Tour du Haut-Var 2017 var den 49. udgave af det franske landevejscykelløb. Løbet foregik i perioden 18. til 19. februar 2017. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2017 og var i kategorien 2.1. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev Arthur Vichot fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Sebastian Lander kørte for GM Europa Ovini

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

Trøjernes fordeling gennem løbet

Samlede resultat

Eksterne henvisninger

2017
UCI Europe Tour 2017

Tour du Haut-Var 2017


An Hyparrhenia neglecta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sylvia Mabel Phillips. An Hyparrhenia neglecta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hyparrhenia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hyparrhenia

Hyparrhenia neglecta


Elizabeth Fondal Neufeld (née à Paris le ) est une généticienne franco-américaine qui s'est consacrée à la recherche sur les origines génétiques des maladies du métabolisme humain.

Biographie
Elizabeth Neufeld et sa famille juive d'origine russe partent de France pour se réfugier aux États-Unis en 1940, afin d'échapper aux persécutions nazies. La famille s'installe à New York, où Elizabeth Neufeld suit les cours du  avant d'être diplômée du Queens College en 1948 avec un Bachelor of Science. Elle travaille ensuite en tant qu'assistante de recherche au  à Bar Harbor sur les maladies du sang chez la souris. Elle entre enfin à l'Université de Californie à Berkeley où elle obtient son doctorat en 1956 pour ses travaux sur les nucléotides et les glucides complexes.

Très connue pour ses contributions scientifiques, elle est membre de l'Académie nationale des sciences américaine et de la Société américaine de philosophie. Elle est élue à l'Académie américaine des arts et des sciences en 1977.

Elle est directrice du département de biochimie de l'université de Californie de 1984 à sa retraite en 2004.

Vie privée
Elle épouse Benjamin Neufeld en 1951, avec qui elle a deux enfants.

Distinctions

 Prix Wolf de médecin en 1988
 Prix Albert-Lasker pour la recherche médicale clinique en 1982
 National Medal of Science en 1994

Publications remarquables

 .
 .

Voir aussi
 Maladie métabolique génétique

Notes et références

Bibliographie complémentaire

 Nicole Kresge, Robert D. Simoni, Robert L. Hill, (2007), "Lysosomal Storage Disease Factors: the Work of Elizabeth F. Neufeld", Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol 282, Issue 20,Pages e15-e17,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252784899

Liens externes
 Page personnelle sur le site de l'université de Californie

Naissance en septembre 1928
Naissance à Paris
Étudiant du Queens College
Docteur de l'université de Californie à Berkeley
Généticien américain
Récipiendaire de la National Medal of Science
Lauréat du prix Wolf de médecine
Membre de l'Académie nationale des sciences
Membre de la Société américaine de philosophie

Elizabeth Neufeld


Yerleşim yerleri
 Ekincik, Hamur - Ağrı ili Hamur ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ekincik, Ovacık - Karabük ili Ovacık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ekincik, Tosya - Kastamonu ili Tosya ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ekincik, Köyceğiz - Muğla ili Köyceğiz ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Ekincik, İmranlı - Sivas ili İmranlı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Ekincik, Tokat - Tokat ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy

Diğer
 Ekincik Koyu - Muğla Köyceğiz yakınlarında bulunan koy, plaj

Ekincik


Impressment, colloquially "the press" or the "press gang", is the enslavement of men into service on a ship by compulsion, with or without notice. European navies of several nations used forced recruitment by various means. The large size of the British Royal Navy in the Age of Sail meant impressment was most commonly associated with Great Britain and Ireland. It was used by the Royal Navy in wartime, beginning in 1664 and during the 18th and early 19th centuries as a means of crewing warships, although legal sanction for the practice can be traced back to the time of Edward I of England. The Royal Navy impressed many merchant sailors, as well as some sailors from other, mostly European, nations. People liable to impressment were "eligible men of seafaring habits between the ages of 18 and 55 years". Non-seamen were sometimes impressed as well, though rarely. In addition to the Royal Navy's use of impressment, the British Army also experimented with impressment from 1778 to 1780.

Impressment was strongly criticised by those who believed it to be contrary to the British constitution. Though the public opposed conscription in general, impressment was repeatedly upheld by the courts, as it was deemed vital to the strength of the navy and, by extension, to the survival of the British realm and influence.

Impressment was essentially a Royal Navy practice, reflecting the sheer size of the British fleet and its substantial manpower demands. While other European navies applied forced recruitment in times of war, this was generally done as an extension of the practice of formal conscription applied by most European armies from the Napoleonic Wars on. The U.S. Continental Navy also applied a form of impressment during the American War of Independence.

The impressment of seamen from American ships caused serious tensions between Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in the years leading up to the Revolutionary War.  One of the 27 colonial grievances enumerated in the Declaration of Independence directly highlights the practice.  It was again a cause of tension leading up to the War of 1812. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Britain formally ended the practice; later conscription was not limited to the Royal Navy but covered all British armed forces.

Royal Navy recruiting and desertion
Working and living conditions for the average sailor in the Royal Navy in the 18th century were very harsh by modern standards. Naval pay was attractive in the 1750s, but towards the end of the century its value had been steadily  eroded by rising prices. Sailors' pay on merchant ships was somewhat higher during peacetime, and could increase to double naval pay during wartime.

Until 19th-century reforms improved conditions, the Royal Navy was additionally known to pay wages up to two years in arrears. The Navy always withheld six months' pay as a standard policy, in order to discourage desertion. Naval wages had been set in 1653, and were not increased until April 1797 after sailors on 80 ships of the Channel Fleet based at Spithead mutinied.

Despite this, there were still many volunteers for naval service.
The work for individual sailors was less than on merchant ships, since the naval crew size was determined by the number needed to man guns – around four times more than the number of crew needed to simply sail the ship. Furthermore, the food supplied by the Navy was plentiful, regular, and of good quality by the standards of the day. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was not at all unusual for impressed men to view life in the navy, hard though it was, as still preferable to their previous lives on shore, and to volunteer for further service when the opportunity came to leave the ship. For major voyages, shipowners and governments routinely estimated that 50% of the sailors would die due to scurvy.

The main problem with naval recruitment was a shortage of qualified and experienced seamen during wartime; for example, when the Navy had to quickly recruit an extra 20,000 men in the early 18th century, and 40,000 men in the late 18th century. Privateers, the Royal Navy, and the Merchant Navy all competed for a small pool of ordinary and able seamen in wartime, and all three groups were usually short-handed. The recruitment figures presented to Parliament for the years 1755–1757 list 70,566 men, of whom 33,243 were volunteers (47%), 16,953 pressed men (24%), while another 20,370 were listed as volunteers separately (29%).

Although there are no records that explain why volunteers were separated into two groups, it is likely these were pressed men who became "volunteers" to get the sign-up bonus, two months' wages in advance and a higher wage. It is known that large numbers did this. Volunteering also protected the sailor from creditors, as the law forbade collecting debts accrued before enlistment. A disadvantage was that volunteers who deserted were liable to execution if captured, whereas pressed men were simply returned to service. Other records confirm similar percentages throughout the 18th century.

Average annual recruitment 1736–1783

All three groups also suffered high levels of desertion. In the 18th century, British desertion rates on naval ships averaged 25% annually, with slight difference between volunteers and pressed men. The rate of desertion started high, then fell heavily after a few months on board a ship, and generally became negligible after a year—because Navy pay ran months or years in arrears, desertion might mean not only abandoning companions in the ship's company, but also the loss of a large amount of money already earned. If a naval ship had taken a prize, a deserting seaman would forfeit his share of the prize money. In a report on proposed changes to the RN written by Admiral Nelson in 1803, he noted that since 1793 more than 42,000 sailors had deserted.

The Impress Service and impressment at sea

The Impress Service, colloquially called the "press-gang", was formed to force sailors to serve on naval vessels. There was no concept of "joining the navy" as a fixed career-path for non-officers at the time, since seamen remained attached to a ship only for the duration of its commission. They were encouraged to stay in the Navy after the commission but could leave to seek other employment when the ship was paid off. Impressment relied on the legal power of the King to call men to military service, as well as to recruit volunteers, who were paid a bounty upon joining, unlike pressed men. Seamen were not covered by Magna Carta and "failure to allow oneself to be pressed" was punishable by hanging, although the punishment became less severe over time.

In Elizabethan times a statute regulated impressment as a form of recruitment, and with the introduction of the Vagabonds Act in 1597, men of disrepute (vagrants) found themselves drafted into service. In 1703, an act passed limiting the impressment of boys under 18 years of age to those who were not apprenticed. A further act in 1740 raised the maximum age to 55. Although no foreigner could normally be pressed, they lost their protection if they married a British woman or had worked on a British merchant ship for two years. Some governments, including Britain, issued "protections" against impressment which protected men had to carry on their person at all times; but in times of crisis the Admiralty would order a "hot press", which meant that no-one remained exempt.

The Royal Navy also impressed seamen from inbound British merchant ships at sea, though this was done by individual warships, rather than by the Impress Service. Impressment, particularly press gangs, became consistently unpopular with the British public (as well as in the American colonies), and local officials often acted against them, to the point of imprisoning officers from the Impress Service or opposing them by force of arms.

