Metilno modrilo ili metilno plava je organski spoj kemijske formule C37H27N3Na2O9S3. Koristi se kao bojilo u histologiji, a u dijelovima tkiva boji kolagen (bjelančevina) plavo. Može se koristiti u nekim tehnikama diferencijalnog bojenja, poput Malloryjevog bojila vezivnog tkiva i Gömörijevog trikromnog bojila, a može se koristiti za posredovanje prijenosa elektrona u mikrobnim gorivim stanicama. Zidovi gljivičnih stanica također su obojeni metilnim plavilom. Metilno plavilo je također dostupno u smjesi s vodeno plavom, pod nazivom anilinska plava WS, anilinska plava, kineska plava ili topljiva plava; i u otopini fenola, glicerola i mliječne kiseline pod imenom laktofenol pamučno plava (LPCB), koja se koristi za mikroskopski prikaz gljivica.

Metilno modrilo ne treba miješati s metilenskim modrilom ili metil ljubičastom.

Triarilmetanska bojila

Triarilmetanska bojila su bojila koja se izvode strukturno od bezbojnog trifenilmetana (C6H5)3CH. Najčešća među njima su trifenilmetanska, a manji dio pripada derivatima difenil-naftilmetana C10H7·CH·(C6H5)2. U para-položaju prema centralnom ugljikovu atomu moraju se u molekuli nalaziti na arilnim grupacijama najmanje dvije auksokromne skupine. Kromofor je ove skupine p-kinonoidna grupacija O=C6H4=O, odnosno 0=C6H4=NH. Prema broju i karakteru auksokromnih grupa dijele se ta bojila na trifenilmetanske derivate s dvije amino-grupe, na iste derivate s tri amino-grupe, na hidroksi-trifenilmetanske derivate, aminohidroksi-derivate i derivate difenilnaftilmetana. U svakoj od ovih grupa nalaze se bojila različitih svojstava bojenja: bazna, kisela, močilna i bojeni lakovi. Ako molekula bojila sadrži grupu —COOH u o-položaju prema grupi —OH, bojilo je močilno. Uvođenjem sulfonskih grupa u molekulu dobivaju se od baznih bojila kisela. Sulfonske grupe koje se nalaze u o-položaju prema centralnom ugljikovom atomu povećavaju postojanost prema alkalijama. Bojeni lakovi nastaju od baznih bojila taloženjem s fosformolibdenskom ili fosforvolframskom kiselinom. Trifenilmetanskim bojilima postižu se neobično živahna, briljantna i čista obojenja crvene, ljubičaste, modre i zelene boje, ali su im postojanosti općenito niske, osobito na svjetlu i prema alkalnoj obradi. Zbog toga im upotreba sve više opada u korist postojanih bojila. Bazni predstavnici se najviše upotrebljavaju za bojenje svile i močenog pamuka, a kiseli i močilni za bojenje vune. Najveće količine ovih bojila troše se izvan tekstilne upotrebe, i to za bojenje papira, drveta, šibica, u proizvodnji grafičkih boja, za tinte, kao boje u kozmetici i prehrambenoj industriji.

Triamino-derivati trifenilmetana
Triamino-derivati trifenilmetana obuhvaćaju niz proizvoda koji su danas izgubili svoju nekad veliku važnost. Tako je na primjer fuksin, C.I. 42510, koji se dobiva grijanjem smjese anilina i o- i p-toluidina s nitrobenzenom uz željezo i cinkov klorid ili s arsenskom kiselinom, bio jedno od prvih bojila koja su se proizvodila. Ako se na isti način obradi smjesa jednog mola p-toluidina s dva mola anilina, nastaje derivat 4,4/,4//-triaminotrifenilmetana, pararozanilin, C.I. 42500. Važnu ulogu u industriji tinte, grafičkih boja, hektografskih masa i slično ima metil ljubičasta (njem. Methylviolett), C.I. 42535, koji nastaje iz dimetilanilina produhavanjem zraka u prisutnosti vode, kuhinjske soli, bakarnog sulfata i fenola kao katalizatora. Pri tom se jedna metilna grupa oksidira u formaldehid i daje centralni atom ugljika za to bojilo, N-pentametilpararozanilin. Kristalna ljubičasta (njem. Krystallviolett), C.I 42555, upotrebljava se za iste svrhe. Ako se s Michlerovim hidrolom kondenzira N-etil-N-(m-sulfobenzil)-metanilna kiselina, dobije se Echtsaureviolett 10B, C. I. 42571. Patentblau AE, C.I. 42576, nastaje analogno iz N-(m-sulfobenzil)-M-benzilanilina i Michlerova hidrola sulfuriranog u položaju 2. Za tekstilnu upotrebu značajan je Brillantindocyanin 6B, C.I. 42660, koji ima mnogo bolje postojanosti nego druga bojila ove grupe; priprema se kondenzacijom p-klorbenzaldehida s 2 mola N-(m-sulfobenzil)-N-etilanilina oksidacijom i kondenzacijom s p-fenetidinom. Neka praktički važna bojila ove grupe pripremaju se sulfuriranjem drugih manje važnih bojila. Tako na primjer Spritblau T, C.I. 42775, dobiven feniliranjem fuksina anilinom na 180°C, daje nakon sulfuriranja produkte kojima svojstva zavise od stupnja feniliranja i sulfuriranja, a poznati su pod nazivima Alkaliblau (C.I. 42750), vodeno plava ili Wasserblau (C.I. 42755) i metilno modrilo ili Tintenblau (C.I. 42780).

Slike

Izvori

Pigmenti

Metilno modrilo


La forteresse de Témenos (), également connue sous le nom de Rókka ( < ), château de Nicéphore Phocas (), ou encore Kanlí Kastéli (), est une forteresse de l'île de Crète, en Grèce. Elle est située dans le dème d'Héraklion, à proximité du village de Profítis Ilías, à une distance d'environ 18 km au sud de la ville d'Héraklion. Témenos est considérée comme la plus importante forteresse de la période byzantine en Crète.

Historique
La colline de la forteresse aurait été l'acropole de la cité de  pendant l'Antiquité. La forteresse de Témenos est construite par Nicéphore Phocas après la reconquête de l'île de Crète contre les Sarrasins et son retour au sein du territoire byzantin en 961. Son intention est de transférer la capitale de l'île depuis Candie, aujourd'hui Héraklion, vers un lieu plus sûr. Cependant, la tentative de déplacement de la capitale échoue en raison de l'opposition de ses habitants, dont le port est important pour les Crétois. Par conséquent, la ville est reconstruite et refortifiée sur son ancien emplacement. Ainsi, la forteresse de Témenos est restée principalement une place forte chargée de surveiller la région environnante.

Le génois Enrico Pescatore fait restaurer la forteresse après avoir pris le contrôle de la Crète en 1204. Les Vénitiens fortifient également la forteresse après avoir pris le contrôle de l'île en 1209. En 1212, le gouverneur vénitien de l'île, Jacopo Tiepolo, trouve refuge dans la forteresse. Il fuit ainsi les troupes de Marco Sanudo, duc de Naxos, appelées à l'aide pour mettre un terme à la révolte de la population locale.

En italien, la forteresse est connue, entre autres, sous le nom de Castello Temene. Pendant la période vénitienne, un bourg, aujourd'hui Profítis Ilías, se développe à proximité de la forteresse. Au moment de la révolte des Crétois, les Vénitiens utilisent la forteresse comme refuge.

En 1647, au moment de la Guerre de Candie, opposant Vénitiens et Ottomans, la forteresse se trouve sous le contrôle de ces derniers. Elle est capturée par les Vénitiens sous le commandement de Gil d'Has, également connu sous le nom de Gíldasis, tandis que l'ensemble des Ottomans sont tués, d'où le nom turc de Kanlí Kastéli, signifiant « château sanglant ». Après la conquête de Candie ou Héraklion par les Ottomans en 1669, ces derniers remettent la forteresse de Témenos à Andrea Barozzi, un Vénitien ayant trahi la ville aux Ottomans.

Le dème de Témenos, ancien dème indépendant intégré au dème d'Héraklion en 2011, tire son nom de la forteresse.

Description
La forteresse de Témenos est située sur la colline dominante de Rókka, au sud du village de Profítis Ilías, qui possède une source naturelle. De ce fait, elle constitue un excellent emplacement de défense. La forteresse est délibérément construite de manière à ne pas être visible depuis la mer, en raison de la menace des Sarrasins.

La forteresse s'étend sur une superficie d'environ . Aujourd'hui, le site contient les restes de murailles et de tours, de grands réservoirs d'eau, ainsi que des églises dédiées à Saint Georges (Ágios Geórgios), Saint Paraskeví (Agía Paraskeví), la Vierge Marie (Panagía) et Saint Antoine (Ágios Antónios).

Notes et références

Références

Bibliographie
 .

Fort en Grèce
Crète

Forteresse de Témenos


An Blysmus compressus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer och Heinrich Friedrich Link. An Blysmus compressus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Blysmus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 B. c. compressus
 B. c. subulifolius
 B. c. brevifolius
 B. c. dissitus

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Blysmus

Blysmus compressus


Skrull este o rasă fictivă extraterestră  care își schimbă forma. Aceasta apare în cărțile de benzi desenate americane publicate de Marvel Comics. Sunt în conflict cu rasa Kree.

Rasa Skrull s-a clasat pe locul 1 în lista WatchMojo din Top 10 rase extraterestre din benzi desenate. Personaje Skrulls au apărut în filmele din 2019 Captain Marvel și Spider-Man: Far From Home cu liderul lor Talos portretizat de Ben Mendelsohn și soția sa Soren de către actrița Sharon Blynn.

Note

Legături externe
 The Skrulls at Embracechange.org

 Skrull article on FFPlaza.com
 Skrull entry on MarvelDirectory.com
 Skrulls at Comic Vine
 Skrulls at Spider-Man Wiki
 Skrull at Alien races wiki
 Skrull at Marvel Cinematic Universe Wiki

Vezi și
 Kree

Marvel Comics
Personaje fictive din literatura science fiction
Umanoizi fictivi

Skrull


Campbell Wright, né le  à Auckland, est un biathlète  et fondeur néo-zélandais.

Biographie
Campbell Wright grandit à Rotorua et s'entraîne sur les pistes de Snow Farm et également en Italie.

Désigné chaque année depuis 2016 fondeur de l'année en Nouvelle-Zélande, il fait ses débuts compétitifs en biathlon en 2017. Il accède au circuit international lors de la saison 2018-2019 en disputant l'IBU Cup junior.

Le Néo-zélandais obtient ses premiers résultats significatifs aux Championnats du monde juniors dans la catégorie Jeunes en 2020, prenant la sixième place du sprint et la quinzième place de la poursuite. Porte-drapeau aux Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse à Lausanne, il est encore aux avant-postes avec notamment une quatrième place sur le sprint. Ensuite, il remporte durant l'hiver austral la course néo-zélandaise Merino Muster.

La saison suivante, 2020-2021, il est engagé en IBU Cup, où il enregistre rapidement un top dix avec une cinquième place sur l'individuel court d'Arber. En février 2021, il dispute sa première épreuve en championnat du monde sénior à Pokljuka, alors âgé de 18 ans, se classant  du sprint. Il est aussi au départ des Championnats du monde de ski nordique à Oberstdorf.

Wright s'installe sur circuit de la Coupe du monde lors de l'étape d'ouverture de l'exercice 2021-2022, à Östersund, où il parvient à collecter un point pour le classement général, dès sa deuxième course ( du sprint). Il devient alors l'un des deux plus jeunes biathlètes à marquer des points en Coupe du monde. En janvier 2022, il améliore ce résultat à deux reprises, d'abord grâce à sa  place au sprint de Ruhpolding (10/10 au tir), alors qu'il était même septième à deux kilomètres de l'arrivée, avant de chuter et perdre du temps, puis en réalisant le  temps de l'individuel d'Antholz. Grâce à ces résultats, il est sélectionné dans l'équipe néo-zélandaise pour les Jeux olympiques de Pékin. Il aurait également pu représenter les États-Unis car, comme ses parents, il possède la double nationalité. Il devient ainsi seulement le deuxième biathlète de Nouvelle-Zélande à participer aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver, après Sarah Murphy en 2010.

