O 119º Regimento de Infantaria foi um regimento de infantaria do Exército dos Estados Unidos . A unidade era um elemento orgânico da 30ª Divisão de Infantaria ("Old Hickory") do Exército dos Estados Unidos.

História

guerra civil Americana
Em 19 de abril de 1861, o 1º Regimento de Voluntários da Carolina do Norte foram constituídos no Exército dos Estados Confederados e colocados em serviço de 9 a 16 de maio de 1861 por seis meses a partir de companhias de milícias da Carolina do Norte existentes.

 Companhia A (Edgecombe Guards), Tarboro, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia B (Rifles Hornet's Nest), Charlotte, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia C (Charlotte Grays), Charlotte, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia D (Infantaria Ligeira Laranja), Hillsboro, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia E (Buncombe Riflemen), Asheville, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia F (Lafayette Light Infantry), Fayetteville, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia G (Rifles Burke)
 Companhia H (Infantaria Leve Independente de Fayetteville)
 Companhia I (Enfield Blues)
 Companhia K (Estrelas do Sul), Lincolnton, Carolina do Norte

O regimento foi redesignado em 11 de setembro de 1861 como o 11º Regimento de Voluntários da Carolina do Norte, para distingui-lo do 1º Regimento, as Tropas Estaduais da Carolina do Norte, um regimento de milícia de defesa doméstica. Em 12 de novembro de 1861, foi retirado de serviço em Richmond, Virgínia . Em 31 de março de 1862, o regimento foi reorganizado no Exército dos Estados Confederados como o 11º Regimento de Infantaria da Carolina do Norte, e foi rendido e em liberdade condicional em 9 de abril de 1865 em Appomattox, Virgínia . Durante a guerra, o regimento lutou na Batalha de Gettysburg, Batalha do Deserto, Batalha da Spotsylvania Court House, Cerco de Petersburgo e Batalha de Appomattox, entre outros.

Pós-Guerra Civil e Guerra Hispano-Americana
Em 10 de abril de 1877, os 1º e 2º Batalhões da Guarda Estadual da Carolina do Norte, foram organizados no centro e leste da Carolina do Norte a partir de companhias de milícias existentes.

1º Batalhão

 Companhia A (Infantaria Leve de Raleigh), Raleigh, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia B (New Berne Grays) New Berne, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia C (Elm City Riflemen), New Berne, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia D (Goldsboro Rifles), Goldsboro, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia E (Orange Guards), Hillsboro, Carolina do Norte

2º Batalhão

 Companhia A (Infantaria Ligeira Independente de Fayetteville), Fayetteville, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia B (Lafayette Light Infantry), Fayetteville, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia C (Infantaria Ligeira de Wilmington), Wilmington, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia D (Rifles de Whiting), Washington, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia E (Hornet's Nest Riflemen), Charlotte, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia F (Charlotte Grays), Charlotte, Carolina do Norte
 Companhia G (Anson Grays), Polkton, Carolina do Norte

Em 10 de dezembro de 1877, eles foram reorganizados e redesignados como 1º e 2º Regimentos. O 3º Regimento foi organizado em 17 de março de 1879. De 9 a 27 de maio de 1898, elementos do 1º, 2º e 3º Regimentos foram organizados como o 2° Regimento de Infantaria Voluntária da Carolina do Norte e reunidos em serviço em Raleigh; outros elementos foram designados para a 1ª Infantaria Voluntária da Carolina do Norte. Os 1º e 2º Regimentos de Infantaria Voluntária da Carolina do Norte foram retirados de serviço de 3 a 23 de novembro de 1898. Em 8 de maio de 1899, os 2º e 3º Regimentos de Infantaria foram organizados na Guarda Estadual da Carolina do Norte. Em 1903, a Guarda Estadual da Carolina do Norte foi renomeada Guarda Nacional da Carolina do Norte.

Fronteira mexicana, Primeira Guerra Mundial e período entre guerras
Em 19 de junho de 1916, os 2º e 3º Regimentos de Infantaria entraram em serviço durante a Expedição Pancho Villa . O 3º Regimento foi convocado em 27 de março de 1917, mas o 2º Regimento não; após a entrada americana na Primeira Guerra Mundial em 6 de abril de 1917, o 3º Regimento de Infantaria foi chamado de volta ao serviço federal em 25 de julho de 1917 e convocado para o serviço federal em 5 de agosto de 1917. Em 12 de setembro de 1917, o 2º Regimento foi renomeado como 119º Regimento de Infantaria e o 3º Regimento como 120º Regimento de Infantaria, e foram designados para a 30ª Divisão. A 30ª Divisão participou da Segunda Batalha do Somme e da Segunda Batalha do Lys . A 30ª Divisão foi desmobilizada em 17 de abril de 1919 em Camp Jackson, Carolina do Sul . Em 1919-1921, os 119º e 120º Regimentos de Infantaria foram consolidados no 1º Regimento de Infantaria, Guarda Nacional da Carolina do Norte, com sede federal organizada em 2 de maio de 1921 em Raleigh. Em 8 de novembro de 1921, o 1º Regimento de Infantaria foi redesignado como 120º Regimento de Infantaria e designado para a 30ª Divisão. A 30ª Divisão era composta pelos 117º, 118º, 120º e 122º Regimentos de Infantaria ; em 1924, o 122º Regimento de Infantaria original passou a ser 121º Regimento de Infantaria . Assim, a 119ª Infantaria deixaria assim de existir até 1942.

Segunda Guerra Mundial
Em 16 de novembro de 1940, a 30ª Divisão foi introduzida no serviço federal. Em 22 de novembro de 1941, a 121ª Infantaria foi dispensada da divisão e designada para a 8ª Divisão de Infantaria, uma divisão do Exército Regular que havia perdido dois de seus regimentos para outras funções. Quando a 30ª Divisão foi convertida de uma divisão "quadrada" para uma divisão "triangular" em 1942, ela também perdeu o 118º Regimento de Infantaria . Para devolver a divisão a três regimentos, o 119º Regimento de Infantaria foi reconstituído na Guarda Nacional da Carolina do Norte em 24 de agosto de 1942, ativado em 7 de setembro de 1942 em Fort Jackson e designado para a 30ª Divisão de Infantaria. A 119ª Infantaria lutaria com a 30ª Divisão na Europa em 1944-1945 nas campanhas da Normandia, Norte da França, Renânia, Ardenas-Alsácia e Europa Central . A 30ª Divisão de Infantaria foi inativada em 24 de novembro de 1945 em Fort Jackson.

Guerra Fria
Em 8 de julho de 1947, elementos da 119ª Infantaria e do 1º e 3º Batalhões do 120ª Infantaria foram consolidados, reorganizados e reconhecidos federalmente no leste da Carolina do Norte como o 119º Regimento de Infantaria. Em 28 de outubro de 1954, o regimento, menos os elementos da região central da Carolina do Norte, foi organizado para incluir o antigo 167º Batalhão de Polícia Militar como 1º Batalhão. Elementos do regimento do centro da Carolina do Norte foram consolidados com elementos do 120º Regimento de Infantaria localizado no centro da Carolina do Norte para formar o novo 139º Regimento de Infantaria . Em 1º de abril de 1959, o 119º Regimento de Infantaria foi reorganizado sob o Sistema Regimental de Armas de Combate e o conceito Pentômico para consistir no 1º e 2º Grupos de Batalha, elementos da 30ª Divisão de Infantaria. Em 10 de março de 1963, os 1º e 2º Grupos de Batalha da 119ª Infantaria, foram reorganizados como 4º, 5º e 6º Batalhões da 119ª Infantaria, elementos da 30ª Divisão de Infantaria. Em 1 de janeiro de 1968, o regimento foi reorganizado para consistir no 1º Batalhão, um elemento da 30ª Divisão de Infantaria. Em 1974, a 30ª Divisão de Infantaria foi desativada, e a brigada na Carolina do Norte tornou-se a 30ª Brigada de Infantaria (Mecanizada) (Separada), o que hoje é conhecido como 30ª Brigada Blindada de Combate.

História recente
O 1º Batalhão da 119º Infantaria foi apelidado de "Batalhão do Dragão do Pântano" devido à natureza do terreno em sua área natal do leste da Carolina do Norte . No início dos anos 2000, a Empresa A estava localizada em Roanoke Rapids . O batalhão foi alertado para desdobramento em março de 2003 e foi para o Iraque com a brigada.

Condecorações

 Citação da Unidade Presidencial (Exército), serpentina bordada STOUMONT, BÉLGICA

 Citação da Unidade Presidencial (Exército), serpentina bordada PIVITSHEIDE, ALEMANHA

 Croix de Guerre francês com Palm, II Guerra Mundial, serpentina bordada FRANÇA

 Croix de Guerre Francês 1939-1945 com Estrela Dourada Prata, Segunda Guerra Mundial, serpentina bordada STOUMONT E HABIEMONT

 Fourragere belga 1940

 Citado na Ordem do Dia do Exército Belga para ação na BÉLGICA

 Citado na Ordem do Dia do Exército Belga para a ação nas ARDENNAS

 Companhia C, 1º Batalhão, também com direito a Meritorious Unit Comommendation, serpentina bordada REINO UNIDO

Insígnia do Regimento

 Descrição

Um dispositivo de cor prata e esmalte metálico 1 3/16 polegadas (3,02 cm) de altura total consistindo de um escudo brasonado: Per fess Azure e Argent, sobre um montículo na base Vert um leão desenfreado passante contraposto, olhado, languido e armado Gules. Anexado abaixo e nas laterais do escudo está um pergaminho prateado virado para azul com a inscrição "UNDAUNTED" em letras azuis.

 Simbolismo

O azul é a cor da Infantaria. As funções da organização estão implícitas alegoricamente no leão feroz, sendo heráldica a imagem viva de um bom soldado que deve ser valente de coragem, forte de corpo e inimigo do medo. O lema alude ao simbolismo do escudo e é expressivo das características do pessoal.

 Fundo

A insígnia da unidade distintiva foi aprovada em 4 de fevereiro de 1943. Foi alterado para alterar a descrição em 29 de março de 1953.

Brasão de armas do Regimento

Brasão

 Escudo

Per fess Azure e Argent, sobre um monte na base Vert, um leão desenfreado passou contra Gules, olhos, languidez e armados.

 Crista

Isso para os regimentos e batalhões separados da Guarda Nacional do Exército da Carolina do Norte: Em uma coroa de flores das cores Argent e Azure, um ninho de vespas pendurado em um galho cercado por 13 vespas todas apropriadas. Lema: INESQUECÍVEL.

Simbolismo

 Escudo

O azul é a cor da Infantaria. As funções da organização estão implícitas alegoricamente no leão feroz, sendo heráldica a imagem viva de um bom soldado que deve ser valente de coragem, forte de corpo e inimigo do medo.

 Crista

A crista é a da Guarda Nacional do Exército da Carolina do Norte.

Fundo
O brasão de armas foi aprovado em 4 de fevereiro de 1943. Foi alterado para mudar o brasão em 29 de março de 1953.

Referências

Bibliografia

 "O Livro da Linhagem do Exército Volume II: Infantaria" Departamento do Exército.

Ligações externas

 docsouth.unc.edu
Regimentos de infantaria do Exército dos Estados Unidos
Fundações nos Estados Unidos em 1917
Regimentos da Guarda Nacional dos Estados Unidos

119° Regimento de Infantaria (Estados Unidos)


Svjetsko juniorsko prvenstvo u skijaškim skokovima u mješovitoj konkurenciji je međunarodno natjecanje u skijaškim skokovima za juniorsku dobnu kategoriju koje se održava svake godine počevši od 2016. godine.

Medalje po državama

Vidi
Svjetsko juniorsko prvenstvo u skijaškim skokovima
Svjetsko žensko juniorsko prvenstvo u skijaškim skokovima

Vanjske poveznice
Pregled na fis-ski.com

Natjecanja u skijaškim skokovima
Šport do 23 godine

sl:Svetovno_mladinsko_prvenstvo_v_smučarskih_skokih#Tekma_mešanih_ekip


Parteischule steht für:
 verschiedene Bildungseinrichtungen der SED (1946–1989), siehe Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands #Parteischulen
 Wiener Parteischule, Bildungseinrichtung der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Österreichs (ab 1924)

 Reichsparteischule steht für:
 Reichsparteischule (SPD), Berlin (ab 1906), zur Schulung von Parteifunktionären
 Reichsparteischule der KPD "Rosa Luxemburg", Fichtenau bei Berlin (ab 1927), heute ein Wohnhaus

Siehe auch:
 Parteihochschule

Parteischule


An Pothos laurifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Peter Charles Boyce ngan Alistair Hay. An Pothos laurifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pothos, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pothos

Pothos laurifolius


The New Zealand National Front was a small white nationalist organisation in New Zealand.

