Willie Eldon O'Ree  (born October 15, 1935) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player from Fredericton, New Brunswick. He is widely recognized for being the first black player in the National Hockey League (NHL), playing as a winger for the Boston Bruins. His accomplishment of breaking the black colour barrier in the NHL has led him to sometimes being referred to as the "Jackie Robinson of hockey," whom he had the chance to meet when he was younger. In 2018, O'Ree was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, and starting that year the NHL has introduced the annual Willie O'Ree Community Hero Award in his honour.

Early life and career
Willie O'Ree was born on October 15, 1935, in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. As the youngest among 13 siblings, O'Ree was raised by his parents, Rosebud and Harry. His grandparents were escapees of slavery in the United States, moving to Canada through the Underground Railroad. Fredericton had a small Black population during O'Ree's early years, with only two families living in the city at the time. Harry, O'Ree's father, was a civil engineer, serving as a city road maintenance worker.

O'Ree developed an early interest in hockey at the age of three, when he began skating and playing the game. As a five-year-old, he organized the game and joined a hockey league. O'Ree regularly used the family's backyard rink to play the game, and when the weather allowed, he would skate to school. In the early rinks, skin colour was never a problem, as O'Ree wrote in his autobiography, The Willie O'Ree Story: Hockey's Black Pioneer.

When O'Ree was 14 years old, he was taught how to bodycheck by his older brother Richard, with whom he played organized hockey. At this age, O'Ree also met Jackie Robinson. At the age of 15, O'Ree participayed in the New Brunswick Amateur Hockey Association playoffs as a part of the Fredericton Falcons.

Playing career
O'Ree played junior hockey for several teams in Quebec and Ontario before being signed by the Quebec Aces of the Quebec Hockey League (QHL) in 1955. Midway through his second minor-league season with the Quebec Aces, O'Ree was called up to the Boston Bruins of the NHL to replace Leo Labine, who was unable to play due to an illness. Two years earlier, O'Ree had been blinded when he was hit in his right eye by an errant puck; which would have precluded him from playing in the NHL if the Bruins had known. However, O'Ree managed to keep it secret, and made his NHL debut with the Bruins on January 18, 1958, against the Montreal Canadiens, becoming the first black player in league history. He played two games that year, with centre man Don McKenney and right wing Jerry Toppazzini as his line mates. O'Ree played 43 games for the Bruins during the 1960–61 NHL season. An incident occurred during a game from that season against the Chicago Blackhawks in Chicago Stadium. According to O'Ree, he was called racist names by several of the Blackhawks players. During the game, Eric Nesterenko butt-ended O'Ree, knocking out his two front teeth and breaking his nose. O'Ree responded by hitting Nesterenko over the head with his stick, which O'Ree said "almost created a riot". O'Ree remembered that fans called him racist names and that the Blackhawks players were threatening to kill him, and he stated that he was "lucky to get out of the arena alive". After playing the 43 games for the Bruins during that season, O'Ree was then traded to the Montreal Canadiens. O'Ree described the Canadiens were run by racists and that he wasn't invited to try out for the team, but was sent to a minor league team in Hull, Quebec. O'Ree scored 4 goals and 10 assists in his NHL career, all in 1961.

O'Ree faced racial taunts throughout his hockey career, including in the NHL, especially in the United States.

He noted that racist remarks were much worse in the U.S. cities than in Toronto and Montreal, the two Canadian cities hosting NHL teams at the time, and that "Fans would yell, 'Go back to the South' and 'How come you're not picking cotton?' Things like that. It didn't bother me. I just wanted to be a hockey player, and if they couldn't accept that fact, that was their problem, not mine."

In the minor leagues, O'Ree won two scoring titles in the Western Hockey League (WHL) between 1961 and 1974, scoring 30 or more goals 4 times, with a high of 38 in 1964–65 and 1968–69. O'Ree played 50 games for the American Hockey League's New Haven Nighthawks in 1972–73. Most of O'Ree's playing time was with the WHL's Los Angeles Blades and San Diego Gulls. The latter team retired his number, which now hangs from the rafters at Pechanga Arena, formerly known as the San Diego Sports Arena. O'Ree continued to play in the minors until the age of 43.

Impact on hockey
After O'Ree's stint in the NHL, there were no other black players in the NHL until another Canadian player, Mike Marson, was drafted by the Washington Capitals in 1974. There were 23 black players in the NHL as of the mid-2010s. Art Dorrington was the first black player to sign an NHL contract, in 1950 with the New York Rangers organisation, but never played beyond the minor league level. NHL players are now required to enroll in a preseason diversity training seminar, and racially based verbal abuse is punished through suspensions and fines. O'Ree is sometimes referred to as the "Jackie Robinson of hockey" for breaking the colour barrier in hockey.

Since 1998, O'Ree has been the NHL's Diversity Ambassador, travelling across North America to schools and hockey programs to promote messages of inclusion, dedication, and confidence.

Starting in the 2017–18 season, the NHL has instituted the annual Willie O'Ree Community Hero Award to recognize "an individual who - through the game of hockey - has positively impacted his or her community, culture or society". It is awarded through public voting.

Honours
O'Ree was inducted into the New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame in 1984. In 1998, O'Ree was working at the Hotel Del Coronado in San Diego, California when the National Hockey League approached him to be the director of youth development for its diversity task force. The NHL/USA Hockey Diversity Task Force is a non-profit program for minority youth that encourages them to learn and play hockey. As of the mid-2000s, O'Ree lives in Berkeley, California. O'Ree and Kevin Weekes appeared in the Everybody Hates Chris episode "Everybody Hates Gretzky" in 2008.

On the afternoon of January 19, 2008, the Bruins and NHL deputy commissioner Bill Daly honoured O'Ree at TD Garden in Boston to mark the 50th anniversary of his NHL debut. In addition, The Sports Museum of New England located in the TD Garden, established a special exhibit on O'Ree's career, comprising many items on loan from his personal collection. Those in attendance included a busload of friends from O'Ree's hometown of Fredericton. Two days earlier, the City of Fredericton honoured him by naming a new sports complex on the North side after him. Around the time of the 60th anniversary of O'Ree's contribution to ice hockey in early 2008, he was once again honoured by the Bruins and the NHL, with a new street hockey rink in Boston named in his honour, one of many accolades with which the Bruins and NHL legend are involved. On January 27, 2008, the NHL also honoured O'Ree during the 56th National Hockey League All-Star Game in Atlanta, Georgia. On February 5, 2008, ESPN did a special on him in honour of Black History Month. On October 29, 2008, San Diego State University presented O'Ree with an Award for Outstanding Commitment to Diversity and Cross Cultural Understanding. In 2008, O'Ree was also inducted by the San Diego Hall of Champions into the Breitbard Hall of Fame honouring San Diego's finest athletes both on and off the playing surface.

The same year, O'Ree received the Order of Canada, the highest civilian award for a Canadian citizen. He was honoured as a pioneer of hockey and dedicated youth mentor in Canada along with the U.S. On June 28, 2011, The Sports Museum at TD Garden in Boston honoured O'Ree with the Hockey Legacy Award at the 10th Annual "The Tradition." Other honourees that evening included Larry Bird, Mike Lowell, and Ty Law. The Buffalo Sabres hosted a Willie O'Ree skills weekend in March 2012. His jersey was retired by the San Diego Gulls on October 16, 2015.

As the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals were about to start, the San Jose Sharks' Barbadian Canadian star right winger Joel Ward was preparing to play against the Pittsburgh Penguins, and told ESPN that O'Ree was one of his inspirations to play pro hockey, and should have his player number 22 retired by the NHL league-wide, just as Jackie Robinson, the first player of color in Major League Baseball has been honoured. Ward himself honoured Robinson's legacy through his last season in NHL play by wearing jersey number 42 in NHL play; Robinson's own player number 42 has been retired league-wide in pro baseball.

On November 3, 2017, O'Ree was honoured with a banner by the Springfield Thunderbirds during a pregame ceremony to commemorate his time with the Springfield Indians.

A more personal honour for O'Ree was arranged by John Grzelcyk, father of current Bruins defenseman Matt Grzelcyk. A long-time member of the Boston Garden and TD Garden "bull-gang" team of arena personnel that assists with "changeovers" for different events at each facility, the senior Grzelcyk had saved an original number 22 Bruins uniform jersey worn by O'Ree from the 1960–61 Boston Bruins season, when O'Ree last played in the NHL as a Bruin. Both Grzelcyks personally presented the jersey to O'Ree, to honour him for his time with the Bruins and the NHL. At about the same time as O'Ree received his vintage Bruins game-sweater, it became known that Madison Bowey, a then-Washington Capitals rookie of bi-racial ethnicity, had been taught by his Black Canadian father about O'Ree's importance in NHL history, and selected 22 as his number with the Capitals to honour O'Ree's achievement.

On June 26, 2018, it was announced that O'Ree would be inducted as a builder into the Hockey Hall of Fame later that year.

Almost ten months after receiving his original Bruins sweater from the Grzelcyks, on November 1, 2018, O'Ree attended the ceremonial dedication of a street hockey rink named in his honour in the Boston neighbourhood of Allston, as part of the continuing legacy of O'Ree's time with the Bruins.

By early May 2019, following O'Ree's builder honour with the Hockey Hall of Fame the previous year, a bill in the 116th U.S. Congress is authorising the award of the United States Congressional Gold Medal for O'Ree's achievements "in recognition of his contributions and commitment to hockey, inclusion, and recreational opportunity."

O'Ree was named to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame on May 27, 2020, in the Builder category. The formal induction ceremony was postponed to October 3, 2021, due to concerns over COVID-19.

On January 12, 2021, the Boston Bruins announced that they would retire O'Ree's number 22 on February 18. However, the jersey retirement ceremony was moved to January 18, 2022, by the NHL.

In 2021, as a celebration of Black History Month, all NHL players wore a commemorative helmet decal honouring O'Ree from January 16 to February 28.

In 2022, US President Joe Biden signed the Willie O'Ree Congressional Gold Medal act. The bill awarded O'Ree a Congressional Gold Medal, the U.S. Congress' highest honour, for his contributions to "hockey, inclusion and recreational opportunity." O'Ree is the first player in NHL history to receive the honour.

Awards and honours
WHL Second All-Star Team (1969)
New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame (1984)
Lester Patrick Trophy (2003)
Order of New Brunswick (2005)
Willie O'Ree Place (Fredericton arena, dedicated 2008)
Order of Canada (2008)
Breitbard Hall of Fame (2008)
Hockey Hall of Fame (2018)
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (2020–21)
His #22 Jersey was retired by the Boston Bruins on January 18, 2022.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Source:

See also
 List of sports desegregation firsts

References

External links

Congressional gold medal to Willie O'Ree 2022.
 Soul on Ice: The Willie O'Ree Story
 Black Players in the NHL

 Boston Bruins' Behind the B Episode 508 – Willie O'Ree Receives His #22 Jersey LegendsMember.jsp?mem=b201802&type=Builder&page=bio&list=ByName Willie O'Ree's "Builder" biography page at the Hockey Hall of Fame

1935 births
Black Canadian ice hockey players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Hull-Ottawa Canadiens players
Ice hockey people from New Brunswick
New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame inductees
Kingston Frontenacs (EPHL) players
Kitchener Canucks players
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Living people
Los Angeles Blades (WHL) players
Members of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of New Brunswick
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
New Haven Nighthawks players
Quebec Aces (QSHL) players
San Diego Gulls (WHL) players

Willie O'Ree


The Great Council of Chiefs () is a Fijian constitutional body. It previously existed from 1876 to March 2012 and was re-established in May 2023.

In April 2007, the council was suspended, due to an unworkable relationship with Frank Bainimarama, leader of an "interim government" that came to power through military coup in December 2006. It was formally disestablished by decree in March 2012.

It was different from the House of Chiefs, a larger body that includes all hereditary chiefs, although membership of the two bodies overlapped to a considerable extent. The Great Council of Chiefs in its most recent form was established under Section 116 of the now-defunct 1997 Constitution, but it actually predated the Constitution by many years, having been established by the British colonial rulers as an advisory body in 1876, two years after Fiji was ceded to the United Kingdom.

Institutional history

The Council was established in 1876 under the governorship of Sir Arthur Gordon. The decision was taken following consultations with chiefs, who advised Sir Arthur on how best to govern the colony's indigenous population. In the words of anthropologist Robert Norton, it "embodied the privileged relationship of trust and protection established between the Fijians and the British".

During the colonial era, meetings of the Great Council of Chiefs were held every year or two, "with rich ceremonial protocol", and chaired by the British governor. Council members advised the governor with regards to policy on indigenous affairs, and, until 1963, selected indigenous representatives for the colonial Parliament. Among its nominees to Parliament in the 1950s and early 1960s were Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Ratu George Cakobau, Ratu Edward Cakobau and Ratu Penaia Ganilau, who were to ascend to positions of leadership in government. In 1963, this function of the Council was abolished as indigenous Fijians obtained the right to elect their representatives to Parliament.

