El Edificio Gustavo Capanema (también conocido por el nombre de Palacio Capanema, y por los antiguos nombres de Ministerio de educación y salud, Ministerio de Educación y cultura o MEC) es un edificio ubicado en el barrio Centro de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Es considerado como uno de los exponentes más significativos de la arquitectura del Movimiento Moderno en Sudamérica. Fue construido entre 1936 y 1945, fue un diseño conjunto de los arquitectos Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer, Affonso Reidy, Carlos Leão, Ernâni Vasconcelos y Jorge Machado Moreira. Contó con la asesoría de Le Corbusier, quien se desplazó hasta el Brasil en varias ocasiones durante el proyecto. Mide 60 m de altura, tiene 17 plantas y ocupa 21.536 m².

Desarrollo
En 1935 se convoca a un concurso para el diseño de la nueva sede del Ministerio de Educación y Salud. A éste se presentan varias de las figuras más destacadas de la arquitectura moderna brasileña, pero el concurso lo gana un proyecto decorado con motivos marajoaras realizado por Archimedes Memória y Francisque Cuchet.

Consciente de la necesidad de representar la modernidad y el desarrollismo estatal llevado a cabo por el gobierno brasileño, el entonces ministro de educación Gustavo Capanema premia el proyecto pero decide no construirlo, y consigue que en su lugar se encargue el proyecto a un grupo de arquitectos modernos liderado por Lúcio Costa. Éste solicitará la consultoría del renombrado arquitecto francés Le Corbusier, quien se desplazará un mes a Brasil para colaborar en el proyecto.

El diseño se termina en 1937, contando también con la colaboración de Roberto Burle Marx como paisajista. Ese mismo año se inician las obras, que cuya dirección abandona en 1939 Lúcio Costa, siendo sustituido por Oscar Niemeyer. El edificio se inaugura oficialmente en 1945, por Getúlio Vargas.

Diseño
Durante el proceso de diseño Le Corbusier solicitó en vano un terreno más amplio para la realización del proyecto. Ante la negativa, y para liberar superficie a nivel de calle, se optó por una tipología de rascacielos. Este edificio fue, de hecho, el primer rascacielos construido según las ideas de Le Corbusier, pese a que ya había proyectado sin éxito numerosos rascacielos con anterioridad.

El edificio cumple con los puntos de la arquitectura corbuseriana: la elevación sobre pilotis para liberar el plano de la calle, la terraza jardín para "devolver" a la naturaleza el terreno usurpado, la ventana corrida para maximizar la relación con el entorno y manifestar la liberación de la fachada respecto de las funciones estructurales, e incluso el empleo del característico brise-soleil como protección frente al cálido clima tropical.

El edificio se compone de dos volúmenes: uno vertical y uno horizontal. El volumen vertical y principal es un prisma rectangular elevado sobre pilotes, mientras el horizontal, que lo cruza por debajo, conforma una plaza que evoca los jardines de los patios coloniales. El diseño se plantea como rascacielos aislado, en contraposición a la ocupación total de la parcela que caracterizaba el urbanismo carioca de la época, liberando así terreno público en una de las zonas más congestionadas de la ciudad.

La obra está decorada con numerosas esculturas y revestimientos de cerámica. A raíz de este edificio, ambos elementos ganarían en popularidad en la arquitectura brasileña posterior. Entre las obras contenidas en el edificio destacan los azulejos de Candido Portinari, y las esculturas de Bruno Giorgi, Jacques Lipchitz y Celso Antônio Silveira.

Véase también
 Arquitectura de Brasil
Zona Central

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Great Buildings blog: The Ministry of Education and Health

Edificios y estructuras de Brasil
Obras de Le Corbusier
Edificios y estructuras terminadas en 1936
Turismo en Río de Janeiro
Zona Central de Río de Janeiro
Bienes inscritos en la Lista Indicativa de Brasil
Arquitectura de Brasil del siglo XX
Brasil en 1936
Edificios y estructuras de Río de Janeiro

Edificio Gustavo Capanema


Sorbus decora, es una especie de arbusto o pequeño árbol perteneciente a la familia de las rosáceas. Se encuentra en el noroeste de Norteamérica, desde los Grandes Lagos, a Nueva Inglaterra y el este de los bosques boreales de Canadá.

Descripción
Tiene una estrecha relación con Sorbus americana,  tiene las hojas compuestas pinnadas y grupos a menudo, con grandes cantidades de flores y frutos. Sin embargo, una característica útil distintiva de esta especie son sus brotes brillantes y pegajosos.

Usos
A menudo se cultiva como planta ornamental por su resistencia al frío, sus atractivas flores, y sus grandes racimos de pequeños pomos rojos.

Las frutas son una fuente importante de alimento para la fauna, especialmente las aves en el invierno y la primavera.

Taxonomía
Sorbus decora fue descrita por Camillo Karl Schneider y publicado en Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 6(4): 313, en el año 1906.
Sinonimia
 Pyrus americana var. decora Sarg.
 Sorbus americana var. decora (Sarg.) Sarg.
 Pyrus decora (Sarg.) Hyland

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sorbus decora Information
 Sorbus decora Info
 Interactive Distribution Map for Sorbus decora

Decora
Flora de Canadá oriental
Flora de América del Norte continental

Sorbus decora


Ragusa: İtalya'da Sicilya'da bir şehir.
 Ragusa ili: İtalya'da Sicilya'da bir il, merkezi Ragusa  şehri.
 Dubrovnik'in eski adı.
 Ragusa Cumhuriyeti

 Vincenzo Ragusa, İtalyan heykeltıraş (1841-1927).

Ragusa


Tomba Kanssa é uma cidade e subprefeitura da Guiné, anexa à prefeitura de Siguiri e à região de Kankan.

subdivisão administrativa
Tomba Kanssa é composta por seis distritos.

História

Tomba Kanssa é uma subprefeitura da Guiné criada em 2021 e anexa à prefeitura de Siguiri na região de Kankan.

Educação

Em parceria com a gestão do Nordgold, a empresa de mineração de Dinguiraye (SMD) está construindo uma escola técnica de artes e ofícios em Tomba Kanssa, este centro NAFA (centro de alfabetização e aprendizagem de um comércio) contribuirá para a capacitação através de programas de alfabetização funcional, treinamento e aprendizagem para mulheres e meninas das subprefeituras de Tomba Kanssa o objetivo é facilitar o acesso à educação e melhorar a qualidade da educação, contribuindo assim para a realização dos requisitos da política setorial do governo em educação que identificou como prioridades o desenvolvimento de infra-estruturas escolares, recreativas e educacionais,

População
Em 2016, o número de habitantes é estimado em 32867 , isto a partir de uma extrapolação oficial do censo de 2014 que contabilizou   .

Notas e referências

Subprefeituras da Guiné
Cidades da Guiné

Tomba Kanssa


Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (born Elizabeth Howard; c. 1480 – 3 April 1538) was an English noblewoman, noted for being the mother of Anne Boleyn and as such the maternal grandmother of Elizabeth I of England. The eldest daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk and his first wife Elizabeth Tilney, she married Thomas Boleyn sometime in the later 15th century. Elizabeth became Viscountess Rochford in 1525 when her husband was elevated to the peerage, subsequently becoming Countess of Ormond in 1527 and Countess of Wiltshire in 1529.

Family and early life
Elizabeth was born c. 1480 into the wealthy and influential Howard family, as the elder of the two daughters of Sir Thomas Howard, later 2nd Duke of Norfolk, and his first wife Elizabeth Tilney. Her paternal grandfather, Sir John Howard, was created Duke of Norfolk in 1483 by King Richard III.

Her family managed to survive the fall of their patron, King Richard III, who was killed at Bosworth in 1485 and supplanted by the victor, King Henry VII, when she was about five years old. Elizabeth became a part of the royal court as a young girl.

Marriage and lady-in-waiting for the royal court
It was while she was at court, that she wed Thomas Boleyn, an ambitious young courtier, sometime before 1500, probably in 1498. According to Thomas, his wife was pregnant many times in the next few years but only three children lived to adulthood. The three children were:

Mary Boleyn, mistress of Henry VIII of England (c. 1499 – 19 July 1543).
George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford (c. 1504 – 17 May 1536).
Anne Boleyn, Queen consort of Henry VIII of England (c. 1501/7 – 19 May 1536)

Throughout this time, Elizabeth was a lady-in-waiting at the royal court; first to Elizabeth of York, and then to Catherine of Aragon. Based on later gossip, Elizabeth Boleyn must have been a highly attractive woman. Rumours circulated when Henry was involved with Anne Boleyn that Elizabeth had once been his mistress, with the suggestion even being made that Anne Boleyn might be the daughter of Henry VIII. However, despite recent attempts by one or two historians to rehabilitate this myth, it was denied by Henry and never mentioned in the dispensation he sought in order to make his union with Anne lawful. Most historians believe it is likely that this rumour began by confusing Elizabeth with Henry's more famous mistress Elizabeth Blount, or from the growing unpopularity of the Boleyn family after 1527.

1519–1536

In 1519, Elizabeth's daughters, Anne and Mary, were living in the French royal court as Ladies-in-waiting to the French Queen consort Claude. According to the papal nuncio in France fifteen years later, the French King Francis I had referred to Mary as "my English mare", and later in his life described her as "a great whore, the most infamous of all".

In the words of historian M.L. Bruce, both Thomas and Elizabeth "developed feelings of dislike" for their daughter Mary. In later years, Mary's romantic involvements would only further strain this relationship. Around 1520, the Boleyns managed to arrange Mary's marriage to William Carey, a respected and popular man at court. It was sometime after the wedding that Mary became mistress to Henry VIII (the exact dates as to when the affair started and ended are unknown), although she never held the title of "official royal mistress," as the post did not exist in England. It has long been rumoured that one or both of Mary Boleyn's children were fathered by Henry and not Carey. Some historians, such as Alison Weir, now question whether Henry Carey was fathered by the King. Few of Henry's mistresses were ever publicly honoured, except Elizabeth Blount, who was mentioned in Parliament and whose son, Henry Fitzroy, was created Duke of Richmond and Somerset in an elaborate public ceremony in 1525. Henry's relationship with Mary was so discreet that within ten years, some observers were wondering if it had ever taken place.

In contrast to Mary, Elizabeth's other daughter, Anne, is thought to have had a close relationship with her mother. Elizabeth had been in charge of her children's early education, including Anne's, and she had taught her to play on various musical instruments, to sing and to dance, as well as embroidery, poetry, good manners, arithmetic, reading, writing and some French. In 1525, Henry VIII fell in love with Anne, and Elizabeth became her protective chaperone. She accompanied Anne to Court, since Anne was attempting to avoid a sexual relationship with the King. Elizabeth travelled with Anne to view York Place after the fall of the Boleyn family's great political opponent, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey – an intrigue which had given Anne her first real taste of political power. She was crowned queen four years later.

Elizabeth remained in her daughter's household throughout her time as queen consort. Tradition has it that Anne's daughter, Elizabeth I, was named after her maternal grandmother. However, it is more likely that she was named after Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York, although the possibility that she was named after both grandmothers cannot be ruled out.

Elizabeth Boleyn sided with the rest of the family when her eldest daughter, Mary, was banished in 1535 for eloping with a commoner, William Stafford. Mary had initially expected her sister's support (Anne had been Mary's only confidante within the Boleyn family since 1529), but Anne was furious at the breach of etiquette and refused to receive her.

Only a year later, the family was overtaken by a greater scandal. Elizabeth's younger daughter, Anne, and her only living son, George, were executed on charges of treason, adultery, and incest. Anne's two chief biographers, Eric Ives and Retha Warnicke, both concluded that these charges were fabricated. They also agree that the King wanted to marry Jane Seymour. Beyond this obvious fact, the sequence of events is unclear and historians are divided about whether the key motivation for Anne's downfall was her husband's hatred of her or her political ambitions. Despite the claims of several recent novels, academic historians agree that Anne was innocent and faithful to her husband. Nonetheless, the judges obeyed the King, condemning Anne, George Boleyn and four others to death. Elizabeth's husband Thomas Boleyn and brother Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk provided no help to the condemned. The accused men were beheaded by the axe on 17 May 1536 and Anne was executed by a French swordsman two days later.

Later life and death
Following the annihilation of the family's ambitions, Elizabeth retired to the countryside. She died only two years after her two younger children and her husband died the following year. Elizabeth is buried in the Howard family chapel at St Mary's Church, Lambeth. The church, decommissioned in 1972, is now the Garden Museum.

Footnotes

Bibliography

1480s births
1538 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire
Elizabeth
Wiltshire, Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of
Wiltshire, Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of
Wives of knights
15th-century English people
16th-century English nobility
15th-century English women
16th-century English women
Household of Catherine of Aragon

Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire


La Estación Ferroviaria de Vila Nova de Cerveira, igualmente conocida como Estación de Vila Nova de Cerveira, es una plataforma ferroviaria de la Línea del Miño, que sirve la localidad de Vila Nova de Cerveira, en Portugal.