History

First formation in 1967
Mirroring developments in the UK, a group called the National Front evolved from the New Zealand branch of the League of Empire Loyalists in 1967. It was led by Brian Thompson; another notable member was Roger Clare who would later become an activist with the League of St George. It published a magazine called Counter-attack. This group dissolved by the beginning of the 1970s. Thompson remained an overseas supporter of the UK National Front.

Recreation of the late 1970s

The National Front of New Zealand, commonly known as the "New Zealand National Front" (NZNF), was an initiative of John Tyndall of the British National Front formed in 1977. Sister organisations were also formed in Australia and South Africa at the same time.

The party's first chairman was David Crawford, aided by Brian Thompson. Kerry Bolton joined in 1978. It distributed "large numbers of Holocaust denial pamphlets and books". Thompson represented the party at the march in Lewisham in 1977. The party encouraged its activists to infiltrate mainstream parties such as the National Party. From June 1978 the party jointly published a magazine called Frontline with the National Front of Australia. After the end of the Australian group in 1984, the magazine continued until March 1987 in support of a more general non-party "nationalist cause".

The organisation became close to ending during the early 1980s; many of its members left to form the 'New Force' which Bolton formed in 1981.

Later activity
In 1989 Anton Foljambe sought to revive the Frontline title for his "Conservative Front" grouping. This led to the reformation of the NZNF with Foljambe as leader. It published a magazine, edited by Foljambe, called Viewpoint. Foljambe resigned as leader in 1997 and established the rival National Democrats Party in 1999. Kyle Chapman, who has said he was interested in right-wing politics since the age of 12, then led the party until resigning as leader in 2005. Bolton rejoined the party in 2004. From 2008, Colin Ansell led the group. Ansell stated that the group was to be a "broad spectrum nationalist movement" with a "strong view on immigration".

On 23 October 2004, the National Front held a protest in Wellington to support retaining the current New Zealand flag, which was attended by an estimated 45 people. An 800-strong counter-demonstration was organised by the MultiCultural Aotearoa coalition and anarchists to expose the sympathies of the National Front. According to The New Zealand Herald, Chapman complained the following day of "insufficient police protection". This "Flag Day Rally" has now become an annual event, with NF members and protesters squaring off outside parliament.

In October 2017, a handful of National Front members protested outside Parliament. They were met by "a sea" of counter-protesters. Fights came close to breaking out and police attended the event.

After the Christchurch mosque shootings of 2019, the National Front like other far-right groups "publicly shut up shop" and largely went underground. An RNZ documentary of April 2019 described them as "the old guard of the far-right" in comparison to new movements with more sophisticated networks and use of technology.

As a political party
The National Front has described itself to be a political party, such as in 2010. Leader Kyle Chapman contested the 2004 Christchurch mayoral election, receiving 1,665 votes (1.9%) and coming fifth out of ten candidates. In a blog post, then-former-leader Kyle Chapman declared the National Front would be joining with the National Democrats and another international organisation, the 'New Right' to contest the 2008 election under the name "Nationalist Alliance". This did not occur; no candidates contested the 2008 election under that name.

Policies
According to Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, the discernible policies of the National Front are "homophobia, racism and patriotic nationalism."

Leaders

See also

 Far-right politics in New Zealand
 List of white nationalist organizations
 Politics of New Zealand

References

External links
Archive of the National Front official website

National Front
Political parties established in 1968
1968 establishments in New Zealand
2019 disestablishments in New Zealand
Nationalist parties in Oceania
White nationalist parties
Far-right politics in New Zealand
Racism in New Zealand

New Zealand National Front


مصطفى شعبان (19 مايو 1970 -)، ممثل مصري.

عن حياته
تخرج من كليه الإعلام قسم العلاقات العامة والإعلان في جامعة القاهرة

بدأ مصطفى شعبان مشواره الفني من خلال العمل كمخرج بالمسرح الجامعي حيث عرضت له مسرحية ضمن مهرجان «الفنون المسرحية» في فرنسا، التي لاقت نجاحاً كبيراً، فقرر إخراج مسرحية أخرى حصلت على جائزة أفضل مخرج في مسابقة الجامعات.

أول تجربة له في التمثيل كانت من خلال مسرحية «بالعربي الفصيح» مع الفنان «محمد صبحي» عام 1992، وعلى الرغم من نجاحه كمخرج إلا أنه قرر التفرغ للتمثيل.

ظهر مصطفى شعبان لأول مرة على شاشة السينما في دور صغير لا يتعدى 8 مشاهد مع المخرج «زكي فطين عبد الوهاب» في فيلم «رومانتيكا» 1996، تلاه فيلم القبطان في 1997 ثم حصل على جائزة أحسن ممثل عن فيلم «فتاة من إسرائيل» عام 1999 وفيلم «الشرف» عام 2000 لينطلق بعد ذلك في 2001 بمجموعة أعمال كان أشهرها مسلسل «عائلة الحاج متولي» مع الفنان «نور الشريف» وفيلم «سكوت حنصور» مع «لطيفة التونسية» وفيلم «إتفرج يا سلام».

استطاع من خلال أدواره المتنوعة بين السياسي المناضل والشاب، من أن يجذب إليه أنظار النقاد والجماهير حتى أصبح إسمه ينافس أسماء نجوم جيله من الشباب خاصة عقب حصوله على دور البطولة في فيلم «النعامة والطاووس» مع الفنانة بسمة، عام 2002 والذي كان بمثابة الانطلاقة الحقيقية لعالم الشهرة.

أعماله

الأفلام

المسلسلات

البرامج
 2010: 1 ضد 100 (تقديم)

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
ممثلو أفلام مصريون
ممثلو تلفزيون مصريون
ممثلون من القاهرة
مواليد 1390 هـ
مواليد 1394 هـ
مواليد 1970
مواليد في القاهرة
مصطفى شعبان
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 21
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 20

مصطفى شعبان


Magriser est une entreprise panafricaine spécialisée en production, distribution et installation de systèmes de micro-irrigation.  Elle fournit des solutions d'irrigation de précision et de gestion d'eau pour les cultures maraîchères, saisonnières ainsi que des applications hydroponiques. Depuis 2018, la société est aussi active dans les systèmes de pompages photovoltaïques.

Elle est  pour avoir introduit les systèmes de micro-irrigations au Maroc en 1986 et avoir .

En 2020, le fonds d'investissement français Amethis annonce l'acquisition d'une part majoritaire de Magriser, valorisant la société a environ 250 millions de dirhams.

La société dispose de trois filiales, ESCOD, Riego Centre, et Magriser Africa, basées respectivement à Casablanca et Dakar.

Historique
Fondée en 1986, la société dont le nom est le diminutif de Serres du Maghreb, est initialement spécialisée en installation de serres agricoles.

La société introduit les premiers systèmes de micro-irrigation à Agadir, dans le sud du Maroc en 1988.

L'activité de MagriserS.A est significativement dynamisée par le lancement du Plan Maroc Vert en 2010.

En 2019, Magriser S.A se lance sur le marché subsaharien, à travers l'ouverture d'une filiale sénégalaise, Magriser Africa.

Chronologie

 1986 : création de la société Magriser SARL, spécialisée dans l'installation de serres agricoles.
 1988 : introduction des systèmes d'irrigation au Maroc.
 2010 : lancement du Plan Maroc Vert.
 2014 : création d'une nouvelle division chargée des études et de l'installation des projets d'irrigation.
 2015 : prix du meilleur exposant au Salon international d'Agriculture de Meknès.
 2018 : premier projet de la société sur le marché africain en Guinée Conakry.
 2020 : ouverture de Magriser Africa,  filiale basée à Dakar (Sénégal).
 2021 : Magriser lance l'activité de production de matériel d'irrigation, le fonds d'investissement Amethis rejoint l'actionnariat du groupe.

Références

Entreprise fondée en 1986
Entreprise ayant son siège au Maroc
Entreprise de l'eau

Magriser


Ta Prohm (, UNGEGN: , ALA-LC:  ; "Ancestor Brahma") is the modern name of a temple near the city of Siem Reap, Cambodia,  approximately one kilometre east of Angkor Thom and on the southern edge of the East Baray. It was built in the Bayon style largely in the late 12th century and early 13th century and was originally called Rajavihara (, UNGEGN: , ALA-LC:  ; "Royal Monastery"). It was founded by the Khmer King Jayavarman VII as a Mahayana Buddhist monastery and center of learning dedicated to his mother. Almost 80,000 people were required to live in or visit the temple, including over 2,700 officials and 615 dancers.

The temple is referred to as the "Tomb Raider Temple" or the "Angelina Jolie Temple" due to its depiction in the film Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001).

The temple was built without mortar and, after it was abandoned, trees took root in the loosened stones. The trees growing out of the ruins and the jungle surroundings have made it one of the most popular temples with visitors to the area. It has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1992.

History

Foundation and expansion
In 1186 A.D., Jayavarman VII embarked on a massive program of construction and public works. Rajavihara ("monastery of the king"), today known as Ta Prohm ("ancestor Brahma"), was one of the first temples founded pursuant to that program. The stele commemorating the foundation gives a date of 1186 A.D.

Jayavarman VII constructed Rajavihara in honour of his family. The temple's main image, representing Prajnaparamita, the personification of wisdom, was modelled on the king's mother. The northern and southern satellite temples in the third enclosure were dedicated to the king's guru, Jayamangalartha, and his elder brother respectively. As such, Ta Prohm formed a complementary pair with the temple monastery of Preah Khan, dedicated in 1191 A.D., the main image of which represented the Bodhisattva of compassion Lokesvara and was modelled on the king's father.

The temple's stele records that the site was home to more than 12,500 people (including 18 high priests and 615 dancers), with an additional 80,000 inhabitants in the surrounding villages working to provide services and supplies. The stele also notes that the temple amassed considerable riches, including gold, pearls and silks. Expansions and additions to Ta Prohm continued as late as the rule of Srindravarman at the end of the 15th century.

Abandonment and restoration

After the fall of the Khmer Empire in the 15th century, the temple of Ta Prohm was abandoned and neglected for centuries. When the effort to conserve and restore the temples of Angkor began in the early 21st century, the École française d'Extrême-Orient decided that Ta Prohm would be left largely as it had been found, as a "concession to the general taste for the picturesque." According to pioneering Angkor scholar Maurice Glaize, Ta Prohm was singled out because it was "one of the most imposing [temples] and the one which had best merged with the jungle, but not yet to the point of becoming a part of it". Nevertheless, much work has been done to stabilize the ruins, to permit access, and to maintain "this condition of apparent neglect."

In 1992, UNESCO inscribed Ta Prohm on the World Heritage List. The conservation and restoration of Ta Prohm is a partnership project of the Archaeological Survey of India and the APSARA (Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap).

By 2013, the Archaeological Survey of India restored most parts of the temple complex, some of which were been constructed from scratch. Wooden walkways, platforms and roped railings were put in place around the site to protect the monument from further damages from tourists.

In November 2022, a renovation of the Hall of Dancers was completed.

The site

Layout
The design of Ta Prohm is that of a typical "flat" Khmer temple, as opposed to a temple-pyramid or temple-mountain, the inner levels of which are higher than the outer. Five rectangular enclosing walls surround a central sanctuary.  The sanctuary is centered around the stone face of Prajnaparamita, the personification of wisdom, modeled after the king's mother. Like most Khmer temples, Ta Prohm is oriented to the east, so the temple proper is set back to the west along an elongated east-west axis. The outer wall of 1000 by 650 metres encloses an area of 650,000 square metres that at one time would have been the site of a substantial town, but that is now largely forested. There are entrance gopuras at each of the cardinal points, although access today is now only possible from the east and west. In the 13th century, face towers similar to those found at the Bayon were added to the gopuras. Some of the face towers have collapsed. At one time, moats could be found inside and outside the fourth enclosure. The presence of two moats led some historians to speculate that the 12th/13th remain of Ta Prohm is an expansion of a more ancient Buddhist shrine on the same site.

