður heitið Mundal. Á unglingsárum sínum varð hann mikill stuðningsmaður Huberts Humphrey, sem var með aðsópsmestu stjórnmálaleiðtogum Demókrataflokksins í Minnesota. Eftir að Mondale lauk háskólanámi og herþjónustu hóf hann þátttöku í stjórnmálum og var árið 1956 kjörinn dómari. Fjórum árum síðar var Mondale kjörinn dómsmálaráðherra Minnesota og varð hann þá yngsti maðurinn sem hafði gegnt því embætti.

Í forsetakosningunum 1964 var Hubert Humphrey kjörinn varaforseti Bandaríkjanna og var Mondale þá útnefndur til að taka við sæti hans á öldungadeild Bandaríkjaþings. Á tíma sínum á öldungadeildinni var Mondale talsmaður verkamanna og farandverkafólks og talaði fyrir auknum ríkisútgjöldum til menntamála. Hann var talinn ötull stuðningsmaður efnahagsstefna í anda nýju gjafarinnar sem Franklin D. Roosevelt hafði boðað á forsetatíð sinni. Auk þess beitti hann sér fyrir afléttingu á kynþáttaaðskilnaði í bandarískum skólum með því að láta aka nemendum milli skólahverfa. Mondale var endurkjörinn á öldungadeildina í kosningum árin 1968 og 1972.

Eftir að Jimmy Carter vann tilnefningu Demókrataflokksins fyrir forsetakosningarnar 1976 valdi hann Mondale sem varaforsetaefni sitt. Carter og Mondale sigruðu sitjandi forsetann Gerald Ford og varaforsetaefni hans, Bob Dole, í kosningunum. Mondale tók við embætti varaforseta Bandaríkjanna við hlið Carters þann 20. janúar 1977.

Mondale þótti auka mikilvægi varaforsetaembættisins verulega með því að taka virkari þátt í mótun og framkvæmd stjórnarstefnu en forverar sínir. Hann var fyrstur varaforseta Bandaríkjanna til að starfa daglega með forsetanum í Hvíta húsinu, en hann hafði gert virka þátttöku í stjórnarstörfum skilyrði fyrir því að þiggja sæti á kjörseðlinum með Carter. Carter og Mondale greindi þó á um tiltekin málefni á stjórnartíð þeirra. Meðal annars var Mondale ósamþykkur útflutningsbanni sem Carter lagði á korn frá Bandaríkjunum til Sovétríkjanna eftir að Sovétmenn gerðu innrás í Afganistan árið 1979. Hann reyndi jafnframt án árangurs að sannfæra Carter um að taka aukið tillit til frjálslyndari hluta Demókrataflokksins við gerð fjárlaga. Mondale fór í margar opinberar heimsóknir á vegum Bandaríkjastjórnar á varaforsetatíð sinni. Meðal annars kom hann til Íslands árið 1977 og aftur 1979 og fundaði þá með forsætisráðherrum landsins, Geir Hallgrímssyni og Ólafi Jóhannessyni.

Carter og Mondale töpuðu endurkjöri í forsetakosningunum 1980 á móti frambjóðendum Repúblikana, Ronald Reagan og George H. W. Bush, og létu því af embætti í byrjun næsta árs. Mondale gaf kost á sér í forvali Demókrataflokksins fyrir forsetakosningarnar 1984 og náði að tryggja sér útnefningu flokksins eftir nokkuð tvísýna kosningabaráttu. Meðal mótframbjóðenda hans voru öldungadeildarþingmanninn Gary Hart og Jesse Jackson, sem var talinn fyrstur svartra Bandaríkjamanna til að eiga raunhæfan möguleika á að ná kjöri á forsetastól.

Eftir að Mondale tryggði sér útnefningu Demókrata valdi hann fulltrúadeildarþingkonuna Geraldine Ferraro sem varaforsetaefni sitt í kosningunum. Var þetta í fyrsta sinn sem kona var á kjörseðli annars stóru stjórnmálaflokkanna í bandarískum forsetakosningum. Í aðdraganda kosninganna gagnrýndi Mondale Ronald Reagan forseta fyrir mikinn fjárhagshalla og herskáa utanríkisstefnu. Hann lofaði því að halda árlega fundi með Sovétmönnum til að ræða afvopnunarmál og að fjárframlög til varnarmála myndu ekki hækka um meira en fjögur prósent á ári. Mondale studdi jafnframt staðfestingu á jafnréttisviðaukanum við bandarísku stjórnarskrána.

Í forsetakosningunum 1984 galt Mondale afhroð gegn Reagan. Mondale vann aðeins nauman sigur í höfuðborginni og í heimafylki sínu, Minnesota, en tapaði í öllum öðrum fylkjum landsins. Mondale skýrði ósigur sinn meðal annars á því að hann hefði verið of neikvæður í kosningabaráttunni og að honum hefði ekki tekist eins vel og Reagan að nýta sér sjónvarp og fjölmiðla til að ná tengslum við kjósendur.

Mondale sneri heim til Minnesota árið 1986 og hætti þá afskiptum af opinberu lífi. Hann hóf störf hjá lögmannsstofunni Dorsey & Whitney og stýrði um hríð Asíudeild stofunnar. Hann var sendiherra Bandaríkjanna í Japan frá 1993 til 1996 þegar Bill Clinton var forseti Bandaríkjanna. Árið 2002 var Mondale fenginn til að bjóða sig aftur fram á öldungadeild Bandaríkjaþings eftir að frambjóðandi Demókrata, Paul Wellstone, lést í flugslysi stuttu fyrir kosningar. Mondale tapaði kosningunum og bauð sig aldrei aftur fram til opinbers embættis.

Mondale lést þann 19. apríl 2021, þá 93 ára að aldri.

Tilvísanir

Bandarískir dómarar
Bandarískir öldungadeildarþingmenn
Demókratar
Frambjóðendur til embættis forseta Bandaríkjanna 1984
Sendiherrar Bandaríkjanna í Japan
Varaforsetar Bandaríkjanna

Walter Mondale


La Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE), connue jusqu'en 2022 sous le de nom de Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, est un groupe non lucratif américain de défense des libertés civiles. Fondée en 1999, la FIRE soutient les droits à la liberté d'expression dans les campus universitaires aux États-Unis.

Histoire

La FIRE est cofondée par  et , qui ont codirigé le groupe jusqu'en 2004. L'association est explicitement non partisane et ne sert aucune idéologie particulière]. Kors exerce la fonction de président de FIRE ; le premier directeur exécutif, qui devient plus tard le président directeur général, est Thor Halvorssen.

FIRE se compose de professeurs, d'experts en règlements et d'intellectuels de toutes obédiences politiques. Dans son conseil d'administration sont présents des conservateurs, des progressistes et des libertariens. FIRE a reçu des fonds de la part de , de  et de , organismes de tendance conservatrice.

Depuis 2015, elle promeut les principes de Chicago sur la liberté d'expression de la communauté universitaire, qui ont été adoptés par une centaine d'institutions.

Champ d'activités

Codes d'expression orale

FIRE s'oppose aux  en vigueur à l'université. En avril 2007, Jon B. Gould, écrivain et enseignant à la  George Mason University, critique les barèmes de notation de FIRE, estimant que l'organisation exagère lourdement la prévalence de la censure qui enfreint la Constitution des États-Unis.

Dans son ouvrage Speech Out of Doors: Preserving First Amendment Liberties in Public Places Cambridge University Press, 2008), Timothy Zick, professeur de droit, estime que .

Frais de service de sécurité

Certains campus facturent des frais de services de sécurité aux organismes qui accueillent des orateurs controversés ou impopulaires ; FIRE s'oppose à ces frais, qui servent à rémunérer des services de sécurité supplémentaires, que les établissements jugent nécessaires en raison du risque de manifestations et de débordements dans ces évènements.

Droit au procès équitable

FIRE intervient aussi dans des problèmes où les étudiants et les enseignants passent en jugement sans le procès équitable que leur garantit la Constitution ou le règlement de l'université.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Liberté d'expression aux États-Unis
Enseignement aux États-Unis


Le château de Belvoir est un château historique et une demeure seigneuriale du Leicestershire, en Angleterre, situé à 10 km à l'ouest de la ville de Grantham et 16 km au nord-est de Melton Mowbray. Le premier château est construit immédiatement après la conquête normande de 1066 et il a depuis été reconstruit au moins trois fois, la structure actuelle, un bâtiment classé de grade I, datant du début du . C'est le siège de David Manners (11e duc de Rutland) (le petit comté de Rutland se trouve à 25 km au sud du château de Belvoir), dont l'ancêtre masculin direct en hérite en 1508. Le lieu de sépulture traditionnel de la famille Manners est dans l', située 5 km au nord du château mais, depuis 1825, ils sont enterrés dans le mausolée ducal construit à côté du château cette année-là, dans lequel leurs anciens tombeaux ont été placés. Il reste la propriété privée du duc de Rutland mais il est ouvert au public.

