Troll A platformu gaz üretimi için çok büyük bir platformdur ve en büyükler arasındadır ve tarihin en karmaşık mühendislik projeleri arasında gösterilir. Norske Shell şirketi için Norwegian Contractors tarafından inşa edilmiştir. Platform, 1996 yılında Kuzey Denizi'ndeki yerine götürülürken televizyondan da gösterilmiştir. Platform, Equinor (ex Statoil) tarafından işletilmektedir.

Boyutları
Troll A'nın toplam yüksekliği 472 metre ve ağırlığı 656,000 tondur. İnsanoğlunun şu ana kadar yaptığı hareketli yüksek yapılardan ayrı tutulmalıdır. Platform deniz seviyesinden 303 metre aşağıdaki yüzeyin üzerine yerleştirilmiştir. Troll A'nın duvarlarını oluşturan ayakları 1 m kalınlığındadır.

İnşası
Temel ve güverte bölümleri ayrı ayrı inşa edilmiştir (başlangıç 1991-1992). Birleştirilme işlemi temel kısmı kısmen batırıldıktan sonra gerçekleştirildi. Troll platformu Rogaland'a bağlı Vats'dan 200 km uzak, Bergen'nin 80 km kuzey-batısında bulunan Troll petrol sahasına taşındı. Taşıma işlemi yedi gün sürdü. Platform derin kazık teknolojisiyle güçlendirilmiş beton tekniği kullanılarak inşa edildi.

İşletme
40 kuyudan doğalgaz üretimi yapılmaktadır ve birkaç boru hattı ile nakledilmektedir.

Notlar
2006 yılında Statoil'in Troll gaz üretiminde işletmenliğinin 10. yıl kutlamalarında Katie Melua Troll A platformu üzerinde bir konser vermiştir. Çalışanları eğlendirilmesinin yanı sıra konser sahnesinin deniz tabanın 303 metre yukarısında bulunması sebebiyle dünya rekoru kırılmıştır.

Dipnotlar

Dış bağlantılar
 Structurae: Troll
 Offshore-Technology.com: Troll
 Troll resimleri

Petrol platformları
Doğalgaz
Norveç ekonomisi
Kuzey Denizi
Equinor

Troll A platformu


Die römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche Altpölla steht auf einer Anhöhe im Westen des Ortes Altpölla in der Marktgemeinde Pölla im Bezirk Zwettl in Niederösterreich. Die auf Mariä Himmelfahrt geweihte Kirche gehört zum Dekanat Horn in der Diözese St. Pölten und ist eine der ältesten Pfarrkirchen im Waldviertel. Die gotische Staffelkirche mit romanischem Kern steht unter .

Baugeschichte
Der ursprüngliche Bau, eine romanische Ostturmkirche mit vermuteter Rundapsis, wurde vor und in der Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts in zwei Bauphasen errichtet. Um 1300 wurde er südlich um eine Kapelle mit Gruft erweitert. Aus dem zweiten Drittel des 14. Jahrhunderts stammt der gotische Chor. Nach Zerstörung durch die Hussiten um die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts wurde das aus dem 14. Jahrhundert stammende Nordschiff sowie die Sakristei wiedererrichtet und das mit 1467 bezeichnete Südschiff neu gebaut. 1898 wurde der neugotische Kirchturm und im Jahr 1906 der Treppenturm an der Nordseite errichtet. 1951 bis 1954 wurde die Kirche restauriert.

Außenbau
Das Äußere der Kirche wurde im Laufe der Zeit mehrmals umgestaltet und ist heute durch die gotischen Erweiterungen geprägt. Das breit gelagerte Langhaus aus heute unverputztem Bruchsteinmauerwerk hat ein hohes, geknicktes Satteldach. Die romanische Westfront ist im Bereich des Mittelschiffs von Spitzbogenfenstern und an der Seite von zwei romanischen Rundbogenfenstern durchbrochen. Im neugotischen Portalvorbau befinden sich Rundbogenfenster zwischen Strebepfeilern. Der Kapellenchor im Südosten ist frühgotisch. Er hat Maßwerkfenster und einen Fünfachtelschluss. Von dem Chorquadrat erhebt sich über der romanischen Basis ein neugotischer Turm mit spitzbogigen Schallfenstern, Uhrengaupen und einem spitzen Walmdach. 1906 wurde der polygonale, neugotische Treppenturm an der Nordseite errichtet. Der hochgotische Chor mit zweistufigen Strebepfeilern besitzt zweiteilige Maßwerkfenster. Der Sakristeianbau an der Nordseite mit Rundbogenfenster und kleinem gotischen Vierpassfenster stammt aus der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts und wurde im 18. Jahrhundert erweitert.

Inneres
Das romanische Mittelschiff des dreischiffigen Langhauses war ursprünglich flach gedeckt, wurde jedoch in der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts mit einem dreijochigen Kreuzrippengewölbe auf abgefasten Diensten mit Wappen- und Rosettenschlusssteinen eingewölbt und in Spitzbogenarkaden zu den Seitenschiffen geöffnet. Am Dachboden ist unter den Ansätzen der ehemaligen Holzdecke noch ein frühgotisches Fries – eine Schablonenmalerei aus der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts – zu sehen. Die Musikempore im Mittelschiff ist von einem Flachbogen unterwölbt und wird 1706 urkundlich erwähnt.

Am östlichen Ende des Mittelschiffs liegt das romanische Chorquadrat aus der ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts. Daran schließt leicht erhöht der zweijochige Chor mit Fünfachtelschluss an. Er hat ein Kreuzrippengewölbe auf gekehlten Kapitellen mit Kaffgesimsen und Hornkonsolen. Die Reliefs der drei Schlusssteine des Gewölbes stellen das Lamm Gottes, die Sonne und den Mond dar. Die spitzbogige Sessionsnische im Chor stammt vermutlich aus dem 15. Jahrhundert.

Die leicht erhöhte, einjochige Südkapelle mit Chorjoch dient heute als Chor des südlichen Seitenschiffs. Sie hat einen spitzbogigen Chorbogen und wie das Mittelschiff einen Fünfachtelschluss. Bündeldienste tragen ein Kreuzrippengewölbe mit Rosettenschlusssteinen. Das Südschiff hat drei kreuzrippengewölbte Joche und ist am mittleren Schlussstein mit 1467 bezeichnet. Ein spätgotisches, verstäbtes Schulterbogenportal führt zum Choraufgang.

Das kreuzrippengewölbte Nordschiff verfügte ursprünglich über fünf Joche. Das westliche Joch wurde in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts beim Einbau der Empore abgemauert.

Wandmalerei
Im Chorjoch der Südkapelle befindet sich eine Wandmalerei aus der ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts, welche die Mantelspende des Heiligen Martin von Tours darstellt. Das Fresko wurde während der Restaurierung der Kirche im Jahr 1954 freigelegt und gesichert.

Einrichtung
Der neugotische Hochaltar mit der Figurengruppe Mariä Himmelfahrt und Krönung, flankiert von den Heiligen Leopold, Katharina und Barbara, wurde 1906 von Michael Plakolb und Michael Hochmuth angefertigt. Der Altar des südlichen Seitenschiffs hat eine Marmormensa von Josef Friedl aus dem Jahr 1954 mit einem Altarblatt Kreuzigung Christi aus der Zeit um 1780. Der Altar des nördlichen Seitenschiffs hat ein Altarblatt Herz Jesu, bezeichnet mit F. Mayerhofer 1884.

Vom Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts stammt die frühbarocke Kanzel mit Madonna und Evangelistenfiguren in Nischen zwischen gewundenen Säulen. Der Schalldeckel wird von zwei großen Engelsfiguren getragen.

Die Orgel wurde 1848 von Franz Jüstel angefertigt. Zur weiteren Ausstattung zählen: Konsolenstatuen der Heiligen Florian und Sebastian aus der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts; Figuren der Christuskrönung und der Schutzmantelmadonna von Paul Pleschke aus dem Jahr 1951; ein ehemaliges Hochaltarbild Mariä Himmelfahrt, bezeichnet mit J. L. Daysinger 1780 an der nördlichen Chorwand; Kreuzwegbilder von Eduard Hofecker aus dem Jahr 1932; ein barockes Taufbecken aus der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts mit einer Figurengruppe der Taufe Christi am Deckel. Die Kirchturmglocken stammen großteils aus dem 13. Jahrhundert; darunter ist das älteste Stück des Kircheninventars, eine 320 kg schwere, roh gegossene Septimglocke aus der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts, die eine der ältesten Glocken Niederösterreichs ist. Sie trägt die lateinische Inschrift ME RESONATE PIA MISERIS SVCVRRE MARIA AGLA TETRAGRAMMATON MESSIAS. Eine weitere Glocke wurde 1564 von Valentin Schreiber angefertigt.

Grabsteine
Zum Inventar der Kirche gehören mehrere Grabsteine und Grabplatten:

 Grabplatte mit Stangenkreuz einer 1303 verstorbenen Person.
 Wappengrabstein von Anna Ebingberger († 1441).
 Wappengrabstein von Elisabeth und Wilhelm Missingdorf aus dem Jahr 1487.
 Wappengrabstein von Rosina Rauber aus dem Jahr 1513.
 Marmorgrabstein der Zwettler Pröpste Johannes Wassewicz († 1600) und Jeronimus Bold.
 Wappengrabsteine von Haimeran Goldten († 1550) und Kaspar Dominitsch († 1570).
 Priestergrabsteine von Petrus Schmartius aus dem Jahr 1630 und Johann Josef Siberhofer von 1780.
 Inschriftengrabsteine: Maria Hölzlin, 1771; Bernhard Hölz, 1754; Johann Kreizinger, 1725; Cooperator Johann Georgius Rippl, 174.; Johannes Sporer, 18. Jahrhundert.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio (Begr.), Evelyn Benesch u. a. (Bearb.): Niederösterreich nördlich der Donau (Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs). Verlag Berger, Wien 2010, ISBN 978-3-85028-395-3, mit Grundrissdarstellung, S. 39–40.
 Friedrich B. Polleroß: Geschichte der Pfarre Altpölla 1132–1982. Altpölla 1982.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Altpolla
Altpolla
Altpolla

Altpolla
Pölla

Altpolla
Bauwerk der Romanik in Niederösterreich
Altpolla
Gotisches Bauwerk in Niederösterreich
Baudenkmal (Niederösterreich)
Altpolla
Altpolla

Pfarrkirche Altpölla


ألكان هالوجيني أو هاليدات الألكيل هي مجموعة من المركبات الكيميائية، تتألف من الألكانات، مثل الميثان أو الإيثان، مع هالوجين واحد أو أكثر متصلة، مثل الكلور أو الفلور، جاعلا منهم نوعا من الهاليدات العضوية. وتعرف تحت أسماء كيميائية وتجارية عديدة. وهي ذات استخدامات عديدة، مثل معوقات اللهب وومطافئ الحريق ووسطاء التبريد والدوافع والمذيبات.

ولقد ثبت أن بعض الألكانات الهالوجينية الحاوية على الكلور أو البروم، ذات تأثيرات سلبية على البيئة مثل نضوب الأوزون. أكبر مجموعة معروفة من الألكانات الهالوجينية هي مركبات الكلوروفلوروكربون وهي انبعاثات كاربونية تحتوي على عنصر الكربون C ورمزها CFC وتساهم كثيرا في حدوث ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري.

طالع أيضاً
 هاليد الأريل
 هالو الميثان

مراجع

تلوث
غازات دفيئة
مجموعات وظيفية
مواد تثليج
هاليدات عضوية

هاليد الألكيل


Alex Sandro Lobo Silva (), cunoscut ca Alex Sandro, este un fotbalist brazilian. Joacă pe postul de lateral stâng la Juventus F. C. în Serie A din Italia.

Referințe

Fotbaliști brazilieni
Fotbaliști ai lui Juventus
Fotbaliști ai FC Porto
Nașteri în 1991
Fotbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012

Alex Sandro


Gustavo "Guga" Kuerten (; born 10 September 1976) is a Brazilian former world No. 1 tennis player. He won the French Open singles title three times (1997, 2000, and 2001), and was the Tennis Masters Cup  champion in 2000. During his career he won 20 singles and 8 doubles titles.

Kuerten suffered many problems with injuries which resulted in his non-attendances at many tournaments in 2002 and between 2004 and 2008. After two hip surgeries and a few failed attempted comebacks, he retired from top-level tennis in May 2008. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2012.

In 2016, Kuerten was asked to be a torch bearer for the Rio Olympics.

Professional career
As a junior player in South America, Kuerten won many of the most important tournaments in the region. He often played in an age group above his.

After two years as a professional, Kuerten rose to the position of No. 2 player in Brazil, behind Fernando Meligeni, and he had his then highest point by helping the Brazil Davis Cup team defeat Austria in 1996 and reach the competition's first division, the World Group.

Following his unexpected victory in the 1997 French Open – which was not only his maiden ATP Tour victory but also the first time he had reached a professional ranking final – Kuerten had a difficult year and a half, adjusting to his sudden fame and the pressure of being expected to win. 1998 was the worst year in his career that was not related to injuries. The pressure for him to become an "ambassador" for tennis in Brazil was made evident after his early defeat to a then unknown Marat Safin in the 1998 French Open: the entire body of Brazilian journalists that had been dispatched to Paris to cover the event immediately returned home, leaving the rest of the tournament unaccounted for in Brazil.

