Norbert Lehn (* 7. Juli 1955; † 29. März 2008) war ein deutscher Mikrobiologe und Hochschullehrer an der Universität Regensburg.

Leben
Norbert Lehn studierte Medizin an der TU München, wo er 1983 promovierte. Er wurde als Universitätslehrer an die Universität Regensburg berufen. Bei seinem Tod hinterließ er eine Frau und zwei Kinder.

Leistungen
Das Hauptforschungsthema von Norbert Lehn war das Helicobacter pylori. Zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre war Lehn einer der ersten Forscher, die die Theorie unterstützten, dass dieses Bakterium eine Hauptursache von Magengeschwüren und ein bedeutender Risikofaktor für Magenkarzinome ist. Er fand analoge Zusammenhänge in anderen Primaten.

Schriften
 Prävalenz und Virulenzmechanismen von Helicobacter pylori bei Patienten mit Karzinom oder MALT-Lymphom des Magens. Habilitationsschrift. Technische Universität, München 1995, .
 Udo Reischl, Stefan Emler, Zdenek Horak, Jarmila Kaustova, Reiner M. Kroppenstedt, Norbert Lehn, Ludmila Naumann: Mycobacterium bohemicum sp. nov., a new slow-growing scotochromogenic mycobacterium. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. vol. 48, no. 4, Oktober 1998. doi:10.1099/00207713-48-4-1349
 H. D. Schröder, C. Ludwig, W. Jakob, U. Reischl, M. Stolte, N. Lehn: Chronic gastritis in tigers associated with Helicobacter acinonyx. In: J Comp Pathol. 119, 1998, S. 67–73.

Einzelnachweise

Mikrobiologe
Mediziner (21. Jahrhundert)
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Regensburg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1955
Gestorben 2008
Mann

Norbert Lehn


Talasio (¿? - c. 630) fue un eclesiástico suevo, obispo católico de Astorga desde c. 588.

Nacido en el seno de la familia de los Camaño, perteneciente a la nobleza del reino suevo, Talasio fue señor del promontorio Nerio y de las islas Cíes, en la costa de Galicia; estuvo casado con Indegunda, sobrina del rey visigodo Atanagildo, y tomó el estado eclesiástico tras quedar viudo.

Hacia el año 588 fue nombrado obispo de la diócesis de Astorga, sufragánea de la de Braga, que estaba encabezada por su hermano Pantardo.
Ambos hermanos participaron en el III Concilio de Toledo presidido por Leandro de Sevilla y Eutropio de Valencia el año 589 en tiempos del rey Recaredo, en el que se decretó el abandono del arrianismo y la adopción del catolicismo como religión oficial del reino visigodo de Toledo, que tan solo cuatro años antes había conquistado y anexionado el reino suevo.

No hay noticias de este personaje más allá de su asistencia al concilio, aunque algunos autores creen que debió vivir al menos hasta el año 630.

Referencias

Obispos de Astorga
Obispos de España del siglo VI
Obispos de España del siglo VII
Suevos en España
Hispania visigoda
Nobles de España del siglo VII

Talasio


Aciagrion approximans,  libelinha-violeta-indiana, é uma espécie de libelinha da família Coenagrionidae. Encontra-se no leste e sul da Índia. O território estende-se à Tailândia, China e Camboja.

Subespécies
Fraser considerou o espécime encontrado no nordeste como Aciagrion approximans e no sul como Aciargion hisopa raça krishna. Um estudo recente revelou que a subespécie krishna encontrada no sul não é coespecífica com A. hisopa e encontrada muito próxima de A. approximans encontrada no nordeste; mas diferindo no nível de subespécies.

 Aciagrion approximans approximans (Nordeste da Índia)
 Aciagrion approximans krishna (Gates Ocidentais)

Descrição e habitat
É uma libelinha pequena, esbelta com cores violeta e preta. Seu tórax é preto com listras violáceas laterais. Os segmentos 2 a 7 do abdome são pretos no dorso e violetas na metade ventral. Os segmentos 8 e 9 são violetas sem marcas. O segmento 10 é preto no dorso. A metade inferior do segmento 8 está marcada com preto em A. a. krishna. A fêmea é semelhante ao macho; mas mais pálida nas cores. Os segmentos 8 e 9 são pretos e o 10 é azul no dorso.

Reproduz em lagoas, lagos ou em riachos lentos.

Referências

Ligações externas

Insetos descritos em 1876
Insetos da Índia
Cenagrionídeos
Aciagrion

Aciagrion approximans


Habroscelimorpha es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Contiene las siguientes especies:

 Habroscelimorpha auraria (Klug, 1835)
 Habroscelimorpha boops (Dejean, 1831)
 Habroscelimorpha californica (Menetries, 1843)
 Habroscelimorpha curvata (Chevrolat, 1834)
 Habroscelimorpha dorsalis (Say, 1817)
 Habroscelimorpha euryscopa (Bates, 1890)
 Habroscelimorpha gabbi (G. Horn, 1866)
 Habroscelimorpha schwarzi (W. Horn, 1923)
 Habroscelimorpha severa (Laferte, 1841)
 Habroscelimorpha wellingi Cassola & Sawada, 1990

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Cicindelina

Habroscelimorpha


17696 Bombelli este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
17696 Bombelli este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Prescott (Arizona) de Paul G. Comba. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,02 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 9,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 17001-18000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

17696 Bombelli


L'appel du vide, på dansk kaldt "Tomrummets kald", er et fransk udtryk brugt inden for filosofi til at beskrive en pludselig tiltrækning mod en umiddelbar farlig eller ikke logisk handling, såsom at springe ud fra toppen af en bygning eller hoppe over bord på et skib.

Se også
 Eksistentialisme
 Imp of the perverse
 Intrusive thoughts

Henvisninger

Franske ord og vendinger
Selvmord
Filosofi

L'appel du vide


Istrian Spring Trophy 2017 var den 57. udgave af det kroatiske landevejscykelløb på halvøen Istrien. Løbet foregik i perioden 9. til 12. marts 2017. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2017 og var i kategorien 2.2. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev slovenske Matej Mugerli fra Amplatz-BMC, der vandt løbet for anden gang i karrieren.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere

Etaperne

Prolog

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

Samlede resultat

Eksterne henvisninger

2017
UCI Europe Tour 2017

Istrian Spring Trophy 2017


تعداد الولايات المتحدة 1920 كان التعداد الرابع عشر للسكان يجرى في الولايات المتحدة. تم إجراء التعداد في 5 يناير 1920. تم تقدير العدد الكلي للسكان بحوالي 106,021,537 بزيادة 15.0% عن التعداد السابق في عام 1910.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 بيانات تاريخية لتعداد سكان الولايات المتحدة

الولايات المتحدة في 1920
تعداد سكان الولايات المتحدة
تعداد السكان في 1920

تعداد الولايات المتحدة 1920


Wind Chill (titulada Lamentos en el Viento en Hispanoamérica y Escalofríos en España) es una película de terror de 2007 protagonizada por Emily Blunt y Ashton Holmes. George Clooney y Steven Soderbergh están entre los productores del proyecto. La película fue dirigida por Gregory Jacobs, quien anteriormente dirigió la bien recibida película Criminal. La película comenzó a filmarse en la zona de Vancouver el 1 de febrero de 2006 y se distribuyó, limitadamente, el 27 de abril de 2007.

Sinopsis
Una joven estudiante universitaria (Emily Blunt), que se está formando en una facultad situada en el noreste, quiere llegar a su casa, en Delaware, para Navidad. Antes de que comience el viaje, un extraño joven llamado Ashton Holmes, que  estudia en el mismo campus que ella, le pide acompañarla, a lo que ella accede. Después de un par de horas de conducción, ella se da cuenta de que no ha ido por la carretera correcta, por lo que decide desviarse hacia la ruta 606. La mujer descubre que el hombre no es de su ciudad natal y que en realidad es su admirador secreto desde que iban a la facultad. Él revela que sabe mucho más sobre ella de lo que Blunt piensa, lo que la incomoda notablemente. Cuando otro vehículo provoca que su coche se salga mientras recorren la  "pintoresca" ruta 606, Blunt comienza a pensar que todo fue planeado, lo que la lleva a sospechar aún más de su compañero, sin embargo pronto se da cuenta de que su extraño acompañante es la menor de sus preocupaciones. A medida que la temperatura desciende a 30 grados bajo cero, figuras fantasmales empiezan a aparecer en el bosque, y se revelan los aterradores acontecimientos que sucedieron allí en la década de 1950.

Lugares de rodaje
Las escenas de la universidad en la película fueron filmadas en la Universidad de Columbia Británica, cerca de Vancouver, Columbia Británica, Canadá. Las escenas al aire libre de la película se rodaron cerca de Peachland, Columbia Británica, en febrero y marzo de 2006.

Sensación Térmica siendo filmada en la localización en la Universidad de Columbia Británica cerca de Vancouver .

Recepción
La película recibió críticas mixtas. RottenTomatoes le dio un 46%, mientras que Metacritic le dio un 52% (de 100%).

Reparto
Nota: los personajes que aparecen en esta película, aparte de Lois, nunca se nombran.
Emily Blunt como Chica universitaria.
Ashton Holmes como Chico admirador.
Martin Donovan como Patrullero de carretera.
Chelan Simmons como La chica rubia.
Ned Bellamy como conductor de recogedora de nieve.

Estreno en DVD
El DVD fue lanzado el 5 de mayo en un conjunto de 2 discos. En el Reino Unido estaba disponible con manga  holografica especial.

Referencias
 "Wind Chill (2007) - Cast and Crew". Radio Times. Consultado el 8 de septiembre de 2009.

Enlaces externos

Películas de 2007
Películas de Estados Unidos
Películas de Reino Unido

Wind Chill


An Cyrtosperma beccarianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alistair Hay. An Cyrtosperma beccarianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtosperma, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtosperma

Cyrtosperma beccarianum


Anguera es un municipio brasileño situado en el estado de Bahía. Tiene una población estimada, en 2021, de 11 369 habitantes.

Está ubicado al margen de la BA-052, a 146 km de la capital estatual.

El municipio fue creado en 1961, independizándose de Feria de Santana.