Le château est situé à l'extrême nord du comté de Leicestershire, il est pris en sandwich entre le Lincolnshire à l'est et le Nottinghamshire à l'ouest et surplombe la vallée de Belvoir au nord-ouest à la frontière du Nottinghamshire. Il est entouré des villages de Redmile, Woolsthorpe, Knipton, Harston, Harlaxton, Croxton Kerrial et Bottesford. L'antiquaire John Leland (décédé en 1552) décrivait ainsi le lieu :

Le domaine de Belvoir de 15 000 acres (6 000 hectares), situé au cœur du principal terrain de chasse au renard d'Angleterre, est le siège de la célèbre "Belvoir Hunt" (les chasses du duc de Rutland), établie en 1750, c'est maintenant un chenil situé à 1 km au sud-est du château.

Histoire

Premier château

Un château normand se tenait à l'origine sur les hauteurs du wapentake de Framland, surplombant le wapentake adjacent de Winnibriggs, dans le Lincolnshire, et dominant les deux. Il est édifié sur les terres de , mentionnées dans le Domesday Book de 1086, et dont hérite William d'Aubigny. Il passe finalement à la petite-fille de William, Isabel, qui épouse  vers 1234.

Belvoir est un manoir royal jusqu'à ce qu'il soit concédé à Robert de Ros en 1257. Il reçoit une licence pour àvoir le droit de créneler en 1267. Lorsque la lignée masculine de Ros s'éteint en 1508, le manoir et le château passent à George Manners (11e baron de Ros), neveu du dernier baron de Ros, qui hérite du château et de la baronnie par sa mère. Son fils est fait comte de Rutland en 1525.

Deuxième château
Le château normand est en ruine depuis 1464. En 1528, Thomas Manners (1er comte de Rutland) commence la construction d'un nouveau château. Il est achevé en 1555. Une grande partie de la pierre de ce bâtiment provient de l' et du  après leur dissolution.

Deux charpentiers locaux remettent à neuf la table de billard en 1602 et une nouvelle toile de feutre est achetée à un marchand de Grantham. Jacques , le prince Henri et l'ambassadeur vénitien  séjournent en août 1612. Au début du , les serviteurs du château Joan, Margaret et Phillipa Flower sont accusés d'avoir assassiné les deux jeunes fils du  comte par sorcellerie. Joan est morte en prison, Margaret et Phillipa sont pendues.

Au cours de la guerre civile anglaise, il est l'un des bastions les plus importants du roi Charles et de ses partisans. Ce dernier y passe une nuit alors qu'il est en chemin vers le Lincolnshire.

Troisième château
En 1649, le château est détruit par les Parlementaires. Un nouveau bâtiment est commencé en 1654 qui est conçu comme une grande maison familiale par l'architecte John Webb. Les travaux sont achevés en 1668 et coûtent 11 730 £ ( millions de £ aujourd'hui).

Le  comte est fait duc de Rutland en 1703. Le château de Belvoir est la demeure de la famille Manners depuis cinq cents ans et la résidence des ducs de Rutland depuis plus de trois siècles.

Quatrième château
En 1799, le  duc de Rutland épouse Lady Elizabeth Howard. La nouvelle duchesse de Rutland choisit rapidement un nouvel architecte, James Wyatt, pour reconstruire le château dans le style néo-gothique romantique. Le duc, l'un des propriétaires terriens les plus riches du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande, vend sept villages de ses possessions, avec leurs terres environnantes, pour financer l'immense projet. Le projet touche à sa fin lorsque, le 26 octobre 1816, il est presque détruit par un incendie. La perte - notamment des tableaux du Titien, Rubens, van Dyck et Reynolds - est estimée à 120 000 £ ( millions de £ aujourd'hui).

De nouveau reconstruit, en grande partie selon la même conception, pour un coût de 82 000 £ supplémentaires ( millions de £ aujourd'hui), le château est en grande partie achevé en 1832. L'architecte Sir James Thornton (qui est l'ami et l'aumônier du duc et le vicaire de Bottesford) est le principal artisan de cette reconstruction et la demeure ressemble, dans l'ensemble, à un château médiéval, sa tour centrale rappelant le château de Windsor.

Le château est ouvert au public et contient de nombreuses œuvres d'art. Les points forts de la visite sont les somptueuses salles, la plus célèbre étant le salon Elizabeth (du nom de l'épouse du  duc), la "Regents Gallery" et la "State Dining Room" d'inspiration romaine.

Le musée régimentaire des Queen's Royal Lancers des  et  lanciers est créé en 1964 mais doit quitter les lieux en octobre 2007. Le "Queen's Royal Lancers and Nottinghamshire Yeomanry Museum" se trouve maintenant à Thoresby Hall.

Domaine
Le château se trouve dans un domaine de près de .

Jardins

Le jardin de Belvoir est conçu et aménagé par Elizabeth Howard,  duchesse de Rutland, mariée à John Manners (5e duc de Rutland). Il est créé en 1799, l'année de la construction du château de Belvoir. Les jardins présentent de nombreuses caractéristiques inhabituelles, par exemple l'amphithéâtre naturel qui fait face au domaine est formé par les moraines des glaciers et une « maison racine », ou maison d'été, qui subsiste à ce jour. Ces amphithéâtres naturels sont désormais intégrés à des sources d'eau pour assurer la floraison des plantes tout au long de l'année.

Le jardin sont également le premier site de parterres de fleurs printanières cultivées en masse, un concept développé par M. Divers, jardinier en chef à l'époque.

Les jardins autrefois prospères retrouvent lentement leur gloire d'antan. « Les amis des jardins de Belvoir » est une association qui encourage les passionnés qui ont la main verte à se porter volontaires pour aider à gérer ce jardin magnifiquement préservé.

Le lieu de sépulture traditionnel de la famille Manners est l'. Depuis l'élévation au rang de duché en 1703, la plupart des ducs sont enterrés dans l'enceinte du mausolée du château de Belvoir., construit par le  duc de Rutland, à la suite du décès de sa femme, Elizabeth Howard (1780-1825), fille du  comte de Carlisle. Après sa construction, la plupart des monuments du  de l'église de Belton sont déplacés vers le mausolée qui est alors le principal lieu de sépulture de la famille.

Utilisation actuelle
Un coin du château est toujours la maison familiale de la famille Manners. Plusieurs films et émissions de télévision y ont été tournés, notamment le film Little Lord Fauntleroy avec Sir Alec Guinness et Rick Schroder. Le château lui-même est utilisé pour le film Da Vinci Code : il est le palais de Castel Gandolfo, la résidence d'été du pape. Il apparaît également dans le film de 1985 Le Secret de la pyramide avec Nicholas Rowe et Alan Cox. En septembre 2007, il est utilisé comme décor pour Victoria : Les Jeunes Années d'une reine. Dans la production de Jim Henson Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story. En 2001, des ossements géants y sont découverts. Les scènes de cuisine de "Hill House" y sont filmées pour la version 1999 de The Haunting qui est un "remake" de la version de 1963. Le château est aussi l'un des nombreux remplaçants du palais de Buckingham, notamment pour le film comique de 1991 King Ralph.

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade I dans le Leicestershire

Château de Belvoir (Angleterre)


Cücenler (Çince: 柔然 pinyin: Róurán; Wade-Giles: Jou-jan ya da 蠕蠕 Ruǎnruǎn, 芮芮 Rúrú, 茹茹, 蝚蠕), Orta Asya kökenli bir kavimdir. Önce 3. yüzyıl ve 6. yüzyıl arasında Asya'nın kuzeyinde etkinliği gösteren izole bir göçebe topluluk. Tarihte ilk defa Kağan (可汗) unvanını bu devlette Shelun (郁久閭社侖 / 郁久闾社仑, Yùjiǔlǘ Shèlún) kullanmıştır.

Çinliler "Juan-Juan" (Cücen), Türkler "Apar" olarak adlandırıyordu. Çincede Juan-Juan (Cücen) "çabucak büyüyen her yeri saran böcekler" anlamına gelmektedir.

Ancak 6.-9. yüzyıllar arasında Doğu Avrupa'da kuran ve Avrupalıların Avarnu adını verdiği kavim ile aynı olup olmaması şu ana kadar kanıtlanamamıştır.

Çin kaynaklarında "Juan Juan", Arap ve Bizans kaynaklarında Avar olarak adlandırılan Cücenler, Göktürklerce de Apar olarak adlandırılıyordu.

Hiung-nulara bağlı boylardan doğan bu boy, Uar ve Kun olmak üzere iki büyük boya dayanmaktadır.