Like many South American players, his favorite court surface is clay. He won three Grand Slam titles, all of them at the French Open, played on the red clay courts of Roland Garros. He won these titles in 1997, 2000 and 2001. In every one of the three French Open victories he defeated Russia's Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the quarterfinals and two top 10 players on his way to the title. Kuerten became the world No. 1 player in 2000.

Kuerten won at least one title a year between 1997 and 2004. The streak came to an end in 2005, when injuries and below-average performances kept him from winning tournaments. He was also a regular participant for Brazil in the Davis Cup.

1997: Entering the top 10

Fresh from winning a Challenger title, Kuerten unexpectedly won the 1997 French Open, the first Brazilian to win a Grand Slam singles title since Maria Bueno at the 1966 U.S. Open. The tournament was only his third grand slam, setting a record for any player in the open era, tied with Mats Wilander. He remains the only player to win a Challenger and a Grand Slam in consecutive weeks. Victories over former champions of the previous four French Opens – Thomas Muster (1995) in the third round in five sets, Yevgeny Kafelnikov (1996) in the quarterfinals in five sets and Sergi Bruguera (1993, 1994) in the final – make him the third-lowest ranked Grand Slam Champion (ranked 66th), and his victory led to him entering the Association of Tennis Professionals top 20. Only Mark Edmondson (ranked 212th) and Goran Ivanišević (ranked 125th) were ranked lower than Kuerten when winning a Grand Slam singles title.

He received his French Open trophy from former champions Björn Borg and Guillermo Vilas. When called to the stage to receive the winner's trophy, Kuerten reverently bowed a few times to his childhood idol Borg, who was waiting at the top of the stairs to shake his hand. Later, during the ceremony, Vilas whispered something in Kuerten's ear that caused him to laugh during the speech of the chairman of the event. Kuerten later refused to reveal what it was that Vilas had said, claiming it would be inelegant to do so, but journalists that were equipped with powerful lenses were able to read Vilas's lips, and it was revealed that he had said in Spanish something like: "Get ready kid, it's going to rain women on your lap!".

1999: Top 5 debut
He established himself as the leading clay court player of his generation in 1999, and he became one of three South Americans to complete the year in the top 10 in all the history of the ATP rankings. In April he won the Monte-Carlo Masters beating the Chilean Marcelo Ríos. In May he won the Rome Masters, beating Patrick Rafter in the final. In June he reached the quarterfinals at the French Open, losing to unseeded eventual runner-up Andriy Medvedev. At Wimbledon, he became the first Brazilian to reach the quarterfinals since Thomaz Koch in 1968. He was defeated by Andre Agassi in the quarterfinals, but had lost just one set until that stage. In July, he defeated Sébastien Grosjean 9–7 in the fifth set of the 1999 Davis Cup quarterfinal between Brazil and France. That match lasted 4 hours and 43 minutes. He also became the first Brazilian to qualify for the ATP Tennis Masters Cup, today known as the Nitto ATP Finals, winning a match but failing to get past round robin.

2000: World No. 1
After another solid clay court swing, Kuerten won his second French Open title by defeating Magnus Norman (who had beaten him a few weeks earlier in the final of the Rome Masters) on his 11th match point. Kuerten became the first South American to finish the year as World No. 1 in the history of the ATP rankings (since 1973). It was a close contest with young up-and-comer Marat Safin at the year's last event, the Tennis Masters Cup (in its first year under that name) in Lisbon, Portugal, with one loss meaning that Safin would have been No. 1. Despite Safin having 4 chances to finish the year as world No. 1, Kuerten defied all odds and finished the year at No. 1 by beating Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi in back-to-back matches on an indoor hard court. He broke an eight-year hold of players from the U.S. on the year-end No. 1 position. He also became the first South American to finish in Top 5 in consecutive years since Guillermo Vilas of Argentina in 1977–78.

2001: Continued dominance, start of injuries
In 2001, he won his third French Open crown, joining former greats Björn Borg (6), Ivan Lendl (3) and Mats Wilander (3) with three or more French Open titles in the Open Era; former champion Jim Courier presented him with the trophy. His road to the title saw him save a match point against fourth round opponent Michael Russell. He also won the biggest hardcourt title of his career in August at the Cincinnati Masters, where he defeated Patrick Rafter in the final. At the US Open he was seeded first but lost in the quarterfinals in straight sets to seventh-seeded Yevgeni Kafelnikov.

Injuries started to plague Kuerten as he lost 8 of the next 9 matches to conclude the year. Despite being the favorite to finish as world No. 1 for the second consecutive year, his poor season ending showing saw Lleyton Hewitt overtake him. He led the ATP in prize money for the second straight year, with US$4,091,004.

2004
At the Australian Open Kuerten reached the third round for the first, and only, time in his career by defeating Ivan Ljubičić in the second round in four sets but subsequently lost to Paradorn Schrichapan. In an injury-ridden year, Kuerten won one ATP Tour title, which he did at home, by winning the Brasil Open for the second time. In that year, the tournament had been moved from September to February, and the surface had been changed from hard to clay, as a result of a compromise with the Buenos Aires Open, in Argentina, and the Viña del Mar Open, in Chile, to tighten up a clear South American tournament circuit. With his victory, Kuerten became the only player to win the title on both surfaces, having previously won it in 2002.

Kuerten was responsible for the only defeat of Roger Federer in a Grand Slam event in 2004. In Kuerten's only previous encounter against Federer on clay, in the Hamburg Masters 2002, Federer defeated Kuerten 6–0, 1–6, 6–2. When they met again in the third round at the French Open in 2004, it was Federer who was in dominant form, the world no. 1, and expected to win against the injury-ridden Kuerten. Instead, it was Kuerten who overpowered and dominated Federer, beating him in straight sets. This would remain the last time that Federer was defeated in any Grand Slam prior to the quarterfinals stage until his round 2 loss against Serhiy Stakhovsky at Wimbledon in 2013.

On 1 September Kuerten announced that he would be withdrawing from the ATP Tour for an indefinite period of time, in order to undergo detailed exams of his operated hip, which had reportedly started to bother him again. He did not play again for the rest of the year.

2006
In the first months of 2006, injuries and weak performances kept Kuerten from reclaiming his status as a top world player. Ranked out of the top 200, Kuerten was no longer the top player in Brazil (currently behind Ricardo Mello and Flávio Saretta) and was expected to need wildcards to play any of the main tournaments of the season. His main attempt to come back, at the 2006 Brasil Open, was cut short in the first round. Following this debacle, Kuerten managed to obtain wildcards to play in the two North American Masters Series events, Miami and Indian Wells, but injuries forced Kuerten to withdraw from both. The French Tennis Federation had announced that Kuerten, as a three-time champion, would have every chance of being granted a wildcard to play at the 2006 French Open, provided that he managed to remain active throughout the 2006 season leading up to the French Open. Because Kuerten had been inactive in the Men's Tour since mid-February, he was not granted the wildcard to play, thus missing the French Open for the first time in his professional career.

2007
Kuerten's form did not improve in 2007. Because his ranking was not high enough to qualify for ATP Tour tournaments, Kuerten relied on wild cards to enter those events. Kuerten finished with a 2–7 win–loss record for the year. In November, Gustavo Kuerten's younger brother, Guilherme, who had cerebral palsy, died.

2008
Kuerten made an announcement that he expected 2008 to be his final year of play. Kuerten chose to devise his schedule around tournaments that had sentimental value to him, such as the French Open, the Brasil Open, and the Miami Masters. After two first-round defeats in singles (Costa do Sauípe, l. to Berlocq and Miami, l. to Grosjean), Kuerten won his first ATP Masters Series level match in a long time, partnering Nicolás Lapentti, in Miami, against Feliciano López and Fernando Verdasco.

Retirement
On 25 May 2008, Gustavo Kuerten played his last professional singles match in front of 15,000 spectators at Roland Garros. He arrived on court wearing his 'lucky' uniform, the same blue & yellow one that he wore in 1997 when he won his first French Open tournament. Despite saving a match point against his opponent Paul-Henri Mathieu, he finally lost in three sets (6–3, 6–4, 6–2)—his result in the final of French Open in 1997. He was honored after the game by the tournament organizers and by all the fans present for what he has achieved throughout his career.

Playing style
Kuerten embraced the baseline style of play, with heavy topspin on his ground strokes and a solid serve that enabled him to wear down his opponents from the back of the court. Kuerten, however, emphasized offensive baseline play as opposed to the traditional defensive baseline play favoured by classic clay court specialists, and unlike them, his first serve was his biggest weapon. He played right-handed with a single-handed backhand using a western grip. The arcing backhand played with topspin was his trademark shot. He was one of the earliest adopters to play with polyester strings which allowed him to swing for pace and at the same time create the topspin needed to control the ball.

Davis Cup

Kuerten was first called to play for Brazil in the Davis Cup in 1996, when he became the second-best ranked player in the country (to Fernando Meligeni). Since then, Kuerten has always answered the invitations to play, claiming that it was a unique opportunity to represent his country.

In the 1999 and 2000 seasons, Kuerten took criticism from his fans, who accused him of not giving 100% in the Davis Cup matches. They claimed he was more concerned with sparing his energy for the ATP tournaments. At one point, Kuerten interrupted a match to argue with a fan who had shouted out for him to apply himself to the match at hand.

In 2004, following the country's unexpected defeat to Canada in the Repechage match, and the country's demotion to the American Group I after having been defeated by Sweden in that year's First Round, discontent with the politics of the Brazilian Tennis Confederation spilled over. Kuerten refused to play for Brazil in the American Group I. The unexpected firing of then captain of the Brazilian team, Ricardo Accioly, was the trigger. Kuerten thought it was an arbitrary decision, since it was made without consulting the players. In his view that was just the last in a sequence of questionable decisions made by organization's board.

All other professional Brazilian players followed Kuerten's lead, as well as the newly appointed captain, former player Jaime Oncins. As a result, Brazil had to play the first round in the Zonal Group with a team made up of junior players (which was only possible after much negotiation, during which time the country was at risk of forfeiting the Round, which would have resulted in automatic demoting to the American Group II), which resulted in a defeat and the possibility of demotion to the American Group II.

The protest continued, and as a result, Brazil had to play the Repechage match again with a junior team, and was demoted to the American Group II for the 2005 season. As of 2005, following the fall of the BTC board in the aftermath of the protest, Kuerten and the other players have decided to return to the team, now captained by former player Fernando Meligeni. Kuerten, however, had to delay his return beyond the end of the players' strike, since his hip injuries kept him off courts between September 2004 and May 2005. He returned in the Tie with the Netherlands Antilles, valid for the Second Round of the American Zonal Group II, which was played in Santa Catarina, Brazil (on clay) between July 15 and July 17, 2005.

Equipment and sponsors
During his career, Kuerten used Head racquets with Luxilon polyester strings. He wore Diadora clothes, changing them on a short period for Olympikus and Head. In 2012, after his retirement, he signed a sponsor deal with French brands Lacoste (for clothes) and Peugeot (for TV commercials). Kuerten also has his own clothes and glasses brand, named "Guga Kuerten".

Personal life
Kuerten was born in Florianópolis in southern Brazil. He began playing tennis when he was six, an early start to a life and career marked by family tragedy. His father, Aldo, a former amateur tennis player, died of a heart attack in 1985 while umpiring a junior tennis match in Curitiba, when Kuerten was eight years old. His older brother, Raphael, is currently his business manager. His youngest brother, Guilherme, suffered prolonged oxygen deprivation and consequently irreparable brain damage during birth, and as a result suffered from mental retardation and severe physical disability until his death in 2007. Kuerten was deeply affected by his brother's daily struggles, later donating the entire prize money from one tournament he has won every year of his professional career so far to a hometown NGO that provides assistance for people suffering from similar disabilities. He gave every trophy he won to his younger brother as a souvenir, including the three miniature replicas of the French Open men's singles trophy.

As a young player, Kuerten first learned from Carlos Alves. Alves would continue to coach Kuerten for the next 8 years. When he was 14 years old, Kuerten met Larri Passos who would be his coach for the following 15 years. Passos convinced Kuerten and his family that the youth was talented enough to make a living out of playing tennis. The two started traveling all over the world to participate in junior tournaments. Kuerten turned professional in 1995.

In 2000, he founded the Gustavo Kuerten Institute, a non-profit philanthropic association based in Florianópolis in support of children and disabled people.

Since retirement he has settled down in his place of birth, the Brazilian island of Florianópolis, where he is an active member in the lakeside district of Lagoa da Conceição. He still enjoys teaching and playing tennis with the local enthusiasts. In his hometown, he is known as the "Cachorro Grande" ("Big Dog"). He is an avid surfer.

Kuerten was accepted to a drama course at CEART, the Center of Arts of Santa Catarina State University (UDESC) in Florianópolis. He began his studies there on 16 February 2009.

In November 2010, on his brother Guilherme's birthday, he married Mariana Soncini and the couple have a daughter and a son.

In October 2016 he was in court for tax evasion, related to income earned from copyright and image rights between 1995 and 2002, and in November was ordered to pay 7 million R$ (appr. US$2 million).

His favourite football team is Brazilian Avaí Futebol Clube. He is a distant cousin to model and TV presenter, Renata Kuerten.

Awards and honors
In 1998, 2002 and 2004 Kuerten received the Prix Orange Roland Garros Award for sportsmanship from the association of tennis journalists. In his homeland Brazil he was awarded the Prêmio Brasil Olímpico in 1999 and was named Athlete of the Year in 1999 and 2000. He received the ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year Award in 2003. Kuerten was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2012. In June 2016 he became their global ambassador, representing the organisation, especially in South America. In 2005, Tennis Magazine put him in 37th place in its list of "The 40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era".

