Teorien om rationelle forventninger (også kaldet modelkonsistente forventninger) blev udviklet i 1960'erne i økonomi, mere specifikt i makroøkonomi. I dag er det den mest anvendte antagelse til at repræsentere de økonomiske aktørers forventninger om fremtiden i konstruktionen af makroøkonomiske modeller. Antagelsen indebærer, at aktørerne tager overvejelser om fremtiden med i betragtning, når de træffer deres beslutninger, og forsøger at forudsige denne, så godt de kan. Dette er ikke det samme som, at de kender fremtiden, men at de bruger den information, de har til rådighed, på den bedst mulige måde.

Det generelle princip om, at økonomiske aktører opfører sig rationelt, er gammelt. Det blev imidlertid først anvendt til at forklare, hvordan forventningsdannelsen om fremtidige forhold finder sted, af John Muth i 1961. At antage rationelle forventninger er en udvidelse af den hyppigt anvendte generelle antagelse om, at forbrugere og andre økonomiske aktører handler rationelt. Disse to begreber skal fortolkes som grænsetilfælde og ikke som en retvisende beskrivelse af den virkelighed, velfungerende økonomier befinder sig i. På samme måde som Max Webers tankegang om idealtypen i sociologien bruger økonomerne denne tilgang for at kunne være i stand til at identificere vigtige tendenser.

Tidligere forestillinger

Hvis man tager højde for usikkerhed i en økonomisk model ved at antage, at aktører maksimerer deres forventede nytte, dvs. ser verden som probabilistisk, er det nødvendigt for fyldestgørende at kunne beskrive, hvordan en markedsøkonomi fungerer i sådan en situation, at tage hensyn til den måde, hvormed aktørerne danner deres forventninger til fremtidige økonomiske forhold som inflation, rente, indkomstniveau, osv. Da de fleste makroøkonomiske modeller i dag undersøger beslutninger under usikkerhed og over længere tidsperioder, bliver individuelle husholdningers og virksomheders såvel som regeringernes forventninger om de fremtidige økonomiske betingelser en meget vigtig del af modellerne.
I hidtidige dynamiske modeller havde man typisk enten antaget statiske forventninger eller den lidt mere avancerede antagelse om adaptive forventninger. Ifølge denne vil aktørerne danne deres forventninger om, hvad der vil ske i fremtiden, baseret på hvad der er sket i fortiden.

Lucas' bidrag

Robert Lucas indførte alternativet rationelle forventninger. Ideen er, at aktørerne er i stand til at drage fordel af al tilgængelig information til at danne deres forventninger og derfor ikke vil begå systematiske forventningsfejl, men i gennemsnit "ramme rigtigt" i deres forventninger til fremtiden. Denne antagelse skulle få vidtrækkende konsekvenser. Dette betyder ikke, at aktørerne er alvidende, bare at de har den samme viden om økonomien som modelbyggeren. Antagelsen betyder altså ikke, at de kan foretage perfekte forudsigelser, hvis der er usikkerhed tilstede, som jo typisk er situationen i virkelighedens verden.

Betydning for den økonomiske modellering og beslutningsteori

I 1970'erne demonstrerede Robert E. Lucas og Thomas J. Sargent, at indførelsen af antagelsen om rationelle forventninger fik store konsekvenser for de økonomiske modellers konklusioner. Rationelle antagelser er et grundlæggende princip i den økonomiske teoriretning, der kaldes nyklassisk økonomi, som Lucas og Sargent er nogle af de fremmeste repræsentanter for. I de følgende årtier førte Lucas' og Sargents forskning til en fuldstændig omtænkning af makroøkonomiske modeller, sådan at man taler om "de rationelle forventningers revolution".

Lucas modtog Nobelprisen i økonomi i 1995 for sine bidrag til teorien om rationelle forventninger. Sargent modtog Nobelprisen i 2011.

Indførelsen af rationelle forventninger havde tre vigtige konsekvenser, som alle gik kraftigt ud over den hidtidige ældre keynesianske tankegang indenfor makroøkonomien:

 De eksisterende makroøkonometriske modeller, der ikke havde indbygget rationelle forventninger, kunne ikke bruges til at designe økonomisk politik, fordi de antog at variable afhang af de nuværende og tidligere værdier af andre økonomiske variable, herunder også variable for den økonomiske politik. Lucas argumenterede overbevisende for, at hvis den økonomiske politik ville ændre sig i forhold til tidligere, måtte det formodes også at påvirke aktørernes forventninger til fremtiden, men denne feedback-mekanisme, som kunne være ret afgørende, blev ikke afspejlet i de eksisterende modeller. Denne pointe, der er kendt som Lucas-kritikken, har blandt andet spillet en vigtig rolle i debatten om Phillipskurven og i Danmark om traditionelle makroøkonometriske modeller som ADAM.

 Rationelle forventninger betød også, at tilpasningsperioden til udefrakommende stød i de eksisterende økonomiske modeller generelt blev meget hurtigere, modsat den traditionelle keynesianske opfattelse. Konjunkturtilpasninger fik derfor mindre betydning, og i nogle nyklassiske modeller blev såvel finanspolitik som pengepolitik helt virkningsløs i det omfang, de kunne forudses af de økonomiske aktører. Kun uforudsete ændringer i variable som pengemængden kunne påvirke aktivitetsniveauet i økonomien.

 En tredje implikation var af mere teknisk karakter for de økonomiske forskere. Når folks adfærd i dag afhænger af, hvad de tror, der vil ske i morgen, bliver økonomisk politik ikke et spørgsmål om at kontrollere et komplekst, men passivt system. I stedet kan det opfattes som et "spil" mellem politikerne og økonomiens øvrige aktører, og spilteori bliver derfor et vigtigt værktøj for forskere, der vil forsøge at afdække konsekvenserne af økonomisk politik. Det introducerer helt nye synsvinkler og problemstillinger (bl.a. tidsinkonsistens) i den økonomiske forskning.

Rationelle forventninger og udviklingen i den makroøkonomiske teorihistorie

Rationelle forventninger var oprindelig et afgørende stridspunkt mellem nyklassikerne og de tidligere keynesianske tanker. Ideen vandt efterhånden ret bred tilslutning indenfor fagøkonomernes rækker. Det førte i 1980'erne til, at der fremstod en ny vigtig gruppering, nemlig nykeynesianerne. De tilsluttede sig flere af nyklassikernes synspunkter, først og fremmest antagelsen om rationelle forventninger, men kombinerede denne med de oprindelige keynesianeres opfattelse af vigtigheden af langsom pristilpasning og eksistensen af forskellige vigtige markedsfejl som eksempelvis asymmetrisk information. I disse nykeynesianske modeller spillede konjunkturfluktuationer og tiltag som finans- og pengepolitik fortsat en vigtig rolle.

I det tidlige 2000-tal konvergerede den makroøkonomiske teori efterhånden mod en form for syntese mellem nyklassisk og nykeynesiansk tankegang. Da begge grupperne var tilhængere af at forudsætte rationelle forventninger i deres modeller, blev denne form for forventningsdannelse den altdominerende indenfor makroøkonomien. Antagelsen er imidlertid blevet udfordret fra anden side, nemlig fra adfærdsøkonomien, som efterhånden har fået større indflydelse på mainstream-økonomien. Teorien om rationelle valg i økonomi modsiges nemlig i nogle tilfælde af forskning, der involverer social psykologi (adfærdsøkonomi, socioøkonomi og neuroøkonomi). Det har bl.a. ført til indførelsen af nyere begreber som kognitiv bias og følelsesmæssig bias. Disse afvigelser, der har indflydelse på beslutningsprocessen, kan være individuelle eller kollektive (et resultat af gruppe-effekter). Sidstnævnte har en stærk indflydelse på den økonomiske udvikling. Teorien har sideløbende udviklet et forskningsprojekt om forventninger til begrænset rationalitet hos aktørerne.

Senest har finanskrisen medført, at mange makroøkonomer har sat fornyet spørgsmålstegn ved, om forventningsdannelsen i de hidtidige modeller er rimelig, og skabt fornyet interesse for alternative hypoteser om begrænset rationalitet.

Kilder

Litteratur

 John Muth (1961) "Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements", Econometrica, 29(3), Jul., 315-335 (Genoptrykt i The new classical macroeconomics. Bind 1.  (1992): 3-23, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, vol. 19. Juli, UK: Elgar.)
 Thomas J. Sargent, Rational expectations, The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, 1987, v. 4, pp. 76-79.
 N. E. Savin (1987). "Rational expectations: econometric implications," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, pp. 79-85.

Makroøkonomi

Rationelle forventninger


Istlada, Antalya ili Kaş ilçesi yakınlarında bulunan Likya antik kentidir.

Istlada (Kapaklı) Lykia Bölgesi'nin küçük fakat etkileyici bir antik kentidir. Istlada'ya Finike - Kaş karayolu üzerindeki Davazlar Köyü'nden gidilir. Doğuya ayrılan 4 km'lik yol bizi Kapaklı Köyü'nün Hoyran mevkiindeki ünlü anıt mezarının yanına kadar götürür. Burada İlkokulun hemen karşısında bulunan ve MÖ 4. yüzyıla ait Hoyran Anıtı bütün görkemiyle karşımıza çıkar.