In the 1950s, the Council ceased to be reserved for chiefs; its "membership [...] was broadened to allow representation of trade unions and other urban organizations". All members remained indigenous, however.

Fiji's first Constitution, adopted upon independence in 1970, gave the Council the right to nominate eight of the twenty-two members of the Senate.

Following the 1987 military coup conducted by Sitiveni Rabuka, the Council reverted to being an exclusively aristocratic body, its membership reserved to high chiefs. Rabuka argued that hereditary chiefs should retain paramount decision-making power.

The 1990 Constitution thus enhanced the Council's power. It was now authorised to appoint 24 of the Senate's 34 members, making the Senate a GCC-dominated body. The Council would also, henceforth, appoint the President of Fiji and the Vice-President.

The 1997 Constitution reduced its representation in the Senate to 14 members (out of 32), but recognised its right to name President and Vice-President.

Recent history of the Council

From the late 1980s onwards, the Great Council of Chiefs was compromised by manipulation from the government. Following the coup of 2000, however, it worked, with mixed success, to regain its independence. In 2001, it dismissed 1987 coup leader and former Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka from the chairmanship, in the midst of allegations about his possible involvement in the coup of 2000. It also cut its former ties with the Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (which it originally sponsored in the early 1990s), and declared its intention to eschew party politics in the future, although individual members of the Council would, of course, remain free to participate in politics as individuals.

In June 2004, the Great Council of Chiefs was plunged into crisis when the government decided not to reappoint Ratu Epeli Ganilau as one of its six representatives on the Great Council; the Cakaudrove Provincial Council did not give him one of their three seats either. These decisions had the effect of prematurely ending Ganilau's term as Chairman of the Council, as its regulations require the chairman to be a member. It is thought that Ganilau's open disagreement with several senior government figures, including Vice-President Ratu Jope Seniloli and Information Minister Simione Kaitani, along with fears that he was undermining the neutrality of the Great Council to use it as a platform from which to advance his own political ambitions, were factors in the Cakaudrove Provincial Council's decision. He was replaced by Ratu Ovini Bokini, who was thought to be more sympathetic to the government. Bokini was re-elected to a full three-year term on 27 July 2005, and Ratu Sakiusa Makutu of Nadroga-Navosa was chosen as his Deputy, succeeding Ro Jone Mataitini, who decided not to seek re-election.

Despite Fiji's membership of the Commonwealth of Nations at that time as a republic, the Great Council recognised Queen Elizabeth II as its traditional Queen or paramount chief.

On 20 April 2005, the Fijian government announced plans to grant greater formal powers to the Great Council. This proposal was immediately opposed by Fiji Labour Party leader Mahendra Chaudhry, who said it would lead to "dual government" in Fiji, and also drew criticism from Ratu Epeli Ganilau. The former Chairman of the Great Council, now the interim president of the National Alliance Party, said that he believed that the powers of the Council were already sufficient.

In a controversial move, the Great Council decided on 28 July 2005 to endorse the government's Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill, which aimed to establish a commission empowered to compensate victims and pardon perpetrators of the 2000 coup. Opponents, including former Great Council chairman Ganilau, said that it was just a legal device to free government supporters who had been convicted and imprisoned on coup-related charges.

Suspension, and projected revival

The Council was suspended in April 2007 by Commodore Frank Bainimarama, author of the December 2006 military coup. It was not, however, abolished. In February 2008, the interim government announced that Bainimarama, as Minister for Indigenous Affairs, was appointing himself chairman of the Council. As chairman, he would appoint all other members, acting on the recommendation of the provincial councils, and would have the authority to discipline, suspend, or dismiss any member.

The interim government asked provinces to submit nominees for the Great Council of Chiefs by 15 July 2008. If certain provinces did not provide nominees, Bainimarama would name GCC members to represent those provinces himself.

On 5 August 2008, it was announced that the Great Council of Chiefs was ready to reconvene. It would be composed of three chiefs from each of the fourteen provinces, and would be chaired by the Minister for Fijian Affairs, who at that time was Commodore Bainimarama.

Disestablishment

On 14 March 2012, Bainimarama announced that President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau had "approved decrees that formally de-establish the Great Council of the Chiefs". He accused the Council of having "become politicised to the detriment of Fiji's pursuit of a common and equal citizenry".

Revival

The 2022 Fijian general election saw Fiji elect a hung parliament. Four parties won seats in the Fijian Parliament: the governing FijiFirst party of then-Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama, the new People's Alliance party of former Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka, the National Federation Party (NFP) of Biman Prasad and the Social Democratic Liberal Party (SODELPA) of Bill Gavoka. While the NFP had already agreed to support the People's Alliance before the election, SODELPA had not given a position prior to the election and was thus made the kingmaker. SODELPA subsequently joined the People's Alliance-NFP coalition under certain conditions, one of which was bringing back the Great Council of Chiefs. These conditions were agreed upon.

In April 2023, President Wiliame Katonivere confirmed that the Council would return and hold its first meeting in May 2023.

Historical composition of the Council

The Great Council had most recently consisted of 55 members, mainly hereditary chiefs along with some specially qualified commoners. The composition was as follows:

 The President of Fiji (ex officio)
 The Vice-President of Fiji (ex officio)
 The Prime Minister of Fiji (ex officio)
 6 members appointed by the President, on the advice of the Minister for Fijian Affairs
 42 provincial councillors (3 chosen by each of Fiji's 14 provincial councils)
 3 representatives of the Council of Rotuma
 1 life member (Sitiveni Rabuka)

These arrangements came into being on 9 June 1990. Previously, 22 parliamentarians holding seats allocated to indigenous Fijians held membership ex officio in the Great Council of Chiefs, along with 2 or 3 representatives from each of the 14 provincial councils. In addition, there were 8 chiefs and 7 commoners chosen by the Minister for Fijian Affairs. Following two military coups in 1987, the Council decided to abolish the right of elected parliamentarians to hold ex officio council membership, and to reduce the number of government appointees.

Except for the life member, all members served four-year terms.

The Council also recognised Elizabeth II, former Queen of Fiji, as Paramount Chief, but she was not formally a member of the Council.

Constitutional role

In the 2013 Constitution, there has not been any role assigned to the Great Council of Chiefs.

According to the 1997 Constitution, the Great Council of Chiefs had two major powers:
It functioned as an electoral college to elect the president and vice-president of Fiji, for a five-year term. In certain circumstances prescribed by the Constitution, it might remove the president or vice-president from office, in the case of felony, incompetence, negligence, or being unable to carry out their constitutional duties.

It chose 14 of the 32 members of the Senate. (Although senators were ceremonially appointed by the president, his role was a mere formality: the Constitution obligated him to accept and appoint the 14 nominees chosen by the council, as well as 18 senators nominated by other institutions (Prime Minister 9, Leader of the Opposition 8, Council of Rotuma 1). Filling nearly half of the seats in the Senate, the nominees of the Great Council of Chiefs had an effective veto if they voted as a block, as they were almost certain to be joined by enough of the other senators to muster a majority. They did not always vote as a block, however: Fiji's chiefs are a very diverse body. In practice, the Great Council of Chiefs delegated its prerogative of choosing Senators to Fiji's fourteen provincial councils, with each province choosing one senator.

In addition to these constitutionally mandated functions, the Great Council of Chiefs had other roles that might from time to time be prescribed by law. In addition, it was considered almost compulsory for the government to consult and secure the approval of the Council before making major changes to the Constitution, although nothing in the Constitution required it to do so.

References

12. Great Council of Chiefs – A Colonial Legacy Created to Protect The Supremacy of Bau | url= http://fijisun.com.fj/2015/09/29/the-politics-of-fiji-a-way-forward-for-itaukei-people/

External links

 ABC.net.au: events with the Great Council of Chiefs (GCC)

Fijian chiefs
Organisations based in Fiji
Politics of Fiji
Organizations established in 1876
Organizations disestablished in 2012
1876 establishments in Fiji
2012 disestablishments in Fiji
2023 establishments in Fiji

Great Council of Chiefs


Hafiz (ar. حافظ od حفظ sačuvati) je pojma koji muslimani koriste za mušku osobu koja napamet zna čitav Kuran. Hafiz ženskog spola se naziva hafiza. Pri tome hafiz mora biti u stanju da na arapskom jeziku, na kojem je Kuran i objavljen, uči Kuranske sure, pri tome obraćajući posebnu pažnju na pravilan izgovor svih riječi (tedžvid). Isto tako mora biti u stanju da nastavi s učenjem Kurana počevši od bilo koje sure. Za hafize polaznike se kaže da uče hifz. Hafizi imaju i dan danas visok ugled u islamu. Navodno je poznati pjesnik At-Tabari još kao dijete od sedam godina znao cijeli Kuran napamet a uz to je obavljao i dužnosti imama. Prema islamskom učenju hafiz ulazi u Džennet (raj). A time i stiče pravo da se zauzima za svoju rodbinu.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 O hifzu – učenju Kurana napamet

Islam

Hafiz Kurana


Hayato Yano (født 29. oktober 1980) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Tokyo Verdy og Ventforet Kofu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hayato Yano


Sauðafífill (fræðiheiti: Doronicum corsicum) er fjölær jurt af körfublómaætt, einlend á Korsíku.

Hann verður að 120 sm hár og blómstrar í júlí-ágúst. Sjaldgæfur í ræktun hérlendis.

Tilvísanir

Körfublómaætt

Sauðafífill


Anna Katharina Kassautzki (nascida a 25 de dezembro de 1993) é uma política alemã do Partido Social-Democrata.

Carreira política
Nas eleições federais alemãs de 2021 ganhou o eleitorado de Vorpommern-Rügen - Vorpommern-Greifswald I em Mecklemburgo-Pomerânia Ocidental. Isso foi significativo, pois foi a cadeira que Angela Merkel ocupou na União Democrática Cristã nos últimos 30 anos; mesmo antes de Kassautzki ser nascida.

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1993
Políticos da Alemanha

Anna Kassautzki


Der Steinsbüscher Hof ist ein Gehöft in Bad Honnef, einer Stadt im nordrhein-westfälischen Rhein-Sieg-Kreis.

Der Hof liegt nordöstlich von Selhof in Hanglage am Waldrand auf  nahe dem unteren Eingang des Mucher Wiesentals, das von Bad Honnef aus in die südlich an das Siebengebirge anschließenden Berge des Rheinwesterwälder Vulkanrückens hinaufführt. Am Hof führt der Servatiusweg vorbei, der bei Aegidienberg an der Servatiuskapelle endet.

Der Steinsbüscher Hof geht auf ein Haus zurück, das dort 1591 von einem Amtmann des Amtes Löwenburg errichtet wurde. Bereits ab 1594 gehörte es einem Junker Metternich, der bzw. dessen Nachkommen das Haus spätestens bis 1678 zu einem Hof ausgebaut hatten. Zu ihm gehörte ein Weingarten mit einer Fläche von dreieinviertel Morgen. Die damalige Bezeichnung des Hofs bzw. des umliegenden Flurstücks lautete Ahm Steinbusch. 1682 bzw. 1706/1707 war der Hof verpachtet, 1746 gehörte er zu den im Rahmen einer sogenannten "Kellervisitation" im Kirchspiel Honnef aufgesuchten Winzerhöfen. 1751 wurde er in das Unterpfand der Jesuiten gestellt, in deren Besitz der Hof auf diese Weise 1766 überging. Unter der Pächterin Rungen (bis 1837) gehörte zum Hof eine Fläche von 49 Morgen.

Im Zuge der Säkularisation in den rechtsrheinischen Gebieten ab 1803 fiel der Steinsbüscher Hof von den Jesuiten 1815 an den preußischen Staat und wurde 1835 für 1.310 Reichstaler verkauft. 1885 zählte der Wohnplatz Steinsbüscherhof sechs Einwohner in einem Gebäude, bei dem es sich um einen Bruchsteinbau handelte. Bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde er noch als Bauernhof mit Schweinezucht und Milchwirtschaft genutzt, in den 1920er-Jahren endete der zu wirtschaftlichen Zwecken betriebene Obstanbau. Um 1920 kamen am Mucherwiesenweg unterhalb des ursprünglichen Hofes Reitställe hinzu. Seinerzeit gehörte zum Hof auch der nördlich davon auf gleicher Höhe gelegene Sonderbusch. Zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges hin erlitt der Hof im März 1945 schwere Schäden und wurde später als Villa in Formen niederrheinischer Architektur wiederaufgebaut. In den 1990er-Jahren erfolgte eine Restaurierung des Hofes, seit 2006 dient er als Schönheitsklinik.