In 2010, Kuerten was presented with the ITF's  highest accolade, the Philippe Chatrier Award, for his contributions to tennis. That same year he won the Mercosur Konex Award from Argentina as the best tennis player of South America in that decade.

Kuerten won the International Club's prestigious Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award in 2011.

On 16 February 2016, the central court of Rio Open was named after him, officially Guga Kuerten court.

On 5 August 2016, he relayed the Olympic Torch into Maracanã Stadium during the Opening Ceremonies for 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, relaying off to Hortencia Marcari.

Career statistics

Grand Slam performance timeline

Finals: 3 (3 titles)

Year-end championships performance timeline

Finals: 1 (1 title)

References

Further reading

External links

 Official site

1976 births
Brazilian male tennis players
French Open champions
French Open junior champions
Living people
Olympic tennis players for Brazil
Sportspeople from Florianópolis
Brazilian people of German descent
Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles
South American Games medalists in tennis
South American Games bronze medalists for Brazil
Competitors at the 1994 South American Games
ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players
ITF World Champions

Gustavo Kuerten


නිව් බ්‍රෝඩ්කාස්ටිං හවුස් ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන,  බ්‍රෝඩ්කාස්ටිං හවුස් යනු,   පෝට්ලන්ඩ් පෙදෙසෙහි සහ ලන්ඩනයෙහි ලෝංහැම් පෙදෙසෙහි පිහිටි, බීබීසී ආයතනයෙහි, මූලස්ථානය සහ ලියපදිංචි කාර්යාලය වෙයි. මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ල වෙතින් පළමු පුළුල්විදැහුම් විකාශය සිදුකෙරුණේ 1932 මාර්තු 15 දිනදී වන අතර, ගොඩනැගිල්ල නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත කෙරුණේ මැයි 15 දිනදීය. ප්‍රධාන ගොඩනැගිල්ල නිමවා ඇත්තේ ආට් ඩෙකෝ ආකෘතිය අනුව වන අතර, වානේ රාමුවක් මත  පෝට්ලන්ඩ් ගල් අතුරනු ලැබූ ගුණාංග දක්වයි. එය,  II* ශ්‍රේණියෙහි ලැයිස්තුගත ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් වන අතර, මැදිරි ප්‍රේක්ෂක ගණයක් ඉදිරියේ සංගීත සහ කථන වැඩසටහන් පටිගත කෙරෙන බීබීසී ගුවන්විදුලි රංග ශාලාව සහ 1998දී  ඉන් දරෙඩ්  බීබීසී රූපවාහිනී කථා මාලාව පටිගත කිරීමට භාවිතා කළ ප්‍රවේශ ශාලාව එහි අඩංගු වෙයි.

මැදිරි

මුල් අවදිය
එය මුලින්ම තැනුනු විට, බ්‍රෝඩ්කාස්ටිං හවුස් සතුව ගුවන්විදුලි මැදිරි  22 ක් වූ අතර  ඒවා සියළු වැඩසටහන් විභේද සඳහා භාවිතා කළ හැකි අයුරින් හා  ආට්-ඩෙකෝ මාදිළියට සැලසුම් කර තිබුණේ පෙනුම සහ ප්‍රායෝගිකත්වය යන දෙකම ගැන අවධානය යොමු කරමින්ය. මැදිරිවල සමස්ත ප්‍රයෝගිකත්වය විගසින් වෙනස් වූයේ කාලය පිළිබඳ සීමාවන් සහ පුළුල්විදැහුමෙහි ස්වභාවයෙහි හා මැදිරි භාවිතයේ වෙනස්වීම් නිසාය. මෙම මැදිරි වූයේ:

වර්තමාන
බ්‍රෝඩ්කාස්ටිං හවුස්හී යළි ගොඩනැගීම හා යළි සැකසීමෙන් පසුව, බොහෝ නව මැදිරි එක් කරන ලද අතර මැදිරි ව්‍යුහය වෙනස් වූයේ නාට්‍යකීය ලෙසිනි. වත්මන් මැදිරි වන්නේ:

මාධ්‍යවේදීන්ගේ  ස්මාරකය

බ්‍රෝඩ්කාස්ටිං හවුස්හී, නව ජෝන් පීල් පාර්ශවයෙහි පියස්ස මුදුනෙහි, ගුවන්විදුලි කුළුනට ඉදිරිපසින්, ගුවන්විදුලි කුළුනෙහි උසම දක්වා අහසට නැගෙන කේතු-හැඩැති ව්‍යුහයක් වෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

බ්‍රෝඩ්කාස්ටිං හවුස්


Notre Dame Katedrali (Fransızca: Cathédrale Notre Dame de Paris) Paris, Fransa'da bulunan dünyaca ünlü bir katedraldir. Meryem Ana'ya ithafen isimlendirilmiştir. Gotik yapı Île de la Cité'nin doğu kısmında, Paris'in diğer tüm önemli yapıları gibi Seine Nehri'nin kıyısında bulunur. Girişi batıya bakar.

Fransız gotik mimarisinin en güzide örneği olarak bilinen Notre Dame, ayrıca ilk gotik katedrallerden biridir ve gotik dönem boyunca inşası sürmüştür. Hristiyanlığın bölgeye ulaşmasından önce aynı konumda Gallo-Romen kültüre ait bir Jüpiter tapınağının yer aldığı düşünülmektedir.

Katedraldeki heykellerin ve işlemeli camların Orta Çağ Roma mimari üslubundan sonra pek görülmemiş bir dünyevilik içermesi, natüralizm akımının eserlerdeki ağır etkisi sebebiyledir.

Turistler açısından popüler bir yer olmasının yanı sıra, hâlen bir Roma Katolik katedrali olarak kullanılır ve Paris başpiskoposluğuna ev sahipliği yapar. (15 Şubat 2005'ten beri görevi André Vingt-Trois yürütmektedir.)

 Cité ile  Saint-Michel metro duraklarıyla Notre Dame Katedralı'na ulaşılabilir.

15 Nisan 2019'da çıkan bir yangın sebebiyle Katedralin büyük bir kısmı ağır hasar almıştır.

Bölümleri

Batı cephesi
Batı cephesi katedralin en ünlü kısmıdır. Birbirinden ayrılan üç parçadan oluşur ki, bu Roma mimari geleneğinden alınmıştır. En önemli kısımları şöyledir:

 Güney kule: katedralin çanı "Emmanuel"'i barındırır. Dökümü 1680-82 yıllarında yapılan Emmanuel, Notre Dame'ın en eski çanıdır. Diğerleri (8 adet kuzey kulesinde, 7 adet ortadaki "flèche" (ok) olarak adlandırılan bölümde ve Emmanuel ile birlikte güney kulesinde bulunan "kardeşi" Marie) Fransız devriminden sonra top yapılmak üzere eritilmiş, sadece Emmanuel kurtulabilmiştir.
 Galerie des Chimères ya da Büyük Galeri, iki kuleyi birleştirir ve katedralin efsanevi chimère'lerinin bulunduğu yerdir.
 Batı Gül Penceresi: 10 metre çapındadır. İşlemelerle süslü pencerenin birçok kısmı katedralin 13. yüzyıldaki inşasında oluşmuştur. Önünde kucağında bebek İsa ile birlikte bir Meryem Ana heykeli vardır.
 Krallar Galerisi: Yahuda ve İsrail'in 24 kralının heykellerinin sıralandığı koridordur. Bu kısım Fransız devrimi sonrasında hasar görmüş ve Viollet-le-Duc tarafından yeniden tasarlanmıştır. Devrimciler heykellerin Fransız krallarına ait olduğunu sanmış ve kafalarını koparmışlardır. (Bu kafalar 1977 yılında Paris'in 9.bölgesinde bulunmuş ve şu an Musée de Cluny'de sergilenmektedirler).
 Alttaki üç büyük kapı Meryem Ana (Meryem Ana Kapısı), Yeniden tahta çıkan İsa'nın on bakire de dahil olmak üzere yaşayan ve ölüleri yargılaması (Son Yargılama Kapısı) ve Meryem Ana'nın annesi Azize Anne'e (Azize Anne Kapısı) ait hikâyeler ile süslenmiştir.

Meryem Ana heykeli

Katedralde Meryem Ana'nın bir heykeli bulunur. ("Paris'in Bākiresi" olarak tanınır.) Zenginliğin bol olduğu dönemde katedrali şehrin gururu ve yeni ekonomik özgürlüğün bir sembolü olarak gören yerel tüccarlar tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Zayıf estetik görüntüsü yanı sıra pahalı dekorasyonu ile dikkat çeken bu heykel bazı gözlemcilere dini bir ibadetten ziyade kibirli bir zenginlik çağrışımı yapar.

Kuzey ve Güney Gül Pencereleri

Gül pencereler (rose window) kiliselerde ve özellikle gotik katedrallerde görülen, genellikle ön cephede, yuvarlak pencerelerdir. renkli camlar, desenler ve resimlerle süslü pencerelerde yine oymalar ve desenlerle süslenmiş çerçeveler kullanılır.

Notre Dame'ın iki kanadında bulunan bu pencereler geç gotik dönem bir tarza sahip olup 1250-1260 yılların arası yapılmıştır. Tarz batı façadedeki gömülü olan pencerenin aksine bunların duvarda kabarık bir şekilde durmasından anlaşılır, ki batıdaki pencere erken gotik dönem eseridir. Güneydeki pencerede Yeni Ahit'ten "İsa'nın zaferi" hikâye edilir.

Bu pencereler katedraldeki sayılı renkli camlı pencerelerden olması açısından dikkat çeker ve Avrupa'da özgün eserler olarak kalmayı başarmışlardır.

Payandalar
Notre Dame de Paris dünyada ana yapıdan ayrı payandaların kullanıldığı ilk binalardan biridir. Bina özgün tasarımında aslında bu payandalar yoktur. Ancak yapım başladıktan sonra gotik mimaride kullanılan ince duvarlar daha da yükseldikçe duvarlarda dışa doğru oluşan gerilimlerden dolayı çatlamalar başlamıştır. Daha fazla bozulmayı engellemek için destek sağlayan uçan payandalar düşünülmüştür. Uzun yıllar boyunca eleştirilmişler ve "birilerinin sökmeyi unuttuğu yapı iskeleleri" gibi durdukları söylenerek, katedrale "bitirilmemiş" bir hava verdikleri iddia edilmiştir.

Bazı rakamlar

 Güney kulesindeki "Emmanuel" adlı çan 13 ton gelir, yalnız tokmağı 500 kilodur.
 1631'de Emmanuel yeniden döküldüğünde kadınların ergimiş olan metale mücevherlerini attıkları ve çanın orijinal rengini buradan aldığı söylenir.
 Katedralin ana kubbesi 34 metre yüksekliktedir.
 Batı cephesindeki kuleler 69'ar metre yüksekliktedir.
 Çan kulesine gitgide daralan toplam 422 basamakla çıkılır.

Yapımı

1160 yılında Paris katedrali "Avrupa'nın krallarının bölge kilisesi" olduktan sonra Piskopos Maurice de Sully tarafından "mağrur görevi için yetersiz" bulundu ve "Paris piskoposu" unvanını aldıktan kısa süre sonra Sully katedrali yıktırdı. Efsaneye göre Sully Parisin yeni görkemli kilisesinin hayalini görmüş ve orijinal kilisenin dışına bu görüntüyü çizmiştir. Kilisenin yapımı için birçok evi yıktırmış ve malzemelerin taşınabilmesi için bir de yeni yol açtırmıştır.

1163'te Kral VII. Louis'nin hükümdarlığı döneminde başlamış olan inşaatın temel taşını Maurice de Sully'nin mi, yoksa Papa Alexander III'ün mü koyduğu tartışma konusudur, fakat her ikisinin de ilgili seremonide hazır bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Piskopos Sully ömrünün büyük kısmını ve parasını katedralin inşaatına vakfetmiştir.

Batı cephenin ve çarpıcı iki kulesinin yapımı 1200 yılları civarında, sahın henüz tamamlanmadan  başladı. Yapım süreci boyunca çok sayıda mimar çalıştı, ki değişik yüksekliklerde görülen değişik stillerin sebebi budur. 1210 ve 1220 yılları arasında dördüncü mimar gül pencerenin hizasını gördü ve 1245 yılında kuleler tamamlandı. Katedralin tamamlanması ise 1345'e uzanır.

Yıllar boyunca kiliseye pek çok org getirildiyse de, hiçbiri binanın yapısına uygun olmamıştır. İlk uygun org Cliquot tarafından 1700'lü yılların başlarında tamamlandı. Cliquot'nun eserinin bir kısmı günümüze kadar dayanmıştır, fakat org 19. yüzyılda Aristide Cavaille-Coll tarafından büyük ölçüde yeniden yapıldı. Ne katedral, ne de org Paris'in en büyüğü olmamasına rağmen Notre Dame'ın piyanisti şehrin en kıdemlisi addedilmiştir. Bu konuda 18. yüzyılda öyle bir rekabet olmuştur ki, dört piyaniste unvan verilmiştir ve her biri yılın üç ayı boyunca çalmıştır. Kilisenin en iyi piyanisti 1900-1937 yılları arasında çalan Louis Vierne olarak görülür. Daha sonradan çalan orgçular, özellikle Pierre Cochereau orga önemli katkılarda bulunmuşlardır. Yine de orgun orijinal tınısı bugün dahi Cavaille-Coll versiyonuna aittir ve org yaptığı en iyi enstrümanlardan biri olarak kabul edilir.