Referencias

Localidades de Bahía

Anguera


Kızılkaş, Adana ilinin Sarıçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 16 km, Sarıçam ilçesine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Sarıçam'ın mahalleleri

Kızılkaş, Sarıçam


Un faire-part à part () est un film américain réalisé par Charlie Peters, sorti en 1992.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Passed Away
 Réalisation : Charlie Peters
 Scénario : Charlie Peters
 Directeur de la photographie : Arthur Albert
 Montage : Harry Keramidas
 Musique : Richard Gibbs
 Costumes : Jennifer von Mayrhauser
 Décors : Catherine Hardwicke
 Production : Larry Brezner et Timothy Marx
 Genre : Comédie
 Pays :
 Durée : 96 minutes ()
 Date de sortie :
  :

Distribution

 Bob Hoskins (VF : Marc de Georgi) : Johnny Scanlan
 Blair Brown (VF : Anna Gaylor) : Amy Scanlan
 Tim Curry (VF : Yves-Marie Maurin) : Boyd Pinter
 Frances McDormand (VF : Annie Balestra) : Nora Scanlan
 William Petersen (VF : Bernard Lanneau) : Frank Scanlan
 Pamela Reed (VF : Annie Sinigalia) : Terry Scanlan Pinter
 Peter Riegert (VF : Patrick Floersheim) : Peter Syracusa
 Maureen Stapleton (VF : Paule Emanuele) : Mary Scanlan
 Nancy Travis (VF : Martine Irzenski) : Cassie Slocombe
 Jack Warden (VF : Claude Joseph) : Jack Scanlan
 Don Brockett (VF : Nicolas Vogel) : Froggie
 Patricia O'Connell (VF : Ginette Franck) : Mrs. Finch
 Louis Mustillo (VF : Jacques Ferrière) : Carmine Syracusa
 Ann Shea (VF : Catherine Privat) : Louise
 Sara Rue (VF : Marie-Madeleine Burguet Ledoze) : Megan Scanlan
 Deborah Rush (VF : Danièle Douet) : Denise Scanlan
 Patrick Breen (VF : Stefan Godin) : Père Hallahan
 Teri Polo (VF : Nathalie Régnier) : Rachel Scanlan
 Jayce Bartok (VF : Stefan Godin) : Tony Scanlan
 Dylan Baker (VF : Julien Thomast) : Unsworth
 Jim Corr (VF : Stefan Godin) : Daniel
 Dan Futterman (VF : Tony Marot) : Tom

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1992
Comédie américaine
Film de Hollywood Pictures
Premier long métrage sorti en 1992

Un faire-part à part


Trilby er en dansk stumfilm fra 1908 instrueret af Viggo Larsen og efter manuskript af Arnold Richard Nielsen.

Medvirkende

 Viggo Larsen
 Robert Storm Petersen

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1908

Trilby (film fra 1908)


Olaylar
 3 Ocak
ABD Başkanı Dwight D. Eisenhower, ülkesinin Küba ile diplomatik ve konsolosluk ilişkilerini kestiğini duyurdu. (Küba-ABD ilişkileri 2015'te yeniden kuruldu)
Ordu Yardımlaşma Kurumu (OYAK) Kuruluş Kanunu kabul edildi.
 5 Ocak - Türkiye'de 1960 askeri darbesinden sonra Cemal Gürsel Türkiye'nin yeni hükûmetini (25. hükûmet) kurdu.
 6 Ocak - 27 Mayıs Darbesi sonrası kurucu meclis çalışmalarına başladı.
 16 Ocak - ABD Türkiye'ye 43 milyon Dolar yardımda bulundu.
 20 Ocak - John F. Kennedy, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 35. Başkanı olarak yemin etti.
 31 Ocak - Juscelino Kubitschek, Brezilya'nın Devlet Başkanlığı görevini Jânio Quadros'a teslim etmiştir.
 26 Şubat - II. Hasan, Fas Kralı ilan edildi .
 17 Mart - Vicente Calderón Stadyumu yapımına başlandı.
 1 Nisan - 27 Mayıs Darbesi sonrası siyasi faaliyetlere izin verildi.
 12 Nisan - Yuri Gagarin uzaya çıkan ilk insan oldu.
 13 Nisan - Portekiz'de António de Oliveira Salazar'a yönelik başarısız bir darbe girişimi oldu.
 17 Nisan - Küba'daki Fidel Castro iktidarına karşı Domuzlar Körfezi Çıkarması başladı.
 21 Nisan - Cezayir'deki Fransız birliklerinin Charles de Gaulle muhalifi 4 komutanı darbe girişiminde bulundu.
 30 Nisan - İstanbul Kartal'da iki tren çarpıştı: 16 kişi öldü, 78 kişi yaralandı.
 27 Mayıs - 1961 Anayasası Kurucu Meclis'te 262 üyenin 260'nın oyu ile kabul edildi.
 31 Mayıs - Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu'ndan çekildi.
 9 Temmuz - 1961 Anayasası, halk oylaması sonucunda kabul edildi.
 13 Ağustos - Berlin Duvarı'nın yapımına başlandı.
 17 Eylül - Adnan Menderes için verilen idam cezası İmralı Adası'nda infaz edildi.
 18 Eylül - BM Genel sekreteri Dag Hammarskjöld Zaire'de bir uçak kazasında öldü.
 15 Ekim - 1961 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti genel seçimleri
 26 Ekim - TBMM'de yapılan oylamada Orgeneral Cemal Gürsel, Türkiye'nin 4. Cumhurbaşkanı seçildi.
 29 Ekim - Türkiye'nin ilk yerli otomobili Devrim (otomobil), halka tanıtıldı.
 30 Ekim - Sovyetler Birliği 50 Megatonluk RDS-220 (TSAR) bombasını Novaya Zemlya bölgesinde yaklaşık yerden 4200 metre yükseklikte patlatarak dünyanın en büyük termonükleer bombasını test etti.
 31 Ekim - Türk ve Alman İş ve İşçi Bulma Kurumları arasında yapılan anlaşmaya göre; her yıl Almanya'ya çeşitli iş kollarında çalıştırılmak üzere 2-3 bin Türk işçisi gönderilmesi kararlaştırıldı.
 20 Kasım - İsmet İnönü başkanlığında Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi*Adalet Partisi koalisyon hükûmeti kuruldu.
2 Aralık - Soğuk Savaş: Küba lideri Fidel Castro, ulusal çapta yayınlanan bir konuşmasında Marksist-Leninist olduğunu ve Küba'nın sosyalizmi benimseyeceğini duyurdu.
10 Aralık - Sovyetler Birliği, Arnavutluk ile diplomatik ilişkilerini kesti .

Doğumlar

Ocak
 8 Ocak - Jérôme Bonnafont, Fransız bürokrat ve diplomat
 25 Ocak - Thomas Sarbacher, Alman oyuncu
 31 Ocak - Fatih Kısaparmak, Türk halk müziği sanatçısı, müzisyen, besteci ve söz yazarı.

Şubat
 5 Şubat - Ersin Kalkan, gazeteci - yazar
 17 Şubat - Andrey Korotayev, Rus iktisatçı ve tarihçi
 20 Şubat - Sıtkı Caney, Şair, yazar, sinemacı

Mart
 3 Mart
 Prof. Ümit Özdağ, Türk stratejist.
 Warrel Dane, Amerikalı solist, bestekar. Nevermore ve Sanctuary ile çaldı. (ö.2017)

Nisan
 3 Nisan - Eddie Murphy, New York doğumlu komedyen, oyuncu
 21 Nisan - Ulvi Arı, Türk pantomim (mim) sanatçısı, oyuncu, yazar.
 26 Nisan - Joan Chen, Çin asıllı Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu ve yönetmeni.

Mayıs
 5 Mayıs - Şefika Kutluer, Türk flüt solisti
 12 Mayıs - Rafael Aranda, Katalan kökenli mimar.

Haziran
 16 Haziran- Can Dündar, Türk araştırmacı gazeteci - yazar

Temmuz
 1 Temmuz
 Diana Spencer, Galler Prensesi, Galler Prensi Charles'in ilk eşi idi.
 Carl Lewis, Amerikalı atlet
 4 Temmuz - Ferenc Gyurcsány, Macaristan başbakanlarından

Ağustos
 4 Ağustos- Barack Hussein Obama, ABD'nin 44. ve ilk siyahi başkanı
 18 Ağustos - Birol Ünel Türk kökenli Alman oyuncu
 28 Ağustos - Joshua Bloch, Amerikalı yazılım mühendisi ve teknoloji yazarı
 30 Ağustos - Zafer Algöz, Türk sinema ve dizi oyuncusu

Eylül
 1 Eylül - Bam Bam Bigelow, Amerikalı güreşçi (ö. 2007)
 7 Eylül
Samir Şerifov, Azerbaycan maliye bakanı
Jochen Horst, Alman oyuncu
 9 Eylül - Faruk Çaturoğlu, Türk siyasetçi
12 Eylül - Mylène Jeanne Gautier, Fransız müzisyen
 25 Eylül - Mehmet Aslantuğ, Türk sinema ve TV oyuncusu
 25 Eylül - Erdal Eren, Türk komünist

Ekim
 11 Ekim - Steve Young Amerikalı Amerikan futbolcusu
 30 Ekim - Fatih Özal, Türk basketbolcu ve antrenör.

Kasım
 8 Kasım - Rustem Adamagov, Rus blogcu
 12 Kasım - Nadia Comăneci, Rumen jimnastikçi
 13 Kasım - Metin Uca, Türk sunucu, yazar ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 27 Kasım - Marshall Webb, Amerikalı general

Aralık
 11 Aralık - Birgit Stauch, Alman heykeltıraş.
 15 Aralık - Karin Resetarits, Avusturyalı siyasetçi
 22 Aralık - Rebecca Wilson, Avustralyalı gazeteci, radyo ve tv sunucusu
 24 Aralık - İlham Aliyev, Azeri cumhurbaşkanı.
 25 Aralık - Ales Debeljak, Sloven yazar (ö. 2016)

Doğduğu gün ve ay bilinmeyenler
 Alp Can, Türk gazeteci (ö. 2010)
 Shira Kammen, ABD'li multi-enstrümantalist ve vokalist
 Turgay Usanmaz, hentbol antrenörü, edebiyatçı, şair

Ölümler
 8 Ocak - Yaşar Doğu (d. 1915)
 13 Ocak - František Drtikol, Çek fotoğrafçı (d. 1883)
 26 Şubat - Hasan Âli Yücel (d. 1897)
 28 Mayıs - Mümtaz Ökmen, siyasetçi (d. 1895)
 15 Haziran - Peyami Safa Türk yazar ve gazeteci (d. 1899)
 1 Temmuz - Louis-Ferdinand Celine, Fransız yazar (d. 1894)
 2 Temmuz - Ernest Hemingway, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1899)
 16 Eylül
 - Fatin Rüştü Zorlu (d. 1910)
 - Hasan Polatkan, (d. 1915)
 17 Eylül - Adnan Menderes (d. 1899)
 19 Eylül - Şemsettin Günaltay (d. 1883)
 19 Ekim - Mihail Sadoveanu, Rumen yazar, şair ve politikacı (d. 1880)
 11 Kasım - Behiç Erkin, "Demiryollarının babası" Türk asker, siyasetçi, diplomat (d. 1876)
 24 Kasım - Mehmet Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu, Türk asker. (d. 1889)

1961


O Grupo de Forcados Amadores de Tomar é um grupo de forcados sediado em Tomar, no Ribatejo. Um dos grupos de forcados com maior antiguidade em Portugal, o actual Grupo de Tomar foi fundado a 8 de Agosto de 1956, tendo mantido uma actividade ininterrupta desde então.

História
Tomar tem uma antiquíssima História relacionada com a tauromaquia em geral e à forcadagem em particular.

A primeira Praça de Toiros permanente em Tomar, no Alto de Santo André, data de 1883. O primeiro espectáculo taurino realizou-se a 29 de Junho de 1883. A primeira corrida oficial decorreu em 1884, uma corrida de 12 toiros, lidados pelos cavaleiros Carlos Relvas e José Bento de Araújo.

Estando a primeira Praça a necessitar de obras, foi decidido construir um nova. A segunda Praça de Toiros de Tomar foi inaugurada em 15 de Julho de 1894 por ocasião da Festa do Tabuleiros. É desta data o primeiro registo de um grupo de forcados designado de Tomar. Este grupo e outros que lhe sucederam não tiveram continuidade.