Características
Se encuentra junto al Barrio del Alto das Veigas, en la localidad de Vila Nova de Cerveira.

En 2010, contaba con 2 vías de circulación, ambas con 215 metros de longitud; las dos plataformas tenían ambas 128 metros de extensión, pero una presentaba 30 centímetros de altura, y la otra, 70 centímetros.

En marzo de 2011, esta plataforma era utilizada por servicios Regionales, Interregionales e Internacionales de la transportista Comboios de Portugal.

Véase también
Línea del Miño
Vila Nova de Cerveira
Red Ferroviaria Nacional
Comboios de Portugal

Enlaces externos

Fotografía de la Estación Ferroviaria de Vila Nova de Cerveira, en el portal Panoramio

Referencias

Vila Nova de Cerveira
Vila Nova de Cerveira
Vila Nova de Cerveira
Patrimonio edificado en Vila Nova de Cerveira

Estación de Vila Nova de Cerveira


An Urospatha friedrichsthalii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Urospatha friedrichsthalii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Urospatha, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Urospatha

Urospatha friedrichsthalii


අර්නස්ට් කොරයා (1932-2017 මැයි 11) ශ්‍රී ලාංකික මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු වූ අතර නිදහස් හා ස්වාධීන මාධ්‍යයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සංවර්ධන වැඩසටහන් සම්බන්ධ සාකච්ඡා සඳහා ඔහු කළ සේවය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් වූ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රිකයෙකි.

ළමා අවධිය
කොරයා 1932 දී ලංකාවේ කොළඹ දී උපත ලැබීය.

ඔහුගේ දෙමාපියන් වූයේ පූජ්‍ය අයිවන් කොරයා සහ ඔයිඩා කොරයා ය. ඔහුගේ සොහොයුරා වන වර්නන්, රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් / එස්එල්බීසී හි පුරෝගාමී විකාශකයෙකු වූ අතර බීබීසීයේ වාර්ගික සුළුතර උපදේශකයෙකු විය. ඔහුගේ පියා ලංකා පල්ලියේ කොළඹ ග්‍රාමීය පීඨාධිපති, බොරැල්ල ශාන්ත ලූක් දේවස්ථානයේ සහ මිලාගිරිය ශාන්ත පාවුළු දේවස්ථානයේ විකාර් විය.

ඔහුගේ පවුල ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බටහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ හලාවත නගරයෙන් පැවත එන අතර 1596 දී කෝට්ටේ සහ සීතාවක රජු ලෙස කිරුළු පළඳනා ලද එදිරිල්ලේ රාළ ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන ඩොමිනිකස් කොරයා රජුගේ සෘජු පරම්පරාව විය.

කොරයා අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයෙන් සහ පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන් .

මාධ්‍ය
ඔහු කොළඹ ලේක් හවුස් සමූහ ව්‍යාපාරයේ මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු වූ අතර, සිලෝන් ඩේලි නිවුස් සහ ද සිලෝන් ඔබ්සර්වර් කර්තෘවරයා ලෙස ඉහළටම පැමිණ ඇත. කොරයා 1970s හි සිංගප්පූරු ස්ට්‍රේට්ස් ටයිම්ස් හි විශේෂාංග කර්තෘ සහ විදේශ කටයුතු තීරු ලිපි රචකයෙකු ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී.

රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික

1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ඔහු කැනඩාවේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා මහ කොමසාරිස් ලෙස පත් කරන ලද අතර එක්සත් ජනපදයේ, කියුබාවේ සහ මෙක්සිකෝවේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා තානාපතිවරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය. කොරියා වොෂින්ටන් ඩීසී හි ධවල මන්දිරයේදී එක්සත් ජනපද ජනාධිපති රොනල්ඩ් රේගන් වෙත සිය අක්තපත්‍ර පිළිගැන්වූයේ ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා රාජ්‍ය නායකයෙකුගේ පළමු එක්සත් ජනපදයේ රාජ්‍ය සංචාරයට නායකත්වය දුන්නේ ජනාධිපති රේගන් විසින් ජනාධිපති ජූනියස් රිචඩ් ජයවර්ධනට ධවල මන්දිරයට ආරාධනා කළ අවස්ථාවේදීය. 1984.

ඔහු රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සේවයෙන් ඉවත් වූ පසු ඔහු වොෂින්ටන් ඩීසී හි ලෝක බැංකුවේ උපදේශකයෙකු ලෙස සම්බන්ධ විය. විශ්‍රාම ගැනීමෙන් පසු, ඔහු IDN-InDepthNews සහ බර්ලින් පදනම් කරගත් ගෝලීය සහයෝගිතා කවුන්සිලයේ සේවය කළේය.

ඔහු 2017 මැයි 11 වන දින ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ වර්ජිනියාවේ ස්ප්‍රින්ග්ෆීල්ඩ් හි පිහිටි ඔහුගේ නිවසේදී මිය ගියේය.

මේකත් බලන්න

 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලන පවුල් ලැයිස්තුව

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ප්‍රවීණයෝ ලේක්හවුස් එකෙන්
2017 මරණ
1932 උපත්

අර්නස්ට් කොරයා


Antonela Doko (Rijeka, 10. lipnja 1999.) je hrvatska pjevačica.

Životopis

Svoju karijeru započinje 2014. godine pjesmom Zato što, ali pozornost javnosti dobiva uspješnim duetom s Dinom Antonićem u pjesmi Voli me koji objavljuje iste godine. 2015. postaje dobitnica nagrade Moj prvi Music pub za mlade i talentirane izvođače emisije Music Pub Zlatka Turkalja. Krajem godine potpisuje ugovor s glazbenom kućom Croatia Records. Prvi singl za novu izdavačku kuću Ludi ti potpisuje njezina stalna suradnica Ines Prajo. 2016. godine debitira na 63. Zagrebačkom festivalu s pjesmom Onaj dan koji postaje njezin prvi veliki hit, te pjesme provodi trideset tjedana na top listi Hrvatskoga radija. Iste godine osvojila je treće mjesto na međunarodnome festivalu Baltic Song Contest održanome u švedskome gradu Karlshamnu. Kasnije iste godine održava svoj prvi samostalni koncert. 2017. godine osvaja nagradu Porin u kategoriji Najbolji novi izvođač godine, a bila je nominirana i u kategoriji Najbolja ženska vokalna izvedba.

2020. godine izdaje prvi samostalni album O čemu pričamo.

Diskografija

Albumi
2020. O čemu pričamo

Singlovi
 "Zato što" (2014.)
 "Voli me" feat. Dino Antolić (2014.)
 "Ludi ti" (2014.)
 "Onaj dan" (2016.)
 "Ta ljubav" (2016.)
 "Božić" (2016.)
 "Odlična stvar" (2017.)
 "O čemu pričamo" (2018.)
 "Sve osim nas" (2019.)
 "Tako kažeš" (2019.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Croatia Records – Antonela Doko
 Novilist.hr  Riječka pjevačica Antonela Doko: Pjevam i uživam, to je moja tajna

Hrvatski pop pjevači
Dobitnici diskografske nagrade Porin
Životopisi, Rijeka

Antonela Doko


Aspendos veya Belkıs, Antalya ili Serik ilçesinde bulunan Belkıs köyünde yer alan antik tiyatrosuyla meşhur bir antik kenttir. Pamfilya'nın en zengin şehirlerinden birisidir.

Yerleşim
Aspendos, Serik ilçesinin 8 kilometre doğusunda, Köprüçayı'nın dağlık bölgesinden düzlüğe ulaştığı yerde M.Ö. 10. yüzyılda Akalar tarafından kurulmuş ve antik devrin mamur zengin kentlerinden biridir. Buradaki tiyatro M.S. 2. yüzyılda Romalılar tarafından inşa edilmiştir. Kent biri büyük, biri küçük iki tepe üzerine kurulmuştur.

Tarihçe
Coğrafyacı Strabon ve Pamponrus Mela-(Pomponius Mela), Kentin Agruslularca kurulduğunu yazarlar. Bölgeye MÖ 1200'den sonra Yunan göçleri olmuştur oysa Aspendos adının kaynağı Rumlardan önceki yerli Anadolu dilidir. Önemli bir ticaret yolu üzerinde olduğu ve Köprüçay Irmağı ile limana bağlandığı için Aspendos, her çağda ele geçirilmek istenen kentler arasında yer almıştır. Antik Kent Aspendos İ.Ö. 5. Yüzyıl ilk çeyreğine kadar Pers hakimiyetinde idi. Şehrin yakınlarında akan nehrin kenarında İ.Ö. 467 yılında Yunanlarla Persler arasında geçen, Eurymedon Savaşı adıyla anılan savaşta Yunanlar kazanmıştı.

Tiyatro
Aspendos'un en önemli yapısı tiyatrosudur. Antik tiyatrolar arasında en iyi şekilde korunarak gelmiş bir açık hava tiyatrosudur. Bu tiyatro Anadolu'daki Roma tiyatrolarının günümüze sahnesi ile ulaşabilen en eski ve sağlam bir örneğidir. Mimarı Aspendos'lu Theodorus'un oğlu Zenon'dur. Antonius Pius zamanında yapımına başlanmış Marcus Aurelius zamanında tamamlanmıştır (138-164). Tiyatro, kentin yerli tanrıları ile imparator ailesine sunulmuştur.

Her yıl binlerce yerli, yabancı turist Aspendos'u gezmektedir. Antik tiyatro ayrıca konserler, etkinlikler için kullanılmaktadır.

Bir de Aspendos Antik Tiyatrosu'nun küçük bir öyküsü var. Aspendos kralının bir zamanlar herkesin evlenmek istediği çok güzel bir kızı vardır. Kral kızını kime vereceğini bilemediği için halka, "Kim halkımız, kentimiz için en yararlı şeyi yaparsa kızımı ona vereceğim" diye duyurur. Bunun üzerine iki ikiz kardeş iki büyük yapı yaparlar. Biri kente çok uzaklardan, karmaşık yolları birçok zorluğu geçerek, su getiren su kemerleri; öteki ortasında yere metal para atıldığında üst sıralardan bile sesinin duyulduğu dünyanın akustik olarak en iyi tiyatrosudur. Kral su kemerlerini gördükten sonra kızını su kemerlerini yapana vermek ister. Bunun üzerine tiyatronun mimarı Zenon krala bir oyun oynar. Kral tiyatronun üst sıralarında gezerken bir fısıltı duyar: "Kral kızını bana vermeli." Akustiğe hayran kalan kral kızını büyük bir kılıçla ikiye ayırır ve kardeşlere verir.

Kentteki diğer yapılar

 Stadion
 Agora
 Bazilika
 Hamam
 Su kemeri
 Nympheum (anıtsal çeşme)
 Akropol

Su kemeri
Antik yerleşimde kentin su ihtiyacını karşılayan Aspendos su kemeri hala yapıldığı tarihten günümüze kadar ayakta kalmış eserler arasında görülmekte. Su kemeri kalıntılarını inceyen arkeologların yapmış olduğu bilimsel araştırma ve değerlendirme sonucu elde edilen verilerin M.S. 2. yüzyıl içerisinde yapıldığı sanılmaktadır. Yapılış tarz ve mimarisinde dönemin tekniklerini taşıyan su kemeri, kaynağından 15 metre yükseklikte oyulmuş taş bloklar kanalı ile antik yerleşime 30 metre yükseklikteki kulelerde biriktirilip antik yerleşime dağıtıldığı gözükmektedir. Ayrıca su kemeri hakkındaki en net bilginin ören yerinde bulunan bir yazıtta adı geçen Tiberius Claudius Italicus tarafından yaptırıldığı ve şehrin hizmetine sunulduğu yazmaktadır.

Antik sikkeleri
Aspendos antik kenti sikkeleri Pers döneminde, MÖ 5. yy ortalarında başlamıştır. En iyi bilinen antik sikkeleri, MÖ 420-300/250 dolaylarında darb edilmiş olan gümüş stater serisidir. Bu stater kategorisinde olan antik sikkeler, ön yüzde boğuşan çıplak iki güreşçi tasvirine sahiptir. Genellikle aralarında harfler veya semboller bulunurken, sikke arka yüzlerde belirgin bir şekilde bir sapancı, fırlatma duruşunda, genellikle bir Triskeles [Aspendos'un sikkelerinde uzun bir sivil amblem] şehrin etnik kökenini gösterir. Antik sikkeler üzerindeki güreşçi tipinin seçimi belirsizdir. Güreş, eski zamanlarda popüler bir spordur ve olimpiyatlardaki etkinliklerden birisidir. Belki Aspendos antik kenti o zamanlar güreşçileriyle ünlüydü veya 5. yüzyılın ortalarındaki Olimpiyat etkinliğinde galip gelmiştir, ancak bir yüzyıldan fazla sikkelerinde varlığını sürdüren bu tip antik sikkelerin öne çıkması önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Aspendos antik kentinin gümüş sikkelerinin bolluğu aynı zamanda şehrin ticari öneminin de bir kanıtıdır.