Cücenler, 6. yüzyıl sonlarında bugünkü Moğolistan, İç Moğolistan ve Kore'ye kadar olan toprakları içine alan büyük bir devlet kurdular. Cücenler, esirlerini mankurtlaştırarak bilincini yitiren adeta robot bir köle yapan tek halktır. Özellikle tutsak edilen veya yurtlarından kaçırılan Kırgız ve Tabgaçları mankurtlaştırılmıştır. Hür bir insan Cücen topraklarında yaşamak istiyorsa, Tabgaçlardan nefret etmesi yeterliydi.

429'da Kuzey Vey (Tabgaçlar Devleti), Cücenler'e karşı büyük bir saldırı başlattı ve çok sayıda insanı öldürdü.

552 yılında Göktürkler Cücen egemenliğine son verince Cücen sülaleleri batıya doğru göçtüler. 558 yılında Sabar Türkleriyle karşılaştılar ve onları yağmaladılar.

Karadenizin kuzeyinden geçerek bugünkü Romanya ve Slovakya topraklarına girdiler. Bizansın boşluğundan yararlanarak Balkanları denetimi altına aldılar.

Cücenler, Orta Asya'da, çeşitli Türk boylarını da egemenlikleri altına aldılar. 200'lerde Asya'da kurulan Cücenler, 400 yıllarında sınırları İrtiş Irmağından Kore Yarımadası'na kadar uzanan güçlü bir devlete dönüştü. Çinliler ile sürekli bir çatışma içinde bulunan Cücenler 458'de giriştikleri savaşı yitirince kuzeye çekilmek zorunda kaldılar. 551'de Bumin Kağan önderliğinde ayaklanan Göktürkler, bağlı oldukları Cücenleri yenerek bu devletin Asya'daki varlığına son verdiler.

Göktürkler tarafından yerlerinden edilen Cücenler, önlerine çıkan Sabarları sürerek Kafkasya bölgesine ulaştılar.İlerleyen yıllarda ise Balkanlara kadar uzayıp Avar İmparatorluğunu kuran halk Cücenler (Juan-Juanlar) dan başkası değildi. Cücenler; asya bozkırlarında bir halk olarak tarih önüne çıksa da 555 ve sonraki yıllarda batıya yönelmişler ve Sabir Türkleriyle bütünleşerek ilk(proto)Türklük kimliklerinden çıkarak büsbütün Türkleştiler. Bundan sonra Avrupa'da 8. yy' a kadar varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir...Avrupa'daki siyasal varlıklarına Frank kıralı Şarlman devletlerini yıkarak son vermiştir. Sonrasında yerli halklar arasında Hristiyanlaşarak eridiler.

Cücenlerin kağanları

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Avarlar

VikiProje Tarih kaynak bekleyen maddeler

Cücenler


New Lodge (irski: Lóiste Nua) četvrt je u sjevernom Belfastu, poznata po incidentima koji su se desili tijekom tzv. The Troubles u Sjevernoj Irskoj. New Lodge je također poznat i kao turističko odredište jer se na njemu mogu vidjeti murali koji opisuju događaje tijekom sjevernoirskog sukoba.

Ova četvrt je naseljena katolicima i nacionalistima, i graniči s unionističkom četvrti Tigers Bay, što je za posljedicu imalo veliki broj nasilnih akcija koji se ovdje odigrao.
Između ovih četvrti sagrađen je zid.

Nogomet je vrlo popularan među mladeži. Irski nogomet i boks su također popularni – Hugh Russell, koji je osvojio brončano odličje u boksu u muha kategoriji na
Olimpijskim igrama u Moskvi 1980. dolazi iz ove četvrti i još uvijek živi u blizini.

Belfast
Sjevernoirski sukob

New Lodge


تصوير الطبيعة (بالإنجليزية:Nature photography) أحد أشهر أنواع التصوير ويقصد به نقل المشاهد الموجودة في الطبيعة بواسطة الكاميرا، ونقل المعالم والمساحات الجميلة الموجودة فيها. لا يوجد تعريف مطلق لهذا النوع من التصوير، فتصوير الطبيعة مصطلح واسع جدا، يشمل النشاطات الإنسانية المرتبطة بالطبيعة، وكثير من صور الطبيعة مستوحاة من رسومات المناظر الطبيعية ومحاكية لها، ويمكن أن يشمل تصوير الطبيعة عناصر كثيرة موجودة في الطبيعة، مثل الكائنات الدقيقة (المجهرية).

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 صور.
 مؤسسة الصحافة العالمية للصور

تصوير الطبيعة
تصوير فوتوغرافي

تصوير الطبيعة


Ulf Isak Leirstein (født 30. juni 1973 i Sarpsborg) er en norsk politiker for Fremskrittspartiet. Han har været indvalgt i Stortinget fra Østfold siden 2005. Han var vararepræsentant i perioden 2001–2005.

Leirstein var har haft kommunale og fylkekommunale hverv siden 1991. Han var varaordfører i Moss 1999–2003. Han var formand i Fremskrittspartiets Ungdom fra 1994 til 1995 og sad i centralbestyrelsen i Fremskrittspartiet mellem 2003 og 2011.

Han gik på handel og kontorlinjen på Malakoff videregående skole. Han arbejdede mellem 1996 og 2003 som projektleder ved Norsk Teknologicenter/Standard Norge.

Stortingskomiteer
 2011-: medlem af Justitskomitéen
 2009–2011: medlem og første viceleder i finanskomitéen
 2005–2009: medlem og første viceleder i finanskomitéen

Eksterne henvisninger
 «Ulf Leirstein». Stortinget.no.

Stortingsrepræsentanter
Politikere der er LGBT-personer

Ulf Leirstein


Titanes Planetarios fue una revista de historietas publicada por Editorial Novaro desde 1953, con 455 números ordinarios y 2 extraordinarios, publicados estos los días 1 de noviembre de 1961 y 1962.

Contenido
Titanes Planetarios traducía el material de varios revistas de historietas de ciencia ficción de la compañía estadounidense DC Comics, en especial Strange adventures (1950-1973) y Mystery in Space (1951-1966), presentando por primera vez en Español (México) las aventuras de héroes como Adán Luna.

Incluyó también historietas del comic book Challengers of the Unknown, convenientemente rebautizado como Los Temerarios.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Revistas de historieta de México
Revistas en español
Historieta de ciencia ficción de México

Titanes Planetarios


Muzeul Storck este un film românesc din 1975 regizat de Ada Pistiner. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Irina Petrescu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1975 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1975

Muzeul Storck


Noah Holm, né le  à Drammen en Norvège, est un footballeur norvégien évoluant au poste d'attaquant à Rosenborg BK.

Biographie

En club
Noah Holm est formé par le Strømsgodset IF, avant de rejoindre en 2017 le centre de formation du RB Leipzig, mais il commence sa carrière au Portugal, avec le Vitória SC, qu'il rejoint le 7 juillet 2020.

En , il rejoint le Rosenborg BK, signant un contrat courant jusqu'en décembre 2024. Il joue son premier match sous ses nouvelles couleurs le , à l'occasion d'une rencontre de coupe de Norvège contre le Orkla FK. Il entre en jeu à la place de Vebjørn Hoff et participe à la large victoire de son équipe en délivrant une passe décisive pour Anders Konradsen (1-11 pour Rosenborg score final). Holm inscrit son premier but lors d'une rencontre de Ligue Europa Conférence face au club slovène du NK Domžale, le . Son équipe l'emporte par six buts à un ce jour-là.

Le  septembre 2022, il rejoint le Stade de Reims en prêt avec option d'achat.

Holm joue son premier match pour Reims le 18 septembre 2022, lors d'une rencontre de championnat face à l'AS Monaco. Il entre en jeu et son équipe s'incline par trois buts à zéro.

En équipe nationale
Noah Holm est éligible pour représenter le Danemark, mais il choisit la Norvège en équipe de jeunes.

Avec les moins de 17 ans, il marque cinq buts en douze matchs. Il participe avec cette équipe au championnat d'Europe des moins de 17 ans en 2018. Lors de cette compétition organisée en Angleterre, il joue quatre matchs. La Norvège s'incline en quart de finale face au pays organisateur.

Avec les moins de 18 ans, il inscrit sept buts en onze matchs. Il est notamment l'auteur d'un doublé face à l'Allemagne en novembre 2019.

Le , Noah Holm joue son premier match avec l'équipe de Norvège espoirs contre la Finlande. Il se fait remarquer ce jour-là en inscrivant ses deux premiers buts, toutefois son équipe s'incline lourdement par huit buts à trois.

Vie privée
Noah Holm est le fils de  ancien footballeur professionnel désormais entraîneur.

Références

Liens externes

Footballeur norvégien
Joueur du Vitória SC
Joueur du Rosenborg BK
Joueur du Stade de Reims
Naissance en mai 2001
Naissance à Drammen

Noah Holm


Gündoğan beldesi (tarihi adı Farilya) ilçe merkezine 25 km uzaklıkta, Bodrum yarımadasının kuzey kıyısında, Yalıkavak ve Göltürkbükü beldelerinin arasında yer alır.