Outro grupo de forcados de Tomar pegou na inauguração da actual praça de Toiros de Tomar, designada Praça de Toiros de José Salvador, a 24 de Maio de 1908.

O Cabo fundador do actual Grupo foi Manuel Faia, datando a primeira corrida de 8 de Agosto de 1956. A rivalidade entre irmãos levou a que brevemente lhe sucedesse como Cabo o seu irmão João Faia, que comandou o Grupo de 1959 até 1966.

O Cabo com o mandato mais longo foi Carlos Aberto, que liderou os Amadores de Tomar durante 18 anos, de 1996 até 2014. O actual Cabo é, desde 2019, Hélder Parker, que sucedeu ao anterior Cabo Marco Fernandes de Jesus.

Cabos
Manuel Faia (1956–1959)
João Faia (1959–1966)
Jorge Monteiro (1966–1974)
Manuel Vidal (1974–1975)
Manuel Alfaiate Pereira (1975–1979)
Jorge Carvalho (1979–1981)
José Simões Berto (1981–1983)
António Graça (1983–1986)
Porfírio Manuel dos Santos (1986–1988)
Manuel Serra (1988–1990 e 1992–1993)
Francisco Luís Faia (1990–1992)
Paulo Graça (1993–1996)
Carlos Alberto (1996–2014)
Marco Fernandes de Jesus (2014–2019)
Hélder Parker (2019–presente)

Tomar

Grupo de Forcados Amadores de Tomar


Johann Adolf I, Duce de Saxa-Weissenfels (), a fost Duce de Saxa-Weissenfels-Querfurt și membru al Casei de Wettin. El a fost fiul cel mare al Ducelui Augustus de Saxa-Weissenfels și a primei lui soții, Anna Maria de Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

Biografie
După decesul tatălui său, la 4 iunie 1680, și pierderea arhiepiscopiei de Magdeburg (care a fost secularizat de Brandenburg și inclus în ducatul de Magdeburg), Johann Adolf și-a dedicat eforturile pentru a finaliza neterminatul castel Neu-Augustusburg, care a fost început de tatăl său în 1660; construcția castelului a fost reluată la 18 august 1680. Sfințirea capelei castelului a avut loc la 1 noiembrie anul 1682, iar castelul a fost în cele din urmă finalizat în anul 1694. Un teatru mare a fost construit mai înainte de această dată și a susținut Opera germană fondată în 1685.

La moșia sa Johann Adolf a creat cea mai importantă grădină a vremii sale din centrul Germaniei. În 1690 au fost construite țevi pentru a furniza apă castelului din zona Selauer. Orașul Weissenfels a prosperat până la punctul în care a devenit nu numai un centru administrativ, dar, de asemenea, un centru economic.

Johann Adolf a fost patron al artelor urmând modelul tatălui și a altor mermbri ai familiei sale; capelmaiestru al curții a fost numit Johann Philipp Krieger. De asemenea, Johann Adolf a descoperit talentul muzical al fiului doctorului curții sale și l-a încurajat pe tânărul Georg Friedrich Händel să caute să facă o carieră în muzică.

Ca și tatăl său (care a fost președintele ei), Johann Adolf a fost acceptat în Societatea Fruitbearing.

După decesul Electorului Johann Georg al II-lea de Saxonia în 1680, voința tatălui său Johann Georg I a fost contestată de către noul elector Johann Georg al III-lea cu privire la apanajul fiilor săi mai mici; el a refuzat să recunoască principatele și liniile colaterale ale verilor săi. Acest lucru a adus unele dificultăți lui Johann Adolf, după ce a recunoscut ca o amenințare electoraul de Saxonia asupra propriilor sale teritorii. Conflictul a putut fi soluționat doar de Contractul de la Torgau (12 mai 1681), precum și alte două contracte semnate la Dresda în 1682 și 1688; cu aceste pacte, Johann Adolf și-a asigurat domnia peste Querfurt și locul său în Consiliul Superior-Saxon (Kreistag).

După moartea sa, cei trei fii n viață, Johann Georg, Christian și Johann Adolf al II-lea, și-au asumat succesiv domnia asupra ducatului de Saxa-Weissenfels.

Căsătorii și copii
La Altenburg la 25 octombrie 1671, Johann Adolf s-a căsătorit cu Johanna Magdalena de Saxa-Altenburg. Ei au avut 11 copii:

Magdalene Sibylle (n. 3 septembrie 1673, Halle – d. 28 noiembrie 1726, Eisenach); s-a căsătorit la 28 iulie 1708 cu Johann Wilhelm, Duce de Saxa-Eisenach.
August Frederic (n. 15 septembrie 1674, Halle – d. 16 august 1675, Halle).
Johann Adolf (n. 7 iunie 1676, Halle – d. 18 iunie 1676, Halle).
Johann Georg, Duce de Saxa-Weissenfels (n. 13 iulie 1677, Halle – d. 16 martie 1712, Weissenfels).
un fiu (n./d. 24 iulie 1678, Halle).
Johanna Wilhelmine (n. 20 ianuarie 1680, Halle – d. 4 iulie 1730, Halle).
Frederic Wilhelm (n. 18 ianuarie 1681, Weissenfels – d. 20 noiembrie 1681, Weissenfels).
Christian, Duce de Saxa-Weissenfels (n. 23 februarie 1682, Weissenfels – d. 28 iunie 1736, Sangerhausen).
Anna Marie (n. 17 iunie 1683, Weissenfels – d. 16 martie 1731, Sorau); s-a căsătorit la 16 iunie 1705 cu contele Erdmann II de Promnitz.
Sofia (n. 2 august 1684, Weissenfels – d. 6 mai 1752, Rosswald, Silezia); s-a căsătorit prima dată la 16 octombrie 1699 cu Georg Wilhelm, Margraf de Brandenburg-Bayreuth, și a doua oară la 14 iulie 1734 cu Joseph Albert, Conte de Hoditz și Wolframitz.
Johann Adolf al II-lea, Duce de Saxa-Weissenfels (n. 4 septembrie 1685, Weissenfels – d. 16 mai 1746, Leipzig).

După decesul soției sale în 1686, Johann Adolf s-a recăsătorit la Querfurt, la 3 februarie 1692 cu  Christiane Wilhelmine de Bünau. Căsătoria a fost una morganatică. El și-a sfătuit fiii săi să-i arate respectul cuvenit, și, să împartă domeniile familiei cu copiii care ar rezulta din a doua căsătorie. După cinci ani de căsnicie, Christiane Wilhelmine a fost creată contesă imperială (Reichgräfin) în 1697, la cererea soțului ei. Ei nu au avut copii.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1649
Decese în 1697
Casa de Saxa-Weissenfels
Duci ai Germaniei


Una SnorriCam (también conocida como chestcam, cámara BodyMount, bodycam o BodyMount) es un dispositivo estabilizador de cámara que se utiliza en el cine. Su característica fundamental es que la cámara se apareja con el cuerpo del actor, enfocándole directamente. De ese modo, cuando el actor se mueve, especialmente si camina o corre, se produce un efecto por el que parece permanecer quieto mientras todo lo que le rodea se mueve. Una Snorricam presenta un punto de vista dinámico desde la perspectiva del actor, estableciéndose en el plano teórico una especie de "tercera persona subjetiva" y proporcionando una sensación inusual de vértigo para el espectador.

Historia

La Snorricam lleva el nombre de sus desarrolladores, dos fotógrafos y directores islandeses, Einar y Eiður Snorri, que trabajaron juntos bajo el nombre de hermanos Snorri, aun no teniendo parentesco. Ambos son acreditados como diseñadores de la Snorricam, por ejemplo, en los créditos de la película de Darren Aronofsky, "Pi".

El concepto en el que se basa la SnorriCam se ha usado, sin embargo, durante décadas. Varios artilugios con una filosofía similar se utilizaban ya en películas tan antiguas como Seconds, de 1966. Sin embargo, la utilidad del "dispositivo de punto de vista" estaba limitada por el peso de la cámara. Como la mayoría de cámaras de cine de 35 mm eran demasiado pesadas para poder llevarlas con facilidad, el desarrollo del dispositivo no tenía aplicación práctica. Sin embargo, con la aparición de la Steadicam y la fabricación de cámaras más pequeñas, ligeras e insonorizadas que podían caber en la plataforma Steadicam, una ventaja añadida de estas nuevas cámaras era la posibilidad de fabricar un dispositivo de punto de vista tal como la Snorricam.

Usos en el cine
Las siguientes películas tienen secuencias con Snorricam:
 Mean Streets (1973), en la que el protagonista, interpretado por Harvey Keitel se mueve a través de un bar abarrotado.
 Truck Turner (1974)
 Psicosis (1960)
 Angst (1983)
 Jacob's Ladder (1990)
 Malcolm X (1992)
 Juice (1992)
 Bound (1996)
 El violín rojo (1998)
 Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998)
 Armageddon (1998)
 π (1998) y Requiem for a Dream (2000), dirigidas por Darren Aronofsky, usan la snorricam extensamente.
 Dil Chahta Hai (2001)
 25th Hour (2002)
 Kannathil Muthamittal (2002)
 La sirène rouge (2002)
 Tocando el vacío (2003)
 Enduring Love (2004)
 Crimen ferpecto (2004)
 Dalkomhan insaeng (2005)
 El exorcismo de Emily Rose (2005)
 Stay (2005)
 Tsū Desu oa Rabu (2005)
 Kicking & Screaming (2005)
 Revolver (2005)
 Babel (2006)
 Kidulthood (2006)
 See No Evil (2006)
 Inside Man (2006)
 No se lo digas a nadie (2006)
 Soy leyenda (2007)
 No Smoking (2007)
 Heyy Babyy (2007)
 28 Weeks Later (2007)
 Guru (2007)
 Max Payne (2008)
 RocknRolla (2008)
 Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
 Adulthood (2008)
 District 9 (2009)
 The Hangover (2009)
 New York (2009)
 Terminator Salvation (2009)
 La huérfana (2009)
 Dev.D (2009)
 The Lovely Bones (2009)
 Kaminey (2009)
 Jackie (2010)
 Get Him to the Greek (2010)
 Va (2010)
 Rakta Charitra (2010)
 Red State (2011)
 Cowboys & Aliens (2011)
 Los Muppets (película) (2011)

En otros medios

En televisión se ha utilizado extensamente la técnica; por ejemplo, la serie Torchwood, el séptimo episodio de la segunda temporada "Dead Man Walking" tiene una secuencia en que el personaje interpretado por Owen Harper se mueve a través de un club nocturno en una secuencia con snorricam. En la serie Scrubs utiliza momentos de snorricam en algunos episodios para mostrar nerviosismo. La técnica también se ha utilizado en otras series exitosas, como Lost o la primera temporada de Dexter (episodio 11).

