MARC (Maryland Area Rail Commuter) is a commuter rail system in the Washington–Baltimore area. MARC  is administered by the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA) and operated under contract by Alstom and Amtrak on track owned by CSX Transportation (CSXT) and Amtrak. In , the system had a ridership of , or about  per weekday as of , less than pre-COVID-19 pandemic weekday ridership of 40,000.

With trains on the Penn Line reaching a maximum speed of , MARC has the highest top speed of any commuter railroad in the United States.

Operations
MARC has three lines that radiate from Union Station in Washington, D.C.:
 Brunswick Line – 18 weekday trains
 Camden Line – 21 weekday trains
 Penn Line – 58 weekday trains
The Penn Line is the only line with weekend service, having 18 trains on Saturdays and 12 on Sundays. Service is reduced or suspended on certain federal holidays.

All MARC trains operate in push-pull mode. The cab car is typically on the end of the train closest to Washington; on trains with diesel locomotives, this arrangement keeps exhaust further away from Union Station's terminal. Train lengths vary from the 3–5 cars to 10 cars on Penn Line rush hour trains. Shorter trains typically consist of all single level or all bilevel passenger cars while longer trains may have a combination.

The MTA contracts out operations and maintenance of MARC trains to Amtrak for the Penn Line and Alstom for the Brunswick Line and Camden Line.

Brunswick Line

The Brunswick Line is a  line that runs on CSX-owned tracks between Washington, D.C., and Martinsburg, West Virginia, with a  branch to Frederick, Maryland. It is descended from Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) commuter service between Washington and its northern and western suburbs.

Camden Line

The Camden Line is a  line that runs on CSX-owned tracks between Washington, D.C., and Camden Station in Baltimore. It is descended from B&O commuter routes running between Washington and Baltimore. The B&O began operating over portions of this route in 1830, making it one of the oldest passenger rail lines in the U.S. still in operation.

Penn Line

The Penn Line is a  line that runs along the far southern leg of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Perryville, Maryland, via Baltimore Penn Station. Most trains operate along a  stretch between Washington and Baltimore Penn, with limited service to Martin State Airport and Perryville. It is the fastest commuter rail line in North America, with equipment capable of operating at speeds up to . Descended from Washington-Baltimore commuter routes operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad, it is by far the busiest MARC line, with almost twice as many trains and twice as many passengers as the other two lines combined. The Penn Line is the only electrified MARC line, and its only line that operates on weekends.

Special Western Maryland service
MARC has run special weekend trips to and from Cumberland, Maryland, for Western Maryland residents to attend sporting events in the Washington–Baltimore area, and to facilitate tourist excursions to Western Maryland.

Intermodal connections
Nearly all stations served by MARC connect with local bus or Metrobus service. Washington Union Station, New Carrollton, College Park, Greenbelt, Silver Spring and Rockville offer connections to the Washington Metro subway, while Baltimore Penn Station and Camden Station both offer connections to the Baltimore Light Rail. While the Baltimore Metro SubwayLink is not directly connected to the MARC system, its State Center station is not far from Baltimore Penn Station. Washington Union, Baltimore Penn, BWI Airport, Aberdeen, New Carrollton, Rockville, Harpers Ferry, and Martinsburg stations are shared with Amtrak service, and Union Station also offers a connection to the Virginia Railway Express system.

History

Origins
All three MARC lines date from the 19th century. Service on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) between Baltimore and Ellicott City began on May 24, 1830, over part of what is now the Camden Line. B&O service between Baltimore and Washington, the modern Camden Line route, began on August 25, 1835.

The B&O's main line was extended to Frederick Junction (with a branch to ) in 1831, to  in 1832, to  and  in 1834, and  in 1842. The B&O completed its Metropolitan Branch in 1873; most service from Martinsburg and Frederick was then diverted onto the Metropolitan Branch to Washington, and the old main line became a secondary route. This established the basic route for what would become the Brunswick Line.

The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (PW&B) completed its line between Baltimore and Philadelphia in December 1838, save for the ferry across the Susquehanna River, which was not bridged until the 1860s. Although the B&O was chartered with the unspoken assumption that no competing line would be built between Baltimore and Washington, the Pennsylvania Railroad-owned Baltimore and Potomac Railroad (B&P) was completed between the two cities in 1872. The PW&B was initially hostile to the Pennsylvania (PRR); however, the PRR acquired it in a stock battle with the B&O in 1881. The PW&B soon began operating PRR through servicethe ancestor of Penn Line servicebetween Washington and Philadelphia in conjunction with the B&P. Meanwhile, the PRR ended B&O trackage rights over the PW&B in 1884, forcing it to open its own parallel route in 1886. The PW&B and the B&P were combined into the PRR's Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad in 1902.

The B&O ended local service on the Frederick Branch in November 1949. All B&O passenger service between Baltimore and Philadelphia ended in 1958; local service from Washington was curtailed to Camden Station. The B&O continued to offer local service to Brunswick plus long-distance service, while the PRR operated a mix of local, intercity, and long-distance service on the Northeast Corridor. Local service north of Baltimore on the PRR ended around 1964.

Public takeover

In the mid-20th century, passenger rail service declined owing to a variety of factors, particularly the advent of the automobile, even as commuting between suburban locations and urban business districts remained common. In 1968, the PRR folded into Penn Central, which took over its passenger operations. On May 1, 1971, Amtrak took over most intercity passenger service in the United States, including some of Penn Central's former routes. The B&O and Penn Central continued to operate their Washington–Baltimore and Washington–Brunswick commuter routes without subsidies.

Amtrak initially operated the Washington–Parkersburg West Virginian, later renamed Potomac Special. The Potomac Special was cut back to a  commuter-based Washington–Cumberland trip, the Blue Ridge, on May 7, 1973. In early 1974, the B&O threatened to discontinue its remaining unsubsidized commuter services, citing heavy losses. On March 1, 1974, the Maryland Department of Transportation (MDOT) began a 50% subsidy of the B&O's Washington–Brunswick and Washington–Baltimore servicethe first state-sponsored commuter rail service to Washington. In 1975, the state signed an operating agreement with the B&O, under which the state provided rolling stock and reimbursed the railroad for all operating losses. On October 31, 1976, Amtrak introduced the Washington–Cincinnati Shenandoah and cut the Blue Ridge to a  Washington–Martinsburg trip. In the late 1970s, West Virginia began to fund the B&O shuttles between Brunswick and Martinsburg; the shuttles were soon incorporated as extensions of Brunswick service in order to secure Urban Mass Transportation Administration subsidies. In December 1981, MDOT purchased 22 ex-PRR coaches for use on B&O lines. The Maryland State Railroad Administration (SRA) was established in 1986 to administer contracts, procure rolling stock, and oversee short line railroads in the state.

Conrail took over the unsubsidized ex-PRR Baltimore–Washington service from Penn Central at its creation on April 1, 1976. MDOT began subsidizing that service after Conrail threatened to discontinue service on April 1, 1977. Prior to 1978, most ex-PRR Baltimore–Washington service was operated by aging MP54 electric multiple units, most dating back to the line's 1933 electrification. In 1978, Amtrak and the City of Baltimore negotiated with the New Jersey Department of Transportation to lease a number of new Arrow railcars to replace the MP54s. With funding from Pennsylvania and Maryland, Amtrak used some of the cars to initiate a Philadelphia–Washington commuter trip, the Chesapeake, on April 30, 1978. The Chesapeake stopped at some local stations but fewer than the Conrail service; it provided commuter service from north of Baltimore for the first time since the 1960s.

BWI Rail Station opened for Amtrak and Conrail trains on October 26, 1980. In August 1982, Conrail trains began stopping at Capital Beltway station, used by intercity trains since 1970.  and  stations were closed. Two additional round tripsone in the peak direction, and one reverse for commuters working in Baltimorewere added on July 5, 1983. On October 30, 1983, Amtrak and MARC moved from Capital Beltway into a new platform and waiting room at nearby New Carrollton station, which had been served by the Washington Metro since 1978. The Edmondson Avenue and Frederick Road stops in Baltimore were replaced by West Baltimore station on April 30, 1984.

In 1981, MDOT began installing highway signs to point drivers to commuter rail stations. The Northeast Rail Service Act of 1981 allowed Conrail to shed its commuter rail operations in 1983 in order to focus on its more profitable freight operations. On January 1, 1983, public operators (including Metro-North Railroad, NJ Transit, and SEPTA Regional Rail) took over Conrail commuter rail systems in the Northeast. MDOT began paying Amtrak to run the ex-PRR Washington–Baltimore service. That service was branded as AMDOT (Amtrak Maryland Department of Transportation). In October 1983, with low patronage and largely duplicated by the MDOT-subsidized service, the Chesapeake was discontinued. In 1984, the SRA introduced a unified brand for its three subsidized lines, MARC (originally short for Maryland Rail Commuter, later modified to Maryland Area Rail Commuter). Operations remained the same, but public elements such as schedules and crew uniforms were consolidated under the new name. MARC soon dubbed its three lines the Penn Line, Camden Line, and Brunswick Line.

Improved service

In October 1986, MARC began testing an Amtrak AEM-7 locomotive, aiming to replace the Arrows with push–pull trains. On February 27, 1989, MARC increased Washington–Baltimore service from 7 to 13 weekday round trips. A new park-and-ride station opened at , while the previous Bowie station was closed. Two more round trips were added in May 1989.

On May 1, 1991, MARC service was extended north from Baltimore to  with intermediate stops at , , and . Between 1988 and 1993, MARC expanded service from 34 to 70 total daily trips across the system. In 1995, 800 parking spaces were added to Odenton station.

From 1989 to 1996, the Camden Line had high ridership growth and substantial changes to its stations. A new station at  just off Route 32 was opened on July 31, 1989. MARC began service to Greenbelt station on May 3, 1993, seven months before Metro began serving the station. On January 31, 1994, MARC expanded midday service on the Camden and Brunswick lines, opened Laurel Race Track station to relieve a parking shortage at Laurel station, and closed the underused Berwyn station on the Camden Line. On December 12, 1994, Muirkirk station (originally planned as South Laurel) was opened to reduce congestion on nearby Route 1. In 1996, a $1.2 million project added 600 parking spaces at Savage station to relieve crowding. In July 1996, the Elkridge station was closed and replaced with Dorsey station, which has a larger parking area and a dedicated interchange with Route 100.

On April 30, 1987, the B&O was merged into CSX. CSX continued to operate Camden and Brunswick Line service. On July 6, 1987, MARC opened Metropolitan Grove station – the first new station on the Brunswick line in over a century.

1996 Silver Spring collision

On February 16, 1996, during the Friday evening rush hour, an eastbound train headed to Washington Union Station via the Brunswick Line collided with the westbound Amtrak Capitol Limited headed to Chicago via Pittsburgh. The collision occurred at Georgetown Junction on a snow-swept stretch of track just west of Silver Spring, Maryland. The crash left 11 people dead aboard the MARC train. Three died of injuries suffered in the impact alone, with the rest succumbing to the ensuing smoke and flames or a combination of the two. Engineer Ricky Orr and conductors Jimmy Major Jr. and Jim Quillen were among the victims. Eight Jobs Corps students also were killed during the accident.

The NTSB report concluded that the MARC crew apparently forgot the approach signal aspect of the Kensington color-position signal after making a flag stop at Kensington station. The MARC train was operating in push mode with the cab control car out front. The Amtrak locomotives were in the crossover at the time of the collision; the MARC cab control car collided with the lead Amtrak unit, F40PH #255, rupturing its fuel tank and igniting the fire that caused most of the casualties. The second unit was a GE Genesis P40DC #811, a newer unit that has a fuel tank that is shielded in the center of the frame. The official investigation also suggests that the accident might have been prevented if a human-factors analysis had been conducted when modifications to the track signaling system were made in 1992 with the closing of nearby QN tower.

Operations and maintenance contracting controversy
In June 2010, the MTA began looking for a new operations and maintenance contractor to replace CSX Transportation for the Camden and Brunswick lines.

Controversy arose when the French-owned and Montgomery County, Maryland-based Keolis, already operating Virginia Railway Express trains, was the only bidder for the contract. The bidding process was suspended in late 2010 due to lack of competition. Before bidding reopened in 2011, Maryland passed a law requiring Keolis' majority owner, French state railway company SNCF, to fully disclose its role in transporting Jews to concentration camps during World War II, at the request of Leo Bretholz and other Holocaust survivors. This disclosure would need to meet the satisfaction of the Maryland state archivist before Keolis would be allowed to place a bid for MARC service. Keolis faced similar issues while bidding for VRE operations in 2009 before eventually being awarded the contract. Keolis and SNCF lawyers claimed that all documentation required by the law had been produced long before.