MÖ 4. yüzyıldan itibaren yerleşim izlerine rastlanan beldede tarih turizmi unsurları olarak kaya mezarları, kiliseler ve yel değirmenleri öne çıkarken, yaz aylarında surf turizmi de yoğun olarak sürdürülmektedir.

Deniz yoluyla 15 dakikalık bir yolculukla ulaşılan Küçük Tavşan (St. Apostol olarak da bilinmektedir) adasında bulunan Apostol kilisesi ve çevresinde İtalya-Türkiye ortaklığı ile koruma çalışmaları sürdürülmektedir.

Tarihçe
11 Aralık 1991'de belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüştü. 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Kaynakça

Bodrum'un mahalleleri

Gündoğan, Bodrum


ඛේද් ලෙන් යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ මහාරාෂ්ට්‍ර ප්‍රාන්තයේ ඛේද් නගරය අසල පිහිටි පුරාතන බෞද්ධ ලෙන් සමූහයකි.

මෙම ලෙන් සමූහයට විශාල විහාර ශාලාවක්, භික්ෂූන් සඳහා වූ කුටි තුනක්, සහ දිගටි ශාලාවක පිහිටි ස්තූපයක් අයත් වේ. එසේම කුඩා ලෙන් හතරක් ද මෙම සමූහයට අයත් ය. මෙම ලෙන් ඇත්තේ අතිශය කනගාටුදායක තත්ත්වයක ය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
 Google images

ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ලෙන්
මහාරාෂ්ට්‍රයේ ලෙන්
ඉන්දියානු ශෛලමය ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය
ඉන්දියාවේ පැරණි ජනාවාස පැවති ස්ථාන
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ වන්දනා ස්ථාන
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ආරාම

ඛේද් ලෙන්


Marcello Louis Lisiero (né le  à Macerata dans les Marches, et mort le ), également connu sous le nom de Marcel Lisiero, est un joueur de football franco-italien qui évoluait au poste de défenseur, avant de devenir ensuite entraîneur.

Biographie

Carrière de joueur

En 1937, il rejoint le club du FC Metz, où il ne reste que deux saisons, avant de faire une pause dans sa carrière à cause de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Après la guerre en 1945, il rejoint le club des Girondins de Bordeaux, avec qui il reste trois saisons.

Carrière d'entraîneur

Notes et références

Footballeur italien
Footballeur français
Joueur du Football Club de Metz
Joueur des Girondins de Bordeaux
Entraîneur français de football
Entraîneur italien de football
Naissance à Macerata
Naissance en décembre 1918
Décès en avril 2003
Décès à 84 ans

Marcel Lisiero


In mathematics, the Thue–Morse sequence or Prouhet–Thue–Morse sequence or parity sequence is the binary sequence (an infinite sequence of 0s and 1s) obtained by starting with 0 and successively appending the Boolean complement of the sequence obtained thus far. The first few steps of this procedure yield the strings 0 then 01, 0110, 01101001, 0110100110010110, and so on, which are prefixes of the Thue–Morse sequence. The full sequence begins:

01101001100101101001011001101001....

The sequence is named after Axel Thue and Marston Morse.

Definition
There are several equivalent ways of defining the Thue–Morse sequence.

Direct definition

To compute the nth element tn, write the number n in binary.  If the number of ones in this binary expansion is odd then tn = 1, if even then tn = 0.  That is, tn is the even parity bit for n. John H. Conway et al. called numbers n satisfying tn = 1 odious (for odd) numbers and numbers for which tn = 0 evil (for even) numbers. In other words, tn = 0 if n is an evil number and tn = 1 if n is an odious number.

Fast sequence generation
This method leads to a fast method for computing the Thue–Morse sequence: start with , and then, for each n, find the highest-order bit in the binary representation of n that is different from the same bit in the representation of . If this bit is at an even index,  tn differs from , and otherwise it is the same as .

In pseudo-code form:
def generate_sequence(seq_length: int):
    """Thue–Morse sequence."""
    value = 0
    for n = 0 to seq_length-1 by 1:
        # Note: assumes an even number of bits in the word size, and two's complement arithmetic so that when n == 0, x is odd (e.g. 31 or 63)
        x = index_of_highest_one_bit(n ^ (n - 1))
        if ((x & 1) == 0):
            # bit index is even, so toggle value
            value = 1 - value
        yield value
The resulting algorithm takes constant time to generate each sequence element, using only a logarithmic number of bits (constant number of words) of memory.

Recurrence relation
The Thue–Morse sequence is the sequence tn satisfying the recurrence relation

for all non-negative integers n.

L-system

The Thue–Morse sequence is a morphic word: it is the output of the following Lindenmayer system:

Characterization using bitwise negation
The Thue–Morse sequence in the form given above, as a sequence of bits, can be defined recursively using the operation of bitwise negation.
So, the first element is 0.
Then once the first 2n elements have been specified, forming a string s, then the next 2n elements must form the bitwise negation of s.
Now we have defined the first 2n+1 elements, and we recurse.

Spelling out the first few steps in detail:
 We start with 0.
 The bitwise negation of 0 is 1.
 Combining these, the first 2 elements are 01.
 The bitwise negation of 01 is 10.
 Combining these, the first 4 elements are 0110.
 The bitwise negation of 0110 is 1001.
 Combining these, the first 8 elements are 01101001.
 And so on.

So
 T0 = 0.
 T1 = 01.
 T2 = 0110.
 T3 = 01101001.
 T4 = 0110100110010110.
 T5 = 01101001100101101001011001101001.
 T6 = 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110.
 And so on.

Infinite product
The sequence can also be defined by:

where tj is the jth element if we start at j = 0.

Properties
The Thue–Morse sequence contains many squares: instances of the string , where  denotes the string , , , or , where  for some  and  is the bitwise negation of . For instance, if , then . The square  appears in  starting at the 16th bit. Since all squares in  are obtained by repeating one of these 4 strings, they all have length  or  for some .  contains no cubes: instances of . There are also no overlapping squares: instances of  or . The critical exponent of  is 2.

The Thue–Morse sequence is a uniformly recurrent word: given any finite string X in the sequence, there is some length nX (often much longer than the length of X) such that X appears in every block of length nX. Notably, the Thue-Morse sequence is uniformly recurrent without being either periodic or eventually periodic (i.e., periodic after some initial nonperiodic segment).

The sequence T2n is a palindrome for any n. Furthermore, let qn be a word obtained by counting the ones between consecutive zeros in T2n . For instance, q1 = 2 and q2 = 2102012. Since Tn does not contain overlapping squares, the words qn are palindromic squarefree words.

The Thue–Morse morphism μ is defined on alphabet {0,1} by the substitution map μ(0) = 01, μ(1) = 10: every 0 in a sequence is replaced with 01 and every 1 with 10. If T is the Thue–Morse sequence, then μ(T) is also T. Thus, T is a fixed point of μ. The morphism μ is a prolongable morphism on the free monoid {0,1}∗ with T as fixed point: T is essentially the only fixed point of μ; the only other fixed point is the bitwise negation of T, which is simply the Thue–Morse sequence on (1,0) instead of on (0,1). This property may be generalized to the concept of an automatic sequence.

The generating series of T over the binary field is the formal power series

This power series is algebraic over the field of rational functions, satisfying the equation

In combinatorial game theory
The set of evil numbers (numbers  with ) forms a subspace of the nonnegative integers under nim-addition (bitwise exclusive or).  For the game of Kayles, evil nim-values occur for few (finitely many) positions in the game, with all remaining positions having odious nim-values.

The Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem
The Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem can be defined as: given a positive integer N and a non-negative integer k, partition the set S = { 0, 1, ..., N-1 } into two disjoint subsets S0 and S1 that have equal sums of powers up to k, that is:
 for all integers i from 1 to k.

This has a solution if N is a multiple of 2k+1, given by:
 S0 consists of the integers n in S for which tn = 0,
 S1 consists of the integers n in S for which tn = 1.

For example, for N = 8 and k = 2,

The condition requiring that N be a multiple of 2k+1 is not strictly necessary: there are some further cases for which a solution exists. However, it guarantees a stronger property: if the condition is satisfied, then the set of kth powers of any set of N numbers in arithmetic progression can be partitioned into two sets with equal sums. This follows directly from the expansion given by the binomial theorem applied to the binomial representing the nth element of an arithmetic progression.

For generalizations of the Thue–Morse sequence and the Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem to partitions into more than two parts, see Bolker, Offner, Richman and Zara, "The Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem and generalized Thue–Morse sequences".

Fractals and turtle graphics
Using turtle graphics, a curve can be generated if an automaton is programmed with a sequence.
When Thue–Morse sequence members are used in order to select program states:

 If t(n) = 0, move ahead by one unit,
 If t(n) = 1, rotate by an angle of π/3 radians (60°)

The resulting curve converges to the Koch curve, a fractal curve of
infinite length containing a finite area. This illustrates the fractal nature of the Thue–Morse Sequence.