En cuanto al uso en vídeos musicales, uno de los primeros usos de SnorriCam sería en el vídeo correspondiente a la canción "1979" de The Smashing Pumpkins (1995). Otros usos notables de la SnorriCam se encuentran en videoclips como "Home" de Sean Lennon (1998), "Chop Suey!" de System of a Down "(2001), "God Gave Me Everything" de Mick Jagger (2001), "Jesus of Suburbia" de Green Day (2005), "Meds" de Placebo (2006) o Same Mistake de James Blunt y el video oficial de Thunderstruck de AC/DC.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Manual para construir una snorricam (en inglés)

Tecnología de video y cine

Snorricam


Schloss Mühlheim steht für
* Schloss Mühlheim (Oberösterreich), Mühlheim am Inn
Schloss Mühlheim (Mühlheim an der Donau), Mühlheim an der Donau

Schloss Mühlheim


The Nevada class comprised two dreadnought battleships— and —built for the United States Navy in the 1910s. They were significant developments in battleship design, being the first in the world to adopt "all or nothing" armor, a major step forward in armor protection because it emphasized protection optimized for long-range engagements before the Battle of Jutland demonstrated the need for such a layout. They also introduced three-gun turrets and oil-fired water-tube boilers to the US fleet. The two Nevadas were the progenitors of the standard-type battleship, a group that included the next four classes of broadly similar battleships that were intended to be tactically homogeneous.

Nevada and Oklahoma deployed to Ireland in 1918 to escort convoys during World War I but saw no action. After the war, they were transferred to the Pacific Fleet, where they spent most of the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, they conducted extensive training operations and made several long-distance cruises, including to Australia and New Zealand in 1925 and Oklahomas voyage to Europe in 1936. Both vessels were extensively modernized between 1927 and 1930, having their armament improved, protection scheme strengthened, and new boilers installed. They were moored in Battleship Row in Pearl Harbor when the Japanese attacked on 7 December 1941; Oklahoma was sunk in the attack while Nevada was able to get underway before being forced to ground herself to avoid sinking in deeper water.

Only Nevada was salvageable, and she was repaired and modernized by mid-1943 when she joined the Aleutian Islands campaign. She then supported the Normandy landings in June 1944 and Operation Dragoon in August before returning to the Pacific in time for the Battle of Iwo Jima in February 1945, followed by the Battle of Okinawa from March to June. Worn out by the end of the war, she was allocated to Operation Crossroads in late 1945 for use in the nuclear weapons tests in mid-1946. She survived both of the Crossroads blasts and was ultimately sunk with conventional weapons off Hawaii in 1948. Oklahoma, meanwhile, was raised over the course of 1943, partially dismantled in 1944, and sold to ship breakers in 1946. While under tow to San Francisco in May 1947, she became separated from the vessel towing her and foundered.

Development

The design of the Nevada class took place in the context of strong political opposition to the continual growth (and thus increases in cost) of battleship building that had accelerated with the development of the dreadnought type. In the early 1900s, the Navy had settled on a program of two new battleships per year, a plan approved by President Theodore Roosevelt, but beginning in 1904, Congress began to reject the Navy's requests, frequently authorizing only one ship per year, and at times, no new vessels. William Howard Taft, Roosevelt's successor, attempted to pressure Congress to build more ships, but had little success, though he did secure a pair of ships for Fiscal Year 1912, which would become the Nevada class. Woodrow Wilson, who was elected in 1912, opposed what he saw as excessive naval spending and his Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels, blocked proposals from the General Board for larger, more powerful ships as part of an effort to return to two vessels per year. The resulting stabilization of designs produced the standard-type battleship, of which the two Nevadas were the first.

Initial design

The General Board was not satisfied with the adoption of 5 and 6 twin-gun turrets in earlier dreadnoughts and so requested the next ship be equipped with three-gun turrets. Three-gun turrets would provide a main battery of twelve  guns, two more than the preceding , but with four turrets instead of five. Design work on the ships that would be authorized for FY1912 had begun in 1910, with the first sketch prepared by the Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) in May that was based on the preceding New Yorks. The aft superfiring No. 4 turret was removed, the amidships No. 3 turret was moved up to superfire over what had been No. 5 turret in an arrangement similar to contemporary British battlecruisers. It was a complicated arrangement that required an ammunition magazine to separate the engine and boiler rooms; the naval historian Norman Friedman suggests it may have been adopted to reduce the concentration of weight aft, which would have put greater stress on the hull and thus required significant strengthening of the hull structure. The ship would also carry four torpedo tubes and a secondary battery of seventeen  guns, while belt armor was to be  thick.

By this time, the Navy had come to the conclusion that naval engagements would be fought at very long range, and primarily with armor-piercing shells (AP) instead of high-explosive shells, since the latter would be defeated by even medium armor, and at long range, there was no ability to aim specifically at unarmored portions of ships. And because AP shells would easily perforate medium armor plate, only the thickest possible protection should be carried. Another important development that resulted from the assumption of long battle ranges was the adoption of thick deck armor. This was necessitated by the trajectory of the projectiles; as range increased significantly, the angle of impact increased, and thus shells would tend to strike the horizontal deck, not the heavily armored sides, an effect known as plunging fire. The result was the "all or nothing" principle of armor protection, which reserved armor protection only for the ship's vitals, including magazines, propulsion machinery spaces, and command spaces. The arrangement was made watertight to create an armored raft that contained enough reserve buoyancy to keep the ship afloat even if the unarmored ends were completely flooded. The Nevada design was the first of any navy to introduce the concept.

In June, the Board sent a set of requirements to C&R that incorporated the twelve-gun battery already projected, a minimum speed of , and an armor layout based on the "all or nothing" concept. The engineers at C&R noted that the armor deck would considerably strengthen the hull, but pointed out that the 11-inch belt of the original design would be wholly insufficient to defeat the latest main guns in foreign navies. The Board suggested the addition of a  splinter bulkhead behind the belt, which would contain shell fragments. In late 1910, before a final design was accepted, the Navy had to submit estimates for FY1912 to be voted on by Congress in 1911; they used figures based on the New Yorks, which were accepted by Congress, and in turn limited the size of the new ships to a displacement of around ; this was too low for C&R's existing proposals, necessitating a redesign. By this time, the first generation of American dreadnoughts had begun to enter service, so experiences operating them could be incorporated into the redesign.

Redesign and approval

The first major change was the arrangement of the aft pair of turrets. The amidships magazine of the battleship  had difficulty remaining cool, as it was adjacent to the boiler room and the steam lines for the propulsion system ran alongside it. Since the thicker deck increased hull strength, the initial arrangement proposed for Nevada could be abandoned in favor of a closely spaced superfiring pair. This shortened the length of hull that required armor protection, and thus reduced displacement. Experience with Delawares propulsion system—which mixed coal and oil fired boilers—provided the next improvement: boilers that were exclusively oil fired. These would confer a number of advantages, including the ability to refuel at sea, a significant reduction in boiler room crews, greater fuel efficiency, and more compact boiler rooms, among others. Again, the smaller boiler rooms shortened the length of armor necessary to protect the vitals. C&R was not convinced, since coal bunkers had been used to reinforce the side armor, but the Board approved the change in November 1910. Even by that time, the engineers at C&R continued to lobby for their original design based on the New York class, but the Board refused to entertain the proposal. Next, the Board decided to return to steam turbines rather than triple-expansion engines, as they believed the greater efficiently of fuel oil would allow the notoriously voracious turbines to achieve the long cruising radius necessary for operations in the Pacific Ocean.

C&R submitted its next proposal on 13 February 1911; it generally aligned with the Board's ideas for the armor layout, but it retained some medium armor to protect the secondary guns and it incorporated triple-expansion machinery (though they noted that the engine rooms could accommodate Curtis turbines). The Board rejected it, leading the designers to remove the medium armor, producing a series of studies with speeds of , , and 21 knots and main batteries that ranged from eight to twelve guns. During this period, on 4 March, Congress authorized a pair of ships, designated BB-36 and BB-37 for FY1912. With the ships now authorized, the Board selected one of the ten-gun, 20.5-knot variations on 30 March, which had a belt that was increased to 14 in but included a series of tapers at the top and bottom edge to save weight. The Bureau of Ordnance pointed out that the belt could not be manufactured in a single strake with the tapers, so a joint between upper and lower strakes—a design weakness the engineers had been attempting to avoid—would have to be used. The problem was resolved in July, when C&R proposed removing the 1.5-inch splinter bulkhead in favor of increasing the belt to  and incorporating only one taper at the lower edge.

The next issue to address was the triple turret that was the linchpin of the design, since the weight savings made the heavier belt possible and it corrected design defects present in the earlier 5- and 6-turret classes. The US Navy had never built a three-gun turret, and there were concerns that a single hit could disable all three guns, and that three holes in the turret face would weaken the armor too much. C&R suggested conducting firing trials with the old battleship , but nothing came of the proposal. Daniels approved the finalized Nevada design on 31 March, without a completed turret design, which was a significant gamble because the turret design might not have been successful. An experimental turret was completed in August 1912, proving the concept, though it required some modifications to reduce shell interference. Since the finalized design adopted a ten-gun battery, only two of the four turrets would be triple mounts, one forward and one aft, with twin-gun turrets superfiring over them.

With the design nearly finalized, the Board began to circulate it with fleet officers for comment; Captain John Hood, who was soon to become a member of the Board, criticized the placement of the secondary battery, as experience with the early dreadnoughts had shown casemate batteries to be completely unusable in all but the calmest seas. The Board pointed out that the increasing range of torpedoes meant that the standard 5-inch /51 caliber guns could not effectively engage destroyers before they launched their weapons, so retaining the weapons at all might not be worthwhile. But there were no suitable alternative, so the Board decided to keep the 5-inch guns as they were. This proved to be the correct decision, as the development of fire-control systems improved the guns' ability to hit at longer ranges.

Design

General characteristics and machinery

The ships of the Nevada class were  long at the waterline and  long overall. They had a beam of  and a draft of  at normal displacement and  at full load. They displaced  as designed and  fully laden. The ships had a ram bow and a forecastle deck that extended half of the length of the ship. As built, the ships had a minimal superstructure, consisting of a heavily armored conning tower directly aft of the forward main battery turrets. They were completed with two lattice masts fitted with spotting tops to assist in directing the main battery, a common feature of American capital ships of the period. They had a crew of 55 officers and 809 enlisted men.

Since the Board expected turbines to achieve greater efficiency, Nevada was equipped with a pair of direct-drive Curtis steam turbines, with steam provided by twelve oil-fired Yarrow water-tube boilers. Nevada was the first US capital ship to use reduction geared cruising turbines, which could be clutched into the high-pressure turbines to improve fuel economy at low speeds. Geared turbines were fitted in most subsequent US battleships, except those with turbo-electric propulsion. Oklahoma, meanwhile, received two vertical triple-expansion engines and twelve oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Oklahomas reciprocating engines were prone to excessive vibration, prompting the Navy to consider converting her to double-acting, two-stroke diesel engines in 1925, but the great weight of diesels at the time led to the idea being abandoned. Both ships' boilers were ducted into a single funnel located amidships.

Nevadas engines were rated at , while those of Oklahoma were projected to produce . Both ships had a designed top speed of 20.5 knots, though Nevada reached  from  on speed trials upon completion. Their designed endurance was  at a speed of . Under service conditions, Nevada was found to have an endurance of  at a speed of , which fell considerably at  to . With a freshly-cleaned hull, these figures improved slightly, to  and , respectively. Nevada had a tactical diameter—the distance it took to turn the ship 180 degrees—of  at  and  at . The only figure available for Oklahoma is her high-speed turning circle:  at .