Bir çift güreşçiyi tasvir eden Aspendos sikkeleri, ilk olarak MÖ 400'lü yıllardan itibaren Aspendos tarafından darb edilmiş ve 320'li yıllarda Büyük İskender'in evrensel para birimi ile değiştirilene kadar darb edilmeye devam edilmiştir. Bu güreşçi sikkeleri, genellikle bir hoplit savaşçısını veya süvarisini tasvir eden militarist bir ön yüze sahip olan, arka yüzünde ise bir triskeles veya domuz bulunan daha öncekiantik sikkelerin yerini almıştır. Pisidya'daki antik Selge şehri, 4. yüzyılda Aspendos'un antik sikkelerini açıkça taklit eden bir dizi stater kategorisinde olan kendi antik sikkelerini darb etmiştir.

Aspendos'un antik dünyadaki geniş sikke yelpazesi, MÖ 5. yüzyılda Aspendos'un Pamphylia'daki en önemli şehir haline geldiğini göstermektedir. O zamanlar Eurymedon [Köprüçay] Nehri Aspendos'a kadar ulaşıma elverişliydi ve şehir tuz, yağ ve yün ticaretinden büyük bir zenginlik elde etmiştir. Antik kentte darb edilmiş olan sikkelerin arka yüzlerinde antik kentin Anadolu adı olan orijinal ismi ΕΣΤFΕΔΙΙΥΣ-ESTFEDIIYS lejantları görülmektedir. Diğer tip Stater sikkelerinde ön yüzde miğferli, sağa ilerleyen çıplak Hoplit, sağ elinde mızrak ve sol elinde yuvarlak kalkan, arka tip Triskeles ve antik kentin Anadolu adı olan orijinal ismi ΕΣΤFΕΔΙΙΥΣ-ESTFEDIIYS lejantları EΣTFΔII ve Ε-Σ-T-F olarak görülmektedir. Drahmi kategorisinde olan antik sikkelerde ön yüzde at üzerinde mızrak fırlatan süvari tasviri arka tip yaban domuzu üzerinde bir mızrak ile birlikte EΣTFEΔIIYΣ ve EΣT lejantları görülmektedir.

Resimler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Aspendos antik tiyatrosu'nun uydudan görünüşü  Google Maps

Antalya ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Türkiye'deki antik kentler
Serik
Pamfilya
Türkiye'deki Antik Yunan sitler
Türkiye'deki eski yerleşim birimleri
Antalya coğrafyası
Anadolu'daki Yunan kolonileri
Antalya tarihi
Türkiye'deki Romalı arkeolojik sitler
Attika-Delos Deniz Birliği

Aspendos


Thomas Antonio Conti (født 22. november 1941) er en skotsk skuespiller, teaterdirektør og romanforfatter af italiensk afstamning.

Opvækst
Contis far var af italiensk afstamning, og hans mor var fra Skotland. Conti blev uddannet på St. Aloysiu's College for katolske drenge i Glasgow, og senere studeret på Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama, som også er placeret i Glasgow.

Karriere
Conti er kendt som en meget talentfuld skuespiller. Han begyndte at arbejde med Dundee Repertory Theatre i 1959. Han har også medvirket i flere amerikanske teaterforestillinger på Broadway. Conti har også spillet i en række amerikanske og britiske film, herunder Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983), Dus med damerne (1983), American Dreamer (1984), Shirley Valentine (1986), Saving Grace (1985) ogDangerous Parking (2007).

Conti har skrevet bogen The Doctor, udgivet i 2004. Det er en thriller om en tidligere pilot og hemmelige agent.

Privatliv
Conti har været gift med skotsk skuespiller Kara Wilson siden 1967, og deres datter, Nina Conti, er også en skuespiller, udover bugtaler.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Skotland
Forfattere fra Skotland
Personer fra Paisley
Briter i 1900-tallet
Briter i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Tom Conti


Se Acaso Você Chegasse é o álbum de estreia da cantora e compositora brasileira Elza Soares, lançado em 1960 pela Odeon e com produção musical de Oswaldo Borba e Ismael Corrêa.

Antecedentes
Em 1960. Elza Soares conseguiu realizar seu sonho de trabalhar somente com a música, quando surgiu um concurso na rádio, tendo que cantar as músicas escolhidas por eles e, como foi a vencedora, ganhou uma oportunidade de trabalho, assinando um contrato e cantando semanalmente. Com o tempo, acabou sendo convidada para aparecer na TV, e nesse mesmo ano fez sua primeira turnê internacional, e percorreu os países da América do Sul, América do Norte e Europa. Sua primeira turnê internacional foi na Argentina, para onde ela foi em setembro de 1958. Contudo, ela recebeu um calote do empresário que a contratou e ficou sem dinheiro para voltar, tendo de se apresentar por conta própria em boates até levantar fundos suficientes para viajar ao Rio, um processo que levou um ano.

Nesse meio tempo, seu pai morreu sem que ela pudesse estar perto dele. Por meio de Aldacir Louro, conseguiu sua primeira oportunidade de gravar um disco, pela RCA Victor. Contudo, foi novamente barrada pelo racismo quando os executivos da gravadora se decepcionaram ao descobrirem que ela era negra. Aldacir não desistiu e, com a ajuda de Moreira da Silva, gravou um compacto com "Brotinho de Copacabana" e "Pra Que É Que Pobre Quer Dinheiro?" pelo selo independente Rony, que não fez muito sucesso.

Pouco depois, a cantora Sylvinha Telles apresentou Elza a seu marido, Aloysio de Oliveira, produtor da Odeon, que a convidou para um teste, a partir do qual ela foi contratada para o seu primeiro álbum.

Gravação
Com o contrato da Odeon, Elza Soares gravou Se Acaso Você Chegasse, com produção de Oswaldo Borba e Ismael Corrêa. A faixa-título tinha sido lançada como single pela cantora em dezembro de 1959 e se tornou o primeiro grande sucesso da artista. Com o sucesso do single, a faixa passou a nomear também o primeiro álbum. Sobre a música, Elza disse:

Lançamento
Se Acaso Você Chegasse foi lançado em 1960 pela Odeon em vinil.

Faixas
A seguir lista-se as faixas de Se Acaso Você Chegasse:
Lado A
"Se Acaso Você Chegasse"
"Casa De Turfista... Cavalo De Pau"
"Mulata Assanhada"
"Era Bom"
"Samba Em Copa"
"Dedo Duro"
Lado B
"Teleco-Teco Nº 2"
"Contas"
"Sal E Pimenta"
"Cartão De Visita"
"Nêgo Tu... Nêgo Vós... Nêgo Você..."
"Não Quero Mais"

Álbuns de estreia de 1960
Álbuns de Elza Soares
Álbuns em língua portuguesa

Se Acaso Você Chegasse (álbum)


Stangarstökk er íþróttagrein þar sem keppt er í að stökkva sem hæst með aðstoð sveigjanlegrar stangar. Líkt og í hástökki fær keppandinn þrjár tilraunir til að reyna við hverja hæð. Stöngin sem er notuð er misjafnlega löng og stíf og gerð fyrir mis mikinn þunga, en er á milli 3,05 og 5,30 metrar á lengd. Keppandi tekur atrennu að ránni sem stokkið er yfir og setur enda stangarinnar í stálklæddan stokk sem er undir henni og notar svo vogarafl og skriðþunga til að hefja sig upp á stönginni og yfir rána. Ráin er laus og fellur niður ef keppandinn eða stöngin rekst í hana.

Þriðju ólympíuverðlaunin sem íslenskir keppendur hafa unnið voru bronsverðlaun sem Vala Flosadóttir vann í stangarstökki á ólympíuleikunum árið 2000. Hún stökk 4,5 metra.

Heimsmethafi karla er Svíinn Armand Duplantis sem stökk 6,23 metra.

Frjálsar íþróttir
Stökkíþróttir

Stangarstökk


The Earth Charter is an international declaration of fundamental values and principles considered useful by its supporters for building a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society in the 21st century. Created by a global consultation process, and endorsed by organizations representing millions of people, the Charter "seeks to inspire in all peoples a sense of global interdependence and shared responsibility for the well-being of the human family, the greater community of life, and future generations." It calls upon humanity to help create a global partnership at a critical juncture in history. The Earth Charter's ethical vision proposes that environmental protection, human rights, equitable human development, and peace are interdependent and indivisible. The Charter attempts to provide a new framework for thinking about and addressing these issues. The Earth Charter Initiative organization exists to promote the Charter.

History
The idea of the Earth Charter originated in 1987, by Maurice Strong and Mikhail Gorbachev as members of The Club of Rome, when the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development called for a new charter to guide the transition to sustainable development. In 1992, the need for a charter was urged by then-Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali at the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, but the time for such a declaration was not believed to be right. The Rio Declaration became the statement of the achievable consensus at that time. In 1994, Strong (Chairman of the Earth Summit) and Gorbachev, working through organizations they each founded (the Earth Council and Green Cross International respectively), restarted the Earth Charter as a civil society initiative, with the help of the government of the Netherlands.

Strong died in November 2015.

"The Ark of Hope was created for a celebration of the Earth Charter held at Shelburne Farms, Vermont on September 9, 2001."

Drafting
The drafting of the text was done during a six-year worldwide consultation process (1994–2000), overseen by the independent Earth Charter Commission, which was convened by Strong and Gorbachev with the purpose of developing a global consensus on values and principles for a sustainable future. The Commission continues to serve as the steward of the Earth Charter text.

One of the members of the Earth Charter Commission and Steering Committee was Steven Clark Rockefeller, who, among other things is professor emeritus of Religion at Middlebury College and an advisory trustee of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. According to a 2001 interview with Rockefeller, he "chaired the Earth Charter international drafting committee". Other members included Amadou Toumani Touré (Mali), Princess Basma bint Talal (Jordan), Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria), A. T. Ariyaratne (Sri Lanka), Wakako Hironaka (Japan), Erna Witoelar (Indonesia), Ruud Lubbers (The Netherlands), Federico Mayor (Spain), Mercedes Sosa (Argentina), Leonardo Boff (Brazil), Yolanda Kakabadse (Ecuador), Shridath Ramphal (Guyana), Elizabeth May (Canada), Severn Cullis-Suzuki (Canada), and others.

The final text of the Earth Charter was approved at a meeting of the Earth Charter Commission at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris in March 2000. The official launch was on 29 June 2000 in a ceremony at The Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands attended the ceremony.

Contents
The approximately 2,400 word document is divided into sections (called pillars), which have 16 main principles containing 61 supporting principles.  The document opens with a preamble and ends with a conclusion entitled "The Way Forward".

Preamble

Principles
The four pillars and sixteen principles of the Earth Charter are:

I. Respect and Care for the Community of Life
Respect Earth and life in all its diversity.
Care for the community of life with understanding, compassion and love.
Build democratic societies that are just, participatory, sustainable and peaceful.
Secure Earth's bounty and beauty for present and future generations.

II. Ecological Integrity
Protect and restore the integrity of Earth's ecological systems, with special concern for biological diversity and the natural processes that sustain life.
Prevent harm as the best method of environmental protection and, when knowledge is limited, apply a precautionary approach.
Adopt patterns of production, consumption and reproduction that safeguard Earth's regenerative capacities, human rights and community well-being.
Advance the study of ecological sustainability and promote the open exchange and wide application of the knowledge acquired.

III. Social and Economic Justice
Eradicate poverty as an ethical, social and environmental imperative.
Ensure that economic activities and institutions at all levels promote human development in an equitable and sustainable manner.
Affirm gender equality and equity as prerequisites to sustainable development and ensure universal access to education, health care and economic opportunity.
Uphold the right of all, without discrimination, to a natural and social environment supportive of human dignity, bodily health and spiritual well-being, with special attention to the rights of indigenous peoples and minorities.

IV. Democracy, Nonviolence, and Peace
Strengthen democratic institutions at all levels, and provide transparency and accountability in governance, inclusive participation in decision-making, and access to justice.
Integrate into formal education and lifelong learning the knowledge, values and skills needed for a sustainable way of life.
Treat all living beings with respect and consideration.
Promote a culture of tolerance, nonviolence and peace.

Reaction
The Charter has been formally endorsed by organizations representing millions of people, including the UNESCO, over 250 universities around the world, the World Conservation Union of IUCN, the Indian National Capital Territory of Delhi, the 2001 U.S. Conference of Mayors, and dozens of youth organizations.