Palmarès en biathlon

Jeux olympiques d'hiver

Légende :
- : pas de participation à l'épreuve.

Championnats du monde

Légende :
— : n'a pas participé à cette épreuve

Coupe du monde
 Meilleur résultat individuel : .

Classements en Coupe du monde

Championnats du monde juniors

  Champion du monde du sprint en 2023

Références

Liens externes

Biathlète néo-zélandais
Fondeur néo-zélandais
Biathlète (homme) aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Naissance en mai 2002
Naissance à Auckland

Campbell Wright


Christos Tsiolkas (født 1965) er en australsk forfatter med græsk baggrund. Han fik sin debut i 1995 med romanen Loaded, som senere blev filmatiseret under titlen Head On (1998), og opnåede sit internationale gennembrud med sin fjerde roman Lussingen (org.-titel The Slap, 2008, filmatiseret som miniserie i 2011).

Tsiolkas er homoseksuel og søn af græske indvandrere, som kom til Australien i 1940'erne. Begge forældre var fabriksarbejdere, men de opmuntrede sønnens interesse i litteratur og film og sørgede senere for, at han fik en uddannelse på universitetet i Melbourne. Forfatterens baggrund kommer til udtryk i hans værker, der ofte har et selvbiografisk præg, da de indeholder karakterer, der prøver at finde fodfæste i det moderne Australien, ligesom de tit omhandler kulturelle konflikter. Gennem sine romaner og teaterstykker er Tsiolkas blevet en vigtig stemme i debatten om de sociale udfordringer, som gør sig gældende i Australien i dag.

Lussingen er den eneste af Tsiolkas' romaner, der er blevet oversat til dansk. Den handler om otte forskellige hovedpersoner og deres reaktioner på en episode til en grillfest, hvor et barn får en lussing af en voksen. Romanens emner er hykleri, egoisme, intolerance og kulturelle tabuer.

Bibliografi

Bøger
 Loaded (1995)
 Jump Cuts (sammen med Sasha Soldatow, 1996)
 The Jesus Man (1999)
 The Devil's Playground (2002)
 Dead Europe (2005)
 The Slap (2008). Dansk: Lussingen (Møller Forlag, 2012)
 Barracuda (2013)
 Merciless Gods (2014)

Teater
 Who's Afraid of the Working Class? (sammen med Andrew Bovell, Melissa Reeves og Patricia Cornelius, 1999, filmatiseret som Blessed)
 Elektra AD (1999)
 Viewing Blue Poles (2000)
 Fever (sammen med Andrew Bovell, Melissa Reeves og Patricia Cornelius, 2002)
 Dead Caucasians (2002)
 Non Parlo di Salo (sammen med Spiro Economopoulos, 2005)
 The Hit (sammen med Netta Yashin 2006)

Filmmanuskripter
 Thug (med Spiro Economopoulos, 1998)
 Saturn's Return (2000)

Priser og udmærkelser
 2006 – Age Fiction Prize
 2006 – Melbourne Best Writing Award
 2009 – Commonwealth Writers' Prize
 2009 – Victorian Premier's Literary Award for Fiction
 2009 – Australian Literature Society Gold Medal

Eksterne henvisninger

 Christos Tsiolkas' hjemmeside
 Forfatterwebs side om Christos Tsiolkas
 Møllers forlag: Lussingen

Forfattere fra Australien

Christos Tsiolkas


زاليسوفو  هي مدينة في مقاطعة ألطاي كراي في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 7723 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كراي ألطاي

زاليسوفو (ألطاي كراي)


An Digitaria pearsonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf. An Digitaria pearsonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Digitaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Digitaria (Poaceae)

Digitaria pearsonii


Ann Malcolm (* 25. März 1964 in Belle Plaine, Iowa) ist eine amerikanische Jazzsängerin und klassische Saxophonistin.

Leben und Wirken

Malcolm spielte ab dem fünften Lebensjahr Klavier, mit zehn Jahren verlegte sie sich aufs Saxophon. Sie studierte an der University of Iowa Saxophon bis zum Bachelor und absolvierte den Masterstudiengang am New England Conservatory in Boston bei Ran Blake. In dieser Zeit besuchte sie Gesangs-Workshops bei Sheila Jordan und hatte Unterricht bei Helen Merrill in New York City. Sie bildete ein Duo mit dem New Yorker Gitarristen Paul Meyers. Nach ihrem Umzug nach Europa setzte sie ihre Saxophonstudien fort an der Musik-Akademie der Stadt Basel in der Konzertklasse von Iwan Roth und ihre Gesangsausbildung bei Jacob Keller in Bern, Eva Csapó und Eva Krasznai in Basel. Malcolm sang mit der Peter Jacques Band, dem Alex Bally Orchestra, Stage Four, dem Victor Burghardt Orchestra, dem Vince Benedetti Tentet sowie der Heritage Big Band. 1992 trat sie mit dem Trio Cojazz (Andy Scherrer, Isla Eckinger und Peter Schmidlin) beim Montreux Jazz Festival auf; mit dieser Gruppe spielte sie auch weitere Alben ein. Mit Kenny Barron nahm sie bei Rudy Van Gelder das Album Incident'ly auf, das 1994 in die Auslese der zehn besten Gesangsaufnahmen in Japan kam. Ab 1996 leitete sie ihre eigene Band mit Robi Lakatos sowie wechselnden Rhythmusgruppen, die mit Reggie Johnson bzw. Bänz Oester, Keith Copeland, John Betsch oder Julio Barreto, die teilweise mit Andy Scherrer zum Quintett erweitert wurde. Weiterhin nahm sie mit Renato Anselmi, Thomas Moeckel, Ákos Holéczy und dem Ten in One Orchestra auf.

Malcolm unterrichtet seit 1984 Saxophon an der Musikschule Arlesheim und wird als Saxophonistin regelmäßig von klassischen Orchestern in der Schweiz und in Deutschland engagiert. Neben die Tätigkeit als Gesangslehrerin in Basel an der Jazzschule Basel trat 2007 die Lehre als Professorin für Jazzgesang an der Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Mannheim.

Diskographische Hinweise
 Cojazz Featuring Ann Malcolm - Invitation (mit Peter Schmidlin, Andy Scherrer und Isla Eckinger; TCB, 1989)
 Incident'ly (mit Kenny Barron, Andy Scherrer, Don Sickler, Ray Drummond, Keith Copeland; Sound Hills 1993)
 Shadows Who Dance (Mons 2007)
 The Crystall Paperweight (mit Tom Harrell, Domenic Landolf, Andy Scherrer, Colin Vallon, Alejandro Rutkaskaus, Daniel Pezzotti, Patrice Moret, Wolfgang Zwiauer, Dejan Terzic; Abeat 2010)
 Ann Malcolm/Florian Favre Essence (Mons 2014)

Lexigraphische Einträge
 Bruno Spoerri (Hrsg.):  Biografisches Lexikon des Schweizer Jazz  CD-Beilage zu: Spoerri, Bruno (Hrsg.): Jazz in der Schweiz. Geschichte und Geschichten. Chronos-Verlag, Zürich 2005, ISBN 3-0340-0739-6

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz mit Diskographie
 Kurzporträt (Jazzindex)

Einzelnachweise

Jazz-Sänger
Klassischer Saxophonist
Hochschullehrer (Musikhochschule Mannheim)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1964
Frau

Ann Malcolm


Landskrona IP İsveç'in Landskrona şehrinde çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum

Stadyumda çoğunlukla futbol müsabakaları yapılmaktadır. İsveç'in Landskrona BoIS takımının maçlarını yaptığı stadyum, 11.500 seyirci kapasitelidir.

İsveç'teki stadyumlar

Landskrona IP


Yannick Bolasie (født d. 24. maj 1989) er en fransk-congolesisk professionel fodboldspiller, som spiller for den tyrkiske 1. Lig-klub Çaykur Rizespor og DR Congos landshold.

Baggrund
Bolasie blev født i Lyon, Frankrig til forældre fra DR Congo. Han flyttede med sine forældre til London, England da han var kun 7 måneder gammel.

Klubkarriere

Tidlige karriere
Bolasie begyndte sin karriere hos Rushden & Diamonds med deres ungdomshold. Han fik dog ikke en mulighed på førsteholdet, så han flyttede til Hillingdon Borough i 2006, som på det tidspunkt spillede i Southern League. Efter få kampe med Hillingdom, skiftede han i 2007 til Floriana F.C. på Malta.

Plymouth Argyle
Efter at have imponeret i Malta, fik Bolasie muligheden for at komme til prøvetræning for Plymouth Argyle, hvor at imponerede og fik en fast kontrakt.

Lejeaftaler
Bolasie blev udlejet til sin tidligere klub Rushden & Diamonds i 2008, blev igen udlejet i 2009, denne gang til Barnet.

Gennembrud
Efter sin lejeaftale hos Barnet fik Bolasie sit gennembrud hos Plymouth, og blev en vigtig spiller for klubben i 2010-11 sæsonen.

Bristol City
Bolasie skiftede til Bristol City i juni 2011.

Crystal Palace
Efter en enkelt sæson i Bristol ønskede Bolasie dog at skifte, da han gerne ville flytte tilbage til London. Dette gik i opfyldelse for Bolasie, da han skiftede til Crystal Palace i august 2012.

Bolasie scorede et hattrick imod Sunderland den 11. april 2015, hvor han blev den første Crystal Palace spiller nogensinde til at score et hattrick i Premier League.

Everton
Bolasie skiftede til Everton i august 2016. Hans tid hos Everton var dog ingen success, og spilletid var begrænset og han var ofte plaget af skader.

Lejeaftaler
Som resultat af den manglende spilletid hos Everton, blev Bolasie udlånt til flere klubber i løbet af sin tid i klubben. Han havde lejeafter til Aston Villa, Anderlecht, Sporting CP og Middlesbrough.

Çaykur Rizespor
Bolasie skiftede i august 2021 til Çaykur Rizespor efter hans kontrakt var udløbet med Everton.

Landsholdskarriere
Bolasie kunne vælge at repræsentere Frankrig, England eller DR Congo. Bolasie valgte i marts 2013 at spille for DR Congo, og gjorde sin debut for landsholdet få dage senere, den 24. marts 2013.

Bolasie var del af DR Congo holdet som kom på tredjepladsen ved Africa Cup of Nations 2015 og til Africa Cup of Nations 2019.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Lyon
Fodboldspillere fra Frankrig
Fodboldspillere fra Demokratiske Republik Congo
Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Demokratiske Republik Congo
Fodboldspillere fra Rushden & Diamonds F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Hillingdon Borough F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Floriana F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Plymouth Argyle F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Barnet F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Bristol City F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Crystal Palace F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Everton F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Aston Villa F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra RSC Anderlecht
Fodboldspillere fra Sporting Clube de Portugal
Fodboldspillere fra Middlesbrough F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Çaykur Rizespor
Deltagere ved Africa Cup of Nations 2015
Deltagere ved Africa Cup of Nations 2019

Yannick Bolasie


محمد الفرحان لاعب كرة سعودي سابق.

هو محمد الفرحان مواليد 1970م في مدينة الدمام شرق المملكة العربية السعودية, لعب لنادي القادسية كما مثل المنتخب السعودي في فترات سابقة.

والديسكفري، وهو اللقب الذي أطلقته الجماهير السعودية على الفرحان, كان قد مثل فريقه لمدة 12 عاماً, كان خلالها أحد أبرز نجوم الجيل الذهبي للنادي حيث ساهم في تحقيق ثلاث بطولات مابين محلية وخارجية.