Yapılış zaman çizelgesi

 1160 Piskopos Maurice de Sully (Paris piskoposu) orijinal katedralin yıkım emrini verir.
 1163 Temel taşı koyulur - yapım başlar.
 1182 Apsis (Apse) ve koro bölümü tamamlanır.
 1196 Nave (bir kilisenin orta bölümü) tamamlanır. Piskopos de Sully ölür.
 1200 Batı Façade'de çalışma başlar.
 1225 Batı Façade tamamlanır.
 1250 Batı kuleleri ve Kuzey gül pencere tamamlanır.
 1250–1345 Geri kalan kısımlar tamamlanır.

15 Nisan 2019 yangını

Notre Dame Katedrali, 15 Nisan 2019 günü Fransa saati ile 18:30 sularında büyük bir yangın çıktı. Yangında Katedralin çatısının tamamı çöktü ve kulesi yıkıldı. Paris İtfayesi'nden yaklaşık 500 itfaiyecinin müdahale ettiği yangın ancak 8,5 saat sonra tamamen söndürülebildi ve yoğun çalışma sayesinde kuzey çan kulesi ile ana bina kurtarıldı. Notre Dame Katedrali'nin yeniden inşası için 48 saat geçmeden 1 milyar avro para toplandı. Fransa Cumhurbaşkanı Emmanuel Macron başkanlığında düzenlenen Bakanlar Kurulu toplantısının ardından Notre Dame Katedrali'nin restorasyonuna yönelik hazırlanan yasa tasarısına ilişkin yazılı açıklama yapıldı. Açıklamaya göre tasarıda, restorasyonunun 5 yılda tamamlanması öngörülüyor.

Victor Hugo ve Notre Dame
19. yüzyıl başlarında Paris şehir planlamacıları katedralin bakımsızlığından ötürü katedrali yıktırmak istemişlerdir. Ünlü Fransız yazar Victor Hugo, halkın ilgisini çekmek için Notre Dame'ın Kamburu adlı romanını yazmıştır. Roman, katedralin kurtarılması için kampanya başlatılmasını sağlayarak katedralin yenilenmesinde büyük rol oynamıştır.

Ayrıca roman müzikale dönüştürülmüştür. Müzikalin ismi de Notre Dame de Paris'tir. Bu müzikalin Belle, Tu Vas Me Detruire, Déchire gibi şarkıları klasikleşmiş, romanla bütünleşmiştir.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Bibliyografya
 Pascal Tonazzi, Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie), Editions Arléa, Paris, 2007, ISBN 2-86959-795-9

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmî site

Fransa'daki Roma Katolik katedralleri

Notre Dame Katedrali


Lili Werner-Rizzolli (* 16. Oktober 1907 in Wien; † unbekannt) war eine österreichische Operettensängerin und Schauspielerin.

Leben
Die Tochter eines Elektroingenieurs absolvierte zwischen 1920 und 1927 eine Tanz-, Schauspiel- und Gesangsausbildung.
Anschließend erhielt sie Engagements als erste Operettensoubrette, Zwischenfachsängerin und Schauspielerin in Dresden, Leipzig, Stolp und Heidelberg.

In Fernsehproduktionen war sie ein eher seltener Gast, so unter der Regie von Berengar Pfahl in der Komödie Familie Zisch macht reinen Tisch.

Lili Werner-Rizzolli war mit dem zweieinhalb Jahre älteren, deutschen Schauspielkollegen Herbert Werner-Waldenburg verheiratet.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1974: Familie Zisch macht reinen Tisch

Anmerkungen

Operettensänger
Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Darstellender Künstler (Österreich)
Musiker (Österreich)
Österreicher
Geboren 1907
Gestorben im 20. oder 21. Jahrhundert
Frau

Lili Werner-Rizzolli


Cenogmus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Cenogmus castelnaui Csiki, 1932
 Cenogmus interioris (Castelnau, 1867)
 Cenogmus opacipennis (Chaudoir, 1878)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Anisodactylina

Cenogmus


Esenköy, Ağrı - Ağrı ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esenköy, Nazilli - Aydın ili Nazilli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esenköy, Savaştepe - Balıkesir ili Savaştepe ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esenköy, Yenipazar - Bilecik ili Yenipazar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esenköy, İnegöl - Bursa ili İnegöl ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esenköy, Bulancak - Giresun ili Bulancak ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esenköy, Göksun - Kahramanmaraş ili Göksun ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esenköy, Yenice - Karabük ili Yenice ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esenköy, Pınarbaşı - Kayseri ili Pınarbaşı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esenköy, Aslanapa - Kütahya ili Aslanapa ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esenköy, Fethiye - Muğla ili Seydikemer ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esenköy, Yatağan - Muğla ili Yatağan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esenköy, Geyve - Sakarya ili Geyve ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esenköy, Reşadiye - Tokat ili Reşadiye ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esenköy, Of - Trabzon ili Of ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esenköy, Ereğli - Zonguldak ili Karadeniz Ereğli ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esenköy, Zonguldak - Zonguldak ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esenköy, Çınarcık - Yalova ili Çınarcık ilçesine bağlı beldesi
 Esenköy, Vezirköprü - Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Esenköy


Şabanözü, Çankırı iline bağlı bir ilçedir.

Tarihçe
Tarihinin çeşitli devrelerinde Kaşkalar, Hititler, Makedonyalılar, Paflagonyalılar, Galatlar, Romalılar ve Bizanslıların idaresinde kalan Çankırı'da yerleşim yeri olarak Şabanözü'nden ilk defa Paflagonyalılar zamanında MÖ 217 -117 yılları arasında söz edilmektedir.

1071 Malazgirt zaferi ile Çankırı bölgesi de Karatekin Bey tarafından fethedilmiş ve bu bölge Danişment topraklarına katılmıştır. Daha sonraki dönemlerde sırasıyla, Çankırı ile birlikte, Şabanözü; Selçuklular, Çobanoğulları, Candaroğulları ve İsfendiyaroğulları beylikleri idaresine geçmiştir. Daha sonraları Osmanlı İmparatorluğu toprakları arasında kalan ve hiç düşman işgaline uğramayan Şabanözü, Cumhuriyetin ilanı ile bugünkü ülke sınırları içerisinde yer almıştır.

Şabanözü 1944 yılında ilçe merkezi olmuştur. İlçe olarak kurulduğunda, bugünkü Orta ilçesi kendisine bağlı bir nahiye halinde idi ve 57 köyü mevcuttu. 1959 yılında Orta bucağı ilçe haline getirilince, Şabanözü'ne bağlı 26 köy kalmıştır. 1970'li yıllarda Meşeli, Sarısu, Demirci, Kösrelik ve birkaç köy Ankara ili Çubuk ilçesine bağlanmıştır. Şu anda 19 köyü bulunmaktadır.

Etimolojisi

Coğrafi bilgiler
İç Anadolu Bölgesi, Orta Kızılırmak sınırları içinde, Çankırı il Merkezi´nin güney-batısında, Aydos-Eldivan Dağları arasında, Sanı Deresi Vadisi´nde Müsellim, Taşlıtepe, Sarımsakçı, Evliya Tepeleri arasında kurulmuştur. İlçenin güneyindeki düzlük ileride oldukça geniş bir ova oluşturur. Kuzeyde Kurşunlu, batıda Orta, Çubuk ve Kalecik, doğuda Çankırı Merkez İlçe ve Eldivan ilçeleri ile çevrelenmiştir.

İlçe İç Anadolu Bölgesi ile Kuzey Anadolu Bölgelerini birbirinden ayıran Köroğlu Dağ silsilesinin güneyinde yer almıştır. Bu nedenle Karadeniz´in ılıtıcı etkisine kapalıdır. Bu konumu nedeniyle iklimi karasaldır. Yörede kışlar soğuk, uzun ve karlıdır. İlkbahar kısa sürelidir ve hemen yaz başlar. İlçede yazın ısı 36 derece ile 28 derece, kışın ise 7 derece ile 11 derece arasındadır. Yıllık maksimum yağış 591 mm^3'tir. Yaz ve kış mevsimlerinde dağ ve vadi meltemleri sıkça görülür. Şiddetli rüzgarlara pek rastlanmaz.

594 kilometrekare yüz ölçümlüdür. Deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği 1.100 metredir. İlçe, volkanik kayalardan Aglomera Bazalt andezitten oluşan yamaçlarda ve Sanı deresinde kurulmuştur. Kurşunlu, Çerkeş, ılgaz deprem kuşağı içinde bulunur. 1943 depreminde hasar görmüştür.Saha, iç Anadolu´nun yüksek platolarından Kuzey-Anadolu sıra dağlarına geçiş bölgesinde yer almaktadır. Kuzeybatıda Dumanlı ve Elden, batıda Yıldırım ve Aydos, doğuda Eldivan, kuzeydoğuda Sanı en önemli yükselti ve dağlarıdır. Yükseltileri 1800-1950 metre arasındadır. Çankırı ile irtibatı sağlayan Arapboğazı geçidi ise başlıca geçit olarak sayılır. Önceki yıllarda yaylalarda büyük çapta yaz süresince kalınabilecek yayla evlerinin ve hayvan barınaklarının bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Ancak göç nedeniyle nüfusun hızla azalması ile birlikte yaylacılık ta yok denecek kadar azalmıştır.Tatlı meyilli hafif dalgalı yamaçları arasındaki vadilerde oluşan akarsulardan, Çubuk istikametine akan ve ilçenin Kamış Köyü yakınlarındaki Sanı Dağı eteklerinden doğan Sanı Çayı ilçenin ortasından geçer. Gündoğmuş Köyü yakınlarından kaynaklanan Terme Çayı, Sanı Çayı ile birleşerek ileride Ana Terme Çayı´na katılır. Çankırı´dan gelen Acı Su ile birleşerek Kızılırmak´a dökülür.

Ekonomi
Yakın zamana kadar tarım ve hayvancılık ilçenin başlıca gelir kaynağı olmuştur. Yeşil fasulyesi çok meşhurdur. Çevresinde çok sayıda baraj gölü ve mesire alanı mevcuttur. 1990'lı yılların başında başlayan  sanayi yatırımları günümüzde  ilçe ekonomisine yön vermektedir. Bugün ilçede 93 hektarlık alanda kurulu olan organize sanayi bölgesi mevcuttur. Bu bölgede şu an, elektrikli ev aletleri sanayii, ofis mobilya fabrikaları, PVC tesisi, ambalaj sanayi tesisi, un ve yem sanayi tesisi, dünyanın en büyük spor markalarına çorap üreten bir sanayi kuruluşu, medikal sanayi, poşet fabrikası,yapı elemanları işletmeleri faaliyette olup yeni tesislerin yapımı devam etmektedir. Ayrıca küçük ölçekli silah sanayi bölgesi olarak adlandırılan başka bir bölgede av fişeği ve havai fişek fabrikaları bulunmaktadır.

İlçede MTA tarafından tespit edilen amyant, bakır, kömür, manyezit ve krom gibi madenler mevcuttur. İlçe genelinde tarımsal faaliyetler yanında seracılık, kültür ırkı hayvancılığı yapılmaktadır.

Nüfus

Şabanözü Belediyesi

2019 - Faik Özcan - AK Parti
2014 - Mustafa Karakaya - MHP
2009 - Ali Çapçı - AK Parti
2007 - Hüseyin Çulha (vekaleten)
2004 - Ali Çapçı - AK Parti
1999 - Ali Çapçı - FP
1994 - Ahmet Alpay - SHP
1989 - Ahmet Alpay - SHP
1984 - Mehmet Taşdelen - ANAP
1977 - Hasan Kılavuz - AP
1973 - Hasan Kılavuz - DP
1968 - Mehmet Ünver - CHP
1963 - Mehmet Ayanoğlu - CKMP

Şabanözü Kaymakamlığı
1944 yılında Ankara'nın Kırıkkale ve Çankırı'nın Kurşunlu nahiyeleri ile birlikte ilçe olmuştur.