Literatur
 Adolf Nekum: Der Weinbau in Honnef – Erinnerungen an eine 1.100jährige Geschichte (=Heimat- und Geschichtsverein "Herrschaft Löwenburg" e.V.: Studien zur Heimatgeschichte der Stadt Bad Honnef am Rhein, Heft 10). Bad Honnef 1993, S. 75.
 Adolf Nekum: 400 Jahre Steinsbüscherhof. In: Honnefer Volkszeitung, 13, 16, 17, 20. Juni 1992.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Bad Honnef
Bauwerk in Bad Honnef
Rittergut in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Einzelsiedlung

Steinsbüscher Hof


Dolný Pial este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Levice din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 929 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Dolný Pial este atestată documentar din 1470.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Dolný Pial


Abessinsk toko () er en næsehornsfugl, der lever i Etiopien og nabolande.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Afrikas Horn
Næsehornsfugle

Abessinsk toko


La Universidad de Caen (en francés: Université de Caen Basse-Normandie) es un centro de enseñanza superior situado en la ciudad francesa de Caen, en la Normandía.

Historia

Fue fundada en 1432 por los ingleses, que habían conquistado la ciudad y es, con ello, una de las más antiguas de Francia. Se impartían, en latín clases de derecho, letras y teología.

Durante la Batalla del desembarco de Normandía, en junio de 1944, gran parte de la ciudad fue destruida, y también la universidad, que se reconstruyó en un emplazamiento nuevo y siguiendo el modelo de campus americano, con amplias zonas verdes. Las obras dieron comienzo en 1956. Como símbolo se eligió el ave fénix, cuya estatua está ubicada en la explanada principal.

En 1975 se construyó el hospital universitario (C.H.U.), de gran importancia también como fuente de empleo.

Facultades

La Universidad cuenta hoy en día con unos 25.000 estudiantes, distribuidos en cuatro campus:

 Campus 1: en el centro de la ciudad, con Lenguas Modernas, Geografía, Derecho, Historia, Psicología, Filología Francesa, Filosofía y Economía.
 Campus 2: Deporte, Matemáticas, Química, Física, Ingeniería, IUT.
 Campus 3: IUT Communication d'IFS
 Campus 4 (cerca de CHU): Economía.

Dentro del hospital universitario se encuentra la Facultad de Medicina y cerca también la Escuela de Enfermería y la Facultad de Farmacia.

Tiene subsedes en Cherbourg, St.Lo (IUFM), Vire, Alencon y Lisieux.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Página web de la Universidad

Universidad de Caen


El XXVIII Campeonato Mundial de Tiro se celebró en Lvov (Polonia, en esa época) en el año 1931 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Tiro Deportivo (ISSF) y la Federación Polaca de Tiro Deportivo.

Resultados

Masculino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados oficiales en el banco de datos de la ISSF (en inglés)

Campeonatos mundiales de tiro deportivo

Campeonato Mundial de Tiro de 1931


Thoracolumbare fascie (lumbodorsal fascie eller thoracodorsale fascie) er en dyb omringende membran gennem det meste af den posteriore thorax og abdomen, selvom det er en tynd fiberrig membran i den thorakale region. Over er den kontinuerlig, med et lignende omringende lag på bagsiden af nakken - nakkefascien.

Struktur
Fascien består af tre blade:

 Et dorsalt blad, der tilhæfter sig til rygsøjlens torntapper og dækker bagsiden af musculus erector spinae.
 Et ventralt blad, der tilhæfter sig rygsøjlens tværtapper og ligamenta intertransversaria og dækker forsiden af erector spinae.
 Alternativt kan fascien der dækker den anteriore side af musculus quadratum lumborum betrægtes som del af fascien. Den udspringer fra den laterale kant af musculus psoas major. I dette tilfælde betegnes denne det anterior blad, og det tidligere ventrale blad betragtes det mediale blad.

Det dorsale og det mediale blad danner tilsammen en stærk bindevævsknude, som yderligere danner aponeurose med det anteriore blad. Denne samlede struktur fungerer som tilhæftningspunkt for musculus transversus abdominis.

I bækkenet løber det dorsale og mediale blad fælles langs den laterale kant af bækkenbenet og kryber op af hoftebenskammen. Først ved hoftebenskammen splitter de to blade sig til dorsale og mediale blade. Det mediale blad fortsætter kun til C12, imens det dorsale blad løber op i nakken og overgår til fascia nuchae.

Referencer

Muskelsystemet

Fascia thoracolumbalis


تمارا دي ليمبيكا (Tamara de Lempicka) ، هو لقب تمارا روزاليا كورسكا كورويك (وارسو ، 16 مايو 1898 - 18 مارس 1980) هي رسامة بولندية تنتمي إلى تيار الفن ديكو (Art Deco).

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

رسامون من وارسو
المهاجرون الروس البيض إلى الولايات المتحدة
أشخاص من باريس
أشخاص من بيفرلي هيلز
أشخاص من سانت بطرسبرغ
أشخاص من كويرنافاكا
أشخاص من محافظة وارسو
أشخاص من مدينة نيويورك
أشخاص من هيوستن (تكساس)
بولنديون مغتربون في روسيا
بولنديون مغتربون في سويسرا
بولنديون من أصل يهودي
بولنديون مهاجرون إلى المكسيك
بولنديون مهاجرون إلى فرنسا
خريجو أكاديمية غراند شوميير
رسامات بولنديات
رسامات يهوديات
رسامون بولنديون في القرن 20
رسامون مثليون أمريكيون
رسامون من باريس
رسامون يهود
شخصيات إل جي بي تي من بولندا
شخصيات مثلية القرن 20
فنانات القرن 20
فنانات بولنديات في القرن 20
فنانات تشكيليات
فنانون مثليون من الولايات المتحدة
فنانون مثليون من بولندا
فنانون من وارسو
فنانون يهود
مثليون يهود
مهاجرون بولنديون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى المكسيك
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى الولايات المتحدة
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى سويسرا
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى فرنسا
مواليد 1898
مواليد في وارسو
نبلاء بولنديون
نبلاء بولنديون في القرن 20
نساء ثنائيات الميول الجنسية
وفيات 1980
وفيات في كويرنافاكا
رسامون مثليون بولنديون
أعلام إل جي بي تي بولندية في القرن 20
مهاجرون من كونغرس بولندا إلى الولايات المتحدة

تمارا دي ليمبيكا


سامح حسين (16 ديسمبر 1985 -)، ممثل مصري.

عن حياته

درس في كلية الحقوق والأداب المصرية قسم مسرح، كما تخرج من مركز الأبداع بدار الأوبرا، اشتهر بخفة دمه وقدرته المدهشة على اضحاك الجمهور. بالرغم من أن الفنان سامح حسين قام بالعديد من الادوار الصغيرة في السينما أو على التلفزيون.

قام بأول ظهوره في فيلم «الحكاية دول حكاية» للفنان راغب علامة عام 1999، وقام بدوره في الفيلم «طارق» زميل أحمد.

كانت بدايته الحقيقية في مسلسل السيت كوم المصري راجل وست ستات بتقديمه دور رمزى الشاب الغبي الساذج ابن عم (عادل) (قام بدوره أشرف عبد الباقي)، حيث احبه الجمهور جدا واشتهرت جملته الشهيرة بالمسلسل دووولة حبيبى وأصبح أحد النجوم الأساسين في نجاح المسلسل. وزاد المسلسل من شهرته فقام بالاشتراك في العديد من الافلام وقام بمشاركة البطولة مع أحمد مكي في فيلم إتش دبور.

أعماله

الأفلام
 2001: شرم برم (عسكري)
 2001: رشة جريئة (عسكري)
 2001: جاءنا البيان التالي (سيد البواب)
 2002: شباب على الهوا (صديق)
 2002: صاحب صاحبه (زلطة)
 2003: فيلم هندي (حسن الحلاق)
 2003: عايز حقي (سيحا القهوجي)
 2003: إوعى وشك (محمود عويس أبو كوع)
 2005: أريد خلعا (غفير العمدة الأهبل)
 2006: كلام في الحب (سائق تاكسي)
 2006: لخمة راس (دبشة)
 2006: قصة الحي الشعبي (سيكا)
 2007: كود 36 (عاطف)
 2008: طباخ الريس (بصلة)
 2008: الدادة دودي (عيسوي)
 2008: إتش دبور (كلوشة)
 2012: 30 فبراير (نادر)
 2013: كلبي دليلي (مغاوري)
 2014: جيران السعد (سعد السعد)
 2015: نوم التلات (رجل الشاورما)
 2016: عسل أبيض (علا مرزوق)
 2017: بث مباشر (الضابط فارس)
 2018: الرجل الأخطر (عمر التهامي)
 2019: عيش حياتك (إبراهيم)

المسلسلات
 2000: زيزينيا ج2: الليل والفنار
 2001: البحث عن شمندل
 2002: ديدي ودوللي
 2004: رمال
 2005: من غير ميعاد (ضيف شرف)
 2005: مبروك جالك قلق (سليني)
 2006: راجل وست ستات ج1 (رمزي)
 2007: راجل وست ستات ج2 (رمزي)
 2008: راجل وست ستات ج3 (رمزي)
 2009: راجل وست ستات ج4 (رمزي)
 2009: راجل وست ستات ج5 (رمزي)
 2009: عبودة ماركة مسجلة (عبودة)
 2010: اللص والكتاب (فطين / ميشو)
 2011: الزناتي مجاهد (مجاهد)
 2013: حاميها وحراميها (فطين / ميشو)
 2015: راجل وست ستات ج9 (رمزي)
 2016: راجل وست ستات ج10 (رمزي)
 2017: شاش في قطن (المجرم ح1-2)
 2018: واكلينها والعة (سبع صنايع) ج1 (ضيف شرف)
 2018: سرايا حمدين (حمدين)
 2018: 30 ليلة وليلة (ضيف شرف)
 2020: واكلينها والعة (سبع صنايع) ج2 (الشيف شرنوبي)
 2021: 11 شارع النخيل
 2022: عودة الأب الضال

الرسوم المتحركة
 2008: بسنت ودياسطي ج1 (رفاعي)
 2009: بسنت ودياسطي في بورتو أبو عجوة (رفاعي)
 2009: القبطان عزوز ج1 (القبطان عزوز)
 2010: القبطان عزوز ج2 (القبطان عزوز)
 2011: بسنت ودياسطي ج4 (رفاعي)
 2011: القبطان عزوز ج3 (القبطان عزوز)
 2018: نور وبوابة التاريخ (عبقري)
 2018: الكابتن عزوز ج1 (الكابتن عزوز)
 2019: الكابتن عزوز ج2 (الكابتن عزوز)

المسرحيات
 2001: حلو وكداب
 2014: لما كنت مراهق
 2014: قتيل في بيتي
 2014: أقفش متحرش
 2015: أنا الرئيس
 2015: الباقية في حماتك
 2018: مقص حرامية
 2018: عربي منظرة
 2018: المضروب
 2019: يا تصيب يا تخيب
 2019: ليلة زفاف المرحوم
 2019: المتفائل
 2022: حلم جميل

المسلسلات الإذاعية
 2008: السندباد عماد
 2009: الزناتي مجاهد
 2012: اتنين على مافيش
 2018: أنا والفلوس وهواك

الجوائز
 جائزة أحسن ممثل صاعد في مهرجان القاهرة للإعلام العربي عن مسلسل راجل وست ستات عام 2008
 جائزة الدير جيست أحسن ممثل كوميدى تلفزيونى عن مسلسل عبودة ماركة مسجلة عام 2009
 جائزة ART أحسن ممثل كوميدي عن مسلسل عبودة ماركة مسجلة عام 2009
 جائزة الدير جيست احسن ممثل كوميدى تلفزيونى عن مسلسل اللص والكتاب عام 2010
 الجائزة الذهبية لمسلسل اللص والكتاب كأحسن مسلسل اجتماعى في مهرجان الاعلام العربي بالأردن عام 2010

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلو أفلام مصريون
ممثلو تلفزيون مصريون
ممثلو مسرح مصريون
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 21
مواليد 1394 هـ
مواليد 1395 هـ
مواليد 1975

سامح حسين


Ludwig Anton von Wechmar (* 20. Juli 1712 auf Gut Wenigenschweina in Sachsen-Meiningen; † 29. August 1787 auf Gut Zedlitz im Kreis Steinau) war ein königlich preußischer Oberst und Chef des Husaren-Regiments von Wechmar, zudem war er Ritter des Pour le Mérite sowie Erbherr auf Zedlitz, Wenigenschweinera, Rossdorf und Vorwerk-Leipe in Schlesien.

Leben
Seine Eltern waren der Oberamtmann von Salzungen Konrad Reinhold von Wechmar (1670–1724) und Beate Maria von Auerochs (1684–1746). Schon im Alter von 14 Jahren kam er in das Hessen-Kasselsche Dragonerregiment von Auerochs, das sein Onkel Georg Friedrich von Auerochs (* 23. September 1657; † 31. Oktober  1731) befehligte. Es war in Schmalkalden stationiert. 1732 ging er zum kursächsischen Kürassier-Regiment von Krüger und kämpfte am Rhein und in Polen.