Various religious groups from a wide range of religions support the Earth Charter. The Soka Gakkai International, representing more than 12 million Buddhists worldwide, has supported the Earth Charter since its inception. The Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations representing over 1000 Unitarian Universalist congregations in the United States supports the measure.  The official body of the Bahá'í Faith religion reacted by saying "While not officially endorsing the Earth Charter, the Bahá'í International Community considers the effort toward drafting it and activities in support of its essential objectives to be highly commendable, and it will continue to participate in related activities, such as conferences, forums and the like."  The World Pantheist Movement, which supports a naturalistic view of religion, endorses the plan.  The Leadership Conference of Women Religious, a Catholic organization in the United States approved the measure in 2004.  The Episcopal Diocese of Newark (New Jersey), an Episcopalian Christian organization, endorsed the Earth Charter in 2009.

In May 1992, more than 650 representatives of indigenous peoples adopted their own 109-point Indigenous Peoples Earth Charter. Representatives of indigenous peoples also participated in the Earth Charter consultations in 1996. In 2000, the Russian Association of the Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON), representing 31 indigenous peoples living in Siberia and far eastern Russia, formally endorsed the Earth Charter.

Mayor Hsu of Tainan, a city of 750,000 in Taiwan, endorsed the charter in 2007. The cities of Corvallis (Oregon), Berkeley (California), Pickering (Canada) and 21 towns in Vermont have endorsed the measure. Nine other towns in Vermont rejected measures endorsing the Earth Charter.

Engineers Without Borders, an international association whose mission is to help its member groups assist poor communities in their respective countries and around the world, also endorses the Earth Charter.  The Green Party of Botswana supports the plan.  The African Conservation Foundation describes the Earth Charter movement as a "partner".

In the UK, Bournemouth Borough Council endorsed the Charter in 2008.

Earth Charter International, the organization responsible for promoting the Charter, states in its literature that the Earth Charter is respectful and inclusive of all religious traditions. They say that the Charter itself makes no statements to support claims of intent to supplant any of the world's religions or to create a world government. ECI asserts that the Charter is a statement of common ethical values towards sustainability, that recognizes humanity's shared responsibility to the Earth and to each other.

Criticism
The Charter has received opposition from several groups. For example, in the United States, members of religious groups, such as the Religious Right have objected to the document on the grounds that it is secular, and espouses socialism. In addition, some conservatives cite an informal comment by Mikhail Gorbachev that the document is "a kind of Ten Commandments"; and point to the fact that at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa, a copy of the document was placed symbolically in an "Ark of Hope" — an independent project by the American artist Sally Linder.

See also

 Earth Day
 World Oceans Day
 World Water Day
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 University for Peace

References

External links

Earth Charter Community Network
Text of the Earth Charter
Earth Charter Future-Actions & Perspectives of an Earth Child

International sustainable development
United Nations documents
2000 in the United Nations
2000 in the environment
Global policy organizations

Earth Charter


(« souvenez-vous de Tryweryn » en gallois) est un graffiti sur un mur en ruines près de , dans l'ouest du pays de Galles. Il est peint dans les années 1960 par le journaliste Meic Stephens en signe de protestation contre la création du réservoir de Llyn Celyn sur la rivière . Au fil des années, ce graffiti est devenu un symbole du nationalisme gallois.

Contexte

En 1957, le conseil municipal de Liverpool dépose un projet de loi au Parlement du Royaume-Uni visant à créer un lac de barrage dans la vallée de la , l'un des principaux affluents de la Dee. L'objectif est de créer une réserve d'eau potable pour les habitants de Liverpool et de la péninsule de Wirral. Ce projet suscite une opposition virulente au pays de Galles, car il implique la destruction du village de  qui abrite l'une des dernières communautés exclusivement gallophones de la région. Il donne lieu à de nombreuses manifestations au pays de Galles, mais aussi à Liverpool et à Londres. Lorsque le projet passe devant la Chambre des communes, en 1962, tous les députés gallois sauf un votent contre, mais cela ne suffit pas à empêcher son adoption et le réservoir de Llyn Celyn est inauguré le .

Le graffiti

Dans la première moitié des années 1960, l'écrivain et journaliste Meic Stephens fait partie d'un petit groupe de jeunes qui peignent des slogans nationalistes dans les Galles du Sud. En 1963 ou 1964, il se rend en voiture à  avec son ami Rodric Evans. Ils trouvent une grange en ruine isolée et Stephens utilise un petit pinceau et un seau de peinture blanche pour écrire le slogan  sur un mur.

Postérité
La destruction de Capel Celyn, décidée en Angleterre sans consultation de la population galloise, constitue un événement significatif dans le développement du nationalisme gallois : le parti nationaliste Plaid Cymru remporte son premier siège à la Chambre des communes dans l'année qui suit l'inauguration du réservoir. Le slogan  et le graffiti de Stephens en constituent une image marquante qui est fréquemment reprise et imitée.

Le graffiti original est régulièrement vandalisé et restauré. La faute d'orthographe du texte original a été corrigée, avec la lénition du /t/ en /d/ à l'initiale de Tryweryn.

Références

Liens externes

Graffiti
Langue galloise
Ceredigion

Cofiwch Dryweryn


Kurupung je rijeka u Gvajani. Pritoka je rijeke Mazaruni i pripada porječju rijeke Essequibo.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Gvajani
Pritoke Mazarunija

Kurupung


Tistedal Station (Tistedal stasjon) var en jernbanestation på Østfoldbanen, der lå i Tistedal i Halden kommune i Norge.

Stationen åbnede 25. juli 1879 under navnet Femsøen men skiftede navn til Tistedalen 16. februar 1882 og til Tistedal i april 1921. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 30. maj 1965, men stationen var fortsat bemandet indtil 17. marts 1969. Stationen er nu nedlagt, men den østlige del af stationsområdet er bevaret som sidespor. Desuden eksisterer stationsbygningen, der er opført i gulmalet træ efter tegninger af Balthazar Lange, stadig.

Jernbanen mellem Halden Station og Tistedal anses for at være en af de stejleste i Norge. På de 4 km mellem de to stationer er der en højdeforskel på 93 meter. Denne stigningsgrad overgås kun af Flåmsbanen.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Østfoldbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1879
Jernbanestationer i Østfold

Tistedal Station


التكبير في علم البصريات عملية تزيد من حجم الجسم على مستوى بصري وليس مادي. التكبير يعبر عنه برقم يصف درجة التكبير. عندما يكون هذا الرقم أقل من واحد: هذا يشير إلى عملية تصغير للشكل بالنسبة لحجمه الحقيقي، مصطلح التكبير عادة ما يستخدم لتقديم تفاصيل أكثر وضوحا لصورة الشكل. وهذا عن طريق زيادة دقة الزاوي، وباستخدام تقنيات ضوئية، وطباعة، أو من خلال عمليات رقمية. وفي جميع الأحوال، التكبير لا يغير أو يشوه منظور الصورة.

مراجع

بصريات

تكبير (بصريات)


Gawar-Bati ou Narsati é uma língua indo-arianas do subgrupo dárdico falada em Chitral do norte do Paquistão, e do outro lado da fronteira no Afeganistão. Também é conhecido como Aranduyiwar em Chitral porque é falado em Arandu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a última aldeia no baixo Chitral e também fica do outro lado da fronteira de Berkot no Afeganistão. Existem cerca de 9 milfalantes de Gawar-Bati, sendo 1.500 no Paquistão e 7.500 no Afeganistão. O nome Gawar-Bati significa "discurso dos Gawar", um povo detalhado pelos Cacopardos em seu estudo do Hindu Kush.

Estudo e classificação
A língua Gawar-Bati não recebeu estudo sério por linguistas, exceto que é mencionado por George Morgenstierne (1926) e Kendall Decker (1992).

É classificada como uma  indo-ariana do subgrupo dárdico. No entanto, o termo Dardic não é linguístico, mas meramente geográfico.

Escrita
A língua usa a escrita Árabe com 45 letras.

Fonologia
As tabelas a seguir apresentam a fonologia da língua Gawar-Bati:

Consoantes
A breathy voiced series, /bʱ dʱ gʱ/, existed recently in older speakers—and may still do so.

Vogais

O status de /e/ e /o/ curto não é claro.

Notas

Bibliografia
 Decker, Kendall D. (1992) Languages of Chitral  Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University,  http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=32850
 Morgenstierne, Georg (1926) Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie C I-2. Oslo.

Ligações externas
 Georg Morgenstierne multimedia database
 Gawar-Bati online keyboard
 {https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gwt Gawar Bati em Ethnologue]
 {https://fli-online.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Gawarbati-Alif-Be11-Feburary-2016.pdf Gawar Bati em Fli-onlnie]
 {https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4256 Gawar Bati em Endangered languages]
 {https://www.omniglot.com/writing/gawarbati.htm Gawar Bati em Omniglot.com]

Gawar Bati
Gawar Bati
 Gawar Bati]]

Língua gawar-bati


Rodman Edward "Rod" Serling (født 25. december 1924, død 28. juni 1975) var en amerikansk manuskriptforfatter, dramatiker, tv-producent og stemmelægger kendt for sine live-tvdramaer fra 1950'erne og sin science-fiction antologi tv-serie, The Twilight Zone . Serling var aktiv i politik, både på og uden for skærmen, og hjalp til med at danne tv-industristandarder. Han blev kendt som Hollywoods "angry young man", som kolliderede med tv-chefer og sponsorer over en lang række spørgsmål, herunder censur, racisme og krig.

Eksterne henvisninger

Manuskriptforfattere fra USA
Dramatikere fra USA
Tv-producenter fra USA
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Hollywood Walk of Fame

Rod Serling


البَخَر  هو مصطلح يصف رائحة الفم الكريهة أو رائحة النفس أو النفس الكريه أو النفس السيئ، أي الرائحة غير المستحبة المنبعثة خلال التنفس بغض النظر إن كان الفم هو مصدرها الأصلي أم لا. يسبب البخر الفموي تأثيرا نفسيا واجتماعيا كبيرا على المصابين به أو الذين يعتقدون ذلك (المصابين برهاب البخر الفموي)، كما أنه يحتل المركز الثالث بين الأسباب التي تدعو إلى طلب مساعدة طبيب الأسنان بعد تسوس الأسنان والمشاكل حول السنية.

نظرة عامة
في معظم الحالات (من 85-90%) ينتج البخر من الفم نفسه. تختلف شدة الرائحة خلال اليوم إما بسبب الجفاف كما يحدث مع الضغط النفسي أو الصوم، أو بسبب تناول أنواع معينة من الطعام كالثوم والبصل واللحم والسمك والجبن، أو بسبب البدانة والتدخين وشرب الكحوليات. تكون الرائحة في أسوا أحوالها بعد الاستيقاظ من النوم (نفس الصباح) نظرا لجفاف الفم وخموله أثناء الليل. في بعض الأحيان يكون هذا النفس السيئ مؤقتا سرعان ما يزول بعد تناول الطعام، وتفريش الأسنان واستخدام الخيط الطبي والمضمضة بغسول خاص بالفم. وفي أحيان أخرى يكون مستمرا (البخر الفموي المزمن) مما يجعله حالة جادة لدى 25% من الأشخاص في المجتمع بدرجات متفاوتة. المشكلة تؤثر سلبا أيضا على حياة الفرد الشخصية والاجتماعية والعملية مؤدية إلى نقصان الثقة بالنفس وزيادة في الضغوط النفسية. هذه الحالات المزمنة تكون غالبا بسبب النشاط الأيضي لبعض أنواع البكتيريا التي تعيش في الفم.

المنشأ

الفم

بالرغم من أن مسببات الرائحة الكريهة للنفس غير مفهومة تماما، فإن معظم هذه الروائح الكريهة تظهر بسبب البروتينات المحتجزة في الفم والتي تقوم البكتيريا بمعالجتها. يوجد في الفم العادي ما يزيد عن ستمائة نوع من البكتيريا التي تنتج رائحة كريهة عندما تتم زراعتها وحضنها في المعمل.
يعتبر اللسان أكثر المناطق تسببا للبخر الفموي، وذلك بسبب وجود أعداد كبيرة من البكتيريا الموجودة طبيعيا في الجزء الخلفي منه حيث أنه يكون مستقرا لا يتحرك تقريبا خلال الحركة العادية، بالإضافة إلى أن هذا الجزء من اللسان يكون جافا وقليل النظافة ويمكن للمستعمرات البكتيرية العيش على ما ترسب فيه من بقايا الطعام والخلايا الطلائية الميتة وكذلك التتستيل خلف الأنف (postnasal drip) وهو عبارة عن كمية من المخاط متراكمة في الحلق أو خلف الأنف.
يُوفر شكل اللسان الخلفي الملتوي المكان الملائم للبكتيريا اللاهوائية التي تعيش وتنمو على بقايا الطعام والخلايا الميتة والتستيل خلف الأنف والبكتيريا الموجودة سواء الميتة أو الحيّة.وعندما تُترك هذه البكتيريا على اللسان، فإن التنفس اللاهوائي لهذه البكتيريا إما أن يعطي الرائحة العفنة لإحدى هذه المركبات: إندول (indole) – السكاتول (skatole) - عديد الأمين (polyamines)، أوقد يعطي رائحة البيض الفاسد لمركبات الكبريت المتطايرة مثل: الهيدروجين المكبرت (hydrogen sulfide) - ميثيل مِرْكابْتان (methyl mercaptan) - كبريتيد ثنائي الميثيل (dimethyl sulfide).