Görev Yapan Kaymakamlar
1945 - 1946 Ömer Lütfi Erzurumluoğlu
1946 - 1947 S. Engin ETHEMOĞLU
1949 - 1952 Halit TOKULLUGİL
1952 - 1955 Mustafa UYGUR
1957 - 1958 İbrahim ÖNEN
1958 - 1960 Cemil AKINÇ
1963 - 1965 Fahri Görgülü
1967 - 1968 Naim DALKILINÇ
1968 - 1971 Alaattin Turhan
1971 - 1972 Ali Muhsin NAKİPOĞLU
1973 - 1976 Mustafa SOKULLU
1977 - 1978 Taykan Ataman
1978 - 1979 Ekrem ERDOĞAN
1979 - 1980 Fethi KÖKSAL
1980 - 1983 Vedat MÜFTÜOĞLU
1983 - 1987 Zübeyir Kemelek
1988 - 1990 Turhan Ayvaz
1992 - 1994 G. Osman BİLGİN
1995 - 1996 Haluk Nuri BALLI
1997 - 1999 Hüseyin KÖK
2002 - 2003 Sefer YILMAZ
2003 - 2004 Hüseyin GÖKDEMİR
2005 - 2006 Memduh TURA
2007 - 2008 Serkan ŞEKER
2009 - 2011 Ali YILMAZ
2011 - 2012 Hüseyin DEMİRBAŞ
2012 - 2015 Cuma ÇOTU
2015 - 2017 Cevdet BAKKAL
2017 - Ferhat Altay

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Şabanözü Belediyesin resmi web sitesi
 Şabanözü Kaymakamlığının resmi web sitesi

Şabanözü


مونروفيا  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة لوس أنجليس، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 15 ديسمبر، 1887.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لمونروفيا في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان مونروفيا 36,929 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 13,502 أسرة وعدد العائلات 9,091 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 13,957 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 62.92% من البيض و8.67% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.87% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و7.02% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.13% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و15.61% من الأعراق الأخرى و4.77% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و35.24% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 13,502 أسرة كانت نسبة 39.3% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 46.4% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 15.4% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 5.5% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 32.7% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 26% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 8.8% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.71، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.29.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 33.7 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 27.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 8% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 33.9% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 20.2% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 9.8% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 93.0 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 88.4 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 45,375 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 49,703 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 41,039 دولارًا مقابل 32,259 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 21,686 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 9.7% من العائلات ونسبة 13.1% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 18.6% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 9.7% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان مونروفيا 36,590 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 13,762 أسرة وعدد العائلات 9,146 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 14,473 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 59.94% من البيض و6.83% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.76% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و11.22% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.21% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و15.90% من الأعراق الأخرى و5.13% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و38.38% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 13,762 أسرة كانت نسبة 34.3% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 45.7% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 15.1% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 5.7% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 33.5% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 26.5% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 9.3% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.65، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.24.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 37.9 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 23.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 8.4% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 29.3% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 27.4% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 11.6% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 47.8% ذكور و52.2% إناث.

أعلام

 إليس مكارثي
 كوري بلونت
 جو فرانكو
 جمعة سلطان
 إرفينغ سمول
 جيك شتال
 جيسي مارش
 إيرني جونسون
 كريس ويليام
 ديانا ميلر

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1887
تأسيسات سنة 1887 في كاليفورنيا
مدن كاليفورنيا
مدن لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
مونروفيا (كاليفورنيا)

مونروفيا (كاليفورنيا)


Vários golpes de Estado bem-sucedidos e fracassados ocorreram nas Comores desde 1975.

Década de 1970
3 de agosto de 1975: o presidente Ahmed Abdallah foi deposto por Said Mohamed Jaffar e pelo mercenário francês Bob Denard.
13 de maio de 1978: o presidente Ali Soilih foi deposto por Ahmed Abdallah e Bob Denard, resultando em sua morte treze dias depois; Denard tornou-se o comandante da Guarda Presidencial formado por 500 homens de Abdallah pelos onze anos seguintes (1978–1989).

Década de 1980
26 de novembro de 1989: o presidente Ahmed Abdallah foi deposto por Said Mohamed Djohar e Bob Denard, resultando em seu assassinato; sob pressão francesa, Denard e outros mercenários deixaram o país no mês seguinte.

Década de 1990
28 de setembro de 1995 (Operação Kaskari): o presidente Said Mohamed Djohar foi deposto por Bob Denard, que retornou ao país com uma força de 33 mercenários escolhidos a dedo; foi o último golpe organizado com o envolvimento de Denard. O golpe resultou na intervenção militar francesa (Operação Azalee) dias depois, e na remoção de Denard do país.
30 de abril de 1999: o presidente Tadjidine Ben Saïd Massounde foi deposto pelo coronel Azali Assoumani das Forças Armadas de Comores.

Década de 2010
20 de abril de 2013: o governo do presidente Ikililou Dhoinine frustrou uma tentativa golpista.

Golpes de Estado
História de Comores
Política de Comores

Golpes de Estado nas Comores


Sam Barlow je dizajner videoigara, najpoznatiji kao dizajner i pisac igara Her Story i dvaju britanskih Silent Hill igara, Silent Hill: Origins i Silent Hill: Shattered Memories. Prije je radio kao redatelj videoigara za Climax Studios. Napustio je studio 2014. godine kako bi sam razvijao videoigre. U lipnju 2015., objavio je prvu samostalnu igru, Her Story.

Tekstualne igre
Barlow je samostalno razvijao tekstualne igre krajem 90-tih. Najznačajniju igru Aisle objavio je 1999. godine. Kao i njegove Silent Hill igre, igra je utemeljena na psihološkim testovima i radnjama.

Utjecaji
Barlow često tvrdi kako su filmski redatelji i pisci nadahnuli njegov rad. Tvrdi da su Hitchcock, Luis Buñuel i J. G. Ballard utjecali na njegov rad za igru Silent Hill: Shattered Memories. Obje Silent Hill igre citiraju Shakespearea. Silent Hill: Origins se temelji na Oluji, a Silent Hill: Shattered Memories na Na Tri kralja ili kako hoćete. Također je nadahnut radovima Davida Lyncha, Marka Z. Danielewskog, Paula Austera, Shirely Jacksona i Gene Wolfea.

Videoigre
Barlow je radio na najmanje deset videoigara od 2002. godine, najmanje osam on njih je objavljeno.

Aisle (1999.) (razvijač)
Serious Sam: Next Encounter (2004.) (dizajner)
Crusty Demons(2007.) (glavni dizajner)
Ghost Rider (2007.) (glavni dizajner)
Silent Hill: Origins (2007.) (glavni dizajner i pisac)
Elveon (neobjavljena) (glavni dizajner i pisac)
Silent Hill: Shattered Memories (2009.) (glavni dizajner i pisac)
Legacy of Kain: Dead Sun (neobjavljena) (redatelj)
Her Story (2015.) (redatelj i pisac)
Telling Lies (2019.) (glavni dizajner, redatelj i pisac)

Izvori

Dizajneri računalnih igara

Sam Barlow


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, මොරටුව, කටුබැද්දේ රමණීය බොල්ගොඩ වැවෙහි ඉවුරෙහි පිහිටි  මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය ( ), ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රධාන රාජ්‍ය  විශ්වවිද්‍යාල අතුරින් එකකි. උපාධි අපේක්ෂක සහ පශ්චාත් උපාධි අපේක්ෂක අධ්‍යයන කටයුතු වලින් සමන්විත ශාස්ත්‍රීය කටයුතු වලින් පරිබාහිරව විවිධ වූ සාමාජීය හා සංස්කෘතික ක්‍රියාකාරකම්, ශිෂ්‍ය සේවා, සංගම් , සහ ක්‍රීඩා සහ විනෝද ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සඳහාද මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය විසින් පහසුකම් සපයනු ලබයි. විශ්වවිද්‍යාල තත්ත්වය ලැබුමට පෙර මෙම ආයතනය  ලංකා කාර්මික විද්‍යාලය, කටුබැද්ද ( කටුබැද්ද ටෙක්) ලෙසින් හැඳින්විණි. කෙසේවුවද එහි මුල් අතීතය විමසු කළෙක අප හමුවන්නේ 1960 දී කාර්මිකඥ අධ්‍යාපනය සපයනු වස් පිහිටුවෙනු   ප්‍රායෝගික කාර්මික ආයතනය වෙයි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතන වර්ගීකරණය අනුව 2015 වර්ෂයේදී මෙම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය මෙරට 3 වන ස්ථානය හිමිකරගෙන තිබෙන අතර, ලෝකයේ හොඳම විශ්වවිද්‍යාල වර්ගීකරණය අනුව 2608 ස්‌ථානය හිමිකරගෙන තිබෙයි.

සංවිධානය සහ පරිපාලනය

ශාස්ත්‍රීය ස්ථිතීන්

ඉංජිනේරු පීඨය
මෙහි ඉංජිනේරු පීඨය ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල මහත්වූ ඉල්ලුමක් සහිතවූත් සහ උච්චතම අනුස්ථානය ලද්දාවූත්  ඉංජිනේරු පීඨය වෙයි. එය මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙහි විශාලතම පීඨය වන අතර ශාස්ත්‍රීය අධ්‍යයනාංශ 12 කින්ද 200 කට අධික ශාස්ත්‍රීය කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයකින්ද  3500 කට අධික උපාධි අපේක්ෂක හා පශ්චාත් උපාධි අපේක්ෂක ශිෂ්‍ය සමුදායකින්ද සමන්විත වෙයි. වර්තමානයේදී පීඨය විසින් විෂය ක්ෂේත්‍ර 9 ක් ඔස්සේ ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවේදී උපාධියද, විලාසිතා නිර්මාණ සහ නිපැයුම් සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ නිර්මාණවේදී උපාධියද සහ ප්‍රවාහන හා කාර්ය සම්පාදන කළමනාකරණය පිළිබඳ විද්‍යාවේදී උපාධියද පිරිනමයි. මෙයට අමතරව, පීඨය විසින් විද්‍යානිධි, ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යානිධි, දර්ශනනිධි, ව්‍යාපාර පරිපාලනනිධි සහ දර්ශනාචාර්යය යන්නන්  කරා එළඹෙන  පශ්චාත්-උපාධි උපාධීන් බොහෝමයක් පිරිනමයි.

අධ්‍යාපන අංශය

ඉංජිනේරු පීඨය

ඉංජිනේරු පීඨයෙහි අංශයන්
රසායනික සහ ක්‍රියාවලි අංශය
සිවිල් ඉංජිනේරු අංශය
පරිගණක විද්‍යා හා ඉංජිනේරු අංශය
භූගර්භ ඉංජිනේරුඅංශය
විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු අංශය
විද්‍යුත් හා දුරවිනැවුම් ඉංජිනේරු අංශය
අඃශූගත විඳෝ අඃශය
යාන්ත්‍රික ඉංජිනේරු අංශය
රෙදිපිලි හා එහිි සැකසුම් පිලිබද අඃශය
පුවාහන හා සැලසුම් අඃශය

මිට අමතරව ශිෂයන්ගේ අධන කටයුතු වලට සමිභන්ධව පහත සඳහන් අංශ දෙක කීයාත්මක වේ.
තාක්ශණ කලමණාකරන අඃශය
ගණිත අඃශය

ප්‍රවාහන හා සැලසුමි අංශයේ සිසුන් හදාරන්කේ B.Sc.(Engineering) උපාධි පාධමාලාවක් නොවන අතර එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රවාහන හා සැලසුමි වලට ඇති ඉල්ලුම නිසා ඇති සාමානං උපාධි පාඨමාලවකි.

තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ පීඨය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවතුල ඉහලම ඉල්ලුමක් ඇති අධයාපනික පාඪමාලාවක් වන අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකාව් අෙපාස(උ/ෙප) විඳඃ විෂය ධාරාවෙව්න් සමතුන් ෙමම පාඪමාලාවට ඇතඃලු කර ගනි. ෙමම පාඪමාලාව තුන් අවුරැඳු වන අතර අවසානෙය් B.Sc.(IT) උපාධියෙන් පිදුම් ලබයි. මෙම පාඨමාලාව හදාරන සිසුන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවතුල ඉහලම වැටුප් තල සඳහා තෝරාගනු ලබති.

තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ අශය
පරිගණකගත ගණිත අඃශය
Interdisciplinary Studies

වාස්තු විද්‍යා පීඨය

වාස්තු විද්‍යා අඃශය
ගොඩනැගිලි ආර්එක විඳො අඃශය
නගර නිර්මාන හා සැලසුමි අඃශය

වෛද්‍ය පීඨය

මොරටුව විශ්ව විද්‍යාලීය වෛද්‍ය පීඨය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටවූ එකොලස් වන වෛද්‍ය පීඨය වන අතර වෛද්‍ය තාක්ෂණ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව ඇතුළු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු දහ තුනකින් සමන්විත වේ.

තාක්ෂණික ආයතනය, මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය

මොරටුව තාක්ෂණික ආයතනය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට අවශ්‍ය සහකාර ඉංජිනේරුවරුන් ඛිහිකිරිෙම් අරමුණින් පිහිටවන ලද ආයතනයකි. මෙහි පාඨමාලා සිවිල් ඉඡිෙන්රැ,විඳුලි කටයුතු, විද්‍යුත් හා විදුලි සංදේශ, රෙදිපිලි හා එහිි සැකසුම, රසායනික සහ කියාවලි සහ නාවික අංශ වලින් සමන්විත ය.

තාක්ෂණික ආයතනය

ප්‍රධාන කාර්ය මඩුල්ල

කුලපති:
දේශමාන්‍ය ආචාර්ය රෝලන්ඩ් සිල්වා

උපකුලපති:
මහාචාර්ය. ආනන්ද ජයවර්ධන
BSc Eng (Moratuwa),  MSc (Loughborough), PhD (Loughborough)

පීඨාධිපති, වාස්තු විද්‍යාපීඨය:
මහාචාර්ය පී.කේ.එස්.මහානාම
B. A. (Hons) Geog., M. Sc. (TCP ) SL, FITP (SL)

පීඨාධිපති, ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යා පීඨය:
මහාචාර්ය යූ. ජී. ඒ. පුස්වෑවල.
BSc Eng (Moratuwa), MEng. (AIT), PhD (Manitoba), CEng, MIE(SL)

පීඨාධිපති, තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ පිඨය:
D. K. ව්තාණගේ මහතා
B.Sc. Eng. (Moratuwa)

පීඨාධිපති, වෛද්‍ය පීඨය:
මහාචාර්ය F.R. ප්‍රනාන්දු මහතා MBBS, M.S. (Col), FRCS (Edin), FRCS (Eng), FCPS (Pakistan), FASI (India), FCSSL (Sri Lanka), Ph D (Col)

විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයෙන් බිහිවූ කීර්තිමත් පුද්ගලයන්
ඉන්දිරා සමරසේකර -12 වැනි උපකුළපති,ඇල්බර්ටා විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය,කැනඩාව
මහාචාර්ය ලලිත් ගමගේ,සභාපති,ශ්‍රී ලංකා තොරතුරු තා‌ක්ෂණ ආයතනය

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු
 මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය
 ITFAC

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ පිහිටි විශ්වවිද්‍යාල

මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය


Les Olympiades  é um filme francês de 2021 dirigido e produzido por Jacques Audiard. Teve sua estreia mundial no Festival de Cinema de Cannes 2021 em 14 de julho. No Brasil, foi lançado nos cinemas pela California Filmes em 28 de abril de 2022, antes do lançamento, foi apresentado no Festival Varilux de Cinema Francês 2021.