The three inner enclosures of the temple proper are galleried, while the corner towers of the first enclosure form a quincunx with the tower of the central sanctuary. This basic plan is complicated for the visitor by the circuitous access necessitated by the temple's partially collapsed state, as well as by the large number of other buildings dotting the site, some of which represent later additions. The most substantial of these other buildings are the libraries in the southeast corners of the first and third enclosures; the satellite temples on the north and south sides of the third enclosure; the Hall of Dancers between the third and fourth eastern gopuras; and a House of Fire east of the fourth eastern gopura.

Representational art
Ta Prohm has not many narrative bas-reliefs (as compared to Angkor Wat or Angkor Thom). At any rate, some depictions of scenes from Buddhist mythology do remain. One badly eroded bas-relief illustrates the "Great Departure" of Siddhartha, the future Buddha, from his father's palace. The temple also features stone reliefs of devatas (minor female deities), meditating monks or ascetics, and dvarapalas or temple guardians.

Trees
The trees growing out of the ruins are perhaps the most distinctive feature of Ta Prohm, and "have prompted more writers to descriptive excess than any other feature of Angkor." Two species predominate, but sources disagree on their identification: the larger is either the silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) or thitpok Tetrameles nudiflora, and the smaller is either the strangler fig (Ficus gibbosa). or gold apple (Diospyros decandra). Angkor scholar Maurice Glaize observed, "On every side, in fantastic over-scale, the trunks of the silk-cotton trees soar skywards under a shadowy green canopy, their long spreading skirts trailing the ground and their endless roots coiling more like reptiles than plants."

In popular media
Ta Prohm was used as a location in the film Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001). In the film, Lara Croft, played by Angelina Jolie, picked a jasmine flower and then fell through the earth into the temple, with the forthcoming scenes filmed at Pinewood Studios.

Gallery

References

Further reading

Coèdes, George. "La stèle de Ta-Prohm," in Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, Vol.6, No.1-2 (1906), pp. 44–86. This article, written in French by Angkor-scholar Coedes, gives the original text of the foundational stele at Ta Prohm, as well as a French translation of the text. The article is available online at gallica.bnf.fr, the website for the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
Freeman, Michael and Jacques, Claude. Ancient Angkor. River Books, 1999. .

Rooney, Dawn. Angkor: An Introduction to the Temples. Odyssey Publications 3rd edition 1999..

Angkorian sites in Siem Reap Province
Buddhist temples in Siem Reap Province

Ta Prohm


في الرياضيات، تعرف متعددة لحدود بالصورة
حيث المعاملات
أعداد مركبة. تنص النظرية الأساسية للجبر على أن متعددة الحدود P لها n عدد من الجذور يساوي درجتها n. فيما يلي سرد ببعض خواص هذه الجذور.

اعتمادية المعاملات المستمرة
الجذور n لكثيرة حدود من الدرجة n تعتمد باستمرار على المعاملات. هذا يعني ان هناك n دوال متصلة  معتمدة على المعاملات التي تجعل منها بارامترات بتعددية صحيحة.

وتقتضي هذه النتيجة أن معاملات التحول الخطية للمصفوفة تعتمد باستمرار على المصفوفة. إن مسألة تقريب الجذور بدلالة المعاملات هي عليلة الشرط، كما في متعدد الحدود لويلكلسون على سبيل المثال.

نظرية المرافق المركب

تنص نظرية المرافق المركب على أنه إذا كان معاملات كثير الحدود حقيقية، فإن الجذور تظهر أزواجا على الصورة a ± ib.

على سبيل المثال, المعادلة x2 + 1 = 0 لها جذرين هما ±i.

قيود على جذور كثير الحدود

الجذور المركبة العامة

من أهم القيود العامة على قيمة الجذور تلك التي تقتضيها نظرية راوتش. إذا وجد عدد حقيقي موجب R ومعامل k بحيث

فإنه يوجد تماما k جذرا (مستمرا بالتعددية) بقيمة مطلقة أقل من R. من أجل k=0,n يكون هناك دائما حلا لهذه المتباينة، مثلا
 لإجل k=n,
 or

 هي القيود العليا لمقدار جميع الجذور,
 for k=0,
 or

 هي القيود الدنيا لمقدار جميع الجذور,
 لجميع باقي المعاملات, تكون الدالة

محدبة على الأعداد الحقيقة الموجبة, وبالتالي فإن نقطة التصغير سهلة التحقق عدديا. إذا كانت القيمة الدنيا سالبة, فقد أمكن الحصول على معلومات إضافية حول مواقع الجذور.

يمكن زيادة الفصل بين الجذور وبالتالي يمكن إيجاد دوائر فاصلة إضافية من المعاملات، بتطبيق عملية تربيع جذور معاودة داندلين-غريف على كثيرة الحدود.

هناك طريقة أخرى باستعمال نظرية الدوائر لجرشغورين المطبق على بعض المصفوفة المرافقة لكثيرة الحدود، كما هو الحال في Durand-طريقة كرنر.

مبرهنة غاوس–لوكاس

انظر أيضًا
 مبرهنة ستورم،
 مبرهنة أبيل-روفيني,
 صيغ فييتة,

المراجع

 E.E. Tyrtyshnikov, A Brief Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Birkhäuser Boston, 1997

متعددات الحدود

خواص جذور متعددة حدود


Det er godt at få varmen - Om unge, stoffer og misbrug er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1982, der er instrueret af Ib Makwarth.

Handling
På grundlag af dokumentarisk materiale (hovedsagligt interviews) søger filmen at fremlægge baggrunde og årsager til, at mennesker falder i stofmisbrug. I denne film, som suppleres af filmen Ellers laver jeg ikke noget, er det først og fremmest stofmisbrugere og deres pårørende, der medvirker. Filmholdet har blandt andet besøgt en familie, der er usædvanligt hårdt ramt: Af tre børn døde et på grund af misbrug som 28-årig, de to andre slås stadig for at komme ud af det.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1982

Narkomani
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark


«Stutter» es una canción del grupo Britpop Elastica y fue escrito por la líder de la banda, Justine Frischmann. Originalmente fue lanzado como sencillo en 1993 y luego incluido en 1995 en el disco de debut de la banda. El sencillo recibió críticas positivas de los críticos y escaló alto en los charts de EE.UU. y Canadá.

Letras
De un poco más de dos minutos de duración, contiene sólo dos versos y dos coros debido a que Frischmann pensó más serían innecesarios. La letra es acerca de "el problema ocasional de la impotencia masculine debido a estar alcholizado"

Lanzamiento
«Stutter» fue sencillo el debut de Elastica y fue lanzado por primera vez en noviembre de 1993 por el sello independiente Deceptive Records. Se vendieron todas las copias en un día. El sencillo fue relanzado el año siguiente, y de acuerdo con SoundScan, había vendido más de 6.000 copias en mayo de 1995. La canción no se transmitió en la radio hasta en 1995.
"Stutter" se incluyó como la pista 14 en 1995 de su debut, y también se incluyó en la colección 20th Century Masters collection de 2002, Best of Brit Pop. Es quizás la canción más conocida de la banda.

Críticas
La canción recibió críticas positivas de los críticos de música. Spin escribió que "[el sencillo] Stutter ofrece cuatro canciones brillantes del pop". De acuerdo con Douglas Walk de CMJ New Music Monthly, "los mejores momentos de Elastica son por mérito propio, especialmente el sencillo sorprendente 'Stutter' ".

Posicionamiento
En los EE. UU., «Stutter» se quedó en la lista Billboard Hot 100 durante nueve semanas, alcanzando el puesto # 67 el 26 de agosto de 1995. También llegó al # 10 en la Alternative Billboard Songs del 12 de agosto. En Canadá, la canción alcanzó el puesto # 4 en la tabla de alternativa el 14 de agosto.

Video
Hay 3 versiones del video,
 Versión 1, un video muy amateur en la cual aparece la banda tocando la canción.
 Versión 2, muy parecida a la versión 1 pero en esa la banda aparece y desaparece mientras toca.
 Versión 3, filmada en Minneapolis, durante la gira de la banda por EE. UU. en la primavera de 1995, dirigido por David Moldes, emitido regularmente en MTV en 1995. Se cuenta con fotografías de los miembros de la banda caminando por calles llenas de gente.

Canciones

7"
Lanzado el 1 de noviembre de 1993
 "Stutter"
 "Pussycat"

Sencillo en CD edición americana
Lanzado el 19 de junio de 1994
 "Stutter"
 "Rockunroll"
 "2:1"
 "Annie"

Sencillo en CD edición mundial
Lanzado el 19 de junio de 1994
 "Stutter"
 "Pussycat"
 "Blue - Donna's 4-track demo"
 "Spastica"

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Sencillos de Elastica
Canciones en inglés
Canciones de rock

Stutter


The Battle of Hedgeley Moor, 25 April 1464, was a battle of the Wars of the Roses. It was fought at Hedgeley Moor, north of the villages of Glanton and Powburn in Northumberland, between a Yorkist army led by John Neville, Lord Montagu and a Lancastrian army led by Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. The battle ended in a Yorkist victory.

Background
At the beginning of 1464, after setbacks in 1463, the Lancastrians were hoping that the Welsh Marches and the West Country would rise in their support. The Yorkists wanted to remove the threat of Scottish invasion, by reaching an agreement with the Scots. The English parliament was due to meet at York on 5 May to discuss terms with a party from Scotland, but a burst of Lancastrian activity in Northumberland and North Yorkshire meant that it would be difficult for the Scottish party to travel safely to York. Lord Montagu was therefore sent north with a small force to escort them to York.

The Duke of Somerset tried to ambush Montagu near Newcastle but the latter was able to evade this attempt. He continued his journey northwards, gathering troops as he went. When Montagu reached Hedgeley Moor he had an army of five or six thousand men. There he met a Lancastrian army of five thousand men commanded by Somerset. The Lancastrian army also included Lords Ros and Hungerford and Sir Ralph Percy.

Battle
The battle began with the normal exchange of archery between the two armies.
Montagu (John Neville), then advanced across the 1,500 yards of moorland, only to be forced to halt and readjust his lines when the Lancastrian left flank, under Lords Ros and Hungerford (some 2,000 men), faltered, broke, and scattered.

The whole Lancastrian force gave way when the Yorkists clashed with their line. Pushed back by weight of numbers all but a few of the remaining Lancastrians fled the field. Sir Ralph Percy stayed with his household retainers and made a brave last stand. However, deserted by the rest of the army, including all the other commanders, he was soon slain. As he died he is said to have uttered the enigmatic words: 'I have saved the bird in my bosom'.

Aftermath
The defeat and dispersal of the Lancastrian forces made it possible for the Scottish negotiators to be safely escorted to York, where a peaceful solution between Edward IV's Yorkists and the Scots was successfully negotiated. With regard to the Lancastrians,  this battle was shortly followed by the decisive Battle of Hexham, on 15 May 1464.

A square sandstone pillar stands near the site of the battle, and is known as 'Percy's Cross'. It can be found on the east side of the A697, a couple of miles north of the village of Powburn. The road at this point is following the line of the Roman road known as the Devil's Causeway.

There are two ballads commemorating the battle, The Battle of Hedgley Moor by Frederick Sheldon, and The Legend of Percy's Cross by James Service.

References

 Sadler, John. Battle for Northumbria, 1988, Bridge Studios,

1464 in England
Hedgeley Moor
Hedgeley Moor
Hedgeley Moor

Battle of Hedgeley Moor


Ankova este un gen de molii din familia Lymantriinae.

Specii
Ankova belessichares (Collenette, 1936)
Ankova lignea (Butler, 1879)

Referințe
  Baza de date a genului Lepidoptera la Muzeul de istorie naturală

Lymantriidae
Molii
Genuri de insecte

Ankova


بول كلي (18 ديسمبر 1879 - 29 يونيو 1940) Paul Klee هو رسام ألماني ولد في سويسرا، تترواح أفكاره بين السريالية، التعبيرية والتجريدية.

حياته

ولد بول كلي في 18 ديسمبر سنة 1879 في قرية «مونشن-بوخسي» القريبة من برن، لأم سويسرية تدعى إيدا فريك، وأب ألماني اسمه هانز كلي، وكانت له أخت واحدة أكبر منه بثلاث سنوات. والده الألماني الجنسية، لم يطلب في يوم من الأيام الجنسية السويسرية. ورغم ذلك عاد الفنان فارا من ألمانيا إلى مسقط رأسه (برن) لعيش فيها كأجنبي. وقد سجلته السلطات السويسرية كألماني تبعا لجنسية والده، التي لازمته حتى وفاته، توفي الفنان التشكيلي بول كلي قبل أن يحصل على الجنسية السويسرية.