Basis
At the time of the Battle of Trafalgar over half the Royal Navy's 120,000 sailors were pressed men. The power of the Impressment Service to conscript was limited by law to seafarers, including merchant seamen, longshoremen, collier crews and fishermen. There is little basis to the widespread impression that civilians without any seafaring background were randomly seized from home, country lane or workplace by press gangs or that the latter were employed inland away from coastal ports; notably Portsmouth, Plymouth, Harwich and Yarmouth.

However, convicted petty criminals were often given the option of volunteering for naval service as unskilled "quota men" by parish constables and inland courts (see below).

There were occasions when the local populace would band together to oppose the activities of the press where these exceeded legal bounds. One such incident, the Easton Massacre in 1803 (see caption at right), resulted in a press gang firing on a crowd, killing four people in the village of Easton on the Isle of Portland, where they were trying to impress the quarrymen.
In 1808, Thomas Urquhart was saved from a press gang of three or four men when a London passersby intervened. Urquhart complained to local officials, identified at least one of the men involved and successfully sued for damages in the Court of King's Bench. He went on to lobby for changes in law and practice, publishing Letters on the evils of impressment: with the outline of a plan for doing them away, on which depend the wealth, prosperity, and consequence of Great Britain in 1816.

Patrolling in or near sea ports, the press gang would try to find men aged between 15 and 55 with seafaring or river-boat experience, but this was not essential. Potential crewmen with no experience were called "landsmen". From 1740, landsmen were legally exempt from impressment, but this was on occasion ignored in wartime unless the person seized was an apprentice or a "gentleman". Two landsmen were considered by captains to be the equivalent of one able seaman. If a landsman was able to prove his status to the Admiralty he was usually released. Court records do however show fights breaking out as people attempted to avoid what was perceived as wrongful impressment, and the London Times reported occasions when press gangs instituted a "hot press" (ignoring protections against impressment) in order to man the navy.

Merchant seamen ashore from their ships (and usually conspicuous by their clothing, rolling stride, tattoos and generally weathered appearance) were however another matter. Anyone with seafaring experience encountered in the street would first be asked to volunteer for naval service. If the potential recruit refused he was often plied with alcohol or simply seized and taken. A commonly held belief is that a trick was used in taverns, surreptitiously dropping a King's shilling ("prest money") into a man's drink, as by "finding" the shilling in his possession he was deemed to have volunteered, and that this led to some tavern owners putting glass bottoms in their tankards. However, this is a legend; press officers were subject to fines for using trickery and a volunteer had a "cooling-off" period in which to change his mind.

The great majority of men pressed were taken from merchant ships at sea, especially those homeward bound for Britain. This was legal as long as the Navy replaced the man they took, and many Naval captains would take the best seamen, replacing them with malcontents and landsmen from their own ship. It was also common for "trusted" volunteers to act as substitutes; they would then desert as soon as the merchant ship docked, and return to their Navy ship.

Outbound merchant ships, officers and apprentices were exempt from impressment. When war broke out the Navy would deploy frigates and vessels off the coast to intercept inbound merchantmen. Reportedly some merchant captains redirected their ships to Irish ports to offload favoured crewmen, before making final landfall in England. In 1740, a merchantman fired on a cruiser attempting to impress its crew; threats of similar violence to avoid sailors being pressed were supposedly not uncommon, especially with the East India ships whose crews had been away from their families and England for a considerable time. In times of an extreme shortage of men, the Navy would "embargo" the coast for a short time; merchantmen had to supply a portion of their crew in exchange for permission to sail. Many merchant ships had hiding places constructed where their best crew could hide when approached by a Naval vessel.

The owners of British whalers, because of the Press, often appointed a master to them whilst the vessels were in port in order to protect the whalers' crews. Otherwise the Press could take the men for naval service. The owners would then appoint an actual master to replace the placeholder masters.

In addition to impressment, Britain also used the Quota System (or The Quod) from 1795 to 1815, whereby each county was required to supply a certain number of volunteers, based on its population and the number of its seaports. Unlike impressment, the Quota System often resulted in criminals serving on board ships as counties who failed to meet their quota offered prisoners the option of completing their sentence or volunteering. Apart from the probably lower quality of recruits taken by this means, another downside of the Quota System was the frequent introduction of disease, especially typhus, to healthy ships.

In Ireland
Ireland formed a separate but subordinate state, the Kingdom of Ireland, between 1534 and 1800. All of Ireland was united to Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland between 1801 and 1922. The Royal Navy recruited heavily in Ireland during these periods, including using impressment. For example, in 1734, impressment took place in Wicklow. Impressment was also common during the Napoleonic wars, although poverty in Ireland made sure that volunteers were usually available.

British North America

One of the largest impressment operations occurred in the spring of 1757 in New York City, then still under British colonial rule.  Three thousand British soldiers cordoned off the city, and plucked clean the taverns and other sailors' gathering places. "All kinds of tradesmen and Negroes" were hauled in, nearly eight hundred in all. Four hundred of these were "retained in the service".

The Royal Navy also used impressment extensively in British North America from 1775 to 1815. Its press gangs sparked resistance, riots, and political turmoil in seaports such as Halifax, St John's, and Quebec City. Nevertheless, the Royal Navy extended the reach of its press gangs into coastal areas of British North America by the early 19th century. In response, sailors and residents fought back with a range of tactics. They sometimes reacted violently. The riots in St John's in 1794 and Halifax in 1805 led to a prohibition on impressment on shore for much of the Napoleonic Wars. The protest came from a wide swath of the urban community, including elites, rather than just the vulnerable sailors, and had a lasting negative impact on civil–naval relations in what became Canada.  The local communities did not encourage their young men to volunteer for the Royal Navy.

Continental Navy
The American Continental Navy impressed men into its service during the American Revolutionary War.  The Continental Congress authorized construction of thirteen frigates, including  in 1775. The senior captain of the Continental Navy, James Nicholson, was appointed to command Virginia. When it was fitted out in 1777, Nicholson received orders to sail to Martinique. Many of Nicholson's crew had deserted to sign on as privateers, for higher pay at less risk. Therefore, Nicholson impressed about thirty citizens of Baltimore, an act expressly forbidden by Maryland law. Maryland governor Thomas Johnson demanded immediate release of the impressed men and Congress convinced Nicholson to release them all. Nicholson avoided impressment on land and instead stopped two American merchant ships at sea in 1780, to impress men from their crews.

The individual states did not deny the concept of impressment for their own navies, but were reluctant to grant the right to the Continental Congress. The concept of drafting men into armed service remained contentious, even after adoption of the federal constitution.

There is one documented case of a British seaman impressed by the US Navy in 1810.

Conflict with the United States

In 1795, the Jay Treaty went into effect, addressing many issues left unresolved after the American Revolution, and averting a renewed conflict. However, the treaty's neglect to address British impressment of sailors from American ships and ports became a major cause of complaint among those who disapproved of it. While non-British subjects were not impressed, at this point Britain did not recognize naturalised American citizenship and treated anyone born a British subject as still "British"; as a result, the Royal Navy impressed over 9,000 sailors who claimed to be American citizens.

During the wars with France (1793 to 1815), the Royal Navy aggressively reclaimed British deserters on board ships of other nations, both by halting and searching merchant ships, and, in many cases, by searching American port cities. Although these impressments were illegal, Jefferson ignored them to remain on good terms with Britain as he was negotiating to obtain "the Floridas". This tolerance changed in 1805 when the British began seizing American merchantmen trading with the West Indies and condemning the ships and their cargoes as a prize and enforcing impressment on their crews.
Under the Rule of 1756, in times of war direct trade between a neutral European state and a British colony was forbidden if such trade had not existed in time of peace. The Americans had found a way around this policy by "landing" cargoes from Europe in the United States and issuing certificates that duty had been paid. The ship would then sail, with the cargo never having been offloaded or duty actually paid, as now bona fide commerce between neutral America and the West Indies. The British became aware of the practice during the court case involving the seizure of the Essex. The court ruled that the cargo of the Essex had never been intended for American markets so the voyage had not been broken and could thus be considered continuous. The result was the blockade of New York Harbor by two British frigates, the Cambrian and the Leander, which provoked public demonstrations.

For the next year scores of American ships were condemned in admiralty courts and American seamen were impressed with increasing frequency until, in the early summer of 1807, when three deserters from the British frigate  lying in Chesapeake Bay enlisted on the American frigate . After searching the Chesapeake, the deserters, David Martin, John Strachan, and William Ware, were found to be native-born Americans who had been wrongly impressed. The search also established that another crew member, listed as Jenkin Ratford, was actually a British deserter; however, he could not be found. Admiral Berkeley angrily issued an order to all commanders in the North Atlantic Squadron to search the Chesapeake if encountered on the high seas. Eight miles southeast of Cape Henry a boat from the British frigate  intercepted her but Commodore Barron declined to permit his crew to be mustered. The Leopard began approaching and the commander shouted a warning to which Barron replied "I don't hear what you say". The Leopard then fired two shots across the bow and almost immediately poured a broadside into the American ship. The Chesapeake did not return fire but the British ship fired another two broadsides. Three crew were killed and eighteen wounded. The British boarding party not only arrested the British deserter but also the three Americans. The Chesapeake–Leopard affair provoked an outcry for war from all parts of the country and Jefferson later wrote: "The affair of the Chesapeake put war into my hand, I had only to open it and let havoc loose". He ordered the state governors to ready their militias but the Embargo Act of 1807 he eventually passed only ordered all British armed vessels out of American waters and forbade all contact with them if they remained.