تنتج الرائحة غالبا بسبب التكسير اللاهوائي للبروتينات إلى أحماض أمينية، يتبعها تكسير آخر لهذه الأحماض لتنتج غازات ذو رائحة كريهة.فعلى سبيل المثال: تكسير السيستين (cysteine) يعطي هيدروجين مكبرت وتكسير الميثيونين (methionine) يعطي ميثيل مِرْكابْتان. كما أظهرت إحصائيا مركبات الكبريت المتطايرة علاقتها برائحة الفم الكريهة.

توجد أيضا أماكن أخرى في الفم قد تكون مسؤولة عن الرائحة الكريهة كليا مع أنها ليست شائعة مثل خلفية اللسان. ومن هذه الأماكن (مرتبه تنازليا): ما بين الأسنان (inter-dental) وتحت اللثة (sub-gingival niches) وأعمال طبيب الأسنان المعيبة والمناطق الموجود بها الطعام بين الأسنان والخُراجات (abscesses) وأطقم الأسنان غير النظيفة.

أمراض اللثة
هناك جدل قائم حول الدور الذي تقوم به الأمراض المتعلقة بدواعم السن (periodontal diseases) في تسبيب النفس الكريه. فبينما تُسبب البكتيريا التي تنمو تحت اللثّة رائحة كريهة عند إزالتها، فإن معظم الدراسات تشير إلى أنه لا يوجد هناك ترابط إحصائي بين الرائحة الكريهة ودواعم السن.

الأنف
ثاني مصدر أساسي للنفس الكريه هو الأنف.في هذه الحالة فإن الرائحة التي تنبعث من فتحتي الأنف لها رائحة لاذعة تختلف عن الرائحة التي تنبعث من الفم.قد تكون رائحة الأنف بسبب عدوى أو التهاب في الجيوب الهوائية أو بسبب وجود أجسام غريبة.

اللوز
يُعد تعفن اللوز سببا ثانويا للنفس الكريه، حيث يكون سببا في 3-5% من الحالات.وبالرغم من أن 5% من الشعب تقريبا يعانون من مادة متكلسة في اللوز يطلق عليها الحصاة اللوزية (tonsilloliths) لها رائحة كريهة جدا عند إخراجها، فإنها ليست بالضرورة سببا للنفس الكريه.

المعدة
في الحقيقة إن أغلب الباحثين يعتبرون المعدة مصدرًا غير مألوف للنفس الكريه (ماعدا في حالة التجشؤ).ولأن المريء عبارة عن أنبوب مغلق، فإن التدفق المستمر للغازات أو المواد المتعفنة من المعدة يشير إلى مشكلة صحيّة مثل الارتداد (reflux) وهي مشكلة خطيرة بما فيه الكفاية لِحدث ناسورا (fistula) بين المعدة والمريء مما سينتج عنه أعراض أخطر بكثير من مجرد الرائحة الكريهة.

أمراض تصيب أجهزة الجسم عامة

توجد هناك بعض الحالات الطبية في بعض أجهزة الجسم التي قد تسبب رائحة النفس الكريهة، ولكنها نادرة جدا في المجتمع، من هذه الحالات:
 1-الرائحة الكريهة الكبدية: تحدث بسبب فشل الكبد
 2-عدوى الجهاز التنفسي السفلي
 3-عدوى الكلى والفشل الكلوي
 4-السرطان (Carcinoma)
 5-ثلاثي ميثيل الأمين.(Trimethylaminuria) (متلازمة رائحة السمك)
 6-مرض السكري
 7-خلل في عمليات الأيض

إن الأشخاص المصابين بمثل هذه الحالات تظهر عليهم أعراض تشخيصية وحاسمة أكثر لأمراضهم من مجرد النفس الكريه. كذلك يجب على الأشخاص الذين يعانون من النفس الكريه ألا يستنتجوا من ذلك أنهم مصابون بإحدى هذه الأمراض.

التشخيص

التشخيص الذاتي والمنزلي
يعتقد العلماء منذ وقت طويل أنه يصعب اشتمام المرء لرائحة نفسه في كثير من الأحيان بسبب تعوده على تلك الرائحة، وعلى الرغم من ذلك فإن الكثير من الذين يعانون من سوء رائحة النفس قادرين على اكتشافها لدى الآخرين. لذا يعتقد الباحثون أن التقييم الذاتي لسوء رائحة الفم ليس سهلا بسبب الأفكار المسبقة عن مدى السوء الذي ينبغي أن تكون عليه الرائحة. بعض الناس يعتقدون أن لديهم نفسا سيئا بسبب سوء الطعم لديهم (كالمعدن، لاذع، برازي، الخ)، إلا أن سوء الطعم يعتبر مؤشرا ضعيفا لذلك.
لهذه الأسباب، فإن أبسط وأنجح وسيلة لمعرفة ما إذا كان شخص ما يعاني من سوء النفس هو أن يسأل فردا بالغا ثقة من أفراد الأسرة أو صديق مقرب جدا (مريح)، فإذا أكد له بأن هنالك ثمة مشكلة في رائحة نفسه، فعليه أن يتمكن من المساعدة في تحديد ما إذا كانت الرائحة قادمة من الفم أو الأنف، وما إذا كان العلاج بعد أخذه فعالا أم لا.
من أكثر الطرق شيوعا للتأكد من وجود نفس سيء هو لعق الجزء الخلفي من المعصم، وترك اللعاب يجف لدقيقة أو دقيقتين وشم النتيجة.وكما استنتج من البحث فإن نتائج هذا الاختبار مبالغة، وينبغي تجنبه. الطريقة المثلى هي حك طفيف لمؤخرة ظهر اللسان بواسطة ملعقة من البلاستيك وشم الذي تبقى جافا. بعد أن يكون أحد أفراد الأسرة، أو أحد الأصدقاء المقربين قد استطاع من شم رائحة النفس وأعطى نتيجة صادقه وأمينه. وقد أصبح الاختبار المنزلي الآن متوفرا باستخدام التفاعلات الكيميائية التي تختبر وجود مركبات الكبريت وعديدات الأمين على مسحات اللسان، لكن هناك عددا قليلا من الدراسات التي أثبتت فعلا قدرة الكشف عن الرائحة بهذه الطريقة.وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن تغير شدة النفس طوال اليوم تبعا لعوامل كثيرة يجعل من الضروري استخدام اختبارات متعددة للكشف عنها.

التشخيص المتقدم
إذا استمر سوء النفس، واستبعدت كافة العوامل الطبية والمتعلقة بالأسنان، فإن الاختبارات المتخصصة والعلاج يصبحان ضروريين. تطالب المئات من عيادات الأسنان والمكاتب التجارية الآن بتشخيص وعلاج سوء النفس. ولذلك هم غالبا ما يستخدمون بعض من الطرق المخبرية لتشخيص سوء النفس ومنها:
 جهاز قياس سوء النفس Halimeter: جهاز رصد كبريتيد محمول يستخدم لاختبار مستويات انبعاث الكبريت (وعلى وجه التحديد، كبريتيد الهيدروجين) في هواء الفم. إذا ما استخدم هذا الجهاز بشكل صحيح فإنه يكون فعالا جدا في تحديد مستويات البكتيريا المنتجة لمركبات الكبريت المتطايرة. ومع ذلك، كانت هناك عوائق في التطبيقات السريرية لهذا الجهاز. فعلى سبيل المثال، بعض مركبات الكبريتيد المشتركة الأخرى مثل mercaptan))لا تسجل بسهولة وقد تغير في نتائج الاختبار. بعض الأطعمة مثل الثوم والبصل تنتج الكبريت في النفس لمدة 48 ساعة ويمكن أن تؤدي إلى قراءات خاطئة. الجهاز حساس أيضا للكحول، ولذلك ينبغي تجنب شرب الكحول أو استخدام غسول الفم المحتوي على مادة الكحول لمدة لا تقل عن 12 ساعة قبل إجراء الاختبار.هذه الآلة تناظرية تفقد دقتها على مر الزمن، وتتطلب إعادة تقويم دوري لها لتظل دقيقة.
 الاستشراب (الكروماتوغرافيا) الغازي: بدأ حاليا عرض الآلات المحمولة مثل (oralchroma).هذه التكنولوجيا مصممة خصيصا لقياس رقمي لثلاث جزيئات من مركبات الكبريت المتطايرة وهي كبريتيد الهيدروجين وميثايل المركبتان وثنائي ميثايل الكبريت في عينة من هواء الفم. هذه الأجهزة دقيقة في قياس عنصر الكبريت في النفس وتوضح النتيجة على شكل رسم بياني عن طريق الحاسوب.
 اختبار قياس بنزويل أرجنين نفثالاميد (BANA test): هذا الاختبار موجه لمعرفة مستويات أحد الأنزيمات في الفم والذي يشير لوجود بعض من أنواع البكتيريا ذات العلاقة بسوء الرائحة.
 بيتا- جلكتوسايديز: وجد أن مستوى وجود هذا الإنزيم في اللعاب مرتبط ارتباطا وثيقا بسوء النفس.

وعلى الرغم من أن هذه الأجهزة تستخدم على نطاق واسع في العيادات لاختبار سوء النفس، إلا أن أهم وسيلة لقياس سوء النفس (النموذج الحقيقي)هو استنشاق وتسجيل مستوى ونوع الرائحة بواسطة خبراء مدربين (قياسات عضوية). ويقيم مستوى الرائحة عادة على مدرج من ست نقاط.

الرعاية المنزلية والعلاج
في الوقت الحالي تعتبر حالة «البخر الفموي المزمنة» من الحالات التي لم تفهم أسبابها جيدًا من قبل الكثير من الأطباء وأطباء الأسنان، لذلك فإنه ليس من السهل دائما العثور على العلاج الفعال..
هناك ست استراتيجيات يمكن اقتراحها:
 تناول إفطار صحي مع (الأطعمة الخشنة) يساعد على تنظيف الجزء الخلفي من اللسان بطريقة جيدة.
 تنظيف سطح اللسان بلطف مرتين في اليوم عن طريق فرشاة اللسان (محكة اللسان أو منظفة اللسان) لإزالة (التجمعات البكتيرية - الأوساخ - المواد المخاطية). كما يمكن أن تستخدم ملعقة شاي مقلوبة بفعالية، أما فرشاة الأسنان فيجب أن يتجنب استخدامها نظراً لأن شعيراتها تؤثر على اللسان مسببة رد فعل التجشؤ. ويجب تجنب كشط اللسان بقوة أو الإضرار به خاصة كشط المنطقة الخلفية منه التي يوجد بها حليمات التذوق المتراصة على شكل حرف V. كما أن تنظيف الفم واللسان عن طريق استخدام غسول أو جل مضاد للجراثيم سيؤدي إلى منع النشاط البكتيري.
 مضغ العلكة: إن جفاف الفم يؤدي إلى زيادة تجمع وتكاثر البكتيريا مما يسبب أو يفاقم مشكلة رائحة الفم الكريهة، لذلك فإن مضغ لبان خال من السكر يساعد على تنشيط إنتاج اللعاب وبالتالي تقليل الرائحة الكريهة. إن مضغ اللبان يساعد بشكل أخص عندما يكون الفم جافاً أو عندما لا يستطيع الشخص القيام بعملية العناية بصحة الفم بعد الوجبات (خاصة تلك الوجبات الغنية بالبروتين). وهو أيضا يساعد في زيادة إنتاج اللعاب، الذي يقوم بغسل وإزالة بكتيريا الفم، ويحتوي على خصائص مضادات الجراثيم التي تعزز النشاط الميكانيكي ليساعد في تنظيف الفم. قد تحتوي بعض العلك على مكونات أو عناصر خاصة مضادة لرائحة الفم الكريهة.. كذلك فإن من الشائع مضغ بذور الشمر، أعواد القرفة، لبان المستكاء أو البقدونس الطازج في العلاج الشعبي.
 الغرغرة بغسول فم فعال مباشرة قبل وقت النوم. أظهرت عدة أنواع من غسولات الفم التجارية فعاليتها في التخفيف من رائحة الفم الكريهة لساعات، وهي تستند إلى دراسات علمية.. قد تحتوي غسولات الفم على مكونات نشطة تفقد فعاليتها بالصابون الموجود في معظم معاجين الأسنان، لذلك يوصى بعدم استعمال غسول الفم بعد التسوك بالفرشاة والمعجون مباشرة.
 المحافظة على النظافة اللازمة للفم، وذلك يتضمن التنظيف بالفرشاة، استعمال خيط التنظيف، والزيارات الدورية لأطباء الأسنان وأخصائيي صحة الفم. إن استعمال خيط التنظيف يعتبر ضروريا لإزالة بقايا الغذاء المتحللة والجير العالق بين الأسنان خاصة بمحاذاة اللثة. كذلك يجب تنظيف أطقم الأسنان بعناية ونقعها طوال الليل في محلول مضاد للبكتيريا (ما لم ينصح طبيب أسنانك بغير ذلك)
 المحافظة على مستوى الماء في الجسم بشرب عدة أكواب من الماء في اليوم..