Armament

The Nevadas were equipped a main battery of ten 14-inch /45 caliber Mark III guns mounted in two twin and two triple turrets. To save weight and keep the mounts as compact as possible, the triple turrets had all three barrels supported by two trunnions, which required all three guns to be elevated as a unit. Both of the twin turrets had armored rangefinders installed atop their roofs, with a centralized fire control room in the conning tower.

The guns fired a  armor-piercing (AP) shell at a muzzle velocity of . Trials with the triple turret revealed excessive dispersion caused by interference between the projectiles while in flight, so a system was adopted to fire each gun individually, separated by a tenth of a second apiece. The turrets allowed elevation to 15 degrees and depression to −5 degrees. At maximum elevation, the guns had a range of about . Two shell hoists serviced all three guns, which were electrically loaded and operated.

For defense against destroyers and torpedo boats, the ships carried a secondary battery of twenty-one 5-inch /51 caliber Mark VIII guns in individual mounts. Twelve of the guns were in casemates in the forecastle deck, six on either side, and another six were in casemates toward the stern at main deck level, with another weapon directly in the stern. These guns proved to be excessively wet in heavy seas and thus were frequently unusable, as experience with earlier vessels had already demonstrated. The last two guns were in open mounts on either side of the conning tower. The guns had a muzzle velocity of  firing a  shell.

As was customary for capital ships of the period, both vessels were armed with a pair of  torpedo tubes submerged below the waterline, one on each broadside. They were supplied with Bliss-Leavitt torpedoes of the Mark VII type; these carried a  warhead and had a range of  at a speed of . Nevada and Oklahoma were the first battleships to carry the Mark 7 torpedoes.

Armor

The Nevada class was protected by side armor that was 13.5 in thick in the central portion where it protected the ship's vitals, the magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. It was  wide, of which  was below the waterline. At the bottom edge, the belt was reduced to  to save weight, relying on the assumption that shells that fell short and passed through the water would be slowed significantly, thus reducing their ability to penetrate heavy armor. On either end of the belt, both sides were connected by a transverse bulkhead that was 8 to  thick. The bow and stern were left unarmored. The ships had a  armored deck that consisted of special treatment steel (STS) in three layers over the central armored raft; further aft, the deck was increased in thickness to , where it covered the propeller shafts. The armor deck was connected to the top of the belt. One deck below, another layer of armor  thick was intended to contain splinters from shells and bombs that were detonated by the upper deck. The sides of the deck sloped down and were increased slightly to  thick, and they were connected to the bottom edge of the belt. The lower deck consisted of nickel steel.

The ships' main battery turrets received very heavy armor protection; the triple turret faces were  thick, with  sides and 5 in roofs. The twin-gun turrets had slightly thinner protection, consisting of  faces and  sides. Both turret types had 9 in rears and they rested atop barbettes that were 13 in thick. The conning tower had 16 in sides and a 8 in roof, the latter consisting of STS. The uptakes from the boilers to the funnel were protected by a conical mantlet that was 13 in thick.

Modifications

The ships underwent a series of changes over the course of their careers, particularly with regards to their secondary batteries, along with the addition of a tertiary anti-aircraft battery. The first such alteration, the addition of a pair of  /50 cal. anti-aircraft guns, was made at the time the ships were completed. In 1918, Nevada had her seven aft-most 5-inch guns removed along with the two guns in open mounts; Oklahoma had the same reduction in her secondary battery, though she retained the centerline gun in the stern. These were used to arm merchant ships that would have a greater likelihood of encountering a German U-boat on the voyage to Europe. In 1919, both ships received flying-off platforms for aircraft on their superfiring turrets, but these proved to be problematic in service, as they prevented the guns from being fired without destroying the ramps and they severely limited the ability of the guns to be elevated and depressed.

In the late 1920s, both ships were substantially modernized. Both were re-boilered with six Bureau Express boilers that were significantly more efficient than the original twelve boilers. In addition, Nevada was re-engined using the turbines that had been installed in  in 1917 and removed before the latter was scrapped under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. Design speed remained the same, but designed horsepower fell slightly to  for Nevada. She nevertheless achieved  on trials, for a top speed of . Fuel capacity was also substantially increased, to  normally and  for wartime conditions. This increased the ships' range to  at 10 knots and  at . The re-boilering saved a considerable amount of weight that was used to increase the deck armor and add torpedo bulges that increased their beam to . Both vessels' main armor deck was increased in thickness by , bringing the total to 5 inches, though because it consisted of layers, it was not as effective as a single plate of the same thickness.

Both vessels' armament was significantly improved. The main battery turrets were modified to allow elevation to thirty degrees, which increased their maximum range to . The remaining 5-inch casemates were plated over and the guns were moved a deck higher in an attempt to improve their ability to be used in heavy seas. The eight 3-inch anti-aircraft guns were replaced with an equal number of 5-inch /25 cal. guns, also in individual mounts. In addition, they received eight  Browning machine guns. Both vessels had their torpedo tubes removed at this time. Their lattice masts were replaced with more robust tripod masts, and they had a pair of aircraft catapults installed, one of which was placed on the fantail, the other being mounted atop her rear superfiring turret. The alterations increased the ships' displacement to  as designed and a maximum of  at full load. The ships' crews increased to 1,374. At some point in 1941, Nevada was fitted with an SC air search radar.

In 1942, during repairs for the damage sustained in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nevada was again heavily reconstructed. Her tripod mainmast was removed, along with her heavily armored conning tower, the former to clear up firing arcs for the anti-aircraft weaponry and the latter to save weight for further additions to the anti-aircraft battery. In place of the conning tower and mast, a large bridge structure was installed She had both her 51-cal. and 25-cal. guns removed. They were replaced with battery of sixteen 5-inch /38 cal. Mark 12 dual purpose guns in eight twin gun mounts. Four were mounted on either side of the vessel amidships. The guns fired a  shell to a maximum range of  or a maximum altitude of  at an elevation of 45 degrees. Her light anti-aircraft battery was completely replaced as well; she now carried thirty-six Bofors  guns in nine quadruple mounts and thirty-eight Oerlikon  autocannon in individual mounts. By the end of the war, she had received an additional quadruple 40 mm mount, while her 20 mm guns were reorganized into five single and twenty twin mounts, for a total of forty-five barrels. Unlike many of the other battleships rebuilt after the attack, Nevada did not receive fire-control radar for her main battery, but she was fitted with Mark 37 directors for her new secondary battery.

Ships in class

Service history

Early careers

After entering service in 1916, both vessels were assigned to the Atlantic Fleet. They were occupied with training exercises off the East Coast of the United States into early 1918, by which time the United States had entered World War I on the side of the Allies. Both vessels were sent to Ireland in August 1918 to escort troopship convoys against German warships that might try to break out of the North Sea to intercept them, though no such attacks materialized. Both were present for President Wilson's arrival in France to participate in the Versailles Conference at the end of the conflict. After the war, both vessels returned to the Atlantic Fleet, though in 1919, Nevada was transferred to the Pacific Fleet; Oklahoma joined her there in 1921.

Throughout the 1920s, both ships participated in a yearly routine of training exercises with the rest of the fleet, including shooting practice, tactical training, and annual, large-scale Fleet Problems, the latter providing the basis for the US Navy's operations in the Pacific War, and experience that demonstrated that the standard-type battleships were too slow to operate with aircraft carriers led to the development of the fast battleships built in the 1930s. They were also involved in cruises around the Americas and further abroad, such as a goodwill visit to Australia and New Zealand in 1925. Between 1927 and 1930, both ships were heavily modernized. The standard peacetime routine continued through the 1930s. In 1936, Oklahoma embarked on a training cruise to Europe; she was there when the Spanish Civil War broke out that year, and she went to Spain to evacuate Americans in the country.

As tensions with Japan began to rise in the late 1930s over the latter's waging of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the United States began to prepare for the increasingly likely prospect of war. In 1940, the Pacific Fleet was transferred from its homeport, San Pedro, California, to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii in an effort to deter further aggression. Both ships were at anchor in Battleship Row along Ford Island in December 1941.

World War II

On the morning of 7 December 1941, the Japanese aircraft carriers of the 1st Air Fleet launched a surprise attack on the American fleet in Pearl Harbor. Oklahoma was struck by three torpedoes early in the attack and quickly began to capsize before receiving six more torpedo hits. As she rolled over, her superstructure prevented her from fully inverting and she came to rest on her port side. Her crew suffered heavy casualties in the sinking, with 20 officers and 395 enlisted men killed. Nevada was hit by a single torpedo in her bow early in the attack, but she nevertheless got underway, the only battleship to do so during the attack. She was hit by between six and ten bombs as she moved through the harbor and fears that she might sink in the channel out of Pearl Harbor, thus blocking the port, led her commander to decide to beach the vessel. She suffered relatively minor casualties, with 50 killed and 109 wounded. Nevada was refloated in February 1942 and was immediately dry-docked for repairs and modernization, while Oklahoma was too seriously damaged to be returned to service; she was righted in 1943 and partially dismantled in 1944 before being sold for scrap in 1946. While being towed from Pearl Harbor to San Francisco on 17 May 1947, she slipped her towing line and sank.

After returning to service in 1943, Nevada was primarily used to support amphibious operations. She took part in the Aleutian Islands campaign in April and May, before returning to the United States for further modifications in preparation for her role as a bombardment vessel for the Normandy landings. She steamed to Britain in April 1944 to join the assault fleet, which conducted the landing on 6 June; Nevada remained off the beaches for the next eleven days to bombard German positions as the Allied soldiers fought inland, withdrawing only once to replenish ammunition. She and several other vessels from the bombardment force were sent to shell other ports in occupied France, including Cherbourg before being reassigned to the force tasked with supporting Operation Dragoon, the landing in southern France conducted on 15 August. During the landings, she shelled the damaged French fast battleship , which was at that time under German control, scoring hits that inflicted further damage on the vessel.

Nevada then returned to the United States to have her badly-worn barrels relined before returning to the Pacific Fleet. She arrived in the advance base at Ulithi in January 1945 and began preparations for the next major operation, the landing at Iwo Jima the following month. She joined several other battleships for an intensive bombardment of the island for three days before the Marines went ashore on 19 February. The ship operated off the island providing fire support through 7 March, when she departed to prepare for the invasion of Okinawa. The initial bombardment began on 24 March and continued until the landing on 1 April, and Nevada remained off the island until 14 April when she was withdrawn for an overhaul. The ship returned for patrols in the East China Sea in July, though she saw no further action before the end of the war on 15 August.

Worn out after nearly thirty years of service by late 1945, she was slated for disposal in nuclear weapons tests in November 1945. She was allocated to the fleet of target ships to be used for Operation Crossroads in January 1946 and she arrived in Bikini Atoll in May. The target fleet included several other battleships, including the captured Japanese vessel . Nevada was used as the aiming point for the first test, an air-dropped bomb on 1 July, because the Navy deemed her to be the most resilient of the battleships. The bomb missed the target and inflicted minimal damage. Another test, an underwater blast, was conducted on 24 July, which also failed to sink the ship. She was taken to Pearl Harbor to be examined and was ultimately sunk off Hawaii in conventional weapon tests in 1948.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

Battleship classes

World War I battleships of the United States

Nevada-class battleship


Choe Thae-bok () este un important politician din Coreea de Nord. Este al cincilea președinte al Adunării Populare Supreme din Coreea de Nord 5 septembrie 1998 - 11 april 2019.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1930
Politicieni nord-coreeni
Nord-coreeni în viață

Choe Thae-bok


Rondeletieae,  tribus broćevki (Rubiaceae) iz potporodice Cinchonoideae. Pripada mu 15 rodova iz južnog Meksika, Južne Amerike i Antila.