Ağaçların gölgesinde mahzun duran Hoyran Mezar Anıtı bir kayadan kesilerek ev tipi mezar haline getirilmiştir. Üzeri yuvarlak mezar anıtının alınlığında üç kişi ayakta durmaktadır. Alttaki geniş frizde ise ortada bir sedir üzerine uzanmış erkek figürü ve bu figürün önünde bir masa ile dört silahlı adam figürü yer almaktadır. Arkasında ise iki erkek ve iki kadın figürü vardır. Kapısının üzerinde silinmiş bir Lykia yazıtı göze çarpar.

Akropolün doğu ve kuzey yönünde kaya mezarları, lahitler ve stel şeklindeki mezarlar ile sarnıçlar görülür. Mezarların tümü Roma devrine aittir. Bu lahitlerin arkasında kayaya oyulmuş Lykia ev tipi mezarlardan biri Güvercinli mezar olarak anılır. Mezarın üzerinde horoz, sfenks ve güvercin tasvirleri bugün de görülebilir. Mezarın kuzey yönünde ise mezar sahibinin ve yakınlarının tasvir edildiği bir friz yer almıştır. Mezar MÖ 4. yüzyıla aittir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Gezikolik Istlada Sayfası
 Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Istlada Sayfası
  Gelarabul.com  istlada Sayfası

Antalya ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Kaş
Türkiye'deki antik kentler
Arkeoloji taslakları
Likya antik kentleri

Istlada


Éder Fermino Lima, né le 29 juin 1984 à São Paulo, est un joueur de futsal international russe d'origine brésilienne.

Éder Lima débute le futsal au Brésil avant de partir pour l'Europe en 2004. Après un an au Portugal, il est recruté par le club russe du MFK Gazprom-Iougra Iougorsk dans lequel il passe dix saisons. Il participe aux deux triomphes européens en Coupe des coupes 2012 et Coupe UEFA 2016 ainsi qu'aux de titre de champion de Russie et les cinq coupes russes. En 2017, il revient dans son Brésil natal et gagne notamment deux Coupe intercontinentale avec Magnus-Sorocaba.

Au vu de ses bonnes performances avec Gazprom-Iougra, Éder Lima est contacté afin de se naturaliser russe et intégrer l'équipe nationale de futsal. C'est chose faite en 2012, alors que la Fédération brésilienne le contacte au même moment. Le pivot participe aux cinq podiums russes à l'Euro de futsal, mais sans aucun sacre (finaliste en 2012, 2014, 2016 et 2022, troisième en 2018). Il est aussi finaliste de la Coupe du monde en 2016.

Sur le plan individuel, Éder Lima est meilleur buteur de la Coupe du monde 2012, ainsi que le vice-meilleur buteur et deuxième meilleur joueur du Mondial 2016, dont son équipe est finaliste. Il est aussi meilleur buteur de l'Euro 2014.

Biographie

Débuts au Brésil
Natif de São Paulo, Eder Lima y débute le futsal vers huit-neuf ans.

Plus tard, il participe à la Copa São Paulo, un tournoi de football. Une carrière professionnelle est alors envisageable pour lui. Mais, durant la compétition, il reçoit un carton rouge pendant le tournoi et décide d'abandonner le football traditionnel.

Dix saisons en Russie

Quelques mois plus tard, le Gazprom-Ugra Yugorsk recrute l Brésilien sur la base d'un DVD.

En 2015-2016, son Gazprom Ugra est qualifié pour le Final Four de l'UEFA Futsal Cup. Eder Lima termine meilleur buteur de la compétition.

Devant les difficultés financières du futsal russe et le manque de structuration des clubs, Eder Lima décide de quitter le pays en 2017.

Dans le championnat russe, le pivot totalise 390 buts et reçoit le prix de meilleur buteur européen sur une seule saison, avec 73 buts.

Fin au Brésil
En juin 2017, après onze ans en Russie, Eder Lima s'engage jusqu'à fin 2018 avec le Magnus/Sorocaba, du multiple meilleur joueur du monde Falcão. Lors de ses premiers mois à Magnus Sorocaba, il prouve sa valeur en remportant la Liga Paulista avec des buts décisifs.

En décembre 2019, après deux ans et demi au Sorocaba Futsal, Eder Lima quitte le club après une dernière saison couronnée d'un titre mondial et trois finales, notamment de la dernière Liga Paulista face aux Corinthians dont il termine vice-meilleur buteur (16 buts). Le Brésilien naturalisé russe dispute 86 matchs avec l'équipe et marque 38 buts. Il est champion de la Liga Paulista, deux fois de la Coupe du monde des clubs et de la Supercoupe brésilienne.

Les Corinthians annoncent peu de temps après le recrutement du pivot de 35 ans. Il remporte la Supercoupe brésilienne en 2020. Après avoir disputé deux éditions de la Liga Nacional de Futsal (LNF) pour les Corinthians, il quitte le club.

En février 2022, Eder Lima rejoint l'Associação Carlos Barbosa de Futsal (ACBF).

En équipe nationale russe
En 2012, Lima acquiert la nationalité russe après l'apprentissage de la langue, condition indispensable. Dès la Coupe du monde 2012, Eder Lima est retenu en équipe de Russie de futsal FIFA. Rapidement ensuite, il est approché par l'équipe du Brésil mais refuse la proposition.

Au Mondial en Thaïlande, Eder Lima atteint les quarts de finale avec l'équipe de Russie, battu par l'Espagne, et remporte le titre de meilleur buteur du tournoi avec neuf réalisations : un septuplé contre les Îles Salomon et un contre le Guatemala en phase de groupes, puis un but contre la République tchèque en huitièmes de finale.

Lors du dernier match de poule de l'Euro 2014 contre le Portugal, Eder Lima inscrit un doublé dont le dernier but égalisateur d'un retourné acrobatique (4-4). Il marque ensuite un triplé en demi-finale face à la Roumanie (6-0). Après avoir battu le meilleur ennemi espagnol en demi-finale (4-3 ), les Russes sont de nouveau défaits en finale, contre l'Italie (3-1).

À l'Euro 2016, en début d'année, Eder Lima participe à éliminer l'Azerbaïdjan (6-2) avec un triplé. Suspendu pour la finale, il ne peut que contempler la victoire de l'Espagne sur les Russes et la troisième finale perdue consécutive d'un Euro par la Russie. Le pivot d'origine brésilienne est alors considéré comme l'un des meilleurs du monde.

Lors du Mondial 2016, en septembre, Eder inscrit déjà six buts avec les demi-finales de l'édition colombienne. Il est vice-champion du monde.

En 2017, malgré son retour au Brésil, il ne renonce pas à jouer pour l'équipe nationale russe.

Statistiques

Palmarès

En équipe nationale
 Coupe du monde
 Finaliste : 2016

 Championnat d'Europe des nations
 Finaliste : 2012, 2014, 2016 et 2022
  : 2018

En club

Individuel
Pour l'équipe nationale russe, le pivot termine le meilleur buteur de la Coupe du monde 2012, ainsi que le vice-meilleur buteur et deuxième meilleur joueur du Mondial 2016.

Eder Lima termine aussi meilleur buteur de l'Euro 2014 et de la Coupe de l'UEFA en 2015-2016.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à São Paulo
Naissance en juin 1984
Joueur russe de futsal
Joueur brésilien de futsal

Éder Lima (futsal)


Die 4. Ski-Orientierungslauf-Weltmeisterschaften fanden vom 8. Februar bis 12. Februar 1982 in Aigen im Ennstal, Österreich statt.

Herren

Einzel

Titelverteidiger:  Pertti Tikka
Länge: 20,5 km
Höhenmeter: 410
Posten: 12
Teilnehmer: 61

Staffel

Titelverteidiger:  Lasse Jonsson, Stefan Persson, Bo Larsson, Jan-Erik Thorn
Länge: 4 × 9,5 km
Teilnehmer: 11 Staffeln

Damen

Einzel

Titelverteidigerin:  Mirja Puhakka
Länge: 13,0 km
Höhenmeter: 280
Posten: 8
Teilnehmerinnen: 41

Staffel

Titelverteidiger:  Mirja Puhakka, Kaija Silvennoinen, Sinikka Kukkonen
Länge: 3 × 7,6 km
Teilnehmer: 9 Staffeln

Medaillenspiegel

Weblinks
 Ergebnisse auf lazarus.elte.hu

1982
Sportveranstaltung 1982
Sportveranstaltung in Aigen im Ennstal

Ski-Orientierungslauf-Weltmeisterschaften 1982


Cristache Gheorghiu () a fost un general român care a luptat în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Cariera militară
Colonelul Gheorghiu a fost numit, prin delegație, în 7 ianuarie 1942 în funcția de prefect al județului Ilfov, în locul colonelului Tudorancea Ciurea.

A fost înaintat apoi la gradul de general de brigadă.