ويعتز الفرحان بموسم 1990م الذي يصفه بأنه الأبرز له كلاعب خلال مسيرته، حيث حصل على ثاني أفضل لاعب في الدوري بعد النجم الأسطوري ماجد عبد الله والأول على مستوى المنطقة الشرقية التي كانت تمثل بثلاثة أندية هي: القادسية، النهضة، والاتفاق

بدايته الكروية

بدأ محمد الفرحان حياته الرياضية كلاعب عن طريق المدرسة ثم الحواري مع أصدقائه وأبناء الحي، ولم يكن الطريق إلى نادي القادسية مفروشا بالورود، حيث اضطر الفرحان إلى إطلاق كذبة على والده يرحمه الله، وذكر له أنه يتردد على المدرسة يوميا، فيما كان يركض نحو لعب الكرة في الحواري بصحبة رفيق دربه فؤاد المقهوي حارس الاتفاق الأسبق اللذين كانا يلعبان في فريق اسمه الأرجنتين، ولكن الأندية فرقت الاثنين فذهب الفرحان إلى القادسية، فيما فضل المقهوي اللعب للجار الاتفاق.

اللعب للقادسية

لعب الفرحان في براعم القادسية لمدة سنتين قبل أن ينتقل لمرحلة الناشئين تحت قيادة المدرب الوطني خالد مبارك، ولكن ظل الفرحان معلقا بالحواري وكثير الغياب عن التمارين، مما تسبب في حرمانه من اللعب في مباريات كثيرة إلى أن صعد إلى شباب القادسية، ولكنه أيضا لم يهنأ بسبب مطاردة مدرب فريق القادسية الأول البرازيلي شكاريه له، حيث طلب منه الانضمام إلى تمارين الفريق الأول، إلا أن الفرحان كان يرفض ويتغيب عن التمارين أيضا.

ومع بداية الموسم الجديد قررت إدارة القادسية اصطحاب الفريق الأول إلى السودان لإقامة معسكر إعدادي، فأصر شيكاريه أيضا على طلب الفرحان الذي كان في الصف الثاني متوسط حينها.

الانطلاقة

صعد الفرحان للفريق الأول في ناديه ولم يلعب أول خمس مباريات بحكم أنه صاعد للتو، وكانت مباراة الشباب هي الأولى التي يلعبها بشكل كامل، وانتهت بالتعادل بهدف لكلا الطرفين، وكانت تلك المباراة الانطلاقة الحقيقية للفرحان نحو عالم النجومية، ولم يعود منذ ذلك الوقت إلى دكة البدلاء مجددا لحين مجيء الإنجليزي جوليان، حيث كانت تلك الفترة الأسوأ في حياته الرياضية، وزالت بحضور الجزائري رابح سعدان الذي حول الفرحان من مركز المحور إلى الوسط الأيمن لنزعته الهجومية لدى اللاعب، وأتى الألماني بوكير وعزز من هجومية الفرحان ووضعه في الجناح الأيمن وهو المركز الذي اشتهر فيه.

مسيرته الدولية

شارك محمد الفرحان مع المنتخب السعودي للناشئين عام 87م، واستطاع الوصول معه إلى كأس العالم في كندا، ووقع المنتخب حينها في مجموعة ضمت البرازيل وفرنسا وأستراليا، ولعب الفرحان كلاعب أساسي في المباراة الأولى ضد أستراليا وخسر الأخضر السعودي بهدف دون رد، ثم شارك أساسيا أيضا ضد البرازيل وانتهت المباراة بالتعادل السلبي بدون أهداف، وكان منتخب البرازيل يضم اللاعب ليوناردو مدرب نادي ميلان الإيطالي الحالي، وفي المباراة الثالثة لعب الأخضر ضد منتخب فرنسا واستطاع الفوز بهدفين نظيفين، لكنه خرج من الدور الأول بفارق الأهداف عن منتخب فرنسا.

ومع منتخب الشباب كانت مشاركة الفرحان في البطولة العربية في الأردن، ولعب الأخضر ثلاث مباريات، الأولى ضد مصر وانتهت بالتعادل السلبي، ثم ضد منتخب تونس وانتهت بالتعادل 1 ــ 1، وأثارت تلك المباراة جدلا واسعا في البطولة بعد أن سجل الفرحان الهدف الوحيد من لمسة يد كاد على إثر ذلك أن يتعرض للضرب، ثم خسر المنتخب من لبنان 0 ــ 1 وخرج من البطولة العربية.

وفي موسم 1990م انضم محمد الفرحان إلى المنتخب الأول استعدادا لكأس الخليج العاشرة في الكويت، وكان المنتخب يضم نجوما كبارا، أمثال ماجد عبد الله، محمد عبد الجواد، صالح النعيمة، فهد المصيبيح، فهد الهريفي، وعبد الله الدعيع، لكن المشاركة الحلم لم تتم بسبب انسحاب السعودية من الدورة لأسباب تتعلق بشعار البطولة.

الاعتزال

بعد توالي إنجازات الفريق الذهبي لنادي القادسية كان لابد أن يكون لكل بداية نهاية، فساءت نتائج الفريق وهبط إلى أنديه الدرجة الأولى ولم يستطع العودة للممتاز مجددا إلا بعد اعتزال أبرز نجومه، وكان قرار الاعتزال وهجر الكرة الحل الأمثل للنجوم في تلك الفترة، وكان أحدهم محمد الفرحان الذي ودع الملاعب مرفوع الرأس مشاركا في جميع إنجازات ناديه عبر التاريخ.

وأقيم له عام 2010 حفل تكريم شارك فيه القادسية ببعض النجوم السعوديين والخليجيين, أمام نادي النصر على ملعب الأمير محمد بن فهد بالدمام.

بطولاته

 كأس ولي العهد 92م.
 كاس الكؤوس الآسيوية 92م.
 كأس الاتحاد السعودي 94م.

وصلات ومصادر

مسيرة محمد الفرحان

لاعبو نادي القادسية (السعودية)
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو كرة قدم سعوديون
مواليد 1390 هـ

محمد الفرحان


العباسيّة هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء صور في محافظة الجنوب.

الموقع
تقع بلدة العباسية على بعد عشرة كيلومترات إلى الشمال الشرقي من مدينة صور. وهي تتبع قضاء صور في محافظة الجنوب وترتفع حوالي 150 متر عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة 35 كيلومتر مربع. يحدها من الغرب البحر المتوسط، ومن الجنوب مدينة صور وبلدة البرج الشمالي، ومن جهة الشرق دير قانون النهر طورا، ومن الشمال برج رحال. فيما تبتعد عن العاصمة بيروت نحو 84 كلم. ووقوعها في هذه النقطة الوسط بين صور وقرى منطقتها الشمالية، يجعلها امتدادًا عمرانيًا واقتصاديًا وحضاريًا للمدينة ومركز خدمات أساسيا للقرى المحيطة.

العباسية في التاريخ
ينسب اسم بلدة العباسية إلى الشيخ عباس المحمد الصغير حاكم صور وقانا وشحور من جبل عامل قي جنوب لبنان العام 1750 ميلادية – 1160 هجرية. كانت تعتبر جزءا من «بالاتيروس» خلال الحقبة الفينيقية. وتأكد ذلك بالاثار التي وجدت فيه والطريق الروماني للعربات والتي كانت تربط صور ببانياس في سوريا..
كما عثر فيها على مدافن وآثار تعود إلى العصور : الفينيقية واليونانية والرومانية والبيزنطية..

عدد سكانها
يبلغ عدد سكان العباسية المسجلين حوالي 9000 نسمة. والمقيمين ضمن النطاق البلدي حوالي 18000 نسمة. ويعيش عدد كبير من أبناء العباسية في بلاد الاغتراب لا سيما في أفريقيا والخليج العربي، الامر الذي كان عاملًا أساسيًا في نمو البلدة سريعًا ونهوضًا عمرانيًا واقتصاديًا.

وصلات خارجية
لمزيد من الإطلاع على أحوال هذه البلدة اللبنانية مراجعة
 موقع بلدة العباسية
 موقع آخر لبلدة العباسية

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات شيعية في لبنان
قرى جبل عامل
قضاء صور
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء صور

عباسية (صور)


An Billbergia formosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Heinrich Georg Ule. An Billbergia formosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Billbergia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Billbergia

Billbergia formosa


هذه قائمة بأصانيف الفيروسات بغرض تنسيق العمل.

التصنيف على أساس المورثات
فيروس بالدنا

المجموعة الأولى : فيروس بدنا مزدوج
 ترتيب فيروسات ذنبية (بكتيريوفاج بالذيل)
 عائلة فيروسات عضلية : مثال عاثية الأمعاء T4
 عائلة فيروسات قدمية
 عائلة فيروسات سيفاوية : عاثية الأمعاء λ
 غير محددة
 عائلة فيروسات الزق
 عائلة فيروسات غدانية : مثال التهاب اللوزتين والإسهال
 عائلة فيروسات أصفارية
 عائلة فيروسات عصوية
 عائلة فيروسات قشرية
 عائلة فيروسات مستدقة
 عائلة فيروسات قطرة
 عائلة فيروسات كبدية مثال الفيروسات البشرية التهاب الكبد الفيروسي ب
 عائلة فيروسات هربسية : مثال هربس بسيط
 عائلة الفيروسات المقزحة
 عائلة فيروسات شحمي الشعر
 عائلة فيروسات النيما
 عائلة فيروسات بابوفية
 عائلة فيروسات الطحالب حقيقية النواة
 عائلة فيروسات بلازمية
 عائلة فيروسات جدرية : مثال الجدري
 عائلة فيروسات العتائق
 عائلة فيروسات سقفية
 نوع غير مصنف
 ميميفيريس : مثال
المجموعة الثانية: فيروس بدنا وحيد السلسلة
 بكتيريوفاج غير مصنف
 عائلة فيروسات الليف
 عائلة فيروسات مكروية
 فيروسات غير مصنفة
 عائلة فيروسات توأمية
 عائلة فيروسات حلقية
 عائلة فيروسات قزامة
 عائلة فيروسات صغيرة
 نوع غير مصنف
 أنيلوفيريس

فيروس بالرنا

المجموعة الثالثة: فيروس بالرنا مزدوج السلسلة.
 عائلة فيروسات بيرنوية
 عائلة فيروسات ذهبية
 عائلة فيروسات كيسية
 عائلة فيروسات تحتية
 عائلة فيروسات مجزأة
 عائلة فيروسات جرمية: مثلا فيروس الروتا وأورثوريوفيريس
 عائلة فيروسات خمرية
 نوع غير مصنف
 أوندورنافيريس : مثلا فيسيا-فابا-أوندورنافيريس

المجموعة الرابعة: فيروس بالرنا وحيد السلسلة بقطبية موجبة (من نوع مرسال الرنا)
 ترتيب فيروسات عشية : (فيروس متداخل)
 عائلة فيروسات شريانية
 عائلة فيروسات تاجية : مثال فيروس تاجي.
 عائلة فيروسات رونية
 غير محددة
 عائلة فيروسات نجمية
 عائلة فيروسات باطنية
 عائلة فيروسات برومية
 عائلة فيروسات كأسية
 عائلة كلوستيروفيريداي
 عائلة فيروسات كوموية
 عائلة فيروسات ثنائية مقرونة
 عائلة الفيروسات المصفرة: مثلا حمى الضنك وحمى صفراء والتهاب الكبد C
 عائلة فليكسيفيريداي
 عائلة هيبيفيريداي : مثلا التهاب الكبد E
 عائلة ليفيفيريداي
 عائلة ليتيوفيريداي
 عائلة مارنافيريداي
 عائلة نارنافيريداي
 عائلة نودافيريداي
 عائلة الفيروسات البيكورناوية : مثلا التهاب الكبد A وشلل أطفال وفيروس الرينو
 عائلة بوتيفيريداي
 عائلة سيكيفيريداي
 عائلة تيترافيريداي
 عائلة الفيروسات الطخائية : مثلا فيروس الحصبة الألمانية
 عائلة طومبيسفيريداي
 عائلة تيموفيريداي
 أنواع غير مصنفة
 نوع بينيفيروس
 نوع شيرافيروس
 نوع فيروفيروس
 نوع هوردايفيروس
 نوع ايدايفيروس
 نوع ماكلوموفيروس
 نوع أورميافيروس
 نوع بيكليفيروس
 نوع بوموفيروس
 نوع سادوافيروس
 نوع سوبيموفيروس
 نوع طوباموفيروس
 نوع طوبرافيروس
 نوع أومبرافيروس
المجموعة الخامسة : فيروس بالرنا وحيد السلسلة بقطبية سالبة
 ترتيب فيروسات سلبية أحادية (قيروس بقطبية سالبة غير مجزء).
 عائلة فيروسات بورنوية
 عائلة فيروسات خيطية : مثلا الإيبولا
 عائلة فيروسات مخاطانية : مثلا الحصبة والنكاف
 عائلة فيروسات ربدية : مثلا داء الكلب
 فيروس بقطبية سالبة مجزء:
 عائلة فيروسات رملية : مثلا حمى لاسا
 عائلة فيروسات بانيوية
 عائلة أورثوميكسوفيريداي : مثلا فيروس الإنفلونزا.
 أنواع غير مصنفة :
 نوع ديلطافيروس : مثلا التهاب الكبد ديلطا (التهاب الكبد الفيروسي)
 نوع أوفيوفيروس
 نوع تينويفيروس
 نوع فاريكوزايفيروس