1740 wechselte er als Rittmeister des Husaren-Regiments Nr. 1 in preußische Dienste. In der Schlacht bei Chotusitz wurde er verletzt, erhielt aber den Orden Pour le Merite und wurde Major. Seitdem musste er aber den Arm in einer Schlinge tragen. Auch im Gefecht von Jaromitz konnte er sich auszeichnen. Im August 1746 wurde er zum Oberst ernannt und erhielt ein Husaren-Regiment, welches später das Husaren-Regiment "von Schill" (1. Schlesisches) Nr. 4 wurde. Das Regiment befand sich aber in einem schlechten Zustand, so dass er den König um eine Frist von vier Jahren bis zur Ersten Musterung bat. Diese wurde ihm gewährt, als der König nach vier Jahren zur Musterung kam, zeigte sich dieser sehr zufrieden.

Als der Siebenjährige Krieg ausbrach war auch Wechmar zunächst beteiligt. So kämpfte er am 22. September 1756 bei Königgrätz gegen die Österreicher. Im Februar 1757 bat er wegen seines schlechten Gesundheitszustands um seine Entlassung, die ihm auch gewährt wurde. Er zog sich auf seine Güter zurück, wo er 1787 verstarb.

Familie
Er war seit 1739 mit Auguste von Witzleben (1720–1783) aus dem Haus Wolmirstedt verheiratet. Sie war die Tochter von Hartmann Ludwig von Witzleben (1676–1735) und Franziska Katharina Florentina von Geiso. Nach ihrem Tod heiratete er ihre Schwester Sophie von Witzleben (1722–1797). Er hatte zahlreiche Kinder.
 Friedrich Albert (Albrecht) (* 12. Januar 1746; † 7. Januar 1813), Geheimrat und Kammerpräsident in Waldeck, preußischer Kammerherr ⚭ Ernestine Amalie von Wechmar (* 24. April 1746; † 11. Februar 1817), Tochter von Georg Albrecht von Wechmar
 Hans Karl (* 5. November 1748; †  4. März 1804), Schlesische Linie Teschnitz
 ⚭ 1780 Christiane Luise von Baumgarten (* 12. September 1752; † 21. September 1796)
 ⚭ 1797 Charlotte von Johnston (* 6. Januar 1768; † 18. September 1827), aus dem Haus Ziebendorf
 Karl August Wilhelm (1745–1819)
 ⚭ Wilhelmine von Bibra († 1798)
 ⚭ 1799 Frederike von Steuben (* 20. Dezember 1780; † 21. Juni 1859), Tochter von Christoph Erdmann von Steuben
 Gottlob Rudolph (* 9. November 1760; † 19. März 1828) ⚭ 1789 Charlotte von Schlieben
 Wolfgang Gustav  (* 27. Januar 1753; † 31. Mai 1821), (erbt Zedlitz) ⚭ Charlotte Ernestine Henriette Nickisch von Rosenegk (* 16. Februar 1769; † 5. September 1839)

Literatur
 Friedrich Cast: Historisches und genealogisches Adelsbuch des Grossherzogthums Baden; nach officiellen, von den Behörden erhaltenen, und andern authentischen Quellen bearbeitet. 1845, S. 356, Digitalisat
 Ernst Heinrich Kneschke: Neues allgemeines deutsches Adels-Lexicon. Band 9, 1870, S. 495, Digitalisat

 Johann Gottfried Biedermann: Geschlechtsregister Der Reichsfrey unmittelbaren Ritterschaft Landes zu Franken Löblichen Orts Rhön und Werra. 1749, S. 350ff, Stammtafeln

Einzelnachweise

Regimentsinhaber der Frühen Neuzeit
Person in den Schlesischen Kriegen (Preußen)
Person im Siebenjährigen Krieg (Preußen)
Militärperson der Frühen Neuzeit (Brandenburg-Preußen)
Träger des Pour le Mérite (Militärorden)
Geboren 1712
Gestorben 1787
Mann

Ludwig Anton von Wechmar


Dschamsrangiin Sambuu (; * 27. Juni 1895 in Büren Sum, Zentralaimag; † 21. Mai 1972 in Ulan Bator) war ein mongolischer Politiker und Diplomat. Er war von 1954 bis zu seinem Tode Staatspräsident der Mongolischen Volksrepublik.

Leben
Sambuu wurde als Sohn eines Hirten und Viehzüchters (, arat) geboren. Mit 16 Jahren war er Schreiber bei der Gemeinde- bzw. Aimag-Verwaltung. 1922 trat er der Mongolischen Revolutionären Volkspartei (MRVP) bei.

Von 1922 bis 1930 war er Mitarbeiter im Finanzministerium der Mongolischen Volksrepublik. Von 1930 bis 1936 war er in der Verwaltung und für die Partei in verschiedenen Aimags tätig, unter anderem im Archangai-Aimag und in den Zentral- und Süd-Gobi-Aimags, in denen Sambuu Mitglied der Zentral-Exekutivkomitees war. 1936 leitete er eine Abteilung im Ministerium für Viehzucht und Ackerbau.

Von 1937 bis 1946 war Sambuu Gesandter der Mongolischen Volksrepublik in Moskau, von 1946 bis 1950 Abteilungsleiter im Außenministerium der Mongolischen Volksrepublik, von 1950 bis 1952 Botschafter in Pjöngjang (Koreanische Demokratische Volksrepublik) und von 1952 bis 1954 stellvertretender Außenminister sowie 1953/1954 stellvertretender Vorsitzender der Gesellschaft für Mongolisch-Sowjetische Freundschaft.

1951 wurde Sambuu in den Großen Volks-Chural und am 7. Juli 1954 zum Vorsitzenden des Präsidiums des Großen Volks-Churals (= Staatspräsident) gewählt.

Seit 1954 war Sambuu auch Mitglied des ZK und Mitglied des Politbüros des ZK der MRVP.

Auszeichnungen und Ehrungen
 Held der Arbeit der Mongolischen Volksrepublik (1965)
 Internationaler Lenin-Friedenspreis für die Festigung des Friedens zwischen den Völkern (1966)
 Süchbaatar-Orden (viermal)
 Leninorden

In Ulan-Bator wurde ein Denkmal zu Ehren Sambuus errichtet.

Literatur
 Robert Arthur Rupen: Mongols of the twentieth century. Band 1. Indiana University, Bloomington 1964, S. 324 und 401.
 Eintrag: Самбу, Жамсарангийн. In: Советская историческая энциклопедия (1961–1976; russisch).

 Herdsman to Statesman. The Autobiography of Jamsrangiin Sambuu of Mongolia. Introduced and edited by Morris Rossabi. Translated by Mary Rossabi. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham/Maryland 2010 (englisch).

Weblinks

Präsident (Mongolei)
Stellvertretender Außenminister
Mongolischer Botschafter in Russland
Mongolischer Botschafter in Nordkorea
Träger des Leninordens
Träger des Polarsternordens
Träger des Ordens des Roten Banners der Arbeit
Träger des Ordens des Roten Banners der Arbeit (Volksrepublik Mongolei)
Träger des Ordens der Oktoberrevolution
Träger des Süchbaatarordens
Träger des Internationalen Lenin-Friedenspreises
Mongole
Geboren 1895
Gestorben 1972
Mann

Dschamsrangiin Sambuu


The Acura MDX is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV with three-row seating produced by the Japanese automaker Honda under its luxury Acura division since 2000. The alphanumeric moniker stands for "Multi-Dimensional" luxury. It has ranked as the second-best selling mid-size luxury SUV after the Lexus RX in the U.S.

The MDX is the first luxury crossover SUV to have standard third-row seating, and shares its platform with the Honda Pilot. The Pilot was made available with an eight person seating configuration, while the MDX exclusively seats seven, with two seating positions in the third row. The MDX was introduced on October 5, 2000 as a 2001 model, replacing the slow-selling U.S.-only body-on-frame SLX, based on the Isuzu Trooper. In Japan, it was made to replace the Honda Horizon (also based on the Trooper) which was discontinued in 1999. In 2003, the vehicle went on sale in Japan and Australia as the Honda MDX; sales with Honda badges ended with the introduction of the second generation three years later.

First generation (YD1; 2001)

Derived from Honda's Global mid-size platform which underpins cars like the Honda Accord, Acura TL, TSX and Odyssey, it is powered by a J35A3 3.5 L SOHC 24 valve V6 engine with VTEC. Curb weight is , with a  wheelbase and  of ground clearance. The cargo floor can flip up to provide two additional seats. The vehicle is designed to hold 7 passengers, but the third row seats are small and only seat two, in contrast to the Odyssey and Pilot whose third row holds three passengers.

The vehicle features an automatic four wheel drive system (named VTM-4) that engages during off the line acceleration as well as when wheel slippage is detected. Additionally, the system offers a lock mode which can be activated and operated at low speeds and provides permanent 4WD and the equivalent of a locked rear differential; designed for climbing steep hills and getting out of stuck situations. To reduce drivetrain noise and increase fuel efficiency, the system runs as front wheel drive during normal cruising. The VTM-4 AWD system in the MDX has the same design as the VTM-4 systems found in the Honda Pilot and Honda Ridgeline. It is different than Honda's "RealTime AWD" system in the Honda CR-V and other models in that it can lock and it attempts to predict when traction will be lost and apply power to all four wheels before slippage occurs (by monitoring throttle inputs).

The navigation system and DVD entertainment system (also popular on other Honda/Acura models, such as the CR-V and Odyssey) options were mutually exclusive in the 2002 model. Both could be ordered at the same time since the 2003 model. The navigation option comes with a backup camera since the 2003 model. Since 2005, the navigation system featured information from Zagat about restaurants and other points of interest. The 2003 model was rated as Ultra Low Emission Vehicle. The United States Environmental Protection Agency estimates  highway and  city.

The first two model years' 3.5-liter V6 engine produces  and  of torque from 3000 to 5000 rpm. For the 2003 model, the engine was improved to produce 20 hp (15 kW) more power than the earlier models, and the wheel designs were updated. The 2004 through 2006 engine received a modest increase in power and produces  and . The 2004 model is credited with a top speed of 137 mph, and a 0-60 time of 7.1 seconds. The 2004 model features dual tail pipes instead of the single pipe in earlier models, side curtain airbags, new head lights and tail lights, and new wheels. Some chrome trimmings on the 2004 model use matte finish to distinguish from the polished shiny finish on earlier models. Little changed for the MDX during the 2006 model year with a few minor revisions to the vehicle's chrome and faux wood interior trim which could now be had with a dark grey wood (as opposed to reddish wood on earlier models), and also a black dash and steering wheel in tan interiors.

Second generation (YD2; 2007)

On April 11, 2006, Acura unveiled the 2007 Acura MD-X Concept during the New York International Auto Show, showing to the public an indication about the exterior styling of the upcoming completely redesigned MDX. The second-generation MDX was released on October 17, 2006 in the U.S.

The second generation model's body has a wider track and longer wheelbase than the previous MDX, but visibility to the rear has worsened from the prior generation. The redesigned Acura MDX's unit-body was engineered with Honda's Advanced Compatibility Engineering (ACE) body structure designed to absorb energy from a collision. The suspension was tuned at Germany's Nürburgring race track. The engine was upgraded to a 3.7-liter (3664 cc) V6 tuned for  at 6,000 rpm and  of torque at 5,000 rpm. It accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 6.5 seconds and is estimated by the EPA to consume  in the city and  on the highway. It is one of the most powerful engines Honda has produced to date. The "VTM-4" all-wheel drive system on the previous generation was replaced by the new SH-AWD "Super Handling All-Wheel Drive" previously debuted on the 2005 Acura RL. This AWD system is one of the most advanced in its class, featuring an active rear differential often found on high performance cars. The MDX is able to tow .

Like many Acura models, the MDX comes with a power sunroof, leather interior, and high-intensity discharge (Xenon) low-beam headlights. For the 2007 through 2009 model years, three option packages were available: Sport, Technology and Entertainment.
 The Technology Package includes the Acura/Alpine DVD-based satellite GPS navigation system with AcuraLink satellite communications with real-time traffic reporting (XM NavTraffic), a 410-watt Acura/ELS DTS Surround audio system with XM Satellite Radio, backup camera, and a remote powered liftgate, operated either from the key's remote, inside the car or directly from the lift gate.
 The Sport Package featured active suspension dampers (co-developed by Honda and Beijing West Industries) that dynamically improves handling according to road conditions with a button in the center stack to switch to Sport/Comfort modes. This Comfort/Sport mode uses magneto rheological dampers, which change their characteristics when a magnetic field is introduced (usually in milliseconds). The Sport package also includes unique 5-spoke aluminum-alloy wheels, perforated leather seats and the items in the Technology package.
 The Entertainment Package offers a flip-down  LCD screen with 2 wireless Dolby Digital headphones, second-row heated outboard seats, and a unique center-stack silver trim. The Entertainment Package is only available on Sport or Technology Package models as compared to the 1st Generation MDX where the Entertainment Package was available as a standalone package on Touring Models.