It is also possible to draw the curve precisely using the following instructions:

If t(n) = 0, rotate by an angle of π radians (180°),
 If t(n) = 1, move ahead by one unit, then rotate by an angle of π/3 radians.

Equitable sequencing
In their book on the problem of fair division, Steven Brams and Alan Taylor invoked the Thue–Morse sequence but did not identify it as such.  When allocating a contested pile of items between two parties who agree on the items' relative values, Brams and Taylor suggested a method they called balanced alternation, or taking turns taking turns taking turns . . . , as a way to circumvent the favoritism inherent when one party chooses before the other.  An example showed how a divorcing couple might reach a fair settlement in the distribution of jointly-owned items.  The parties would take turns to be the first chooser at different points in the selection process:  Ann chooses one item, then Ben does, then Ben chooses one item, then Ann does.

Lionel Levine and Katherine E. Stange, in their discussion of how to fairly apportion a shared meal such as an Ethiopian dinner, proposed the Thue–Morse sequence as a way to reduce the advantage of moving first.  They suggested that "it would be interesting to quantify the intuition that the Thue–Morse order tends to produce a fair outcome."

Robert Richman addressed this problem, but he too did not identify the Thue–Morse sequence as such at the time of publication.   He presented the sequences Tn as step functions on the interval [0,1] and described their relationship to the Walsh and Rademacher functions.  He showed that the nth derivative can be expressed in terms of  Tn.  As a consequence, the step function arising from  Tn is orthogonal to polynomials of order n − 1.  A consequence of this result is that a resource whose value is expressed as a monotonically decreasing continuous function is most fairly allocated using a sequence that converges to Thue–Morse as the function becomes flatter.  An example showed how to pour cups of coffee of equal strength from a carafe with a nonlinear concentration gradient, prompting a whimsical article in the popular press.

Joshua Cooper and Aaron Dutle showed why the Thue–Morse order provides a fair outcome for discrete events.  They considered the fairest way to stage a Galois duel, in which each of the shooters has equally poor shooting skills.  Cooper and Dutle postulated that each dueler would demand a chance to fire as soon as the other's a priori probability of winning exceeded their own.  They proved that, as the duelers' hitting probability approaches zero, the firing sequence converges to the Thue–Morse sequence.  In so doing, they demonstrated that the Thue–Morse order produces a fair outcome not only for sequences Tn of length 2n, but for sequences of any length.

Thus the mathematics supports using the Thue–Morse sequence instead of alternating turns when the goal is fairness but earlier turns differ monotonically from later turns in some meaningful quality, whether that quality varies continuously or discretely.

Sports competitions form an important class of equitable sequencing problems, because strict alternation often gives an unfair advantage to one team. Ignacio Palacios-Huerta proposed changing the sequential order to Thue–Morse to improve the ex post fairness of various tournament competitions, such as the kicking sequence of a penalty shoot-out in soccer. He did a set of field experiments with pro players and found that the team kicking first won 60% of games using ABAB (or T1), 54% using ABBA (or T2), and 51% using full Thue–Morse (or Tn).  As a result, ABBA is undergoing extensive trials in FIFA (European and World Championships) and English Federation professional soccer (EFL Cup). An ABBA serving pattern has also been found to improve the fairness of tennis tie-breaks. In competitive rowing, T2 is the only arrangement of port- and starboard-rowing crew members that eliminates transverse forces (and hence sideways wiggle) on a four-membered coxless racing boat, while T3 is one of only four rigs  to avoid wiggle on an eight-membered boat.

Fairness is especially important in player drafts. Many professional sports leagues attempt to achieve competitive parity by giving earlier selections in each round to weaker teams. By contrast, fantasy football leagues have no pre-existing imbalance to correct, so they often use a "snake" draft (forward, backward, etc.; or T1). Ian Allan argued that a "third-round reversal" (forward, backward, backward, forward, etc.; or T2) would be even more fair. Richman suggested that the fairest way for "captain A" and "captain B" to choose sides for a pick-up game of basketball mirrors  T3:  captain A has the first, fourth, sixth, and seventh choices, while captain B has the second, third, fifth, and eighth choices.

Hash collisions
The initial  bits of the Thue–Morse sequence are mapped to 0 by a wide class of polynomial hash functions modulo a power of two, which can lead to hash collisions.

History
The Thue–Morse sequence was first studied by  in 1851, who applied it to number theory.
However, Prouhet did not mention the sequence explicitly; this was left to Axel Thue in 1906, who used it to found the study of combinatorics on words.
The sequence was only brought to worldwide attention with the work of Marston Morse in 1921, when he applied it to differential geometry.
The sequence has been discovered independently many times, not always by professional research mathematicians; for example, Max Euwe, a chess grandmaster and mathematics teacher, discovered it in 1929 in an application to chess: by using its cube-free property (see above), he showed how to circumvent the threefold repetition rule aimed at preventing infinitely protracted games by declaring repetition of moves a draw.  At the time, consecutive identical board states were required to trigger the rule; the rule was later amended to the same board position reoccurring three times at any point, as the sequence shows that the consecutive criterion can be evaded forever.

See also
 Dejean's theorem
 Fabius function
 Gray code
 Komornik–Loreti constant
 Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant

Notes

References

 }

Further reading

External links

 Allouche, J.-P.; Shallit, J. O. The Ubiquitous Prouhet-Thue-Morse Sequence. (contains many applications and some history)
 Thue–Morse Sequence over (1,2)

 Reducing the influence of DC offset drift in analog IPs using the Thue-Morse Sequence. A technical application of the Thue–Morse Sequence
 MusiNum - The Music in the Numbers. Freeware to generate self-similar music based on the Thue–Morse Sequence and related number sequences.

Binary sequences
Fixed points (mathematics)
Parity (mathematics)

Thue–Morse sequence


More than Brothers er en dansk oplysningsfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Andreas Juul Johansen og Emil Mølgaard Morell efter deres manuskript.

Handling
En film om tre brødre fra Kenya med fodbold i blodet. De to ældste brødre spiller begge i storklubber i Europa, men den yngste bror er 17 år, og han føler, at der ligger et stort pres på ham for at gå samme vej. Der er lagt op til et dilemma mellem foræringer og forventninger.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

More than Brothers


Robert Strange (September 20, 1796February 19, 1854) was a Democratic U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina between 1836 and 1840.

Strange was born in Manchester, Virginia. He attended New Oxford Academy and Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia. He graduated from Hampden–Sydney College in south central Virginia in 1815 and practiced law in Fayetteville, North Carolina.

He was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons (1821–1823 and 1826) and was a judge of the superior court of North Carolina (1827–1836).

Strange was elected as a Jacksonian (later Democrat) to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Willie Person Mangum and served from December 5, 1836, to November 16, 1840, when he resigned and resumed the practice of law in Fayetteville, where he died on February 19, 1854, and was buried in the family burial ground at Myrtle Hill, near Fayetteville.

Strange was an ardent and active Freemason, serving as the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina, Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons from 1812 through 1814.  He also served as Master of Phoenix Lodge No. 8, A. F. & A. M., in Fayetteville, NC, for the year 1826.

Strange commanded the Fayetteville Independent Light Infantry (FILI), an independent militia company in Fayetteville, NC.  In this role Strange served as the escort for the Marquis de Lafayette when he visited Fayetteville on March 5, 1825.

The 1820 Census for Fayetteville, North Carolina shows that Robert Strange was the enslaver of (4) black people.

A number of people read law with him, including his nephew James Strange French.  He was the author of Eoneguski, or the Cherokee Chief, which has been called the first North Carolina novel.

The Robert Strange Country House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

References

http://www.FILI1793.com - Fayetteville Independent Light Infantry website.

Further reading
 Burden, Michael. "The Making and Marketing of the Georgian Apotheosis:  Carter, Strange, Rebecca, Tresham, and de Loutherbourg". The British Art Journal, 22/1 (2021) pp. 10–17.

External links
Full Text of Eoneguski, or the Cherokee Chief at the University of North Carolina

1796 births
1854 deaths
People from the Greater Richmond Region
North Carolina state court judges
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Democratic Party United States senators from North Carolina
North Carolina Jacksonians
Writers from North Carolina
Writers from Virginia
Hampden–Sydney College alumni
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges

Robert Strange (American politician)


O Partido Comunista da Índia (Maoista), é um Partido comunista Marxista-Leninista-Maoista indiano. É a maior organização a reivindicar o legado do Partido Comunista da Índia (Marxista-Leninista) e do levante Naxalita, por esta razão seus membros são frequentemente chamados apenas de "Naxalitas." O partido também é a força principal envolvida na Insurgência Naxalita moderna, e controla um pequeno território no sudeste da Índia popularmente conhecido como "Corredor Vermelho."