غسول الفم
عادة ما يحتوي غسول الفم على مضادات للبكتيريا تتضمن هذه المواد
cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine zinc gluconate, essential oils, and chlorine dioxide.
إن مادتي الزنك وكلوروهيكسيدين يوفران فعالية متوافقة قوية. قد يحتوي غسول الفم على الكحول وهو مادة مجففة مما قد يؤدي إلى مفاقمة المشكلة مثل غسول Scope و Listerine.
بعض المحاليل الأخرى تعتمد على مزيلات الرائحة كالمؤكسدات التي تزيل رائحة الفم الكريهة في وقت قصير مثل غسول SmartMouth، TheraBreath، Closys وغيرها.

يمكن استعمال بيروكسيد الهيدروجين للتخفيف من رائحة النفس الكريهة بشكل مؤقت، كما يمكن استعماله أيضا كمطهر للفم عند تركيز 1.5% بواسطة الغرغرة ب 10 مل منه (حوالي ملعقتي شاي).
يتوفر بيروكسيد الهيدروجين عادة بتركيز 3 % ويجب تخفيفه إلى 1.5% عن طريق خلطه مع كمية مساوية له من الماء، وهو عامل مؤكسد قوي يقضي على معظم البكتيريا بما فيها البكتيريا الحيوية النافعة. كما أن استخدامه لمدة طويلة قد يكون ضارا.
و يعتبر بيروكسيد الهيدروجين المركز (50 %) مؤكسد آكل، وحتى المحاليل المنزلية القوية يمكن أن تسبب تهيجا للعين والأغشية المخاطية والجلد.
و يعتبر ابتلاع محلول بيروكسيد الهيدروجين خطرا جدا، فبتحلله في المعدة يطلق كميات كبيرة من الغاز (10 أضعاف حجم 3 % منه) مما يؤدي إلى حدوث النزيف الداخلي. أيضاً فإن استنشاق أكثر من 10% منه قد يؤدي إلى تهيج رئوي حاد.
ظهرت نظرية حديثة نسبيا للعناية المنزلية برائحة الفم الكريهة عن طريق استعمال غسول يحتوي على الزيت في مكوناته.
وقد تمت دراسة استخدام الزيوت الأساسية واكتشف أنها ذات فعالية كبيرة وتم استخدامها في العديد من غسولات الفم التجارية، بالإضافة إلى استخدام الغسول ذي الحالتين (ماء: زيت) وجد أن له فعالية في إزالة رائحة الفم الكريهة.

علاجات تقليدية قديمة

تبعا للطب الأيروفيدي (الآرفدي: أحد فروع الطب البديل) فإن مضغ نبتة البندق وورقة التنبول (مدغة التنبول) يعتبر علاجًا ممتازًا ضد رائحة الفم الكريهة في جنوب آسيا. كانت هذه من عادات العشاق لاحتواء الخليط على المواد المنعشة لرائحة النفس.

رهاب البخر الفموي (الوهم بالبخر الفموي)
ربع المرضى الذين يطلبون المساعدة الطبية للتخلص من الرائحة السيئة يعانون من قلق مبالغ فيه حيال إصابتهم بالنفس السيئ يعرف برهاب البخر الفموي أو الوهم بالبخر الفموي (Halitophobia (delusion halitosis)) أو قد يكون هذا القلق أحد مظاهر متلازمة اضطرابات رائحة الجسد (Olfactory Reference Syndrome). هؤلاء المرضى متأكدون من أن رائحة نفسهم سيئة مع أن غالبيتهم لم يطلب رأيا محايدا من أي شخص. رهاب البخر قد يؤثر بشكل خطير على حياة 0,5- 1 % من مجتمع البالغين. للأسف فإن القليل فقط من الأخصائيين أو الأطباء النفسين جربوا كيف يتفهمون مع هذه المشكلة العاطفية المنهكة وصعبة العلاج.

أبحاث علمية
أسست عام 1966 منظمة علمية عالمية تدعى الجمعية العالمية لأبحاث رائحة النفس لتعزز عمل أبحاث صارمة عن رائحة النفس من جميع الأوجه. أقيم المؤتمر العالمي الثامن عن رائحة النفس في 2009 بمدينة دورتموند بألمانيا.

انظر أيضا
 تنقيط أنفي خلفي
 رائحة الجسم
 رائحة القدم

المصادر والمراجع
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أعراض وعلامات الجهاز الهضمي
صحة الفم
طب الفم
علامات طبية
رائحة الجسم

بخر فموي


Butters Stotch izmišljeni je lik iz američke animirane komedije South Park. Privremeno je bio glavni lik zamijenivši Kennyja koji je bio mrtav te se kasnije vratio.

Butters je najvažniji lik izvan grupe četvorice prijatelja i privremeni glavni lik u 6. sezoni, gdje je privremeno postao dio društva zamijenivši Kennyja. On je naivan, lako manipuliran, vječna žrtva, često nesretan, ali istovremeno i nevjerojatno optimističan. Roditelji ga često kažnjavaju za sitnice, a prijatelji zadirkuju. Buttersove frustracije izražava njegov alter ego Profesor Kaos, poremećeni negativac koji pokušava uništiti svijet. Uzor za Buttersovog lika je Eric Stough, direktor animacije South Parka.

Butters je debitirao kao neimenovani pozadinski lik kada je South Park prvi put premijerno prikazan na Comedy Centralu 13. kolovoza 1997. godine. Njegova je uloga postupno rasla, postavši jedan od najčešće prisutnih likova u seriji počevši od 3. sezone i na kraju de facto peti glavni lik. Kreatori Trey Parker i Matt Stone izjavili su da im je on jedan od omiljenih likova.

Uloga u South Parku
Butters pohađa osnovnu školu South Park i ide u 4. razred Herberta Garrsiona. Od svojih roditelja u epizodi "Going Native" saznaje da je rođen na otoku Kauaiju. Tijekom prvih 58 epizoda serije, Butters i ostali glavni likovi bili su 3. razred. Živi u South Parku kao jedino dijete Stephena i Linde Stotch, od kojih se neprestano suočava s prijetećom mogućnošću da bude kažnjen i zlostavljan. Kada je Kenny privremeno otpisan iz serije pred kraj 5. sezone, Stan, Kyle i Cartman prihvaćaju Buttersa u svoju grupu kao "četvrtog člana". Tijekom tog razdoblja dječaci bi često iskorištavali Buttersov blag temperament tako što bi od njega napravili marionetu u svojim osobnim planovima, posebice Cartmanovim.

Izvori

South Park

Butters Stotch


Shinobu Terajima (Quioto, 28 de dezembro de 1972) é uma atriz japonesa. Ela ganhou o Urso de Prata no Festival de Cinema de Berlim por seu papel em Caterpillar de 2010.

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1972
Atores do Japão
Urso de Prata de melhor atriz
Naturais de Quioto

Shinobu Terajima


Andhetja er söguhetja sem skortir hefðbundna eiginleika hetjunnar, eins og ósérhlífni, siðferðisstyrk og hugrekki. Andhetjan gerir oft hetjulega hluti, en af siðferðilega röngum ástæðum, eins og sjálfselsku eða klaufaskap. Andhetjan dregur bæði fram og setur spurningarmerki við hefðbundin siðferðisviðmið. Fjölmörg dæmi um andhetjur er að finna í heimsbókmenntunum frá öllum tímum. Frægar andhetjur eru meðal annars Grettir Ásmundarson, Hallgerður langbrók og Skarphéðinn Njálsson, Don Kíkóti, Stikilsberja-Finnur, Scarlett O'Hara, Andrés Önd, Batman, Kattarkonan og Viggó viðutan.

Tengt efni
 Tálsöguhetja
 Falshetja
 Skúrkur

Staðalpersónur
Hetjur

Andhetja


Cevizli, Çorum ilinin Oğuzlar ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 74 km, Oğuzlar ilçe merkezine 24 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Oğuzlar belde ve köyleri

Cevizli, Oğuzlar


O Farol de Galinhos é um farol localizado na praia ao norte de Galinhos, no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, no Brasil. Foi construído em 1931.

Este farol é de propriedade da Marinha do Brasil e é administrado pelo Centro de Sinalização Náutica e Reparos Almirante Moraes Rego (CAMR) da Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação (DHN).

Histórico
A estrutura foi construída em 1931 para assegurar visibilidade da costa e proporcionar segurança à navegação, e é atualmente um dos principais pontos turísticos da região. É constituído por uma torre metálica cilíndrica de 13 metros de altura, com uma pequena lanterna na galeria. A estrutura se apoia em uma plataforma de concreto que fica submersa na maré alta, tornando o farol inacessível por terra. A construção é pintada de branco com uma faixa horizontal vermelha. Localiza-se 25 km a oeste de Caiçara do Norte.

Ele emite, a uma altura focal de 14 metros, um feixe de luz branca a cada 10 segundos. Seu alcance é de cerca de 24 quilômetros (12 milhas náuticas).

Ver também

 Lista de faróis do Brasil

Ligações externas

 Hidrografia e Navegação - Marinha brasileira
 Centro Almirante Moraes Rego - Marinha brasileira
  Galinhos Light - Lighthouse Explorer
  Lighthouses of Northeastern Brazil
  Liste ARLHS Brazil
 Faróis do Brasil - Lista de faróis brasileiros
 Galinhos - Lightphotos.net

Galinhos
Infraestrutura de transporte terminada em 1931

Farol de Galinhos


Bernard Zadi Zaourou o Bottey Zadi Zaourou (Soubré, 1938, 20 de marzo de 2012) fue un político, profesor y escritor marfileño, ministro de Cultura en el Gobierno de Daniel Kablan Duncan de 1993.

Considerado escritor feminista, es el teórico de la estética "DIDIGA"

Libros
 Fer de lance, livre I, 1975
 Césarienne (Fer de lance, livre II)
 Aube prochaine
 Les chants du souvenir

Teatro
 1968 : Sorry Lombe
 1974 : Les sofas et L'œil
 1979 : La tignasse
 1981 : La termitière
 1984 : Le secret des dieux
 1984 : Le Didiga de Dizo
 1985 : La guerre des femmes

Enlaces externos

 (en francés) www.100pour100culture.com

Políticos de Costa de Marfil
Escritores de Costa de Marfil del siglo XX
Escritores en francés
Kru
Ministros de Costa de Marfil

Bernard Zadi Zaourou


Valer Cosma (n. 1888, Drăghia, Maramureș]- d. 1970, Ileanda) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Valer Cosma, a fost hirotonit în 1915 în parohia greco-catolică Dabaceni. A fost ales delegat al cercului electoral Ileanda Mare la Marea Adunare Națională. În 1940, Valer Cosma este expulzat de către autoritățile hortiste în Banat unde rămâne până în 1945. Aici servește ca preot în parohia Hisias. În perioada 1951-1952, Valer Cosma este trimis la canal.

Distincții
În anul 1968 primește medalia comemorativă "50 de ani de la Unire".

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1888
Decese în 1970
Preoți români
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Valer Cosma


Piotr Jaroszewicz (n. 8 octombrie 1909, Nesvizh, Imperiul Rus - d. 1 septembrie 1992, Varșovia) a fost un politician comunist polonez, membru al Biroului politic al Comitetului Central al PMUP. În 1943 s-a înrolat în Armata Poloneză care se forma pe teritoriul Uniunii Sovietice. În anii 1947-1985 a fost deputat al Seimului Republicii Populare Polone (RPP) comuniste.