All Canadian Acura MDX models, aside from the heated front seats, also get the second-row heated outboard seats as standard equipment as well. A feature unique to Canadian MDX models are headlight washers. In terms of packages, Canadian MDX models get only two: Technology and Elite. The Technology package corresponds essentially to the US model's Technology package while the Elite package is an amalgamation of the US model's Sport and Entertainment packages. However, AcuraLink real-time traffic reporting through XM NavTraffic is unavailable for Canadian MDX models.

Like the first generation model, the new generation is manufactured exclusively by Honda of Canada Manufacturing Ltd. in Alliston, Ontario, Canada. But along with the 2007 RDX, the new MDX was the first Acura model to pass the Acura Quality Line, a special quality control and verification process separate from the other Honda vehicles.

The 2009 MDX had added more upgrades to the navigation system and there are two new colors added. The power tailgate, previously available only with the Entertainment package, is now included with Technology and Sport packages.

In 2010, the MDX received a facelift adopting to Acura's new "Power Plenum" grille that debuted on its 2009 model year sedans. The most important upgrades to the 2010 model where a new paddle shift six-speed SportShift automatic transmission with downshift Rev-matching, and an increase in compression ratio to 11.2:1 with forged aluminum pistons to replace the previous 2007–2009 3.7L's 11.0:1 pistons. Structural rigidity was improved for the 2010 model year. An Advance Package became available that included Adaptive Cruise Control, blind spot monitor, Active Damper suspension, collision mitigation braking system, wider 7-spoked 19 inch wheels and tires, Premium Milano leather ventilated seats and auto leveling headlights. Non-navigation equipped MDX models now have a backup camera monitor located in the rear-view mirror.

The redesigned MDX overtook the TL as Acura's top seller in the United States.

Third generation (YD3/4; 2014)

The 2014 MDX Prototype was unveiled at the 2013 North American International Auto Show, the production version was revealed at the New York Auto Show. Production began on May 2, 2013; vehicle assembly shifted from Ontario, Canada to Lincoln, Alabama. US sales began on June 20.

The MDX is powered by a 3.5-liter direct injected Earth Dreams V6 with Variable Cylinder Management. A front-wheel drive (FWD) model is available for the first time, in Canada all-wheel drive remains the only configuration offered. EPA-estimated fuel economy is improved with all-wheel drive (SH-AWD) models rated at // (city/highway/combined) and FWD models rated at // (city/highway/combined).

The headlights are Acura's Jewel Eye LED Headlights (first introduced on the RLX).  Each headlamp uses five separate LED sources with three used for low-beam lighting and two for high-beam lighting. LED bumper mounted fog lamps are offered as a dealer installed option.

The interior reduced button clutter by adding a 7-inch touchscreen with haptic feedback, an additional 8-inch screen is also standard. To reduce interior noise an acoustic (PVB layered) windshield, acoustic front door glass and thicker rear glass are used as well as triple sealed door openings. Advance package models include further noise reduction using a thicker carpet base layer and front fender liners. The seating H-point has been reduced.

According to Acura the exterior is more aerodynamic reducing drag by 16% with the new model lapping Nürburgring 8 seconds faster than its predecessor. The steering gear ratio is 9% quicker for a more sporty feel. The MDX rides lower, which reduces its center of gravity. To reduce unsprung mass, the front suspension lower control arms are made from forged aluminum. Structure rigidity is improved and weight reduced through increased use of high-strength steel. Overall, 64% of the total vehicle body mass is high strength steel (HSS), aluminum and magnesium. HSS makes up 59% of vehicle body mass; 1,500 MPa yield strength steel makes up 7%. A single ring-like hot stamped HSS outer door ring component reinforces the A-pillar, roof rail, B-pillar, and lower floor rail encircling the front doors for improved crash protection. Acura states that after conducting a simulated IIHS 25% small offset frontal crash test the front doors will open with normal force.

The updated Adaptive Cruise Control adds low-speed stop-and-go functionality. In terms of safety the MDX adds a standard driver's knee airbag, optional Lane Keeping Assist System and Collision Mitigation Braking System.

1 vehicle structure rated "Good"
2 strength-to-weight ratio: 5.87

MY 2016
Acura swapped the Honda 6-speed automatic transmission for a ZF 9-speed automatic and changed the SH-AWD system for 2016. The revised SH-AWD system uses a hydraulically-controlled clutch and is similar to system found in the TLX.

MY 2017 facelift (YD4)

A refreshed for 2017 model year MDX went on sale in June 2016, and features a diamond pentagon front grille which debuted on the Acura Precision Concept, redesigned LED headlamps with automatic high beams, LED DRL light pipes and LED amber light pipe turn signals. Restyled LED fog lamps are optional from the factory. MDX models will come standard with AcuraWatch which includes forward collision warning (with automatic emergency braking), lane departure warning (with lane keep assist) and Adaptive Cruise Control. A 360-degree surround view camera is optional. To reduce body mass the front fenders switched from steel to an aluminum panel.

Hybrid
A 3.0-liter V6, 7-speed dual-clutch, 1.3 kWh lithium-ion battery hybrid called the MDX Sport Hybrid was added to the lineup. The front wheels are powered by the engine and a single electric motor while the rear wheels are powered by twin electric motors (tri-motor). The hybrid was only available in all-wheel drive. Acura's Active Damper System is standard. Sales began in April 2017.

MY 2019
For 2019, the Active Damper System is available for non-hybrids, the front seats feature 4-way power lumbar. During the 2018 New York International Auto Show, alongside the debut of the third generation RDX, Acura announced the introduction of the A-Spec appearance package. The exterior features black and dark chrome accents, replacing all the chrome and rides on 20" grey aluminum wheels. The bumpers are redesigned to give the A-Spec a more sharp and aggressive design. Red leather seats with black alcantara inserts is now an option for the A-Spec package. Other changes for the A-Spec trim are new gauges, carbon fiber trim, sport pedals, and thicker steering wheel with paddle shifters.

Powertrain

Marketing
As part of 2014 Acura MDX launch in the United States, a campaign called 'The Extremely New MDX - Made for Mankind' was produced. The campaign highlights the complete technical transformation of the MDX and centers around the idea of "Made for Mankind," a concept designed to highlight the unique engineering and design philosophy at the heart of all Acura vehicles - the synergy between man and machine. The campaign was developed by Mullen (Boston and LA) and with MediaVest. Also, a series of 8 comedic commercials were created with comedian Jerry Seinfeld and director Barry Sonnenfeld. In addition, Acura became an exclusive sponsor of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee.

Fourth generation (YD8/9/YE1; 2022)

Skipping the 2021 model year, the fourth-generation MDX was revealed as a prototype on October 14, 2020, virtually revealed on December 8, went into bulk production on January 12, 2021 for the 2022 model year, and went on sale on February 2, with the Type-S trim released on December 23. Acura claims the MDX is their flagship model following the discontinuation of the RLX in June 2020.

The exterior includes the standard panoramic sunroof, either 19 or 20-inch alloy rims, a tailgate similar to the 2019 RDX, headlights and taillights similar to the current TLX, a differently styled grille emblem, nine exterior and seven interior colors. For the Type-S trim, a yellow color, called Tiger Eye will also be available. The improved interior includes a 12.3-inch infotainment system and the Acura's first 12-inch digital full TFT instrument cluster, touch pad, 16-way power front seats with 3-memory positions, removable center second row seat, a removable double sided trunk floor with carpet and plastic, and more legroom and headroom compared to the third generation MDX. The MDX also features an optional audio system with 16-speakers including four roof-mounted speakers and a foot sensor for Hands Free Access power tailgate release and closure when the key fob is nearby. A redesigned key fob that is shaped like a convex irregular polygon is included.

Powertrains are improved, with the existing 3.5-liter V6 paired with a 10-speed transmission available for four trims; base, technology package, A-Spec, and advance package. While the all-wheel-drive (AWD) is optional on the base and technology trims, it is standard on A-Spec and advance trims. The Type-S trim model will get a 3.0-liter turbocharged V6 and front brakes with four-piston Brembo calipers as standard. All-wheel-drive will also be standard for the Type-S.

In the front, a double wishbone suspension with forged aluminum lower control arms, damper forks, and steering knuckles makes its way into the MDX along with more rigid cast-aluminum shock towers, larger front brake rotors and wider alloy wheels. Plastic wheel well liners are replaced with fabric material and a repositioned air intake for easier access to both battery terminals. High-strength steel (HSS), press-hardened steel and aluminum make up 69.7% of vehicle body mass. The rear body is more rigid with suspension load paths passing into the C and D-pillars, allowing for towing capabilities. Standard towing capacity is  while it can be increased to  when the transmission cooler is added. The cooler kit is available as an accessory for the AWD models.

Awards
 North American Car of the Year Utility Finalist for 2019.
 Car and Driver magazine's Best Luxury SUV in 2001.
 Motor Trend magazine's SUV of the Year Contender in 2017.
 The MDX also won the IIHS Top Safety Pick award for the 2018 model year.
 The 2019 Acura MDX ranked #6 Luxury Midsize SUV by U.S. News & World Report as of 2019.
The MDX was ranked 7th for the SUV vehicle owners keep for the longest time according to a 2019 iSeeCars study.

Sales figures

References

External links

 MDX Official website

MDX
Cars introduced in 2000
2010s cars
2020s cars
Mid-size crossover sport utility vehicles
Luxury crossover sport utility vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Flagship vehicles

Acura MDX


الكونت بر براهي (بالسويدية Per Brahe، وبالفنلندية Pietari Brahe؛ 18 فبراير 1602 - 2 سبتمبر، 1680) جندي ورجل دولة سويدي. كان مستشار خاص للملك من سنة 1630 واللورد السامي ستيوارد من عام 1640.

ولد براهي في جزيرة ريدبوهولم (تتبع الآن بلدية أوستيراكر) في أوبلاند. حفيد بر براهي (الأكبر) (1520-1590)، أحد مستشاري الملك غوستاف الأول الخاصين، جعله الملك إريك الرابع عشر كونتاً على فيسينغسبورغ، عـُرف أيضاً كمستكمل لكتاب بيدير سفارت حول غوستافوس، ومؤلف كتاب أويكونوميكا في سنة 1585 وهو دليل للنبلاء الصغار. بعد انهاء براهي لتعليمه مسافراً لعدة سنوات بالخارج، أصبح تشامبرلين في عام 1626 للملك غوستاف أدولف، الذي حصل على صداقته الدائمة.

قاتل بامتياز في بروسيا خلال السنوات الثلاث الأخيرة من الحرب البولندية (1626-1629) وأيضا، كعقيد في فوج الخيول في عام 1630 في ألمانيا. بعد وفاة غوستافوس أدولفوس في 1632 اخرط بالنشاط السياسي. انتخب رئيسا رغستاغ في 1629، وفي العام التالي تم إنشاء مجلس الملكة الخاص. في عام 1635 التي أدار بها المفاوضات من أجل التوصل إلى هدنة مع بولندا (معاهدة ستومسدورف).

عين مرتين حاكماً عاماً على فنلندا الأولى بين عامي 1637-1640 والثانية بين 1648-1654، قدم خلالها هذا البلد خدمات لا تقدر بثمن بحكمته وحكمه الرشيد. قام بإصلاحلات إدارية جذرية، وأنشأ نظاماً بريدياً، وأسس عشرة مدن جديدة، حسـّن وتطـوّر التجارة والزراعة، وشجـّع التعليم بشكل كبير جداً. قام في عام 1640 بافتتاح أكاديمية توركو الملكية التي كان مؤسسها وعميدها الأول. لا يزال حتى اليوم تعبير "Kreivin aikaan" الذي يعني حرفياً «وقت الكونت» باللغة الفنلندية يراد بقوله «في الوقت المناسب». تحمل قاعدة تمثاله في توركو نقش يقول: «لقد كان سعيدأ جيداً بالأرض والأرض معي».

بعد وفاة الملك كارل العاشر في عام 1660، وبصفته اللورد السامي ستيوارد، أصبح براهي واحداً من الأوصياء على عرش السويد للمرة الثانية (شغل نفس المنصب أثناء طفولة كريستينا، 1632-1644)، أثناء سنة 1660 الصعبة كان قد تحكم كامل للشؤون الخارجية والداخلية على حد سواء. توفي في 2 سبتمبر، 1680، في مكتبه بوغيسوند القلعة في أوبلاند. كما اجرى والقلاع في فيسينغسبورغ فيسينغسو وبراهيهوس من غرانا قي البر الرئيسى، حيث خلال حياته انه اجرى أكثر من أبهة ملكي.