Recepção
Na França, o filme tem uma nota média de 3,7/5 no AlloCiné calculada a partir de 35 resenhas da imprensa. No agregador de críticas Rotten Tomatoes, que categoriza as opiniões apenas como positivas ou negativas, o filme tem um índice de aprovação de 83% calculado com base em 94 comentários dos críticos. Por comparação, com as mesmas opiniões sendo calculadas usando uma média aritmética ponderada, a nota é 6.90/10 que é seguida do consenso: "Audiard menor, mas envolvente, em Paris, 13th District, explora o amor milenar através de uma lente visualmente atraente que é parcialmente prejudicada por sua estrutura narrativa episódica". Já no agregador Metacritic, que calcula as notas usando somente uma média aritmética ponderada a partir das avaliações de 11 críticos que escrevem em maioria para a imprensa tradicional, o filme tem uma pontuação de 78 entre 100, com a indicação de "revisões geralmente favoráveis."

Filmes da França de 2021
Filmes de drama da França
Filmes em língua francesa
Filmes de drama da década de 2020
Filmes distribuídos pela California Filmes

Les Olympiades


Aspidistra yingjiangensis es una especie de planta rizomatosa de la familia de las asparagáceas. Es nativa de China.

Descripción
La planta tiene rizomas cilíndricos, de 4 - 6 mm de espesor y las hojas de color verde pálido con manchas amarillas, son estrechamente oblanceoladas y tienen dos o tres brácteas. Las flores son individuales o en parejas.

Taxonomía
Aspidistra elatior fue descrita por L.J.Peng y publicado en Acta Botanica Yunnanica 11(2): 173–174, pl. 1, en el año 1989.
Citología
El número de cromosomas es de: 2 n = 36.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Flora of China

yingjiangensis
Flora de China
Plantas descritas en 1989
Plantas descritas por L.J.Peng

Aspidistra yingjiangensis


The Antonov An-124 Ruslan (; ; NATO reporting name: Condor) is a large, strategic airlift, four-engined aircraft that was designed in the 1980s by the Antonov design bureau in the Ukrainian SSR, then part of the Soviet Union (USSR). The An-124 is the world's second heaviest gross weight production cargo airplane and heaviest operating cargo aircraft, behind the destroyed one-off Antonov An-225 Mriya (a greatly enlarged design based on the An-124) and the Boeing 747-8. The An-124 remains the largest military transport aircraft in service.

In 1971, design work commenced on the project, which was initially referred to as Izdeliye 400 (Product #400), at the Antonov Design Bureau in response to a shortage in heavy airlift capability within the Military Transport Aviation Command (Komandovaniye voyenno-transportnoy aviatsii or VTA) arm of the Soviet Air Forces. Two separate final assembly lines plants setup for the aircraft, one at Aviastar-SP (ex. Ulyanovsk Aviation Industrial Complex) in Ulyanovsk, Russia and the other was the Kyiv Aviation Plant AVIANT, in Ukraine. Assembly of the first aircraft begun in 1979; the An-124 (which was sometimes referred to as the An-40 in the West) performed its maiden flight on 24 December 1982. The type made its first appearance in the Western world at the 1985 Paris Air Show. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, commercial operations were quickly pursued for the An-124, leading to civil certification being obtained by Antonov on 30 December 1992. Various commercial operators opted to purchase the type, often acquiring refurbished ex-military airlifters or stored fuselages rather than new-build aircraft.

By July 2013, 26 An-124s were reportedly in commercial service while a further ten airlifters were on order. During 2008, it was announced that Russia and Ukraine were to jointly resume production of the type. At one point, it looked as if Russia would order 20 new-build airlifters. However, in August 2014, it was reported that the planned resumption of manufacturing had been shelved due to the ongoing political tensions between Russia and Ukraine. The sole remaining production facility is Russia's Aviastar-SP in Ulyanovsk. The various operators of the An-124 are in discussions with respect to the continuing airworthiness certification of the individual An-124 planes. The original designer of the An-124 is responsible for managing the certification process for its own products, but the Russia-Ukraine conflicts are making this process difficult to manage. In 2019, there were 26 An-124s in commercial service.

Development

Background
During the 1970s, the Military Transport Aviation Command (Komandovaniye voyenno-transportnoy aviatsii or VTA) arm of the Soviet Air Forces had a shortfall in strategic heavy airlift capacity. Its largest aircraft consisted of about 50 Antonov An-22 turboprops, which were used heavily for tactical roles. A declassified 1975 CIA analysis concluded that the USSR did "...not match the US in ability to provide long-range heavy lift support." Soviet officials sought not only additional airlifters, a substantial increase in payload capacity was also desirable so that the same task could be completed with fewer trips.

In 1971, design work on the project commenced at the Antonov Design Bureau; the lead designer of the An-124 (and the enlarged An-225 derivative) was Viktor Tolmachev. During development, it was known as Izdeliye 400 (Product #400) in house, and An-40 in the West. The design produced broadly resembled the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, an American strategic airlifter, but also incorporated numerous improvements, the greater use of carbon-fibre composites in its construction (comprising around 5% of the aircraft's total weight) and the more extensive use of titanium being amongst these benefits. Aluminium alloys make up the primary material used in its construction, limited use of steel and titanium alloys were also made. Unlike the C-5, it lacks a fully-pressurised cargo bay or the ability to receive fuel in-flight.

In 1973, the construction of the necessary facilities to produce the new airlifter began. Two separate final assembly lines plants were established to produce the airlifter: the company Aviastar-SP (ex. Ulyanovsk Aviation Industrial Complex) in Ulyanovsk, Russia and by the Kyiv Aviation Plant AVIANT, in Ukraine. Furthermore, the programme used components, systems, and various other elements drawn from in excess of 100 factories across the Eastern world. In 1979, manufacturing activity on the first airframe began.

On 24 December 1982, the type performed its maiden flight. Three years later, the An-124 made its first appearance in the Western world when an example was displayed at the 1985 Paris Air Show. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, commercial operations of the An-124 became an increasingly important area of activity; to this end, civil certification was sought for the type by Antonov; this was issued on 30 December 1992.

Post-Soviet developments
Sales of the An-124 to various commercial operators proceeded throughout the 1990s and into the mid 2000s; many of these were former military aircraft that were refurbished by Antonov prior to delivery, or unfinished fuselages that had been preserved, rather than producing new-build aircraft. During the early 2000s, the cargo operator Volga-Dnepr opted to upgrade its An-124 freighter fleet, these works included engine modifications to conform with chapter four noise regulations, various structural improvements that increased service life, and numerous avionics and systems changes to facilitate four person operations, reducing the crew needed from six or seven.

During April 2008, it was announced that Russia and Ukraine had agreed to resume the production of the An-124 in the third quarter of 2008. One month later, a new variant — the An-124-150 — was announced; it featured several improvements, including a maximum lift capacity of 150 tonnes. However, in May 2009, Antonov's partner, the Russian United Aircraft Corporation announced it did not plan to produce any An-124s in the period 2009–2012. During late 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev ordered production of the aircraft resumed; at this point, Russia was expected to procure 20 new-build An-124s. In August 2014, Jane's reported that, Russian Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade Yuri Slusar announced that production of the An-124 had been stopped as a consequence of the ongoing political tensions between Russia and Ukraine.

In late 2017, multiple An-124s were upgraded by the Aviastar-SP plant in Ulyanovsk, Russia, three of which were reportedly scheduled to return to flight during the following year. As Russia–Ukraine relations continued to sour, Antonov begun to source new suppliers while also pushing to westernize the An-124. During 2018, the American engine manufacturer GE Aviation was studying reengining it with CF6s for CargoLogicAir, a Volga-Dnepr subsidiary. It was believed that this would likely provide a range increase; as Volga-Dnepr Group operated 12 aircraft, the change would imply purchasing between 50 and 60 engines with spares. The Russian engine specialist Aviadvigatel also indicated that a further development of its PD-14, which was intended for use on an upgraded model of the Russian-manufactured An-124, designated PD-35, generated 50% more power than the present Ukrainian Progress D-18T engines.

During January 2019, Antonov revealed its plans to restart production of the An-124 without support from Russia.

Russian replacement design
At MAKS Air Show in 2017, the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) announced its An-124-102 Slon (Elephant) design to replace the similar An-124-100. The design was detailed in January 2019 before wind tunnel testing scheduled for August–September. It is intended to be produced at the Aviastar-SP factory in Ulyanovsk. It should transport  over  (up from ), or  over  at . The Russian MoD wants a range of  with five Sprut-SDM-1 light tanks, their 100 crew and 300 armed soldiers.

The planned An-124-102 is larger at 82.3 m (270 ft) long from , with a  span versus  and  high compared with . A new higher aspect ratio, composite wing and a  airframe would allow a  gross weight. It should be powered by Russian PD-35s developed for the CR929 widebody, producing  up from . Two fuselages are planned, one for Volga-Dnepr with a width of  from the An-124's , and one for the Russian MoD of  wide to carry vehicles in two lines.

On 5 November 2019, the TsAGI released pictures of a  long and  wide model, ahead of windtunnel testing. On 26 March 2020, TsAGI released new pictures of a wind tunnel model, announcing that the researchers of the Institute had completed the first cycle of aerodynamic testing; the results confirmed the characteristics laid down during preliminary studies.

Design

The Antonov An-124 Ruslan is a large, strategic airlift, four-engined aircraft. Externally, it bears numerous similarities to the American Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, having a double fuselage to allow for a rear cargo door (on the lower fuselage) that can open in flight without affecting structural integrity. The An-124 has a slightly shorter fuselage, has a slightly greater wingspan, and is capable of carrying a 17 percent larger payload. In place of the C-5's T-tail, the An-124 is furnished with a conventional empennage, similar in design to that of the Boeing 747. Many of the flight control surfaces, such as the slats, flaps, and spoilers, closely resemble or are identical to those of the C-5. The An-124 features a fly-by-wire control system. This is a hybrid control system, as it also implements conventional mechanical controls for some aspects; these have been arranged in a manner that provides redundancy against the failure of a single hydraulic circuit.

A single An-124 is capable of carrying up to  of cargo internally in a standard military configuration; it can also carry 88 passengers in an upper deck behind the wing centre section. The forward area of this upper deck is where the flight deck and the crew area accommodated; movement between the upper and lower decks is via a pair of foldable internal ladders. The cargo compartment of the An-124 is , ca. 20% larger than the main cargo compartment of the C-5 Galaxy, which is . Largely due to the limited pressurisation of its main cargo compartment (24.6 kPa, 3.57 psi), the airlifter has seldom been used to deploy paratroopers or to carry passengers, as they would typically require oxygen masks and cold-weather clothing in such conditions. In comparison, the upper deck is fully pressurised. The floor of the cargo deck is entirely composed of titanium, a measure that is usually prohibited by the material cost. It is suitable for carrying almost any heavy vehicle, including multiple main battle tanks.

The An-124 is powered by four Lotarev D-18 turbofan engines, each capable of generating up to 238–250 kN of thrust. To reduce the landing distance required, thrust reversers are present. Pilots have stated that the airlifter is relatively light on the controls and is easy to handle for an aircraft of its size. A pair of TA18-200-124 auxiliary power units (APUs) are accommodated within the main landing gear fairings. As a consequence of the heat and blast effects produced by these APUs, some airports require pavement protection to be deployed. The landing gear of the An-124 is outfitted with an oleo strut suspension system for its 24 wheels. This suspension has been calibrated to allow for landing on rough terrain and is able to kneel, which allows for easier loading and unloading via the front cargo door. Other features intended to ease loading including an onboard overhead crane in the cargo deck, capable of lifting up to 30 tonnes, while items up to 120 tonnes can be winched on board. Two separate radar units are typically present, one is intended for ground mapping and navigation purposes, while the other is for weather.

Operational history

During the 2000s, Germany headed an initiative to lease An-124s for NATO strategic airlift requirements. Two aircraft were leased from SALIS GmbH as a stopgap until the Airbus A400M became available. Under NATO SALIS programme NAMSA is chartering six An-124-100 transport aircraft. According to the contract An-124-100s of Antonov Airlines and Volga-Dnepr are used within the limits of NATO SALIS programme to transport cargo by requests of 18 countries: Belgium, Hungary, Greece, Denmark, Canada, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France, Germany, Czech Republic and Sweden. Two An-124-100s are constantly based on full-time charter in the Leipzig/Halle airport, but the contract specifies that if necessary, two more aircraft will be provided at six days' notice and another two at nine days' notice. The aircraft proved extremely useful for NATO especially with ongoing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.