As a cause of the War of 1812, the impressment and ship seizures caused serious diplomatic tension, and helped to turn American public opinion against Britain. Impressment was widely perceived as humiliating and dishonoring the U.S. because it was unable to protect its ships and sailors.

End of impressment
Britain fought the war against Napoleon on the high seas, enlarging its Royal Navy from 135 ships in 1793 to 584 in 1812, and expanding personnel from 36,000 seamen in 1793 to 114,000 in 1812.  In spring 1814 Napoleon surrendered, the allies restored the Bourbon kings to the throne, and France was no longer an enemy of Great Britain. The naval war was over and Britain could now sharply reduce its Royal Navy. It had no need to impress sailors, and never again used that means of forced recruitment, although it did not officially renounce the practice. By the time of Britain's next major war, against Russia in 1853, a new system of fixed-term engagements had given the Royal Navy a sufficient number of volunteer recruits to meet its manpower needs. Throughout the remainder of the 19th century changes in manpower needs and improved conditions of service permitted the Royal Navy to rely on voluntary enlistment to meet its requirements, augmented by the recall of reservists when necessary. This continued to be the case until World War I, when organised conscription was introduced in 1916 for all the military services.

English and later British naval impressment laws

The first Act of Parliament legalising this practice was passed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth in 1563 and was known as "An Act touching political considerations for the maintenance of the navy". It was renewed many times until 1631. In the Vagabonds Act 1597, several lists of persons were subject to impressment for service in the fleet. Following the execution of King Charles I, the Rump Parliament passed several acts in 1649 and 1650 concerning the encouragement of officers, mariners and for the impressment of seamen (e.g. 22 February 1648/9). In 1695 an Act was passed to build a permanent register of 30,000 men for ready call-up by the navy, "without having recourse to the barbarous and unconstitutional practice of pressing". The act also established basic rules and benefits for all types of seamen, including access to Greenwich Hospital.

With wars raging in Europe and in America the Navigation Act 1703 (2 & 3 Ann. c. 6) was passed "for the  of Seamen and better Encouragement of Navigation, and the Protection of the Coal Trade". This act gave parish authorities the power to indenture and apprentice boys to the sea, from as young as 10, until age 21; it also reaffirmed that rogues and vagabonds were subject to be pressed into the navy. The act establishes administration and regulations for the act, including youth who volunteer for the indenture and certain seamen engaged in the coal trade supplying cities, are exempt from impressment for three years. This act was followed by the Recruiting Act 1703 (2 & 3 Ann. c. 13), which allows impressing able-bodied men into the army and navy who did not have visible means of subsistence; also as a wartime measure the act relaxes English crewing requirements under the Navigation Acts, to make experienced English seamen more available to serve on ships of war. In 1740, impressment was limited to men between 18 and 45, and it also exempted foreigners.

As part of a wider effort to build colonial capability and harass its enemies, Parliament passed the Trade to America Act 1707 (6 Ann. c. 64). Section 9 mandated that mariners serving on board privateers and trading ships in any part of America, and those on shore, are not liable for impressment. Lingering questions remained whether the law applied only to the navy, or to civil authorities as well, and whether it applied only to the current war or to all future wars. Two attorneys-general of Great Britain, one in 1716, and another in 1740, issued opinions that the 1707 Act was no longer in effect, but many American colonists disagreed.

Despite doubts over the continuing legality of impressment in continental waters, but for similar reasons, Parliament passed the Sugar Trade Act 1746 (19 Geo. 2. c. 30) stating that impressment was forbidden in the West Indies, but it added certain exceptions and made no specific mention of America. This would lead to the Knowles Riot in Boston the following year, and continuing colonial questions, particularly in heavily maritime New England.

The last law was passed in 1835, in which the power to impress was reaffirmed. This limited the length of service of a pressed man to five years, and added the provision that a man could not be pressed twice. Although Britain abandoned the practice of impressment in 1815, impressment remained legal until the early 1900s, and the various laws authorising impressment have never been repealed.

British army impressment laws

Starting in 1645, the New Model Army raised by Oliver Cromwell to overthrow Charles I during the English Civil War was largely manned by impressment. After the restoration of the monarchy, impressment into the army was discontinued.

During the American Revolutionary War, after the losses at the Battle of Saratoga and the impending hostilities with France, the existing voluntary enlistment measures were judged to be insufficient. Between 1775 and 1781, the regular army increased from 48,000 to 110,000. Two acts were passed, the Recruiting Act 1778 and the Recruiting Act 1779, for the impression of individuals into the British Army. The chief advantages of these acts was in the number of volunteers brought in under the apprehension of impressment. To avoid impressment, some recruits incapacitated themselves by cutting off the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, making it impossible to use a musket or sword. The Recruiting Act of 1779 was repealed on 26 May 1780, and army impressment was permanently discontinued.

During the experiment, the British government allowed army impressment under severely restricted circumstances — both acts emphasized volunteering over impressment, and offered strong incentives to volunteers as a "carrot and stick" tactic, to encourage the men to volunteer lest they be pressed instead. The impressment portion of the 1778 Act applied only to Scotland and the area around London, excluding Wales and the rest of England, to avoid interfering with harvesting. The 1779 Act applied to all of Great Britain, but was initially suspended everywhere except the area around London, and actually applied to all of Great Britain for only six months, until the 1779 act was repealed in May 1780, and army impressment ceased in Britain.

Unlike naval impressment, army impressment applied only to "able-bodied idle, and disorderly Persons, who could not, upon Examination, prove themselves to exercise and industriously follow some lawful Trade or Employment, or to have some Substance sufficient for their Support and Maintenance", as well as smugglers, according to the 1778 law, but excluding from that any men who were voters, or harvest workers.  The 1779 law extended impressment also to "incorrigible rogues" who had abandoned their families, and left them as expenses on the parish. Impressed apprentices were released under appeal from their masters, and impressed foreigners were released when requested by their countries' embassies.

In popular culture

Literature
Poor Jack (1840) by Frederick Marryat, features a scene in which a press-gang board a merchantman and collar a young sailor below decks. When brought on deck he finds he has been impressed by his own brother.
The events in Elizabeth Gaskell's novel Sylvia's Lovers (1863) take place against the background of the practice of impressment during the early phases of the Napoleonic Wars. Charlie Kinraid is forcibly enlisted in the Royal Navy by a press gang and later Sylvia Robson's father is executed for leading a revengeful raid on press-gang collaborators.
In Herman Melville's novel Billy Budd, Sailor, first published in 1924, and in the opera and film based on it, Billy is impressed to service on a British warship from the Rights-of-Man, a merchant ship.
 In A Ship of the Line by C. S. Forester, Captain Horatio Hornblower is depicted, when urgently needing sailors to make up his crew, as stopping a ship of the British East India Company and impressing a large part of its sailors – the sailors being very reluctant, since conditions in the Royal navy ships were far worse than in those of the civilian Company.
In China Miéville's 2002 novel The Scar, many members of The Armada society are pressganged from various ships to live on the floating colony. Miéville favours the word "pressganged" and has used it in numerous works of fiction to refer to people compelled to join some organisation or faction against their wills for political purposes.

Poetry
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning's first published poem, "On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man" (c. 1812, when she was six years old), addressed impressment.
 John Ashton's 1888 compilation Modern Street Ballads includes "Victory", relating the plight of a young aristocratic lady whose parents, disapproving of her poor suitor, arrange to have him pressed to service aboard Lord Nelson's flagship of that name, aboard which he is killed at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Caricature
 James Gillray (1756-1815); Caricaturist, portrays impressment by the visual satire in his engraving "The Liberty of the Subject" (October 15, 1779).

Music
 The narrator of the folk song Lowlands of Holland is a woman whose husband has been impressed.
 Garage punk band The Murder City Devils' song "Press Gang", from their album In Name and Blood, is about a man who becomes "a victim of the press gang", a group of soldiers which brings him from a ship at sea to a town and publicly hangs him for unnamed offenses.
 Folk singer Richard Digance wrote "I Hear The Pressgang", describing the tale of a man forcibly enlisted into the Royal Navy who later drowned at sea. The song asks who will look after his wife, child and farm whilst he is gone.
 The title track of The Unthanks album Here's the Tender Coming describes the pressing of men into service.

Cinema
 Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film): One night in Portsmouth, England in 1787, a press gang breaks into a local tavern and presses all of the men drinking there into naval service.
 H.M.S. Defiant (Lewis Gilbert, 1962): the opening scene depicts a press gang in Spithead, England, during the Napoleonic Wars forcibly recruiting men at night in pubs or in the street. Later, we see them on the deck being "compulsorily enlisted".