كان والداه يأملان أن ينخرط في حقل العمل الفني الموسيقي، لكن كان يخطط لشيء آخر، فقد غادر بيت الأسرة إلى مدرسة خاصة في ميونخ بألمانيا لدراسة الرسم، وذلك بعد شهرين فقط من رحيل أمه من البيت.

بقي كلي 4 سنوات كاملة بعيدا عن بيت الأسرة، في فترة غيرت الكثير في مسار حياته؛ فقد انهي دراسة الفن وتعرف على زوجة المستقبل، وسافر للمرة الأولى إلى إيطاليا.

ثم كانت العودة إلى برن في عام 1902 وكانت أيضا إلى بيت الأسرة، أما قوت يومه فكان يتكسبه من كتابة النقد المسرحي والعزف في حفلات الموسيقى الكلاسيكية، إلا أن الرسم بقي ملازما له يقضي معه كل أوقات فراغه.

ولم تدم هذه الفترة طويلا، فقد كانت الفترة ما بين عامي 1903 و 1905 مرحلة تحول كبيرة في حياته؛ حيث قام ببعض التجارب في الطباعة بالحفر على النحاس، وترك من تلك المرحلة 11 عملا.

ويبدو أن تلك الإنجازات قد شجعته على مغادرة سويسرا مرة أخرى، ففي عام 1906 تزوج بعازفة البيانو الألمانية ليلي شتومبف وأقام معها في ميونخ، ثم رزق منها بعد عام واحد بابنه الوحيد فيليكس، الذي قام برعايته في مراحل كثيرة من طفولته بين ميونخ وبرن، بينما كانت الأم منهمكة بالعزف في الحفلات الموسيقية لتأمين مورد رزق للأسرة.

فعلى الرغم أنه كان ألمانيا فإنه يـُعتبر رساما سويسريا، وعلى الرغم أنه كان بوهيميا، إلا أنه كان يعيش حياة بورجوازية. قدم للفن التشكيلي أسلوبا معاصرا في الرسم، ولكنه كان يرفض الموسيقى الحديثة ويتمسك بالكلاسيكية القديمة.

مسيرته الفنية

جدته لأمه هي التي مهدت له الخطى الأولى نحو الفن، بعد أن أهدته وهو في سن الثالثة أورقا للرسم وأقلاما ملونة، ويذكر كلي تلك المرحلة بأنها كانت بداية خطواته في رحلته الفنية، حتى أنه ضم بعض رسوماته من مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة إلى سجل أعماله الخاص به.

ابتكر تقنية جديدة، تعتمد على النقش بإبرة مدببة على لوح زجاجي مطلي بالسناج، وأنتج بهذا الأسلوب 60 عملا، كانت جديدة في ذلك العصر وملفتة للنظر.

رواق

روابط خارجية

مراجع

بول كلي
أشخاص من برن
أشخاص من مقاطعة بيرن-ميتيلاند
خريجو أكاديمية الفنون الجميلة (ميونيخ)
رسامون ألمان
رسامون ألمان في القرن 20
رسامون ألمان في القرن التاسع عشر
رسامون تجريديون
رسامون سويسريون
رسامون سويسريون في القرن 20
رسامون مستشرقون
شعراء باللغة الألمانية
صناع طباعة ألمان في القرن 20
صناع طباعة سويسريون
فنانون تكعيبيون
فنانون ذكور ألمان في القرن 20
فنانون ذكور في القرن 19
فنانون ذكور في القرن 20
فنانون معاصرون
فنانون من برن
مهاجرون من ألمانيا النازية إلى سويسرا
مواليد 1879
وفيات 1940

بول كلي


Budislavićev pravovjerni zavod (lat. Collegium Orthodoxum Budislavum) je bio crkveni zavod za odgoj klerika, đaka Trebinjsko-mrkanske biskupije u Dubrovniku.

Povijest

Osnovnu glavnicu za Zavod oporukom od oporukom od 1. siječnja 1606. u Dubrovniku je ostavio tadašnji liječnik Toma Budislavić Natalis, koji je nakon nepunih pola godine postao trebinjski biskup. Početnu glavnicu od 7.470 srebrnih dukata stekao je od liječenja kraljeva i sultana. Budislavić je namijenio novac za odgoj sjemeništaraca Trebinjsko-mrkanske biskupije i za gradnju zavoda u Dubrovniku. Novac je položio u talijanskim bankama (Napulj, Ankona, Rim).

Budislavić je obvezao Bratovštinu sv. Roka da bude izvršiteljica oporuke. U dodatcima oporuke, vidjevši da ne dobiva kamate na glavnicu u napuljskoj banci, ovlastio je 1607. Svetu Stolicu raspolagati njegovim dobrima i dok je živ i poslije njegove smrti. Također je odredio u oporuci da u budućem Zavodu zauvijek rektori budu samo njegovi nasljednici u spomenutoj biskupiji. Premda su stoljeća prošla dok je Trebinjska biskupija došla do te ostavštine, i što je mali dio dobila tek 1990. (33 tisuće maraka), zavod je otvoren.

Zavod je otvoren 29 godina poslije Budislavićeve smrti, 1637. godine. Sjemenište je imalo 6 sjemeništaraca s učiteljem i rektorom. Prvih godina nije bilo sređeno zbog nesuglasica između bratovštine sv. Roka, trebinjskog biskupa i dubrovačkog nadbiskupa, prema izjavi dubrovačkog nadbiskupa iz 1640. godine. Situacija se nije mnogo popravila ni poslije, jer biskup fra Antun Primović, 17. ožujka 1676. izvijestio je Propagandu da je sjemenište još u njegovo doba "nauzgor", a pitomce sjemeništa i rezultate njihova školovanja opisao je niskim ocjenama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Illyrici Sacri Tomus Sextus Ecclesia Ragusina cum Suffrageneis, str. 309, Google Knjige

Dubrovnik
Sjemeništa u Hrvatskoj
Trebinjsko-mrkanska biskupija

Budislavićev pravovjerni zavod


Cattleya perrinii é uma espécie de planta do gênero Cattleya e da família Orchidaceae.
Cattleya perrinii pertence à série Hadrolaelia. É uma espécie que geralmente ocorre em florestas primárias de altitude principalmente nos estados de Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo e pode ser considerada rara. A floração ocorre no outono.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1838 por John Lindley.
Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:
 Bletia perrinii  (Lindl.) Rchb.f.
 Laelia perrinii alba  O'Brien
 Amalia perrinii  (Lindl.) Heynh.
 Brasilaelia perrinii  (Lindl.) Campacci
 Chironiella perrinii  (Lindl.) Braem
 Hadrolaelia perrinii  (Lindl.) Chiron & V.P.Castro
 Laelia perrinii  (Lindl.) Bateman
 Sophronitis perrinii  (Lindl.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase

Forma de vida
É uma espécie epífita e herbácea.

Descrição

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de van den Berg, C. Cattleya  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Cattleya perrinii no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Cattleya
Plantas descritas em 1838
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Cattleya perrinii


Stuart Turton (nascido em 1980)  é um autor e jornalista inglês. O seu primeiro livro, As Sete Mortes de Evelyn Hardcastle (2018), foi um best-seller internacional.

Turton nasceu e foi criado em Widnes, Inglaterra. Licenciou-se em Inglês e Filosofia na Universidade de Liverpool. Depois de se graduar, Turton trabalhou como professor em Xangai, antes de se tornar jornalista de tecnologia em Londres. Turton viveu no Dubai durante três anos para se tornar um jornalista de viagens, e depois regressou a Londres para escrever seu primeiro romance.

Carreira
O primeiro romance de Turton, As Sete Mortes de Evelyn Hardcastle, publicado em 2018, foi desde então traduzido e vendido em 28 idiomas.  Numa entrevista concedida ao jornal inglês The Guardian, Turton descreveu a experiência de escrever o livro como "simplesmente horrível".

O segundo romance de Turton, O Demónio das Águas Sombrias, foi publicado em outubro de 2020. Foi vendido em 20 países.

Em novembro de 2020, Turton assinou um contrato com Bloomsbury para escrever mais dois mistérios "high-concept". Ele descreveu-os como "malucos".

Bibliografia

Romances

 As Sete Mortes de Evelyn Hardcastle (2018)
 O Demónio das Águas Sombrias (2020)

Referências

Alunos da Universidade de Liverpool
Romancistas da Inglaterra
Jornalistas da Inglaterra

Stuart Turton


Sapadere, Antalya ilinin Alanya ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
mahallenin adı için deki dereden gelmektedir

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 179 km, Alanya ilçesine 41 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Sapadere Köyü Resmi Sitesi
 Sapadere Turizm Sitesi

Alanya'nın mahalleleri

Sapadere, Alanya


6939 Lestone este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6939 Lestone este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Mount Wilson de Cunningham, L. E.. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,59 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 14,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1952
Centura de asteroizi

6939 Lestone


හිණි පිරමිඩ යනු ඉතිහාසය පුරා සංස්කෘතීන් කිහිපයක ආවේණික ලක්ෂණ නිරූපණයට ඉවහල් වූ ව්‍යුහයන් වෙති.  මෙම  පිරමිඩ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් විශාල වන අතර, පාෂාණ ස්තර කිහිපයක් භාවිතයෙන් නිර්මාණය කොට ඇත. මෙම පදය ව්‍යවහාර වන්නේ, එකිනෙකින් විවික්තව (වෙන්ව) පැන නැග ඇති සාමාකාර ආකෘති සහිත පිරමිඩ වලට වන අතර, "එකිනෙකට විවික්තව" යන්න මෙහි යෙදෙන්නේ ඒවා තැනූ ශිෂ්ඨාචාර  අතර පැහැදිලි ලෙසින් සනාථ කෙරුනු සබැඳියාවන් තුබූ බවට සාක්ෂි නොමැති බැවිනි.

මෙසපොටේමියාව

සිගුරාට් වනාහි පුරාතන මෙසපොටේමියානු මිටියාවතෙහි සහ බටහිර  ඉරාන සානුවෙහි තැනුනු දැවැන්ත ආගමික ස්මාරක වන අතර, තට්ටු හෝ ස්තර කෙමෙන් කුඩා වන පේසා සහිත හිණි පිරිමිඩ ආකාරය නිරූපණය කරයි. මෙසපොටේමියාව තුල හෝ අසබඩ හෝ සිගුරාට් 32 ඇති බවට අවබෝධ කරගෙන ඇත. මෙයින් විසි අටක් ඉරාකය තුලද , සතරක්  ඉරානය තුලද ඇත.සංගණ්‍ය සිගුරාට් අතර ඉරාකයේ  නසිරියා අසල  පිහිටි,  ඌර් හී මහා සිගුරාට්, ඉරාකයේ බැග්ඩෑඩ් අසල පිහිටි, අකාර් කුෆ් සිගුරාට්, ඉරානයේ කුසෙස්ටාන් හි, චෝගා සැන්බිල්, ඉතා මෑතදී සොයාගත් - ඉරානයේ කෂාන් අසබඩ,  සියල්ක්  සහ අනෙක්වා වෙති. ප්‍රාදේශීය ආගම් වලට ස්මාරක ලෙසින් සිගුරාට් තනන ලද්දේ, සුමේරියානුවන්, බැබිලෝනියානුවන්, ඉලාමියානුවන් සහ ඇසිරියානුවන් විසිනි.

හිණි පිරමිඩ


Sveta Helena je otok i administrativnu jedinicu u južnom Atlantskom oceanu, 2800 km zapadno od obale Angole koji administrativno pripada britanskom prekomorskom području Sveta Helena, Ascension i Tristan da Cunha.

Prirodna obilježja
Sveta Helena je usamljeni otok vulkanskog podrijetla, dugačak 18 km i širok 10 km. Većinom je brdovit s duboko urezanim dolinama i strmim obalama. Klima je tropsko-oceanska, s malim godišnjim i dnevnim kolebanjem temperature. Uz obalu je skromna vegetacija, u unutrašnjosti su pašnjaci, a u višim predjelima lisnate šume.