United Launch Alliance (ULA) contracts the An-124 to transport the Atlas V launch vehicle from its facilities in Decatur, Alabama to Cape Canaveral. ULA also uses the An-124 to transport the Atlas V launch vehicle and Centaur upper stage from their manufacturing facility in Denver, Colorado to Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg Space Force Base. Two flights are required to transfer each launch vehicle (one for the Atlas V main booster stage and another for the Centaur upper stage). It is also contracted by Space Systems Loral to transport satellites from Palo Alto, CA to the Arianespace spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana and by SpaceX to transport payload fairings between their factory in Hawthorne, California and Cape Canaveral.

By 2013, the An-124 had reportedly visited 768 airports in over 100 countries.

By late 2020, three civil operators of the An-124 remained. Antonov Airlines with seven aircraft, Volga-Dnepr Airlines with 12, and Maximus Air Cargo with one.  In November 2020, Volga-Dnepr reported that it was indefinitely grounding its fleet of An-124 aircraft to inspect the 60 engines (including spares) following the 13 November 2020 unconfined engine failure at Novosibirsk. As of 29 December 2020, the first Volga-Dnepr An-124-100 was back in service.

Significant activities

 In May 1987, an An-124 set a world record, covering the distance of  without refuelling. The flight took 25 hours and 30 minutes; the takeoff weight was 455,000 kg.
 In July 1985, an An-124 carried 171,219 kg (377,473 lb) of cargo to an altitude of  and 170,000 kg to an altitude of 10,750 m (35,270 ft).
 In June 1994, an An-124 flew the first IE 201 Class diesel-electric locomotive from the General Motors Diesel works in London, Ontario, Canada to Dublin, Ireland for clearance testing and crew training, before subsequent units were delivered by ship.
 An An-124 was used to transport the Obelisk of Axum back to its native homeland of Ethiopia from Rome in April 2005.
 An An-124 was used to transport an EP-3E Aries II electronic intelligence aircraft from Hainan Island, China on 4 July 2001 following the Hainan Island incident.
 An An-124 was used to transport the first Bombardier Movia-series railcar for the Delhi Metro on 26 February 2009.
 In July 2010, an An-124 was used to transport four 35-foot and three 21-foot skimmer boats from France to the US to assist with the clean-up of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
 An An-124 was used in April 2011 to airlift a large Putzmeister concrete pump from Germany to Japan to help cool reactors damaged in the Fukushima nuclear accident. The An-225 was used to transport an even larger Putzmeister concrete pump to Japan from the US.
 An An-124 was used in May 2018 to transport an 87,000 lb die tool from Eaton Rapids, Michigan, US to Nottingham, England to restart Ford F-150 production after a fire in the Eaton Rapids Magnesium Casting Facility.
 Several An-124s were used by the German Bundeswehr to airlift military equipment from Mazar-i-Sharif to Leipzig during the 2021 German troop withdrawal from Afghanistan. Among the equipment were two NH-90 helicopters.
 During the COVID-19 pandemic, several An-124s were used to cargo masks and other medical equipment from China to foreign countries. For example, Terio International Inc. dispatched their first one on June 7 2020 between Nanjing and Montréal, which was done as a direct flight.
 On 24 February 2022, an An-124 with registration number UR-82009 was confirmed to be destroyed by Russian artillery during the Battle of Antonov Airport, Kyiv. Five other Ukrainian An-124s were diverted to Leipzig at the conclusion of their commercial flights.
 On 3 March 2023, an An-124 delivered 101 tons of humanitarian aid for earthquake victims in Turkey and Syria.
 On 9 June 2023, an An-124 was seized by Canadian government authorities at Toronto Pearson Airport. It had been stranded following closure of Canadian airspace to Russian air navigation.

Variants

An-124 Ruslan
Strategic heavy airlift transport aircraft
An-124-100
Commercial transport aircraft
An-124-100M-150
Version with a payload increased to 150 tonnes (maximum take-off weight 420 tonnes), with uprated Lotarev D-18T series 4 engines; one An-124-100 converted
An-124-102 Slon
Commercial transport version with an EFIS flight deck, developed by TsAGi
An-124-115M
Planned new variant with EFIS based on Rockwell Collins avionic parts
An-124-130
Proposed version
An-124-135
Variant with one seat in the rear and the rest of the cargo area (approx. 1,800 square feet) dedicated to freight
An-124-200
Proposed version with General Electric CF6-80C2 engines, each rated at 59,200 lbf (263 kN)
An-124-210
Joint proposal with Air Foyle to meet UK's Short Term Strategic Airlifter (STSA) requirement, with Rolls-Royce RB211-524H-T engines, each rated 60,600 lbf (264 kN) and Honeywell avionics—STSA competition abandoned in August 1999, reinstated, and won by the Boeing C-17A.
An-124-300
The -300 is planned variant with upgraded engines with higher thrust. Variant was ordered by the Russian Aerospace Forces in 2020.

Operators

Military

 Russian Aerospace Forces – 12 in service, 14 in reserve. In 2008, a contract was signed with Aviastar-SP for modernization of 10 aircraft by 2015. As of December 2019, at least 11 aircraft were modernized. 2 on order.
 12th Military Transport Aviation Division
 566th Military Transport Aviation Regiment – Seshcha air base, Bryansk Oblast
 18th Military Transport Aviation Division
 235th Military Transport Aviation Regiment – Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport, Ulyanovsk Oblast
 224th Air Detachment of Military Transport Aviation – Migalovo, Tver Oblast

Former military operators

 Soviet Air Force – aircraft were transferred to Russian and Ukrainian Air Forces after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Civil

As of late 2020, 20 An-124s were in commercial service.

 Volga-Dnepr (12, with 3 on order)

 Antonov Airlines (7)

 Maximus Air Cargo (1)

Former civil operators

 Libyan Arab Air Cargo – had 2 aircraft in service as of 2013; 1 seized by Ukraine in 2017, and 1 destroyed on ground by shelling at Mitiga International Airport in June 2019.

 Aeroflot Russian International Airlines – retired from fleet in 2000
 Ayaks Cargo (Ayaks Polet Airlines)
 Polet Airlines – ceased operations 2014
 Rossiya Airlines – retired from fleet
 Transaero Airlines – retired from fleet
 Titan Cargo – company ceased operations 2002
 TransCharter Titan Cargo – ceased operations 2003

 Aeroflot Soviet Airlines – transferred to the Russian Aeroflot fleet

 Air Foyle (in partnership with Antonov Design Bureau) – joint venture dissolved 2006
 HeavyLift Cargo Airlines (in partnership with Volga-Dnepr Airlines) – ceased operations 2006

 Antonov AirTrack – ceased operations

Notable accidents
, five accidents with An-124 hull-losses have been recorded involving a total of 97 fatalities, including:
 On 13 October 1992, CCCP-82002, operated by Antonov Airlines crashed near Kyiv, Ukraine during flight testing, suffering nose cargo door failure during high-speed descent (part of test program) resulting in total loss of control. The airplane came down in a forest near Kyiv, killing eight of the nine crew on board.
 On 15 November 1993, RA-82071, operated by Aviastar Airlines crashed into a mountain at  while in a holding pattern at Kerman, Iran. There were 17 fatalities.
 On 8 October 1996, RA-82069, owned by Aeroflot but operated by Ayaks Cargo, crashed at San Francesco al Campo, Italy, while initiating a go-around after a low visibility approach on Turin Caselle airport's runway 36. There were four fatalities.
 On 6 December 1997, RA-82005, operated by the Russian Air Force, crashed in a residential area after take-off in Irkutsk, Russia. All 23 people on board and 49 people on the ground were killed.
 On 13 November 2020, the second engine of RA-82042, operated by Volga-Dnepr Airlines, suffered an uncontained engine failure after takeoff from Novosibirsk, Russia. Subsequently, after landing there, the aircraft suffered a runway excursion and the nose landing gear collapsed. On 25 November, the airline voluntarily grounded its entire fleet of An-124 aircraft. By 29 December, the first Volga-Dnepr An-124-100 was back in service.

Specifications (An-124-100M)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

An-124
1980s Soviet cargo aircraft
1980s Soviet military transport aircraft
Quadjets
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1982
Double-deck aircraft

Antonov An-124 Ruslan


Cynodonteae, tribus trava, dio potporodice Chloridoideae. Tribus je opisan 1824.

Podijeljen je na 26 podtribusa.

Podtribusi

 Subtribus Tripogoninae Stapf
 Desmostachya (Hook. fil.) Stapf (1 sp.)
 Melanocenchris Nees (3 spp.)
 Eragrostiella Bor (6 spp.)
 Tripogonella P. M. Peterson & Romasch. (3 spp.)
 Oropetium Trin. (6 spp.)
 Tripogon Roem. & Schult. (49 spp.)
 Indopoa Bor (1 sp.)
 Halopyrum Stapf (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Pappophorinae Dumort.
 Neesiochloa Pilg. (1 sp.)
 Pappophorum Schreb. (9 spp.)
 Tridens Roem. & Schult. (15 spp.)
 Subtribus Traginae P. M. Peterson & Columbus
 Polevansia De Winter (1 sp.)
 Pogononeura Napper (1 sp.)
 Willkommia Hack. ex Schinz (4 spp.)
 Orthacanthus P. M. Peterson & Romasch. (1 sp.)
 Monelytrum Hack. ex Schinz (1 sp.)
 Tragus Haller (7 spp.)
 Subtribus Hilariinae P. M. Peterson & Columbus
 Hilaria Kunth (10 spp.)
 Subtribus Muhlenbergiinae Pilg.
 Muhlenbergia Schreb. (180 spp.)
 Subtribus Sohnsiinae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Sohnsia Airy Shaw (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Jouveinae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Jouvea E. Fourn. (2 spp.)
 Subtribus Allolepiinae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Allolepis Soderstr. & H. F. Decker (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Scleropogoninae Pilg.
 Scleropogon Phil. (1 sp.)
 Swallenia Soderstr. & H. F. Decker (1 sp.)
 Blepharidachne Hack. (4 spp.)
 Munroa Torr. (5 spp.)
 Dasyochloa Willd. ex Steud. (1 sp.)
 Erioneuron Nash (3 spp.)
 Subtribus Kaliniinae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Kalinia H. L. Bell & Columbus (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Boutelouinae Stapf
 Bouteloua Lag. (58 spp.)
 Subtribus Monanthochloinae Pilg. ex Potztal
 Distichlis Raf. (11 spp.)
 Subtribus Dactylocteniinae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Acrachne Wight & Arn. ex Chiov.
 Neobouteloua Gould (2 spp.)
 Brachychloa S. M. Phillips (2 spp.)
 Dactyloctenium Willd. (13 spp.)
 Subtribus Eleusininae Dumort.
 Dinebra Jacq. (24 spp.)
 Coelachyrum Hochst. & Nees (4 spp.)
 Eleusine Gaertn. (9 spp.)
 Apochiton C. E. Hubb. (1 sp.)
 Leptochloa P. Beauv. (19 spp.)
 Austrochloris Lazarides (1 sp.)
 Astrebla F. Muell. (5 spp.)
 Disakisperma P. M. Peterson & N. Snow (4 spp.)
 Schoenefeldia Kunth (1 spp.)
 Schoenefeldiella P.M.Peterson (1 spp.)
 Afrotrichloris Chiov. (2 spp.)
 Enteropogon Nees (14 spp.)
 xCynochloris Clifford & Everist (0 sp.)
 Chloris Sw. (55 spp.)
 Enteropogonopsis Wipff & Shaw (2 spp.)
 Tetrapogon Desf. (8 spp.)
 Lepturus R. Br. (17 spp.)
 Oxychloris Lazarides (1 sp.)
 Harpochloa Kunth (2 spp.)
 Microchloa R. Br. (4 spp.)
 Micrachne P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera (5 spp.)
 Eustachys Desv. (14 spp.)
 Chrysochloa Swallen (4 spp.)
 Stapfochloa H. Scholz (8 spp.)
 Cynodon Rich. (26 spp.)
 Neostapfiella A. Camus (3 spp.)
 Pommereulla L. fil. (1 sp.)
 Rheochloa Filg., P. M. Peterson & Y. Herrera (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Aeluropodinae P. M. Peterson
 Odyssea Stapf (1 sp.)
 Aeluropus Trin. (8 spp.)
 Subtribus Orininae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Orinus Hitchc. (7 spp.)
 Cleistogenes Keng (18 spp.)
 Subtribus Triodiinae Benth.
 Triodia R. Br. (84 spp.)
 Subtribus Orcuttiinae P. M. Peterson & Columbus
 Neostapfia Burtt Davy (1 sp.)
 Orcuttia Vasey (8 spp.)
 Subtribus Zaqiqahinae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Zaqiqah P. M. Peterson & Romasch. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Cteniinae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Ctenium Panz. (20 spp.)
 Subtribus Trichoneurinae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Trichoneura Andersson (9 spp.)
 Subtribus Farragininae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Craspedorhachis Benth. (3 spp.)
 Farrago Clayton (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Perotidinae P. M. Peterson, Romasch. & Y. Herrera
 Trigonochloa P. M. Peterson & N. Snow (2 spp.)
 Mosdenia Stent (1 sp.)
 Perotis Aiton (16 spp.)
 Subtribus Hubbardochloinae Auquire
 Leptothrium Kunth (4 spp.)
 Tetrachaete Chiov. (1 sp.)
 Dignathia Stapf (5 spp.)
 Leptocarydion Hochst. ex Benth. & Hook. fil. (1 sp.)
 Bewsia Gooss. (1 sp.)
 Hubbardochloa Auquier (1 sp.)
 Lophacme Stapf (2 spp.)
 Decaryella A. Camus (1 sp.)
 Gymnopogon P. Beauv. (15 spp.)
 Subtribus Gouiniinae P. M. Peterson & Columbus
 Triplasiella P. M. Peterson & Romasch. (1 sp.)
 Triplasis P. Beauv. (1 sp.)
 Schenckochloa J. J. Ortíz (1 sp.)
 Tridentopsis P. M. Peterson (2 spp.)
 Vaseyochloa Hitchc. (1 sp.)
 Gouinia E. Fourn. ex Benth. & Hook. fil. (9 spp.)
 Subtribus Cynodonteae incertae sedis
 Kampochloa Clayton (1 sp.)
 Lepturidium Hitchc. & Ekman (1 sp.)
 Sclerodactylon Stapf (1 sp.)
 Vietnamochloa Veldkamp & Nowack (1 sp.)