Decorații
  Ordinul "Steaua României" în gradul de ofițer (8 iunie 1940)

Note

Legături externe
  Generals.dk

Nașteri în 1892
Decese în 1982
Generali români din Al Doilea Război Mondial
Decorați cu Ordinul Steaua României

Cristache Gheorghiu


بلدية أريناس دي سان خوان ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة سيوداد ريال إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، والتي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 1.040 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في ثيوداد ريال
بلديات سيوداد ريال

أريناس دي سان خوان (سيوداد ريال)


Tolga Özgen (* 28. Februar 1980 in Ankara) ist ein türkischer Fußballspieler, der zuletztfür Adana Demirspor spielte.

Karriere

Verein
Tolga Özgen begann mit dem Vereinsfußball in der Jugendabteilung von Gençlerbirliği Ankara.

Im Sommer 2000 wechselte er als Profispieler zum damaligen Drittligisten İnegölspor und machte in seiner ersten Saison als Ersatztorwart lediglich ein Ligaspiel. In seiner zweiten Saison kam er auf vier Spieler. Die Saison 2002/003 setzte er sich endgültig als Stammtorwart durch und machte 31 Ligapartien.

Zur neuen Spielzeit wechselte er dann zum Zweitligisten Istanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor und erkämpfte sich auf Anhieb die Position des Stammtorwarts. In der Spielzeit 2004/05 verlor er seinen Stammplatz und machte als Ersatztorwart kein einziges Spiel.

In der Saison 2005/06 spielte er als Leihspieler jeweils für eine halbe Spielzeit erst bei Giresunspor und anschließend bei Kasımpaşa.

Im Sommer 2006 wechselte er dann samt Ablösesumme zu Kasımpaşa. Hier spielte er zeitweise als Stammtorwart und zeitweise als Ersatzkeeper. Mit Kasımpaşa erreichte er zur Saison 2006/07 und später zur Saison 2008/09 jeweils den Aufstieg in die Süper Lig. Zum Saisonende 2011/12 trennte er sich nach erneutem Aufstieg in die Süper Lig nach gegenseitigem Einvernehmen von Kasımpaşa.

Für die Rückrunde 2012/13 wechselte er zum Erstligisten Sanica Boru Elazığspor. Özgen verließ Elazığspor ohne ein Spiel zu absolvieren und unterschrieb im Sommer 2013 bei Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyespor.

Im Sommer 2014 wechselte er zu Adana Demirspor. Nachdem sein Vertrag hier im Sommer 2015 nicht verlängert wurde und er keinen anderen Arbeitgeber finden konnte, blieb er für die Saison 2015/16 vereinslos.

Nationalmannschaft
Tolga Özgen spielte 2008 einmal für die zweite Auswahl der türkischen Nationalmannschaft.

Erfolge
Mit Kasımpaşa Istanbul
 Play-off-Sieger der TFF 1. Lig und Aufstieg in die Süper Lig: 2006/07
 Play-off-Sieger der TFF 1. Lig und Aufstieg in die Süper Lig: 2008/09
 Play-off-Sieger der TFF 1. Lig und Aufstieg in die Süper Lig: 2011/12

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballtorhüter (Adana Demirspor)
Fußballtorhüter (Elazığspor)
Fußballtorhüter (Gaziantep FK)
Fußballtorhüter (Giresunspor)
Fußballtorhüter (İnegölspor)
Fußballtorhüter (Istanbul Başakşehir FK)
Fußballtorhüter (Kasımpaşa Istanbul)
Sportler (Ankara)
Geboren 1980
Türke
Mann

Tolga Özgen


Cyber Cross: Busou Keiji  es un videojuego de acción de tipo Beat'em up de un solo jugador el cual fue lanzado para la PC Engine en el año 1989 usando el formato de Hu Card, fue desarrollado por la Face Corporation. Tiene una secuela llamada Wiber Cruz.

Enlaces externos

Videojuegos de 1989
Videojuegos de acción
Videojuegos para PC Engine
Videojuegos exclusivos para PC Engine

Cyber Cross


The year 1890 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology
 September 25 – Sequoia National Park created in the United States.
 October 1 – Yosemite National Park created in the United States.
 Walter Heape successfully breeds rabbits from fertilised ova transferred from the biological mother to the uterus of an animal of a different breed.
 Francis Galton announces a statistical demonstration of the uniqueness and classifiability of individual human fingerprints.
 Jacques Loeb publishes his first major work on tropism, Der Heliotropismus der Thiere und seine Uebereinstimmung mit dem Heliotropismus der Pflanzen.
 Henry Luke Bolley at the new North Dakota Agricultural College isolates the organism responsible for potato scab and develops an effective treatment.

Chemistry
 Nikolai Menshutkin discovers that a tertiary amine can be converted into a quaternary ammonium salt by reaction with an alkyl halide – the Menshutkin reaction.
 Emil Fischer establishes the stereochemistry and isomeric nature of the sugars by epimerization between gluconic and mannonic acids and synthesizes glucose, fructose and mannose from glycerol.

Computer science
 June 1 – The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to record census returns using punched card input, a landmark in the history of computing hardware. Hollerith's company eventually becomes IBM.

Earth sciences
 The United States city of Boise, Idaho, drills the first geothermal well.
 The phosphate mineral messelite (from Messel in Germany) is first described.

Mathematics
 Philippa Fawcett is placed above the Senior Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos at the University of Cambridge in England.
 P. J. Heawood proves the five colour theorem.
 Giuseppe Peano is the first to demonstrate a space-filling curve.

Medicine
 Discovery by Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō that an anti-toxin for immunizing people against diphtheria can be prepared by injecting diphtheria toxin into animals.
 Curt Schimmelbusch invents the Schimmelbusch mask for the safe delivery of anesthetics to surgical patients.
 Santiago Ramón y Cajal publishes the first edition of Manual de Anatomia Pathologica General.
 Robert Koch publishes his postulates on the causal relationship between microbes and diseases.
 William James publishes The Principles of Psychology.

Technology
 May – Herbert Akroyd Stuart, in collaboration with Charles Richard Binney and Richard Hornsby & Sons, files a British patent for Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air, the first successful design of hot bulb engine, which will be produced as the heavy-oil Hornsby-Akroyd oil engine.
 August 6 – At Auburn Prison in New York, William Kemmler becomes the first person to be executed in the AC electric chair.
 October 9 – The first brief flight of Clément Ader's steam-powered fixed-wing aircraft Eole takes place in Satory, France. It flies uncontrolled approximately  at a height of 20 cm, the first take-off of a powered airplane solely under its own power.
 Approximate date – British civil engineer Ernest William Moir invents the airlock while working in New York.
 Scottish American chemist William Morrison produces the first successful practical electric road vehicle in the United States.
 The precut paperboard box is invented by Robert Gair, a Brooklyn printer and packaging producer.
 The Hurter and Driffield film speed measurement system is described.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Simon Newcomb
 Wollaston Medal for Geology: William Crawford Williamson

Births
 January 14 – Arthur Holmes (died 1965), English geologist.
 January 19 – Ștefan Procopiu (died 1972), Romanian physicist.
 January 26 – Grantly Dick-Read (died 1959), English obstetrician.
 February 17 – Ronald Fisher (died 1962), English statistician and geneticist.
 March 11 – Vannevar Bush (died 1974), American science administrator.
 March 20 – Elizabeth Rona (died 1981), Hungarian-born nuclear chemist.
 March 26 – Abner Doble (died 1961), American steam engineer.
 May 4 – Carl Brigham (died 1943), American pioneer of psychometrics.
 June 1 – Edward Hutchinson Synge (died 1957), Irish theoretical physicist.
 December 20 – Jaroslav Heyrovský (died 1967), Czech chemist.
 December 21 – Hermann Joseph Muller (died 1967), American geneticist.

Deaths
 January 27 – Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (born 1833), German psychiatrist.
 February 3 – C. H. D. Buys Ballot (born 1817), Dutch meteorologist.
 April 1 – Alexander Mozhaysky (born 1825), Russian aeronautical pioneer.
 August 30 – Marianne North (born 1830), English botanist.
 December 26 – Heinrich Schliemann (born 1822), German archaeologist.

References

19th century in science
1890s in science

1890 in science


Stanislav Zvolenský (Trnava, Tchecoslováquia, 19 de novembro de 1958) é um bispo eslovaco, arcebispo da Arquidiocese de Bratislava, presidente da Conferência Episcopal Eslovaca e Grande Chanceler da Faculdade Teológica Católica Romana Kyrill e Methodius de Komenský Universidade de Bratislava.

Estudo e sacerdócio

Stanislav Zvolenský nasceu em 1958 na região administrativa da Eslováquia ocidental, Trnavský kraj. Depois de estudar teologia na Faculdade Teológica Católica Romana Cirilo e Metódio da Universidade Komenský em Bratislava e depois de se preparar para o sacerdócio no seminário de São Cirilo e Metódio em Bratislava, ele foi nomeado em 13 de junho de 1982 por Julius Gábriš, como Administrador Apostólico da Arquidiocese de Trnava, ordenado sacerdote em Martinsdome. Ele trabalhou como capelão em Galanta e Hlohovec. De 1990 a 1992 foi pastor do distrito de Bratislava-Vajnory.