فيروس بالدنا أو بالرنا بتعبير جيني معكوس
المجموعة السادسة : ريتروفيروس برنا أحادي السلسلة
 عائلة فيروسات تالية
 عائلة فيروسات كاذبة
 عائلة الفيروسات القهقرية : مثلا فيروس نقص المناعة HIV1
المجموعة السابعة : باراريتروفيروس بالدنا مزدوج السلسلة
 عائلة فيروسات كبدية : مثلا التهاب الكبد الفيروسي ب
 عائلة كوليموفيريداي

مراجع

قوائم فيروسات

قائمة أصناف الفيروسات


بلدية سانت جوان ديسبي (بالكاتالانية: Sant Joan Despí) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 30.671 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

أعلام
 مارتين دومينغيز
 بابلو مافيو
 فرانسيسكو كالفيت
 جوزيب سيغور

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة
بلديات في باش ليوبريغات

سان خوان ديسباي


Les Picophagophyceae sont une classe d'algues de l'embranchement des Ochrophyta.

Liste des ordres
Selon  :
 ordre des Picophagales Cavalier-Smith, 2006

Notes et références

Références taxinomiques

Classe d'algues (nom scientifique)
Ochrophyta

Picophagophyceae


Jacques Tati (aslında Jacques Tatischeff; 9 Ekim 1907; Le Pecq (Yvelines) - 4 Kasım 1982, Paris), Fransız yönetmen ve aktör.

Sanat ve Mühendislik okudu. Tati, görsel komedi sanatını yenir yoğunluk, detay zenginliği ve yeni bir kompozisyon netliği getirerek yorumladı; görselliğe yeni bir bakış açısı getiren bir avuç sinema sanatçısından (diğerleri Griffith, Eisenstein, Murnau ve Bresson) biriydi.

1930'lu yılların başında Fransız müzikal çevresine girdi; gösterisi dönemin spor yıldızlarının pandomimlerinden oluşmaktaydı ve bazıları filme alındı, savaştan sonra da uzun metrajlı hale getirildi; Jour de fête (Bayram Günü, 1949), bütün çalışmalarında baştan sona gözlemlenen hicivli temanın (modern teknolojinin soğukluğu) yanı sıra görsel üslubu da son derece gelişmiştir.

Tati, kariyerinin geri kalan süresi boyunca oynayacağı karakteri tanıttığı yeni filmi Les Vacances de monsieur Hulot (Bay Hulot'nun Tatili, 1953) için dört yıl çalıştı. Yaratılan karakterin sıcaklığı ve gülütlerin parlak yaratıcılığı Bay Hulot'ya uluslararası bir başarı kazandırdı. Hulot (konuş: Ülô), mizahın kaynağı ve odağı olmak anlamında bir komedyen değildir; daha ziyade, etrafındaki dünyanın mizahını açığa çıkaran bir tavır, bir işaret direği ve bir perspektiftir.

Mon oncle (Amcam, 1958), bir geçiş filmidir; Hulot, her ne kadar star statüsünü terk etmiş bile olsa diğer karakterlerin arasında tuhaf marjinalliği ile öne çıkmaktadır. 9 yıllık pahalı ve yorucu bir çalışmadan sonra gösterime giren Playtime (Oyun Vakti, 1967) ile Tati'nin niyeti daha belirginleşti. Artık Hulot, Joyce'un Ulysess'indeki Mackintosh Man gibi, sahneye giren ve çıkan birçok figürden yalnızca birisi haline gelmişti. Yani aktör Tati, canlandırdığı karakterin seyirciyi film boyunca yönlendirmesini, yönetmen Tati de yakın çekimleri, empatik kamera açılarını veya montajı kullanarak seyirciyi görüntüdeki mizaha yönlendirmeyi reddediyordu.

Ancak, neyi göreceklerinin söylenmesine alışmış olan seyirci, Playtime'daki özgürlüğü can sıkıcı buldu. Film (çeşitli versiyonlarda gösterime girdi) ticari bir fiyaskoydu ve Tati'yi kişisel borca soktu. Son tiyatral filmi olan Trafic (1971), bir başkası tarafından yapılmış olsaydı başyapıt olarak görülebilirdi; ancak Tati için daha geleneksel bir üsluba korunmalı bir dönüş oldu.

25 yılda 5 film, statünün genellikle verimlilikle ölçüldüğü bir ortam için etkileyici bir performans olmasa da, tek başına Playtime bile dünyaya bakış eylemini serbestleştiren, canlandıran bir film olarak hayat boyu bir başarıdır. Tati 4 Kasım 1982'de Paris'te öldü.

Filmografi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Avrupa Filmleri Festivali
 Tati meraklıları

1907 doğumlular
1982 yılında ölenler
Fransız film yönetmenleri
Fransız erkek sinema oyuncuları
Rus erkek sinema oyuncuları
Rus asıllı Fransızlar
Fransız pandomim oyuncuları
Paris'te ölenler
Yvelines doğumlular
En İyi Uluslararası Film Akademi Ödülü sahibi yönetmenler

Jacques Tati


Kulturno-povijesna ruralna cjelina Kričak Bekavci u Gornjim Brelima, općina Brela, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Datira iz 19. stoljeća. Kričak Bekavci su stambeno-gospodarski sklop organiziran oko zatvorenog, lako branjivog, dvorišta s nekoliko stambenih građevina, uključivši školu, i gospodarskih objekata sjeverno i istočno od njega. Stambeno-gospodarski sklop Kričak Bekavci-Ivandići ističe se skladnošću: središnji dio čine dvije katnice poluskošenih dvostrešnih krovova međusobno povezane terasom sa zidanim parapetom postavljenom na zidanim pilastirima povezanim plitkim lukovima i izvedenom na zidanoj konstrukciji bačvastog svoda. Dvorište popločano kamenim pločama bilo je središte života zajednice: gospodarskog (konobe u prizemlju, tijesak za grožđe i presa za masline, cisterna za vodu s dvije krune) i društvenog.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5350 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - kulturno-povijesna cjelina, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "ruralna cjelina".

Izvori

Zaštićene ruralne cjeline u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Brela

Kričak Bekavci (kulturno-povijesna ruralna cjelina)


La saison 2022 de l'équipe cycliste UAE Team ADQ est la douzième de la formation. Sofia Bertizzolo et Erica Magnaldi rejoignent l'équipe tandis que Marlen Reusser part.

Mavi Garcia est sixième de l'Amstel Gold Race et cinquième de la Flèche wallonne. Elle est championne d'Espagne sur route et du chrono. Au Tour d'Italie, elle fait partie de l'échappée décisive sur la deuxième étape avec Annemiek van Vleuten et Marta Cavalli. Cet avantage important lui permet de conclure l'épreuve à la troisième place. Elle remporte le Grand Prix de Plouay au terme d'une course très animée. Marta Bastianelli remporte l'Omloop van het Hageland 2022, est cinquième du Tour de Drenthe, troisième de la Classic Bruges-La Panne et sixième de Gand-Wevelgem et de la RideLondon-Classique. Elle gagne aussi une étape et le classement général du Festival Elsy Jacobs ainsi que deux étapes du Tour de Bretagne. Sofia Bertizzolo est deuxième du Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio. Eugenia Bujak est championne de Slovénie sur route, enfin Alena Ivanchenko gagne une étape du Tour de Bretagne. Marta Bastianelli est quinzième du classement UCI, Mavi Garcia est treizième du World Tour. UAE Team ADQ est respectivement septième et huitième des deux classements par équipes.

Préparation de la saison

Partenaires et matériel de l'équipe

Arrivées et départs
L'équipe enregistre l'arrivée de la spécialiste des classiques du nord Sofia Bertizzolo et de la grimpeuse Erica Magnaldi.Alena Ivanchenko et Maria Novolodskaya rejoignent également la formation.

La spécialiste du contre-la-montre Marlen Reusser rejoint SD Worx, tandis que  Anastasia Chursina et Tatiana Guderzo quittent également la formation.

Effectifs

Encadrement
Rubens Bertogliati est le directeur général de l'équipe. Le directeur sportif est  Fortunato Lacquaniti, assisté de Giuseppe Lanzoni, Michele Devotti et Gorazd Penko.

Déroulement de la saison

Février
Marta Bastianelli remporte le Tour de la Communauté valencienne, puis une étape de la Semaine cycliste valencienne.

Au Circuit Het Nieuwsblad, Marta Bastianelli se classe neuvième. À l' Omloop van het Hageland, un groupe de dix dont Bastianelli se forme dans les trente derniers kilomètres. L'Italienne s'impose au sprint.

Mars
Aux Strade Bianche, Mavi Garcia s'échappe en début de course, mais elle est reprise. Marta Bastianelli et Alena Amialiusik attaquent dans les trente derniers kilomètres. Elles sont immédiatement reprises. Au Tour de Drenthe, Marta Bastianelli se classe cinquième du sprint. Au Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio, Sofia Bertizzolo suit les meilleures jusqu'au bout. Elle est deuxième du sprint derrière Elisa Balsamo. À la Classic Bruges-La Panne, Marta Bastianelli prend la troisième place. À Gand-Wevelgem, dans le deuxième passage du Baneberg, Chantal van den Broek-Blaak, Sofia Bertizzolo, Elisa Longo Borghini et Julie De Wilde tentent, mais sont immédiatement reprises. Au sprint, Marta Bastianelli est sixième. Sur À travers les Flandres, l'Italienne est cinquième du sprint.

Avril

Au Tour des Flandres, à trente-trois kilomètres de l'arrivée, Sofia Bertizzolo fait partie d'un groupe de poursuite. Le vieux Quaremont rebat les cartes. Marta Bastianelli se classe dixième. À l'Amstel Gold Race, dans l'avant-dernier passage du Cauberg, Mavi Garcia attaque et revient à treize secondes des fuyardes. Elle et les échappées sont reprises à dix kilomètres de l'arrivée. Dans la montée finale, elle ne peut suivre Annemiek van Vleuten mais un regroupement a lieu, elle est sixième. À Paris-Roubaix, sur le secteur d'Auchy les Orchies, Lotte Kopecky attaque avec Marta Bastianelli. Elles sont rapidement rejointes par Lucinda Brand. Le trio de tête est repris avant Templeuve. Bastianelli se classe finalement quinzième. À la Flèche wallonne, Mavi Garcia prend la cinquième place. Elle treizième ensuite de Liège-Bastogne-Liège.

Au Festival Elsy Jacobs, Sofia Bertizzolo est huitième du prologue. Sur la première étape, après le premier prix des monts, Sofia Bertizzolo sort avec Anna Shackley, Niamh Fisher-Black, Maud Oudeman et Mikayla Harvey. Elles sont reprises dans le même tour de circuit. Dans la montée finale, Marta Bastianelli s'impose. Le jour suivant, Marta Bastianelli règle le sprint du peloton derrière  Veronica Ewers et gagne le classement général.

Mai
Au Tour de Bretagne, Marta Bastianelli remportent les deux premières étapes au sprint. Alena Ivanchenko remporte le contre-la-montre individuel, Marta Bastianelli perd près de deux minutes. Elle est cinquième et quatrième des deux dernières étapes. Elle est onzième du classement général.