Fundação:
O partido foi fundado através da união de diversas outras organizações maoistas indianas em 2004.

.

Partidos políticos da Índia
Organizações maoistas
Movimento Comunista Internacional

Partido Comunista da Índia (Maoista)


Salvia parryi (salvia de Parry) es un subarbusto perenne endémico del norte de México (Estado de Sonora), el suroeste de Nuevo México y el sur de Arizona. Crece a elevaciones de 3500-5000 m.

Principios activos
Los habitantes utilizan preparaciones acuosas de la raíz para tratar desórdenes gástricos. La Parryína es un derivado del pimarano aislado de esta planta. Otros compuestos aislados de esta especie son la isopimara-8(14),15-dien-7-ona, el isopimara-6,8(14),15-trieno y la isopimara-8,15-dien-7-ona

Taxonomía
Salvia parryi fue descrita por Asa Gray y publicado en Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 8: 369. 1872.
Etimología
Ver: Salvia

Sinonimia
 Salvia confinis Fernald
 Salvia spicata Torr.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
 Shreve, F. & I. L. Wiggins. 1964. Veg. Fl. Sonoran Des. 2 vols. Stanford University Press, Stanford.

parryi
Flora de México
Flora de Estados Unidos
Plantas medicinales
Plantas descritas en 1872
Plantas descritas por Asa Gray

Salvia parryi


O ampulă este un tub de dimensiuni mici, fabricat din sticlă, care este închis la capete și conține în interior o substanță sau un amestec lichid (mai rar solid). Câteodată pot fi întâlnite și ampule din plastic. În prezent, ampulele sunt folosite în domeniul farmaceutic și medical și pot conține diferite substanțe active sau compuși. Sunt închise ermetic prin topirea vârfului subțire și se deschid de obicei prin ruperea acestuia.

Forme farmaceutice
Echipament medical

Ampulă


Tidenham est un village et une paroisse civile de la forêt de Dean, dans l'ouest du Gloucestershire, en Angleterre.

Le village est délimité par la rivière Wye (qui forme la frontière galloise) à l'ouest et la rivière Severn au sud. Il est traversé à l'ouest par la digue d'Offa.

Histoire
Le village, autrefois connu sous le nom de Dyddanhamme, est l'un des villages saxons les plus documentés de Grande-Bretagne.

La seigneurie domine la vie de la paroisse tout au long du Moyen Âge jusqu'à l'établissement du système de comté dans les années 1530, lorsque le Monmouthshire et le Gloucestershire ont été créés. Le pouvoir des ducs de Beaufort se maintient cependant jusqu'à la fin du . La vie paroissiale dépend encore de l'agriculture, de la pêche et du commerce fluvial.

Au début du , le soutien du marquis de Worcester pour le roi, et contre le Parlement, mène à une guerre civile au sein de la paroisse, qui est située sur deux points de passage majeurs (la Wye et la Severn). Le Parlement a ensuite fait démolir tous les monuments de la péninsule de .

Un manoir a été construit en 2005 dans le style Palladianisme. Il surplombe la rivière et est adjacent à l'église d'architecture romane normande de , classée au Grade II* des monuments remarquables du Royaume-Uni.

Notes et références

Annexes

Liens externes

Village dans le Gloucestershire

Tidenham


The Macintosh 512K is a personal computer that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from September 1984 to April 1986. It is the first update to the original Macintosh 128K. It was virtually identical to the previous Macintosh, differing primarily in the amount of built-in random-access memory.  The increased memory turned the Macintosh into a more business-capable computer and gained the ability to run more software. It is the earliest Macintosh model that can be used as an AppleShare server and, with a bridge Mac, communicate with modern devices.

The Mac 512K originally shipped with Macintosh System 1.1 but was able to run all versions of Mac OS up to System 4.1.  It was replaced by the Macintosh 512Ke and the Macintosh Plus. All support for the Mac 512K was discontinued on September 1, 1998.

Features

Processor and memory
Like the Macintosh 128K before it, the 512K contained a  Motorola 68000 connected to 512 KB of DRAM by a 16-bit data bus. Though the memory had been quadrupled, it could not be upgraded. The large increase earned it the nickname Fat Mac. A 64 KB ROM chip boosts the effective memory to 576 KB, but this is offset by the display's 22 KB framebuffer, which is shared with the DMA video controller. This shared arrangement reduces CPU performance by up to 35%. It shared a revised logic board with the rebadged Macintosh 128K (previously just called the Macintosh), which streamlined manufacturing. The resolution of the display was the same, at 512 × 342.

Apple sold a memory upgrade for the Macintosh 128K for $995 initially, and reduced the price when 256 kb DRAM prices fell months later.

Software
The applications MacPaint and MacWrite were still bundled with the Mac. Soon after this model was released, several other applications became available, including MacDraw, MacProject, Macintosh Pascal and others. In particular, Microsoft Excel, which was written specifically for the Macintosh, required a minimum of 512 KB of RAM, but solidified the Macintosh as a serious business computer. Models with the enhanced ROM also supported Apple's Switcher, allowing cooperative multitasking among (necessarily few) applications.

New uses
The LaserWriter printer became available shortly after the 512K's introduction, as well as the number pad, mic, tablet, keyboard, mouse, basic mouse, and much more. It utilized Apple's built-in networking scheme LocalTalk which allows sharing of devices among several users. The 512K was the oldest Macintosh capable of supporting Apple's AppleShare built-in file sharing network, when introduced in 1987. The expanded memory in the 512K allowed it to better handle large word-processing documents and make better use of the graphical user interface and generally increased speed over the 128K model.

Color Systems Technology used an army of 512K units connected to a custom Intel 80186-based machine to colorize numerous black-and-white films in the mid-1980s.

System software
The original 512K could accept Macintosh system software up to version 4.1; System Software 5 was possible if used with the Hard Disk 20.

Upgrades

An updated version replaced the Macintosh 512K and debuted as the Macintosh 512K enhanced in April 1986. It differed from the original 512K in that it had an 800 KB floppy disk drive and the same improved ROM as the Macintosh Plus. With the exception of the new model number (M0001E), they were otherwise cosmetically identical. The stock 512K could also use an 800 KB floppy disk drive as well as the Hard Disk 20, the first hard disk manufactured by Apple exclusively for use with the 512K, but required a special system file (not required by the 512Ke) that loaded the improved  ROM code into RAM, thus reducing the RAM available for other uses. Apple offered an upgrade kit which replaced the floppy disk drive and ROMs, essentially turning it into a 512Ke. One further OEM upgrade replaced the logic board and the rear case entirely with that of the Macintosh Plus.

As with the original Macintosh, the 512K was designed with no slots for upgrade boards and had no hard-disk controller, so the few internal upgrades that were available for the 512K, such as General Computer's US$2,795 Hyperdrive hard drive, had to plug directly into the 68000 processor socket. Other such upgrades included "snap-on" SCSI cards and RAM upgrades of 2 MB or more.

Timeline

See also
Macintosh 128K/512K technical details

References

External links

Macintosh 512K technical specifications at apple.com
Inside the Macintosh 512K

512k
512k
Computer-related introductions in 1984
Products and services discontinued in 1986

Macintosh 512K


June Alice Sheppard, née en  et morte en , est une géographe britannique spécialiste de géographie historique.

Biographie
June Sheppard est née à Purley dans le Surrey le 24 juin 1928. Elle fait ses études secondaires à la  puis étudie la géographie à l'Université de Hull. Elle est diplômée de l'université de Londres en 1949 avec les honneurs. Elle réalise ensuite un mémoire de master intitulé  et obtient un certificat d'enseignement en 1951.

June Sheppard continue ensuite ses études à Hull et obtient un doctorat de l'université de Londres en 1956.

Elle enseigne pendant un an à la  à Surrey.

En mai 1953, elle est nommée  en géographie au Queen Mary College où elle dispense des cours de géographie rurale de 1953 à 1968. En 1972 elle devient  en géographie, soit l'équivalent du titre de professeur des universités. Elle reste au Queen Mary College jusqu'à sa retraite en 1991.

Publications
  .
 «  », , vol. 9, n° 1 (1961), pp. 43–54.
 «  », , vol. 10, n° 1 (1962), p. 81-95.
 , , 1966.
 «  », , vol. 2, n° 1 (1976), pp. 3–20.
 . , 1979.
 «  », , vol. 40, n° 2 (1992), pp. 127–141.
 , 1994.
 . , 2001.
 . 2004.
 «  », , vol. 54, n° 1 (2006), pp. 93–104.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Géographe britannique
Femme géographe
Naissance en juin 1928
Naissance à Purley (Londres)
Décès en novembre 2016
Décès à 88 ans
Étudiant de l'université de Londres
Professeur à l'université de Londres

June Sheppard


Andrew Ralph Adamson (født 1. december 1966 i Auckland på New Zealand) er en filminstruktør, filmproducer, manusforfatter, special effects-animator og Supervisor. Han har blandt andet instrueret filmen «Legenden om Narnia: Løven, heksen og garderobeskabet» fra Narnia og har også været med til at lave film som Shrek og Shrek 2.