Em 1992, ele iniciou seus estudos de pós-graduação em teologia em Innsbruck. Posteriormente, estudou na Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana, onde obteve o doutorado em direito canônico em 1998. Após seu retorno à Eslováquia, ele foi nomeado juiz diocesano e professor assistente da Faculdade Teológica Católica Romana Cirilo e Metódio da Universidade de Komenský. Em 2001 ele se tornou vice-reitor da Faculdade Teológica Católica Romana Cirilo e Metódio da Universidade Komenský e em 27 de setembro de 2001 ele se tornou o oficial da Arquidiocese de Bratislava-Trnava.

Bispo auxiliar

O Papa João Paulo II o nomeou bispo titular da diocese titular de Nova Sinna em 2 de abril de 2004 e, junto com Ján Orosch, bispo auxiliar em Bratislava-Trnava. Ján Sokol, Arcebispo de Bratislava-Trnava, consagrou os dois como bispo no dia 2 de maio de 2004 na Catedral de São João Batista em Trnava, também bispo auxiliar recém-nomeado do mesmo arcebispado. Os co-consagradores foram Dominik Tóth, bispo auxiliar emérito de Bratislava-Trnava, e Henryk Józef Nowacki, núncio apostólico da Eslováquia. Ele escolheu o lema do bispo "Fiat voluntas Tua" - "Seja a tua vontade".

Arcebispo

Papa Bento XVI nomeou-o em 14 de fevereiro de 2008, na solenidade de São Cirilo e Método, co-patronos da Europa, como Arcebispo da recém-criada Arquidiocese de Bratislava e Metropolita da província eclesiástica de Bratislava com as dioceses sufragâneas de Trnava, Banská Bystrica, Nitra e Žilina. O cardeal Jozef Tomko, legado papal, o apresentou a seu novo cargo em 8 de março de 2008. Em 29 de junho de 2008, na solenidade dos santos apóstolos Pedro e Paulo, o Papa Bento XVI presenteou-o com um pálio, que ele pode usar no território de sua província eclesiástica.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Eslováquia

Stanislav Zvolenský


Split kvintet, hrvatski glazbeni sastav iz Splita. Osnovao ga je gitarist Milivoj Luša Savannah, kultno ime splitske glazbene pozornice. Ovaj jazz-fusion sastav djelovao je 70-tih i početkom 80-tih godina 20. stoljeća. Bio je hvaljen. Stvarao je glazbu nadahnutu radovima Milesa Davisa i sastava poput Mahavishnu orchestra, Return To Forever i Weather Report. U Split kvintetu bilo je više postava, a osim njega svirali su Nenad Bego, Mladen Duplančić, Duško Ivelić, Mladen Baučić, Vlado Kragić, Sabo Cikotić, Goran Reić i Tom Martin. U kasnijoj fazi njegov je sastav prešao u komercijalne svirke kao prateći sastav zvučnim imenima ondašnje estrade. To je Lušu zasitilo te je s obitelji odselio u Zimbabve, a projekt je prestao djelovati.

Izvori

Splitski glazbeni sastavi
Jazz

Split kvintet


Die Liste der Kreisstraßen im Landkreis Elbe-Elster ist eine Auflistung der Kreisstraßen im brandenburgischen Landkreis Elbe-Elster. Die Gesamtlänge der Kreisstraßen im Landkreis Elbe-Elster beträgt 235,621 km.

Abkürzungen

 K: Kreisstraße
 L: Landesstraße

Liste

Die Kreisstraßen behalten die ihnen zugewiesene Nummer nicht bei einem Wechsel in einen anderen Landkreis oder in eine kreisfreie Stadt. Nicht vorhandene bzw. nicht nachgewiesene Kreisstraßen werden in Kursivdruck gekennzeichnet, ebenso Straßen und Straßenabschnitte, die unabhängig vom Grund (Herabstufung zu einer Gemeindestraße oder Höherstufung) keine Kreisstraßen mehr sind.

Der Straßenverlauf wird in der Regel von Nord nach Süd und von West nach Ost angegeben.

Siehe auch

 Liste der Bundesstraßen in Deutschland
 Liste der Landesstraßen in Brandenburg

Weblinks

 Netzknotenkarte des Landkreises Elbe-Elster (Stand: 1. Januar 2014)

!Kreisstrassen
Elbeelster
Elbeelster


فولتشيكا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة ألطاي كراي في روسيا.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كراي ألطاي

فولتشيكا (ألطاي كراي)


Regionalne kvalifikacije za Hrvatski rukometni kup za muškarce za sezonu 2021./22.
Igrane su u pet regija - "Istok", "Jug", "Sjever", "Središte" i "Zapad", kroz koje se deset klubova plasiralo u osminu završnice Hrvatskog kupa 2021./22.''

Regija Istok
 Klubovi po županijama

 Četvrtfinale (1. kolo)

 Polufinale (2. kolo)

 Finale (3. kolo)

Regija Jug
 Klubovi po županijama

 1. pretkolo

 2. pretkolo (osmina završnice)

 Četvrtfinale

 Polufinale

Regija Sjever
 Klubovi po županijama

 1. kolo

 2. kolo

 3. kolo

Regija Središte
 Klubovi po županijama

 1. kolo

 2. kolo

 3. kolo

Regija Zapad
 Klubovi po županijama

 Šesnaestina finala

 Osmina finala

 Četvrtfinale

 Polufinale

Povezani članci
 Hrvatski rukometni kup
 Hrvatski kup 2021./22.
 1. HRL 2021./22.
 2. HRL 2021./22.
 3. HRL 2021./22.

Vanjske poveznice
 hrs.hr, Hrvatski rukometni savez
 hrs.hr, Kup Hrvatske

Izvori

 hrs.hr, Hrvatski kup - Muški (2021./22.), pristupljeno 5. srpnja 2022.
 hrs.hr, Hrvatski kup - Muški (2021./22.), wayback arhiva od 4. lipnja 2022.

kvalifikacije 2021-22
m-kup-k

Hrvatski rukometni kup za muškarce – kvalifikacije 2021./22.


Vichada Department (, ) is a department of the Republic of Colombia in South America. Vichada is located in the eastern plains of Colombia, in the Orinoquía Region within the Orinoco river basin bordering the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the north and east. To the north the department also borders with Arauca Department, to the northwest with Casanare Department, to the west with Meta Department, to the southwest narrowly bordering with Guaviare Department and to the south with Guainía Department. The department is the second largest in Colombia and scarcely populated in comparison to other departments.

The department was previously a commissary established in 1913.

The largest town and capital of the department is Puerto Carreño located in extreme northeastern part of the department and bordering Venezuela. the department is subdivided into four municipalities; Puerto Carreño, La Primavera, Santa Rosalía and Cumaribo. It also contains 46 indigenous reserves and 6 communities.

Geography

The department is located on the eastern plains of Colombia known as the Llanos. The department limits to the north with the Arauca Department and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela; to the east with Venezuela; to the south with the Guainía Department and Guaviare Department; and to the west with Meta Department and Casanare Department.

The department is located to the left margin of the Orinoco river and the right margin of the Meta River within the plains of los Llanos. Part of the department lies on the Guiana Shield. Soil lacks sediments due to the lack of alluvions from rivers coming from the Andes mountains.

Climate in the department is predominantly hot and humid with an average temperature of  throughout the year.

History
In 1913 the government of Colombia created the commissary of Vichada and the capital was established in a locality known as El Picacho between the Meta and Orinoco rivers. The town was named Puerto Carreño in honor of Pedro María Carreño, then acting Minister of Government.

In August 1974, Puerto Carreño was elevated to the category of municipality by decree 1594 of that same year.

On 5 July 1991 Vichada was elevated to the category of department and Puerto Carreño as its capital.

Municipalities

 Cumaribo
 La Primavera
 Puerto Carreño
 Santa Rosalía
 San José de Ocune

References

 Revista Semana; Será Vichada la tierra prometida?

External links
 Government of Vichada official website
 Vichada Music llanera
Territorial-Environmental Information System of Colombian Amazon SIAT-AC website

Departments of Colombia
States and territories established in 1991

Vichada Department


Doyran, Samsun ilinin Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı doyuran anlamina gelmektedir.köy şeyhsafi köyünden göçmedir

Coğrafya
Samsun il merkezine 118 km, Vezirköprü ilçesine 3 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Vezirköprü'nün mahalleleri

Doyran, Vezirköprü


Vikersund Station (Vikersund stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Randsfjordbanen, der ligger i byområdet Vikersund i Modum kommune i Norge. Den betjenes af Bergensbanens tog mellem Oslo og Bergen og er desuden udgangspunkt for veteranbanen Krøderbanen.