In June 2011, the future of Keolis's ability to bid on the MARC contract remained up in the air with the new disclosure law in place. No other bidder had emerged to replace CSXT. On June 5, 2011, The Washington Post ran an editorial critical of the disclosure law. The Post claimed that SNCF has been working for years on digitizing its records, and the Maryland law may require items or formats counter to SNCF's current system and/or French law. The article also stated that some in the Maryland Attorney General's Office worried the law was not Constitutional, may risk retaliation towards Maryland firms overseas, and may risk federal funding for Maryland "by imposing arbitrary procurement demands on a single company".

MTA issued a new RFP for the operations and maintenance of MARC services on the Brunswick and Camden Lines on July 14, 2011, with a deadline for proposals on November 21, 2011. The terms specified a nearly six-year base contract with a five-year renewal option. On October 17, 2012, the $204 million contract was awarded to the Canadian company Bombardier Transportation, effectively ending the Keolis controversy. The pre-service transition period began on the Thursday of that week, during which time CSXT continued to operate MARC trains. The five-year renewal was exercised in 2018. The contract passed to Alstom in 2021 when they purchased Bombardier. Alstom was awarded a $401 million, five-year contract in April 2023, with two five-year extensions possible.

Rolling stock
The following tables summarize current and former MARC rolling stock.

Locomotives

Passenger cars

Proposals for service expansion

2007 plan
In the first decade of the 21st century, MARC ridership increased significantly, and the system neared capacity for its current configuration. With the area population growing and the BRAC process poised to bring new jobs to Aberdeen Proving Ground and Fort Meade, both near MARC stations, the state saw the need to expand service. In September 2007, MTA Maryland unveiled an ambitious 30-year plan of system improvements. Though funding sources had not been established at that time, the plan represented the state's goals of increasing capacity and flexibility. Proposed improvements included:

54 Bombardier MultiLevels were ordered to replace aging single-level cars.
Weekend service on the Penn Line. Service began on December 7, 2013, between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., with some trips extending to Martin State Airport. There are nine round trips on Saturdays (three begin and three then later end at Martin State Airport) and 6 round trips on Sundays (two begin and two then later end at Martin State Airport).
Increased mid-day service and reverse commute service on the Camden and Brunswick Lines. As of 2015, there is a somewhat limited reverse commute service in effect on the Camden Line.
Extension of service past Union Station in Washington to L'Enfant Plaza and to Northern Virginia along VRE routes, thus relieving pressure on the Washington Metro
More daily trips east of Baltimore's Penn Station, including improved service to Aberdeen Proving Ground
Service beyond Perryville to Newark or Wilmington in Delaware, providing a connection to SEPTA commuter trains to Philadelphia and beyond
New or expanded tunnels along the Northeast Corridor in Baltimore
New stations in Baltimore, providing direct connections with the Metro Subway, and service to Johns Hopkins Hospital and Bayview Medical Center
Rapid transit-like service through Baltimore

Some of the proposals were foreseen to take years or decades to implement, however others such as Penn Line weekend service could have begun in a matter of months, yet budgetary shortfalls prevented this. In Spring 2009, to offset such budget shortfalls, ticket sales employees at most non-Amtrak stations were replaced with Amtrak "Quik-Trak" touchscreen ticket machines, and some train services were eliminated or scaled back. Ticket machines were also added to stations that were not previously staffed, such as . The only remaining staffed stations, Odenton and Frederick, remained staffed by Commuter Direct.

2010s: Initial Extension Proposal to Delaware
In 2017, the Wilmington Area Planning Council submitted ridership studies to Cecil County, the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, SEPTA and the Delaware Department of Transportation for the extension of MARC service from Perryville to Newark, Delaware, and possibly Wilmington, via via Elkton. The section from Perryville to Newark is the one of only three along the Northeast Corridor not covered by commuter train service (the others are between New London, Connecticut, and Wickford Junction, Rhode Island, and between New York Penn Station and New Rochelle, New York). The Route 5 bus operated by Cecil Transit formerly connected the two stations.

2020s: Extension to Delaware and Virginia Agreement
On April 13, 2023, MDOT announced an agreement with the Virginia Passenger Rail Authority and the Delaware Transit Corporation for expansion possibilities beyond the current termini of MARC train service. Expansion into Virginia would allow a one seat ride from Maryland to Alexandria, Virginia and to Newark, Delaware, with the latter being initially proposed in 2017 as advocated by Cecil County residents. The extension into Delaware would require further deliberations among regional partners, while the extension into Virginia would require replacing the Long Bridge over the Potomac to safely allow more train capacity, which is slated to be completed by 2030. In the short-term, a plan to allow VRE and MARC passenger tickets to be honored on each system is under consideration.

References

External links

Maryland Transit Administration
Baltimore Area Transit & MARC System Map
MARC Current Train Status Using GPS Technology

Commuter rail in the United States
Railway services introduced in 1984
Maryland railroads
High-speed trains of the United States
Washington, D.C., railroads
Passenger rail transportation in Maryland
Passenger rail transportation in Washington, D.C.
Passenger trains running at least at 200 km/h in commercial operations
Standard gauge railways in the United States
Electric railways in Maryland
1984 establishments in the United States

MARC Train


Manon Rhéaume (born February 24, 1972) is a Canadian former ice hockey goaltender. An Olympic silver medalist, she achieved a number of historic firsts during her career, including becoming the first woman to play in an exhibition game in any of the major North American pro-sports leagues.

In 1992, Rhéaume signed a contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning of the NHL, appearing in preseason exhibition games in 1992 and 1993. She spent five years in professional minor leagues, playing for a total of seven teams and appearing in 24 games. She also played on the Canada women's national ice hockey team, winning gold medals at the IIHF Women's World Championship in 1992 and 1994, and the silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics.

Playing career
Rhéaume, first woman NHL player, played for the Sherbrooke Jofa-Titan squad in the League Régionale du Hockey au Féminin in the province of Québec. She was the first female goaltender to play for a boys' team in the 1984 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. Rhéaume was signed to the Trois-Rivières Draveurs in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, one of Canada's top junior ice hockey leagues, for the 1991–92 season, becoming the first woman to play in a men's Major Junior hockey game.

In 1992, Rhéaume tried out for the Tampa Bay Lightning; this was the first time a woman tried out for an NHL team. She played one period in a preseason game against the St. Louis Blues, allowing two goals on nine shots, and played in another preseason game against the Boston Bruins in 1993.

Also in 1992, Rhéaume was selected for the Canada national women's ice hockey team. She won gold medals at the 1992 and 1994 IIHF Women's World Championships, and was named to the All-Star team both years. She won the silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.

In 1992, Rhéaume was signed by the Atlanta Knights of the International Hockey League (IHL). Her first appearance against the Salt Lake Golden Eagles marked the first time a woman appeared in a regular season professional game. She played for seven different teams between 1992 and 1997, including Atlanta, the Knoxville Cherokees, Nashville Knights, the Las Vegas Aces, the Tallahassee Tiger Sharks, Las Vegas Thunder, and the Reno Renegades, appearing in a total of 24 games. While in Atlanta, Rhéaume wrote her autobiography, Manon: Alone in Front of the Net. She initially retired from professional hockey in 1997.

Later life
For the 1999–2000 season, Rhéaume was the goaltending coach of the Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey program. She entered into the business world in 2000, serving as marketing director for Mission Hockey in Irvine, California, developing and promoting girls' hockey equipment for three years. She later worked in marketing at the Powerade Iceport in Milwaukee and with the Central Collegiate Hockey Association.

In 2008 Rhéaume suited up for the Minnesota Whitecaps of the Western Women's Hockey League, and in 2009 helped lead them to the Clarkson Cup finals of the Canadian women's ice hockey championships. On March 19, 2009, the Whitecaps, with Rhéaume in net, beat the Montreal Stars in a playoff game by a score of 4–3 in overtime, with Kim St. Pierre in net for the Stars. During the 2008–09 WWHL season, Rhéaume's Whitecaps took two of three games from the Calgary Oval X-Treme, snapping a string that saw the X-Treme go two years without tasting defeat in the regular season.

In October 2008, the IHL's Port Huron Icehawks announced plans to have Rhéaume take part in their training camp activities and play for at least one period of the team's exhibition season opener. On April 3, 2009, Rhéaume suited up for one game with the Flint Generals IHL team. She had been with the practice team since January, filling in for their regular goalie. Rhéaume is the third woman to play for the Generals.

In 2015, Rhéaume dropped the puck in the ceremonial opening faceoff before the first National Women's Hockey League game.

In October 2021, Rhéaume was hired by Bally Sports Detroit as an analyst and reporter for the Detroit Red Wings.

She was a goaltender for the 2022 NHL All-Star game's Breakaway Challenge.

Rhéaume was hired in July 2022 as hockey operations and prospect advisor for the Los Angeles Kings.

Media and popular culture
Rhéaume guest-starred as herself in the made-for-TV movie A Beachcombers Christmas with Tiger Williams and Jyrki Lumme. At the height of her popularity, she was approached to pose for Playboy Magazine, which she refused.

In 2011, Rhéaume took part in the Quebec TV show Le défi des champions (Champions' Challenge), a show that trained eight Quebec athletes (such as Isabelle Charest, Bruny Surin, Marc Gagnon, Marie-Andrée Lessard, Étienne Boulay, Nathalie Lambert and Mathieu Dandenault) to the art of the circus.

In June 2016, Rhéaume was mentioned in an episode of the show Bones, (season 11, episode 18), as the only woman to play in an NHL game.

Personal life
Rhéaume was married to Gerry St. Cyr, a minor league hockey player and roller hockey player, in June 1998, whom she later divorced. They have one son, Dylan. A goaltender like his mother, Dylan St. Cyr played for the Michigan State Spartans and previously served as goaltender for Notre Dame and Quinnipiac University.

After her divorce from Gerry St. Cyr, Rhéaume married her second husband, with whom she had a second son, Dakoda Rhéaume-Mullen, a defenseman who was drafted in the 2022 OHL Priority selection by the Sarnia Sting, 124th overall in the 7th round.

Rhéaume formed the Manon Rhéaume Foundation in 2008, which provides scholarships for young women.

She is the older sister of former NHL player Pascal Rhéaume.

Career statistics
Career statistics from Eliteprospects or The Internet Hockey Database or The Western Women's Hockey League.

Ice hockey regular season

Ice Hockey International

Roller hockey regular season

Awards and honours
1992 All-Star Team, Top Goaltender
 1994 All-Star Team, Top Goaltender

Notables
First girl to play at the Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament.
First woman to play in a major junior game [1991–92 Trois-Rivières Draveurs (QMJHL)]
First woman to play in a National Hockey League game, which also made her the first woman to play in any of the major professional North American sports leagues (September 23, 1992). [1992 Tampa Bay Lightning (NHL), played one exhibition game]
First woman to win a game in professional roller hockey
Played one game with Feldkirch.
2000–01 Montreal Wingstar (Forward)
2007–08 Little Caesars Senior Women's A Hockey Team (Playing as a Forward instead of Goaltender)

References

External links

 Manon Rhéaume at the Women's Hockey Web
 Manon Rhéaume: The Woman Behind the Mask at NFB.ca

 Manon Rhéaume Foundation

1972 births
Atlanta Knights players
Canadian women's ice hockey goaltenders
Detroit Red Wings announcers
French Quebecers
Ice hockey people from Quebec City
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Knoxville Cherokees players
Las Vegas Thunder players
Living people
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Whitecaps players
Nashville Knights players
New Jersey Rockin' Rollers players
Olympic ice hockey players for Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Ottawa Loggers players
Reno Renegades players
Sacramento River Rats players
Tallahassee Tiger Sharks players
Tampa Bay Lightning
Trois-Rivières Draveurs players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States

Manon Rhéaume


An Epistephium lobulosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Epistephium lobulosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epistephium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epistephium

Epistephium lobulosum


كفرفو هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء زغرتا في محافظة الشمال. وسكانها هم من المارونيين الكاثوليك.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قضاء زغرتا
مدن لبنان

كفرفو


O Jardim dos Milagres do Dubai, mais conhecido como Dubai Miracle Garden (em árabe : حديقة الزهور بدبي), é um jardim de flores localizado na Dubailand, Dubai, nos Emirados Árabes Unidos.