Rodovi
 Acrobotrys K. Schum. & K. Krause (1 sp.)
 Acrosynanthus Urb. (6 spp.)
 Acunaeanthus Borhidi, Komlodi & Moncada (1 sp.)
 Blepharidium Standl. (1 sp.)
 Donnellyanthus Borhidi (1 sp.)
 Habroneuron Standl. (1 sp.)
 Holstianthus Steyerm. (1 sp.)
 Mazaea Krug & Urb. (2 spp.)
 Phyllomelia Griseb. (1 sp.)
 Rachicallis DC. (1 sp.)
 Roigella Borhidi & M. Fernández (1 sp.)
 Rondeletia L. (166 spp.)
 Rovaeanthus Borhidi (2 spp.)
 Suberanthus Borhidi & M. Fernández (7 spp.)
 Tainus Torr.-Montúfar, H. Ochot. & Borsch (1 sp.)

Izvori

Cinchonoideae

Rondeletieae


Metal4 ist ein seit 2011 bestehendes deutschsprachiges Onlinemagazin mit Redaktionssitz in Bremen und bietet u. a. News, Reviews, Interviews und Konzertberichte aus den Bereichen Death Metal, Black Metal, Progressive Metal, Symphonic Metal, Gothic Metal, Melodic Death Metal, Pagan Metal und Rock.

Das überregionale Muttermagazin Metal4 sowie dessen Ableger für regionale Nachrichten und Events in Bremen, Hamburg, Hannover, Köln und den Ruhrpott werden täglich aktualisiert.

Geschichte

Gründung
Das Projekt Metal4 wurde am 15. September 2009 unter dem Namen Metal4Bremen von David Pfeil, Simon Lindner und Jens Martin Baumgartner ins Leben gerufen. Der Grundgedanke war es, eine Plattform zu schaffen, die über regionale Veranstaltungen und Bands im Raum Bremen informiert. Im Oktober desselben Jahres ging die erste Seite von Metal4Bremen online und im Sommer des Folgejahres folgten die ersten Akkreditierungen für Festivals, von denen das Magazin berichtete und Fotos veröffentlichte. Das Spektrum erweiterte sich in der Folge um beispielsweise News und Reviews. Der Fokus lag jedoch weiterhin auf der lokalen Ebene, obwohl ein erster Schritt in Richtung Überregionalität gemacht wurde, als die Redaktion beschloss, nicht mehr nur News über Acts und Veranstaltungen aus der Region Bremen, Bremerhaven und dessen Umland zu veröffentlichen. Ausdruck fand diese Neuorientierung beispielsweise in der Aufteilung der Reviews in Szene-Reviews, die sich mit regionalen Bands beschäftigten, und Reviews, die sich den übrigen Veröffentlichungen widmeten.

Veränderung
Die Resonanz, die Metal4Bremen hervorrief, sowie die immer breitere Ausrichtung des Regionalmagazins führte zu einem wachsenden Interesse von Bands, Veranstaltern und Lesern, die nicht im eigentlichen Einzugsbereich lagen, das Magazin jedoch immer häufiger kontaktierten und z. B. um Specials baten, Wünsche äußerten oder Anregungen gaben. Ausgehend hiervon entwickelten die drei Gründer das Konzept eines überregionalen Muttermagazins, das sich den Hauptthemen widmen und dem mehrere Regionalmagazine angegliedert werden sollten. Auf diese Weise sollten die jeweiligen Regionalredaktionen wieder die Aufgabe wahrnehmen können, die das Metal4Bremen-Magazin durch die zu groß gewordene Themenpalette nicht mehr hinreichend hatte erfüllen können: Berichterstattung über regionale Bands und Events und die effektivere Unterstützung des Undergrounds in der entsprechenden Region, die das ursprüngliche Ziel des Projekts gewesen waren. Am 15. Oktober 2011 wurde schließlich das entwickelte Konzept umgesetzt und Metal4 als überregionales Online-Magazin etabliert. Metal4Bremen blieb als Regionalmagazin bestehen; mit den Ablegern in Hamburg, Hannover, Köln und dem Ruhrpott folgten vier weitere regionale Online-Magazine, die Metal4 als Untermagazine angegliedert sind. Zwei weitere Regionalmagazine sind für Mai 2012 in Planung, ebenso wie ein Online-Radio, welches voraussichtlich Anfang April on air gehen soll.

Vision
Neben der Berichterstattung in Form von News, Interviews und Reviews hat Metal4 den Anspruch, Musiker, Veranstalter und Leser über aktuelle Entwicklungen im Bereich der Musikindustrie zu informieren und aufzuklären. Hierunter fallen z. B. allgemeine Informationen über die GEMA oder Beiträge zur Kontroverse über das Urheberrecht. In diesem Rahmen werden auch Ratgeber für Bands als auch Themen präsentiert, die nur indirekt das Metal-Genre betreffen, aber einen inhaltlichen Mehrwert für die Bands und interessierte Leser bieten. Es wird angestrebt, eine Anlaufstelle für die Community sowie Bands und Veranstalter zu schaffen, die sich durch eine vollständige, alle Aspekte von Metal umfassende Darstellung im Internet auszeichnet und den Kontakt zwischen Musikern und Veranstaltern fördert.

Regionalisierung
Die Schaffung des übergeordneten Muttermagazins Metal4 erlaubte es, die Idee des Regionalisierungsprinzips wieder aufzugreifen und weiter zu verfolgen. Durch die Auslagerung der überregionalen Inhalte auf Metal4 konnte der Schwerpunkt von Metal4Bremen wieder auf das regionale Geschehen gelegt werden. Gleichzeitig wurden erste Maßnahmen ergriffen, weitere Regionalmagazine zu etablieren. Kurze Zeit später erfolgte der Launch von Metal4Hamburg, Metal4Hannover und Metal4Köln. Den vorläufigen Abschluss bildete der Launch von Metal4Ruhrpott Ende 2011. Weitere Regionalmagazine sind in Planung.

Redaktion
Die Redaktion von Metal4 hat ihren Sitz in Bremen. Die einzelnen Untermagazine unterhalten eigene Redaktionen in ihrer Region, die redaktionelle Arbeit wird dabei von freiberuflichen Mitarbeitern übernommen, deren Zahl auf mittlerweile über 60 Redakteure angewachsen ist.

Festival Metal4Splash
Das Metal-Splash-Festival wurde erstmals im Jahre 2008 in Rotenburg an der Wümme veranstaltet. Es findet im Sommer 2012 erstmals in Zusammenarbeit mit Metal4 statt.

Weblinks
 Musikinterview von bremen4u (15. November 2011) mit Simon Lindner und Sabrina Bagus zum Launch von Metal4.de
 Artikel auf Metal.de: Metal Splash wird Metal4Splash
 Offizielle Website

Musikwebsite (Metal)
Onlinemagazin
Deutschsprachiges Medium

Metal4


Juniorverdensmesterskabet i ishockey 2016 var det 40. junior-VM i ishockey. Mesterskabet havde deltagelse af 40 hold og blev afviklet i form af seks niveauopdelte turneringer i løbet af december 2015 og januar 2016.

Mesterskabet for de bedste 10 hold afvikledes to arenaer i Helsinki, Finland i perioden 26. december 2015 - 5. januar 2016. Finland var junior-VM-værtsland for sjette gang, og Helsinki havde også været værtsby ved de fem tidligere mesterskaber afholdt i "de tusind søers land".

VM-titlen blev vundet af værtslandet Finland, som i finalen besejrede Rusland med 4-3 efter forlænget spilletid. Rusland fik udlignet finnernes 3-2-føring blot 6 sekunder inden udløbet af den ordinære spilletid, men værternes Kasperi Kapanen afgjorde mesterskabet med sin scoring til 4-3 efter 1:33 af den forlængede spilletid. Dermed sikrede Finlands U.20-ishockeylandshold sig mesterskabstitlen for fjerde gang i alt og for anden gang siden 2014, hvor holdet senest triumferede ved mesterskabet i Malmö. Bronzemedaljerne gik til USA, som vandt 8-3 over Sverige i bronzekampen.

De forsvarende mestre fra Canada tabte allerede i kvartfinalen til de senere mestre fra Finland, og det betød at holdet fra ishockeyens moderland for første gang siden 1998 endte uden for top 4. Til gengæld blev det betragtet som en succes, at Danmark for andet junior-VM i træk formåede at kvalificere sig til kvartfinalerne. Her måtte danskerne imidlertid strække våben mod Rusland, men først efter at de senere finalister 44 sekunder før tid havde udlignet den danske 3-2-føring og derefter afgjort kampen 5 minutter inde i den forlængede spilletid.

Topdivisionen

I topdivisionen spillede 10 hold om det egentlige verdensmesterskab.

Hold

Turneringen havde deltagelse af de ni bedste hold fra junior-VM 2015 og vinderen af 1. division gruppe A ved junior-VM 2015.

Arenaer

Turneringen afvikledes i to arenaer i Helsinki, Finland.
 Hartwall Arena, der normalt var hjemmebane for KHL-holdet Jokerit, og som havde plads til 13.665 tilskuere.
 Helsingin Jäähalli, der var hjemmebane for Helsingfors IFK, og hvis tilskuerkapacitet var 8.200.

Format

Holdene spillede først en indledende runde, hvor de 10 hold var inddelt i to grupper med fem hold i hver. I hver gruppe spillede holdene en enkeltturnering alle-mod-alle, og de fire bedste hold i hver gruppe gik videre til kvartfinalerne. De to hold, der sluttede på femtepladserne i de to indledende grupper, gik videre til nedrykningskampen, der blev spillet bedst af tre kampe. Vinderen af nedrykningsserien sikrede sig endnu et år i den bedste division, mens taberen blev rykket ned i 1. division gruppe A.

Resultater

Indledende runde

Gruppe A

Kampene i gruppe A blev spillet i Helsingin Jäähalli.

Gruppe B

Kampene i gruppe B spilledes i Hartwall Arena.

Nedrykningskampe

Nedrykningskampene havde deltagelse af de to hold, der endte på femtepladserne i de to indledende grupper, Schweiz og Hviderusland. Holdene spillede en serie bedst af tre kampe. Schweizerne vandt serien med 2-0 i kampe og sikerede sig dermed endnu et år i junior-VM's bedste række, mens hviderusserne rykkede ned i 1. division gruppe A efter kun ét år på højeste niveau.

Slutspil

Slutspillet havde deltagelse af de otte hold, der sluttede blandt de fire bedste i de indledende grupper.

Kvartfinaler

Semifinaler

Bronzekamp

Finale

Samlet rangering

Medaljevindere

Hædersbevisninger

Bedste spillere

Turneringens bedste spiller på hver sin position blev kåret af turneringsledelsen.

All star-hold og MVP

Turneringens all star-hold og MVP blev kåret af medierne.

Jesse Puljujärvi blev kåret som mesterskabets MVP.