Povijest
Nenaseljeni otok prvi je otkrio 1502. Portugalac Joao da Nova Castella. "Ponovno ga je otkrio" 1588. britanski pomorac Thomas Cavendish. 1633. prisvojili su ga Nizozemci. Kasnije je bio pod upravom Britanske Istočnoindijske kompanije, od 1673. pa do 1834., osim tijekom Napoleonova izganstva (1815. – 1821.) kada je bio podređen britanskoj vladi. Od 1834. bio je britanski ovisni teritorij sa statusom kolonije. Unutrašnju autonomiju ima od 1966.

Stanovništvo
Stanovnicu su potomci britanskih doseljenika koje je ondje naselila Britanska Istočnoindijska kompanija. Kasnije su dovođeni robovi iz Afrike te Indijci i Kinezi.

Etničke grupe

Gospodarstvo
Otok nema većih prirodnih bogatstava te ovisi o britanskoj pomoći. Nešto malo stanovništva bavi se poljodjelstvom. 1970-ih godina razvilo se suvremeno ribarstvo, zbog mnogo ribe u okolnim morima. Izvozi se uglavnom riba i kava koja je jedna od najskupljih i najcjenjenijih u svijetu.  Na otoku je 18% nezaposlenih.

Vanjske poveznice

Otoci Svete Helene, Ascensiona i Tristanu da Cunhe

Sveta Helena (otok)


Carved into Stone ist das achte Studioalbum der amerikanischen Metal-Band Prong. Es erschien im April 2012 bei Long Branch Records/SPV.

Entstehung
Das Album wurde mit Steve Evetts (Dillinger Escape Plan, Every Time I Die) aufgenommen. Die Stücke wurden von der Band geschrieben, die Texte schrieb Tommy Victor. Ammunition ist ein Cover von Channel Zero vom Album Feed Em With a Brick (2011). Revenge… Best Served Cold entstand in Kooperation von Victor mit Mike Longworth (Ex-Prong, Lovers Revolt). Zu dem Song wurde auch ein Musikvideo gedreht. Victor sagte, es seien die schwierigsten Aufnahmen zu einem Album gewesen, an dem er jemals beteiligt gewesen sei.

Rezeption
Auf der Webseite Metal.de vergab der Rezensent acht von zehn Punkten. Er lobte die "fetten" Gitarren und schrieb: "Trotz einigen Abzügen in der B-Note (nicht alle Tracks fesseln den Hörer gänzlich), verdient das Werk eine Bewertung im oberen Bereich." Die Band habe wieder Blut geleckt und wolle es "noch einmal wissen". Die Seite Metalnews.de sah eine "Rückkehr zu ganz alter Form". Die Bewertung lag bei 6,5 von sieben Punkten.

Peter Ehmann von undergrounded.de ordnete das Album als den Vorgängern ebenbürtig ein: "Wer auf die bisherigen Werke von PRONG steht, wird auch beim Kauf dieser Platte nichts falsch machen können" (Bewertung mit 8,5 von 10 Punkten.)

Titelliste
 Eternal Heat
 Keep On Living in Pain
 Ammunition
 Revenge… Best Served Cold
 State of Rebellion
 Put Myself to Sleep
 List of Grievances
 Carved into Stone
 Subtract
 Path of Least Resistance
 Reinvestigate

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Album (Thrash Metal)
Album 2012
Prong-Album

Carved into Stone


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 25. svibnja – Ralph Waldo Emerson, američki filozof, esejist i pjesnik (* 1882.)

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1803.


Lioporeus es un género de coleópteros adéfagos  perteneciente a la familia Dytiscidae.

Especies
Lioporeus brownei	Guignot 1950
Lioporeus pilatei	(Fall 1917)
Lioporeus triangularis	(Fall 1917)

Referencias

  1983: Nomenclatural changes in Hydroporini (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Canadian entomologist, 115(11): 1547-1548.
 ;  1981: Notes on nomenclature and classification of Hydroporus subgenera with the description of a new genus of Hydroporini (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Pan-Pacific entomologist, 57(1): 149-175. [not seen]

Enlaces externos

 ION search for Falloporus

 Nomenclator Zoologicus search for Falloporus
 Nomenclator Zoologicus search for Lioporeus

Hydroporini

Lioporeus


Harry Kosczol (* 16. März 1921 in Berlin) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Musiker, Komponist, Musikerzieher und  Leiter des Akkordeonensembles der Deutschen Volkspolizei.

Harry Kosczol lernte früh Klavierspielen. In den 1930er Jahren widmete er sich dem Akkordeon, dem damaligen Modeinstrument. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg aus einer zweimonatigen britischen Kriegsgefangenschaft entlassen, lebte er kurz nahe Bremerhaven, zog im November 1946 nach Borkwalde, wo seine Familie seit 1927 eine Sommerlaube besessen hatte. Hier gründete er im Rahmen der Jugendarbeit der FDJ sein erstes Musikensemble, eine Volkstanz- und Instrumentalgruppe.

Als Ende der 1940er Jahre die Kulturarbeit in Betriebsgruppen konzentriert wurde, begründete er ein Volkskunstensemble an der Ernst-Thälmann-Werft in Brandenburg, danach wurde er Ensembleleiter im Stahlwerk Hennigsdorf. Das Ensemble behauptete sich unter den Spitzengruppen bei Kreis- und DDR-weiten Wettbewerben.

Nach drei Jahren wechselte Harry Kosczol zum zentralen Ensemble der Deutschen Volkspolizei, dessen Akkordeonorchester er über dreißig Jahre leitete. Daneben arbeitete er als Lehrer an der Musikschule Potsdam und schloss ein Fernstudium zum Diplomlehrer für Musik ab.

Er schrieb neun Bearbeitungen und Kompositionen, die in Musikverlagen veröffentlicht wurden. Seine bekannteste Komposition ist der Lauschaer Galopp (Hrsg.: Erich-Carl Frohloff). 1954 wurde Harry Kosczol als bester Akkordeonsolist der DDR ausgezeichnet.

1997 trat Harry Kosczol noch einmal als einer der Initiatoren des Landes-Jugend-Akkordoenorchesters Brandenburg in Erscheinung.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Harry Kosczol: Hotel Kaiserhof Berlin. Erinnerungen eines Pagen, Verlag Fischer und Fischer Medien AG, Frankfurt am Main 2003

Komponist (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1921
Mann
DDR-Bürger

Harry Kosczol


est un film américain réalisé par David Fincher, sortie en 2023. Il s'agit de l'adaptation de la série de bande dessinée Le Tueur, écrite par Matz et dessinée par Luc Jacamon.

Il est présenté en avant-première à la Mostra de Venise 2023 avant sa diffusion sur Netflix.

Synopsis

Un tueur à gages, solitaire et froid, tue ses victimes méthodiquement, sans scrupules ni remords. Un jour, il va cependant remettre toute son existence en question. Après une catastrophe évitée de justesse, un tueur se bat contre ses employeurs (et lui-même) dans une chasse à l'homme à travers le monde qui, dit-il, n'a rien de personnel.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Réalisation : David Fincher
 Scénario : Andrew Kevin Walker, d'après la série de bande dessinée Le Tueur de Matz et Luc Jacamon
 Musique : Trent Reznor et Atticus Ross
 Direction artistique : Matthew Gatlin et Elvis Mariñez
 Décors : Donald Graham Burt
 Costumes : Cate Adams
 Photographie : Erik Messerschmidt
 Montage : Kirk Baxter
 Production : Ceán Chaffin
 Sociétés de production : , , ,  et
 Société de distribution :
 Budget : n/a
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur -  - son  et
 Genre : action, thriller
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :  (Mostra de Venise)
 États-Unis :  (sortie limitée)
 Monde :  (sur Netflix)

Distribution
 Michael Fassbender (VF : Jean-Pierre Michaël) : le tueur
 Tilda Swinton
 Charles Parnell : Hodges
 Sophie Charlotte : Magdala
 Arliss Howard
 Kerry O'Malley : Dolores
 Sala Baker : Brute
 Kellan Rhude
 Monika Gossmann
 Thiago Palma

Production

Genèse, développement et attribution des rôles
En , David Fincher est annoncé comme réalisateur de l'adaptation de la série de bande dessinée française Le Tueur, écrite par Matz et dessinée par Luc Jacamon. Allesandro Camon est choisi pour écrire le script du film qui sera produit par la société de Brad Pitt, Plan B Entertainment et distribué par Paramount Pictures. Le projet prendra finalement quelques années à se concrétiser. Entre-temps, David Fincher et Matz collaboreront sur la bande dessinée Le Dahlia noir publiée en 2013.

En , David Fincher relance finalement le projet avec , dans le cadre d'un contrat d'exclusivité avec la plateforme. Le scénario est alors repris par Andrew Kevin Walker alors que Michael Fassbender est annoncé dans le rôle-titre. En , il est précisé que David Fincher envisage de débuter le tournage du film en  à Paris.

Attribution des rôles
En , Tilda Swinton rejoint la distribution.

Tournage
Le tournage débute en , à Paris. Il se déroule notamment dans le  arrondissement (rue des Fossés-Saint-Jacques, …). Les prises de vues sont prévues jusqu'en , à La Nouvelle-Orléans et en République dominicaine. En , il est annoncé que le tournage aura lieu à Saint-Charles dans l'Illinois en  pour une dizaine de jours. Le , on apprend que le tournage s'est achevé.

Distinction

Sélection
 Mostra de Venise 2023 : sélection officielle, en compétition

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Le Tueur

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2023
Film d'action américain
Thriller (film) américain
Film réalisé par David Fincher
Film de Paramount Pictures
Film distribué par Netflix
Adaptation d'une bande dessinée française au cinéma
Film tourné à La Nouvelle-Orléans
Film tourné dans le 5e arrondissement de Paris
Film tourné en Illinois
Film tourné en République dominicaine
Film mettant en scène un tueur à gages
Film classé R aux États-Unis

The Killer (film, 2023)


Smolensk Oblast (), informally also called Smolenschina (), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative centre is the city of Smolensk. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 888,421.

Geography

The oblast was founded on 27 September 1937. It borders Pskov Oblast in the north, Tver Oblast in the northeast, Moscow Oblast in the east, Kaluga Oblast in south, Bryansk Oblast in the southwest, and Mogilev and Vitebsk Oblasts of Belarus, in the west and northwest, as part of the Belarus–Russia border.

Hydrography
The main river of the region is the Dnieper River and its tributaries, Desna, Vop, Vyazma. By the rivers of the Volga basin and its tributary Vazuza Gzhat and tributary of the Oka river, Ugra. To the north-west flows a short section of the Western Dvina River and its tributary river Kasplya .

Among the major reservoirs supplying water are Moscow Vazuzssky Yauza and reservoirs in the north-east, as well as cooling power plants, Smolensk reservoir in the north near the village of Lake and Desnogorsk Reservoir in the south area of the city near the Desnogorsk .

Climate
The climate of Smolensk Oblast is humid continental, similar to the climate of Moscow Oblast, but slightly warmer in winter due to being located further west. Summers are short, warm and rainy, while winters are long, cold and snowy. Average temperatures range from  in January to  in July (although in the south it ranges from  in January to  in July). Annual precipitation varies from  per year.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Smolensk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Smolensk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Smolensk is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.
From July 1941-September 1943 part of region fell to Germany.

Administrative divisions

Smolensk Oblast is divided into 25 districts (raions) and two cities, which are further divided into 15 towns, 12 urban-type settlements, and 302 rural okrugs.

Demographics
Population:

Vital statistics for 2022:
Births: 5,478 (6.1 per 1,000)
Deaths: 14,825 (16.4 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):
1.08 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):
Total — 68.00 years (male — 63.28, female — 72.83)

Ethnic composition (2010):
Russians: 94.6%
Ukrainians: 1.3%
Belarusians: 1.3%
Armenians: 0.5%
Others: 2.3%
41,457 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

Religion

According to a 2012 survey 19.5% of the population of Smolensk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 7% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 3% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to church or belong to other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, 2% are Old Believers, 1% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) movement, 0.4% are members of the Catholic Church. In addition, 45% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist, and 9.1% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Notable people
 Isaac Asimov (1920–1992), an American writer and professor of biochemistry, born in Petrovichi
 Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968) a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut, born in Klushino
 Shmuel Schneersohn (1834–1882) an Orthodox rabbi, born in Lyubavichi
 Ivan Sidorenko (1919–1994) a Red Army officer and sniper, born in Glinkovsky District
 Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov (1906–1993) a Russian mathematician and geophysicist, born in Gagarin
 Mikhail Tukhachevsky (1893–1937) nicknamed the Red Napoleon by foreign newspapers, a Soviet general

See also
 2010 Polish presidential airplane crash
 Katyn massacre
 List of Chairmen of the Smolensk Oblast Duma

References

Citations

General sources

External links

 Official website of Smolensk Oblast
  Official website of Smolensk Oblast
  News of Smolensk Oblast

States and territories established in 1937

Smolensk Oblast


The Ghaznavid dynasty ( Ġaznaviyān) or the Ghaznavid Empire was a Persianate Muslim dynasty and empire of Turkic mamluk origin, ruling at its greatest extent, large parts of Persia, Khorasan, and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh, north of the Hindu Kush in Greater Khorasan.

Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west. Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India.

In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to the Ghurid sultan Ala al-Din Husayn. The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni, but lost the city to the Ghuzz Turks who in turn lost it to Muhammad of Ghor. In response, the Ghaznavids fled to Lahore, their regional capital. In 1186, Lahore was conquered by the Ghurid sultan, Muhammad of Ghor, with its Ghaznavid ruler, Khusrau Malik, imprisoned and later executed.

Rise to power

Two military families arose from the Turkic slave-guards of the Samanid Empire, the Simjurids and Ghaznavids, who ultimately proved disastrous to the Samanids. The Simjurids received an appanage in the Kohistan region of eastern Khorasan. The Samanid generals Alp Tigin and Abu al-Hasan Simjuri competed for the governorship of Khorasan and control of the Samanid Empire by placing on the throne emirs they could dominate after the death of Abd al-Malik I in 961. His death created a succession crisis between his brothers.

A court party instigated by men of the scribal class – civilian ministers rather than Turkic generals – rejected the candidacy of Alp Tigin for the Samanid throne. Mansur I was installed instead, and Alp Tigin prudently retired to south of the Hindu Kush, where he captured Ghazna and became the ruler of the city as a Samanid authority. The Simjurids enjoyed control of Khorasan south of the Amu Darya but were hard-pressed by a third great Iranian dynasty, the Buyid dynasty, and were unable to survive the collapse of the Samanids and the subsequent rise of the Ghaznavids.

The struggles of the Turkic slave generals for mastery of the throne with the help of shifting allegiance from the court's ministerial leaders both demonstrated and accelerated the Samanid decline. Samanid weakness attracted into Transoxiana the Karluks, a Turkic people who had recently converted to Islam. They occupied Bukhara in 992, establishing in Transoxania the Kara-Khanid Khanate.

Alp Tigin's died in 963, and after two ghulam governors and three years, his slave Sabuktigin became the governor of Ghazna.

Domination

Sabuktigin

Sabuktigin lived as a mamluk, Turkic slave-soldier,{{efn|The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...}}  during his youth and later married the daughter of his master Alptigin, who fled to Ghazna following a failed coup attempt, and conquered the city from the local Lawik rulers in 962. After Alptigin death, his son Abu Ishaq Ibrahim governed Ghazna for three years. His death was followed by the reign of a former ghulam of Alptigin, Bilgetigin. Bilgetigin's rule was so harsh the populace invited Abu Bakr Lawik back. It was through Sabuktigin's military ability that Lawik was removed, Bilgetigin was exiled, and Sabuktigin gained the governorship.

Once established as governor of Ghazna, Sabuktigin was asked to intervene in Khurasan, at the insistence of the Samanid emir, and after a victorious campaign received the governorships of Balkh, Tukharistan, Bamiyan, Ghur and Gharchistan. Sabuktigin inherited a governorship in turmoil. In Zabulistan, the typical military fief system(mustaghall) were being changed into permanent ownership(tamlik) which resulted in the Turkic soldiery unwilling to take up arms. Sabuktigin reformed the system making them all a mustaghall-type fief. In 976, he ended the conflict between two Turkic ghulams at Bust and restored the original ruler. Later that same year, Sabuktigin campaigned against Qusdar, catching the ruler(possibly Mu'tazz b. Ahmad) off guard and obtaining an annual tribute from him.

After the death of Sabuktigin, his son by Alptigin's daughter, Ismail, was given Ghazna. Another son, Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr, was given the governorship of Bust, while in Khorasan, the eldest son Mahmud, was given command of the army. Sabuktigin's intent was to ensure governorships for his family, despite the decaying influence of the Samanid Empire, and did not consider his dynasty as independent. Ismail, upon gaining his inheritance, quickly traveled to Bust and did homage to Emir Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nuh. Mahmud, who had been left out of any significant inheritance, proposed a division of power, to which Ismail refused. Mahmud marched on Ghazna and subsequently Ismail was defeated and captured in 998 at the Battle of Ghazni.

Mahmud, son of Sabuktigin

In 998, Mahmud, son of Sebuktigin, succeeded to the governorship, and Ghazni and the Ghaznavid dynasty became perpetually associated with him. He emphasized his loyalty in a letter to the caliph, saying that the Samanids had only been replaced because of their treason. Mahmud received the governorship of Khurasan and titles of Yamin al-Dawla and Amin al-Milla. As a representative of caliphal authory, he championed Sunni Islam by campaigning against the Ismaili and Shi'ite Buyids. He completed the conquest of the Samanid and Shahi territories, including the Ismaili Kingdom of Multan, Sindh, as well as some Buwayhid territory.

By all accounts, the rule of Mahmud was the golden age and height of the Ghaznavid Empire. Mahmud carried out seventeen expeditions through northern India to establish his control and set up tributary states, and his raids also resulted in the looting of a great deal of plunder. He established his authority from the borders of Ray to Samarkand, from the Caspian Sea to the Yamuna.

During Mahmud's reign (997–1030), the Ghaznavids settled 4,000 Turkmen families near Farana in Khorasan. By 1027, due to the Turkmen raiding neighbouring settlements, the governor of Tus, Abu l'Alarith Arslan Jadhib, led military strikes against them. The Turkmen were defeated and scattered to neighbouring lands. Still, as late as 1033, Ghaznavid governor Tash Farrash executed fifty Turkmen chiefs for raids into Khorasan.

Indian conquests

Mahmud of Ghazni led incursions deep into India, as far as Mathura, Kannauj and Somnath. In 1001, he defeated the Hindu Shahi in the Battle of Peshawar. In 1004-5, he invaded the Principality of Bhatiya and in 1006 the neighbouring Emirate of Multan. In 1008-9, he again vanquished the Hindu Shahis at the Battle of Chach, and established Governors in the conquered areas. In India, the Ghaznavids were called Turushkas ("Turks") or Hammiras (from the Arabic Amir "Commander").

In 1018, he laid waste the city of Mathura, which was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed". According to Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah, writing an "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India. When it was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni, "all the idols" were burnt and destroyed during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down. In 1018 Mahmud also captured Kanauj, the capital of the Gurjara-Pratiharas, and then confronted the Chandelas, from whom he obtained the payment of tribute. In 1026, he raided and plundered the Somnath temple, taking away a booty of 20 million dinars.

The wealth brought back from Mahmud's Indian expeditions to Ghazni was enormous, and contemporary historians (e.g., Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Ferdowsi) give glowing descriptions of the magnificence of the capital and of the conqueror's munificent support of literature. Mahmud died in April 1030 and had chosen his son, Mohammed, as his successor.

Decline
Twin sons of Mahmud

Mahmud left the empire to his son Mohammed, who was mild, affectionate and soft. His brother, Mas'ud, asked for three provinces that he had won by his sword, but his brother did not consent. Mas'ud had to fight his brother, and he became king, blinding and imprisoning Mohammed as punishment. Mas'ud was unable to preserve the empire and following a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, he lost all the Ghaznavid lands in Persia and Central Asia to the Seljuks, plunging the realm into a "time of troubles". His last act was to collect all his treasures from his forts in hope of assembling an army and ruling from India, but his own forces plundered the wealth and he proclaimed his blind brother as king again. The two brothers now exchanged positions: Mohammed was elevated from prison to the throne, while Mas'ud was consigned to a dungeon after a reign of ten years and was assassinated in 1040. Mas'ud's son, Madood, was governor of Balkh, and in 1040, after hearing of his father's death, he came to Ghazni to claim his kingdom. He fought with the sons of the blind Mohammed and was victorious. However, the empire soon disintegrated and most kings did not submit to Madood. In a span of nine years, four more kings claimed the throne of Ghazni.

Ibrahim

In 1058, Mas'ud's son Ibrahim, a great calligrapher who wrote the Koran with his own pen, became king. Ibrahim re-established a truncated empire on a firmer basis by arriving at a peace agreement with the Seljuks and a restoration of cultural and political linkages. Under Ibrahim and his successors the empire enjoyed a period of sustained tranquility. Shorn of its western land, it was increasingly sustained by riches accrued from raids across Northern India, where it faced stiff resistance from Indian rulers such as the Paramara of Malwa and the Gahadvala of Kannauj. He ruled until 1098.

Mas'ud III
Mas'ud III became king for sixteen years, with no major event in his lifetime. Mas'ud built the Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III and one of the Ghazni Minarets. Signs of weakness in the state became apparent when he died in 1115, with internal strife between his sons ending with the ascension of Sultan Bahram Shah as a Seljuk vassal. Bahram Shah defeated his brother Arslan for the throne at the Battle of Ghazni in 1117.

Sultan Bahram Shah
Sultan Bahram Shah was the last Ghaznavid King, ruling Ghazni, the first and main Ghaznavid capital, for thirty-five years. In 1148 he was defeated in Ghazni by Sayf al-Din Suri, but he recaptured the capital the next year. Ala al-Din Husayn, a Ghorid King, conquered the city in 1151, in revenge for his brother Kutubbuddin's death, who was son-in-law of the king but was publicly punished and killed for a minor offence. Ala al-Din Husayn then razed the city, burning it for 7 days, after which he became known as "Jahānsuz" (World Burner). Ghazni was restored to the Ghaznavids by the intervention of the Seljuks, who came to the aid of Bahram. Ghaznavid struggles with the Ghurids continued in subsequent years as they nibbled away at Ghaznavid territory, and Ghazni and Zabulistan were lost to a group of Oghuz Turks before being captured by the Ghurids. Ghazni fell to the Ghurids around 1170.

Late Ghaznavids

After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, the Ghaznavids established themselves in Lahore, their regional capital for Indian territories since its conquest by Mahmud of Ghazni, which became the new capital of the Late Ghaznavids. Ghaznavid power in northwestern India continued until the Ghurid conquest of Lahore by Muhammad of Ghor in 1186, deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik.  Both Khusrau Malik and his son were imprisoned and summarily executed in Firuzkuh in 1191, extinguishing the Ghaznavid lineage.

Military and tactics
The core of the Ghaznavid army was primarily made up of Turks, as well as thousands of native Afghans who were trained and assembled from the area south of the Hindu Kush in what is now Afghanistan. During the rule of Sultan Mahmud, a new, larger military training center was established in Bost (now Lashkar Gah). This area was known for blacksmiths where war weapons were made. After capturing and conquering the Punjab region, the Ghaznavids began to employ Hindus in their army.

Like the other dynasties that rose out of the remains of the Abbasid Caliphate, the Ghaznavid administrative traditions and military practice came from the Abbasids. The Arabian horses, at least in the earliest campaign, were still substantial in Ghaznavid military incursions, especially in dashing raids deep into hostile territory. There is a record of '6000 Arab horse' being sent against king Anandapala in 1008, and evidence of this Arabian cavalry persists until 1118 under the Ghaznavid governor in Lahore.

Due to their access to the Indus-Ganges plains, the Ghaznavids, during the 11th and 12th centuries, developed the first Muslim army to use war elephants in battle. The elephants were protected by armour plating on their fronts. The use of these elephants was a foreign weapon in other regions that the Ghaznavids fought in, particularly in Central Asia.

State and culture

Although the dynasty was of Central Asian Turkic origin, it was thoroughly Persianised in terms of language, culture, literature and habits and has been regarded as a "Persian dynasty".

According to Clifford Edmund Bosworth:

Persian literary culture enjoyed a renaissance under the Ghaznavids during the 11th century. The Ghaznavid court was so renowned for its support of Persian literature that the poet Farrukhi traveled from his home province to work for them. The poet Unsuri's short collection of poetry was dedicated to Sultan Mahmud and his brothers Nasr and Yaqub. Another poet of the Ghaznavid court, Manuchehri, wrote numerous poems about the merits of drinking wine.