O jardim foi lançado em 2013 no Dia dos Namorados. Ocupando uma área superior a , é o maior jardim de flores naturais do mundo, contendo acima de 50 milhões de flores e 250 milhões de plantas.

Em abril de 2015, o jardim recebeu o Prémio Moselle anual das Novas Experiências de Jardim galardoado pelo pelo Garden Tourism Award 2015.

Desenvolvimento
O conceito do primeiro projeto do Jardim dos Milagres resultou dum acordo entre o Dubailand e o Dubai Properties Group. O projeto foi desenvolvido pela Akar Landscaping and Agriculture Company, sob a liderança do empresário jordaniano Abdel Naser Rahhal. O custo do projeto foi estimado em 40 milhões AED (11 milhões US$).

A fase inicial do projeto foi concluída e inaugurada em fevereiro de 2013, consistindo numa instalação ao ar livre com  incluindo projeto de paisagismo vertical e horizontal, cada parte com design próprio. Esta fase demorou dois meses com 400 trabalhadores a tempo inteiro. A segunda fase do projeto foi iniciada em junho e concluída em outubro de 2013, formando uma expansão de 70% à área inicial e a construção de  dum parque de estacionamento de vários andares, aumentando assim a área total do jardim para .  O desenvolvimento da segunda fase incluiu a adição do relógio floral, jardim das borboletas, espaços comerciais e várias mesquitas.

Operações
O Dubai Miracle Garden fica geralmente aberto ao público entre os meses de outubro a abril. De maio a setembro é fechado devido às altas temperaturas médias de , o que não é indicado para flores.

Manutenção
As flores são mantidas pela reutilização de águas residuais tratadas por um método de irrigação por gotejamento com uma quantidade média de  de água diária. Segundo os responsáveis pelo Dubai Miracle Garden, o município do Dubai recolhe águas residuais da cidade e envia-as diretamente para o jardim. Por sua vez, o jardim refiltra a água e  converte-a em água de alta qualidade para uso no jardim. O jardim é regado diariamente apenas uma vez, à noite.

Jardim das Borboletas do Dubai
Em 2015, o Dubai Miracle Garden abriu o Jardim das Borboletas do Dubai, que é em simultâneo o maior do mundo, o primeiro jardim coberto (composto por nove cúpulas no total) de borboletas naquela região, e refúgio para mais de 15.000 borboletas de 26 espécies diferentes.

Acordo com a Disney
Resultando dum acordo de licenciamento entre o Dubai Miracle Garden e a The Walt Disney Company, uma topiária do Mickey Mouse foi inaugurada em fevereiro de 2018. Armações florais dos personagens Minnie Mouse, Pateta, Plutão, Margarida, Pato Donald e Huey, Zezinho e Louie foram instaladas no fim desse mesmo ano.

Guinness World Records
O Jardim dos Milagres do Dubai bateu três recordes mundiais do Guinness. Em 2013, foi declarado como o maior jardim vertical do mundo. Atualmente, uma estrutura de jardinagem dum modelo Airbus A380 está listada pelo Guinness World Records como a maior estrutura floral do mundo. A topiária com  do Mickey Mouse, que pesa quase 35 toneladas, é a escultura topiária mais elevada do mundo.

Ver também
 Dubai Butterfly Garden

Referências

Ligações externas

 Dubai Miracle Garden blog
 Dubai Miracle Garden pictures
 Dubai Miracle Garden: A Heavenly Feeling

Dubai
Emirados Árabes Unidos

Jardim dos Milagres do Dubai


ක්‍රිස්මස් දිවයින්හී කාන්තාවෝ හෝ ක්‍රිස්මස් දිවයින් කාන්තාවෝ යනු,  ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවෙහි විදේශ බලප්‍රදේශයක් වන  ක්‍රිස්මස් දිවයින්හී ජීවත්වන කාන්තාවෝ වෙති.  ඔවුහූ මැලේ, චීන සහ එංගලන්ත සම්භවයක් සහිත වෙති.  2011 මාර්තු මාසයෙහිදී, ජාත්‍යන්තර කාන්තා දිනය ක්‍රිස්මස් දිවයින්හිදී සමරන ලද්දේ එහි කාන්තා වැසියන්ට උපහාරයක් වශයෙනි.  මෙම උත්සවාංගය පවත්වන ලද්දේ  "ක්‍රිස්මස් දිවයින්හී ජීවත් වන කාන්තාවක් වීමෙන් හැඟෙන්නේ කුමක්ද" යන තේමාව එළි දැක්වීම සඳහාය.

ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවෙහි කාන්තා ක්‍රිස්මස් දිවයින් වැසියන්ගේ "තත්ත්වය සහ අවශ්‍යතා" සඳහා අනුග්‍රහය සපයමින් ඒවා සඳහා අනුබල සලසන ප්‍රධාන දේශීය සංවිධානය වන්නේ ක්‍රිස්මස් දිවයින් කාන්තා සංගමය නම් 1989 දී පිහිටුවනු ලැබුනු කණ්ඩායමකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

ක්‍රිස්මස් දිවයින්හී කාන්තාවෝ


Kuzuyatağı Gaziantep ilinin Yavuzeli ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yavuzeli'nin mahalleleri

Kuzuyatağı, Yavuzeli


Poyenberg, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 8,82 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla 403 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Wilhelm Witthinrich tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.kellinghusen.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Poyenberg


Oscar Emil Törnå (født 18. oktober 1842 i Østergøtland, død 3. juni 1894 i Stockholm) var en svensk landskabsmaler.

Efter studierne hjemme 1863—72 kom han til Düsseldorf og derefter til Paris. Her fik han sit præg. Törnås kunst — studier ude i marken — ejer frisk og levende naturiagttagelse og fik ikke ringe betydning for sin tids svenske kunst. Efter studierne fra Frankrig: flodbilleder fra Loing, skovinteriører fra Fontainebleau, fra Grez etc. udstillede Törnå hjemme farverige landskaber fra Østergøtland og Stockholm-egnen. Hans Forårslandskab fra Tullinge-søen kom 1879 til Stockholms Nationalmuseum, hvor blandt andet ses Fransk sommerlandskab fra Loing (1877); et landskab findes i Göteborgs kunstmuseum.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Landskabsmalere
Malere fra Sverige
Svenskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Östergötland

Oscar Törnå


Lighthouse Family 1990'lı yılların ortasından 2000'li yılların başına kadar eserler sunan İngiliz müzik grubu. Vokalist Tunde Baiyewu ve klavyeci Paul Tucker üniversitede tanıştıktan sonra grubu 1993'te kurdular. 1995 yılında ilk kez göze batmalarını sağlayan Ocean Drive albümü Birleşik Krallık'ta 1,6 milyon adetten daha fazla satılarak grubun Avrupa çapında bilinirliğini arttırdı.

Grup en son 2002 yılında Whatever Gets You Through The Day adlı albüme imza attıktan sonra, 2003'ün ilk aylarında "ağır tanıtım takvimleri" nedeniyle dağıldılar.

Bu, her iki müzisyenin de kendi başlarına çalışmalar yapmalarını tetikledi. Baiyewu 2004 yılında Tunde albümünü piyasaya sundu.

Grup geçmişi

Albümleri
 Ocean Drive (1995)
 Postcards From Heaven (1997)
 Whatever Gets You Through The Day (2002)
 Relaxed & Remixed (2004)

Teklileri

 "Lifted" (1995)
 "Ocean Drive" (1995)
 "Lifted" [Yeni Derlenme] (1996)
 "Ocean Drive" [Yeni Derlenme] (1996)
 "Goodbye Heartbreak" (1996)
 "Loving Every Minute" (1996)
 "Raincloud" (1997)
 "High" (1998)
 "Lost In Space" (1998)
 "Question of Faith" (1998)
 "Postcards From Heaven" (1999)
 "(I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel To Be) Free - One" (#6 2001)
 "Run" (2002)
 "Happy" (2002)

İngiliz pop müzik grupları
2010'da yeniden kurulan müzik grupları

Lighthouse Family


Marguerite Cazeneuve, née en 1988, est une spécialiste française des affaires sociales, de la santé et des retraites. Elle a été conseillère d'Emmanuel Macron et est actuellement directrice déléguée de l'Assurance maladie.

Origines, famille
Elle est la fille de Jean-René Cazeneuve, député du Gers et de Béatrice Cazeneuve, ancienne cadre chez Eli Lilly France.

Elle est en couple avec Aurélien Rousseau, ancien directeur du cabinet de la Première ministre et ministre de la Santé et de la Prévention depuis le 20 juillet 2023. Ils ont trois enfants.

Biographie

Formation
Elle est élève à HEC Paris de 2008 à 2013, où elle se fait élire présidente du Bureau des élèves. Elle se spécialise lors de son cursus en suivant le master « médias, arts et création ».

Carrière
En 2013 à la sortie d'HEC Paris, elle travaille 16 mois au cabinet McKinsey & Company comme consultante junior, où elle est notamment chargée d'auditer les comptes de la Sécurité sociale française.

En décembre 2014, repérée lors de cette mission, elle est recrutée au ministère des Affaires sociales et de la Santé, et nommée secrétaire générale du comité de pilotage de l'ONDAM.

De mai 2016 à mai 2017, elle est conseillère chargée des comptes sociaux au cabinet du ministre des Finances et des Comptes publics, Michel Sapin, ainsi qu'au cabinet du secrétaire d'État au Budget, Christian Eckert.

De juin 2017 à mars 2021, elle est conseillère technique aux cabinets du président de la République Emmanuel Macron et à celui de son Premier ministre, Édouard Philippe, chargée de la protection sociale et des comptes sociaux. Dès 2019, elle s'occupe activement de la réforme des retraites. Elle aurait milité pour .

En juillet 2020, lorsque Jean Castex devient Premier ministre, son directeur de cabinet Nicolas Revel la promeut cheffe du pôle santé-solidarités-protection sociale de son cabinet. Elle assure à ce titre le pilotage de la gestion de la crise du Covid-19 pour le Gouvernement.

En mars 2021, elle est nommée directrice déléguée à la gestion et à l'organisation des soins à la Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie.

Elle coordonne le programme d'Emmanuel Macron sur la santé, l'autonomie, la protection sociale et les retraites lors de la campagne présidentielle de 2022.

Références

Naissance en janvier 1988
Élève de HEC Paris
Personnalité féminine française
Personnalité française du XXIe siècle
Personnalité féminine du XXIe siècle
Personnalité de McKinsey & Company

Marguerite Cazeneuve


Tschoch-Kommuna (, offiziell nur Kommuna) ist ein Dorf im Rajon Gunib der nordkaukasischen Republik Dagestan in der Russischen Föderation. Es gehört zur Landgemeinde (selskoje oposselenije) Tschoch und hat gut 700 Einwohner (Stand 2010).

Das Dorf Kommuna wurde im Jahr 1929 gegründet. Es war die erste landwirtschaftliche Kommune in diesem Gebiet, daher auch der Name. Die Besiedlung des Landes mit früherem Flurnamen Urulozi (russisch Урулоци) erfolgte durch Aktivisten aus dem Aul Tschoch, denen ein Stück Land zugewiesen wurde.

Die Mehrheit der Bewohner von Kommuna sind Awaren. Hauptsächlich leben sie von der Landwirtschaft – Obstbau und Viehzucht.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Dagestan

Tschoch-Kommuna


Le championnat de Norvège féminin de football 2022 est la  du championnat de Norvège féminin. Le champion en titre, l'IL Sandviken, devient la section féminine du SK Brann.

Nouveau format
Le championnat à 10 équipes se déroule par match aller-retour soit dix-huit rencontres, neuf à domicile et neuf à l'extérieur, dans une première phase. Les quatre meilleures équipes se retrouvent dans la poule championnat où les équipes commencent avec un système de points où les numéros 1, 2, 3, 4 commencent avec 6, 4, 2, 0 points respectivement, le vainqueur sera désigné champion de Norvège.

Les équipes qui finissent de la  à la  place jouent dans un play-off de relégation avec les équipes qui finissent aux deux premières places de la deuxième division. De ces 8 équipes, les  et  joueront en deuxième division en 2023, tandis que le  jouera la qualification contre le vainqueur des play-offs de deuxième division.

Les 10 équipes

Agglomération d'Oslo:Lyn FotballVålerenga FDLillestrøm SKKolbotn Fotball Stabæk FKRøa IL

Compétition

Première phase
Le barème utilisé pour établir le classement est le suivant : 3 points pour une victoire, 1 point pour un match nul et 0 point pour une défaite.