Premii și distincții
 Krzyż Srebrny Orderu Virtuti Militari / Crucea de Argint, Ordinul Virtuti Militari (1945)
 Krzyż Wielki Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (1979)
 Order Budowniczych Polski Ludowej / Ordinul Constructorilor Republicii Populare Polone (1969)
 Order Sztandaru Pracy I klasy (dwukrotnie)
 Order Krzyża Grunwaldu II klasy (8 octombrie 1979)
 Medal 10-lecia Polski Ludowej / Medalia celei de-a 10-a aniversare a Republicii Populare Polone
 Medal 30-lecia Polski Ludowej / Medalia celei de-a 30-a aniversare a Republicii Populare Polone
 Medal za Odrę, Nysę, Bałtyk / Medalia pentru Odra, Nysa și Marea Baltică
 Medal Zwycięstwa i Wolności 1945 / Medalia Victoriei și Libertății 1945
 Medal Za udział w walkach o Berlin / Medalia pentru Participarea în Lupta de la Berlin (1966)
 Złoty Medal "Za zasługi dla obronności kraju"
 Odznaka 1000-lecia Państwa Polskiego
 Odznaka Grunwaldzka
 Order Przyjaźni Narodów (ZSRR) / Ordinul Prieteniei Popoarelor (URSS)
 Medal za Zwycięstwo nad Niemcami w Wielkiej Wojnie Ojczyźnianej 1941-1945 (ZSRR)
 Medal 20-lecia Zwycięstwa w Wielkiej Wojnie Ojczyźnianej 1941-1945 (1972, ZSRR)
 Medal 30-lecia Zwycięstwa w Wielkiej Wojnie Ojczyźnianej 1941-1945 (1975, ZSRR)

Legături externe
  Piotr Jaroszewicz - biografia, życiorys
  Piotr Jaroszewicz

Nașteri_pe_8_octombrie
Nașteri_în_1909
Politicieni_polonezi
Comuniști_polonezi
Asasinate_politice
Prim-miniștri_ai_Poloniei
Decese_pe_1_septembrie
Decese_în_1992

Piotr Jaroszewicz


Les Naviculales  sont un ordre d'algues de l'embranchement des Bacillariophyta  et de la classe des Bacillariophyceae.

Description

Distribution

Liste des familles
Selon  :
 Amphipleuraceae Grunow, 1862
 Berkeleyaceae D.G.Mann
 Brachysiraceae D.G.Mann
 Cavinulaceae D.G.Mann
 Cosmioneidaceae D.G.Mann
 Diadesmidaceae D.G.Mann
 Diploneidaceae D.G.Mann
 Metascolioneidaceae Blanco & Wetzel, 2016
 Naviculaceae Kützing, 1844
 Naviculales incertae sedis
 Neidiaceae Mereschkowsky, 1903
 Pinnulariaceae D.G.Mann, 1990
 Plagiotropidaceae D.G.Mann, 1990
 Pleurosigmataceae Mereschowsky, 1903
 Proschkiniaceae D.G.Mann
 Scoliotropidaceae Mereschkowsky, 1903
 Sellaphoraceae Mereschkowsky, 1902
 Stauroneidaceae D.G.Mann

Systématique
Le nom correct complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Naviculales Bessey, 1907.

Publication originale
 Bessey, C.E. (1907). A synopsis of plant phyla. University Studies of the University of Nebraska 7:  275-373, 1 pl.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ordre d'algues (nom scientifique)

Naviculales


Marin Joy Snedeger ()  o actriță și cântăreață americană cunoscută pentru munca sa în teatrul muzical. Ea a fost nominalizată la Premiul Tony, Drama Desk și Olivier pentru interpretarea rolului Lilli/Katharine din Kiss me, Kate. A susținut concerte împreună cu soțul ei, Jason Danieley.

Biografie
Snedeger s-a născut în Rockford, Illinois, și a absolvit de la Western Michigan University, cu o diplomă în teatru și muzică. Snedeger a început să cânte în corul bisericii la vârsta de 8 ani. Ea a continuat să joace în școală și la facultate, având mai multe apariții la Barn Theatre din Augusta, Michigan.

Note

Legături externe
Site oficial

Nașteri în 1960
Decese în 2018
Cântărețe americane
Actrițe americane

Marin Mazzie


An Xanthorrhoea preissii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher. An Xanthorrhoea preissii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Xanthorrhoea, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Xanthorrhoea

Xanthorrhoea preissii


Fergus Ewing (* 23. September 1957 in Glasgow) ist ein schottischer Politiker und Mitglied der Scottish National Party (SNP).

Leben
Ewing besuchte die Loretto School in Musselburgh und studierte anschließend Jura an der Universität Glasgow. Danach war er zunächst als Solicitor, dann als Anwalt tätig. Fergus Ewing ist der Sohn der Politikerin Winnie Ewing, Ehemann der Politikerin Margaret Ewing und Bruder von Annabelle Ewing.

Politischer Werdegang
Erstmals trat Ewing bei den Unterhauswahlen 1992 zu nationalen Wahlen an. Im Wahlkreis Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber erhielt er bei knappem Wahlausgang die dritthöchste Stimmenanzahl hinter dem Liberaldemokraten David Russell Johnston und dem Labour-Kandidaten David John Stewart. Vor den Unterhauswahlen 1997 wurden die Wahlkreise neu zugeschnitten und Ewing kandidierte im neugeschaffenen Wahlkreis Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber. Da er jedoch hinter David Stewart nur den zweitgrößten Stimmenanteil erhielt, verpasste er abermals den Einzug in das Britische Unterhaus.

Bei den Parlamentswahlen 1999 kandidierte Ewing im Wahlkreis Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber, konnte das Direktmandat knapp vor der Labour-Kandidatin erringen und zog in das neugeschaffene Schottische Parlament ein. Bei den Parlamentswahlen 2003 und 2007 verteidigte Ewing sein Mandat. Zwischen 2007 und 2011 bekleidete Ewing den Ministerposten für Community Safety. Im Zuge der Wahlkreisreform 2011 wurde der Wahlkreis Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber aufgelöst. Teile des alten Wahlkreises gingen in dem neuen Wahlkreis Inverness and Nairn auf, für den Ewing bei den Parlamentswahlen 2011 antrat. Das Direktmandat gewann er mit deutlichem Vorsprung vor dem Labour-Kandidaten. Im neuen Kabinett wurde er zum Minister für Energie, Unternehmen und Tourismus bestellt.

Dem am 28. März 2023 Kabinett Yousaf gehörte Ewing nicht mehr an. Er wurde am 28. September 2023 aus der Fraktion der SNP im schottischen Parlament ausgeschlossen, da er sich gegen die Zusammenarbeit mit den Grünen ausgesprochen und entsprechend abgestimmt hatte.

Weblinks
 Eigene Netzpräsenz
 Informationen auf den Seiten des Schottischen Parlaments
 Informationen der SNP

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Minister (Schottland)
Mitglied der Scottish National Party
Schotte
Brite
Mann
Geboren 1957
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (Highland, Council Area)
Tourismusminister

Fergus Ewing


An Eulophia barteri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Eulophia barteri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eulophia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eulophia

Eulophia barteri


The BMW E34 is the third generation of the BMW 5 Series, which was produced from November 2, 1987, until 1996. Initially launched as a sedan in January 1988, the E34 also saw a "Touring" station wagon (estate) body style added in September 1992, a first for the 5 Series. BMW replaced the E34 with the E39 5 Series in December 1995, although E34 Touring models remained in production until June 1996.

The E34 generation marked the first time all-wheel drive was incorporated into the 5 Series with the 525iX, and the first V8 engine to be used in a 5 Series. The E34 also saw the introduction of stability control (ASC), traction control (ASC+T) a 6-speed manual transmission and adjustable damping (EDC) to the 5 Series range.

There was an unusually large range of engines fitted over its lifetime as nine different engine families were used. These consisted of straight-four, straight-six and V8 engines.

The E34 M5 is powered by the S38 straight-six engine and was produced in sedan and wagon body styles.

Development and launch
Development ran from July 1981 to early 1987, with the initial design proposal penned by Ercole Spada in 1982. Under the guidance of chief designer Claus Luthe, BMW based much of the design on the E32 7 Series. Following Spada's departure from BMW and styling approval in 1983, J Mays finalized the design for production in mid-1985. Special attention was paid to aerodynamics, with the E34 basic sedan having a drag coefficient of 0.30.

Series production began in November 1987. In December 1987, the E34 sedan was unveiled to global press.

Body styles
Sedan models have a length of , a width of  and a height of . Wagon models have a length of  and a height of . All models have a wheelbase of .

Engines
Official output figures are as follows:

Petrol

Diesel

Performance

* Automatic Transmission

** Governed (Auto/Manual)

Drivetrain

Manual transmissions
 5-speed Getrag 260
 5-speed Getrag 280 — 3.6 L M5 model only
 5-speed ZF S5D 310 — 91-92 US, and European M50 engines
 5-speed Getrag 250G - 93-95 US M50 engines.
 6-speed Getrag 420G — 540i and 1994-1996 M5 only

Automatic transmissions
 4-speed ZF 4HP22 - M20 and M30 engines
 4-speed GM 4L30-E (A4S 310R) - M50 engines (US only)
 5-speed ZF 5HP18 - M50 and M51 (except US) and 1992-1995 530i (M60B30).
 5-speed ZF 5HP30 - 540i

Suspension
Front suspension consists of double pivot MacPherson struts, with a replaceable shock absorber cartridge inside a steel strut housing. Control arms and thrust arms control front-to-back and side-to-side movement. Steering on most models is a recirculating ball design, however the all-wheel drive 525iX uses a rack and pinion steering system (along with front suspension) similar to the E30 3 Series 325iX model. All front suspension components are steel, except that the lower control arms on some models are aluminum.

Rear suspension consists of semi-trailing arms with coil springs integrated in a strut assembly.

Models

Petrol-engined
The base model, available only in Europe, was the petrol-powered four-cylinder 518i. Only available with a 5-speed manual transmission, a total of 53,248 cars were produced.

The next petrol model up was the six-cylinder 520i, which began production in January 1988. It was initially powered by the BMW M20 single overhead camshaft engine, which was replaced by the BMW M50 double overhead camshaft engine in 1990. The 520i was the second most popular E34 model globally, with 426,971 units produced. The 525i was the most popular E34 model globally with 434,549 units produced. As per the 520i, the 525i initially used the M20 engine, which was replaced by the M50 engine in 1990.

Engine volume and year of manufacture often influenced the type of wiring. This was of great importance for decoding the configuration and the possibility of further retrofitting. Thus, cars can be divided into two types: high and low. Wiring had a big influence to the amount of possible options and functions of a car. There also was update after M50 and M60 introduce.

A rare E34 model is the petrol-powered six-cylinder 525iX, of which only 9,366 cars were produced. The 525iX was the first all-wheel drive 5 Series, and the only all-wheel drive model in the E34 range. It was powered by the BMW M50 engine and was the first 5 Series to use a rack and pinion steering system.

There are two versions of the E34 530i: an inline-six model produced from 1988 to 1990, and a V8 model produced from 1993 to 1995. The earlier model was one of the last applications of the BMW M30 inline-six engine. The V8 version, which replaced the six-cylinder 535i in the lineup, was powered by the new BMW M60 V8 engine and was available with a 5-speed manual or 5-speed automatic transmission. Initially, the V8 models were differentiated from other models by the wide grill; in 1994 the wide grill became available on other models. Between the two versions of the 530i, a total of 57,570 cars were produced.

The highest six-cylinder model (except for the M5) was the 535i. Despite the '535i' model designation and '3.5' casting on the intake manifold, the BMW M30 engine found in the E34 535i actually has a displacement of . There was also a 535i Sport model with M-technic body kit, boot spoiler with brake light, sport seats, M-Tech sports leather steering wheel (M-tech 1 for 1988-1989 cars, M-tech 2 for 1990–1992), M-technic suspension (M-tech springs, stiffer shocks, M-tech 25mm front stabilizer bar, M-tech 18mm rear stabilizer bar), a polished rocker cover and also a limited-slip differential (25% lock) as standard. A total of 97,679 cars were produced, including the Alpina B10 (BiTurbo, 3.5) models. The 535i was replaced by the V8-engined 530i and 540i models in 1993.

In 1993, the 540i model was added to the top of the 5 Series lineup, powered by the BMW M60 V8 engine and available in both sedan and wagon body styles (the latter not in US). Transmission options were a 6-speed manual or a 5-speed automatic. A total of 26,485 units were produced. Initially, the V8 models were differentiated from other models by the wider grilles. In 1994 the wide grilles became available on other models as well.

Diesel-engined
The first diesel model was the 524td, which was introduced in 1988. This model was replaced by the 525tds in 1991, and a lower-specification 525td was introduced in 1993. Only the 525tds model was fitted with an intercooler.