Izvori

Chloridoideae

Cynodonteae


A área metropolitana de Surabaia, conhecida localmente como Gerbangkertosusila (, romanizado: Gerbangkertasusila, de Gresik-Bangkalan-Mojokerto-Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Lamongan), é uma área metropolitana na Java Oriental, na Indonésia. É a segunda maior área metropolitana do país, depois da área metropolitana de Jacarta.

Definição

Grebangkertosusila é um acrônimo oficial de "Gresik Bangkalan Mojokerto Surabaya Sidoarjo Lamongan ", uma área metropolitana ou de planejamento principal em Java Oriental que consiste nas sete cidades e regências com esses nomes (Mojokerto é uma cidade e uma regência). Tem uma área de 5.925,843 km2, e no Censo de 2020 tinha uma população de 9.924.509 habitantes.

O governo nacional considera que a Área Metropolitana de Surabaya inclui apenas Surabaya, a regência de Sidoarjo e a regência de Gresik, conhecida como "Zona Surabaya Raya". A regência Gresik inclui a ilha de Bawean, cobrindo cerca de 196 km2 e situada ao norte de Java; no entanto, a Ilha de Bawean está excluída da Área Metropolitana.

Surabaya tradicionalmente constituiu a segunda maior área metropolitana da Indonésia, depois de Jacarta, mas a área metropolitana de Bandung (em Java Ocidental) está em rápido crescimento e é mais populosa desde 2005. No entanto, a área metropolitana estendida de Surabaya é a segunda na Indonésia apenas para Jabodetabek (a Área Metropolitana de Jacarta). As áreas e populações no Censo 2010, no Censo 2020 e de acordo com as estimativas oficiais para meados de 2021, são apresentadas abaixo para as partes componentes da área metropolitana.

Nota: (a) A ilha de Bawean, enquanto parte da regência de Gresik, não é tecnicamente parte da área metropolitana; no entanto, por conveniência, os números fornecidos aqui incluem Bawean. Fonte:

Transporte

A área metropolitana de Surabaya tem conexão aérea via Aeroporto Internacional Juanda.

A área metropolitana de Surabaya tem cinco serviços ferroviários suburbanos com uma rede semelhante à KRL Commuterline na área metropolitana de Jacarta. Os serviços conectam o centro da cidade de Surabaya às cidades vizinhas e à regência da área.

O ônibus urbano Suroboyo Bus está servindo Surabaya, usando resíduos plásticos como forma de pagamento. Desde maio de 2022, no entanto, o pagamento direto usando garrafas plásticas no ônibus foi encerrado e os resíduos plásticos devem ser trocados em pontos designados com antecedência.

Indonésia
Java Oriental

Área metropolitana de Surabaia


is a town located in Wake District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 13,833 in 6353 households and a population density of 96 persons per km². The total area of the town is . The town is famous in the region for the 'Wamojiyaki' festival that takes place every year on August 15 during the Obon period, and the town is also home to the largest Wisteria park in Japan.

Geography
Wake is located in southeastern  Okayama Prefecture. The Yoshii River and the Kongo River flow through the town, which is largely covered by hills and forests.The center of the town forms a small basin at the point where the Yoshii River and the Kongo River meet.

Adjoining municipalities
Okayama Prefecture
Akaiwa
Mimasaka
Bizen
Misaki

Climate
Wake has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Wake is . The average annual rainfall is  with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Wake was  on 8 August 2016; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 9 January 2021.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Wake in 2020 is 13,623 people. Wake has been conducting censuses since 1920.

History
The Wake area is part of ancient Bizen Province. The important Nara period official Wake no Kiyomaro is from this area. During the Edo Period, it was part of the holdings of Okayama Domain. Following the Meiji restoration, the village of Wake was established within Wake District, Okayama with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on February 6, 1901. On March 1, 2006 Wake was officially merged with the neighboring town of Saeki, also from Wake District. The newly merged town retains the name 'Wake'.

Government
Wake has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 12 members. Wake, collectively with the city of Bizen, contributes two members to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Okayama 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Wake is based agriculture and food processing, and the cultivation of fruit trees such as grapes, apples, plums, and cherries.

Education
Wake has three public elementary schools and two public junior high schools operated by the city government, and one public high school operated by the Okayama prefectural Board of Education.

Transportation

Railway
 JR West (JR West) - San'yō Main Line

Highways
  San'yō Expressway

Sister city relations
 - Jiading District, Shanghai, China, since July 31, 1989
 -  Hanna, Alberta, Canada., since March 31, 1993

References

External links

Wake official website

Towns in Okayama Prefecture

Wake, Okayama


Natronski postupak ili soda postupak je sličan sulfatnom postupku kod proizvodnje papira, u kojem je aktivna alkalija natrijev hidroksid, a lug se regenerira natrijevim karbonatom. Najviše se danas primjenjuje sulfatni postupak (dobiva se sulfatna celuloza u obliku dugih i čvrstih vlakana), u kojem se celulozna masa nakon iskuhavanja (5 sati na 100 do 180 °C) s natrijevim hidroksidom i natrijevim sulfidom odvaja od preostaloga luga, čisti, pere i po potrebi izbjeljuje. Lug se regenerira isparavanjem, dodavanjem natrijeva sulfata radi nadoknade potrošenog natrija, spaljivanjem i kaustificiranjem. Zbog manje obojenosti proizvoda prije bijeljenja, prije se više primjenjivao sulfitni postupak, zbog manje obojenosti proizvoda prije bijeljenja, u kojem se za iskuhavanje sirovine upotrebljavala sumporasta kiselina i kalcijev hidrogensulfit. U tom se postupku lug nije regenerirao (obnavljao), a njegovo je sekundarno iskorištavanje bilo ograničeno. Djelomična regeneracija luga moguća je upotrebom magnezijeva hidrogensulfita, što je u ekološkom smislu mnogo povoljnije.

Drvna celuloza
Udjel celuloze u drvnoj masi iznosi obično nešto više od 40%. Svrha je kemijskih postupaka za dobivanje celuloze iz drveta da se ukloni lignin, kako bi se drvna masa pretvorila u vlaknastu kašu. Glavni kemijski postupci, koji se razlikuju prema reagensima upotrijebljenim za delignifikaciju drveta, jesu sulfitni i sulfatni, dok je natronski postupak izgubio na važnosti i rijetko se primjenjuje.

Najprije je bio otkriven natronski postupak, a potom sulfatni. Natronskim se postupkom dobije slabija celuloza s niskim iskorištenjem, dok se sulfatnim dobije mehanički jaka celuloza. S obzirom na to da su obje vrste celuloze jake smeđe boje i teško bijeljive, upotreba tih celuloza je dugo vremena bila ograničena samo za ovojne papire i papire za vreće. Tek uveđenjem višestupanjskog bjeljenja je i ta celuloza ušla u proces proizvodnje papira. Danas se najviše celuloze proizvodi upravo sulfatnim postupkom, jer se njime mogu preraditi sve vrste drveta pa i one koje sadrže veće postotke smole, zatim jednogodišnje biljke, trstike, mehaničke karakteristike su bolje nego kod sulfitne celuloze, spaljivanjem otpadne lužnice je moguća regeneracija alkalija, te su smanjeni problemi s otpadnim vodama, drvo nije potrebno tako dobro očistiti, kao kod sulfitnog postupka.

Izvori

 Tiskarstvo
Kemijske reakcije

Natronski postupak


Die Schweizer Meisterschaften im Biathlon 2012 fanden am 24. und 25. März 2012 im Nordischen Zentrum Ulrichen statt. Sowohl für Männer als auch für Frauen wurden Wettkämpfe im Sprint und im Massenstart ausgetragen. Aufgrund geringer Teilnehmerzahlen wurde die Medaillenvergabe für Seniorinnen (1990 und älter) und Juniorinnen (1991/1992) kombiniert.

Männer

Sprint 10 km

Datum: 24. März 2012

Nicht am Start war Simon Hallenbarter (SC Obergoms).

Junioren Top 3 (1991/1992)

Jugend Top 3 (1993 und jünger)

Massenstart 15 km

Datum: 25. März 2012

Nicht am Start war Simon Hallenbarter (SC Obergoms).

Serafin Wiestner gewann den RWS Swiss-Cup 2011/2012 mit 140 Punkten vor Lothar Mock (SSC Toggenburg, 114 Punkte) und Thomas Arregger (95 Punkte).

Junioren Top 3 (1991/1992)

Gaspard Cuenot gewann den RWS Swiss-Cup 2011/2012 mit 158 Punkten vor Kevin Russi (132 Punkte) und Sébastien Testuz (128 Punkte).

Jugend Top 3 (1993 und jünger)

Severin Dietrich (SC Sarsura Zernez) gewann den RWS Swiss-Cup 2011/2012 mit 134 Punkten vor Alwin Thétaz (SC Val Ferret, 118 Punkte) und Kenneth Schöpfer (108 Punkte).

Frauen

Sprint 7,5 km
(*) Juniorin (1991/1992)
Datum: 24. März 2012

Nicht am Start waren Selina Gasparin (SC Gardes-Frontière) und Irene Cadurisch (SC Maloja).

Jugend Top 3 (1993 und jünger)

Massenstart 12,5 km
(*) Juniorin (1991/1992)
Datum: 25. März 2012

Stephanie Schnydrig (SC Obergoms) gewann den RWS Swiss-Cup 2011/2012 bei den Seniorinnen mit 40 Punkten vor Rahel Imoberdorf (38 Punkte) und Monika Niederberger (SC Dallenwil, 36 Punkte). Ladina Meier-Ruge gewann den RWS Swiss-Cup 2011/2012 bei den Juniorinnen mit 144 Punkten vor Irene Cadurisch (SC Maloja, 134 Punkte) und Jennifer Schöpfer (100 Punkte).

Jugend Top 3 (1993 und jünger)

Lena Häcki (Nordic Engelberg) gewann den RWS Swiss-Cup 2011/2012 mit 134 Punkten vor Patricia Jost (120 Punkte) und Tanja Bissig (118 Punkte).

Weblinks
 Offizielle Rangliste Sprint (PDF-Datei; 116 kB)
 Offizielle Rangliste Massenstart (PDF-Datei; 322 kB)
 Offizielle Rangliste RWS Swiss-Cup 2011/2012 (PDF-Datei; 2,7 MB)

Schweizer Meisterschaften im Biathlon
Biathlonveranstaltung 2012
Sportveranstaltung in Obergoms


Satimkul Džumanazarov (Kök-Tyub, Kirgistan, 17. rujna 1951. – Biškek, Kirgistan, 2. travnja 2007.), kirgistanski atletičar, maratonac.

Karijera
Džumanazarov je rođen u mjestu Kök-Tyub koje je smješteno u talaskoj oblasti. U sovjetsku maratonsku reprezentaciju uvršten je 1977. godine kada je osvojio broncu na nacionalnom prvenstvu. Iste rezultat ostvario he i dvije godine kasnije dok je 1980. i 1981. bio sovjetski maratonski doprvak. Svoj najveći uspjeh karijere ostvaruje trećim mjestom na Olimpijadi u Moskvi 1980. Iste godine postigao je i osobni rekord od 2:11:16. Završetkom aktivne sportske karijere, Džumanazarov se posvetio trenerskom radu s djecom u svojem Kirgistanu.

Poginuo je 2. travnja 2007. pod nesretnim okolnostima kada je pao s balkona tijekom sinovljeve svadbe. Njemu u čast, u Kirgistanu se organizira međunarodna maratonska utrka pod nazivom "Utrka Puta svile".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Džumanazarovljev profil na Sports-reference.com

Sovjetski športaši
Dugoprugaši

Satimkul Džumanazarov


Sydamerikansk skeand (Anas platalea) er en svømmeand, der lever i Sydamerikas sydlige del.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Argentinas fugle
Chiles fugle
Svømmeænder

Sydamerikansk skeand


පෝලියෝසිස් යනු, හිසේ කෙස්වල, ඇසිබැමවල, හෝ ඇසිපිහාටුවල,  මෙලනින් (හෝ වර්ණය) අඩුවීම හෝ නැතිවීම වෙයි. මෙය නිසා  "මෙලනින් රේඛාවක්" ඇතිවිය හැකි අතර මෙය පරම්පරාගත රෝගයක් විය හැක.

පෝලියෝසිස්