Statistik

Topscorliste

Bedste målmænd

1. division gruppe A

1. division gruppe A var andet niveau i junior-VM-hierarkiet. Turneringen blev spillet i Eissportzentrum Kagran i Wien, Østrig i perioden 13. - 19. december 2015 og havde deltagelse af seks hold, der spillede en enkeltturnering alle-mod-alle. Holdene spillede om én oprykningsplads til topdivisionen og om at undgå én nedrykningsplads til 1. division gruppe B.

Turneringen blev vundet af Letland, som dermed sikrede sig oprykning til turneringen på højeste niveau ved junior-VM 2017, mens Italien endte på sjettepladsen og dermed blev nedrykket til 1. division gruppe B.

1. division gruppe B

1. division gruppe B var tredje niveau i junior-VM-hierarkiet. Turneringen blev spillet i Palais des Sports i Megève, Frankrig i perioden 12. - 18. december 2015. Turneringen skulle egentlig have haft deltagelse af seks hold, men det japanske hold meldte afbud, så den endte med at blive gennemført med de resterende fem hold. Holdene spillede en enkeltturnering alle-mod-alle om én oprykningsplads til 1. division gruppe A, mens Japan blev nedrykket til 2. division gruppe A.

Turneringen blev vundet af Frankrig, der sluttede på samme antal point som Polen og Storbritannien, og som dermed kvalificerede sig til 1. division gruppe A i 2017.

2. division gruppe A

2. division gruppe A var fjerde niveau i junior-VM-hierarkiet. Turneringen blev spillet i Elektrėnai Arena i Elektrėnai, Litauen i perioden 13. - 19. december 2015 med deltagelse af seks hold, der spillede en enkeltturnering alle-mod-alle. Holdene spillede om én oprykningsplads til 1. division gruppe B og om at undgå én nedrykningsplads til 2. division gruppe B.

Turneringen blev vundet af Ungarn, som dermed sikrede sig oprykning til 1. division gruppe B ved junior-VM 2017, mens Sydkorea endte på sjettepladsen og dermed blev nedrykket til 2. division gruppe B.

2. division gruppe B

2. division gruppe B var femte niveau i junior-VM-hierarkiet. Turneringen blev spillet i arenaen SPENS i Novi Sad, Serbien i perioden 17. - 23. januar 2016 med deltagelse af seks hold, der spillede en enkeltturnering alle-mod-alle om én oprykningsplads til 2. division gruppe A og om at undgå én nedrykningsplads til 3. division.

Turneringen blev vundet af Rumænien, som i den afgørende kamp om førstepladsen besejrede Spanien med 6-5, og som dermed sikrede sig oprykning til 2. division gruppe A ved junior-VM 2017, mens Kina endte på sjettepladsen og dermed blev nedrykket til 3. division.

3. division

3. division var sjette niveau i junior-VM-hierarkiet. Turneringen blev spillet i Mexico City, Mexico i perioden 15. - 24. januar 2016 med deltagelse af syv hold, der spillede en enkeltturnering alle-mod-alle. Holdene spillede om én oprykningsplads til 2. division gruppe B, og den gik til værtslandet Sydafrika.

Kilder
 IIHF - 2016 World Junior Championship

2016
Ishockey i 2015
Ishockey i 2016

Junior-VM i ishockey 2016


Garypus schwendingeri est une espèce de pseudoscorpions de la famille des Garypidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la province de Phuket en Thaïlande. Elle se rencontre sur Ko Sirae.

Habitat
Cette espèce se rencontre sur le littoral.

Description
La femelle holotype mesure .

Étymologie
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Peter J. Schwendinger.

Publication originale
 Harvey, 2021 : « A new species of Garypus (Pseudoscorpiones: Garypidae) from southern Thailand. » Revue suisse de Zoologie, , , .

Notes et références

Garypidae
Espèce de pseudoscorpions (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Thaïlande

Garypus schwendingeri


يو جي إم-27 بولاريس  هو صاروخ بالستي يطلق من غواصة بتسليح نووي أثناء الحرب الباردة. تم تصميم وإنتاج الصاروخ من قبل شركة لوكهيد للاستخدام من قبل بحرية الولايات المتحدة بدلا من صاروخ رجيولس الجوال وكإضافة إلى ترسانة الولايات المتحدة من الأسلحة النووية. عرف بصاروخ الأسطول البالستي، وتم إطلاقه لأول مرة في 7 يناير 1960 من رأس كانافيرال.

تم استخدام الصاروخ من قبل البحرية الملكية وفق اتفاقية بيع بولاريس في عام 1963. وتم استخدام صواريخ البولاريس على غواصات البحرية الملكية ما بين 1968 ومنتصف عقد 1990.

حل الصاروخ بوسيدون محل البولاريس عام 1973 من قبل البحرية الأمريكية. وتم تبديل الصاروخان بصاروخ تريدنت في الثمانينيات.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

أسلحة بحرية
أسلحة نووية
شركة لوكهيد
صواريخ نووية في الولايات المتحدة
عتاد عسكري استحدث في عقد 1960
مختبر لورانس ليفرمور الوطني

يو جي إم-27 بولاريس


Švicarske federalne željeznice (njemački: Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (SBB); francuski: Chemins de fer fédéraux (CFF); talijanski: Ferrovie Federali Svizzere (FFS); romanski: Viafiers federalas svizras (VFS/VFF)) je državna tvrtka Švicarske Konfederacije koja upravlja državnom željezničkom mrežom i koja pruža usluge željezničkog prijevoza putnika i roba na području Švicarske. Tvrtka je osnovana 1902. nacionalizacijom velikog dijela željezničke infrastrukture na području Švicarske. Sjedište tvrtke je u gradu Bernu.

Švicarske federalne željeznice su najveća željeznička tvrtka u Švicarskoj i ukupno raspolažu s 3 173 kilometara željezničke mreže. 2014. godine Švicarske federalne željeznice ukupno su prevezle 430.4 milijuna putnika te 14 478 milijuna tona po kilometru tereta.

Švicarske tvrtke
Željeznički promet u Švicarskoj
Željezničke tvrtke

Švicarske federalne željeznice


Ilski  es un asentamiento de tipo urbano del raión de Séverskaya del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situado a orillas del río Il, afluente del Sujói Aushedz, uno de los distributarios del Kubán, 8 km al oeste de Séverskaya y 42 km al suroeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 23 781 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Ílskoye, al que pertenece asimismo Derbéntskaya.

Historia

El asentamiento de Ilski es anterior al resto del raión de Séverskaya. El 16 de junio de 1863, por orden del Comandante del Ejército del Cáucaso, un escuadrón del Regimiento de Dragones Séverski comenzó la construcción de la stanista Ílskaya (por el nombre del río, que en adigué significa "brillante"). El 27 de junio llegó el primer grupo de inmigrantes por lo que es considerada la fecha de fundación del asentamiento.

Ese mismo año se hallaron yacimientos de petróleo en los alrededores y en 1866 se inició la perforación del primer pozo de petróleo del territorio de la Rusia moderna. En 1888 llegó el ferrocarril, que contribuyó al desarrollo de la localidad. Recibió la inmigración de griegos pónticos que emigraron por las persecuciones en el Imperio otomano a finales del  y principios del XX. Hasta 1920 pertenecía al otdel de Ekaterinodar del óblast de Kubán.

A principios de otoño de 1942 Ilskaya fue ocupada por la Wehrmacht de la Alemania Nazi y fue liberada por el Ejército Rojo de la Unión Soviética en la mañana del 20 de febrero de 1943 tras el combate durante el día y la noche anteriores. El 14 de agosto de 1947, por decreto de la Presidencia del Soviet Supremo de la RSFSR, recibió el estatus de asentamiento de tipo urbano y el nombre Ilski. Ese año se amplió el complejo petrolero.

Demografía

Composición étnica

De los 23 097 habitantes que tenía en 2002, el 92.9 % era de etnia rusa, el 2.7 % era de etnia ucraniana, el 1.2 % era de etnia armenia, el 0.4 % era de etnia bielorrusa, el 0.4 % era de etnia alemana, el 0.4 % era de etnia gitana, el 0.3 % era de etnia tártara, el 0.3 % era de etnia griega, el 0.1 % era de etnia adigué, el 0.1 % era de etnia georgiana, el 0.1 % era de etnia azerí y el 0.1 % era de etnia turca

Cultura y lugares de interés

La iglesia de la localidad data de 1873. Al sur de la población se halla un yacimiento de la Edad de Piedra de importancia Ílskaya-2, descubiertos por el arqueólogo francés Joseph de Baye en 1898.

Economía y transporte

Las principales empresas de la localidad son OAO "Ilski zavod Utiazhelitel - NPO Bureniye" (ОАО "Ильский завод Утяжелитель — «НПО Бурение»), fábrica de maquinaria e instrumentos de arcilla y baritina para la industria de la extracción de petróleo y gas fundada en 1952, y OOO "Ilski neftererabatyvakshchi zavid" (ООО «Ильский нефтеперерабатывающий завод»), subdivisión de la OAO Compañía del Kuban de gas y petróleo (ОАО «Кубанская нефтегазовая компания») que produce productos derivados del petróleo. Otros sectores económicos de importancia son el maderero, el agroalimentario y el de los materiales de construcción.

La localidad cuenta con una estación de ferrocarril (Ilskaya) en la línea Tijoretsk-Krasnodar-Krymsk-Novorosíisk de 1888 de la red del ferrocarril del Cáucaso Norte. Por la población pasa la carretera A146 Krasnodar - Krymsk - Novorosíisk.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Ильский.
 Sitio web de la localidad .
 El municipio en el sitio web del raión .
 Ilski en la Gran Enciclopedia Soviética .
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net
 Sitio web de la gaceta del raión, Zori .
 Calle de la localidad en Panoramio
 Vista de la localidad en Panoramio
 Calle Nekrásova en Panoramio
 Calle Dlinaya en Panoramio

Localidades del raión de Séverskaya del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1863

Ilski


Simfonie în re major este un film românesc din 1974 regizat de Ion Visu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1974 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1974

Simfonie în re major


السقيلبية مدينة سورية وهي مركز منطقة السقيلبية في محافظة حماة. تقع إلى الشمال الغربي من مدينة حماة وعلى مسافة 48 كم. بلغ عدد سكانها 13,920 نسمة في عام 2004 حسب إحصاء المكتب المركزي للإحصاء. ويُعد غالبية السكان مسيحيون.

لمحة تاريخية

السقيلبية بحسب المصادر مدينة وجدت منذ أيام الآراميين وازدهرت مع ازدهار أفاميا التي تفه شمالها. هُجرت عدة مرات وأعيد عمارها، وآخر مرة هجرت فيها كان في منتصف القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي. حيث أتى عليها زلزال عام1157م.

"السقيلبية" كلمة آرامية تعني "المقاوم، المواجه، المقابل، العنيد" وهي تسمية جاءت من طبيعة موقعها ووظيفتها بالنسبة إلى حاضرة أفاميا، إذ كانت السقيلبية تُشكل موقعاً عسكرياً هاماً يواجه ويتصدى لجميع الغارات التي تستهدف أفاميا من جهة الجنوب.