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Poule championnat

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Poule relégation

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Barrage de maintien/relégation

Les deux équipes restent dans leur division respective.

Statistiques individuelles

Saison régulière
Source.

Poule championnat
Source.

Bilan de la saison

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Site officiel de la fédération norvégienne
 Résultats et classement sur Soccerway.com

2022
Norvège

Championnat de Norvège féminin de football 2022


Brandon Stark, koji se obično naziva Bran, izmišljeni je lik iz serije epskih fantastičnih romana Pjesme leda i vatre američkog autora Georgea RR Martina i njegove televizijske adaptacije Igre prijestolja.

Predstavljen 1996. godine u Igri prijestolja, Bran je drugi sin i četvrto dijete lorda Eddarda i lady Catelyn Stark iz Winterfella, drevne prijestolnice sjevera sjevernog izmišljenog kraljevstva Westeros. Potom se pojavio u "Srazu kraljeva" (1998.) i "Oluji mačeva" (2000.), bio je jedan od nekoliko istaknutih likova koji nisu bili obuhvaćeni četvrtim romanom "Gozbi vrana" (2005.), ali su se vratili u petom romanu Ples zmajeva (2011). Bran sanja da postane vitez još od djetinjstva, ali Jaime Lannister ga je gurnuo kroz prozor i učinio paraplegičarom već u prvom romanu nakon što je naleteo na incestuoznu vezu potonjeg s sestrom blizankom Cersei Lannister. Probudio se iz višemjesečne kome, potom ga muče snovi tajanstvene figure koja ga poziva da putuje na sjever iza Zida. Branovo putovanje zajedno s raznim suputnicima vodi ga dublje u lore i magiju Sjevera, gdje počinje otkrivati razne misteriozne moći i sposobnosti.

Martin je Rolling Stoneu 2014. godine rekao da je Branov susret s Jaimeom i Cerseijem ono što je "zakačilo" mnoge čitatelje početkom prvog romana.

Bran je u televizijskoj adaptaciji HBO utjelovio engleski glumac Isaac Hempstead Wright. Branova karakterizacija u kasnijim sezonama emisije, uključujući njegov odnos prema Bijelim šetačima i Noćnom kralju, doveli su do mnogih teorija na fandomu, kao i do značajnog kritičkog interesa.

U TV seriji

1. sezona
Bran primi jedno od legla oporavljenih strahovukova danoj djeci Stark i imenuje ga Summer. Tijekom kraljeve posjete Winterfellu, Bran slučajno prekine kraljicu, Cersei, imajući seks s bratom Jaime, koji ga gurne s prozora. Dok je u nesvijesti i oporavlja se od svojih ozljeda, Summer ubija ubojicu koji je poslan na Brana. Kad se probudi, Bran se ne može sjetiti događaja prije pada i otkrije da je osakaćen od struka prema dolje, a prisiljavan je da ga svuda nosi Hodor. Polako shvaća da je stekao sposobnost preuzimanja Summerine svijesti, čineći ga wargom ili mijenjačem kože. Nakon što je njegov stariji brat, Robb, okrunjen za kralja na sjeveru, Bran postaje Robbov nasljednik i lord Winterfella.

2. sezona
Nakon što Theon Greyjoy okupira Winterfell, Osha pomaže Branu i njegovom mlađem bratu Rickonu da se skrije. Kako bi potvrdio svoju tvrdnju o Winterfellu, Theon je ubio dva dječaka i njihova tijela spalio i prosljeđuje njihove leševe kao Bran i Rickon. Nakon što su ga Theonovi ljudi izdali i Winterfell je opljačkan, Bran, Rickon, Hodor, Osha i njihovi strahovukovi kreću na sjever kako bi pronašli svog starijeg brata Jona Snowa radi sigurnosti.

3. sezona
Bran i njegova grupa susreću Jojena i Meera Reed, dvoje braće i sestara koji im pomažu u njihovoj potrazi. Jojen dijeli Branin "zeleni pogled" i podučava ga u njegovim proročkim vizijama. Nakon što se približio Zidu, Osha odlazi s Rickonom na Last Hearth (kako bi ga čuvali), dok Bran inzistira na slijeđenju njegovih vizija izvan Zida. Bran i njegova grupa susreću Sama i Gilly, koji pokušavaju uvjeriti Branu da se ne upusti iza Zida, ali Bran tvrdi da je to njegova sudbina i odlazi kroz vrata s Hodorom i s Reedovima.

4. sezona
Tijekom svojih putovanja izvan Zida, Bran i njegova grupa naletjeti su na Craster,s Keep, gdje su ih uhvatili i držali pobunjenici Noćne Straže pod vodstvom Karla Tannera. Noćni stražari predvođeni Jonom na kraju se približavaju se Craster's Keep-u, ali Locke, agent Roose Boltona, pretvarajući se da je novi regrut Straže, prvo pronalazi Brana i uzima ga kao taoca. Bran uleti u Hodora i stegne Lockeov vrat. Grupa nastavlja dalje, a da ne kaže Jona, za koga Jojen tvrdi da bi ih zaustavio. Bran na kraju dođu do srčanog stabla, ali ih napadaju utvare ispred ulaza. Jojen je ubijen u napadu, ali Djeca šume vode Brana i njegovu družinu sigurno u čarobnu špilju, kako bi upoznali trookog gavrana. Trooki gavran izjavljuje da Bran više neće hodati, već će umjesto toga letjeti.

6. sezona
Kao dio svog treninga, Branu je prikazano nekoliko viđenja prošlosti, uključujući Ned Starka i Howlanda Reeda koji se suočavaju sa Ser Arthurom Dayneom i Ser Geroldom Hightowerom u Kuli radosti, i vidi kako su Djeca šume ubrizgavala zmajevo staklo jednog od prvih ljudi u ritualu stvaranja Noćnog kralja, prvog Bijelog šetača, kao obrane od ostalih Prvih ljudi. Međutim, Trooki gavran uvijek brzo povlači Brana iz vizije, upozoravajući da bi mogao ostati zarobljen u njima ako ostane predugo. Rastući dosadnim svojim sporim napretkom, Bran ulazi u viziju sam i svjedoči Noćnom kralju u današnje vrijeme, koji vidi Brana i označava ga, čineći špilju Trookog gavrana ranjivu na magiju bijelih šetača.

Trooki gavran ulazi s Branom u još jednu viziju prošlosti Oštrozimlja kako bi prenio svo svoje znanje, ali prije no što je prijenos završen, Bijeli šetači napadaju pećinu, ubijajući Trookog gavrana, Summer i Djecu šume. Bran, još uvijek uhvaćen u viziji, upada u Hodora preko potonjeg mlađeg jastva (nazvanog Wylis), a on i Meera bježe dok Hodor izvodi Branovo nesvjesno tijelo iz pećine. Meera odvodi Brana u šumu, dok Hodor žrtvuje život kako bi se obuzdao vrata pećine protiv vojske vitezova dok ih oni ne nadvladaju. Bran svjedoči kako je njegovo upozorenje slučajno povezalo Hodorov prošli i sadašnji um, izazivajući napad mozga koji je oštetio mozak kod mladog Wylisa i natjeralo ga da ponavlja Meerinu zapovijed da "drži vrata" iznova i iznova, dok ne uspije proturiti samo riječ "Hodor".

Nakon što ih Bijela vojska ponovo uhvati, Branu i Meeru spašava Branov ujak Benjen Stark, kojeg su Bijeli šetači ubili prije nekoliko godina, ali su ga oživjela Djeca šume. Benjen šalje dvojac na sigurno i savjetuje da je Bran sada Trooki gavran i mora naučiti kontrolirati svoje moći prije nego što Noćni kralj napadne sedam kraljevstava. Benjen napušta Branu i Meeru u močvari u Šumi Šumi, jer čarolija Zida sprečava mrtve (a samim tim i Benjen) da ga prođu. Bran dotakne travu i svjedoči o ostatku viđenja Neda Starka na Kuli radosti. Otkriva kako je Lyanna Stark umrla rodivši sina Rhaegara Targaryena Aegona, kojeg je Ned našao i odgajao kao Jon Snow na Lyannin umirući zahtjev.

7. sezona
Bran se vraća u Winterfell, koji su ga obnovili i ponovo okupirali preostali Starkovi. Jon Snow otputovao je u Zmajev Kamen kako bi se sastao s Daenerys Targaryen, nakon čega se na Winterfellu konačno spaja sa Sansom i Aryom, koje oboje brinu Branova saznanja o njihovim nevoljama nakon Nedovog pogubljenja. Littlefinger daje Branu čelični bodež Valyrijana (onaj kojeg je Branov potencijalni ubojica koristio u prvoj sezoni), kojeg Bran prosljeđuje Aryi. Meera napušta Winterfell da se vrati u Greywater Watch; Branova ravnodušnost prema njezinu odlasku daje joj do znanja da je Bran "umro" u špilji Trookog gavrana. Iz tog razloga, Bran ostaje daleko od braće i sestara. Koristi svoje sposobnosti da otkrije Littlefingerovu izdaju Neda. Kad se Sansa suoči s Littlefingerom zbog njegove izdaje prema Nedu Starku, Bran potvrđuje optužbe koje su se protiv njega izjednačile, a Arya izvršava egzekuciju Littlefingera po Sansinoj naredbi.

Samwell Tarly stiže u Winterfell i dolazi posjetiti Branu. Bran kaže Samu svoje otkriće da je Jon gadni sin Rhaegara i Lyanne, ali Sam spominje bivši zapis High Hightona o poništavanju Rhaegarinog braka s Elijom Martell, kako bi se mogao oženiti Lyannom. Bran koristi greenseeing da potvrdi da se brak dogodio, a zatim revidira viziju Kule radosti, otkrivši da je Jonovo pravo ime Aegon Targaryen. Bran izjavljuje da je Jon, dakle, nasljednik Željeznog prijestolja.

8. sezona
Bran se ponovno spaja s Jonom kad se s Daenerys Targaryen i njezinim silama vraća u Winterfell. Bran im otkriva da je Noćni kralj oživio Daenerysovog zmaja Viseriona i upotrijebio ga za razbijanje Zida. Bran nagovara Sama da kaže Jonu istinu njegova roditeljstva, nakon čega Jon odustaje od svog zahtjeva u korist Daenerys. Kasnije Jaime stiže u Winterfell kako bi pomogao u borbi protiv mrtvih, ali Bran ne otkriva Jaimeovu ulogu u ozljeđivanju.

Na ratnom vijeću prije bitke protiv mrtvih, Bran objašnjava da Noćni kralj želi stvoriti beskrajnu zimu i da će ga pokušati ubiti tijekom bitke, zbog svoje sposobnosti da zadrži kolektivna sjećanja čovječanstva. Uvjerava vijeće da ga dočeka u Godswoodu kao mamac Noćnog kralja. Theon, koji se vratio u Winterfell kako bi se borio s mrtvima sa svojim ljudima, nudi Branu zaštitu, a Jon i Daenerys planiraju se sakriti dok čekaju napasti Noćnog kralja kad se pojavi. Noćni kralj na kraju razbija dvorac i prilazi Branu, ubijajući Theona u tom procesu. Pripremao se ubiti Brana, ali Arya intervenira i uspije probiti Noćnog kralja valirijanskim čeličnim bodežom, eliminirajući Noćnog kralja kao i sve ostale bijele šetače i mrtve koje su uskrsnuli.

Westeros ostaje bez vladara kada, nakon što Daenerys uspješno oduzme Kraljev Grudobran od Cersei Lannister, ona nastavi spaljivati stanovništvo grada, tijekom kojeg je Cersei također ubijena. Jon ne uspijeva odvratiti Daenerys od daljnjeg uništenja i na kraju je ubije. Uhićen je. Tjednima kasnije Tyrion Lannister predlaže da se Bran izabere za novog kralja pred vijećem lorda i dama Westerosa. Razlog je da bi bila dobra priča o ujedinjenju naroda, sugerirajući da buduće kraljeve biraju gospodari Westerosa, a ne da naslijede krunu. Kad Tyrion pita Branu je li spreman biti kralj, Bran odgovara: "Zašto mislite da sam došao ovamo?"  Vijeće održava glasovanje i svi su suglasni osim Sanse koji umjesto toga traži neovisnost Sjevera. Bran se slaže s tim da je stiliziran kao Bran Slomljeni, kralj Šest kraljevstava. On imenuje Tyriona za svoju ruku kralja. Kasnije Brienne, Bronn, Davos i Sam tvore Branovo malo vijeće. Otkriva se kako je Bran kao kompromis odlučio izgnati Jona u Noćnu Stražu zbog ubojstva Daenerys. Dok Jon odlazi, on se ispričava Branu što ga nije tamo, ali Bran odgovara: "Bili ste točno tamo gdje ste trebali biti."  Bran si zada zadatak pronalaženja Drogona.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Profil lika

Fantastika
Likovi iz Pjesma leda i vatre

Bran Stark


Grassmann's law, named after its discoverer Hermann Grassmann, is a dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit which states that if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration. The descriptive version was given for Sanskrit by Pāṇini.