See also
 Blood tribute
 Conscription
 Draft evasion
 Impressment in Nova Scotia
 King's shilling, a token given to someone as a sign of impressment
 Knowles Riot, 1747 impressment riot in Boston
 Military recruitment
 Quota System (Royal Navy), a companion approach to manning the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars
 Roundup (history)
 Shanghaiing

References
Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Brunsman, Denver, "The Evil Necessity: British Naval Impressment in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World" (Univ. of Virginia Press: 2013)
 Cray, Robert E., "Remembering the USS Chesapeake: The Politics of Maritime. Death and Impressment," Journal of the Early Republic (Fall 2005) vol 25 pp  445–74.
 Curtis, Edward, The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution. 1972,
 Dancy,  J. Ross. The Myth of the Press Gang: Volunteers, Impressment and the Naval Manpower (2015)
 Ennis, Daniel James. Enter the Press-Gang: Naval Impressment in Eighteenth-Century British Literature (University of Delaware Press, 2002).
 Lewis, Michael. A Social History of the Navy 1793-1815 (1960).
 Mercer, Keith. "North Atlantic Press Gangs: Impressment and Naval-civilian Relations in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, 1749--1815" (PhD Dissertation, Dalhousie U, 2008)  online free
 Miller, Nathan. Sea of Glory, 1974,
 Nash, Gary, The Urban Crucible, The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution, 1986,
 Rodger, N. A. M. The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy.  W. W. Norton and Company, 1986.
 Rodger, N. A. M. The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815.  W. W. Norton and Company, 2004.
 Rogers, Nicholas "The Press Gang: Naval Impressment and its Opponents in Georgian Britain" (2007)
 Sawtell, Clement Cleveland, "Impressment of American Seamen by the British," Essex Institute Historical Collections 76#4 (October 1940): pp. 314–44.
 Selement, George. "Impressment and the American Merchant Marine 1782–1812: an American View." The Mariner's Mirror 59#4 (1973): 409–418.
 Smith, Page, A new age now begins, 1976,

 Steel, Anthony. "Anthony Merry and the Anglo-American Dispute about Impressment, 1803-6." Cambridge Historical Journal 9#3 (1949): 331–51. online.

External links

 The Impress Service, basic article on "press gangs" in British ports, charged with impressing sailors into the Navy.
 PBS documentary on War of 1812 with chapter on impressment

History of the Royal Navy
American Revolution
Conscription in the United Kingdom
Conscription in the United States
War of 1812
Slave soldiers

Impressment


The Potala Palace is a dzong fortress in Lhasa, capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. It was the winter palace of the Dalai Lamas from 1649 to 1959, has been a museum since then, and a World Heritage Site since 1994.

The palace is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. The 5th Dalai Lama started its construction in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. It may overlie the remains of an earlier fortress called the White or Red Palace on the site, built by Songtsen Gampo in 637.

The building measures  east-west and  north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging  thick, and  thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes. Thirteen storeys of buildings, containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues, soar  on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than  in total above the valley floor.

Tradition has it that the three main hills of Lhasa represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet". Chokpori, just to the south of the Potala, is the soul-mountain () of Vajrapani, Pongwari that of Manjusri, and Marpori, the hill on which the Potala stands, represents Avalokiteśvara.

History

The site on which the Potala Palace rises is built over a palace erected by Songtsen Gampo on the Red Hill. The Potala contains two chapels on its northwest corner that conserve parts of the original building. One is the Phakpa Lhakhang, the other the Chogyel Drupuk, a recessed cavern identified as Songtsen Gampo's meditation cave. Lozang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the modern Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. The external structure was built in 3 years, while the interior, together with its furnishings, took 45 years to complete. The Dalai Lama and his government moved into the Potrang Karpo ('White Palace') in 1649. Construction lasted until 1694, some twelve years after his death. The Potala was used as a winter palace by the Dalai Lama from that time. The Potrang Marpo ('Red Palace') was added between 1690 and 1694.

The new palace got its name from a hill on Cape Comorin at the southern tip of India—a rocky point sacred to the bodhisattva of compassion, who is known as Avalokitesvara, or Chenrezi. The Tibetans themselves rarely speak of the sacred place as the "Potala", but rather as "Peak Potala" (Tse Potala), or most commonly as "the Peak".

The palace was moderately damaged during the Tibetan uprising against the Chinese in 1959, when Chinese shells were launched into the palace's windows. Before Chamdo Jampa Kalden was shot and taken prisoner by soldiers of the People's Liberation Army, he witnessed "Chinese cannon shells began landing on Norbulingka past midnight on 19 March 1959... The sky lit up as the Chinese shells hit the Chakpori Medical College and the Potala." It also escaped damage during the Cultural Revolution in 1966 through the personal intervention of Zhou Enlai, who was then the Premier of the People's Republic of China. According to Tibetan historian Tsering Woeser, the palace, which harboured "over 100,000 volumes of scriptures and historical documents" and "many store rooms for housing precious objects, handicrafts, paintings, wall hangings, statues, and ancient armour", "was almost robbed empty".The Potala Palace was inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. In 2000 and 2001, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka were added to the list as extensions to the sites. Rapid modernisation has been a concern for UNESCO, however, which expressed concern over the building of modern structures immediately around the palace which threaten the palace's unique atmosphere. The Chinese government responded by enacting a rule barring the building of any structure taller than 21 metres in the area. UNESCO was also concerned over the materials used during the restoration of the palace, which commenced in 2002 at a cost of RMB180 million (US$22.5 million), although the palace's director, Qiangba Gesang, has clarified that only traditional materials and craftsmanship were used. The palace has also received restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million).

The number of visitors to the palace was restricted to 1,600 a day, with opening hours reduced to six hours daily to avoid over-crowding from 1 May 2003. The palace was receiving an average of 1,500 a day prior to the introduction of the quota, sometimes peaking to over 5,000 in one day. Visits to the structure's roof were banned after restoration efforts were completed in 2006 to avoid further structural damage. Visitorship quotas were raised to 2,300 daily to accommodate a 30% increase in visitorship since the opening of the Qingzang railway into Lhasa on 1 July 2006, but the quota is often reached by mid-morning. Opening hours were extended during the peak period in the months of July to September, where over 6,000 visitors would descend on the site.

in February 2022 Tibetan pop star Tsewang Norbu set himself on fire in front of the Potala Palace and died. The Foreign Ministry of China has disputed this.

Architecture

Built at an altitude of 3,700 m (12,100 ft), on the side of Ri Marpo ('Red Mountain') in the centre of Lhasa Valley, the Potala Palace, with its vast inward-sloping walls broken only in the upper parts by straight rows of many windows, and its flat roofs at various levels, is not unlike a fortress in appearance. At the south base of the rock is a large space enclosed by walls and gates, with great porticos on the inner side. A series of tolerably easy staircases, broken by intervals of gentle ascent, leads to the summit of the rock. The whole width of this is occupied by the palace.

The central part of this group of buildings rises in a vast quadrangular mass above its satellites to a great height, terminating in gilt canopies similar to those on the Jokhang. This central member of Potala is called the "red palace" from its crimson colour, which distinguishes it from the rest. It contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai Lamas. There is in these much rich decorative painting, with jewelled work, carving and other ornamentation.

The lower white frontage on the south side of the palace was used to hoist two gigantic thangkas joined representing the figures of Tara and Sakyamuni during the Sertreng Festival on the 30th day of the second Tibetan month.

The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, built between 1767 and 1771, was in part modelled after the Potala Palace. The palace was named by the American television show Good Morning America and newspaper USA Today as one of the "New Seven Wonders".

The nine-storey Leh Palace in Leh, Ladakh, India built by King Sengge Namgyal (c. 1570–1642), was a precursor of the Potala Palace.

The Lhasa Zhol Pillars

Lhasa Zhol Village has two stone pillars or rdo-rings, an interior stone pillar or doring nangma, which stands within the village fortification walls, and the exterior stone pillar or doring chima, which originally stood outside the South entrance to the village. Today the pillar stands neglected to the East of the Liberation Square, on the South side of Beijing Avenue.

The doring chima dates as far back as circa 764, "or only a little later", and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing.

The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xian) in 763 during which the Tibetans temporarily installed as Emperor a relative of Princess Jincheng Gongzhu (Kim-sheng Kong co), the Chinese wife of Trisong Detsen's father, Me Agtsom.