"سلوقوبيلوس" (SELEUCOBELOS) معناها إما بوابة سلوقية أو سلوقية العاصي. يرجّح بعض الدارسين أنّ السقيلبية هي نفسها (سلوقوبيلوس SELEUCOBELOS التي أنشأها السلوقيون وقائدهم سلوقوس نيكاتور (312/280ق.م)، أحد قادة الإسكندر المقدوني.)(منهم الأستاذ أديب قوندراق، والدكتور محمد حربة والدكتور علي موسى، بينما يرى الدكتور جورج نحاس في كتابه الصادر سنة 2007ً" مكتشفات أثرية جديدة في سوريا الوسطى- الثانية بأنها دير شميّل) .

يرجح الدارسون بناء السقيلبية الحديثة اليوم، إلى مطلع القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي (الشيخ عبد الله سعيّد في مخطوطة تاريخ عمار السقيلبية الموضوع سنة 1946 ذكر عمار السقيلبية في سنة 1800 وكذلك الدكتور محمد حربة والدكتور علي موسى في كتابهما: محافظة حماة- د. علي حسن موسى- د. محمد خالد حربة-1985)

بينما يذهب البعض إلى منتصفه (أ.أديب قوندراق في كتابه – السقيلبية تاريخ وذاكرة- أديب قوندراق- مطبعة دار عكرمة 2001)
  :

جاءت الهجرة الأولى إلى السقيلبية- الحديثة- في أواسط القرن التاسع عشر من قرية جبلية تدعى عين الكروم وبنفس الوقت رافقها هجرات مماثلة من قرى مرداش، وعناب، وتلتها بعد وقت قصير هجرات من دباش وأرنبة وقلعة المضيق وعلى الأرجح أن تاريخ أول هجرة إلى السقيلبية يعود إلى سنة 1840 نقول على الأرجح لأننا لم نعثر على وثيقة خطية يمكن اعتمادها لتبيين تاريخ الهجرة الأولى وإنما نعتمد على التحليل المنطقي لعدد من الروايات على أن الهجرة الأولى تمت في عهد السلطان عبد المجيد .

لكنه في الصفحة 306 من كتابه يعود ويذكر أنها ترجع في بداية عمارها إلى أوائل القرن التاسع عشر.

تمركز السكان قديماً فوق التل وبنوا عليه بيوتهم الأولى من المحيط في البيئة الطين والخشب، وتشهد الآثار المكتشفة في السقيلبية على تطور زراعي وصناعي هام. فبالإضافة إلى الأواني الفخارية المتعددة الأشكال التي تم العثور عليها في منطقة التل، عثر أيضاً لمعاصر زيتون من العهد الروماني تدل على انتشار زراعة الزيتون في تلك المنطقة منذ العصور القديمة.

تل السقيلبية - المدينة القديمة

جانب من المدينة القديمة، أبعاد السطح العلوي للتل بحدود 250 خ 330م تقريباً (حوالي70 ألف م2)

عندما مر بتلِّها الباحث المهندس أحمد وصفي زكريا منتصف عشرينيات القرن الماضي وصفها بقوله: السقيلبية ذات الدور البيضاء، وهي كبيرة، وأهلها روم أرثوذكس يبلغون الألفين، وقد اشتهرت حنطتهم بالجودة تتخذ للبذر في أكثر الديار الحموية"

وحين زارها المستشرق الألماني إدوار ساخا ومكث فيها ليوم واحد من بعد ظهر الثلاثاء 28/تشرين الأول 1879 قال عنها في كتابه (رحلة إلى سوريا وبلاد النهرين):

القرية تتوج مسطحاً دائرياً لتل معزول يرتفع في السهل والذي يبلغ ارتفاعه ربما (100-150)قدماً. وهذا التل يعطي انطباعاً وكأنها صنعته يد إنسان.

في المساء دعيت إلى عرس. لقد مشيت وقدماي غارقتان في وحل القرية ووصلت إلى دار فلاح، في الساحة المربعة الموجودة أمام الدار التف كثير من الناس على جوانبها على الرغم من إن الأرض مبللة تماماً.

الإنارة كان يأتي بها ضوء القمر الذي كان يختبئ أحيانا خلف الغيوم. في وسط الدار أو (الباحة السماوية) رقص شبان وصبايا القرية وكانوا يغنون أغنية العرس، شكّل الراقصون حلقة نصفها من الشبان والنصف الآخر من الشابات، الحلقة هذه مفتوحة في محل واحد فقط وهذا المكان يقع بين أول وأعمر شاب وآخر وأصغر صبية. الرقص هو عبارة عن أن الناس في هذه الحلقة والتي يلتصق أعضاؤها يبعضهم وتتصالب زنودهم، يدورون في الحلقة بشكل بطيء وبقفزٍ إيقاعي دائم لكن بين الفينة والأخرى يندفعون جميعاً إلى مركز الدائرة وهم يدقون الأرض بعزم حتى ترتجف وكأنهم بذلك يريدون أن يلقوا كلمة حازمة بوجه مخلوق موجود هناك. قائد الرقص (الماسك على الأول) الأعمر والأول في حلقة الشبان وهو في العادة قريب العريس يتوخّى بشكل خاص في هذه المناسبة أن يقفز بشكل حماسي.

العروس لم تكن موجودة، بينما كان العريس حاضراً بين الضيوف. الرقص والغناء استمرا في رتابة لا نهاية لها.

يقول الأديب شريف الراس في كتابه للضاحكين فقط الذي وضعه سنة 1969 في بيروت مسترجعاً ذكرياته عن السقيلبية حين علّم فيها سنة 1950:(…أنينُ خشبِ البابِ الذي تهزُهُ رياح المطر يظلُ يذكرني بتلكَ القرية البعيدة البعيدة التي قضيتُ فيها أجملَ سنةٍ من حياتي، قبل عشرين سنة. كنت لا أزالُ فتىً، وقد ذهبتُ إلى تلك القريةِ النائية الغاطسةِ بالوحل لأشتغلَ معلماً فتعلمتُ ما هو أمتع وأغنى وأكثرُ التصاقاً بمعرفةِ الإنسانِ أضعافَ أضعاف ما قد علمتُ للأطفالِ من معلوماتٍ مدرسية باردة.

لا غابات ُصنوبر هناك ولا أشجارَ. بل سهولٌ حمراءٌ خصبةٌ، موحلةٌ في الشتاء عطشانةٌ في الصيف، وتلٌ ترابيٌ كبيرٌ. والقريةُ مبنيةٌ فوق التلِ، بيوتها الترابيةُ المتكئةُ على بعضِها، بأزقتها الضيقةِ جداً، بعتمتها الليلة، بالصمت الأسود الذي يلفُها مُنذُ تغيبُ شمسُ النهار. وعلى حواف التل بضعُ حواكيرَ مسيجةٍ بأشواكٍ بريةٍ. حواكيرَ صغيرةٍ فيها بصلٌ وبقدونس وونعنعٌ، وبضعُ شتلاتِ وردٍ ومنتور في الربيع….)

حارات السقيلبية

1 - حارة التل
2 - حارة سلطانية.
3 - حارة سهم البيدر.
4 - حارة العبرة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في سهل الغاب
أماكن مأهولة في منطقة السقيلبية
تجمعات أرثوذكسية شرقية في سوريا
تجمعات مسيحية سورية
مدن سوريا

السقيلبية


Senior es un término utilizado en los Estados Unidos para describir a un estudiante en el cuarto año de estudio (generalmente se refiere a estudios de instituto o universidad).

Instituto
En los Estados Unidos, el 12.º grado es normalmente el cuarto y último año del periodo estudiantil y se refiere al año senior. En Inglaterra y Gales, los estudiantes a partir del décimo año en la escuela secundaria son considerados como senior. En Escocia, es a partir del quinto año.

Educación superior
En los Estados Unidos, el último año de la educación de un estudiante hacia una licenciatura, por lo general el cuarto año, se conoce como el año sénior.

Véase también
Freshman
Sophomore
Junior

Referencias

Estudiantes
Educación en Estados Unidos

Senior (educación)


Hamoud Daïdi (en ), est un boxeur algérien né le  à Blida en (Algérie) où il est mort aussi le .

Carrière

Hamoud Daidi, il commença dès son âge à s'intéresser au noble art, Dès , il enfile ses premiers gants de boxe sous l'œil emballé du professeur Benmehdia (ancien champion d'Afrique du Nord). Et déjà les fervents de la boxe à Blida ne juraient que par lui.

À , il est pris main par le professeur Chérif Belabbès qui, conscient des possibilités extraordinaires de son poulain, l'engage dans une série de combats desquels il récolte victoire sur victoire, et c'est ainsi qu'en 1952 il est sélectionné pour participer aux Jeux olympiques d'Helsinki.

Une année plus tard, il « descend » tous les boxeurs de sa catégorie et devient champion de France des superlégers. Il est cependant toujours le porte-flambeau des Algériens qui l'ont porté en triomphe en cette inoubliable soirée au stade Cerdan (actuel stade Ferhani) où il infligea un véritable correction au Français Ferrer considéré alors comme le meilleur boxeur de la catégorie.

Ce talent le conduisit aux Championnats d'Europe de boxe amateur 1953 où il est finaliste. Mais les arbitres jugèrent inadmissible qu'un Algérien soit champion d'Europe. Quelques mois plus tard, il participe aux Championnats d'Amérique latine à Buenos Aires aux côtés de Chérif Hamia et Alphonse Halimi, il arrive en finale, ce qui constituait à l'époque une véritable consécration.

Mais dès 1954 et le déclenchement de la Révolution armée, les ennuis commencent pour Hamoud qui est envoyé de force effectuer son service militaire en Allemagne, com bon nombre d'autres Algériens.

À son retour en 1956 à Blida, il décide de laisserde côté la boxe et prend contact avec le FLN. Il est alors chargé de l'organisation civile aux côtés de frèrs militants de Boxe. La même année, alors qu'il se rendait à sa maison, il est contraint de forcer un barrage de l'armée colonialiste, plusieurs ragale s'ensuivent, Hamoud est touché à la naque transporté à l'hôpital Mustapha ou il est opére Daidi reste plusieurs moir pralisé de toute sa partie droite. Acharné, il sort (après une longue période de rééductation de l'hôpital en 1957 et rejoint directement l'Armée de libération nationale, de la même année, il est arrêté de nouveau en même temps que son frère). Hamoud est alor placé à la prison de Blida ou il subit d'atfreuse torture et le 28 avril 1958 son état s'aggrave. On le transporte à l'hôpital de Blida ou il meurt le 13 mai 1958.

Palmarès
  Médaillé d'or aux championnats de France amateur 1953 à Rennes.
  Médaillé d'or aux championnats d'Afrique du Nord 1953 à Oran.
  Médaillé d'or aux championnats d'Algérie 1952 à Alger.
  Médaillé d'or aux championnats d'Alger 1952 à Alger.
  Médaillé d'or aux championnats d'Alger novembre 1951 à Alger.
  Médaillé d'or aux championnats d'Alger janvier 1951 à Alger.
  Médaillé d'argent aux championnats d'Afrique du Nord 1954 à Tunis.

Liste des combats

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Lahouari Godih

Liens externes

Histoire d'un sport qui a tout donné et n'a rien reçu
La boxe à Blida: Histoire d'un sport qui a tout donné et n'a rien reçu en retour

Boxeur algérien
Naissance en 1933
Naissance en Algérie française
Décès en mai 1958
Décès dans la wilaya de Blida

Hamoud Daïdi