Here are some examples in Greek of the effects of Grassmann's law:

   'I sacrifice (an animal)';   'it was sacrificed'
   'hair';   'hairs'
   'to bury (present)';   'a grave'

In reduplication, which forms the perfect tense in both Greek and Sanskrit, if the initial consonant is aspirated, the prepended consonant is unaspirated by Grassmann's law. For instance   'I grow' :   'I have grown'.

The fact that deaspiration in Greek took place after the change of Proto-Indo-European  to  (PIE *bʰn̥ǵʰús >  (pakhús) not bakhús but Sanskrit  (bahú)) and the fact that all other Indo-European languages do not apply Grassmann's law both suggest that it was developed separately in Greek and Sanskrit (although quite possibly by areal influence spread across a then-contiguous Graeco-Aryan–speaking area) and so it was not inherited from Proto-Indo-European.

Also, Grassmann's law in Greek also affects the aspirate  <  developed specifically in Greek but not in Sanskrit or most other Indo-European. (For example,  >  >   "I have", with dissimilation of , but the future tense  >   "I will have" was unaffected, as aspiration was lost before .) The evidence from other languages is not strictly negative: many branches, including Sanskrit's closest relative, Iranian, merge the Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirated and unaspirated stops and so it is not possible to tell if Grassmann's law ever operated in them.

According to Filip De Decker, Grassmann's law had not operated in Mycenaean Greek yet, and it is almost certain that it occurred later than 1200 BC; it might even postdate the Homeric Greek period.

In Greek

In Koine Greek, in cases other than reduplication, alternations involving labials and velars have been completely levelled, and Grassmann's law remains in effect only for the alternation between  and , as in the last two examples above. (It makes no difference whether the  in question continues Proto-Indo-European  or .)

Thus, alongside the pair   'fast' :   'faster', displaying Grassmann's law, Greek has the pair   'thick' :   'thicker' from the Proto-Indo-European etymon  (established by cognate forms like Sanskrit   'abundant' since  is the only point of intersection between Greek  and Sanskrit ) in which the  in the comparative is a result of levelling. Similarly,   ~   'come to know' from PIE  has the future  . However, only  dissimilates before aspirated affixes like the aorist passive in  and the imperative in ;  and  do not, as in   'speak!'.

Diaspirate roots
Cases like  ~  and  ~  illustrate the phenomenon of diaspirate roots for which two different analyses have been given.

In one account, the underlying diaspirate theory, the underlying roots are taken to be  and .  When an , a word edge, or various other sounds immediately follow, the second aspiration is lost, and the first aspirate therefore survives (, ). If a vowel follows the second aspirate, the second aspirate survives unaltered, and the first aspiration is thus lost by Grassmann's law (, ).

A different analytical approach was taken by the Indian grammarians. They took the roots to be underlying  and . The roots persist unaltered in  and . If an  follows, it triggers an aspiration throwback and the aspiration migrates leftward, docking onto the initial consonant (, ).

In his initial formulation of the law, Grassmann briefly referred to aspiration throwback to explain the seemingly aberrant forms. However, the consensus among contemporary historical linguists is that the former explanation (underlying representation) is the correct one, as aspiration throwback would require multiple root shapes for the same basic root in different languages whenever an aspirate follows in the next syllable ( for Sanskrit,  for Greek,  for Proto-Germanic and Proto-Italic which have no dissimilation), but the underlying diaspirate allows for a single root shape, with  for all languages.

In the later course of Sanskrit, under the influence of the grammarians, aspiration throwback was applied to original mono-aspirate roots by analogy. Thus, from the verb root   ('to plunge'), the desiderative stem   is formed by analogy with the forms   (a desiderative form) and   (a nominal form, both from the root   'to be awake', originally Proto-Indo-European ).

The linguist Ivan Sag has pointed out an advantage of the ancient Indian theory: it explains why there are no patterns like hypothetical  ~ , which are not ruled out by the underlying diaspirate theory. However, aspiration fails to account for reduplication patterns in roots with initial aspirates, such as Greek  'I put', with an unaspirated reduplicated consonant. Aspiration throwback thus needs to be enhanced with a stipulation that aspirates reduplicate as their unaspirated counterparts. From a diachronic standpoint, the absence of these patterns in Greek is explained by the Proto-Indo-European constraint against roots of the form .

Other languages
Processes similar to Grassmann's law continues to work in Middle Indo-Aryan, although it tends to be inconsistent regarding direction, for example Sanskrit  (skandha) → khandha → Assamese  (kandho), but  (bhraṣṭa) → bhaṭṭha →  (bhata).

A process similar to Grassmann's law is also known to occur in Ofo, an extinct and underdocumented Siouan language. The law is found in compounds such as the following:

 óskha ('the crane') + afháⁿ ('white') → oskạfha ('the white egret')

A similar phenomenon occurs in Meitei (a Tibeto-Burman language) in which an aspirated consonant is deaspirated if preceded by an aspirated consonant (including ) in the previous syllable. The deaspirated consonants are then voiced between sonorants.

  ('pierce') +  ('upward') →  ('pierce upwards')
  ('cow') +  ('udder') →  ('milk')
  ('trim') +  ('outward') →  ('trim outwards')

Hadza, spoken in Northern Tanzania, exhibits Grassmann's law in its lexicon, but most obviously in reduplication:
 'look at each other', from  'look'
In Hadza,  has no effect on aspiration.

A similar effect takes place in Koti and other Makhuwa languages, where it was dubbed Katupha's law in Schadeberg (1999).  If two aspirated consonants are brought together in one stem, the first loses its aspiration. The effect is particularly clear in reduplicated words: kopikophi 'eyelash'; piriphiri 'pepper' (cf. Swahili 'piripiri'); okukuttha 'to wipe'.  This is slightly different from in Greek and Sanskrit, in that the two syllables need not be adjacent.

The four Salishan languages Salish-Spokane-Kalispel, Okanagan, Shuswap and Tillamook exhibit a similar process affecting ejective rather than aspirated consonants, which has been called "Grassmann's law for Salish", for example Shuswap underlying  'crutches' → surface .

See also
Dahl's law and Katupha's law, similar sound laws in Bantu languages
Graeco-Aryan

References

Sources

 Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1997). A Grammar of Meithei. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. .
 Reuse, Willem J. de (1981). "Grassmann's law in Ofo". International Journal of American Linguistics, 47 (3), 243–244.
Sag, Ivan A. (1974) "The Grassmann's Law Ordering Pseudoparadox," Linguistic Inquiry; 5, 591–607.
 Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa & Kinkade, M. Dale (1998) Salish Languages and Linguistics, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs, 107, 1-68.

Indo-European linguistics
Sound laws

Grassmann's law


الزيانيون، بنو زيان أو بنو عبد الواد (باللغة الأمازيغية: آيت زيان) سلالة حاكمة تعود إلى قبيلة زناتة الأمازيغية حكمت المغرب الأوسط (شمال غرب الجزائر حاليًا) بين (1235م و1554م) حيث اتخذوا من تلمسان عاصمة لهم. في رواية أخرى لأصلهم فهم من نسل يكمثين بن القاسم من سلالة الأدارسة.

أصلهم
بنو عبد الواد، هم فرع من فروع الطبّقة الثّانية من زناتة إحدى أكبر وأشهر القبائل الأمازيغية ببلاد المغرب الأوسط، وأصل تسميتهم عائد إلى جدّهم عبد الواد، وهم من ولد يادين بن محمد بن رزجيك بن اسين بن ورسيك بن زناتة،  وكانوا عدّة بطون هي: بنو ياتكتن، بنو وللو، بنو تومرت، بنو ورسطف وبنو مصوجة، ويضاف إليهم بنو القاسم الذين ينتسب إليهم بنو زيان حكام الدّولة الزيانية.

ولم تزل رياسة بنى عبد الواد في بنى القسام لشدة شوكتهم واعتزاز عصبيتهم وكانو بطونا كثيرة فمنهم بنو يكمثين بن القاسم وكان منهم ويعزن بن مسعود بن يكمثين، وأخواه يكمثين وعمر، وكان أيضا منهم اغدوى بن يكمثين الأكبر ويقال الاصغر، ومنهم أيضا عبد الحق من منغفاد بن ولد ويعزن، وكانت الرياسة عليهم لعهد عبد المؤمن لعبد الحق بن منغفاد واغدوى بن يكمثين وعبد الحق بن منغفاد هو الذي استنقذ الغنائم من يدى بنى مرين وقتل المخضب المسوف حين بعثه عبد المؤمن مع الموحدين.

وذكرت بعض المصادر أن القاسم بن محمد من نسل السّليمانيين، كان حاكما على مدينة تلمسان من قبل الأدارسة، ولما تغلب عليه الفاطميون دخل بنو عبد الواد الذين كانوا يسكنون بالصحراء جنوب تلمسان، فأصهر فيهم وعقّب «عقبا مباركًا»، وإليه ينتسب ملوك بني زيان، وقد فنّد عبد الرحمن بن خلدون هذه الرواية وكذلك قضية النّسب الإدريسي للزيانيين، وذكر أنّ يغمراسن بن زيان لما سئل عن ذلك أجاب قائلا:.

استقرارهم بتلمسان

كان بنو عبد الواد عبارة عن قبائل رحل يجوبون صحراء المغرب الأوسط بحثا عن المراعي بين سجلماسة ومنطقة الزاب بإفريقية، ولما قام عقبة بن نافع الفهري بحركته في بلاد المغرب فاتحًا، ساندوه وشكلوا فرقة من جيشه تابعت معه فتوحاته غربًا.

ولما حلّ عرب بني هلال بالمغرب انزاح بنو عبد الواد أمامهم من الزّاب واستقروا في منطقة جنوب وهران، وفي عهد المرابطين حضروا مع يوسف بن تاشفين معركة الزلاقة.

توليهم الحكم

في سنة (627ھ - 1229م) قام والي تلمسان أبو سعيد عثمان أخ المأمون الموحدي بالقبض على مشايخ بني عبد الواد في محاولة منه للقضاء على نفوذهم الّذي ازداد في المنطقة، فسعى للشّفاعة فيهم أحد رجال الحامية وهو إبراهيم بن إسماعيل بن علان الصنهاجي اللّمتوني، لكن شفاعته لم تقبل، فغضب لذلك وثار واعتقل والي تلمسان وأطلق مشايخ بني عبد الواد وخلع طاعة الموحدين، وكان الغرض من حركته نصرة ثورة بني غانية الّتي كانت تهدف إلى إحياء دولة المرابطين في بلاد المغرب.

ولما أراد إبراهيم بن علان الصنهاجي إتمام مخططه، والتخلّص من مشيخة بني عبد الواد، اكتشف أمره فقبض عليه وعلى أعوانه وقُيّدوا، ودخل جابر بن يوسف وإخوته مدينة تلمسان وأعاد الدّعوة للمأمون الموحدي، وأصبح أميرها من قبله، فضبط أمورها، وقام بحركة لضمّ بطون بني عبد الواد إلى سلطته، ولما أراد إخضاع مدينة ندرومة وحاصرها أصابه سهم أودى بحياته آواخر سنة (629 ھ -1231م.)