Au Tour d'Andalousie,  dans la dernière difficulté de la première étape, Mavi Garcia attaque et est suivie par Paula Patiño. Quand cette dernière est distancée, Arlenis Sierra sort et revient sur Garcia au milieu de la descente. La Cubaine gagne au sprint devant l'Espagnole. Elle de nouveau deuxième derrière la Cubaine le lendemain. Elle perd quatre secondes sur Sierra dans la dernière étape et se classe donc deuxième du classement général. Elle gagne aussi le classement de la montagne. Erica Magnaldi est neuvième.

Au GP Ciudad de Eibar, Mavi Garcia accélère dans l'Alto de San Miguel. Elle se détache avec Ane Santesteban, Olivia Baril et Paula Patiño. Cette dernière est distancée plus loin. Jelena Erić et Nadine Michaela Gill reviennent de l'arrière dans les dix derniers kilomètres. Elles se départagent au sprint et Mavi Garcia est troisième. Elle est ensuite cinquième de l'Emakumeen Nafarroako Klasikoa.

Au Tour de Burgos, sur la troisième étape, un groupe de sept dont Mavi Garcia se détache au sommet de l'Alto Retuerta. À quatorze kilomètres du but, Mavi Garcia passe à l'offensive. Elle est suivie par Evita Muzic. Elles obtiennent une trentaine de secondes d'avance. Dans l'ultime difficulté, l'Ojo Guareña, Mavi Garcia distance Muzic pour s'imposer seule. Elle devient la nouvelle leader. Elle est seulement seizième de l'étape de montagne le lendemain et conclut l'épreuve à la quinzième place du classement général.

À RideLondon-Classique, Marta Bastianelli est seconde de la deuxième étape. Elle est sixième du classement général final.

Juin
Au Women's Tour, Sofia Bertizzolo est deuxième du sprint de la première étape. Sur la cinquième étape, elle fait partie de l'échappée mais tout se regroupe au pied de la Black Mountain. Elle est dixième de l'étape. Elle neuvième du classement général de l'épreuve.

Au Tour de Suisse, Erica Magnaldi est quatrième de la dernière étape. Elle conclut l'épreuve à la huitième place.

Lors des championnats nationaux, Mavi Garcia conserve ses titres sur route et en contre-la-montre en Espagne. Eugenia Bujak est championne de Slovénie sur route et deuxième du contre-la-montre.

Juillet

Au Tour d'Italie, Sofia Bertizzolo est cinquième de la troisième étape. Le lendemain,  juste avant le col du Barbotto, Annemiek van Vleuten, Mavi Garcia, Marta Cavalli et Kristen Faulkner attaquent. Cette dernière perd néanmoins rapidement le contact. Dans l'ultime ascension du jour, la Carpineta, Garcia attaque. Cela décroche Cavalli, mais Van Vleuten réagit immédiatement. L'Espagnole attaque de nouveau par la suite, mais elles se disputent la victoire dans un sprint à deux dans lequel la Néerlandaise est victorieuse. Le peloton arrive près de cinq minutes plus tard. Sur la cinquième étape, Marta Bastianelli est cinquième du sprint. Dans la sixième étape, Mavi Garcia tente dans le final de sortir, mais sans succès. Elle est huitième de l'épreuve. Dans la première étape de montagne, les trois premières du classement général s'affrontent mais ne parviennent pas à se départager. Mavi Garcia est troisième de l'étape. Le jour suivant, Mavi Garcia passe à l'offensive à trois kilomètres du Passo Bordala. Annemiek van Vleuten part immédiatement à sa poursuite, Marta Cavalli revient par la suite. Dans la dernière ascension, Van Vleuten attaque et n'est plus reprise. Mavi Garcia est sixième mais perd trois minutes. Lors de la neuvième étape, dans le Passo Daone, Marta Cavalli attaque et est reprise par Van Vleuten. Garcia contre, mais sans plus de succès. Elisa Longo Borghini attaque Mavi Garcia avant le sommet. L'Italienne, quatrième au général, met sous pression l'Espagnole dans le final. Elisa Longo Borghini reprend deux minutes mais reste derrière Garcia au classement général. Sofia Bertizzolo est cinquième de la dernière étape. Mavi Garcia est troisième du classement général.

Au Tour de France, Mavi Garcia est septième de la troisième étape. Le lendemain, elle est victime de plusieurs soucis mécanique et d'une spectaculaire chute avec sa voiture suiveuse. Marta Bastianelli est deuxième du sprint de la sixième étape derrière Marianne Vos. Sur la huitième étape, Mavi Garcia fait partie de l'échappée. Ce groupe est repris dans la montée finale. Elle se classe neuvième. Elle conclut l'épreuve à la dixième place du classement général.

Août
Au Tour de Scandinavie, Sofia Bertizollo attaque dans le final de la troisième étape, mais est marquée par le peloton. Elle est septième de l'étape. Laura Tomasi est troisième du sprint le lendemain. Sofia Bertizzolo est quatrième de la dernière étape. Erica Magnaldi est dixième du classement général.

Au Grand Prix de Plouay, dans la dernière côte avant le circuit final, le Stang Varric, Mavi Garcia et Amber Kraak attaquent. À trente-et-un kilomètres du but, elles sont rejointes par neuf autres coureuses. Aux dix kilomètres, Mavi Garcia accélère dans la côte de Rostervel. Chabbey, Sanguineti, Kraak, Brown, Vas parviennent à la suivre, Labous revient ensuite. Le reste du groupe refait la jonction au pied de la côte du Lezot. Kraak y attaque. Mavi Garcia contre. Chabbey, Kraak et Sanguineti sont dans sa roue. Un regroupement partiel a lieu. Garcia parvient ensuite à sortir avec Kraak. Cette dernière ne relait pas et Garcia décide de stopper son effort. Plus loin, Mavi Garcia passe à l'offensive avec encore Kraak avec elle. Elles ne sont plus reprises. L'Espagnole gagne le sprint à deux.

Septembre

Au Simac Ladies Tour, Laura Tomasi est deuxième du sprint de la deuxième étape derrière Lorena Wiebes. Elle est ensuite quatrième de la difficile quatrième étape.

Au Ceratizit Challenge by La Vuelta, sur la deuxième étape, Annemiek van Vleuten attaque dans la seconde ascension du Fuente las Varas. Elle est tout d'abord suivie entre autres par Mavi Garcia, mais elle doit lâcher par la suite. Elle est dixième de la quatrième étape. Marta Bastianelli prend la troisième place du sprint de la dernière étape. Mavi Garcia est la coureuse la plus combative de l'épreuve.

Octobre
Au Tour d'Émilie, Sofia Bertizzolo se classe troisième en haut du Sanctuaire Madonna di San Luca.

Victoires

Sur route

Résultats sur les courses majeures

World Tour

Mavi Garcia est treizième du classement individuel. UAE Team ADQ est huitième du classement par équipes.

Grands tours

Classement mondial

UAE Team ADQ est septième du classement par équipes.

Références

Liens externes

2022
Équipe cycliste en 2022

Saison 2022 de l'équipe cycliste UAE Team ADQ


Moravanska Venera (slovački: Moravianska venuša) mala je pretpovijesna figurica žene otkrivena u Slovačkoj početkom 20. stoljeća.

Pronalazak i karakteristike
Figuru je 1930. godine pronašao poljoprivrednik Štefan Hulman-Petrech u blizini sela Moravany nad Váhom u Slovačkoj dok je orao polje.

Moravanska Venera izrađena je od bjelokosti mamutove kljove i datirana je 22 800 godina prije Krista, što je kronološki smješta u gravettiensku kulturu mlađega paleolitika. Kopija ove Venere trenutno se nalazi u izložbi Bratislavskog dvorca Slovačkoga nacionalnog muzeja.

Povezani članci
 Figure Venere
 Gravettien

Izvori

Povijest Slovačke
Paleolitik
Figure Venere

Moravanska Venera


Jashpur es una ciudad de la India capital del distrito de Jashpur, en el estado de Chhattisgarh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 779  a 413 km de la capital estatal, Raipur, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2012 contaba con una población de 29 400 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Chhattisgarh

Jashpur


Transnationality is the principle of acting at a geographical scale larger than that of states, so as to take into account the interests of a supranational entity.

Transnational policies or programmes are not simply aggregations of national policies or programmes, but seek to submerge these within a greater whole.  According to Aihwa Ong, the term differs from that of transnationalism, as transnationalism refers "to the cultural specificities of global processes, tracing the multiplicity of the uses and conceptions of 'culture'" whereas transnationality is "the condition of cultural interconnectedness and mobility across space".

Transnationality is practised by organisations such as the United Nations and the European Union. The EU's principle of subsidiarity holds that actions should be carried out at the lowest feasible governmental level, and therefore much scope is left to individual Member States. The EU institutions thus concern themselves principally with transnational policies and actions.

See also
 Transnationalism

References

Further reading

External links

EQUAL Guide on transnational co-operation (2004-2008)
European Social Fund page on transnationality

Transnationalism

Transnationality


Smilika (lat. Omalotheca), biljni rod iz porodice glavočika smješten u tribus Gnaphalieae. Ima nekoliko vrsta raširenih po Euroaziji i Sjevernoj Americi. U Hrvatskoj ima tri vrste

Vrste
 Omalotheca caucasica (Sommier & Levier) Czerep.
 Omalotheca diminuta (Braun-Blanq.) Bartolucci & Galasso
 Omalotheca hoppeana (W.D.J.Koch) Sch.Bip. & F.W.Schultz
 Omalotheca leucopilina (Schott & Kotschy ex Boiss.) Holub
 Omalotheca nanchuanensis (Y.Ling & Y.Q.Tseng) Holub
 Omalotheca norvegica (Gunnerus) Sch.Bip. & F.W.Schultz
 Omalotheca roeseri (Boiss. & Heldr.) Holub
 Omalotheca supina (L.) DC.
 Omalotheca sylvatica (L.) Sch.Bip. & F.W.Schultz
 Omalotheca × traunsteineri (Murr) Dostál

Sinonimi
 Synchaeta Kirp.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Loricariinae

Smilika


Slovenské Kľačany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Veľký Krtíš din regiunea Banská Bystrica, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 163 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Slovenské Kľačany este atestată documentar din 1379.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Slovenské Kľačany


Animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals (receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers. Information may be sent intentionally, as in a courtship display, or unintentionally, as in the transfer of scent from predator to prey with kairomones. Information may be transferred to an "audience" of several receivers. Animal communication is a rapidly growing area of study in disciplines including animal behavior, sociology, neurology and animal cognition. Many aspects of animal behavior, such as symbolic name use, emotional expression, learning and sexual behavior, are being understood in new ways.

When the information from the sender changes the behavior of a receiver, the information is referred to as a "signal". Signalling theory predicts that for a signal to be maintained in the population, both the sender and receiver should usually receive some benefit from the interaction. Signal production by senders and the perception and subsequent response of receivers are thought to coevolve. Signals often involve multiple mechanisms, e.g. both visual and auditory, and for a signal to be understood the coordinated behaviour of both sender and receiver require careful study.

Animal languages
The sounds animals make are important because they communicate the animals' state.  Some animals species have been taught simple versions of human languages. Animals can use, for example, electrolocation and echolocation to communicate about prey and location. Keski-Korsu suggests a challenge of human/animal communication is that humans don't recognize animals as self aware and deliberately communicating.