سميت مدينة راهي الفنلندية نسبة له.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص فنلنديون في القرن 17
حكام فنلندا
سياسيون سويديون في القرن 17
سياسيون فنلنديون
ضباط عسكريون سويديون
عسكريون في القرن 17
مواليد 1602
نبالة سويدية
وفيات 1680
وفيات في السويد

بر براهي


The Nixie, Nixy, Nix, Näcken, Nicor, Nøkk, or Nøkken (; , ; ; Norwegian ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;  or ) are humanoid, and often shapeshifting water spirits in Germanic mythology and folklore.

Under a variety of names, they are common to the stories of all Germanic peoples, although they are perhaps best known from Scandinavian folklore. The related English knucker was generally depicted as a worm or dragon, although more recent versions depict the spirits in other forms. Their sex, bynames, and various transformations vary geographically. The German  and his Scandinavian counterparts were male. The German  was a female river mermaid. Similar creatures are known from other parts of Europe, such as the Melusine in France, the Xana in Asturias (Spain), and the Slavic water spirits (e.g., the Rusalka) in Slavic countries.

Names and etymology

The names are held to derive from Common Germanic  or , derived from PIE  ("to wash"). They are related to Sanskrit , Greek   and  , and Irish  (all meaning to wash or be washed). The form neck appears in English and Swedish ( or , meaning "nude"). The Swedish form is derived from Old Swedish , which corresponds to Old Icelandic  ( ), and  in Norwegian Nynorsk. In Finnish, the word is . In Old Danish, the form was  and in modern Danish and Norwegian Bokmål it is /. The Icelandic and Faroese  are horselike creatures. In Middle Low German, it was called  and in Middle Dutch  (compare also  or  plus ). The Old High German form  also meant "crocodile", while the Old English  could mean both a "water monster" like those encountered by Beowulf, and a "hippopotamus". The Norwegian  and Swedish  are related figures sometimes seen as by-names for the same creature. The southern Scandinavian version can take on the form of a horse named  ("the brook horse"), similar to other water horses such as the Scottish kelpie and the Welsh .

England
English folklore contains many creatures with similar characteristics to the Nix or . These include Jenny Greenteeth, the Shellycoat, the river-hag Peg Powler, the -like Brag, and the Grindylow.

At Lyminster, near Arundel in the English county of West Sussex, there are today said to dwell "water-wyrms" called knuckers, in a pool called the Knucker-hole. The Victorian authority Walter William Skeat had plausibly suggested the pool's name of knucker (a name attested from 1835, Horsfield) was likely derived from the Old English , a creature-name found in Beowulf. Yet the waters at the pool were badly muddied by a local antiquarian named Samuel Evershed, who from 1866 tried assiduously to connect the pool with dragons and thus with the tale of St. George and the Dragon. Any authentic water-sprite folklore the site may originally have had was thus trampled down by Evershed's enthusiastic inculcation of the local people in ideas about water-dragons.

The Nordic countries

Näck, Nøkk

The Nordic , ,  were male water spirits who played enchanted songs on the violin, luring women and children to drown in lakes or streams. However, not all of these spirits were necessarily malevolent; many stories indicate at the very least that  were entirely harmless to their audience and attracted not only women and children but men as well with their sweet songs. Stories also exist wherein the Fossegrim agrees to live with a human who had fallen in love with him. Still, many of these stories ended with the  returning to his home, usually a nearby waterfall or brook. (Compare the legend of Llyn y Fan Fach in Wales.) The  were said to grow despondent unless they had free, regular contact with a water source.

The Norwegian  or , Swedish , is a related figure who, if properly approached, will teach a musician to play so adeptly "that the trees dance and waterfalls stop at his music".

It is difficult to describe the appearance of the nix, as one of his central attributes was thought to be shapeshifting. Perhaps he did not have any true shape. He could show himself as a man playing the violin in brooks and waterfalls (though often imagined as fair and naked today, in folklore, he was more frequently described as wearing more or less elegant clothing) but also could appear to be treasure or various floating objects, or as an animal—most commonly in the form of a "brook horse" (see below). The modern Scandinavian names are derived from , meaning "river horse". Thus, it is likely that the figure of the brook horse preceded the personification of the nix as the "man in the rapids".  and derivatives were almost always portrayed as gorgeous young men whose clothing (or lack thereof) varied widely from story to story.

The enthralling music of the  was most dangerous to women and children, especially pregnant women and unbaptised children. He was thought to be most active during Midsummer's Night, Christmas Eve, and Thursdays. However, these superstitions do not necessarily relate to all the versions listed here. Many, if not all, developed after the Christianizing of the northern countries, as was the case of similar stories of faeries and other entities in other areas.

When malicious  attempted to carry off people, they could be defeated by calling their name; this was believed to cause their death.

Another belief was that if a person bought the  a treat of three drops of blood, a black animal, some  (Scandinavian vodka) or  (wet snuff) dropped into the water, he would teach his enchanting form of music.

The  was also an omen for drowning accidents. He would scream at a particular spot in a lake or river in a way reminiscent of the loon, and a fatality would later occur on that spot. He was also said to cause drownings, but swimmers could protect themselves against such a fate by throwing a bit of steel into the water.

In the later Romantic folklore and folklore-inspired stories of the 19th century, the  sings about his loneliness and his longing for salvation, which he purportedly never shall receive, as he is not "a child of God". In a poem by Swedish poet E. J. Stagnelius, a little boy pities the fate of the  (), and so saves his own life. In the poem, arguably Stagnelius' most famous, the boy says that the  will never be a "child of God", which brings "tears to his face" as he "never plays again in the silvery brook".

On a similar theme, a 19th-century text called "Brother Fabian's Manuscript" by Sebastian Evans has this verse:

(The source has "bloometh" for "boometh", but this is an error; a bittern is not a plant but a bird, and it is known for its booming call. A "ghittern" is a guitar. The spelling "Nickar" vice "Neckar" is sometimes used.)

In Scandinavia, water lilies are called "nix roses" (/). A tale from the forest of Tiveden relates that a father promised his daughter to a  who offered him great hauls of fish in a time of need; she refused and stabbed herself to death, staining the water lilies red from that time on:

In horse form

In Faroese, the word  refers specifically to a supernatural horse, described in one Faroese text thus:

The equivalent term in Continental Scandinavian languages is  or  ('brook horse'). It has a close parallel in the Scottish kelpie and the Welsh .

The  was often described as a majestic white horse that would appear near rivers, particularly during foggy weather. Anyone who climbed onto its back could not get off again. The horse would then jump into the river, drowning the rider. The brook horse could also be harnessed and made to plough, either because it was trying to trick a person or because the person had tricked the horse into it. The following tale is a good illustration of the brook horse:

Germany
The German Nix and Nixe (and Nixie) are types of river merman and mermaid who may lure men into drowning, like the Scandinavian type, akin to the Celtic Melusine and similar to the Greek Siren. The German epic Nibelungenlied mentions the nix in connection with the Danube, as early as 1180 to 1210.

Nixes in folklore became water sprites who try to lure people into the water. The males can assume many different shapes, including that of a human, a fish, and a snake. The females bear the tail of a fish. When they are in human form, they can be recognised by the wet hem of their clothes. The Nixes are portrayed as malicious in some stories but harmless and friendly in others.

By the 19th century, Jacob Grimm mentions the Nixie to be among the "water-sprites" who love music, song, and dancing, and says, "Like the sirens, the Nixie by her song draws listening youth to herself, and then into the deep." According to Grimm, they can appear human but have the barest hint of animal features: the nix had "a slit ear", and the Nixie had "a wet skirt". Grimm thinks these could symbolise they are "higher beings" who could shapeshift to animal form.

One famous Nixe of recent German folklore, deriving from 19th-century literature, was Lorelei; according to the legend, she sat on the rock at the Rhine which now bears her name and lured fishermen and boatmen to the dangers of the reefs with the sound of her voice. In Switzerland, there is a legend of a sea-maid or Nixe that lived in Lake Zug (the lake is in the Canton of Zug).

The Yellow Fairy Book by Andrew Lang includes a story called "The Nixie of the Mill-Pond" in which a malevolent spirit that lives in a mill pond strikes a deal with the miller that she will restore his wealth in exchange for his son. This story is taken from Grimms' Fairy Tales.

The legend of Heer Halewijn, a dangerous lord who lures women to their deaths with a magic song, may have originated with the nix.

Alternate names for the female German Nixe are Rhine maidens () and Lorelei.

In a fictional depiction, the Rhine maidens are among the protagonists in the four-part Opera Der Ring des Nibelungen by the composer Richard Wagner, based loosely on the nix of the Nibelungenlied.

The Rhine maidens Wellgunde, Woglinde, and Floßhilde (Flosshilde) belong to a group of characters living in a part of nature free from human influence. Erda and the Norns are also considered a part of this 'hidden' world.

They are first seen in the first work of the Nibelungen cycle, Das Rheingold, as guardians of the Rheingold, a treasure of gold hidden in the Rhein river. The dwarf Alberich, a Nibelung, is eager to win their favour, but they somewhat cruelly dismiss his flattery. They tell him that only one who cannot love can win the Rheingold. Thus, Alberich curses love and steals the Rheingold. From the stolen gold, he forges a ring of power. Further in the cycle, the Rhine maidens are seen trying to regain the ring and transform it into the harmless Rheingold. But no one will return the ring to them; not even the supreme god Wotan, who uses the ring to pay the giants Fasolt and Fafner for building Valhalla, nor the hero Siegfried, when the maidens appear to him in the third act of Götterdämmerung. Eventually, Brünnhilde returns it to them at the end of the cycle, when the fires of her funeral pyre cleanse the ring of its curse.

Descendants of German immigrants to Pennsylvania sometimes refer to a mischievous child as "nixie".

In popular culture

In the video game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege, the Danish operator Nøkk is named after the mythical creature.

In The Nixie's Song, the first book in the children's series Beyond the Spiderwick Chronicles, the main characters rescue a Nixie named Taloa after fire-breathing giants destroy her pond. Nixies are depicted as aquatic female humanoids related to mermaids but with frog-like legs instead of tails.

In the 2017 game Unforgiving: A Northern Hymn the Näcken is portrayed as villainous in the story, tempting the protagonist into handing him Freyjas' Harp as part of an endless limbo.

In the 2019 film Frozen II, Queen Elsa of Arendelle encounters and tames the Nøkk (in the form of a horse), the Water spirit who guards the sea to the mythical river Ahtohallan.

Nekkers are a common swamp and water area enemy in The Witcher video games.

The 2021 video game Valheim features Neck as a common enemy encountered near water. In contrast to their humanoid appearances in folklore, the Neck in Valheim are depicted as small, aggressive green creatures - similar to a cross between a newt and a frog.

In the 2021 novel Lone Wolf by Sam Hall, the main character, Paige, is a nix. The mythological version of the nix exists in the world as lore, but a nix is also a special female wolf shifter. She has greater powers and calls to all eligible bachelors, pitting them against each other and then taking the greatest of the fighters as her mates.

In the 2021 game Northern Journey, Nøkken is used as the cover art for the game and can be found in-game as part of the story. The game also has a related soundtrack called Nokkpond.

A 2021 urban fantasy series of novels, The Legend of Nyx by Theophilus Monroe, highlights a "nyx" who attempted to seduce a vampire by song and lost her abilities, freezing her in a human form and seeking vengeance on the vampire who bit her.

In the 2013 novel Dead in the Water, the character Quinby Stromhest is a nøkken.

A Fistful of Warlocks is a short story (first published July 4, 2017) in The Dresden Files series by Jim Butcher. It is set long before Storm Front.[1] It can be found in the anthology "Straight Outta Tombstone", and has been included in the anthology "Brief Cases". Not yet the commander of the White Council's Wardens, Anastasia Luccio rides into Dodge City in pursuit of the warlock Alexander Page. Karl is her mount, a näcken disguised as a white horse after losing a bet with her.

In the mobile game Year Walk, one of the Watchers is a Brook Horse, put in charge of newly found Mylings. In the subsequent Year Walk: Bedtime Stories for Awful Children, the second chapter is devoted to the Brook Horse.

In the 2023 video game Bramble: The Mountain King, the Näcken is one of the many bosses the player must face. He was once a human who played the Violin but went mad after ridicule and abuse from his village. In the game, he lives in a pond and lures people to their deaths with his music.

See also
 Nuckelavee
 Hulder
 Naiad
 Selkie
 Undine
 Taniwha
 Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism

Notes

References
 Riordan, Rick (2017). Magnus Chase and the gods of Asgard: The Ship of the Dead
 Grimm, Jacob (1835). Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology); From English released version Grimm's Teutonic Mythology (1888); Available online by Northvegr 2004–2007: Chapter 17, page 11; Chapter 33, page 2. File retrieved 4 June 2007.
 Hellström, AnneMarie (1985). Jag vill så gärna berätta.... .
 Karlsson, S. (1970). I Tiveden, Reflex, Mariestad.