بعد وفاة جابر بن يوسف، خلفه ابنه الحسن الّذي تولى لمدّة ستّة أشهر، ثمّ تخلى عن الحكم لعمه عثمان بن يوسف مطلع سنة (630 ھ- 1232م)، وخلفه أبو عزة زيدان بن زيان، وكان قويّا وشجاعًا، وأطاعته جميع البطون والقبائل وامتنع عن مبايعته بنو مطهر وبنو راشد، فحاربهم وقتل في إحدى المعارك سنة (633 ھ-1235م)، فخلفه يغمراسن بن زيان الذي يعتبر المؤسّس الحقيقي للدولة الزيانية.دور يغمراسن بن زيان في تأسيس الدّولة

وكان يغمراسن بن زيان يتميّز بصفات وخصال أهلته للقيام بدور كبير في وضع الأسس المتينة لدولة بني عبد الواد النّاشئة، وتميّز بمواقفه الحربية الكثيرة، خاصّة ضدّ قبائل بني توجين ومغراوة، حيث خرّب مواطنهم في محاولة منه لإخضاعهم وضمّهم إلى سلطته، كما كانت له مع بني مرين بالمغرب الأقصى عدّة حروب وكذلك مع بني حفص شرقا، ورغم هزائمه أمامهم كان يدافع عن مملكته محاولا حمايتها من الأخطار الّتي كانت تتهددها شرقا وغربًا، وبدأ في توسيع حدودها على حساب أقاليم الدّولة الموحدية الّتي كانت تتداعى إلى السقوط، ثمّ قام بإلغاء سلطة الموحدين على تلمسان واستقلّ بها مع إبقائه على الدعاء والخطبة للخليفة الموحدي وذكر اسمه في السّكة، ونازعه بنو مطهر وبنو راشد لكنّه هزمهم، وأقام الدّولة على قواعد متينة، فاتخذ الوزراء والكتاب والقضاة، واستمر عهده حتّى سنة 681ھ/1282م ما مكّنه من توطيد ملكه وتأسيس نظم دولة جديدة بالمغرب الأوسط.

حدود الدّولة الزيانية

شغلت الدّولة الزيانية إقليم المغرب الأوسط (أو شمال غرب الجزائر حاليا)، وعمل حكامها بدءًا بجدّهم يغمراسن بن زيان على توسيع حدودها وتثبيت قواعدها وضم القبائل إلى سلطتهم.
وتمكن يغمراسن من التوسع غربًا، وصار الحد الفاصل بينه وبين دولة بني مرين بالمغرب الأقصى وادي ملوية.

حدودها كانت تمتد من تخوم بجاية وبلاد الزاب شرقا إلى وادي ملوية غربًا، ومن ساحل البحر شمالاً إلى إقليم توات جنوبًا، وبقيت هذه الحدود في مد وجزر بسبب هجمات بني مرين غربًا وبني حفص شرقًا وكانت العاصمة مدينة تلمسان.

لم تكن حدود الدّولة الزيانية ثابتة ومستقرّة، بل كانت بين مد وجزر تبعًا للظروف السياسية والأخطار الخارجية، وكانت لا تتجاوز في بعض عهودها أسوار العاصمة تلمسان، مثلما حصل أيام الحصار المريني لها سنة  أو ، بل اختفت معالمها نهائيا عندما هاجمها أبو الحسن المريني سنة 737 هـ/1337م، إلى غاية إحيائها من جديد على يد أبي حمو موسى الثاني سنة 760 هـ/1359م.

علاقاتهم

يعتبر بنو عبد الواد من أنصار الموحدين، نقل هؤلاء إليهم إدارة مدينة تلمسان. بعد سقوط الموحدين استقل أبو يحي يغمراسن بن زيان (1236-1283 م) بالحكم تمكن بعدها من

وضع قواعد لدولة قوية، في عهده ثم خلفاءه من بعده أصبحت تلمسان مركزاً لنشر الثقافة ومركزاً تجاريا أيضاًً. تأرجح بنو عبد الواد بعد ذلك بين وصاية المرينيين أصحاب المغرب تارة ثم الحفصيين أصحاب تونس تارة أخرى، والذين أجبروهم مرات عدة في القرنين الـ13 والـ14 م على التنحي. ثم انتهى بهم الحال إلى أن وقعو تحت سيطرة المرينيين. أعيد إحياء سلطة الدولة وبلغت الثقافة أعلى درجاتها في عهد أبو حمو الثاني (1359-1389 م)، قبل أن يقعو مرة أخرى تحت سيطرة الحفصيين. منذ 1510 م وبسبب التهديد الإسباني وضع بنو عبد الواد أنفسهم تحت حماية الأتراك (الذين سيطروا على مدينة الجزائر عام 1516 م بأيدي عروج بربروسة). بين 1552-1554 م استولى العثمانيون على باقى أراضى المملكة بعد عزل آخر سلاطين بني عبد الواد.

أسباب سقوط الدولة الزيانية

وكان الإسبان بعد أن قضوا على الحكم الإسلامي بالأندلس عام 1492 ميلادي قد وجهوا نشاطهم لغزو بلدان المغرب الكبير، ومبالغة في النكاية بالمسلمين، ومنع اللاجئين

الأندلسيين من التفكير في العودة إلى وطنهم السليب. ومحاولة منهم أيضاً لاستعمار بلدان المغرب الكبير من أجل استغلال إمكانتياتهم الاقتصادية وموانيه الإستراتجية من الناحية العسكرية. وقد واتتهم الفرص بسبب ضعف دول المغرب الكبير، وتطاحنها فيما بينها من جهة، وفيما بين الأمراء الطموحين من جهة أخرى حتى في داخل البلد الواحدد، وكانت الدولة الزيانية في هذه الفترة قد وصلت إلى أقصى درجة من الضعف والانحلال فأخد الإسبان يحتلون موانيها وأطرافها تمهيداً لاحتوائها في النهاية وفق مخطط مدروس، فبعد أن وصل إلى تلمسان آخر أمراء بني الأحمر بغرناطة أبو عبد الله محمد بن سعد الزغل، عبر وهران بدأت التهديدات الإسبانية تظهر في الأفق ضد تلمسان، واضطر الأمير الزياني محمد السابع أن يذهب بنفسه إلى إسبانيا ليطمئن فرناند الخامس ويقدم له الهدايا استرضاء له.

بعد سقوط غرناطة توجهت أنظار إسبانيا نحو بلدان المغرب الكبير. فاحتلت مملكة قشتالة الإسبانية سبتة التي كانت تابعة للمرينيين واحتلت مدينة وهران الزيانية وبعدها أسقطت كثيرا من المدن الساحلية الزيانية كتنس وهنين ولكنها فشلت في إسقاط مستغانم وبدأت القوات الإسبانية في التوجه نحو تلمسان عاصمتها لاحتلالها. فطلبت الدولة الزيانية المعونة من الدولة العثمانية التي قامت بارسال البحارين بابا عروج وشقيقه خير الدين بربروس سنة 1515.

وعندها سقطت الدولة الزيانية وقامت إيالة الجزائر العثمانية ذات الحكم الامركزي أي أن عاصمتها كانت مدينة الجزائر وليس اسطنبول وكانت لها عملة السولدي وكانت قوية لدرجة تحكمها بالحوض الغربي للبحر الأبيض المتوسط حيث كانت تدفع لها الدول الاوربية مبالغ كالضرائب اثر مرورها عبر المتوسط تسمى بالاتاوات وقام الجيش بتحرير مدينة وهران من الإسبان سنة 1792 وحررت الجزائر لتصبح حاكمة الضفة الغربية للمتوسط.

أسباب السقوط الرئيسية

النزاعات الحدودية مع الدولة الحفصية شرقا والمرينية غربا
مع المرينيين
كان النزاع سيد الموقف في العلاقات بين الطرفين، فكلما سنحت الفرصة لأحدها استغلها بهدف القضاء على خصمه، وسبب ذلك النزاع والعداء هو أن كل منهما يعتبر نفسه الوريث الشرعي للموحدين. فالمرينيون سبب أنهم هم من استولى على عاصمتهم مراكش والأندلس، وبنو زيان فلكونهم كانوا من أخلص مساعديهم وأنصارهم. لكن نظرا لانشغال الزيانيين بمشاريعهم الداخلية وبالحفصيين شرقا فقد تمكن المرينييون من التوسع شرقا إلى أن سقطت تلمسان بيدهم سنة: 1352 ولم يرض الزيانيون سياسة الأمر الواقع، بل واصلوا

نشاطهم إلى أن استعادوا عاصمتهم وطردوا المرينيين إلى ما وراء الحدود وكان ذلك سنة: 1359 على يد أبو حمو موسى الثاني وحلفاءه قبائل بنو عامر وحميان. ولما لاحظ الزيانيون تجرء المرينيين والحفصيين على دولتهم، عمدوا إلى تدريب الجيش وتقويته حتى غدا أقوى جيش بالمغرب الكبير. وبطبيعة الحال هذا لم يرضي الحفصيين ولا المرينيين، فتحالفوا ضد الدولة الزيانية. فعمدوا إلى إثارة الفتن والاضطرابات استعدادا للهجوم والقضاء على مملكة بني زيان. لكن الزيانيين كانوا لهم بالمرصاد، فوحدوا كلمة القبائل الزيانية أولا ومن ثم توجهوا شرقا وغربا إلى الحفصيين والمرينيين وأنزلوا بهم خسائر كبيرة. ففي الشرق تقلص النفوذ الحفصي، وفي الغرب سقطت بيدهم «فاس» (عاصمة المرينيين) ومن حينها لم تحاول مراكش المرينية ولا تونس الحفصية التحرش أو الاعتداء على التراب الزياني.

لقد قام القراصنة الأوروبيين ولاسيما الإسبانيين والإيطاليين بعدة اعتداءات على الشواطئ الإسلامية، فنهبوا واستولوا على السفن التي وقعت في قبضتهم كما قاموا بمحاولات لاحتلال بعض من موانئ المغرب الكبير. وبتكرار اعتداءاتهم على الموانئ الزيانية مثل: المرسى الكبير ودلس وغيرها، قام الجيش الزياني بحملة كبيرة على سواحل إسبانيا وصقلية انتقاما لما حل بالمسلمين في تلك البقاع، ومع ذلك استمر القراصنة في مضايقتهم لسواحل المغرب الكبير. لذلك غير الزيانيون أسلوبهم في الدفاع فنظموا الجيش الأمر الذي حال دون احتلال الإسبان للدولة الزيانية.

مع العلم بأن الإسبان هدموا عدة مساجد وقصور ونهبوا عدة نفائس، فمن ذلك مثلا أنهم نقلوا من بجاية وحدها ما حمولته 30 سفينة إلى إسبانيا وحطموا قصورها ومساجدها وخربوا حدائقها وحماماتها. كما تكالبت الأساطيل الأوروبية وخاصة منها الإسبانية على موانئ المغرب الكبير، حيث قاموا باحتلال المرسى الكبير سنة 1505 ثم وهران سنة 1509 ثم توسع الإسبان في موانئ الدولة الحفصية، فاستولوا على مدينة بجاية وطرابلس سنة 1510 وخضعت لهم عقب ذلك مدن ساحلية عدة كدلس، وشرشال، ومستغانم وأجبرت الدولة الزيانية على دفع الجزية للدولة الاسبانية. وعندها شرع الزيانيون في توسيع أسطولهم البحري وتعزيزه بأمهر الملاحين المسلمين، وأخذ الأسطول يقضي على حركة القرصنة في البحر. وامتدت هذه الهجمات بظهور الإخوة بربروس: القائد عروج بربروس وشقيقه خير الدين بربروس " (أي ذو اللحية الحمراء لأنه كان يخضبها بالحناء). اللذان تمكنا من القدوم إلى بجاية وطرد الإسبان منها، ثم طرد الإيطاليين من جيجل. ولم يهتم الإخوة بربروس فقط بالقضاء على الدولة الزيانية وصد هجمات الأساطيل الإسبانية وغيرها على شواطئ البلاد، بل اهتموا كذلك بالتوسع في الداخل وتم على يدهم القضاء على الدولة الزيانية وتوحيد الممالك والمدن الصغيرة تحت سلطتهم تحت مسمى إيالة الجزائر قبل ان تسقط تلمسان بيدهم وتضم للإيالة سنة 1518م.

أهم سلاطين بني زيان

انظر أيضا
 معركة إسلي (1250)
 سقوط فاس (1411)

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ج وعلى وفق ما تفتضيه الشّريعة الإسلامية.

 الزيانيون

الجزائر الوسيطة
الجزائر في القرن 16
انحلالات عقد 1550 في إفريقيا
تأسيسات القرن 13 في إفريقيا
تلمسان
دول إفريقيا الوسيطة
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1556
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1236
زناتة (قبيلة)

سلالات حاكمة مسلمة سنية
قرن 13 هـ
قرن 14 هـ
قرن 15 هـ
قرن 16 هـ
ولاية الأغواط
ولاية تلمسان

بنو زيان


Franz Xaver von Hornstein () a fost episcop romano-catolic al Arhidiecezei de București.