Sultan Mahmud, modelling the Samanid Bukhara as a cultural center, made Ghazni into a center of learning, inviting Ferdowsi and al-Biruni. He even attempted to persuade Avicenna, but was refused. Mahmud preferred that his fame and glory be publicized in Persian and hundreds of poets assembled at his court. He brought whole libraries from Rayy and Isfahan to Ghazni and even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni. Due to his invasion of Rayy and Isfahan, Persian literary production was inaugurated in Azerbaijan and Iraq.

The Ghaznavids continued to develop historical writing in Persian that had been initiated by their predecessors, the Samanid Empire. The historian Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, written in the latter half of the 11th century, is an example.

Although the Ghaznavids were Turkic and their military leaders were generally of the same stock, as a result of the original involvement of Sebuktigin and Mahmud of Ghazni in Samanid affairs and in the Samanid cultural environment, the dynasty became thoroughly Persianized, so that in practice one cannot consider their rule over Iran one of foreign domination. They also copied their administrative system from the Samanids. In terms of cultural championship and the support of Persian poets, they were more Persian than their ethnically-Iranian rivals, the Buyid dynasty, whose support of Arabic letters in preference to Persian is well known.

The 16th century Persian historian, Firishta, records Sabuktigin's genealogy as descended from the Sasanian kings: "Subooktu-geen, the son of Jookan, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Ferooz, the son of Yezdijird, king of Persia." However, modern historians believe this was an attempt to connect himself with the history of old Persia.

Historian Bosworth explains: "In fact with the adoption of Persian administrative and cultural ways the Ghaznavids threw off their original Turkish steppe background and became largely integrated with the Perso-Islamic tradition." As a result, Ghazni developed into a great centre of Arabic learning.

With Sultan Mahmud's invasions of North India, Persian culture was established at Lahore, which later produced the famous poet, Masud Sa'd Salman. Lahore, under Ghaznavid rule in the 11th century, attracted Persian scholars from Khorasan, India and Central Asia and became a major Persian cultural centre. It was also during Mahmud's reign that Ghaznavid coinage began to have bilingual legends consisting of Arabic and Devanagari script. The entire range of Persianate institutions and customs that would come to characterize the political economy of most of India would be implemented by the later Ghaznavids.

The Persian culture established by the Ghaznavids in Ghazna and Eastern Afghanistan survived the Ghurid invasion in the 12th century and endured until the invasion of the Mongols.

Legacy

At its height, the Ghaznavid empire grew to cover large parts of present-day Iran, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, all of Afghanistan, Pakistan and large parts of northwest India. The Ghaznavid rulers are generally credited with spreading Islam into the Indian subcontinent.

In addition to the wealth accumulated through raiding Indian cities, and exacting tribute from Indian rajas, the Ghaznavids also benefited from their position as an intermediary along the trade routes between China and the Mediterranean.

They were, however, unable to hold power for long and by 1040 the Seljuk Empire had taken over their Persian domains and a century later the Ghurids took over their remaining sub-continental lands.

The Ghaznavid conquests facilitated the beginning of the Turko-Afghan period into India, which would be further conducted by the Ghurids until the Turko-Afghans successfully established themselves in the Delhi Sultanate.

List of rulers

Family tree of the Ghaznavid sultans

See also

List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire
History of Afghanistan
History of Pakistan
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading
 Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1963) The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994–1040 Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh,
 Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1977) The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay, The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186 Columbia University Press, New York,

 M. Ismail Marcinkowski (2003) Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey'' Pustaka Nasional, Singapore,

External links

 Mahmud of Ghazna Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition)
 Mahmud Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
 Ghaznavid Dynasty Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
 Ghaznavids and Ghurids Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
 Mahmud Ghaznavi's 17 invasions of India
 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Periodby Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: – Online version posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in translation)
 Afghan secrets revealed on Google Earth

Dynasties of Afghanistan
Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan
Medieval Afghanistan
History of Ghazni Province
Ghilman
Sunni dynasties
Empires and kingdoms of India
Empires and kingdoms of Pakistan
Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent
11th century in India
11th century in Iran
Medieval Khorasan
Empires and kingdoms of Iran

Ghaznavids


El mordentado puede hacer referencia a algún proceso físico o químico como los siguientes:

 Proceso de preparación del mordiente que se utiliza para la fijación de un colorante sobre una tela o fibra.

 Proceso de limpieza de superficies, en la mayoría de los casos metal, por abrasión de capas de óxido superficiales o capas pasivas. Mordentados se hacen por inmersión en soluciones ácidas o alcalinas o por medio de tratamientos de plasma-ionización (Plasma-mordentado) con un gas de proceso adecuado. Ejemplos de aplicaciones con plasma-mordentado en la microelectrónica, en metales con óxido superficial así como en plásticos con mala adhesión (como el PTFE) son Silicio, SiO2 y Si4N3.

Procesos químicos

Mordentado


Nieuport 12 a fost un biplan (sescviplan) francez de recunoaștere (observație aeriană), vânătoare și antrenament utilizat în Primul Război Mondial de Franța, Rusia, Marea Britanie și Statele Unite. Exemplarele produse după război au fost folosite ca avioane de antrenament până spre sfârșitul anilor 1920.

Construcție
Provenind din Nieuport 10, Nieuport 12 a fost o versiune mărită și remotorizată, cu performanțe îmbunătățite. Era echipat în spatele carlingii cu o  deservită de observator, montată de obicei într-un inel Etévé (cunoscut și ca inel Nieuport), dar la primele exemplare aceasta era montată pe un piedestal sau un semiinel. Uneori dispunea de o a doua mitralieră Lewis care trăgea spre înainte pe deasupra aripii superioare. Avioanele Nieuport 12 construite de  și folosite de  erau uneori prevăzute cu  în loc de inel Nieuport, și cu o mitralieră Vickers sincronizată cu elicea pentru pilot. Avioanele construite de Beardmore aveau și alte modificări.

Avionul era propulsat de un motor Clerget de 100 CP, sau de un  de 130 CP, sau de un  de 110 CP montat în bot.

Variante

.
Nieuport 12 A.2
Biplan biloc de recunoaștere, echipat cu motorul  sau  de câte 110 CP.
Nieuport 12bis C.2
Versiune echipată cu motorul Clerget 9B de 130 CP și cu părțile laterale mai aerodinamice.
Nieuport 13
S-au construit două prototipuri cu anvergura mărită, dar cu aceeași suprafață portantă ca și varianta 12. Unul a fost echipat cu motorul  de 140 CP, iar celălalt cu motorul  de 80 CP.
Nieuport 20
Variantă echipată cu motorul Le Rhône 9J. Nefolosită în Franța, 21 de bucăți livrate către Royal Flying Corps. Similare ca aspect cu 12bis.
23 metri Nieuport
Denumire generică neoficială pentru toate tipurile cu aripa de 23 m².
Nieuport 80 E.2 și 81 E.2
Versiune de antrenament a Nieuport 12, construită în multe exemplare, fără armament. Cifra "8" din denumire se referea la echiparea cu motorul Le Rhône 9C de 80 CP. Diferența era că varianta 80 E.2 era cu dublă comandă (elev și instructor), iar 81 E.2 era cu simplă comandă, pe locul din spate (pilot/instructor).
Nieuport 12 (Beardmore)
Beardmore a modificat treptat varianta Nieuport 12. Primele 50 de exemplare produse erau standard, dar la cele ulterioare apăreau modificări. Acestea au fost echipate cu motoparele Clerget 9Z de 110 CP sau Clerget 9B de 130 CP.
Mitsubishi Army Type Ko 1 Trainer
57 de exemplare de Nieuport 81 E.2 produse în Japonia sub licență.
Trainer Type 1
Denumire siameză pentru Nieuport 80 E.2.
Sipowicz 1
Avion experimental polonez.

Exponat

Există un singur exponat de Nieuport 12 restaurat (inclusiv cu motorul original Le Rhône 9J) la  din Ottawa. Acest avion a fost donat în 1916 Arhivelor Dominionului Canada împreună cu un tun de 75 model 1897 și o colecție de afișe de propagandă de guvernul francez și a fost folosit pentru promovarea obligațiunilor de război, activitate desfășurată până la pandemia de gripă din 1918, după care a fost depozitat. Spre sfârșitul anilor 1960  l-a convertit în exponat Beardmore, dar spre sfârșitul anilor 1990 a fost restaurat.

Caracteristici tehnice (construcție franceză de Nieuport 12 cu motor Clerget de 110 CP)

Caracteristici tehnice
 echipaj: 2 (pilot și observator)
 lungime: 7,00 m
 anvergură: 9,00 m
 suprafață portantă: 22,0 m²
 greutate gol: 550 kg
 greutate încărcat: 850 kg
 motor rotativ cu 9 cilindri Clerget 9Z de 110 CP

Performanțe
 viteză maximă: 146 km/h la 2000 m altitudine
 autonomie: 3 h
 plafon: 4000 m
 viteză ascensională: 5 min 4 sec la 1000 m, 14 min 15 sec la 2000 m

Armament
 1 × mitralieră Lewis pe inel Etévé în spate, ocazional încă una deasupra aripii superioare

Vezi și
 Aviația în Primul Război Mondial
 Listă de aeronave militare ale Antantei
 Listă de aeronave militare ale Puterilor Centrale

Note

Bibliografie

Lectură suplimentară

Legături externe

Avioane militare din Primul Război Mondial
Aeronave din înzestrarea Armatei României din Primul Război Mondial

Nieuport 12


An Dactylorhiza prochazkana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Roman Businský. An Dactylorhiza prochazkana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dactylorhiza, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dactylorhiza

Dactylorhiza prochazkana


في يوم 22 مايو سنة 516 م تنيح البابا القديس الأنبا يوأنس الثاني البطريرك الثلاثون من باباوات الكرازة المرقسية. وكان قد ترهب منذ حداثته واجهد نفسه بكل أنواع الجهاد وأقام في مكان منفرد، وزاد في نسكه وتقشفه فذاع صيته لعلمه وتقواه فأختير لبطريركية المدينة العظمي الإسكندرية في 3 بؤونه سنة 221 ش (29 مايو سنة 505 م)

كتب ميامر وعظات كثيرة وكانت الكنيسة في أيامه في هدوء وسلام وساعد على ذلك تربع الملك البار الأرثوذكسي أنسطاسيوس على أريكة الملك وكان يجلس على كرسي أنطاكية في ذلك الحين القديس ساويرس الذي كتب إلى الأنبا يؤانس رسالة في الاتحاد قال فيها : " ان المسيح إلهنا من بعد الاتحاد طبيعة واحدة مشيئة واحدة من غير افتراق. وانه يؤمن بايمان الأب كيرلس والأب ديسقورس "

ولما تلقي الأنبا يؤانس هذه الرسالة فرح بها هو والأساقفة ثم أرسل له جوابها برسالة مملوءة من نعمة الإيمان شاهدة بوحدانية جوهر الله وتثليث صفاته وبتجسد الابن الأزلي بالطبيعة البشرية وأنهما بالاتحاد واحد لا اثنان ومبعدا كل من يفرق المسيح أو يمزج طبيعته وكذا كل من يقول ان المتألم المصلوب المائت عن البشر إنسان : أو يدخل الآلام والموت على طبيعة اللاهوت وأن الإيمان المستقيم هو أن نعترف أن الله الكلمة تألم بالجسد الذي اتحد به منا ولما قرأها الأنبا ساويرس قبلها أحسن قبول وأذاعها في أنحاء كرسي أنطاكية وظل هذا البابا مهتما برعيته وحارسا لها مدة عشر سنوات واحد عشر شهرا وثلاثة وعشرين يومًا. ثم تنيح بسلام

أشخاص مصريون في القرن 6
باباوات الإسكندرية
بطاركة الإسكندرية للروم الأرثوذكس
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
قديسون أقباط أرثوذكس
قديسون في القرن 6
كتاب بيزنطيون في القرن 6
مواليد في مصر
وفيات 516
وفيات في مصر

يوأنس الثاني (بابا الإسكندرية)


Koona ist eine Landgemeinde im Departement Tessaoua in Niger.

Geographie
Koona liegt am Übergang der Großlandschaft Sudan zur Sahelzone. Die Nachbargemeinden sind Baoudetta im Norden, Korgom im Osten, Gazaoua im Süden und Maïjirgui im Westen.