External links

 The Watersprite, an amateur translation (no rhyme, no meter) of Stagnelius's poem.
 Manxnotebook
 Sacred-Texts.com
 Scandinavian Folklore

Creatures in Norse mythology
Danish folklore
Danish legendary creatures
English folklore
English legendary creatures
Faroese folklore
German legendary creatures
Medieval literature
Mermaids
Scandinavian folklore
Scandinavian legendary creatures
Swedish folklore
Shapeshifters
Water spirits
Horses in mythology
Mythic humanoids

Nixie (folklore)


Melania Delai (født 15. oktober 2002 i Trento) er en italiensk tennisspiller. Hun fik debut på ITF Women's Circuit ved en turnering i Cordenons i december 2017. Hun spiller også double.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Melania Delais officielle hjemmeside

Personer fra Trento
Tennisspillere fra Italien

Melania Delai


</noinclude>

لَنكِدُك رُسِيُون أو لَنْكِدُوك-رُوسِيُون  هي منطقة في وسط جنوب فرنسا وعاصمتها هي مونبيلييه.

أهم المدن الرئيسية

مونبيلييه - قرقشونة - أربونة - نيم - بيزيه - مند - فلوراك - بربنية - براد

علم المنطقة وشعارها

مراجع

الوحدات الإقليمية الإحصائية من المستوى الثاني في الاتحاد الأوروبي
لنكدوك-روسيون

لنكدوك روسيون


An Lepyrodia flexuosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni George Bentham, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson och O.D.Evans. An Lepyrodia flexuosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepyrodia, ngan familia nga Restionaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Victoria. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepyrodia

Lepyrodia flexuosa


Linda J. S. Allen ist eine US-amerikanische Biomathematikerin.

Linda J. S. Allen erwarb 1975 den B.A. in Mathematik am College of St. Scholastica in Duluth, Minnesota. Sie studierte dann an der University of Tennessee, Knoxville und erwarb dort 1978 den Grad M.S. und 1981 den Ph.D. Seit 1985 lehrt sie an der Texas Tech University.

Allens meistzitiertes Werk ist An introduction to stochastic processes with applications to biology.

Weblinks

 Dr. Linda J. S. Allen auf der Website der Texas Tech University

Einzelnachweise

Mathematiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Mathematiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Texas Tech University)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Frau

Linda J. S. Allen


صناعة الخدمات  هو أحد مجالات الصناعة الذي يشكل جزءاً من الاقتصاد. يهتم بإنتاج الخدمات بدلاً من السلع الملموسة. يقسم الاقتصاديون النشاطات الاقتصادية إلى صنفين وهما: السلع والخدمات. صناعة السلع تشمل: المنتجات الزراعية والتعدين والصناعات التحويلية والبناء، حيث يعد كل منها منتجات ملموسة. صناعة الخدمات تشمل كل ما عدا ذلك كالخدمات المصرفية والاتصالات وتجارة الجملة والتجزئة، وجميع الخدمات المدنية مثل الهندسة، برمجة الحاسوب، الطب، والنشاطات الاقتصادية غير الربحية كخدمة العملاء، والخدمات الحكومية التي تتضمن الدفاع وإقامة العدل. تعد هيمنة الاقتصاد على الخدمات من سمات الدول المتقدمة.

تشهد نسبة الخدمات في الاقتصاد العالمي نمواً سريعاً خلال القرن العشرين. فعلى سبيل المثال، استأثر قطاع الخدمات في الولايات المتحدة أكثر من نصف الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في عام 1929 م، والثلثين في سنة 1978 م، وأكثر من ثلاثة أرباع في عام 1993 م. في أوائل القرن الحادي والعشرون، صناعة الخدمات تمثل أكثر من ثلاثة أخماس الناتج المحلي الإجمالي العالمي، ويوظف هذا المجال أكثر من ثلث القوى العاملة في جميع أنحاء العالم.

أبسط تفسير لنمو صناعة الخدمات، هو أن إنتاج السلع يتجه إلى استخدام الآلات الميكانيكية عوضاَ عن الأعمال اليدوية. لأن الآلات الميكانيكية تحقق زيادة في الإنتاج. فتزداد أهمية وظائف الخدمات كالتوزيع والتمويل والمبيعات. فازداد مجال التوظيف الحكومي نتيجة لزيادة أهمية الخدمات.

أمثلة
من أمثلة صناعة الخدمات:
 الحكومة
 الرعاية الصحية والمستشفيات والصحة العمومية
 إدارة المخلفات
 التعليم
 المصارف
 التأمين
 خدمات التمويل
 الخدمات القانونية
 الخدمات الاستشارية
 وسائل الإعلام
 صناعة الضيافة (كالمطاعم، الفنادق والكازينوهات)
 السياحة
 البيع القطاعي
 حق الامتياز
 العقارات
 المبيعات

تصنيف صناعة الخدمات
ضمن هذه المجموعات، إما أن نصنف الشركات ضمن الشركات الوسيطة التي تعمل على تسهيل المعاملات ما بين العميل وشركات أخرى، وإما أن نصنفها ضمن الشركات المنتجة للخدمات. فعلى سبيل المثال، سوق الأسهم يصنف ضمن الخدمات المالية ويعد وسيط ما بين البائع والمشتري لتسهيل المعاملات. في المقابل، تعد الشركات المقدمة للخدمات القانونية والصحية وغيرها شركات متخصصة بتوفير خدمة معينة من خلال مجموعة من الأنشطة تقدمها للعميل. لتقديم الخدمات بأفضل شكل ممكن، على الشركات المقدمة للخدمات التعامل مع العميل بشكل شخصي ومباشر. تساهم التقنية الحديثة في التعامل مع العميل بشكل أفضل حيث تزود العميل بكافة المعلومات المطلوبة وتسهل عمليات التواصل.

المعرفة وكثافة المعلومات

المعرفة وكثافة المعلومات هي أهم ميزة لصناعة الخدمات. يعمل صانعوا الخدمات على أخذ قدر كبير من المعلومات في عين الاعتبار بالإضافة إلى توظيف عمال ذو كفاءات علمية ومهنية عالية. فعند تقديم خدمات قانونية، تحتاج الشركات إلى محامين ذو كفاءة عالية في المجال القانوني بالإضافة إلى معالجة كم هائل من المعلومات. لا تعتمد الخدمات المالية على كثافة المعلومات، ولكنها تحتاج إلى أنظمة متخصصة في معالجة البيانات لتتبع العمليات والاستثمارات. فيشغل مقدموا الخدمات المالية الحيّز الأكبر من مجالات استثمار شركات تقنية المعلومات.

نظرية التقدم على مدى المائة عام الماضية
، كان هناك تحول كبير من القطاعين الابتدائي والثانوي إلى القطاع العالي في البلدان الصناعية. هذا التحول يسمى t e r ti a r is a ti on. يعد القطاع الثالث الآن أكبر قطاع للاقتصاد في العالم الغربي، كما أنه القطاع الأسرع نموًا. عند دراسة نمو قطاع الخدمات في أوائل التسعينيات، أشار العالم كينيتشي أوماي إلى ما يلي: «في الولايات المتحدة، يعمل 70 في المائة من القوى العاملة في قطاع الخدمات؛ وفي اليابان، 60 في المائة، وتايوان، 50 في المائة. ليسوا بالضرورة من رجال الأعمال والخادمات في المنازل. وكثير منهم في الفئة المهنية. يكسبون ما يكسبه عمال التصنيع، وغالبًا ما يكونون أكثر». تميل الاقتصاديات إلى اتباع تطور تطوري

يأخذها من الاعتماد الشديد على الزراعة والتعدين، نحو تطوير التصنيع (مثل السيارات، والمنسوجات، وبناء السفن، والصلب) وأخيراً نحو هيكل قائم على الخدمة. كانت المملكة المتحدة أول اقتصاد يتبع هذا المسار في العالم الحديث. زادت السرعة التي تحولت بها الاقتصادات الأخرى إلى اقتصادات قائمة على الخدمات (أو «ما بعد الصناعة») بمرور الوقت. تاريخيا، يميل التصنيع إلى أن يكون أكثر انفتاحا على التجارة الدولية والمنافسة من الخدمات. ومع ذلك، مع خفض التكاليف بشكل كبير وتحسينات السرعة والموثوقية في نقل الأشخاص ونقل المعلومات، أصبح قطاع الخدمات يضم الآن بعضًا من أكثر المنافسات الدولية كثافة، على الرغم من الحمائية المتبقية.

مشاكل لمقدمي الخدمات
فريق الجراحة في العمل خدمة النقل اختبار خطوط الهاتف في لندن عام 1945. يواجه مقدمو الخدمات عقبات في بيع الخدمات التي نادراً ما يواجهها بائعو السلع. الخدمات غير ملموسة، مما يجعل من الصعب على العملاء المحتملين فهم ما سيحصلون عليه وما القيمة التي سيحصلون عليها. في الواقع، لا يقدم البعض، مثل الاستشاريين ومقدمي الخدمات الاستثمارية، أي ضمانات بالقيمة المدفوعة. نظرًا لأن جودة معظم الخدمات تعتمد إلى حد كبير على جودة الأفراد الذين يقدمون الخدمات، فإن «تكاليف الأشخاص»

عادة ما تكون جزءًا كبيرًا من تكاليف الخدمة. في حين أن الشركة المصنعة قد تستخدم التكنولوجيا، والتبسيط، وغيرها من التقنيات لخفض تكلفة البضائع المباعة، غالباً ما يواجه مزود الخدمة نمطًا ثابتًا للتكاليف المتزايدة. تمايز المنتجات غالبا ما يكون صعبا. على سبيل المثال، كيف يختار المرء مستشارًا استثماريًا على الآخر، نظرًا لأنه يُرى غالبًا أنه يقدم خدمات مماثلة؟ عادةً ما يكون فرض رسوم على الخدمات خيارًا فقط للشركات الأكثر رسوخًا، والتي تتقاضى رسومًا إضافية بناءً على الاعتراف بالعلامة التجارية.

صعوبة التعريف
يصعب أحيانًا تحديد ما إذا كانت شركة معينة جزءًا لا يتجزأ من القطاع الثانوي أو العالي. وليس فقط الشركات التي تم تصنيفها كجزء من هذا القطاع في بعض المخططات؛ الحكومة وخدماتها مثل الشرطة أو المؤسسات العسكرية والمنظمات غير الهادفة للربح مثل الجمعيات الخيرية أو الجمعيات البحثية يمكن اعتبارها أيضًا جزءًا من هذا القطاع. من أجل تصنيف النشاط التجاري كخدمة، يمكن استخدام أنظمة التصنيف مثل معيار التصنيف الصناعي الدولي الموحد للأمم المتحدة ونظام كود التصنيف الصناعي القياسي للولايات المتحدة (SIC) واستبداله الجديد، نظام التصنيف الصناعي لأمريكا الشمالية (NA I CS)، التصنيف الإحصائي للأنشطة الاقتصادية في المجتمع الأوروبي (NA CE) في الاتحاد الأوروبي والأنظمة المماثلة في أماكن أخرى. أنظمة التصنيف الحكومية هذه لها تسلسل هرمي من المستوى الأول يعكس ما إذا كانت السلع الاقتصادية ملموسة أو غير ملموسة. لأغراض التمويل وبحوث السوق، يتم استخدام أنظمة التصنيف القائمة على السوق مثل المعيار العالمي لتصنيف الصناعة ومعيار تصنيف الصناعة لتصنيف الشركات التي تشارك في قطاع الخدمات. بخلاف أنظمة التصنيف الحكومية، يقسم المستوى الأول من أنظمة التصنيف القائمة على السوق الاقتصاد إلى أسواق أو صناعات مرتبطة وظيفيا. ثم يعكس المستوى الثاني أو الثالث من هذه التسلسلات الهرمية ما إذا كانت السلع أو الخدمات يتم إنتاجها.

انظر أيضا
 قطاع أولي

مراجع

صناعات الخدمات
صناعة
قطاعات اقتصادية

صناعة الخدمات


Dicranopteris, rod papratnica iz porodice Gleicheniaceae, dio reda Gleicheniales.

Sastoji se od 22 vrste i jednog hibrida iz pantropskih područja, najviše Malezija.