Stationen blev åbnet for ekspedition af tog, passagerer og gods 15. november 1866, to år før Randsfjordbanen mellem Drammen og Randsfjord stod færdig i sin fulde længde. Fra starten hed stationen Vikersund, men det blev ændret til Vikesund i april 1894 og tilbage igen 1. juli 1939. 24. september 1974 blev den nedgraderet til fjernstyret station, der kun var bemandet for ekspedition af passagerer og gods. Bemandingen blev inddraget 28. september 1999, og 7. januar 2001 mistede den al betjening. Siden 6. januar 2002 har den dog igen været betjent af enkelte tog. Det er nu Bergensbanens tog, der står for trafikken, idet de blev omlagt via Randsfjordbanen og Vikersund i stedet for Roa i 1980'erne.

Krøderbanen mellem Vikersund og Krøderen blev åbnet 28. november 1872. Persontrafikken på banen ophørte i 1958, mens godstrafikken blev indstillet 1. marts 1985. Banen er efterfølgende blevet drevet som veteranbane af Norsk Jernbaneklubb, der kører på den i sommermånederne.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Randsfjordbanen
Etableret i 1866
Stationer på veteranbaner i Norge
Stationer på Krøderbanen
Jernbanestationer i Viken

Vikersund Station


O acidente ferroviário de Larissa foi uma colisão frontal de comboios ocorrida na noite de 28 de fevereiro de 2023 perto de Evangelismos, Tempe, província de Larissa, na Tessália, centro-norte da Grécia. Do choque dos dois comboios resultou a morte de pelo menos 57 pessoas, sendo que outras 85 ficaram feridas e mais de 50 ainda estão desaparecidas. Este acidente tornou-se no acidente ferroviário mais fatal da história da Grécia desde 1968.

Causas
Os media gregos começaram por avançar a hipótese de erro humano, pois ambos os comboios circulavam na mesma via, mas não é de excluir a hipótese de o acidente ter sido causado por um descarrilhamento de um deles.

2023 na Grécia
Acidentes e incidentes ferroviários de 2023
Acidentes e incidentes ferroviários na Grécia
Eventos de fevereiro de 2023
Tessália

Acidente ferroviário de Larissa


As Revelações Picantes dos Grandes Chefs (em inglês: The Bedroom Secrets of the Master Chefs) é o sexto romance do escritor escocês Irvine Welsh. Foi publicado na Escócia, em 2006, pela editora Jonathan Cape. No Brasil foi lançado em 2008, pela editora Rocco, com tradução de Daniel Frazão e Maira Parula.

Enredo
Danny Skinner e Brian Kibby trabalham na equipe de inspeção de restaurantes de Edimburgo, como fiscais sanitário.

Skinner é um homem que bebe muito, e que está envolvido em hooliganismo no futebol e torce pelo time local, o Hibernian FC. Ele está lendo um livro do chef Alan de Fretais, de Edimburgo, chamado As Revelações Picantes dos Grandes Chefs.

Ele sente uma forte antipatia por Kibby, e o intimida e o prejudica frequentemente no trabalho.

Kibby é tímido e introspectivo, bebe Horlicks, coleciona modelos de trens e joga compulsivamente um jogo de computador chamado Harvest Moon. A vida social de Kibby se resume a um grupo de caminhadas, chamado Hyp Hykers, e participações em convenções de Star Trek .

O enredo se desenvolve a partir a relação de Skinner com o álcool e sua busca por seu pai, desconhecido. Seu alcoolismo faz com que ele perca sua namorada Kay. Gradualmente, ele percebe que os danos que deveriam ser sentidos por ele devido ao seu estilo de vida são infligidos a Kibby. Por um tempo ele gosta disso, mas quando Kibby fica mortalmente doente, ele percebe que precisa dele. Quando Kibby sai do hospital após um transplante de fígado (causado indiretamente pelo alcoolismo de Skinner), os dois percebem que sua dependência é mútua.

Temas
O livro marca uma mudança de direção na bibliografia de Welsh. Embora ecstasy, cannabis e cocaína sejam mencionados de passagem, há pouca referência à cena das danceterias dos anos 1990, ao contrário de suas obras anteriores. É o abuso do álcool que pontua o romance, juntamente com os temas da identidade pessoal.

Ligações externas

 Resenha do jornal The Guardian
 Resenha do jornal Observer
 Resenha do International Herald Tribune
 Resenha do livro em UnrealityShout.com
 Avaliação Time Out New York
 Revisão da Entertainment Weekly
 Resenha na revista Época

Referências

Escócia em ficção
Romance
Livros do século XXI


The V band ("vee-band") is a standard designation by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for a band of frequencies in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 40 to 75 gigahertz (GHz). The V band is not heavily used, except for millimeter wave radar research and other kinds of scientific research.  It should not be confused with the 600–1,000 MHz range of Band V (Band Five) of the UHF frequency range.

The V band is also used for high capacity terrestrial millimeter wave communications systems. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission has allocated the frequency band from 57 to 71 GHz for unlicensed wireless systems. These systems are primarily used for high capacity, short distance (less than 1 mile or 1.6 km) communications. In addition, frequencies at 70, 80, and 90 GHz have been allocated as "lightly licensed" bands for multi-gigabit wireless communications. All communications links in the V band require unobstructed line of sight between the transmit and receive point, and rain fade must be taken into account when performing link budget analysis.

Uses
On December 15, 1995 the V band at 60 GHz was used by the world's first crosslink communication between satellites in a constellation.  This communication was between the U.S. Milstar 1 and Milstar 2 military satellites. 60 GHz is attractive for secure satellite crosslinks because it allows for high data rates, narrow beams and, lying in a strong absorption band of oxygen, provides protection against intercept by ground-based adversaries.

Very short range Wi-Fi
The WiGig standard IEEE 802.11ad and IEEE 802.11ay utilize the 60 GHz (EHF microwave) spectrum with data transfer rates of up to 7 Gbit/s for very short ranges of up to

Wireless broadband

Internet service providers are looking for ways to expand gigabit high-speed services to their customers. These can be achieved through fiber to the premises broadband network architecture, or a more affordable alternative using fixed wireless in the last mile in combination with the fiber networks in the middle mile in order to reduce the costs of trenching fiber optic cables to the users. In the United States and several other countries, V band is unlicensed. This makes V band an appealing choice to be used as fixed wireless access for gigabit services to connect to homes and businesses.  V-band radios are available in both Point to Point (P2P) and Point to Multipoint (P2MP) configurations.

Satellite constellations
, several US, UK and Canadian companies—Boeing, SpaceX, OneWeb, Telesat, O3b Networks and Theia Holdings—have each filed with the US regulatory authorities (FCC) "plans to field constellations of V-band satellites in non-geosynchronous orbits to provide communications services", an electromagnetic spectrum that had not previously been "heavily employed for commercial communications services".

In 2020, SpaceX was granted permission by the FCC to launch 12,000 satellites that are able to use these frequencies.

References

Microwave bands

V band


Thomas Zwingel (* 25. September 1963 in Fürth) ist ein deutscher Kommunalpolitiker der SPD und seit 2006 der Erste Bürgermeister der Stadt Zirndorf.

Leben

Herkunft und Ausbildung
Zwingel wurde zwar in Fürth geboren, wuchs aber in Zirndorf auf. Er besuchte die Grundschule Zirndorf und das Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Gymnasium Oberasbach, wo er 1982 die Abiturprüfung ablegte. Anschließend studierte Zwingel an der Fachhochschule für Verwaltung und Rechtspflege in Hof und legte dort 1985 die Abschlussprüfung ab.

Vor seiner Karriere als Kommunalpolitiker arbeitete Zwingel als Diplom-Verwaltungswirt (FH) und ab 1985 bis zu seiner Wahl als Erster Bürgermeister im Mai 2006 als Leiter des Bürgeramtes der Stadt Fürth. Außerdem war er freier Mitarbeiter bei den Fürther Nachrichten.

Partei
Bei der Kommunalwahl 1990 wurde Zwingel in den Zirndorfer Stadtrat und den Fürther Kreistag gewählt. Bei den Wahlen 1996 und 2002 wurde er jeweils in beiden Gremien bestätigt. Im Zirndorfer Stadtrat war Zwingel Fraktionsvorsitzender der SPD.

Im Oktober 2002 wurde Zwingel zum 2. Bürgermeister, 2006 zum Ersten Bürgermeister Zirndorfs gewählt. Bei der Bürgermeisterwahl 2012 wurde er im ersten Wahlgang mit 57,1 Prozent der Stimmen wiedergewählt.

In die Amtszeit von Zwingel fallen vor allem die energetische Sanierung des Zirndorfer Rathauses sowie der Neubau der Turnhalle an der Mühlstraße sowie der Um- und Ausbau der Innenstadt. Auch die Bebauung der ehemaligen Pinder-Kaserne (der heutige Pinderpark) wurden in der Amtsperiode von Thomas Zwingel beendet.

Privates
Zwingel ist verheiratet und hat einen Sohn (* 2006). Er ist bekennender Anhänger der SpVgg Greuther Fürth.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Homepage von Thomas Zwingel

Bürgermeister (Zirndorf)
SPD-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1963
Mann

Thomas Zwingel (Politiker)


Ali Ahmed Popal (; * 22. Februar 1916 in Kabul; † 21. November 2004) war ein afghanischer Diplomat und Politiker.