Papa Leon al XIII-lea l-a numit arhiepiscop romano-catolic de București în data de 31 martie 1896, în condițiile în care arhiepiscopul Otto Zardetti, tot elvețian, nu rezistase la București decât un an.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1840
Decese în 1905
Episcopi romano-catolici elvețieni
Arhiepiscopi romano-catolici din secolul al XIX-lea
Arhiepiscopi romano-catolici din secolul al XX-lea
Episcopi romano-catolici români
Arhiepiscopi ai Arhidiecezei de București

Franz Xaver von Hornstein


Minereul uranifer (minereu de uraniu) este un minereu care conține uraniu în concentrații suficient de ridicate pentru a justifica economic exploatarea acestuia.

Uraniul este un element destul de răspândit în scoarța terestră, distribuția sa naturală fiind de câteva ppm în sol și roci și de circa 1000 de ori mai scazută in apele naturale.  Uraniul este mai abundent decât aurul (circa 500 de ori), argintul (de circa 40 de ori), mercurul, la fel de abundent ca zincul și ușor mai puțin răspândit decât cobaltul, plumbul sau molibdenul. Granitul – care reprezintă circa 60% din scoarța terestră – are o concentrație în uraniu de 4 ppm. Fosfații naturali pot avea conținut de uraniu de până la 0,04% (40 ppm), în timp ce unele zăcăminte de cărbune prezintă conținut de uraniu de peste 0,01%. Urme de uraniu se găsesc în alimente și în corpul uman.

Provocarea este deci a găsi acele zăcăminte în care concentrația uraniului este suficient de ridicată pentru ca depozitul să fie considerat viabil pentru exploatare. Foarte rar, minereurile pot atinge concentrații de uraniu de ordinul procentelor (minereuri bogate). Un conținut de 0,3% (3000 ppm) în uraniu face un depozit interesant pentru exploatare. În anumite cazuri sunt exploatate și minereuri sărace, cu conținut de circa 0,1% (1000 ppm).

Minerale ce conțin uraniu
Sunt cunoscute circa 100 de minerale cu conținut de uraniu, clasificate în minerale primare și secundare. Ele pot fi ușor deosebite în funcție de starea de oxidare a uraniului (uraniul tetravalent este specific mineralelor primare, în timp ce uraniul hexavalent predomină în mineralele secundare). Iată câteva exemple semnificative:

Uraninit (și produsul său de alterare pehblenda): oxizi de uraniu, UO2(+x)

Coffinit: hidroxisilicat de uraniu, U(SiO4)1–x(OH)4x

Brannerit: titanat de uraniu, UTi2O6

Autunit: fosfat hidratat de uraniu și calciu, Ca(UO2PO4)2·8-12H2O

Carnotit: vanadat hidratat de uraniu și potasiu, K2(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O

Mineritul uraniului
Minereul de uraniu se extrage fie din cariere la suprafață, fie din mine de adâncime. Uraniul poate fi recuperat și in-situ, prin tehnici de "spălare" a zăcământului (mai ieftine și mai puțin invazive). Se discută în prezent despre recuperarea uraniului din apa oceanică ("mineritul" apei oceanice).

Mineritul uraniului la nivel mondial

Distribuția minereurilor uranifere este relativ omogenă pe glob, cu depozite importante în Kazakhstan, Australia, Canada etc. Depozitele cele mai bogate găsite până în prezent se află în regiunea Athabasca Basin, Canada: Cigar Lake (estimat la circa 85000 t metal) și McArthur River (estimat la circa 135000 t metal). În anul 2015, producția mondială de uraniu a fost de circa 60500 de tone, cea mai mare cantitate fiind extrasă din Kazahstan. Australia este și ea un jucător important pe piața uraniului: nu numai că deține 23% din rezervele mondiale, dar pe teritoriul său există cel mai mare zăcământ din lume,  Olympic Dam. În fapt, Kazakhstan, Australia și Canada sunt responsabile cu mineritul a circa 70% din cantitatea mondială de uraniu). Alături de Nigeria, Rusia, Namibia, Uzbekistan, China, SUA și Ucraina (țări care exploatează peste 1000 t uraniu anual), aceste 10 țări sunt responsabile cu producția a 94% din cantitatea mondială de uraniu.

Producția de uraniu în România

În prezent România este un producător marginal, mineritul uraniului fiind monopol al Companiei Naționale a Uraniului. Cu toate acestea, în anii '50 uraniul a fost exploatat masiv (în principal la suprafață, dar și în circa 400 km galerii subterane) la Băița, Bihor. În funcție de surse, cantitatea de uraniu vehiculat a fi exploatată în perioada 1952-1960 a fost fie raportată la valoare exactă de 17288 t, fie estimată la 18000 sau 19000 t. Acesta a fost transportat (ca minereu sortat) în URSS ca parte a despăgubirilor de război pretinse în 1945. Pentru cantitatea aproximativă de 300000 t minereu expatriată în perioada respectivă se poate deduce o concentrație de uraniu de 5-6% în minereul sortat.

Prelucrare

În cazul mineritului tradițional, metodele de prelucrare/ concentrare diferă, în funcție de tipul zăcământului și de conținutul de uraniu. Cel mai frecvent, aceste concentrate de uraniu sunt obținute prin procedee tipice de minerit, urmate de concentrare fizico-chimică în uraniu. Minereul uranifer este mai întâi sortat, sfărâmat și măcinat, pentru a putea fi ulterior solubilizat. În continuare, uraniul este precipitat (cu acizi, baze sau peroxid de hidrogen) și uscat, conținutul acestuia în concentrate ajungând până la 60–80 %. Prin aplicarea tehnologiilor moderne se obțin concentrate de culoare maronie sau chiar neagră; denumirea de "yellowcake" a acestor concentrate – provenită din epoca de început a prelucrării uraniului – s-a păstrat însă. În 1970, Biroul Minelor al Statelor Unite ale Americii se referea la aceste concentrate ca fiind precipitate finale ale procesului industrial de formare de săruri de uraniu. Compoziția concentratelor variază însă în limite largi, depinzând de tipul zăcământului, metoda și condițiile de extracție considerate. Printre compușii identificați în aceste concentrate se numără hidroxidul de uranil, sulfatul de uranil, diuranatul de sodiu/ amoniu și peroxidul de uranil, alături de alți oxizi ai uraniului.

Toxicitate

O primă problemă a mineritului de uraniu este iradierea externă γ, rezultat al expunerii la produșii de dezintegrare solizi de viață scurtă ai uraniului.

În cazul mineritului de adâncime apare problema inhalării radonului de către lucrători (expunere internă). Acesta este un gaz incolor și inodor, produs de descompunerea radiului, care – la rândul său – este un produs de dezintegrare al uraniului. Produșii de dezintegrare radioactivi ionizează materialul genetic, provocând mutații care uneori pot deveni canceroase. Riscul crește cu 8–16 % la fiecare creștere de 100 Bq/m³ a concentrației de radon. Expunerea internă poate fi redusă printr-o "expoatare umedă" și o ventilare corectă a punctului de lucru.

Note

Vezi și

 Ciclul combustibilului nuclear
 Compania Națională a Uraniului
 Fisiune nucleară
 Listă de exploatări miniere din România
 Pehblendă
 Radon
 Sovromcuarțit
 Uraninit
 Uraniu
 Yellowcake

Tehnologie nucleară
Minerale de uraniu
Radiații
Carcinogeni

Minereu uranifer


قائمة بالأبطال في 1884 البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية لكرة المضرب (المعروفة الآن باسم أمريكا المفتوحة):

الكبار

فردي رجال

 ريتشارد سيرز هزم  هاورد أ. تايلر 6-0 1-6 6-0 6-2

مراجع

البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية (كرة مضرب) حسب السنة
الرياضة في رود آيلاند في 1884
أحداث أغسطس 1884
أحداث أغسطس 1884 الرياضية
ألعاب رياضية في 1884
رود آيلاند في 1884
كرة المضرب في 1884

البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية 1884 (كرة مضرب)


Earworm (Estados Unidos), Garabato musical (Latinoamérica) o Gusano Musical (España) es un episodio de la séptima temporada de la serie animada Bob Esponja, transmitida en Nickelodeon. El episodio se estrenó el  en Estados Unidos, el   en Latinoamérica y el  en España. Fue dirigido por Paul Tibbitt y escrito por Casey Alexander, Zeus Cervas y Derek Iversen.

Sinopsis
El episodio comienza en el Crustáceo Cascarudo/Crustáceo crujiente durante la hora de cerrar, está en la cocina y Bob Esponja comienza a cantar una canción. Calamardo le grita que pare de cantar, después calamardo enciende la radio y se está transmitiendo una canción llamada Garabato Musical, Bob Esponja toma la radio y comienza a bailar y cantar. Cuando ya era hora de cerrar, Calamardo sale del restaurante gritando: "¡Libertad!". Bob Esponja está sentado escuchando la canción y Don Cangrejo le grita "Bob Esponja, ¡Ya es hora de cerrar!". Cuando se dirige a su casa, Bob Esponja pasa por una tienda de discos donde se estaba transmitiendo Garabato Musical.Bob Esponja lo compra y se va a su casa a escucharla. Cuando va a dormir él comienza a silbar la canción, entonces vuelve a escuchar la canción en el sótano.
El día siguiente aparece el Crustáceo Cascarudo y se ve muy cansado, pero sigue cantando la canción, pero sus clientes se enojan, Don Cangrejo sale para saber que pasaba, le advirtió a Bob Esponja si no dejaba de cantar lo enviaría a su casa. En la próxima escena aparece la cocina destruida y en las paredes estaba escrito Garabato musical. Cuando Don Cangrejo le dice que tiene que ir a casa, se vuelve loco, entonces Arenita, Don Cangrejo, Patricio y Calamardo lo atan a una silla en su casa. Arenita le explica que tiene una enfermedad llamada Gusano Musical, que es una infección en la cual una persona es atrapada en una canción y no puede dejar de cantarla, mientras más canta, más duro se hace. Solo se podía curar con otra canción que se quede en su cabeza. Don Cangrejo canta una canción de marinero y Arenita una canción del oeste pero no funcionan. Arenita dice que solamente "alguien con talento musical" podía curar, entonces Calamardo comienza a tocar su clarinete, el gusano musical odió tanto la canción que salió de Bob Esponja y dejó de cantar. Calamardo fue a su casa a dormir, pero comenzó a cantar su canción y no podía detenerse, ya que el gusano musical había entrado a él.

Curiosidades
 Este episodio originalmente sería transmitido con el episodio Buried in time, pero al final fue transmitido con el episodio The abrasive side.
 Este fue el último episodio de estreno de 2010 en Estados Unidos.
 La música del título es la misma que en el episodio Bubblestand.
 Es la segunda vez que Gary tiene un tocadiscos debajo de su caparazón, la primera vez fue en el episodio Your Shoe's Untied.
Este episodio es similar y tiene la misma premisa del episodio de El Laboratorio de Dexter "Head band" en donde Dee Dee tiene una canción pegada en la cabeza gracias a un grupo de chicos microscópico en su oído y la canción se extiende A otros miembros de la familia Y finalmente termina cuando la banda se rompe Este episodio Tiene una premisa diferente ya que Bob esponja tiene una canción pegada en la cabeza Y el gusano esta en su cerebro no en el oído.
También es similar al episodio de Un Show Más titulado "Una canción pegajosa", donde a Rigby se le pega una canción, y Mordecai y los demás lo hacen olvidarla con otra canción, pero la nueva canción también se le pega

Identificación Musical
 Musical Doodle - Garabato Musical
 Hawaiian Link B - Gary durmiendo
 On the Beach - Bob Esponja va a dormir
 Vibe Sting - Bob Esponja despierta
 Danger HQ - Don Kangrejo sale de su oficina.
 Tragic Bridge 2 - Bob Esponja se vuelve loco.
 Lonely Stranger - "Just as I thought!"
 The Irish Washerwoman - Canción de Don Kangrejo
 Sandy's Western Song - Canción de Arenita
 (Música de Nicholas Carr y Barry Anthony) - Calamardo toca su clarinete

Episodios de la séptima temporada de Bob Esponja
Episodios de televisión de 2010

Earworm


Idées républicaines (em português: Ideias republicanas) é um panfleto político do filósofo e autor francês Voltaire. Foi publicado no anonimato e sem data, mas acredita-se que tenha sido escrito no final de 1765. Tem como intuito defender o pensamento livre e a liberdade de expressão em geral, além de conter os pensamentos de Voltaire sobre a campanha em andamento pela democracia em Genebra, onde ele apoiou um poder maior para os cidadãos.