Gallery

See also
Norbulingka, the Dalai Lama's former summer palace
Jokhang Temple Monastery
Dhvaja
Kundun, a 1997 film about the Dalai Lama, chiefly set inside the palace
Seven Years in Tibet
Leh Palace
Mount Putuo
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century

Footnotes

References
 (See p. 530.)
 Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. .
 "Reading the Potala". Peter Bishop. In: Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays. (1999) Edited by Toni Huber, pp. 367–388. The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India. .
 Das, Sarat Chandra. Lhasa and Central Tibet. (1902). Edited by W. W. Rockhill. Reprint: Mehra Offset Press, Delhi (1988), pp. 145–146; 166–169; 262-263 and illustration opposite p. 154.
 Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001). The Lhasa Atlas: Traditional Tibetan Architecture and Landscape, Knud Larsen and Amund Sinding-Larsen. Shambhala Books, Boston. .
 Richardson, Hugh E. (1984) Tibet & Its History. 1st edition 1962. Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications. Boston .
 Richardson, Hugh E. (1985). A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions. Royal Asiatic Society. .
 Snellgrove, David & Hugh Richardson. (1995). A Cultural History of Tibet. 1st edition 1968. 1995 edition with new material. Shambhala. Boston & London. .
 von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1981). Indo-Tibetan Bronzes. (608 pages, 1244 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications Ltd.
 von Schroeder, Ulrich. (2001). Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet. Vol. One: India & Nepal; Vol. Two: Tibet & China. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.
 von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2008. 108 Buddhist Statues in Tibet. (212 p., 112 colour illustrations) (DVD with 527 digital photographs). Chicago: Serindia Publications.

External links

 Potala Palace at UNESCO.org
Potala Palace with related biographies, art, and timelines (The Treasury of Lives)
 Potala (Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library)
 Research work on possible relation with Potala, Malaya Mountains and South India
 Research work on Buddhism in India
 Google Maps location of Potala Palace
 Three-dimensional rendering of Potala Palace

 The Potala palace (archived)
 Potala Palace Tour in Tibet is one of the most prominent attractions to be visited not only by the tourists from all around the world but even to the native Tibetans and the Potala Place had been list in UNESCO's World Heritage in 1994.

Buddhist buildings in Tibet
Buildings and structures in Lhasa
Dzongs in Tibet
Palaces in Tibet
Royal residences in Tibet
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in China
Houses completed in 1694
1640s establishments in Tibet
World Heritage Sites in Tibet
1694 establishments in Asia
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet
History of Lhasa

Potala Palace


Revista Română de Biblioteconomie și Știința Informării (RRBSI) (Romanian Journal of Library and Information Science), ISSN 2559-5490, ISSN-L 1841-1940, este o revistă trimestrială, în acces deschis, publicată în sistem peer-review double blind, publicată începând cu anul 2005 de Asociația Bibliotecarilor din România (ABR), RRBSI urmărește să publice articole originale cu privire la toate aspectele din domeniul biblioteconomiei și științei informării. Revista publică, de asemenea, articole de tip recenzii și cărți, opinii și comentarii asupra unor subiecte de interes din domeniu. Aria de acoperire a revistei nu se reduce doar la România, ci include studii despre teoria și practica biblioteconomiei din Sud-Estul Europei, date fiind similaritățile istoriei și dezvoltării bibliotecilor în această parte a Europei.

Istoric
"RRBSI a luat naștere din Buletin ABIR (Asociația Bibliotecarilor din Învățământ – România) care și-a asumat de la început sarcina de a-și ține la curent membrii cu privire la activitatea asociației, editând încă din 1990 Buletin ABIR (redactor Mircea Regneală), cu periodicitate lunară.

Buletin ABIR a devenit în 1997 revistă tematică de biblioteconomie, cu periodicitate trimestrială, iar locul lui a fost preluat de newsletterul Informații ABIR, publicat ca supliment lunar al Buletinului, mai întâi tipărit, apoi în format electronic.

[...] Începând cu numărul 1/2010, articolele din Revista Română de Biblioteconomie și Știința Informării sunt publicate simultan în limbile română și engleză, în încercarea de a lărgi aria de diseminare a contribuțiilor științifice ale specialiștilor români".

Din anul 2017 (Vol. 13, No. 1), articolele din Revista Română de Biblioteconomie și Știința Informării sunt publicate exclusiv în limba engleză.

Indexarea în bazele de date
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Procesul de evaluare peer-review
Manuscrisele trimise către RRBSI sunt revizuite inițial de editori, care analizează dacă au fost respectate indicațiile autorilor, dacă subiectul articolului se potrivește cu politica editorială a revistei, dacă textul în limba engleză este corect din punct de vedere gramatical și decide în consecință dacă articolul va fi respins sau va fi acceptat pentru o evaluare peer-review.

RRBSI utilizează un proces de evaluare peer review dublu orb: fiecare lucrare va fi revizuită de doi specialiști în biblioteconomie și știința informării. În situația în care concluziile recenzorilor sunt diferite, decizia finală va fi luată de editori. Identitatea autorului (autorilor) și a recenzorilor va fi protejată.

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Redacția
Redactor șef

Dr. Angela REPANOVICI, profesor universitar, Universitatea "Transilvania" din Brasov

Dr. Robert CORAVU, lector, Universitatea București

Redactor adjunct

Dr. Gabriela BĂRAN – asistent universitar, Universitatea București

Drd. Mihai CONSTANTINESCU - Universitatea București

Redactor de conținut

Nicolaie CONSTANTINESCU - Arhitect informatic, Comunitatea Kosson

Colegiul editorial

Dr. Iuliana BOTEZAN - Profesor, Universitatea din Complutense, Madrid

Dr. Joumana BOUSTANY - Profesor asociat, Universitatea Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (U-pem), Institutul Francez de Inginerie a Serviciilor (IFIS)

Dr. Claudiu COMAN - Profesor, Universitatea Transilvania din Brasov

Dr. Ionel ENACHE - Profesor, Universitatea București

Dr. Anthi KATSIRIKOU - Biblioteca Universității Pireus, Grecia

Dr. Serap KURBANOGLU - Profesor, Universitatea Hacettepe, Ankara, Turcia

Dr. Manolis KOUKOURAKIS - Biblioteca Universității din Creta, Grecia

Dr. Maria MICLE - conferențiar universitar, Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara

Dr. Ivona OLARIU - Biblioteca Centrală Universitară Mihai Eminescu Iași

Vera PETROVIĆ - Biblioteca Universitară "Svetozar Marković", Belgrad

Dr. Mircea REGNEALĂ - profesor emerit, Universitatea București (Editor fondator)

Dr. Sonja SPIRANEC - profesor asociat, Universitatea din Zagreb

Dr. Tania TODOROVA - Profesor, Universitatea de Studii Biblioteca și Tehnologii Informaționale, Sofia

Dr. Elena TÎRZIMAN, profesor universitar, Universitatea București

Dr. Nelly ȚURCAN - profesor asociat, Universitatea de Stat din Moldova, Chișinău

Dr. Katalin VARGA - Șeful Bibliotecii Naționale, Biblioteca Națională de Educație și Muzeul, Budapesta.

Note

Reviste românești


ප්‍රොයිඩ්ගේ මනෝ චෛතසිකයන් පිළිබඳ ව්‍යුහාත්මක ආකෘතියට අනුව Id, ego, සහ super-ego ලෙස කොටස් 3ක් හඳුන්වා දී ඇත. මෙම ධාතූන්ගේ ක්‍රියාවලීන් සහ එකිනෙකට සම්බන්ධතාවය මඟින් මානසික සිතුවිලි පහදා දෙයි. මෙම ආකෘතියට අනුව Id - පාලනයක් නොමැතිව ඉබේ ඇතිවන සිතුවිලි ද , ego - සංවිධානාත්මක යථාර්ථවාදී මානසික සිතුවිලි ද, superego - විවේචනාත්මක  සහ සදාචාරාත්මක අංගයන්ට අනුව සිතා බලන කොටස ද ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.
නමුදු මේවා ව්‍යුහාත්මක සංකීර්ණයන් ලෙස අප භාවිතා කළ ද ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම Id, ego, සහ super-ego යනු මොළයේ කාර්යයන් වෙයි. මේවා ස්නායු විද්‍යාවේ යොදාගන්නා මොළයේ පවතින සත්‍ය කොටස් නොවේ.
Id, ego, සහ super-ego ප්‍රොයිඩ්ගේ ස්වයං නිර්මාණ නොවේ. මේවා ඔහුගේ පරිවර්තකයා විසින් සැපයු ලතින් භාෂාවේ යෙදෙන වචනයන්ය. ප්‍රොයිඩ් මේවා 'das Es', 'das Ich', සහ'das Über-Ich එනම් පි‍ළිවෙලින් , 'It', ' I', සහ  'Over-I' ලෙස රචනා කරන ලදී. ජර්මානු ජාතිකයින්ට මෙහි තේරුම පහසුවෙන් වටහාගත හැක.
"සතුටේ මූලධර්මවලින් ඔබ්බට" නමින් ප්‍රොයිඩ් විසින් රචිත නිබන්ධනයේ මුල්වරට මෙම සංකල්පය හඳුන්වා දී ඇත. එනම් ප්‍රොයිඩ්ගේ සිතුවිලි වර්ධනයේ අග කාලයේ දී ද, මීට වසර 3කට පසුව ඔහු විසින් ego සහ Id නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. නමුත් මොහුගේ මෙම නිබන්ධනයේ  විසංඥය යන පදය ගැන ඇති ව්‍යාකූලතාවයන් තවත් මත භේදාත්මක ව්‍යවහාරයන්ට නිසා ද බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.