Leben
Ali Ahmed Popal studierte an der Amani-Oberrealschule und an der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, wo er 1942 zum Dr. phil.  promoviert wurde. Von 1942 bis 1946 leitete die Abteilung Pädagogik im Erziehungsministerium und die Amani-Oberrealschule. 1947 leitete er das Lehrer-Seminar. Von 1948 bis 1949 leitete er die Abteilung Volksschulwesen im Kultusministerium. Von 1949 bis 1951 leitete er die Abteilung Erziehungswesen. Von 1952 bis 1956 war er Staatssekretär im Kultusministerium. Ab dem 14. März 1957 war er Stellvertretender Erziehungsminister, ehe er 1958 zum Erziehungsminister im Regierungskabinett von Mohammed Daoud Khan ernannt wurde. Von März 1963 bis zum 8. Juli 1964 war er Bildungsminister im Regierungskabinett von Mohammad Yusuf.

Von August 1964 bis November 1967 war er Botschafter in Bad Godesberg. Von November 1967 bis 24. Oktober 1974 war er Bildungsminister im Regierungskabinett von Mohammad Nur Ahmad Etemadi. Von 24. Oktober 1974 bis 11. November 1976 war er Botschafter in Tokio.

Einzelnachweise

Bildungsminister (Afghanistan)
Erziehungsminister (Afghanistan)
Afghanischer Botschafter in Deutschland
Afghanischer Botschafter in Japan
Afghanischer Botschafter in der Türkei
Afghane
Geboren 1916
Gestorben 2004
Mann

Ali Ahmad Popal


Castelul Carlow (în ) este situat lângă râul Barrow în comitatul Carlow, Irlanda. A fost construit între 1207 și 1213 și este un monument național al Irlandei.

Istorie și arhitectură
Cea mai veche atestare scrisă a acestui castel este din 1231, dar nu numește constructorul său. Se presupune că acest castel a fost construit de William Marshal cel Bătrân, în perioada cuprinsă între 1207 și 1213, pe care a petrecut-o în Irlanda. Castelul din Carlow a fost primul de acest fel din Irlanda, un donjon cu turn, unde un imens turn dreptunghiular este înconjurat de patru turnuri mai mici situate în colțurile dreptunghiului. Cu toate acestea, au existat îndoieli că castelul din Carlow a susținut funcția tradițională de donjon, adică să servească drept refugiu ca ultimă speranță. În schimb, s-a abătut în mod intenționat de la standardul contemporan din Anglia și Europa continentală. Castele similare din aceeași perioadă au fost ridicate în Ferns, Lea și Terryglass.

Castelul interior măsura 16 m pe 9,2 m, turnurile aveau un diametru de 4,6 m și zidurile aveau 2,7 m grosime. Castelul interior avea trei etaje și iar pentru etajele superioare s-a folosit lemn. Peretele lung din partea de vest prevedea scări și două latrine. Acesta din urmă indică faptul că spațiul era împărțit. Ușa de la intrare se afla la primul etaj, dar acum este distrusă.

Castelul a fost predat coroanei în 1306, acordat în 1312 lui Thomas Plantagenet, confiscat de coroană în 1537, deoarece proprietarii erau absenți, cumpărați de contele de Thomond în 1616, și a schimbat mai mulți proprietari până când a fost preluat de Oliver Cromwell în 1650, dar ulterior a fost returnat contelui de Thomond. În 1814, castelul a fost în mare parte distrus, în încercarea de a crea mai mult spațiu pentru transformarea într-un azil de nebuni cu ajutorul explozibililor. Doar fațada exterioară a peretelui de vest și a celor două turnuri învecinate au putut fi păstrate.

Note

Castele din Irlanda
Castele în comitatul Carlow
Castele din secolul al XIII-lea

Castelul Carlow


Die Sarraounia (auf Hausa für "Königin") ist eine traditionelle Herrscherin und ein religiöses Oberhaupt der Azna in Niger. Sie lebt im Dorf Lougou im Südwesten des Landes und hat heute keine politische Macht mehr. Sie nimmt kultische Aufgaben wahr und ist aus historischen Gründen eine Symbolfigur des nigrischen Nationalismus.

Funktionen
Die in einer Hütte lebende Sarraounia besitzt nach wie vor die Rechte einer "Königin". Ihr wird mit großem Respekt begegnet und niemand darf ihr Gesicht sehen. Die Sarraounia hat im Bori-Kult ein Gegenstück in der spirituellen Welt, dem ihr oberster Priester Bawra Opfer darbringt. Das Gleichgewicht zwischen männlichen und weiblichen Elementen spielt in den Überzeugungen der Azna eine wichtige Rolle. Zweimal wöchentlich spricht die Sarrouania beim heiligen Stein Toungouma Recht. Dem Stein werden übernatürliche Kräfte zugeschrieben. Das in der Hausa-Sprache abgehaltene Toungouma-Ritual stellt für viele eine unkomplizierte Möglichkeit dar, rechtliche Entscheidungen zu erhalten.

Nach dem Tod einer Sarraounia wird ihr Leichnam in einer Prozession durch das Dorf getragen. Das plötzliche Anhalten der Prozession, das eine übernatürliche Ursache haben soll, vor einem bestimmten Haus macht dessen Bewohnerin zur nächsten Sarraounia.

Geschichte
Der Überlieferung nach war die erste Sarraounia eine Königin des von Frauen regierten Hausastaats Daura, die von Männern vertrieben wurde und sich schließlich in Lougou niederließ. Zur Legitimation des Übergangs von weiblicher zu männlicher Herrschaft in Daura diente die Bayajidda-Legende.

13 der nach der Tradition bisher 15 Sarraounias sind namentlich bekannt:
 Yarkasa
 Dafada
 Gouzouri
 Lalma
 Dafaya
 Annaou
 Mangou
 Taba
 Konnaou
 Intaya
 Talokoyo
 Aldjima Gado
 Kambari Kahiya (seit 9. Januar 2023)

Im 19. Jahrhundert musste die Sarraounia zunächst Tuareg und islamische Fulbe abwehren. Im Jahr 1899 kam die französische Militärexpedition Mission Voulet-Chanoine in das Gebiet, mit dem Ziel diesen Teil Afrikas für Frankreich zu unterwerfen. Die sich unbesiegbar fühlende Sarraounia Mangou sandte der Mission einen beleidigenden Brief, die sich gezwungen sah auf die Provokation zu antworten. Am 16. April 1899 kam es in Lougou zur Schlacht zwischen den gut ausgerüsteten französischen Truppen und den Kriegern der Sarraounia. Zwar konnten letztere mehrere in französischen Diensten stehende Soldaten töten, verloren aber schließlich. Die Mission Voulet-Chanoine zerstörte Lougou und den Palast der Sarraounia Mangou, die fliehen konnte. Die Geschichte der Sarraounia Mangou diente als Vorlage für einen historischen Roman von Abdoulaye Mamani, der 1986 als Der Kampf der schwarzen Königin unter der Regie von Med Hondo verfilmt wurde.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Herrschertitel
Religiöser Titel
Hausa
Feste und Brauchtum (Niger)
Religion (Niger)
Dosso (Region)
Frauentitel
Frauen (Niger)

Sarraounia


An Deiregyne densiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Schweinfurth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Gerardo A. Salazar och Soto Arenas. An Deiregyne densiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Deiregyne, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Deiregyne

Deiregyne densiflora


Propylacetat, også kendt som propyl ethanoat, er en kemisk forbindelse, der bruges som solvent og et eksempel på en ester. Det er en klar, farveløs væske, der er kendt for sin karakteristiske odeur af pærer. Som følge af dette bliver den ofte brugt i parfumer og som aroma i madvarer.

Stoffet bliver dannet ved en esterificering af eddikesyre og 1-propanol (kendt som kondensationsreaktion) ofte via Fischer–Speier esterificering, med svovlsyre som en katalysator og med and som biprodukt.

Eksterne henvisninger
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Acetic acid, propyl ester - Toxicity Data
N-Propyl Acetate MSDS

Eddikesyreestere
Aromaer

Propylacetat


C/1907 L2 (Daniel) ist ein Komet, der im Jahr 1907 mit dem bloßen Auge gesehen werden konnte.

Entdeckung und Beobachtung
Der Komet wurde am Morgen des 9. Juni 1907 von Zaccheus Daniel mit einem 6-Zoll-Teleskop an der Sternwarte in Princeton (New Jersey) entdeckt. Der Komet stand dabei am Osthimmel nur wenige Winkelgrad oberhalb des Planeten Saturn. Es war Daniels erste Kometenentdeckung, der 1909 noch zwei weitere folgen sollten.