Adamson har to døtre og bor i New Zealand.

Eksterne henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra New Zealand
Manuskriptforfattere fra New Zealand
Filmproducere fra New Zealand
Animatorer
Personer fra Auckland

Andrew Adamson


Nota, müzikal sesleri simgeleyen işaretlerdir. Nota (veya not) sözcüğü, bir fikri daha sonra hatırlamak için işaretler ile bir yere o fikri temsil edecek biçimde yazıya dökmek manasına gelir. Müzik notası da, bir sesi temsil etmek üzere porte (dizek) üstündeki yerine konulan bir işaret, bir kayıttır. Müziği yazılı olarak ifade etmede kullanılan her bir nota, müzikteki belli bir sese karşılık gelir. Notalar seslerin zaman içindeki uzunluğunu ve temel frekansını gösterirler. Bir başka deyişle nota, müziğin okunup yazıya dökülmesini sağlayan şekillere ve o şekillerin temsil ettikleri temel frekanslara verilen addır.

Yazıda kullanılan harflerin adları olduğu gibi, notaların da adları vardır. Notaları adlandırmak için iki temel sistem kullanılmıştır. Bu sistemlerden ilki daha çok Fransa, İtalya, İspanya ve Türkiye gibi Akdeniz ülkelerinde kullanılanı Aziz Iohanne Battista ilahisinin ilk hecelerinden isimlerini alan do-re-mi sistemidir. İkincisi ise İngiltere, Almanya gibi kuzey ülkelerinde kullanılan A-B-C sistemidir.

Adlandırma
Aşağıdaki grafik notaların farklı ülkelerde aldığı adları listeler. Notaların sembolleri parantez içinde gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca Almanca ile İngilizcedeki gösterim farkı kalın olarak işaretlenmiştir. İngilizce ile Felemenkçede gösterim aynı olmakla birlikte adlar farklıdır.

Nota değerleri

Nota şekillerinin yazılışı

Notaların porte (dizek) üzerindeki yerleri notaların frekanslarını ve notaların biçimleri de zamansal değerlerini belirtir. Notalar beş çizgili porte (dizek) üzerinde çizgilere ve aralıklara yazılırlar. Frekansları porte (dizeğin) sınırlarını aşan notalar ek çizgilerin üzerine ve bunların aralıklarına yazılırlar. Notaların süresi notaların yazıldığı ritmik değer ile belirlenir. Bu ritmik değerler kendi içlerinde orantılı bir hiyerarşiyle belirgindir. Bugün kullanılan yaygın nota sisteminde en uzun nota çift birliktir. Birlik nota bunun yarı değerindedir, ikilik nota birliğin yarı değerinde, dörtlük nota ikiliğin yarı değerinde, sekizlik nota dörtlüğün, onaltılık nota da sekizliğin yarı değerindedir. Bu yöntem ile altmışdörtlük değere kadar notalar yazılabilir. Müzik yazısında bu notalardan herhangi biri temel alınarak ona belirli bir süre atanır ve diğer bütün değerler ona oran ile zaman içine yerleşirler. Mesela dörtlük notaya bir saniyelik zaman birimini atanırsa dörtlük notanın iki katı olan ikilik nota iki saniye, yarısı değerinde olan sekizlik nota yarım saniye değerinde olacaktır. Bu notaların her birinin değerine eşit olan es karşılıkları da bulunur ve esler müzikteki sessizliği sembolize eden susulacak notalardır.

Sus işaretleri ve yazılışları

Nota değerleri gibi esler de çeşitlidir ve portedeki yerleri bazen değişiklik gösterir.

Birlik es, portede daima dördüncü çizginin altındadır. İkilik es, portede üçüncü çizgi üstüne konur. Dörtlük es, portenin ikinci çizgisi ile dördüncü çizgisi arasına yazılır. Yalnız, bunun alt ve üst kuyrukları aşağıdan birinci aralığın içine ve yukarıdan dördüncü aralığın içine biraz girmiş bulunur. Sekizlik, onaltılık ve otuzikilik eslerdeki çengelli uçlar üstten portenin üçüncü aralığına yazılırlar. Sekizlik esin bacağı portenin ikinci çizgisine, onaltılık bacağı birinci çizgiye, otuzikilik olanın bacağı da birinci çizginin az altına uzatılır. Altmışdörtlük este, çengelli uç dördüncü aralıkta olmak üzere, bacağı otuzikilik es yerine kadar indirilir.

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
 R. Gazimihal, Mûsikî Sözlüğü. Millî Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul - 1961. s.177-183.
 Say, Ahmet, Müzik Ansiklopedisi, Müzik Ansiklopedisi Yayınları. Eylül, 2005.
 Saygun, A. A. Musiki Nazariyatı. Maarif Basımevi. İstanbul, 1958.

Müzik terimleri

Nota (müzik)


Julius Boecker (* 27. März 1872 in Erxleben; † 25. Januar 1951 in Merseburg) war ein deutscher Verwaltungsjurist.

Leben
Boecker studierte ab 1892 an der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Rechtswissenschaft und wurde Mitglied des Corps Makaria Würzburg. Als Inaktiver wechselte er an die Friedrichs-Universität Halle, später an die  Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin. Dort wurde er 1894 ausgezeichneter Senior des Corps Palaio-Silesia. Das von ihm 1895 niedergelegte Band erhielt er 1896 zurück. Er war Referendar in Nordhausen und Gerichtsassessor in Duisburg. Seit 1908  promovierter Staatsanwalt in Dortmund, wurde er 1910  Kommunalbeamter in  Königsberg i. Pr. Im  Ersten Weltkrieg diente er als  Hauptmann der  Landwehr und Adjutant beim  I. Armee-Korps in Königsberg. Er wurde mit dem  Eisernen Kreuz 2. Kl. ausgezeichnet. In der Weimarer Republik berief ihn die Albertus-Universität Königsberg 1922 als Honorarprofessor für Arbeitsrecht. Zuletzt war er Regierungsdirektor in Merseburg. Dort engagierte er sich für das  befreundete Verhältnis von Makaria und Budissa Leipzig. Budissa verlieh ihm 1929 die Corpsschleife und später das Band. Im Sommer 1937 trat er in den Ruhestand.

Werke
 Kritische Beiträge zum Rechte der Invaliden-Versicherung. Die Stellung des Versicherungsamts im Renten-Vorbereitungs-Verfahren. Die Begutachtung der Invalidität. Königsberg i. Pr. 1915

Literatur
 Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender 1926, 1928/29 und 1935

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Verwaltungsjurist
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Hochschullehrer (Albertus-Universität Königsberg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1872
Gestorben 1951
Mann
Person (Merseburg)

Julius Boecker


فيم عنبر هو فيلم غنائي فكاهي من بطولة ليلى مراد وأنور وجدي مع نخبة من النجوم الذين اشتركوا مع ليلى مراد في غناء أغنية اللي يقدر على قلبي وهم إسماعيل ياسين، و عزيز عثمان، و محمود شكوكو، و إلياس مؤدب.

أغاني الفيلم
جميع أغاني الفيلم من تأليف حسين السيد، وتلحين محمد عبد الوهاب. عدا موشح «ملا الكاسات وسقاني»، الذي ألفه الشيخ أحمد عاشور، ولحنه الملحن محمد عثمان (والد الممثل عزيز عثمان، أحد المشاركين في الفيلم)، وغناه محمد عبد الوهاب في بداية حياته الفنية، وغنته ليلى مراد في الفيلم.

روابط خارجية

 عنبر على موقع الدهليز
 عنبر على موقع كاروهات

مصادر

أفلام أنور وجدي
أفلام إخراج أنور وجدي
أفلام إسماعيل ياسين
أفلام إنتاج 1948
أفلام إنتاج شركة الأفلام المتحدة
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام تأليف أنور وجدي
أفلام رومانسية مصرية
أفلام زينات صدقي
أفلام فريد شوقي
أفلام كوميديا موسيقية 1948
أفلام ليلى مراد
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1948
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام رياض القصبجي

عنبر (فيلم)


Der Gehrensee ist ein 1,07 Hektar umfassender Pfuhl im Ortsteil Falkenberg des Berliner Bezirks Lichtenberg. Obwohl er "See" im Namen trägt, entspricht der Gehrensee heute mit seiner Größe und Tiefe eher einem Pfuhl.

Lage und Geologie

Der Gehrensee befindet sich im Nordosten Berlins im Ortsteil Falkenberg in Berlin-Lichtenberg an der Grenze zur brandenburgischen Gemeinde Ahrensfelde.
Er liegt unweit des Naturschutzgebietes Falkenberger Rieselfelder.