ඉඩ් ,අහංභාවය හා අධි අහංභාවය හෝ උපරිම අහංභාවය


Chris Holmsted Larsen (født 1973 i Rudkøbing, Langeland), mag.art. og ph.d., er chefkonsulent ved Nationalt Center for Forebyggelse af Ekstremisme og før det postdoc-forsker ved Senter for Ekstremismeforskning ved Oslo Universitet. Chris Holmsted Larsen er også tidligere ekstern lektor i historie ved RUC. Han har tidligere været forskningsmedarbejder i PET-kommissionen og del af forskningsprojektet "Komintern og de dansk-sovjetiske relationer". Han arbejder i disse år med forskningsområder relateret til politisk ekstremisme, radikalisering og forebyggelse og han har bl.a. skrevet og bidraget til en række rapporter, kortlægninger, ekspertgrupper m.m.

Chris Holmsted Larsen var i 1990'erne selv en del af den autonome, yderligtgående venstrefløj.

Bibliografi
 Den folkekære stalinist – en biografi om Carl Madsen (Gyldendal, 2017; )
 Besetze deine Stadt! – BZ din by! (med Peter Birke; Verlag Assoziation A, 2008; )
 Tiden arbejder for os. DKP og Vietnamkrigen 1963-1973 (Forlaget Multivers, 2007; )

Priser og nomineringer
 Det Gyldne Grupperum - RUC's undervisningspris (2017)
 Arbejderhistorieprisen  (2017)
 Nomineret til Årets Historiske Bog (2017)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 C-REX: Chris Holmsted Larsen
 RUC: Chris Holmsted Larsen
 Gyldendal: Chris Holmsted Larsen

Ansatte ved Roskilde Universitet
Historikere fra Danmark
Personer fra Rudkøbing

Chris Holmsted Larsen


Die Kirche Hl. Großmärtyrer Georg () in Užice ist eine serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche in Serbien. Die Kirche wurde von 1842 bis 1844 erbaut. Sie ist dem Heiligen Großmärtyrer Georg geweiht. Die Kirche gehört zur Eparchie Žiča der Serbisch-Orthodoxen Kirche. Am 20. November 2014 feierte die Kirche ihr 170-jähriges Bestehen.

Lage

Die Kirche befindet sich im Zentrum der westserbischen Stadt Užice. Das Gotteshaus liegt nicht weit vom Ufer der Đetinja, einem linken Nebenfluss der  Westlichen Morava. Sie liegt am Sveti-Sava-Platz und der Žička Ulica.

Nahe der Kirche befinden sich das Rathaus, das Gericht, ein Stadtpark, die Polizeistation, ein Museum, das Krankenhaus, das Gymnasium, die Grundschule "Dušan Jerković", die Lehrerfakultät, der Marktplatz und ein Hotel.

Geschichte

Baubeginn und Bauabschluss
In der Stadt stand vor dem Bau der Georgskirche nur die kleine Kirche Hl. Apostel Lukas aus dem Jahre 1828. Am 6. Februar 1840 verabschiedete die Stadtverwaltung von Užice, dass eine neue Kirche erbaut werden sollte und dieses Unternehmen 20.000 Groschen kosten würde.
Am 24. März 1840 lieh Fürst Mihailo Obrenović der Stadt die 20.000 Groschen, mit der Forderung, diese in acht Jahren zurückzuerhalten. Am 14. Mai wurden nochmals 5000 Taler zum Bau der Kirche geliehen. Am 6. Juli 1843 wurden noch einmal 500 Taler vom Fürsten Aleksandar Karađorđević geliehen. Mehr Geld wollte er aber nicht mehr geben, da er im Jahr zuvor schon 2000 Taler zur Fertigstellung der Kirche verliehen hatte. So sammelten die Bürger der Stadt das letzte Geld selbst. Trotz der Geldspenden gelten, die Bürger von Užice als die Ktitoren (Stifter) der Georgskirche.

Auf die Forderung von wohlhabenden Kaufleuten, der ärmeren Bevölkerung und prominenter Bürger der Stadt wurde mit dem Bau der Kirche Hl. Großmärtyrer Georg 1842 im Zentrum der Stadt begonnen, er dauerte bis 1844. Baumeister der Kirche waren die aus Kragujevac stammenden Architekten Nastas Sefanović und Paun Antonijević. Die neue Kirche wurde aus festerem und besserem Material erbaut als die früheren Kirchen der Stadt. Die Kirche wurde in zwei Jahren fertiggestellt und 1844 von Bischof von Užice Nikifor (Maksimović) geweiht. Die Georgskirche besitzt ein einschiffiges Kirchenschiff mit halbrunder Apsis, Chor und rechteckigen Räumen.

Zur Zeit des Fürsten Aleksandar Karađorđević von Serbien, des Erzbischofs von Belgrad und Karlovci sowie des serbischen Metropoliten Petar (Jovanović) und des Bischofs von Užice Nikifor (Maksimović) wurden die Ikonen der Ikonostase und die schlichten Fresken von den berühmten Malern, Dimitrije Posniković und Milija Marković aus Karlovac gemalt.

Von der Ikonostase sind nur noch die Zarentür und die nördliche Tür erhalten, während die südliche Tür bei einem Brand 1955 zerstört wurde. Am Chor sind Fresken mit Abbildern serbischer Heiliger abgebildet. An der Südwand der Kirche steht eine Inschrift dass, Posniković und Marković, die Fresken zu Christi Himmelfahrt 1851 fertiggestellt haben. Auf dem Kirchturm wurde 1859 die erste öffentliche Uhr der Stadt angebracht.

Erster Weltkrieg
Die Kirche besaß drei Glocken, von denen zwei erhalten sind. Die älteste und lange Zeit einzige Kirchenglocke wurde 1846 vom Prinzen Aleksandar Karađorđević der Stadt Užice geschenkt und wurde in der Werkstatt von Stefan Bota aus Vršac gegossen. 1910 wurden  bei der Erneuerung des Kirchturmes zwei weitere Kirchenglocken hinzugefügt. Eine der zwei neuen Kirchenglocken wurde 1916, zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkriegs von den Österreichern abmontiert und wahrscheinlich zu Kanonenkugeln geschmolzen.

In der Zeit zwischen den Weltkriegen wurden rechts und links des Kirchenhaupteingangs zwei Gedenktafeln angebracht, die an die 279 toten Soldaten von 1912 bis 1918 aus Užice und den umliegenden Dörfern gedenken.

Zweiter Weltkrieg
Im Zweiten Weltkrieg erlitt die Kirche großen Schaden. Nach dem Berichten des damaligen Priester der Kirche Radosav Simić, wurde die Kirche 1941 beim Kampf um die Stadt von deutschen Artilleriegranaten schwer getroffen was zu schweren Außen- sowie Innenschäden führte. Drei Jahre später am 23. November 1944 wurden bei einem alliierten Luftangriff die Stadt sowie die Kirche nochmals schwer getroffen. Schon 1945 mit dem Ende des Krieges wurden die größten Kriegsschäden, im nun kommunistischen Jugoslawien beseitigt.

Restaurierung und großer Brand von 1955
1954 wurde die Kirche des Hl. Großmärtyrer Georg als wichtiges Baudenkmal unter den Schutz des Staates gestellt. Von 1954 bis 1956 wurde die Kirche immer wieder renoviert, vor allem nach den großen Brand von 1955. In der Nacht vom 29. November zum 30. November 1955 brach ein Feuer in der Kirche aus das 10 Tage dauerte und im ganzen Land für Aufregung sorgte. Dem Brand fielen 12 Ikonen der rechten Ikonostasenseite, das ganze hölzerne Mobiliar und künstlerisch wertvolle Kapitäle an den Säulen im Kircheninnenraum zu Opfer. Auch die restliche Ikonostase war schwer beschädigt worden und bedurfte einer Restaurierung. Zudem waren auch die Fresken mehr oder weniger beschädigt worden und verrußt.

Deshalb bat die Kirchgemeinde beim Institut für Denkmalschutz in Belgrad um Hilfe bei den Restaurierungsarbeiten. Das Institut übernahm die Restaurierungsleitung und diese führten Konstantin Đorđević und Dušan Brajović unter Leitung von Jaroslav Kratina aus. Im August 1956 war die größte Restaurierung an der Kirche beendet worden und die Spuren des Brandes waren nicht mehr zu erkennen.

Restaurierung von 1990 bis 2009
1990 bekam die Kirche ein neues Kupferdach. 1998 wurde neben der Kirche eine Kapelle erbaut, die zum Anzünden von Kerzen dient. Auch wurde der Kirchhof verschönert und die zwei Kirchenläden zu Verkauf von Ikonen und Kerzen vergrößert. Mit dem Bau der Kapelle wurden die Kerzenständer aus der Kirche entfernt, dadurch den jahrzehnten langen Kerzenrauch die Fresken der Kirche immer mehr verrußten. Auch wurde angefangen die Kirche auf eine neue große Restaurierung vorzubereiten.
Am 1. Februar 1999 wurde mit der Erneuerung der Ikonostase, der Ikonen und der Fresken begonnen. Die Leitung der Restaurierungsarbeiten übernahm Miodrag Marković aus Valjevo und der mit Schülern aus der Akademie der Serbisch-orthodoxen Kirche in Belgrad, alle gebürtig aus Užice die Restaurierung durchführte.