Modes

Visual

 Gestures: Most animals understand communication through a visual display of distinctive body parts or bodily movements. Animals will reveal or accentuate a body part to relay certain information. The parent herring gull displays its bright yellow bill on the ground next over its chick when it has returned to the nest with food. The chicks exhibit a begging response by tapping the red spot on the lower mandible of the parent herring gull's bill. This signal stimulates the parent to regurgitate food and completes the feeding signal. The distinctive morphological feature accentuated in this communication is the parent's red-spotted bill, while the tapping towards the ground makes the red spot visible to the chick, demonstrating a distinctive movement. Frans de Waal studied bonobos and chimps to understand if language was somehow evolved by gestures. He found that both apes and humans only use intentional gestures to communicate.
 Facial expression: Another important signal of emotion in animal communication are facial gestures. Blue and Yellow Macaws were studied to understand how they reacted to interactions with a familiar animal care taker. Studies show that Blue and Yellow Macaws demonstrated a significant amount of blushing frequently during mutual interactions with a caretaker.  In another experiment, Jeffrey Mogil studied facial expression in mice in response to increments of increasing pain. He found that mice exhibited five recognizable face expressions: orbital tightening, nose and cheek bulge, and changes in ear and whisker carriage.
 Gaze-following: Social animals use gaze-following as a form of communication through monitoring head and eye orientation in other mammals. Studies have been conducted on apes, monkeys, dogs, birds, wolves and tortoises, and have focused on two different tasks: "follow[ing] another's gaze into distant space" and "follow[ing] another's gaze geometrically around a visual barrier e.g. by repositioning themselves to follow a gaze cue when faced with a barrier blocking their view". A broad range of animals have been proven to exhibit the latter, however only apes, dogs, wolves, and corvids (ravens) have been able to follow another's gaze into distant space. Marmosets and ibis were unable to demonstrate "geometric gaze following". Researchers do not yet have a clear picture of the cognitive basis of gaze following, but developmental evidence indicates that "simple" gaze following and "geometric" gaze following probably rely on different cognitive mechanisms.
 Color change: Color change can be separated into changes that occur during growth and development, and those triggered by mood, social context, or abiotic factors such as temperature.  The latter are seen in many taxa.  Some cephalopods, such as the octopus and the cuttlefish, have specialized skin cells (chromatophores) that can change the apparent colour, opacity, and reflectiveness of their skin. In addition to their use for camouflage, rapid changes in skin color are used while hunting and in courtship rituals. Cuttlefish may display two entirely different signals simultaneously from opposite sides of their body. When a male cuttlefish courts a female in the presence of other males, he displays a male pattern facing the female and a female pattern facing away, to deceive other males.  Some color signals occur in cycles. For example, when a female olive baboon begins to ovulate, her anogenital area swells and turns a bright red/pink. This signals to males that she is ready to mate. Humboldt squid are bioluminescent and thus capable of communicating visually in dark ocean environments.
 Bioluminescent communication: Communication by the production of light occurs commonly in vertebrates and invertebrates in the oceans, particularly at depths (e.g. angler fish). Two well known forms of land bioluminescence occur in fireflies and glow worms. Other insects, insect larvae, annelids, arachnids and even species of fungi possess bioluminescent abilities. Some bioluminescent animals produce the light themselves whereas others have a symbiotic relationship with bioluminescent bacteria. Animals exhibit bioluminescent light to lure in prey, attract a mate, or protect themselves from potential predators. (See also: List of bioluminescent organisms)

Signaling

There are many different types of signals that animals use to differentiate their position of direction, location, and distance. Practitioners study the issues of animal position by geometric viewings. Environmental and social influences are indicators of geometric viewings.  Animals rely on signals called electrolocating and echolocating they use sensory senses in order to navigate and find prey. Signals are used as a form of commutation through the environment. Active signals or other types of signals influence receivers behavior and signals move quicker in distance to reach receivers.

Auditory

Many animals communicate through vocalization. Vocal communication serves many purposes, including mating rituals, warning calls, conveying location of food sources, and social learning. In a number of species, males perform calls during mating rituals as a form of competition against other males and to signal to females. Examples include frogs, hammer-headed bats, red deer, humpback whales, elephant seals, and songbirds. Other instances of vocal communication include the alarm calls of the Campbell monkey, the territorial calls of gibbons, and the use of frequency in greater spear-nosed bats to distinguish between groups. The vervet monkey gives a distinct alarm call for each of its four different predators, and the reactions of other monkeys vary appropriately according to the call. For example, if an alarm call signals a python, the monkeys climb into the trees, whereas the "eagle" alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the ground. Prairie dogs also use complex calls that signal predator differences. According to Con Slobodchikoff and others, prairie dog calls communicate the type, size, and speed of an approaching predator.  Whale vocalizations have been found to have different dialects based on social learning. Mammalian acoustic culture was first discovered in southern resident orcas in 1978.

Not all animals use vocalization as a means of auditory communication. Many arthropods rub specialized body parts together to produce sound. This is known as stridulation. Crickets and grasshoppers are well known for this, but many others use stridulation as well, including crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, wasps, ants, beetles, butterflies, moths, millipedes, and centipedes. Another means of auditory communication is the vibration of swim bladders in bony fish. The structure of swim bladders and the attached sonic muscles varies greatly across bony fish families, resulting in a wide variety of sounds. Striking body parts together can also produce auditory signals. A well-known example of this is the tail tip vibration of rattlesnakes as a warning signal. Other examples include bill clacking in birds, wing clapping in manakin courtship displays, and chest beating in gorillas.

Burrowing animals species are known to whistle to communicate threats, and sometimes mood. Species such as the marmot species including the groundhog (woodchuck) the alpine marmot show this trait. Whistling is used by animals such as prairie dogs to communicate threats, with prairie dogs having one of the most complex communication systems in the animal kingdom. Prairie dogs are able to communicate an animal's speed, shape, size, species, and for humans specific attire and if the human is carrying a gun. This method of communication is usually done by having a sentry stand on two feet surveying for potential threats while the rest of the pack finds food. Once a threat has been identified the sentry sounds a whistle alarm, (sometimes describing the threat) at which point the pack retreats to their burrows. The intensity of the threat is usually determined by how long the sentry whistles. The sentry continues to whistle the alarm until the entirety of the pack have gone to safety at which point the sentry returns to the burrow.

Olfactory

Despite being the oldest method of communication, chemical communication is one of the least understood forms due in part to the sheer abundance of chemicals in our environment and the difficulty of detecting and measuring all the chemicals in a sample. The ability to detect chemicals in the environment serves many functions, a crucial one being the detection of food, a function that first arose in single-celled organisms (bacteria) living in the oceans during the early days of life on Earth. As this function evolved, organisms began to differentiate between chemicals compounds emanating from resources, conspecifics (same species; i.e., mates and kin), and heterospecifics (different species; i.e., competitors and predators).

For instance, a small minnow species may do well to avoid habitat with a detectable concentration of chemical cue associated with a predator species such as northern pike. Minnows with the ability to perceive the presence of predators before they are close enough to be seen and then respond with adaptive behavior (such as hiding) are more likely to survive and reproduce. Atlantic salmon go a step further than detecting a predator's cue: when an individual is damaged by a predator, it releases a chemical cue to its conspecifics. As has also been observed in other species, acidification and changes in pH physically disrupt these chemical cues, which has various implications for animal behavior.

Scent marking and scent rubbing are common forms of olfactory communication in mammals. An example of scent rubbing by an animal can be seen from bears, bears do this as a way to mark territory or let others know they are there and to stay away.

Electric

Electrocommunication is a rare form of communication in animals. It is seen primarily in aquatic animals, though some land mammals, notably the platypus and echidnas, sense electric fields that might be used for communication.

Weakly electric fishes provide an example of electrocommunication, together with electrolocation. These fish use an electric organ to generate an electric field, which is detected by electroreceptors. Differences in the waveform and frequency of changes in the field convey information on species, sex, and identity. These electric signals can be generated in response to hormones, circadian rhythms, and interactions with other fish. They can also serve to mediate social hierarchy amongst species that have a social order. Some predators, such as sharks and rays, are able to eavesdrop on these electrogenic fish through passive electroreception.

Touch
 For more on the mechanism for touch, see Somatosensory system and Mechanoreceptors

Touch is a key factor in many social interactions. Here are some examples:
 Fighting: In a fight, touch may be used to challenge an opponent and to coordinate movements during the fight. It may also be used by the loser to indicate submission.
 Mating: Mammals often initiate mating by grooming, stroking or rubbing against each other. This provides the opportunity to apply chemical signals and to assess those excreted by the potential mate. Touch may also announce the intention of the male to mount the female, as when a male kangaroo grabs the tail of a female. During mating, touch stimuli are important for pair positioning, coordination and genital stimulation.
 Social integration: Touch is widely used for social integration, a use that is typified by the social grooming of one animal by another. Social grooming has several functions; it removes parasites and debris from the groomed animal, it reaffirms the social bond or hierarchical relationship between the animals, and it gives the groomer an opportunity to examine olfactory cues on the groomed individual, perhaps adding additional ones. This behaviour has been observed in social insects, birds and mammals.
 Foraging: Some ant species recruit fellow workers to new food finds by first tapping them with their antennae and forelegs, then leading them to the food source while keeping physical contact. "Patrollers" leave the nest to check for danger nearby and return to recruit "foragers" by making physical contact. Another example of this is the waggle dance of honey bees.
 Huddling: Prolonged physical contact or huddling also serves social integration. Huddling promotes heat exchange, together with the transfer of olfactory or tactile information. Some organisms live in constant contact in a colony, for example colonial corals. When individuals are linked tightly in this way an entire colony can react on the aversive or alarm movements made by only a few individuals. In several herbivorous insect nymphs and larvae, aggregations where there is prolonged contact play a major role in group coordination. These aggregations may take the form of a procession or a rosette.

Seismic

Seismic communication is the exchange of information using self-generated vibrational signals transmitted via a substrate such as the soil, water, spider webs, plant stems, or a blade of grass. This form of communication has several advantages, for example it can be sent regardless of light and noise levels, and it usually has a short range and short persistence, which may reduce the danger of detection by predators. The use of seismic communication is found in many taxa, including frogs, kangaroo rats, mole rats, bees, nematode worms, and others. Tetrapods usually make seismic waves by drumming on the ground with a body part, a signal that is sensed by the sacculus of the receiver. The sacculus is an organ in the inner ear containing a membranous sac that is used for balance, but can also detect seismic waves in animals that use this form of communication. Vibrations may be combined with other sorts of communication.

Thermal

 A number of different snakes have the ability to sense infrared (IR) thermal radiation, which allows these reptiles to derive thermal images from the radiant heat emitted by predators or prey at wavelengths between 5 and 30 μm. The accuracy of this sense is such that a blind rattlesnake can target its strike to the vulnerable body parts of a prey animal. It was previously thought that the pit organs evolved primarily as prey detectors, but it is now believed that they may also be used to control body temperature.

The facial pits enabling thermoregulation underwent parallel evolution in pitvipers and some boas and pythons, having evolved once in pitvipers and multiple times in boas and pythons. The electrophysiology of the structure is similar between lineages, but it differs in gross structure anatomy. Most superficially, pitvipers possess one large pit organ on either side of the head, between the eye and the nostril (loreal pit), while boas and pythons have three or more comparatively smaller pits lining the upper and sometimes the lower lip, in or between the scales. Those of the pitvipers are the more advanced, having a suspended sensory membrane as opposed to a simple pit structure. Within the family Viperidae, the pit organ is seen only in the subfamily Crotalinae: the pitvipers. Despite the detection of IR radiation, the pits' IR mechanism is dissimilar to photoreceptors; while photoreceptors detect light via photochemical reactions, the protein in the facial pits of snakes is a temperature sensitive ion channel. It senses infrared signals through a mechanism involving warming of the pit organ, rather than chemical reaction to light. This is consistent with the thin pit membrane, which allows incoming IR radiation to quickly and precisely warm a given ion channel and trigger a nerve impulse, as well as vascularize the pit membrane to rapidly cool the ion channel back to its original "resting" or "inactive" temperature.

Common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) have specialized IR sensors in their nose-leaf. Vampire bats are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. The IR sense enables Desmodus to localize homeothermic animals such as cattle and horses within a range of about 10 to 15 cm. This infrared perception may be used in detecting regions of maximal blood flow on targeted prey.