North America
In the United States, the E34 model range was launched in October 1988 with the 525i and 535i 6-cylinder models (for the 1989 model year). Over the course of the E34 generation, the 525i Touring, 530i, 530i Touring, 540i and M5 models were sold in the United States. The  version of the M5 remained in production until 1993, by which time the  version was being produced for other countries.

M5 model

Introduced in September 1988 and produced until August 1995, the E34 M5 was produced in both sedan and station wagon ('Touring') body styles, the latter being the first M5 to be available as a wagon.

The E34 M5 is powered by the BMW S38 inline-six engine, originally with a displacement of  and an output of , later upgraded to a  engine rated at . This 3.8 litre version of the M5 was first seen by the public at the 1991 Frankfurt Motor Show, where the E34 M5 Touring also saw its debut.

In its last year of production for the M5, the transmission was upgraded from a 5-speed manual to the Getrag 420G 6-speed manual (which was also used by the 540i model).

Special models

518g
A model which could run on natural gas (as well as petrol) and was only sold in Germany. The 518g was based on the 518i Touring model and the only transmission available was a 5-speed manual. The engine, also used by the 1995-2000 3 Series Compact 316g model, was a re-tuned version of the BMW M43 four-cylinder engine. When running on natural gas, the engine produced , compared with  when running on petrol. It was only produced in 1995 and just 298 units were built.

518iev prototype
After unveiling the BMW E1 and E2 concept car electric vehicles in 1992, BMW began a project to show it was possible to make a full-sized electric car, despite the obstacle of the weight of the lead-acid battery technology at the time. The batteries were a lead-acid type and the electric motors used a rotating-field AC electric drive. To assist the electric drivetrain, the 518iev also had a four-cylinder petrol engine and a continuously variable transmission, a configuration similar to the first production hybrid cars produced by other manufacturers several years later. BMW built at least one fully functional E34 prototype, which was tested in the late 1990s by Deutsche Post and others.

540i M-sport / M540i / 540i LE

Because the M5 was discontinued for non-European markets in 1993, the 540i M-Sport model was built in 1995 for the North American market. On top of the regular 540i features, additional features included sports suspension equipped with EDC, bolstered sport seats, servotronic steering, and US-spec M5 brakes. 205 "M-Sport" models were built, 139 of them with the 6-speed manual transmission.

An M540i model was produced for in Canada. It includes the features of the North American 540i M-sport, plus upgraded Euro-spec M5 brakes, 18-inch M-parallel wheels, and various trim pieces. Only 32 of these cars were built, all with a manual transmission.

The 540i LE (i.e. Limited Edition) sedan was sold in Australia and the United Kingdom. The 540i LE included the interior from the M5, "throwing star" M-System II wheels, EDC suspension with self leveling rear, Servotronic power steering, and front air dam. 70 of these 540i LE sedans were produced, all with a manual transmission, each individually numbered using an engraved metal plaque stuck onto the centre console beneath the handbrake lever.

Alpina models

B10 3.0 AllRad
This model is based on the 525iX with an enlarged 3 litre engine producing 231bhp instead of 192bhp. Between 1993 and 1996 64 saloon cars and 70 Touring cars were produced by the Alpina factory in Buchloe with a very small number of right hand drive cars, 2 saloons and 1 Touring, converted by Sytner, the Alpina Dealer in Nottingham, England.

B10 3.5
This model is based on the 535i with a modified 3.5 litre engine producing 254bhp instead of 220bhp. Between 1988 and 1992 572 left hand drive cars were made in Buchloe, with perhaps 30 or so right hand converted by Sytner.  The B10 3.5 was only supplied as a saloon car and no Touring cars were made.

B10 4.0
This model is based on the 540i with a modified 4 litre engine producing 315bhp instead of 286bhp. Between 1993 and 1995 45 saloon cars and 4 Touring cars were produced by Buchloe, all left hand drive, with a further two right hand drive saloon cars converted by Sytner.

B10 4.6
This model is based on the 540i with an Alpina designed 4.6 litre engine which was used also in the E36 Alpina B8 4.6. Between 1994 and 1996 27 saloon cars and 19 Touring cars were produced by Buchloe, all left hand drive except one right hand drive Touring car. With 7bhp more than the B8 4.6 (due to the larger exhaust manifold) it produces the same 340bhp as the E34 3.8 M5 Touring but with nearly 20% more torque. It was also available in right hand drive unlike the M5 Touring.

B10 BiTurbo

The B10 BiTurbo was based on a very modified 535i and was introduced in March 1989 after a $3.2million investment in R&D. Despite being nearly twice the price of a BMW M5 it sold tremendously well and production ceased in 1995 after 507 saloon models were made, and only after BMW ceased producing the M30 engine upon which the engine was based. It was not available in right hand drive due to the turbo-chargers placement or ever made as a Touring model. It produced 360bhp and 375lb/ft of torque on full boost, just 20bhp and 21lb/ft more than the B10 4.6. Along with the Lotus/Omega Carlton it was considered one of the fastest saloon cars in the world.

Model year changes
BMW E34 had no facelift as such. All updates were introduced gradually and sometimes were country specific. Most changes occur in September each year, when the changes for the following model year go into production, as is typical BMW practice. Therefore, the changes for 1988 represent the 1989 model year, for example.

1988
 M5 model introduced
 524td diesel model introduced
 518i four-cylinder model introduced
 Driver's side airbag introduced

1989
 520i engine updated to the BMW M50, the first model to use the new twin-cam straight-six engine

1990
 525i engine updated to the BMW M50 in some markets, 1991 in others.
 525iX all-wheel drive model introduced
 525tds diesel model introduced

1991
 525i engine updated to the BMW M50 in the US market.
 Touring (station wagon/estate models) introduced: 520iT and 525iT.
 Leather seat stitching pattern changed from double to single.
 Steering columns and wheels changed from E30-compatible (22mm nut) to E36-compatible (16mm bolt).
New interior (wooden decor)

1992
 520i and 525i engines updated to the BMW M50TU, which added variable valve timing (VANOS)
 V8 engines introduced in the 530i and 540i models. The V8 models adopted a wider grille than other models.
 M5 engine enlarged from 3.6 litres to 3.8 litres
 Revised exterior mirrors and hubcaps
 Revised interior electrics, primarily with central locking. General Modules were black on early cars, green on later, and not interchangeable.
 525i manual transmission changed from ZF 310Z to Getrag 250G, US market only.

1993
 525td diesel model introduced
 Last year for 535i six-cylinder model, marking the end of the 24-year production run of the M30 engine
 6-speed manual transmission available for 540i model (the first 6-speed manual available in a 5 Series), non-US markets.
 ASC became available

1994
 518i engine upgraded from BMW M40 to BMW M43
 M5 transmission upgraded from 5-speed manual to 6-speed manual
 Wider grille (previously used for V8 models only) became available for other models, non-US markets.
 US-market Touring models no longer equipped with self-leveling suspension as standard.
 EWS 1 drive-away protection used in some models.

1995
 All models equipped with wider grill and body-colour lower body trim (US market).
 Interior materials revised: steering wheel slightly different design with colour emblem, door cards ruched/gathered leather and with different glue (more durable between panel and its vinyl/leather covering, less durable between panel and mounting clips).
 EWS drive-away protection updated to EWS 2.
 540i available with 6-speed manual transmission for the US market, all with Sport seats and suspension.
 540i automatic and manual models equipped with 2.93 final drive, previously 2.81 (US market, at least).

Production
Production of the E34 commenced on November 2, 1987, for the 535i, with 535i market launch being in January 1988 and other variants following a staggered launch. 520i and 530i production began in January 1988, for March 1988 market launch. Production of the 525i began in February 1988, being launched to market in April 1988, with the 524td entering production in March 1988 for May 1988 introduction. Touring production began in November 1990. Production ended for the sedan in December 1995 and Touring in June 1996.

The production plants for the E34 were the Dingolfing plant in Germany and Rosslyn in South Africa. Total production was 1,333,412 units.

References

External links

5 Series
Cars introduced in 1987
1990s cars
Cars discontinued in 1996

BMW 5 Series (E34)


Brendan Leahy (28 de março de 1960) é um prelado irlandês da Igreja Católica. Ele é o Bispo de Limerick desde sua nomeação em 10 de janeiro de 2013 pelo Papa Bento XVI.

Nascido e criado em Dublin em Crumlin e Rathfarnham, seu pai e sua mãe eram diretores de escola; O próprio Leahy foi para a escola em Coláiste Éanna. Ele foi educado na University College Dublin, onde estudou direito de 1977-1980, Mater Dei Institute of Education 1980-1981, e Clonliffe College 1980-1983, King's Inns. Ele estudou teologia na Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana em Roma de 1983-1986. Começou a estudar para a qualificação profissional para ser advogado em 1981, graduou-se em 1983 e foi ordenado sacerdote em 5 de junho de 1986 para a Diocese de Dublin. De 1983-1991 ele estudou para um grau de DST em teologia da Gregoriana intitulado O Princípio Mariano na Igreja Segundo Hans Urs Von Balthasar. Autor de várias publicações e livros, e um estudioso de von Balthasar. Durante oito meses, foi pároco em Clonskeagh, depois foi nomeado professor no Mater Dei Institute of Education, Dublin, em 1992, servindo até 2006. Foi simultaneamente professor no seminário diocesano do Holy Cross College, Clonliffe, de 1992 a 1999. Nos anos de 1999-2004 atuou como pároco na paróquia de Lusk.

De 2006 a 2013, atuou como professor de teologia sistemática na Pontifícia Universidade e no Seminário Nacional do St. Patrick's College em Maynooth. Leahy serviu como presidente da Comissão Diocesana para o Ecumenismo da Arquidiocese de Dublin e Secretário da Comissão Ecumênica da Conferência dos Bispos Católicos Irlandeses.

Ele foi ordenado bispo em 14 de abril de 2013 pelo arcebispo Dermot Clifford.

Ver também

Arcebispos católicos da Irlanda

Brendan Leahy


Enquire Within upon Everything is a how-to book, akin to a short encyclopedia for domestic life, first published in 1856 by Houlston and Sons of Paternoster Square in London. The editor was Robert Kemp Philp. It was then continuously reprinted in many new and updated editions as additional information and articles were added (and obsolete material sometimes removed).

Topics
The book was created with the intention of providing encyclopedic information on topics as diverse as etiquette, parlour games, cake recipes, laundry tips, holiday preparation, and first aid: To quote from the editor's introduction:

Though not rich in such material, Enquire Within also provided the basics of an English-usage style guide, and also preserved examples of regional dialect usage (which it tended to mock as faulty).  Several editions between the 1880s and 1910s provide one of the only surviving records of the rules of the English version of trucco, a somewhat croquet-like form of ground billiards.  Though some attempt was made to group related topics, in general the organization was chaotic, and required looking up topics in an index, then finding their numbered sections in the main text.

History

The early editions of this book contained 3,000 short pithy descriptions and was one of a set of 20 books.
The book was a popular addition to the Victorian (and later post-Victorian) home. By 1862, the book was sold 196,000 times; by the 89th edition, some 1,180,000 copies had been published. With the release of the 113th edition, this number had risen to over 1,500,000 and by 1976 was in its 126th edition. Modernised versions were still in print as late as 1994. Unauthorized reproductions of the first and some subsequent editions, without credit to the original editor and publisher, were made in United States by the New York publisher Garret, Dick & Fitzgerald, under the title Inquire Within for Anything You Want to Know.  Later official editions (some time after 1894) were published by Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton Kent & Co., also of London.

Agatha Christie used Enquire Within upon Everything as an important clue in the  Hercule Poirot detective novel, Hallowe'en Party.

In 1980 Tim Berners-Lee named his precursor of the World Wide Web ENQUIRE after this work. A Forbes article quoted Berners-Lee as saying:

References

External links

 Enquire Within Upon Everything at The Online Books Page database, University of Pennsylvania Library

 1856, 1st edition via Internet Archive
 1856, 1st edition, scan of 1978 facsimile reprint, via Google Books
 1856, 1st edition, US Inquire Within version, via Google Books
 1858, 9th edition, via Internet Archive
 1863, 19th edition, via Internet Archive
 1865, 26th edition via Internet Archive
 1865, 27th edition via Google Books
 1870, 37th edition via Internet Archive
 1871, 41st edition via Hathi Trust (only downloadable one page at a time, and access may be limited to US IP addresses)
 1872, 44th edition via Internet Archive
 1884, 69th edition via Internet Archive
 1886, 74th edition via Internet Archive
 1894, 89th edition via Project Gutenberg (only the HTML copy is complete, the e-book versions are just the first 1/3)
 1903, 100th edition via Google Books
 1916, 110th edition via Hathi Trust (only downloadable one page at a time, and access may be limited to US IP addresses)

1856 non-fiction books
English-language encyclopedias
Style guides for British English
Single-volume general reference works
Publications established in 1856
Annual publications

Enquire Within upon Everything