Contexto
O panfleto inclui comentários críticos sobre O Contrato Social, de Jean-Jacques Rousseau e O Espírito das Leis, de Montesquieu.

Também defende o direito natural à livre expressão. O Contrato Social fora queimado em Genebra. Voltaire escreve: "A atitude de queimá-lo foi talvez tão nojenta quanto a de escrevê-lo. [. . . ] Se o livro era perigoso, deveria ter sido refutado. Queimar um livro como forma de argumentação é o memo que dizer: "Não temos inteligência suficiente para rebater isso." Ele comenta que a Inglaterra, apesar de ser uma monarquia, tem uma população mais compreensiva do que outros países porque o direito de publicar é protegido por lei.

Voltaire escreve que um governo perfeito é impossível, mas que uma República é o mais próximo de alcançar a igualdade natural.

Há muitas semelhanças textuais entre Idées républicaines e as memórias particulares de Voltaire sobre a luta em Genebra, intitulado Propositions à examiner pour apaiser les division de Genève.

Bibliografia
.

Iluminismo
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Idées républicaines


Tito Prospero Martinengo, né dans le  à Brescia et mort dans cette même ville le , est un philologue, et poète grec et latin de la Renaissance.

Biographie
Tito Prospero Martinengo est né dans le , à Brescia, de l'ancienne famille des comtes de Barco. Le , il embrasse la règle de St-Benoît dans la congrégation du Mont-Cassin. Devenu prieur, il se retire dans un monastère près Bologne, afin de se livrer à la prière, l'étude et la poésie composant des vers grecs obtenant de ses contemporains les  surnoms de Pindare et d'Homère. Sa réputation étant parvenue à Rome, il est appelé par le collège des cardinaux pour travailler à la révision des Œuvres de St-Jérôme, dont Paul Manuce préparait une nouvelle édition, qui parut à Rome en 1565. Depuis, il s'occupa avec d' autres savants, à revoir à reviser les textes des Œuvres de St-Jean Chrysostome et de Théophylacte et à l' édition grecque de la Bible publiée en 1586 par le cardinal Carafa, édition connue sous le nom de Bible sixtine, parce qu' imprimée avec le privilège de Sixte V. La cour de Rome voulut récompenser les services de Martinengo par un évêché mais  prétexta le mauvais état de sa santé pour revenir à Brescia où il meurt le .

Œuvres

 Le bellezze dell'uomo, conoscitore di se stesso. Ce sont des discours philosophiques d'après les principes de Platon, dont il faisait une lecture assidue.
 Un Panégyrique, grec et latin, du pape Sixte V, Rome, 1587, in-4° ;
 un recueil de vers (Poemata diversa), Rome, 1582 ;  édition, revue et augmentée ; ibid., 1589 ou 1590, 3 parties, in-4°. Les deux premières contiennent les vers latins, et la troisième les vers grecs, tous sur des sujets pieux. Ce volume, devenu rare, est assez recherché. Des différentes notices publiées sur ce docte religieux, la plus étendue comme la plus intéressante est celle qu'on trouve dans la Libraria di Leopol. Martinengo, p. 128.

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Liens externes

 .

Décès en octobre 1595
Naissance à Brescia
Décès à Brescia
Philologue italien
Poète italien du XVIe siècle

Tito Prospero Martinengo


Samer (Magarac) je hrid uz zapadnu obalu Istre, dio Rovinjskog otočja.

Površina hridi je 4959 m2, duljina obalne crte 334 m, a visina 3 metra.

U Državnom programu zaštite i korištenja malih, povremeno nastanjenih i nenastanjenih otoka i okolnog mora Ministarstva regionalnoga razvoja i fondova Europske unije, svrstana je pod "manje nadmorske tvorbe (hridi različitog oblika i veličine)". Pripada Gradu Rovinju.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Rovinjsko otočje

Samer


Allium denticulatum puede hacer referencia a:
 Allium denticulatum Kit., sinónimo de Allium carinatum subsp. carinatum.
 Allium denticulatum (Ownbey & Aase ex Traub) McNeal, nom. illeg., sinónimo de Allium fimbriatum var. denticulatum.

Allium denticulatum


An Hetaeria occidentalis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Hetaeria occidentalis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hetaeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hetaeria

Hetaeria occidentalis


Finnska karlalandsliðið í körfuknattleik leikur fyrir hönd Finnlands í körfuknattleik. Það hefur verið meðlimur í FIBA síðan árið 1939.

Karlalandslið í Körfuknattleik

Íþróttir í Finnlandi


Campanula seraglio er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá norðaustur Tyrklandi.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula seraglio


බීජෞෂණ සමය () යනු යම් pathogenic organism, රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍යයකට හෝ විකිරණයකට හෝ නිරාවරණය (exposure) සිට රෝග ලක්ෂණ පහලවීම දක්වා වන කාලයයි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 Gestation period
 Prodrome
 නිරෝධායනය
 Window period, the time between infection and when lab tests can identify the infection. The window period may be longer or shorter than the incubation period.

මූලාශ්‍ර

වසංගතවේදය
බෝවන රෝග

බීජෞෂණ සමය


Horwoodia, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice krstašica. Jedina vrsta je H. dicksoniae, pustinjska zeljasta biljka rozih cvjetova iz Katara, gdje je poznata pod vernakularnim nazivom khozama.

Izvori

Brassicodae
Flora Iraka
Flora Saudijske Arabije
Flora Jordana
Flora Kuvajta

Horwoodia


{{Infobox nobility title
| name              = Earl of Craven  2nd Creation
| image             =
| image_size        =
| alt               =
| caption           = Arms of Craven, Earls of Craven: Argent, a Fess between six Crosses-Crosslet fitchée Gules. Crest: On a Chapeau Gules, turned up Ermine, a Griffin statant wings elevated Ermine, beaked and fore-membered Or. Supporters: On either side a Griffin wings elevated Ermine, beaked and fore-membered Or.| creation_date     = 18 June 1801
| creation          = Second
| monarch           = King George III
| peerage           =
| baronetage        =
| first_holder      = William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven
| last_holder       =
| present_holder    = Benjamin Craven, 9th Earl of Craven
| heir_apparent     =
| heir_presumptive  = Lt.-Cdr. Rupert Craven
| remainder_to      =
| subsidiary_titles = Viscount Uffington  Baron Craven
| status            = Extant
| extinction_date   =
| family_seat       =
| former_seat       =
| motto             = VIRTUS IN ACTIONE CONSISTIT  (Virtue consists in action)
| footnotes         =
}}

Earl of Craven, in the County of York, is a title that has been created twice, once in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

History
The first creation came in the Peerage of England in 1664 in favour of the soldier William Craven, 1st Baron Craven, the eldest son of Sir William Craven, Lord Mayor of London in 1610. He was made Viscount Craven, of Uffington in the County of Berkshire, at the same time. Both titles were created with remainder to his kinsmen Sir William Craven and Sir Anthony Craven. Craven had already in 1627 been created Baron Craven, of Hamstead Marshall in the County of Berkshire, with remainder to his brothers John (later Baron Craven of Ryton) and Thomas. In 1665 he was also created Baron Craven, of Hamstead Marshall in the County of Berkshire, with remainder to his kinsman Sir William Craven, the son of Thomas Craven, who was the brother of the aforementioned Sir Anthony Craven. Thomas Craven was the grandson of Henry Craven, brother of the aforementioned Sir William Craven, father of the first Earl.

Baron Craven
On the Earl of Craven's death in 1697, the barony of 1627 and the viscountcy and earldom became extinct. However, he was succeeded in the barony of 1665 according to the special remainder by his kinsman William Craven, the second Baron. He was the son of the aforesaid Sir William Craven, son of Thomas Craven. Lord Craven notably served as Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire. On the death of his younger son, the fourth Baron, the line of the second Baron failed. The late Baron was succeeded by his first cousin, the fifth Baron. He was the son of the Honourable John Craven, the younger brother of the second Baron. Lord Craven had earlier represented Warwickshire in the House of Commons. On his death, the title passed to his nephew, the sixth Baron, the son of Reverend John Craven. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire.

Earl of Craven, 2nd Creation
His eldest son, the seventh Baron and first Earl, was a Major-General in the Army, and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire. In 1801, he was created Viscount Uffington, in the County of Berkshire, and Earl of Craven, in the County of York, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This first Earl is not entirely forgotten – Harriette Wilson begins her famous memoir, "I shall not say why and how I became, at the age of fifteen, the mistress of the Earl of Craven."  He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He was Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire. His son, the third Earl, was briefly Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire. His son, the fourth Earl, was a Liberal politician and served as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard in the Liberal administration of H. H. Asquith.  the titles are held by his great-great-grandson, the ninth Earl, who succeeded his father in 1990 (who in his turn had succeeded his elder brother in 1983).

The courtesy title of the Earl's eldest son is Viscount Uffington.

Other family members
Another member of the Craven family was the traveller Keppel Richard Craven (1779–1851). He was the third and youngest son of the sixth Baron Craven. Also, Louisa, Countess of Craven (1785–1860), wife of the first Earl of the 1801 creation, was a well-known actress.

Family seat
The current family seat is Hawkwood House near Waldron, East Sussex. Previous family seats have included Hamstead Marshall Park and Lodge and Ashdown Park in Berkshire, and Coombe Abbey in Warwickshire. William Craven, 6th Baron Craven built Craven Cottage in 1780, later to become the home of Fulham F.C.

Earls of Craven, first creation (1664)
 William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven, 1st Baron Craven (1608–1697)

Barons Craven (1626; reverted)
 William Craven, 2nd Baron Craven (1668–1711)
 William Craven, 3rd Baron Craven (1700–1739)
 Fulwar Craven, 4th Baron Craven (died 1764)
 William Craven, 5th Baron Craven (1705–1769)
 William Craven, 6th Baron Craven (1738–1791)
 William Craven, 7th Baron Craven (1770–1825) (created Earl of Craven in 1801)

Earls of Craven, second creation (1801)
 William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1770–1825)
 William Craven, 2nd Earl of Craven (1809–1866)
 George Grimston Craven, 3rd Earl of Craven (1841–1883)
 William George Robert Craven, 4th Earl of Craven (1868–1921)
 William George Bradley Craven, 5th Earl of Craven (1897–1932)
 William Robert Bradley Craven, 6th Earl of Craven (1917–1965)
 Thomas Robert Douglas Craven, 7th Earl of Craven (24 August 1957 – 22 October 1983). Craven was the eldest son of the 6th Earl. He was styled Viscount Uffington until 1965. He succeeded his father in the earldom in 1965. He committed suicide in his mother's house in 1983. He left a legacy to his illegitimate son Thomas Roderick Craven, while his title passed to his brother Simon Craven, 8th Earl of Craven. The Craven estate at Hamstead Marshall was sold after his death.
 Simon George Craven, 8th Earl of Craven (1961–1990). Craven was the second son of the 6th Earl and the younger brother of the 7th Earl. He was a student nurse who died in a road accident in 1990.
 Benjamin Robert Joseph Craven, 9th Earl of Craven (born 1989)

Present peer
Benjamin Robert Joseph Craven, 9th Earl of Craven (born 13 June 1989) is the only son of the 8th Earl and his wife Teresa Maria Bernadette Downes, a daughter of Arthur John Downes, of Black Hall, Clane, County Kildare, Ireland. On 30 August 1990 he succeeded his father as Earl of Craven, Viscount Uffington, and Baron Craven.  In 2003 he was living with his mother at Hawkwood House, Waldron, East Sussex.

The heir presumptive and the only person in the line of succession to the earldom, is the present holder's first cousin three times removed, Lt.-Cdr. Rupert José Evelyn Craven (born 1926), son of Rupert Cecil Craven (1870–1959), the second son of the third earl. He is married, but has no issue; after him, the sole remaining heir to the Craven barony is the present Earl's seventh cousin thrice removed, John Edmund Craven (born 1946), a fifth-great-grandson of Charles Craven, the youngest brother of the second Baron.

Coat of arms

See also
 Baron Craven of Ryton

References

Attribution

 Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage'' (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

 David Beamish's Peerage Page

External links

Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of England
Earldoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Earl
1664 establishments in England
Noble titles created in 1664
Noble titles created in 1801

Earl of Craven