Autocommunication
Autocommunication is a type of communication in which the sender and receiver are the same individual. The sender emits a signal that is altered by the environment and eventually is received by the same individual. The altered signal provides information that can indicate food, predators or conspecifics. Because the sender and receiver are the same animal, selection pressure maximizes signal efficacy, i.e. the degree to which an emitted signal is correctly identified by a receiver despite propagation distortion and noise. There are some species, such as the pacific herring, which have evolved to intercept these messages from their predators.  They are able to use it as an early warning sign and respond defensively.  There are two types of autocommunication. The first is active electrolocation, where the organism emits an electrical pulse through its electric organ and senses the projected geometrical property of the object. This is found in the electric fish Gymnotiformes (knifefishes) and Mormyridae(elephantfish). The second type of autocommunication is echolocation, found in bats and toothed whales. Echolocation involves emitting sounds and interpreting the vibrations that return from objects.  In bats, echolocation also serves the purpose of mapping their environment.  They are capable of recognizing a space they've been in before without any visible light because they can memorize patterns in the feedback they get from echolocation.

Functions
There are many functions of animal communication.  However, some have been studied in more detail than others.  This includes:

 Communication during contests: Animal communication plays a vital role in determining the winner of contest over a resource. Many species have distinct signals that signal aggression or willingness to attack or signals to convey retreat during competitions over food, territories, or mates.

 Mating rituals: Animals produce signals to attract the attention of a possible mate or to solidify pair bonds. These signals frequently involve the display of body parts or postures. For example, a gazelle will assume characteristic poses to initiate mating. Mating signals can also include the use of olfactory signals or mating calls unique to a species. Animals that form lasting pair bonds often have symmetrical displays that they make to each other. Famous examples are the mutual presentation of reeds by great crested grebes studied by Julian Huxley, the triumph displays shown by many species of geese and penguins on their nest sites, and the spectacular courtship displays by birds of paradise. "Copulation calls" in mammals can indicate a female's breeding status or attract other mates.
 Ownership/territorial: Signals used to claim or defend a territory, food, or a mate. Polygynous lizards (Anolis carolinensis) will show greater signs of aggression from farther distances between males than between females when defending a territory or mate. It is believed that males have evolved to remain distant from each other due to higher reproductive consequences as opposed to females.
Redirected aggression: Some animals who are fearful of stimuli will attack anyone near them.
 Food-related signals: Many animals make "food calls" to attract a mate, offspring, or other members of a social group to a food source. Perhaps the most elaborate food-related signal is the Waggle dance of honeybees studied by Karl von Frisch. One well-known example of begging of offspring in a clutch or litter is altricial songbirds. Young ravens will signal to older ravens when they encounter new or untested food.  Rhesus macaques will send food calls to inform other monkeys of a food source to avoid punishment.  Pheromones are released by many social insects to lead the other members of the society to the food source. For example, ants leave a pheromone trail on the ground that can be followed by other ants to lead them to the food source.
 Alarm calls: Alarm calls communicate the threat of a predator. This allows all members of a social group (and sometimes other species) to respond accordingly. This may include running for cover, becoming immobile, or gathering into a group to reduce the risk of attack. Alarm signals are not always vocalizations. Crushed ants will release an alarm pheromone to attract more ants and send them into an attack state.
 Meta-communication: Signals that will modify the meaning of subsequent signals. One example is the 'play face' in dogs which signals that a subsequent aggressive signal is part of a play fight rather than a serious aggressive episode.

Interpretation of animal behaviour
As described above, many animal gestures, postures, and sounds, convey meaning to nearby animals. These signals are often easier to describe than to interpret. It is tempting, especially with domesticated animals and apes, to anthropomorphize, that is, to interpret animal actions in human terms, but this can be quite misleading; for example, an ape's "smile" is often a sign of aggression. Also, the same gesture may have different meanings depending on context within which it occurs.  For example, a domestic dog's tail wag and posture may be used in different ways to convey many meanings as illustrated in Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals published in 1872. Some of Darwin's illustrations are reproduced here.

Interspecific communication

Much animal communication is intraspecific, that is, it occurs between members of the same species. As for interspecific communication, that between predator and prey is of particular interest.

Prey to predator
If a prey animal moves, makes a noise or vibrations, or emits a smell in such a way that a predator can detect it, it is communicating with its predator. This is consistent with the definition of "communication" given above. This type of communication is known as interceptive eavesdropping if a predator intercepts a message intended for conspecifics.

There are however, some actions of prey species are clearly directed to actual or potential predators. A good example is warning coloration: species such as wasps that are capable of harming potential predators are often brightly coloured, and this modifies the behavior of the predator, who either instinctively or as the result of experience will avoid attacking such an animal. Some forms of mimicry fall in the same category: for example hoverflies are coloured in the same way as wasps, and although they are unable to sting, the strong avoidance of wasps by predators gives the hoverfly some protection. There are also behavioural changes that act in a similar way to warning colouration. For example, canines such as wolves and coyotes may adopt an aggressive posture, such as growling with their teeth bared, to indicate they will fight if necessary, and rattlesnakes use their well-known rattle to warn potential predators of their venomous bite. Sometimes, a behavioural change and warning colouration will be combined, as in certain species of amphibians which have most of their body coloured to blend with their surroundings, except for a brightly coloured belly. When confronted with a potential threat, they show their belly, indicating that they are poisonous in some way.

Another example of prey to predator communication is the pursuit-deterrent signal. Pursuit-deterrent signals occur when prey indicates to a predator that pursuit would be unprofitable because the signaler is prepared to escape. Pursuit-deterrent signals provide a benefit to both the signaler and receiver; they prevent the sender from wasting time and energy fleeing, and they prevent the receiver from investing in a costly pursuit that is unlikely to result in capture. Such signals can advertise prey's ability to escape, and reflect phenotypic condition (quality advertisement), or can advertise that the prey has detected the predator (perception advertisement). Pursuit-deterrent signals have been reported for a wide variety of taxa, including fish (Godin and Davis, 1995), lizards (Cooper etc. al., 2004), ungulates (Caro, 1995), rabbits (Holley 1993), primates (Zuberbuhler et al. 1997), rodents (Shelley and Blumstein 2005, Clark, 2005), and birds (Alvarez, 1993, Murphy, 2006, 2007). A familiar example of quality advertisement pursuit-deterrent signal is stotting (sometimes called pronking), a pronounced combination of stiff-legged running while simultaneously jumping shown by some antelopes such as Thomson's gazelle in the presence of a predator. At least 11 hypotheses for stotting have been proposed. A leading theory today is that it alerts predators that the element of surprise has been lost. Predators like cheetahs rely on surprise attacks, proven by the fact that chases are rarely successful when antelope stot. Predators do not waste energy on a chase that will likely be unsuccessful (optimal foraging behavior). Quality advertisement can be communicated by modes other than visual. The banner-tailed kangaroo rat produces several complex foot-drumming patterns in a number of different contexts, one of which is when it encounters a snake. The foot-drumming may alert nearby offspring but most likely conveys vibrations through the ground that the rat is too alert for a successful attack, thus preventing the snake's predatory pursuit.

Predator to prey

Typically, predators attempt to reduce communication to prey as this will generally reduce the effectiveness of their hunting. However, some forms of predator to prey communication occur in ways that change the behavior of the prey and make their capture easier, i.e. deception by the predator. A well-known example is the angler fish, an ambush predator which waits for its prey to come to it. It has a fleshy bioluminescent growth protruding from its forehead which it dangles in front of its jaws. Smaller fish attempt to take the lure, placing themselves in a better position for the angler fish to catch them. Another example of deceptive communication is observed in the genus of jumping spiders (Myrmarachne). These spiders are commonly referred to as "antmimicking spiders" because of the way they wave their front legs in the air to simulate antennae.

Human/animal

Various ways in which humans interpret the behavior of animals, or give commands to them, are consistent with the definition of interspecies communication. Skillful interpretation of animal communications may be critical to the welfare of animals that are being cared for or trained by humans. Winjngaarden suggests IIC as a way to communicate with animals. IIC is useful because it allows the flexibility of people and animals to essentially understand. For example, behavior indicating pain need to be recognized. Indeed, the survival of both the animal and its human caretaker may be at stake if, for example, a human fails to recognize a signal for imminent attack. It is also important to take into account that non-human animal species may interpret the signals of humans differently than humans themselves. For instance, a pointing command refers to a location rather than an object in dogs.

Since the late 90s, one scientist, Sean Senechal, has been developing, studying, and using the learned visible, expressive language in dogs and horses. By teaching these animals a gestural (human made) American Sign Language-like language, the animals have been found to use the new signs on their own to get what they need. The recent experiments on animal language are perhaps the most sophisticated attempt yet to establish human/animal communication, though their relation to natural animal communication is uncertain.

Animal and human encounters

Animal communicators and researchers filter animals voices and communication modes. People communicate with animals in different ways. People use their eyes to communicate whereas dogs communicate with their nose by smelling. People experience challenge's trying to understand animals perspectives and responses.  Communications between non-human species and humans have patterns and trends. Both parties use common communication signals and receive information about species cultures and coexistence. Animals are looked at as teachers and guiders of communication with spirits of nature. Human's  listen and share with animal's through communication of compassion this is a understanding that animal's think differently than humans.

Other aspects

Evolution

The importance of communication is evident from the highly elaborate morphology, behaviour and physiology that some animals have evolved to facilitate this. These include some of the most striking structures in the animal kingdom, such as the peacock's tail, the antlers of a stag and the frill of the frill-necked lizard, but also include even the modest red spot on a European herring gull's bill. Highly elaborate behaviours have evolved for communication such as the dancing of cranes, the pattern changes of cuttlefish, and the gathering and arranging of materials by bowerbirds. Other evidence for the importance of communication in animals is the prioritisation of physiological features to this function. For example, birdsong appears to have brain structures entirely devoted to its production. All these adaptations require evolutionary explanation.

There are two aspects to the required explanation:

 identifying a route by which an animal that lacked the relevant feature or behaviour could acquire it;
 identifying the selective pressure that makes it adaptive for animals to develop structures that facilitate communication, emit communications, and respond to them.

Significant contributions to the first of these problems were made by Konrad Lorenz and other early ethologists. By comparing related species within groups, they showed that movements and body parts that in the primitive forms had no communicative function could be "captured" in a context where communication would be functional for one or both partners, and could evolve into a more elaborate, specialised form. For example, Desmond Morris showed in a study of grass finches that a beak-wiping response occurred in a range of species, serving a preening function, but that in some species this had been elaborated into a courtship signal.

The second problem has been more controversial. The early ethologists assumed that communication occurred for the good of the species as a whole, but this would require a process of group selection which is believed to be mathematically impossible in the evolution of sexually reproducing animals. Altruism towards an unrelated group is not widely accepted in the scientific community, but rather can be seen as reciprocal altruism, expecting the same behaviour from others, a benefit of living in a group. Sociobiologists argued that behaviours that benefited a whole group of animals might emerge as a result of selection pressures acting solely on the individual. A gene-centered view of evolution proposes that behaviours that enabled a gene to become wider established within a population would become positively selected for, even if their effect on individuals or the species as a whole was detrimental;

In the case of communication, an important discussion by John Krebs and Richard Dawkins established hypotheses for the evolution of such apparently altruistic or mutualistic communications as alarm calls and courtship signals to emerge under individual selection. This led to the realization that communication might not always be "honest" (indeed, there are some obvious examples where it is not, as in mimicry). The possibility of evolutionarily stable dishonest communication has been the subject of much controversy, with Amotz Zahavi in particular arguing that it cannot exist in the long term. Sociobiologists have also been concerned with the evolution of apparently excessive signaling structures such as the peacock's tail; it is widely thought that these can only emerge as a result of sexual selection, which can create a positive feedback process that leads to the rapid exaggeration of a characteristic that confers an advantage in a competitive mate-selection situation.

One theory to explain the evolution of traits like a peacock's tail is 'runaway selection'. This requires two traits—a trait that exists, like the bright tail, and a preexisting bias in the female to select for that trait. Females prefer the more elaborate tails, and thus those males are able to mate successfully. Exploiting the psychology of the female, a positive feedback loop is enacted and the tail becomes bigger and brighter. Eventually, the evolution will level off because the survival costs to the male do not allow for the trait to be elaborated any further. Two theories exist to explain runaway selection. The first is the good genes hypothesis. This theory states that an elaborate display is an honest signal of fitness and truly is a better mate. The second is the handicap hypothesis. This explains that the peacock's tail is a handicap, requiring energy to keep and makes it more visible to predators. Thus, the signal is costly to maintain, and remains an honest indicator of the signaler's condition. Another assumption is that the signal is more costly for low quality males to produce than for higher quality males to produce. This is simply because the higher quality males have more energy reserves available to allocate to costly signaling.