Während die Arbeiten an der Kirche ausgeführt worden und Geldspenden gesammelt worden um diese weiter ausführen zu können. Wurde das damalige Restjugoslawien (Serbien und Montenegro) von der NATO im Kosovokrieg bombardiert. Durch diese Situation wollte man die Restaurierung vorzeitig beenden, jedoch arbeiteten die Restauratoren weiter und beendet die Arbeit so gut sie konnten.

Auch 2000 wurde die Arbeit weitergeführt, die komplette Ikonostase wurde erneuert, vor allem die aus dem Brand 1955 beschädigte rechte Seite der Ikonostase mit ihren 130 Bestandteilen. Auch wurden der Bischofs- sowie der Metropolitenthron, die kompletten Fresken, die Ornamente an den Eingängen und Fenstern und die Fassade der Kirche erneuert. Auch bekam die Kirche neue Fenster.

2004 bekam die Kirche eine Fußbodenheizung, sowie einen neuen Marmorboden. 2009 wurde die Kirchenfassade in einem Gelbton neu gestrichen.

Quellen
 Užice – centar Zlatiborskog okruga. (mit Beschreibung der Kirche, serbisch)
 Beschreibung der Kirche auf der Seite www.Uzice.net, (serbisch)
 Artikel über die Kirchengeschichte auf der Seite der Serbisch-orthodoxen Kirche, (serbisch)

Uzice
Uzice
Uzice
Uzice
Opština Užice

Kirche Hl. Großmärtyrer Georg (Užice)


Elefthérios est un prénom d'origine grecque (, libre, indépendant, libéral, généreux).

Personnes

 Elefthérios Venizélos (1864 - 1936), homme politique grec,
 Elefthérios Poupákis (1946 - ), joueur de foot grec,
 Elefthérios Synadinós (1955 - ), homme politique grec,
 Elefthérios Avyenákis (1972 - ), homme politique grec,
 Elefthérios Petroúnias (1990 - ), gymnaste grec,
 Elefthérios Kosmídis (1991 - ), gymnaste grec,

Autres

 Ágios Elefthérios, un quartier d'Athènes nommé d'après l'église Ágios Elefthérios (en français : Saint Éleuthère),
 Ágios Elefthérios (métro d'Athènes), une station de métro près de ce quartier.

Nommés d'après Elefthérios Venizélos :
 Elefthérios Venizélos (1910-1927), un film à son sujet,
 L'Aéroport international d'Athènes Elefthérios-Venizélos, le plus grand aéroport de Grèce,
 Le dème Elefthérios Venizélos, une ancienne circonscription administrative de la Grèce,

Voir aussi
 Elefthério-Kordelió, une ancienne municipalité grecque.

Prénom

Elefthérios


Agrilus aberrans é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1900.

Referências

aberrans
Coleópteros descritos em 1900

Agrilus aberrans


Sahilkent, Samsun ilinin Bafra ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 70 km, Bafra ilçesine  16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Bafra'nın mahalleleri

Sahilkent, Bafra


مشاهد جبل فوجي الستة والثلاثون (اليابانية: 富士三十六景؛ فوجي سانجو-روككي) هي عذة لوحات من الفن الخشبي الياباني أوكييو-إه صنعت على يد الفنان الياباني هيروشيغه، يصور فيها جبل فوجي في مختلف الأزمنة والأمكنة.

مصادر خارجية
 Hiroshige.org "مقال عن الستة والثلاثون منظراً"

مراجع

أعمال في 1859
رسم ياباني

مشاهد جبل فوجي الستة والثلاثون (هيروشيغه)


සංසද් භවන් යනු,  නව දිල්ලියෙහි පිහිටා ඇති, ඉන්දියානු පාර්ලිමේන්තු ගොඩනැගිල්ලයි.

ඉතිහාසය
මුලදී  පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්දිරය ලෙසින් හැඳින්වුනු මෙය,  1912-1913 කාලසීමාවෙහිදී  සැලසුම් කරන ලද්දේ, එඩිවින් ලටියන්ස් සහ හර්බට් බේකර් යන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය වාස්තු විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් වන අතර ගොඩනැගීම් කටයුතු ඇරඹුනේ  1921 වසරෙහිදීය.

එකල මධ්‍යම ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මන්ත්‍රණ මණ්ඩලය ලෙසින් හැඳින්වුනු පාර්ලිමේන්තු  මන්දිරයෙහි ආරම්භක උත්සවය, 1927 ජනවාරි 18 දිනදී, එකල ඉන්දියාවේ ප්‍රතිරාජ අර්වින් සාමිවරයා විසින් සිදුකෙරිණි. මධ්‍යම ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මන්ත්‍රණ මණ්ඩලයෙහි කුන්වන සැසිය මෙම මන්දිරයෙහිදී  1927 ජනවාරි 19 දිනදී පැවැත්විණි.

2006 වසරෙහිදී විවෘත කෙරුණු පාර්ලිමේන්තු කෞතුකාගාරය, පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්දිරයට පසෙකින් පිහිටා තිබේ.

ගොඩනැගිල්ල

අශෝක චක්‍ර පදනම් කරගත් වක්‍රාකාර හැඩයක්, මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ල සතු වෙයි.  කුමාරවරුන්ගේ මණ්ඩලයෙහි,  රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවෙහි සහ,  මධ්‍යම ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මන්ත්‍රණ මණ්ඩලයෙහි සැසි පැවැත්වීම සඳහා වෙනස් ශාලා තනවන ලදි.

මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ල, විශාල උද්‍යාන වෙතින් වට කෙරී ඇති අතර, සාංචියේ මහා ස්තූපයෙහි මාදිළිය ගත්, වැලි-ගල් අත්වැට (ජාල්) යොදමින් සැදුණු වැටකින් සමන්විත වෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

සංසද් භවන්


Okinavski bor (Pinus luchuensis), znan i pod imenom Luchuanski bor,  vrsta je četinjača iz porodice Pinaceae, endemična i lokalno vrlo česta na otočju Ryū Kyū u Japanu.
Nekad joj je prijetio gubitak staništa u divljini, gdje se može naći u malim sastojinama u blizini vjetrovitih obala oceana. Nakon što su široko iskorištavani od Drugog svjetskog rata, preostale sastojine više nisu komercijalno održivo, osim kada se uzgajaju za prodaju borova za ukras.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Flora otočja Ryukyu
Borovi

Okinavski bor


Klapa Rišpet je klapa osnovana u rujnu 2011. godine, a osnovao ju je poznati splitski skladatelj Pero Kozomara.

Dosad su snimili tri albuma pod nazivom Kad je pošla ća, Reći ćeš mi fala i Šta mi ljube oćeš kazat. Dobitnici su brojnih nagrada, a neke od njih uključuju Grand prix Splitskog festivala 2013. godine s pjesmom "Ćaća" te 4 nagrade Cesarica u kategoriji Hit godine klapske glazbe za pjesme "Reći ćeš mi fala" 2017. godine, "Šta mi ljube oćeš kazat" 2018. godine, "Kada ljubav dvije duše spoji" 2019. godine i "Maka, maka" 2020. godine. Surađivali su s Mišom Kovačem, Jelenom Rozgom, Doris Dragović, Joškom Čagaljem Jolom, Franom Perišinom i Duškom Ćurlićem.

Članovi
Članovi klape su:
Pero Kozomara (skladatelj i producent)
Ivo Amulić (solist)
Frane Jukić (prvi tenor)
Jure Šaban-Stanić (drugi tenor i umjetnički voditelj klape)
Gordan Bezer (bariton)
Jure Bralić (bas)
Igor Visković (bas)
Marin Tramontana (gitara)
Leo Škaro (klavijature)

Hrvatske klape
Splitski glazbeni sastavi

Ostalo
 "Lijepom našom" kao izvođači (epizoda: "Makarska") (2018.)

Klapa Rišpet


Esrarlı Gözler Müslüm Gürses'in 14 Temmuz 1980'de Emre Plak firmasından uzunçalar olarak çıkardığı albümdür. Emre Plak daha sonra bu albümü defalarca yeniden basmıştır. Türkiye ve Almanya başta olmak üzere tüm dünyaya arabesk tarz müziği tanıtan ve sevdiren en marjinal albümlerden birisidir. Albümdeki bütün müziklerde Mustafa Sayan imzası vardır.

Şarkı listesi

Albüme konmayan yedek şarkılar

Albüme ait diğer bilgiler
 Esrarlı Gözler, Gürses`in en ağır albümlerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. Albümde hareketli kabul edilecek hiçbir parça bulunmaması bu görüşü desteklemektedir.
 Bu albüm Gürses'in artık Müslüm Baba olduğu albümdür.
 Gürses bu albümde yer alan Ölüyorum Kederimden şarkısını 5 Ağustos 1998'de yayımlanan Müslüm Gürses Klasikleri albümü için, albümün yedek şarkısı olan Kederliyim İçiyorum şarkısını ise 17 Aralık 2003'te yayımlanan Yanarım albümü için tekrar seslendirmiştir.