Bei den Siedlungen im Gemeindegebiet handelt es sich um fünf Dörfer und zwanzig Weiler. Der Hauptort der Landgemeinde ist das Dorf Koona.

Geschichte
Die französische Forschungs- und Militärexpedition Mission Foureau-Lamy machte am 22. November 1899 in Koona Station. Die französische Kolonialverwaltung richtete Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts einen Kanton in Koona ein. Der Markt im Ort war einer der kleinen Märkte in der Region, die von der französischen Verwaltung zugelassen wurden. Der Kanton Koona wurde 1923 aufgelöst und dem Kanton Korgom angeschlossen. Im Jahr 2002 wurde Koona im Zuge einer landesweiten Verwaltungsreform als eigenständige Landgemeinde wieder aus Korgom ausgegliedert.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2012 hatte die Landgemeinde 14.888 Einwohner, die in 1.994 Haushalten lebten. Bei der Volkszählung 2001 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 10.990 in 1.524 Haushalten.

Im Hauptort lebten bei der Volkszählung 2012 6.729 Einwohner in 948 Haushalten, bei der Volkszählung 2001 5.598 in 779 Haushalten und bei der Volkszählung 1988 4.448 in 800 Haushalten.

In ethnischer Hinsicht ist die Gemeinde ein Siedlungsgebiet von Katsinawa.

Politik
Der Gemeinderat (conseil municipal) hat 11 Mitglieder. Mit den Kommunalwahlen 2020 sind die Sitze im Gemeinderat wie folgt verteilt: 5 PNDS-Tarayya, 2 RPD-Bazara, 1 MPR-Jamhuriya, 1 PPN-RDA, 1 RANAA und 1 RDR-Tchanji.

Jeweils ein traditioneller Ortsvorsteher (chef traditionnel) steht an der Spitze der fünf Dörfer in der Gemeinde, darunter dem Hauptort.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Die Gemeinde liegt in einer Zone, in der Regenfeldbau betrieben wird. Der Markt von Koona ist bedeutend für den Zwischenhandel von landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnissen und Vieh und darin vergleichbar den benachbarten Märkten von Baoudetta, Gazaoua, Madobi und Maïjirgui. Hier werden die auf Lokalmärkten wie jenem in Toki erworbenen Waren weiter in die Märkte der Großstädte Agadez, Arlit und Niamey verkauft. Die Niederschlagsmessstation im Hauptort wurde 1981 in Betrieb genommen.

Im Hauptort ist ein Gesundheitszentrum des Typs Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) vorhanden. Es verfügt über ein eigenes Labor und eine Entbindungsstation. Der CEG Koona ist eine allgemein bildende Schule der Sekundarstufe des Typs Collège d'Enseignement Général (CEG). Das Berufsausbildungszentrum Centre de Formation aux Métiers de Koona (CFM Koona) bietet Lehrgänge in Metallbau, familiärer Wirtschaft und Land-, Forst- und Weidewirtschaft an.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Niger
Maradi (Region)
Ort in Afrika

Koona


Dragutin Rafaj zvani Rok (Budišćina, pokraj Zlatara, 29. ožujka 1920. - Zabok, 2000.), bio je sudionik narodnooslobodilačke borbe, djelatnik Ozne i dužnosnik Udbe, visoki partijski i politički dužnosnik , te sudac Ustavnog suda SR Hrvatske.

Djetinjstvo i mladost
Rođen je u mjestu Budišćina, pokraj Zlatara, 29. ožujka 1920., u obitelji Gabrijela i Ane Rafaj. Otac mu je bio odvjetnik, a majka financijska službenica, te su u doba Kraljevine Jugoslavije pripadali dobrostojećoj građanskoj obitelji.

Drugi svjetski rat
Kao mladić, Rafaj je 1940., ponesen revolucionarnim idejama ilegalnog komunističkog pokreta, postao članom KPJ.

Nakon izbijanja Drugoga svjetskog rata, okupacijom Jugoslavije i uspostavom NDH, priključuje se odmah po ustanku narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi, te sudjeluje na bojištima u sjevernozapadnoj i središnjoj Hrvatskoj. Nakon osnutka Ozne, 1944., imenovan je njezinim djelatnikom, te je kraj rata, u svibnju 1945., dočekao u službi kapetana III. odsjeka Ozne Desetog zagrebačkog korpusa, u sastavu Treće JA. Upravo za to razdoblje vezuju se kontroverze, naime sumnjičilo ga se, da je kao djelatnik Ozne, nakon ulaska jedinica u Zagreb, tijekom svibnja i lipnja 1945., sudjelovao u odvođenju i ubijanju bolesnika i ranjenika, mahom pripadnika poražene njemačke vojake, i dr. vojski, te vojske NDH, koji su odvedeni i ubijani u jami Jazovka, pokraj Sošica, na Žumberku.

Karijera u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji
Nakon završetka rata, od 1945. do 1946., bio je načelnik II.odsjeka Ozne za Varaždin i član Okružnog komiteta KPH Varaždin, da bi potom, od 1946. do 1950. radio u Udbi. U tom razdoblju završava pravni studij na beogradskom Sveučilištu, da bi nakon reorganizacije resora sigurnosnih i obavještajnih službi u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji, kao školovani kadar bio dodijeljen saveznom Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova, u novoformirani SID, kao zamjenik načelnika diplomatske obavještajne službe, gdje ostaje do 1968., kada je imenovan direktorom Saveznog zavoda za međunarodnu tehničku kulturu, u Beogradu.

Nakon tog razdoblja, imenovan je na dužnost predsjednika Društveno - političkog vijeća Sabora SR Hrvatske, da bi od 1978. do 1990., bio sudac Ustavnog suda SRH, a od 1984. do odlaska u mirovinu, 1990., bio je na dužnosti predsjednika Ustavnog suda SRH.

Odlazak iz društvenog života i smrt
Umro je u Zaboku, 2000., u osamdesetoj godini života.

Izvori

 Stopar Vlado, Hrvatsko Zagorje u narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi, Epoha, Zagreb, 1959.
 Despot Zvonimir, Komunistički zločini - Manolića, Boljkovca i Bulata terete za masakriranja i ubojstva civila, 11. veljače 2011., Večernji list (elektroničko izdanje)

Komunisti u drugoj Jugoslaviji
Partizanski zapovjednici

Dragutin Rafaj


Handeliodendron, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice sapindovki, dio potporodice Hippocastanoideae. Jedina je vrsta H. bodinieri, drvo ili grm u planinskim područjima Guangxi i Guizhou u Kini,

Raste na visinama od 500 do 1 200 metara, a naraste do 15 metara visine

Izvori

Hippocastanoideae

Handeliodendron


Frithuswith, commonly Frideswide (; c. 65019 October 727), was an English princess and abbess. She is credited as the foundress of a monastery later incorporated into Christ Church, Oxford. She was the daughter of a sub-king of a Mercia named Dida of Eynsham whose lands occupied western Oxfordshire and the upper reaches of the River Thames.

Life

The earliest narrative of the saint's life is the Life of Saint Frideswide () preserved in a manuscript from the early twelfth century, copied in the hand of John of Worcester. A longer adaptation of this work is attributed to Robert of Cricklade, head of the Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford.

The story recounts that Frideswide was born to King Didan and his wife Safrida. She founds a monastery with her father's assistance while still young. Her parents die soon after. Algar, king of Leicester (Æthelbald of Mercia) seeks to marry her in spite of her vow of celibacy. When she refuses him, Algar attempts to abduct her, and Frideswide flees into the wilderness. On fleeing, she finds a ship sent by God which takes her to Bampton, Oxfordshire. Algar searches for her in Oxford, but the people refuse to tell him where she is, and he is struck blind.

Frideswide later seeks greater solitude and migrates to Binsey, Oxfordshire. To avoid having to fetch water from the distant River Thames, she prays to God and a well springs up. The well water has healing properties and many people come to seek it out. A nineteenth-century reconstruction of this well can be found at the Church of Saint Margaret in Binsey. She later returns to Oxford and remains abbess until her death.

Two Middle English adaptations of the Life of Frideswide are included in the South English legendaries. These include several minor variants on the narrative.

The priory

St Frideswide's Priory, a medieval Augustinian house (some of the buildings of which were incorporated into Christ Church, Oxford following the dissolution of the monasteries) is claimed to be the site of her abbey and relics. From early times the abbey appears to have been an important landowner in the area; however, it was destroyed in 1002 during the events of the St. Brice's Day massacre. A shrine was kept at the abbey in Frithuswith's honour; later a monastery was built there for Augustinian canons.

In 1180, the Archbishop of Canterbury Richard of Dover translated Frithuswith's remains to a new shrine in the monastery church, an event that was attended by King Henry II of England.  The later history of the monastery was chequered, but it remained sufficiently prominent that Catherine of Aragon visited the shrine during her final pregnancy.

The priory seal, designed in the late 1180s, depicts Frideswide with a lily and a set of wax tablets.

Henry Chichele, the archbishop of Canterbury, officially declared Frideswide the patron saint of Oxford and the University of Oxford in 1440. Her feast day is 19 October, the traditional day of her death; the date of her translation is commemorated on 12 February; and the invention (discovery) of her relics on 15 May.

The shrine was repeatedly vandalized during the Dissolution of the Monasteries and beyond.  In 1546 the monastery church became (and still remains) the cathedral church for the diocese of Oxford.  Her shrine was reinstated by Queen Mary in 1558, but was later desecrated by James Calfhill, a Calvinist canon of the church, who was intent on suppressing her cult.  As a result, Frithuswith's remains were mixed with those of Catherine Dammartin, wife of Peter Martyr Vermigli, and they remain so to this day.

In modern tradition
Frideswide remains the patron saint of Oxford and its university, and there is a revived tradition of pilgrimages to Christ Church. In later art, she is depicted holding the pastoral staff of an abbess with a fountain springing up near her and an ox at her feet. She appears in medieval stained glass, and in Pre-Raphaelite stained glass by Edward Burne-Jones in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, in the chapel where her shrine is also located.

See also

 St Frideswide's Church, Oxford
 Frideswide Square in central Oxford
 Frithuwold of Chertsey, a purported ancestor of Frithuswith
 List of Catholic saints

References

External links

650 births
727 deaths
Anglo-Saxon royalty
West Saxon saints
People from Oxford
Christianity in Oxford
Burials at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
Anglo-Saxon abbesses
8th-century Christian saints
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
Female saints of medieval England
7th-century English women
8th-century English women
7th-century English people
8th-century English people
Oxfordshire folklore
English Roman Catholic saints
History of Catholicism in England

Frithuswith


Oyun, genellikle boş vakitleri değerlendirmek için yapılan eğlendirici ve bazen de öğretici faaliyet. Oyun sözcüğü ile şunlardan biri kastedilmiş olabilir:

 Çocuk oyunları
 Spor müsabakaları
 Olimpiyat Oyunları
 Kumar oyunları
 Dans veya halk oyunları
 Tiyatro gösterileri, piyesler, temsiller
 Bilgisayar veya konsollar aracılığıyla oynanan video oyunları
 Metin tabanlı oyunlar
 Satranç, dama gibi masa oyunları
 Bulmacalar vb. zeka oyunları
 Hile
 Bilgisayar oyunu

Sinema
Oyun (film, 1997)
Oyun (film, 1998)
Oyun (film, 2010)

Müzik
 Oyun, 2005'te kurulmuş bir müzik grubu
 Oyun, Temas grubunun Kasım 2009'da çıkardığı Hayata Dokun adlı albümünün 9 numaralı parçasının adı

Spor
 Güreşte oyun, hasmını yenmek için yapılan türlü biçimlerde şaşırtıcı hareketler
 Teniste oyun, teniste bir setteki 4 sayılık bölümlerden her biri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Oyuncak
 Oyun teorisi
 Oyunlaştırma
 Oyuncu

Oyun (anlam ayrımı)


An Yvesia madagascariensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Aimée Antoinette Camus. An Yvesia madagascariensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Yvesia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Yvesia (Poaceae)

Yvesia madagascariensis


Yarseli Barajı, Hatay'ın Antakya ilçesinde, Beyazçay üzerinde, sulama amacıyla 1985-1989 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş bir barajdır.

Toprak gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 2.563.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 42,00 m, normal su kotunda göl hacmi 55,00 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 3,98 km²'dir. Baraj 7.300 hektarlık bir alana sulama hizmeti vermektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Hatay ilindeki barajlar
Antakya'daki yapılar

Yarseli Barajı