Cognitive aspects
Ethologists and sociobiologists have characteristically analysed animal communication in terms of more or less automatic responses to stimuli, without raising the question of whether the animals concerned understand the meaning of the signals they emit and receive. That is a key question in animal cognition. There are some signalling systems that seem to demand a more advanced understanding. A much discussed example is the use of alarm calls by vervet monkeys. Robert Seyfarth and Dorothy Cheney showed that these animals emit different alarm calls in the presence of different predators (leopards, eagles, and snakes), and the monkeys that hear the calls respond appropriately—but that this ability develops over time, and also takes into account the experience of the individual emitting the call. Metacommunication, discussed above, also seems to require a more sophisticated cognitive process.

It has been reported  that bottlenose dolphins can recognize identity information from whistles even when otherwise stripped of the characteristics of the whistle; making dolphins the only animals other than humans that have been shown to transmit identity information independent of the caller's voice or location. The paper concludes that:

Human behaviour
Another controversial issue is the extent to which human behaviours resemble animal communication, or whether all such communication has disappeared as a result of our linguistic capacity. Some of our bodily features—eyebrows, beards and moustaches, deep adult male voices, perhaps female breasts—strongly resemble adaptations to producing signals. Ethologists such as Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt have argued that facial gestures such as smiling, grimacing, and the eyebrow flash on greeting are universal human communicative signals that can be related to corresponding signals in other primates. Given how recently spoken language has emerged, it is very likely that human body language does include some more or less involuntary responses that have a similar origin to the communication we have.

Humans also often seek to mimic animals' communicative signals in order to interact with them. For example, cats have a mild affiliative response of slowly closing their eyes; humans often mimic this signal towards a pet cat to establish a tolerant relationship. Stroking, petting and rubbing pet animals are all actions that probably work through their natural patterns of interspecific communication.

Dogs have shown an ability to understand human communication. In object choice tasks, dogs utilize human communicative gestures such as pointing and direction of gaze in order to locate hidden food and toys. However, in contrast to humans pointing has a different meaning for dogs as it refers to a direction or location. It has also been shown that dogs exhibit a left gaze bias when looking at human faces, indicating that they are capable of reading human emotions. Dogs do not make use of direction of gaze or exhibit left gaze bias with other dogs.

A new approach in the 21st century in the field of animal communication uses applied behavioural analysis, specifically functional communication training. This form of training previously has been used in schools and clinics with humans with special needs, such as children with autism, to help them develop language. Sean Senechal at the AnimalSign Center has been using an approach similar to functional communication training with domesticated animals, such as dogs since 2004 and horses since 2000, with encouraging results and benefits to the animals and people. Functional communication training for animals, Senechal calls "Animal Sign Language". This includes teaching communication through gestures (like simplified American sign language), Picture Exchange Communication System, tapping, and vocalisation. The process for animals includes simplified and modified techniques.

Linguistics

For linguistics, the interest of animal communication systems lies in their similarities to and differences from human language:

 Human languages are characterized for having a double articulation (in the characterization of French linguist André Martinet). It means that complex linguistic expressions can be broken down in meaningful elements (such as morphemes and words), which in turn are composed of smallest phonetic elements that affect meaning, called phonemes. Animal signals, however, do not exhibit this dual structure.
 In general, animal utterances are responses to external stimuli, and do not refer to matters removed in time and space. Matters of relevance at a distance, such as distant food sources, tend to be indicated to other individuals by body language instead, for example wolf activity before a hunt, or the information conveyed in honeybee dance language. It is therefore unclear to what extent utterances are automatic responses and to what extent deliberate intent plays a part.
 In contrast to human language, animal communication systems are usually not able to express conceptual generalizations. (Cetaceans and some primates may be notable exceptions).
 Human languages combine elements to produce new messages (a property known as creativity). One factor in this is that much human language growth is based upon conceptual ideas and hypothetical structures, both being far greater capabilities in humans than animals. This appears far less common in animal communication systems, although current research into animal culture is still an ongoing process with many new discoveries.  In 2009 it was reported that affixation may play a role in the call meanings of Campbell's mona monkey.

Errors in communication
There becomes possibility for error within communication between animals when certain circumstances apply. These circumstances could include distance between the two communicating subjects, as well as the complexity of the signal that is being communicated to the "listener" of the situation. It may not always be clear to the "listener" where the location of the communication is coming from, as the "singer" can sometimes deceive them and create more error.

See also

 Animal consciousness
 Anthrozoology (human–animal studies)
 Biocommunication
 Biosemiotics
 Body language
 Dear enemy effect and Nasty neighbour effect
 Deception in animals
 Degeneracy (biology)
 Emotion in animals
 Forms of activity and interpersonal relations
 Human–animal communication
 International Society for Biosemiotic Studies
 Origin of language
 Origin of speech
 Sir Philip Sidney game
 Talking animal
 Zoomusicology
 Zoosemiotics

References

External links

 Animal Communicator – Documentary
 Zoosemiotics: animal communication on the web
 The Animal Communication Project
 International Bioacoustics Council research on animal language.
 Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior research on animal vocalizations.
 Animal Sounds different animal sounds to listen and download.
 The British Library Sound Archive contains over 150,000 recordings of animal sounds and natural atmospheres from all over the world.

Semiotics
Zoosemiotics
Interspecies communication

Animal communication


Kulma est le deuxième album du groupe finlandais de musique électronique Pan Sonic (qui à cette date opère encore sous le nom Panasonic). Le titre finnois signifie "angle". Après la sortie du premier album, Vakio (1995), Sami Salo a quitté le groupe. Kulma est donc enregistré par le duo constitué de Mika Vainio et Ilpo Väisänen. Sa sortie est suivie par une tournée européenne, durant laquelle Panasonic accompagne le groupe Swans.

Production
Comme sur ses précédentes publications, le groupe utilise des instruments originaux conçus par Jari Lehtinen, qui est crédité dans la notice de l'album sous la désignation "Panasonic Technics".

Accueil critique
Dans sa critique pour AllMusic, François Couture décrit Kulma comme un "chef-d'œuvre de techno expérimentale" qui a "résisté à l'épreuve du temps". Le compositeur Jóhann Jóhannsson, en 2016, cite Kulma dans une liste de 13 albums qui correspondent à sa philosophie du minimalisme: "de petits gestes pour un impact maximal".

Liste des morceaux

Références

Liens externes

Album musical sorti en 1997

Kulma


Malinniki (, ) ist ein Ort in der russischen Oblast Kaliningrad. Er gehört zur kommunalen Selbstverwaltungseinheit Stadtkreis Gurjewsk im Rajon Gurjewsk.

Geographische Lage
Malinniki liegt 15 Kilometer östlich der Oblasthauptstadt Kaliningrad (Königsberg) und zwei Kilometer nordöstlich von Nisowje (Waldau) an einer Nebenstraße, die nach Pobedino (Legitten) führt. Bis 1945 war Spitzings Bahnstation an der Strecke von Königsberg (Preußen) über Possindern (russisch: Roschtschino) nach Tapiau (Gwardeisk), betrieben von der Königsberger Kleinbahn.

Geschichte
Das bis 1946 Spitzings genannte Gutsdorf kam 1874 zum Amtsbezirk Groß Legden (russische: Dobroje) im Landkreis Königsberg (Preußen), 1938 bis 1945 Landkreis Samland im Regierungsbezirk Königsberg der preußischen Provinz Ostpreußen. Am 1. Dezember 1910 waren im Gutsbezirk Spitzings 79 Einwohner registriert. Am 30. September 1928 wurde Spitzings in die neu formierte Landgemeinde Wargienen (russisch: Aprelewka) eingemeindet. Vor 1945 bestand in Spitzings eine Ackerbauschule.

1945 kam Spitzings mit dem nördlichen Ostpreußen zur Sowjetunion. Im Jahr 1950 erhielt der Ort die russische Bezeichnung Malinniki und wurde gleichzeitig dem Dorfsowjet Jaroslawski selski Sowet im Rajon Gurjewsk zugeordnet. Später gelangte der Ort in den Nisowski selski Sowet. Von 2008 bis 2013 gehörte Malinniki zur Landgemeinde Niwenskoje selskoje posselenije und seither zum Stadtkreis Gurjewsk.

Kirche
Die vor 1945 fast ausnahmslos evangelische Einwohnerschaft von Spitzings war in das Kirchspiel der Kirche Arnau (russisch: Rodniki) eingepfarrt und gehörte zum Kirchenkreis Königsberg-Land II innerhalb der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union. Heute liegt Malinniki im Einzugsbereich der in den 1990er Jahren neu errichteten evangelisch-lutherischen Auferstehungskirche in Kaliningrad (Königsberg) innerhalb der Propstei Kaliningrad der Evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Europäisches Russland (ELKER).

Weblinks
 Malinniki bei bankgorodov.ru

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Rajon Gurjewsk (Kaliningrad)

Malinniki (Kaliningrad)


Due sorelle amano est un film italien réalisé par Jacopo Comin, sorti en 1950. Il s'agit de la version italienne de Orage d'été réalisé par Jean Gehret en 1949.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Due sorelle amano
 Réalisation : Jacopo Comin
 Scénario : Jacopo Comin, Louis Chavance et Michel Davet
 Photographie : Giorgio Orsini
 Montage : Otello Colangeli
 Musique : Marcel Delannoy
 Pays d'origine : Italie
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,37:1 - Mono
 Genre : drame
 Durée : 95 minutes
 Date de sortie : 1950

Distribution
 Jone Salinas : Maria Pia
 Eleonora Rossi Drago : Marilù, la sœur de Maria Pia
 Maria Grazia Francia : l'autre sœur
 Peter Trent : Tom
 Gaby Morlay : la mère
 Carlo Tamberlani : le père
 Marina Vlady

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1950
Film dramatique italien
Film italien en noir et blanc

Due sorelle amano


Naselja u BiH:
 Rakite (Donji Vakuf, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u općini Donji Vakuf
 Rakite (Pale, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u općini Pale

Rakite


Einingarríki er ríki sem byggir á sterku miðlægu ríkisvaldi þar sem staðbundin stjórnvöld svo sem sveitar- eða héraðsstjórnir hafa afmarkað hlutverk og minni völd. Einingarríki er andstaðan við sambandsríki. Munurinn er sá að í sambandsríki er litið svo á að hið miðlæga ríkisvald sé samband smærri stjórnsýslueininga (s.s. fylkja í Bandaríkjunum eða sambandslanda í Þýskalandi) og fari með vald sitt í umboði þessara smærri eininga á meðan miðlæg stjórnvöld í einingarríkjum fara með ríkisvaldið í grunninn en framselja það mögulega til staðbundinna stjórnvalda í mismunandi mæli. Tilvist smærri stjórnsýslueininganna í sambandsríki er gjarnan tryggð með stjórnarskrá þannig að hið miðlæga ríkisvald geti ekki afnumið eða breytt tilhögun þeirra án samþykkis þeirra en í einingarríkjum hafa miðlæg stjórnvöld frjálsari hendur með slíkar breytingar.

Þó að land teljist til einingarríkis getur vel verið að hlutar landsins hafi mikla sjálfsstjórn og mögulega heimastjórn. Þannig hefur Skotland til að mynda eigið þing og mikla sjálfstjórn innan Bretlands en samkvæmt breskri stjórnskipan gæti breska þingið þó fræðilega afnumið heimastjórn Skotlands með einfaldri lagasetningu þar sem heimastjórnin fer aðeins með þau völd sem hún hefur fengið sérstaklega framseld frá miðlægum stjórnvöldum Bretlands.

Flest lönd í heiminum eru einingarríki. 166 af 193 aðildarríkjum Sameinuðu þjóðanna teljast einingarríki.

Tegundir stjórnarfars

Einingarríki