Ab Mitte Juli konnte der Komet dann auch für zwei Monate mit bloßem Auge gesehen werden. Er hatte zu dieser Zeit eine Helligkeit von 4 mag und einen schmalen Schweif von etwa 5° Länge. Anfang August war die Helligkeit auf 3 mag angestiegen, der Schweif hatte eine Länge von 15° erreicht. Anfang September erreichte seine Helligkeit 2 mag und der Schweif war noch 5–6° lang. Der Komet konnte während der ganzen Zeit nur knapp über dem Horizont in der Morgendämmerung beobachtet werden. Nachdem der Komet am 3. Oktober von der Erde aus gesehen mit einer westlichen Elongation von knapp 16° seine größte Annäherung an die Sonne erreicht hatte und sich danach wieder von ihr entfernte, konnte er dann ab Anfang November erneut am Morgenhimmel beobachtet werden, allerdings wegen seiner geringen Helligkeit nur noch mit optischen Instrumenten.

Insgesamt erstreckten sich die Beobachtungen des Kometen über mehr als ein Jahr, die letzte Positionsbestimmung erfolgte am 30. Juni 1908.

Der Komet erreichte eine maximale Helligkeit von 2 mag.

Wissenschaftliche Auswertung
Die Entwicklung der Astrophotographie um den Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts ermöglichte es erstmals, die Strukturen des Plasmaschweifs von Kometen im Detail zu studieren. Wie bei einigen anderen Kometen konnten auch beim Kometen Daniel veränderliche Strukturen beobachtet werden. Edward Barnard konnte durch Vergleich seiner Aufnahmen des Kometen am Yerkes-Observatorium mit zeitversetzten Aufnahmen an anderen Observatorien auch Erkenntnisse über die dynamische Entwicklung des Staubschweifs gewinnen.

Das Licht des Kometen wurde intensiv spektroskopisch untersucht, u. a. von Hans Rosenberg in Göttingen. Die Spektrogramme zeigten kometentypische Emissionslinien, u. a. von C2 und CN. Am 10. August konnte Vesto Slipher am Lowell-Observatorium neben den Kohlenstofflinien und dem Kontinuum auch Natrium-D-Linien beobachten. Ihre Intensität war so stark, dass vermutet wurde, dass sie schon zwei oder drei Tage zuvor aufgetreten waren.

Mehrere Forscher, darunter Henri-Alexandre Deslandres und A. Bernard am Pariser Observatorium, gewannen ebenfalls im August erstmals deutliche Aufnahmen vom Spektrum des Kometenschweifs. Sie konnten darin drei bisher unbeobachtete Bänder im violetten und blauen Farbbereich feststellen, die auch John Evershed am Kodaikanal-Observatorium beobachtet hatte. Erst zwei Jahre später konnte Alfred Fowler diese Spektrallinien als Emissionen des einfach ionisierten Kohlenstoffmonoxids (CO+) identifizieren.

In einer Untersuchung von 1978 berechneten Brian Marsden, Zdenek Sekanina und Edgar Everhart Bahnelemente einer elliptischen Umlaufbahn für den Kometen. Außerdem bestimmten sie Werte für seine ursprüngliche und zukünftige Bahn. Demnach bewegte er sich lange vor seiner Passage des inneren Sonnensystems auf einer elliptischen Bahn mit einer Großen Halbachse von etwa 377 AE. Für seine zukünftige Bahn bestimmten sie eine Große Halbachse von etwa 301 AE.

Umlaufbahn
Für den Kometen konnte aus 173 Beobachtungen über 344 Tage eine elliptische Umlaufbahn bestimmt werden, die um rund 9° gegen die Ekliptik geneigt ist. Die Bahn des Kometen liegt damit nur leicht schräg gestellt zu den Bahnebenen der Planeten. Im sonnennächsten Punkt der Bahn (Perihel), den der Komet am 4. September 1907 durchlaufen hat, befand er sich mit etwa 76,6 Mio. km Sonnenabstand im Bereich zwischen den Umlaufbahnen von Merkur und Venus.

Wenn die Bahn eines Kometen nur eine geringe Neigung zur Ekliptik besitzt, wie bei diesem, sind mehrere nahe Begegnungen mit den Planeten zu erwarten, die die Bahn des Kometen beeinflussen können. Der Komet näherte sich nicht nur einigen der kleinen Planeten bis auf geringe Abstände, sondern es erfolgten auch mehrere Annäherungen an die großen Planeten:

Die Annäherung an die Erde entspricht einer Entfernung von etwa 113,3 Mio. km.

Nach den Bahnelementen der JPL Small-Body Database und ohne Berücksichtigung nicht-gravitativer Kräfte auf den Kometen hatte seine Bahn lange Zeit vor seiner Passage des inneren Sonnensystems eine Exzentrizität von etwa 0,9986 und eine Große Halbachse von etwa 370 AE, so dass seine Umlaufzeit bei etwa 7100 Jahren lag. Durch die Anziehungskraft der Planeten, insbesondere durch die relativ nahen Vorbeigänge an den großen Planeten, wurde seine Bahnexzentrizität auf etwa 0,9983 und seine Große Halbachse auf etwa 296 AE verringert, so dass sich seine Umlaufzeit auf etwa 5100 Jahre verkürzt.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Kometen

Weblinks
 C/1907 L2 (Daniel) beim Minor Planet Center (englisch)
 Fotos des Kometen auf uchicago.edu
 Foto des Kometen auf uni-heidelberg.de
 Fotos des Kometen auf uni-heidelberg.de

Einzelnachweise

C/1907 L2 (Daniel)


The Fishing Party was a political party in Scotland formed and officially registered in 2003. Largely a single-issue party, its formation was prompted by those involved in the fishing industry angry at cuts in the quantity of fish they were being allowed to catch as a result of the European Union Single Fisheries Policy. The rationale behind its formation was that they were in the best position to represent the fishing industry as they were part of it themselves. The party was led by George Geddes, formerly vice chairman of the Scottish White Fish Producers' Association, supported by the then Chairman Mike Park, with the aim of securing seats in the Scottish Parliament. The party was supported by Albert McQuarrie, the former Conservative Member of Parliament for Banff and Buchan, but he refused to stand as a candidate on the grounds of age.

There was speculation that this might result in the loss of votes for the Scottish National Party, as traditionally it has won the majority of the votes of those involved in the Scottish fishing industry. However, the Fishing Party did not win any seats in the 2003 election to the Scottish Parliament. Its only candidate, George Geddes, received 5,566 votes (2.28%) on the regional list in North East Scotland. The best result was in the Banff and Buchan Scottish constituency, where the party polled 2,007 votes (7.7%). The party did not stand any candidates in the single-member constituencies.

The party was deregistered as a political party with the Electoral Commission on 23 March 2004.

References

Defunct political parties in Scotland
Fishing in Scotland
Political parties established in 2003
Political parties disestablished in 2004
2003 establishments in Scotland
2004 disestablishments in Scotland
Single-issue political parties in United Kingdom

Fishing Party (Scotland)


بيركات حاخاماه (بالعبرية: ברכת החמה) أي «بركات الشمس»، هو عيد يهودي ترجع أصوله لكتاب التلمود حيث يوصف فيه بأنه اليوم الذي ترجع خلاله الشمس إلى المكان الذي كانت تشغله عندما قام الله بخلق الكون.

هذا اليوم يتكرر مرة واحدة كل 28 عاماً. في مدينة القدس يحتفل اليهود به بالوقوف عند حائط المبكى وبمراقبة بزوغ الشمس مع أداء تراتيل وأناشيد دينية خاصة.

حساب يوم العيد

يذهب البعض إلى أن هناك خطأ في تحديد يوم بيركات حاخاماه وذلك بسبب الاعتماد على طرق قديمة للحساب، فقد كان اليهود يعتقدون قبل ألفي عام أن السنة مؤلفة من 365 يوماً وست ساعات، تم تعديل هذا فيما بعد لتصبح السنة 365 يوماً وخمس ساعات وثمان وأربعين دقيقة، وهكذا يصبح الفرق كبيراً مع مرور مئات السنين. فبناء على ذلك فإن الاحتفال بهذا العيد عام 2009 (الذي تم يوم 8 أبريل/نيسان) كان متأخراً بما مقداره 19 يوم عن موعده الأصلي، أي وجب أن يكون الموعد الحقيقي للاحتفال يوم 20 مارس/آذار.

المراجع

 اليهود يحتفلون بـ «فجر الكون» - موقع بي بي سي العربي

وصلات خارجية
 The Birkat Hachama Prayers סדר התפלות ברכת החמה (www.kehillaton.com)

أعياد يهودية
الشمس
كلمات وعبارات عبرية

بيركات حاخاماه


Peng Bo (; Nanchang, 18 de fevereiro de 1981) é um saltador chinês, campeão olímpico.

Carreira

Ele competiu nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2004 em Atenas e venceu a prova masculina de trampolim de 3 metros com a pontuação total de 787.38, o título mais importante de sua curta carreira. Além disso, também conseguiu a medalha de ouro nos Jogos Asiáticos de 2002 em Busan.

Ligações externas

Perfil no Olympics

Naturais de Nanchang
Saltadores olímpicos da China
Campeões olímpicos da China
Saltadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2004
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2004

Peng Bo


آي بود نانو  هو جهاز موسيقى محمول به كاميرا فيديو وتم تصميمه وإنتاجه بواسطة شركة أبل الجيل الأول من الآي بود نانو قدم في 2005 وهو يستخدم ذاكرة وميضية مثل الموجودة في آي بود شفل.