Der nördliche Teil des Gewässers grenzt an eine ehemalige Schmelzwasserrinne, die das Gebiet vom Berllpfuhl (manchmal auch "Berlipfuhl") im Westen (Neu-Hohenschönhausen) bis nach Ahrensfelde im Osten durchzieht. Der Gehrensee wird vom obersten Grundwasserleiter gespeist und besitzt außerdem einen Zufluss vom Westen und einen Abfluss im Osten, der das Gebiet Richtung Wuhle entwässert. Im Sommer fällt der Gehrensee regelmäßig trocken.

Jüngere Geschichte
Ab 1982 war der See nicht mehr für die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. Er wurde bis
zur Ahrensfelder Chaussee großräumig mit einer Mauer und Wachtürmen umbaut, zudem zerschnitt ein Betonwall die Gräben, aus denen das Gewässer gespeist wurde. Dazu erfolgten Aufschüttungen von Bodenmaterial in Grünlandbereiche.
Das Gelände war dann bis zum Jahr 1989 eine Außenstelle des DDR-Ministeriums des Innern, das von diesem für den Strafvollzug (Arbeitsaußenlager für vorwiegend politische Häftlinge des Zuchthauses Bautzen) und für eine Kaserne der Volkspolizei genutzt wurde. Zudem unterhielt die Stasi auf dem Gelände geheime Logistikobjekte. Südlich des Gehrensees entstanden zahlreiche Gebäude und Straßen, im Norden Hundezwinger, die ringförmig um den Gehrensee angeordnet wurden.
Im Oktober 1989 wurden hier auch Demonstranten gehen das SED-Regime inhaftiert. Seit 1990 ist das Gelände wieder frei zugänglich. Die Nutzung wurde aufgegeben, schließlich zurückgebaut und die befestigten Flächen entsiegelt.

Umgebung

Eine Aussichtsplattform gibt zurzeit den Blick auf den von Sträuchern, Gehölz und einem 1,20 m hohen Zaun umgebenen Gehrensee frei. Der See dient als Naherholungsgebiet, in dem sich wieder seltene Tierarten ansiedeln sollen.

Wohnsiedlung
Südlich des Sees, auf dem Gelände der ehemaligen Kaserne, ist die Errichtung einer Eigenheimsiedlung geplant. Der Bau der geplanten 725 Häuser und einer Kindertagesstätte auf der 320.000 Quadratmeter großen Fläche sollte im Herbst 2013 beginnen und bis 2018 abgeschlossen sein. Dem Bauherrn, der Deutschen Eigenheim AG, nach sollte das Architekturbüro Graft die etwa 200 Millionen Euro teure Siedlung auf einer Fläche von etwa 132.000 m² mit bis zu 500 2-4geschossigen Häusern ab Herbst 2015 bauen.
Jedoch erst, nachdem die kommunalen Berliner Wohnungsunternehmen Gewobag, Gesobau und Howoge das Wohngebiet für 245 Millionen Euro erworben hatten, begannen Ende 2017 die Bauarbeiten.

Weblinks

Siehe auch
 Liste der Seen in Berlin
 Liste von Seen in Deutschland

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

See in Europa
See in Berlin
Berlin-Falkenberg
Teich in Berlin

Gehrensee


B14 getur átt við um:

 B14 (kæna)
 B14 (gististaður)
 B14 (riffill)
 B14 (kvikmynd) - frá Ghana, ekki rugla við B 13 frá Luc Besson

B14


The Shasta Cascade region of California is located in the northeastern and north-central sections of the state bordering Oregon and Nevada, including far northern parts of the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada mountain range.

History

Indigenous cultures
Historically, the Shasta Cascade region was home to Native Americans of the Modoc, Maidu, Okwanuchu, Paiute, Shasta, Wintu, and Yana tribes, and sub-groups of those tribes.

Colonialism
The first non-Native Americans entered the Shasta Cascade region by coming south along the Siskiyou Trail from Oregon, or north along the Siskiyou Trail from central California or the San Francisco Bay Area.  These earliest explorers were probably British and American fur-trappers and traders in the 1820s and 1830s, although it is also possible that Spanish explorers reached the southern edge of the Shasta Cascade region before 1820.

Gold rush
The discovery of gold in 1851 at Yreka (and throughout Siskiyou and Trinity counties) brought the California Gold Rush-era prospectors up the rivers of the region in search of gold, leading to the first non-Native American settlements in the area, including at Old Shasta, Portuguese Flat, Upper Soda Springs, Weaverville, and Yreka itself.

Geography
There are seven national forests in the Shasta Cascade region: Klamath National Forest, Lassen National Forest, Modoc National Forest, Plumas National Forest and Shasta–Trinity National Forest, as well as the Lava Beds National Monument.

The area is also well known for its numerous lakes, rivers, and waterfalls, including Shasta Lake, Trinity Lake, Lake Almanor, Eagle Lake, and Lake Siskiyou, the Sacramento River, McCloud River, Feather River, Trinity River, and Pit River, as well as Mossbrae Falls, the McCloud River Falls, and Burney Falls.

Numerous parks and recreation opportunities fill the area including Shasta Lake, Lake Siskiyou, Castle Crags State Park, a new park at Upper Soda Springs, the Trinity Alps, Lava Beds National Monument, Clair Engle Lake, Castle Lake, Lassen Volcanic National Park, Caribou Wilderness, Thousand Lakes Wilderness, and climbing Mount Shasta.

Metropolitan areas
The civic "capital" of the Shasta Cascade area is Redding; other cities and towns are Alturas, Biggs, Chico, Susanville, Dunsmuir, Mount Shasta, Red Bluff, Oroville, Paradise, Weed, Fall River Mills,  Burney, and Yreka. Counties included in the Shasta Cascade region include Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Plumas, Shasta, Siskiyou, Tehama and Trinity.

Geology
Geologically, this region is similar to the main Cascade Range, dominated by volcanism.

See also
 List of museums in the Shasta Cascade

External links
Shasta Cascade Wonderland Association — local information website.
Shasta Cascade Viticulture Association
Museum of the Siskiyou Trail

Geography of Northern California
Regions of California
Cascade Range

Northern California
Sacramento Valley

Shasta Cascade


Elton Alves Ribeiro de Carvalho Junior, (São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 08 de julho de 1974) é um Médico e político brasileiro, filiado ao Partido Social Cristão.
Nas eleições de 2022, foi eleito deputado estadual por São Paulo com 46.042 votos (0,20% dos votos válidos). É médico, cirurgião geral e intensivista, foi vereador em 2º mandato na cidade de São José dos Campos, perdeu o mandato na câmara por infidelidade partidária.

Membros do Partido Social Cristão
Naturais de São José dos Campos
Deputados estaduais de São Paulo
Vereadores de São José dos Campos
Médicos do estado de São Paulo

Elton Junior


Mircea Vasile Cazan () este un politician român. La alegerile din 2012 a obținut un mandat de deputat de Sibiu din partea Partidului Național Liberal. La alegerile din 2016 a fost ales senator de Sibiu din partea PNL. În cadrul activității sale parlamentare  ca deputat în legislatura 2008-2012, Mircea Cazan a fost membru în grupurile parlamentare de prietenie cu Republica Costa Rica, Republica Federală Germania, Republica Orientală a Uruguayului, India și Republica Venezuela.
Mircea Cazan a inițiat 17 propunri legislative din care 1 a fost promulgată lege.
În legislatura 2012-2016, Mircea Cazan a fost ales deputat pe listele PNL. În cadrul activității sale parlamentare, Mircea Cazan a fost membru în grupurile parlamentare de prietenie cu Republica Chile, Republica Austria și Elveția. Mircea Cazan a inițiat 70 de propuneri legislative din care 10 au fost promulgate legi.

În legislatura 2016-2020, Mircea Cazan a fost ales senator pe listele PNL și este membru în grupurile parlamentare de prietenie cu Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei de Nord, Republica Federală a Germaniei și Regatul Danemarcei.

Cazan a trecut drept unul din cei mai bogați parlamentari de Sibiu, cu zece imobile în proprietate, conform declarației de avere. În luna mai 2016 a stârnit nemulțumire după ce a parcat un automobil Tesla Model S într-un loc nepermis, direct în fața Catedralei Evanghelice din Sibiu. Anterior declarase că vrea să scoată la vânzare mașina respectivă.

Note

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2012-2016 (Camera Deputaților)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Nașteri în 1962
Deputați români 2012-2016
Deputați români 2008-2012
Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Național Liberal
Sibieni

Mircea Cazan


My Babysitter's a Vampire puede referirse a:

My Babysitter's a Vampire, es el principio de la serie de televisión.
My Babysitter's a Vampire, una serie de televisión, que se basa en la película.

My Babysitter's a Vampire