Kaynakça

Müslüm Gürses albümleri
Emre Plak albümleri
Arabesk albümleri
Klasik Türk müziği albümleri
1980 albümleri
Türkçe albümler

Esrarlı Gözler


Tolliella ist eine Gattung der Schmetterlinge aus der Familie der Prachtfalter (Cosmopterigidae).

Merkmale
Die Vertreter der Gattung Tolliella sind mit 17 bis 24 Millimeter Flügelspannweite relativ große Falter und haben eine ähnliche Vorderflügelzeichnung wie die Arten der Gattung Hodgesiella. Die Genitalarmatur der Männchen ähnelt der der Eteobalea-Arten, das rechte Brachium ist aber sehr lang und gerade und die Valven sind nahezu parallelwandig. Bei den Weibchen steht das Sterigma hervor und ist sklerotisiert. Der Ductus bursae und das Corpus bursae sind membranös, Signa sind nicht ausgebildet.

Verbreitung
Die Gattung ist in Kleinasien, im Nahen Osten (Türkei, Libanon, Syrien, Jordanien, Irak) sowie in China (Provinz Henan) verbreitet.

Biologie
Über die Biologie der Arten ist nichts bekannt.

Systematik
Die Typusart der Gattung ist Stagmatophora fulguritella , 1895. Die Gattung Tolliella war bis zur Beschreibung von Tolliella truncatula im Jahr 2009 monotypisch.

 Tolliella fulguritella (, 1895)
 Tolliella trunculata  & , 2009

Belege

Cosmopterigidae
Prachtfalter

Tolliella


Gamba Osaka er japanskt knattspyrnufélag frá Suita sem er úthverfi Osaka. Liðið var stofnað árið 1980. Nafnið Gamba, kemur úr ítölsku og þýðir bein. Gælunafn félagsins er Nerazzurri (Þeir svörtu og bláu).

Titlar
J-League:
Japanskir Meistarar (2): 2005, 2014
Keisara Bikarinn:
 1990, 2008, 2014
Yamazaki Nabisco Bikarinn:
 2007, 2014
Asíumeistarar:
 2008

Þekktir leikmenn

Yasuhito Endo
Junichi Inamoto
Yasuyuki Konno
Tsuneyasu Miyamoto
Masashi Oguro
Akira Kaji
Michihiro Yasuda
Hideo Hashimoto
Jungo Fujimoto
Shinobu Ikeda

Tengill
 https://www.gamba-osaka.net/

Heimildir

Japönsk knattspyrnufélög

Gamba Osaka


Tomoaki Kuno (født 25. september 1973) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kawasaki Frontale.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tomoaki Kuno


Lifeware, jellware, meatware, wetware čine sastavnicu informacijskih sustava. Obuhvaća sve osoblje bilo koje uloge koji djeluju unutar informacijskog sustava. To su programeri, operatori ili administratori koji opslužuju računalni sustav.
Nije isto što i liveware.

Usporedi
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beta-inačica
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adware
donationware
otvoreni kod
nagware
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beerware

Izvori

Vrste programske podrške

Lifeware


La selección de fútbol playa de Tahití es el equipo representativo de la Polinesia Francesa en competiciones oficiales. Está regulada por la Federación de Fútbol de Tahití y ha conquistado tres veces la Copa de las Naciones de la OFC de Fútbol Playa. En el ámbito internacional obtuvo el cuarto puesto en la Copa del Mundo 2013, que se organizó en la Polinesia Francesa, y los subcampeonatos en la edición 2015, al perder en la final frente a  y la edición 2017, al caer frente a .

Estadísticas

Copa Mundial de Fútbol Playa FIFA

Copa de las Naciones de la OFC

Palmarés
 Copa de las Naciones de la OFC de Fútbol Playa (3): 2011, 2019, 2023.

Enlaces externos
Tahiti en Beach Soccer Worldwide
Tahiti en Beach Soccer Rusia

Tahití
Futbol Playa
Fútbol en Tahití

Selección de fútbol playa de Tahití


Roberto de Oliveira Campos (Cuiabá, 17 de abril de 1917 — Río de Janeiro, 9 de octubre de 2001) fue un economista, diplomático y político brasileño.

Biografía
Ocupó un cargo diplomático en los Estados Unidos. En esa época realizó estudios de Economía en la Universidad George Washington, e inició una tesis de doctorado en la Universidad de Columbia, que no llegó a concluir. Acompañó a Eugênio Gudin a la Conferencia de Bretton Woods.

En el último gobierno de Getúlio Vargas fue uno de los creadores del BNDES, que llegó a presidir. Durante el gobierno de Juscelino Kubitschek integró el grupo a cargo del Plan de Metas.

Apoyó el golpe militar de 1964. Fue nombrado ministro de Planeamiento por el presidente Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco; conjuntamente con su colega de Hacienda, Otávio Bulhões, modernizó la economía y la administración pública, y controló la inflación. Fue creador del Banco Central de Brasil, el Banco Nacional da Habitação y el Estatuto de la Tierra.

Libros de Roberto Campos
Como autor
 Economía, planejamento e nacionalismo (1963).
 Ensaios de história econômica e sociología (1964).
 A moeda, o governo e o tempo (1964).
 Política econômica e mitos políticos (1965).
 A técnica e o riso (1967).
 Reflections on Latin American Development - University of Texas Press (1967).
 Do outro lado da cerca (1968).
 Ensaios contra a maré (1969)
 Temas e sistemas (1970).
 Função da empresa privada (1971).
 O mundo que vejo e não desejo (1976).
 Além do cotidiano (1985).
 Ensaios Imprudentes (1987).
 Guia para os perplexos (1988).
 O século esquisito (1990).
 Reflexões do crepúsculo (1991).
 A lanterna na popa (Memórias) (1994).
 Antologia do bom senso (1996).
 Na virada do milênio (Ensaios) (1998).
Como coautor
 Trends in International Trade (Relatório do GATT).
 Partners in Progress (Relatório do Comitê Pearson do Banco Mundial).
 A Nova Economia Brasileira (com Mário Henrique Simonsen) (1974).
 Formas Criativas no Desenvolvimento Brasileiro (com Mário Henrique Simonsen) (1975)

Bibliografía
 CAMPOS, Roberto de Oliveira, A lanterna na popa - memórias, 2 volumes, 4º edição, Editora Topbooks, Rio de Janeiro, 2001.
 PEREZ, Reginaldo Teixeira, Pensamento político de Roberto Campos - da razão do Estado à razão do mercado, Editora FGV, Rio de Janeiro, 1º edição, 1999.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Perfil no sitio oficial da Academia Brasileira de Letras
 Dicionário de Roberto Campos
 Pensamento de Roberto Campos
 Alguns textos de Roberto Campos
 Senado homenageia o liberal entre os liberais brasileiros
 Artigos e Entrevistas de Roberto Campos
 Frases de Roberto Campos
 A nostalgia das Ossadas

Nacidos en Cuiabá
Alumnado de la Universidad George Washington
Economistas de Brasil
Ensayistas de Brasil
Senadores de Brasil
Diputados federales de Río de Janeiro
Ministros de Planeamiento de Brasil
Ministros de Hacienda de Brasil
Embajadores de Brasil en Estados Unidos
Embajadores de Brasil en el Reino Unido
Miembros de la Academia Brasileña de Letras
Liberales de Brasil
Conservadurismo en Brasil

Roberto de Oliveira Campos


لارا الصفدي (4 فبراير 1974 -)، ممثلة أردنية من أصل فلسطيني.برزت في التسعينيات من القرن العشرين كانت بدايتها من خلال المشاركة في مسلسل (معقول يا ناس) عام 1985، لتتوالى أعمالها بعد ذلك خاصة في مجال الدراما التلفزيونية، ومن أبرز أعمالها (لوحة حب ، سلطانة، طاش ما طاش 15، زين).

أعمالها

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أردنيون من أصل فلسطيني
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلات أردنيات
مواليد 1394 هـ
مواليد 1974

لارا الصفدي


Corpul 3 Cavalerie rus a fost una din marile unități operative ale Armatei Țariste Ruse, participantă la acțiunile militare de pe frontul român, în timpul Primului Război Mondial. În această perioadă, a fost comandat de generalul locotenent Alexandr Mihailovici Krimov.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioanițiu, Alexandru (lt.col.), Războiului României, 1916-1918, vol. I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, ''România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol. I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1936

Vezi și
 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial

Unități militare ruse pe frontul român în Primul Război Mondial
Cioturi din proiectul România în Primul Război Mondial

Corpul 3 Cavalerie rus (1916-1918)


Samuel Takyi (Acra, 23 de dezembro de 2000) é um boxeador ganês, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Takyi começou a boxear aos oito anos e também praticava futebol, mas optou pelas luvas devido à popularidade do esporte em Ussher e Jamestown, onde morava. Ele conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após confronto na semifinal contra o estadunidense Duke Ragan na categoria peso pena.

Pugilistas olímpicos de Gana
Pugilistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Samuel Takyi