Vrste

 Dicranopteris cadetii Tardieu
 Dicranopteris clemensiae Holttum
 Dicranopteris curranii Copel.
 Dicranopteris elegantula Pic. Serm.
 Dicranopteris flexuosa (Schrad.) Underw.
 Dicranopteris gigantea Ching
 Dicranopteris lanigera (D. Don) Fraser-Jenk.
 Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. fil.) Underw.
 Dicranopteris nervosa (Kaulf.) Ching
 Dicranopteris pedata (Houtt.) Nakaike
 Dicranopteris pubigera (Blume) Nakai
 Dicranopteris rufinervis (Mart.) Ching
 Dicranopteris schomburgkiana (Sturm) Morton
 Dicranopteris seminuda (Klotzsch) Maxon
 Dicranopteris seramensis M. Kato
 Dicranopteris speciosa (C. Presl) Holttum
 Dicranopteris spissa (Fée) L. V. Lima & Salino
 Dicranopteris splendida (Hand.-Mazz.) Tagawa
 Dicranopteris subpectinata (Christ) C. M. Kuo
 Dicranopteris taiwanensis Ching & P. S. Chiu
 Dicranopteris tetraphylla (Rosenst.) C. M. Kuo
 Dicranopteris weatherbyi (Fosberg) Glassman
 Dicranopteris × nepalensis Fraser-Jenk.

Sinonimi
 Acropterygium (Diels) Nakai
 Heteropterygium Diels
 Hicriopteris C.Presl
 Holopterygium Diels
 Mertensia Willd.
 Mesosorus Hassk.
 Sticherus sect.Hicriopteris (C.Presl) C.Chr.

Izvori

Gleihenijolike

Dicranopteris


Bucky O'Hare es un videojuego de Konami publicado como arcade en 1992.

Las voces de los personajes en las secuencias del juego están interpretadas por el elenco original de la serie animada.

Argumento
Bucky y sus amigos deben impedir que el imperio de los sapos invada planetas extraterrestres y esclavice a su gente. Para ello han de avanzar disparando frente a un ejército de sapos con el cerebro lavado para destruir a su malvado líder, un programa de ordenador llamado "Komplex", y liberar la "Fuerza Interplanetaria de Vida".

Véase también
 Bucky O'Hare (videojuego)

Enlaces externos

  (en inglés)

Videojuegos arcade
Videojuegos de disparos
Videojuegos de 1992
Videojuegos de Konami
Videojuegos basados en programas de televisión
Beat'em Ups de Konami
Videojuegos con personajes antropomórficos

Bucky O'Hare (videojuego arcade)


Bjerget Esja (914 m), ofte kaldet Esjan ("Esjaen"), er et bjerg beliggende i den syd-vestlige del af Island, ca. 10 km nord for Islands hovedstad, Reykjavík. Esja er ikke et enkelt bjerg, men en vulkansk bjergkæde af basalt og tuf.

Navnets etymologi er uklar. Esja bruges som fornavn i Island. I Kjalnesingasaga, er der en rig enke blandt Irske bosættere med navnet Esja, men det er sandsynligt, at kvindens navn er afledt af bjerget og ikke omvendt.

Dannelsen
Esja blev dannet i slutningen af Pleistocæn ved begyndelsen af den sidste istid. I de varme perioder flød der lava, og i de kolde perioder blev der dannet kamme af tuf under gletsjeren. Den vestlige del af bjergkæden er den ældste (omkring 3,2 millioner år), og den østlige del er den yngste (omkring 1,8 millioner år). Bevægelsen af pladerne der går diagonalt gennem Island, skubber de geologiske lag mod vest, væk fra den aktive vulkanske zone. Intrusioner, dvs store magma kanaler, der udgår fra de gamle centrale vulkaner på Kjalarnes og Stardal, fandt vej til de geologiske lag. Resultatet blev en række store lavamarker, den ene ovenpå den anden, som istidens gletsjere så nedbrød. Det efterlod kun de højeste tinder, som bjergkæderne  Esja eller Akrafjall.

Fysiske egenskaber
Den østligste top af bjergkæden, Móskarðshnúkar, er af en usædvanlig lys farve, der skyldes rhyolit, der ofte findes i den islandske natur i nærheden af gamle (og også aktive) centralvulkaner.

Vandring og klatring
Esja er et meget populært rekreativt område for vandrere og klatrere, da det er meget let tilgængelig fra hovedstaden. Den bedst kendte vandrerute fører til bjergtoppene Þverfellshorn (780 m) og Kerhólakambur (851 m). Þverfellshorn er også let tilgængeligt med offentlig transport.

Stien er delt op i afsnit, der er markeret med skilte langs vejen. Hvert skilt viser sværheden af vejen forude med et klasse-system, der spænder fra 1 støvle (let) til 3 støvler (udfordrende). Ved det tredje skilt kan erfarne bjergbestigere vælge at klatre direkte til toppen, i stedet for at følge den vej, der går mod højre. Efter ca. 6,6 km gang, 200 meter over havets overflade, er der en stor klippe kaldet Steinn. Det er her de fleste uerfarne klatrere vælger at gå ned igen, eftersom stien bliver vanskeligere og vanskeligere efter dette punkt.

Det højeste punkt er Hábunga med 914 m. For at nå Habunga fra Þverfellshorn, kræver det tre-kilometers gang mod nordøst, over at et klippefyldt plateau. Der er ingen skilte eller en tydelig sti. Så sent som august 2011, var Habunga kun markeret af en stor varde med en træpind på toppen.

Referencer

Bjerge i Island
Vulkaner i Island

Esjan


Julian Ricardo Marley (n. 4 iunie 1975, Londra) este un muzician de Roots reggae britanic jamaican  și solistul trupei sale The Uprising Band. Este fiul artistului reggae Bob Marley, mama sa fiind Lucy Pounder. Este un membru al mișcării Rastafari.

Biografie
Julian a copilărit în Anglia și Jamaica. Implicat în muzică de la o vârstă fragedă, a învățat să cânte la clape, tobe, chitară bas, chitară și alte instrumente. Împreună cu frații săi, Ziggy și Stephen Marley, a devenit implicat în Ghetto Youth International, o companie de producție, în 1989. A lansat un album solo, Lion in the Morning, în 1996, îmbarcându-se într-un turneu mondial. El și fratele său, Damian Marley, au concertat în cadrul Festivalului Lollapalooza, în 1997. Al doilea lui album, A Time And Place, a fost lansat în 2003. În 2008, Guvernul Jamaican i-a invitat pe Julian și pe trupa Uprising să reprezinte Jamaica la Olimpiada din Beijing. Al treilea lui album, Awake, a fost lansat în 2009, fiind nominalizat la Premiile Grammy pentru cel mai bun album Reggae. În 2011 a participat la Festivalul Mawazine din Rabat, Maroc. În ianuarie 2013 a concertat în Dhaka, Bangladesh, iar în august 2013 a concertat la Fêtes de Genève în Geneva, Elveția.

Copilăria și tinerețea
Julian este singurul fiu al lui Bob Marley născut în Marea Britanie. A fost crescut de mama sa, Lucy Pounder, în Anglia, făcând numeroase vizite în Jamaica pentru a-și vizita frații. Crescând, a fost înconjurat de o atmosferă muzicală, care l-a ajutat să dezvolte și să adopte stilul de viață muzical. În tinerețe a învățat de unul singur să cânte la chitară bas, tobe, chitară și claviatură. La vârsta de 5 ani, Julian a înregistrat primul lui cântec, în casa familiei Marley din Kingston, Jamaica.

Discografie
 Uprising (1989)
 Lion in the Morning (1996)
 A Time and Place (2003)
 Awake (2009)

Legături externe

Note

Nașteri în 1975
Muzicieni jamaicani

Julian Marley


2015 මා–ෂි හමුව යනු,  මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ (චීමස) නායකයා වන ෂි ජිංපියුං සහ චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ (චීස)  නායකයා වන මා යිං-ජු අතර සිදුවූ හමුවකි. මෙම හමුව පිළිබඳ විස්තර,  ලිබර්ටි ටයිම්ස් නම්වූ  තායිවාන පුවත්පත විසින්  2015 නොවැම්බර් 3 දිනදී හෙළිදරව් කරන ලද අතර  ඉදිරි දින කිහිපය ඇතුලතදී නිල වශයෙන් සහතික කරන ලදි. සිංගප්පූරුවෙහි  ෂැංග්රී-ලා හෝටලයේදී නොවැම්බර් 7 දිනදී සිදුවූ මෙම හමුව, 1949 වසරෙහිදී සිදුවූ  චීන සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් (චීන කොමියුනිස්ට් විප්ලවයෙන්) පසුව,  චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ සහ මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ (ප්‍රධාන භූමි චීනය) නායකයන් අතර සිදුවූ පළමු හමුවයි.

පසුබිම

මා යිං-ජු ගේ පරිපාලනය විසින්, ඔහු සහ ෂි ජිංපියුං අතර හමුවක් පැවතිය යුතු බවට විටින් විට යෝජනා කරන ලද්දේ, 2012 නොවැම්බර් මාසයේදී චීන කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂයෙහි මහා ලේකම් ලෙසින් ෂි ගේ තේරීපත්වීමෙන් අනතුරුවය. 2015 ඔක්තොම්බර් මාසයෙහිදී, චීනයේ ගුවංචූ හිදී පැවැති අන්තර්-සමුද්‍රසන්ධි කටයුතු පිළිබඳ  සංවාදයක් අතරතුර,   ප්‍රධාන භූමි කටයුතු මණ්ඩල (MAC) අමාත්‍ය ඇන්ඩෲ ෂියා සමග සිදුවූ හමුවකදී තායිවාන කටයුතු කාර්යාල (TAO) අධ්‍යක්ෂක චං චුයිං විසින් මෙම 2015 හමුව පිළිබඳ යෝජනාව ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදි. මුල් වශයෙන්, ෂියා විසින් යෝජනා කරන ලද්දේ, මෙම හමුව සිදුවිය යුත්තේ  පිලිපීනයෙහි මැනිලා නගරයෙහිදී, ඇපෙක් පිලිපීනය 2015 අතරතුරදී බවයි. කෙසේවෙතත්, මෙම නිර්දේශය නුසුදුසු බව චං ගේ අදහස විය. පසුව, ෂියා යෝජනා කර සිටියේ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හොංකොං හිදී ඇතිවූ ඊනියා 1992 සම්මුතියෙන් වසරකට පසුව,  පළමු අන්තර්-සමුද්‍රසන්ධි කතිකාවන් ඇතිවූ,  1993 අප්‍රේල් 27–29 අතරතුර වං-කූ සමුළුව පැවැති සිංගප්පූරුවෙහිදීම  මෙම හමුව  සිදු විය යුතු බවයි.

සූදානම

රජයන් දෙක අතර පවතින දේශපාලන මතභේදය නිසා, චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ නායකයා සහ මහජන චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ නායකයා () වෙනුවෙන්, නිලධාරින් දෙදෙනම එකඟවූයේ, එකිනෙකා අමතන විට "මහතා" () යන්න භාවිතා කිරීමට සහ එම දෙදෙන මෙම හමුවට සහභාගි වන්නේ පිළිවෙලින් තායිවානයේ නායකයා සහ  ප්‍රධාන භූමිප්‍රදේශ චීනයේ නායකයා ලෙසින් බවයි.

චීන සමූහාණ්ඩු ජනාධිපතිමය කාර්යාලය ප්‍රකාශ කර සිටියේ, මෙම රැස්වීමෙන් මා මහතා බලාපොරොත්තු වන්නේ  "සාමය ශක්තිමත් කර ගනිමින් යථා තත්ත්වය පවත්වාගෙන යෑම" බවයි. ජනාධිපති මා සහ,  ජනාධිපතිමය කාර්යාල මහලේකම් සෙං යුං-චුවාං සහ නියෝජ්‍ය මහලේකම් ෂියාඕ ෂු-සෙං (),  ජාතික ආරක්ෂක මණ්ඩල මහාලේකම් කාඕ හුවා-චූ සහ උපදේශක චියු කුං-ෂුවාං, ප්‍රධාන භූමි කටයුතු මණ්ඩල අමාත්‍ය ඇන්ඩෲ ෂියා  සහ නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය වූ මෙයි-හුං යන නිලධාරින්ගෙන් සමන්විතවූ ඔහුගේ ඉහළ උපදේශකයෝ ඔහු සමග මෙම හමුවට සහභාගි වූහ.

ලොව පුරා වාර්තාකරුවෝ, නොවැම්බර් 5 දින වන විට, ඔවුන්ගේ උපකරණ,  ෂැංග්රී-ලා හෝටලයේ සවි කිරීම ඇරඹූහ. හමුවෙහි ප්‍රධාන රැස්වීම් ස්ථානය වූ, ෂැංග්රී-ලා උත්සව ශාලාවට මාධ්‍ය ප්‍රවේශය, හෝටල කාර්යමණ්ඩලය විසින් සීමා කොට තිබුණි. ආරක්ෂක හේතූන් නිසා, හමුව සඳහා මාධ්‍ය සහභාගිත්වය පුද්ගලයින් 400 බවට සීමා කොට තිබුණි. නොවැම්බර් 7 දින පෙ.ව. 2 සිට අමුත්තන් විසින් උත්සව ශාලාව වෙත ප්‍රවේශය වලක්වා තිබුණි.

ආශ්‍රිත

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