التاريخ

الجيل السابع
تم الإعلان عنه يوم 12 سبتمبر 2012 وأهم مواصفاته هي : أبعاد الشاشة هي 240x432 راديو إف إم، وسماعة أبل الحديثة يدعم صيغ الفيديو MP4 وH.264 . يعمل لمدة 30 ساعة متواصلة من تشغيل الموسيقى و3.5 ساعة من تشغيل الفيديو، يتوفر الجهاز بثماني ألوان مختلفة.

روابط أخرى
 الصفحة الرسمية للآي بود نانو

مراجع

منتجات شركة أبل توقف إنتاجها
آي بود
آي تيونز
ألعاب عقد 2000
استحداثات متعلقة بالحواسيب في 2005
فضائح سلامة المنتجات
لاعبو صوت رقمي
مشغل وسائط محمول
منتجات عرضت في 2005
منتجات موقوفة
منتجات وخدمات توقفت في 2017

آي بود نانو


أغوستينو باسي (Agostino Bassi) كان عالم أحياء إيطاليًا، ولد في 25 سبتمبر 1773 بلودي (كانت وقتئذ تابعة بإمبراطورية هابسبورغ، وهي حاليًا بإيطاليا) وتوفي بها في 8 فبراير 1856.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

رومان كاثوليك إيطاليون
علماء أحياء
علماء إيطاليون
علماء حشرات إيطاليون
علماء نبات ذوو مختصرات اسمية
مواليد 1773
وفيات 1856
وفيات في لودي

أغوستينو باسي


Jorge Abbondanza (* 6. März 1936 in Montevideo, Uruguay; † 28. August 2020) war ein uruguayischer Kulturjournalist, Kritiker und Künstler.

Leben
Abbondanza der seit Ende der 1950er Jahre, beginnend bei der Tageszeitung El Bien Público, als Journalist tätig war, davon mindestens 34 Jahre bei der El País, arbeitete für zahlreiche in- und ausländische Zeitungen. Er wirkte überwiegend als Film-, Theater- und Kunstkritiker. Als solcher verfasste er zahlreiche Monographien, gehörte diversen Jurys an und repräsentierte sein Heimatland bei internationalen Wettbewerben und Festivals. Abbondanza stand auch als Präsident der Kritiker-Vereinigung (Asociación de Críticos) vor und nahm eine Aufgabe als Berater des Uruguayischen Bildungs- und Kulturministeriums (MEC) und der Intendencia Municipal von Montevideo wahr.
Auch als Buchautor trat er in Erscheinung. So steht für ihn 1991 die Veröffentlichung einer Biographie über den Maler Manuel Espínola Gómez zu Buche. Fünf Jahre später publizierte er eine Sammlung eigener Notizen und Essays unter dem Titel El gran desfile.

Auch künstlerisch konnte Abbondanza, der Zeichnen und Malerei an der Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes (ENBA) studierte, auf sich aufmerksam machen. Bereits seit 1958 war er als Töpfer gemeinsam mit Enrique Silveira tätig. Zusammen unternahmen sie auch Studienreisen in Lateinamerika, nach Europa und in die USA.

Abbondanza stellte seine Werke bei nationalen und internationalen Ausstellungen unter anderem im Museo de Arte Moderno in Buenos Aires, im Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rom, bei der Biennale von São Paulo und der Tretjakow-Galerie in Moskau zur Schau.

Während er 1999 gemeinsam mit Enrique Silveira mit dem Premio Figari ausgezeichnet wurde, gehörte Abbondanza zudem 1995 bis 1997, von 2002 bis 2004 und 2011 der Jury bzw. dem Koordinierungsrat bei der Preisvergabe an.

Abbondanza war Mitglied der Asociación de Críticos Cinematográficos und der Sección Uruguaya de la Asociación Internacional de Críticos Teatrales.

Veröffentlichungen
 1991: Biografie über Manuel Espínola Gómez
 1996: El gran desfile

Auszeichnungen
 1999: Premio Figari

Literatur
 Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 13

Einzelnachweise

Bildender Künstler (Uruguay)
Journalist (Uruguay)
Kulturjournalist
Kunstkritiker
Uruguayer
Geboren 1936
Gestorben 2020
Mann

Jorge Abbondanza


The 1988 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in West Germany from 10 to 25 June 1988. It was the eighth UEFA European Championship, which is held every four years and supported by UEFA.

France were the defending champions, but failed to qualify.

The tournament crowned the Netherlands as European champions for the first time. Euro 88 was a rare instance of a major football tournament ending without a single sending-off or goalless draw, nor any knockout matches going to extra time or penalties. Euro 1988 was the final European Championship to see West Germany and the Soviet Union teams, as the West and East Germans reunified to become Germany in 1990, the Soviet Union disintegrated into 15 separate countries in 1991.

Bid process
West Germany won the right to host the tournament with five votes ahead of a joint bid from Norway, Sweden and Denmark, which earned one vote, and a bid from England.

Because the Eastern Bloc disagreed that West Berlin was part of the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Football Association ruled out playing Championship matches in West Berlin. This secured the participation of Eastern European members of UEFA. In the 1974 FIFA World Cup, however, West Berlin had hosted three games.

As a compromise, Berlin Olympic Stadium did host a Four Nations Tournament in 1988, with West Germany playing against the Soviet Union, Argentina and Sweden.

Overview

Group matches
The first group pitted two pre-tournament favourites West Germany and Italy together, along with Spain and Denmark. The West German team had won the 1980 European Championship and were the runners-up in each of the last two World Cups in 1982 and 1986, although in 1984 they failed to qualify from their group. With such results and additionally as the host they were commonly considered the main favourite of the tournament.

The Italians had not played at Euro 1984, though they had finished fourth in the 1980 tournament, for which they were the hosts; they had also won the 1982 World Cup, albeit followed by a middling performance in 1986. Spain and Denmark contested the second semi-final of the 1984 edition, which Spain prevailed on penalty-kicks, but then lost the final to hosts, France (who failed to qualify in 1988). Both Spain and Denmark played in the 1986 World Cup, and met there again, in a Round of 16 match of the knockout stage which Spain won 5–1.

The Germans and Italians played out the opening game. This game was tightly contested. Roberto Mancini capitalised on a defensive error on the left-hand side of the German goal and the striker squeezed in a shot from a tight angle low to the left corner. Just three minutes later, Italy's goalkeeper, Walter Zenga was penalised for taking more than four steps with the ball and Andreas Brehme scored the resulting free-kick from the edge of the penalty area with a low shot to the right corner. Both teams settled for a 1–1 draw.

Spain defeated Denmark again, this time 3–2. Míchel opened the scoring after five minutes with a shot to the left corner from inside the penalty area and Michael Laudrup equalised 20 minutes later with a left foot shot from the edge of the penalty area to the left corner. Spain dominated the next hour and Emilio Butragueño scored with a low shot through the goalkeepers legs and then Rafael Gordillo putting the Spanish 3–1 to the good with a free-kick which deceived the goalkeeper. A late surge saw Flemming Povlsen reduce the scoreline with a header in off the left post, but was not enough for the Danes, who now needed to win both their remaining games to be certain of a place in the semi-finals.

In the remaining games the West Germans swept aside the Danes and Spanish. Jürgen Klinsmann and Olaf Thon scored to dispatch the former 2–0 while two goals from Rudi Völler were enough to beat Spain 2–0. The second goal was particularly notable. Lothar Matthäus ran 40 yards into the Spanish penalty box before back-heeling the ball for the oncoming Völler, following up his run, to strike the ball with the outside of his foot and into the corner of the goal.

The Italians won a difficult match against the Spanish 1–0, courtesy of a goal from Gianluca Vialli, a low cross-shot to the net on 73 minutes. In the last game, against an already eliminated Denmark, the Italians prevailed 2–0.

The second group witnessed a surprising set of results. In the opening game, one of the pre-tournament favourites England lost 1–0 to Ireland. Ray Houghton scored a looping header after six minutes after the English defence failed to clear a cross. The English applied strong pressure as the game wore on. Gary Lineker was unusually sluggish, missing a series of chances and hitting the crossbar – he was later diagnosed with hepatitis B. In the other opening game, the Soviet Union defeated the Netherlands 1–0 through a Vasyl Rats goal, despite the Dutch dominating for long periods.

England met the Netherlands in Düsseldorf; both needed to win. England started strongly with Lineker hitting a post and Glenn Hoddle striking the post with a free-kick. The English defence, weakened by the absence of Terry Butcher, conceded the first of three goals to Marco van Basten on 44 minutes. Van Basten turned Butcher's replacement Tony Adams and beat Peter Shilton – playing his 100th game for England – to give his side a 1–0 lead. England rallied after the break. Lineker and Bryan Robson exchanged a kick one-two pass allowing Robson to burst into the box and lift the ball over Hans van Breukelen after 53 minutes. The score remained until Van Basten turned Tony Adams inside out to finish from 18 yards on 71 minutes. The striker pounced from close-range after a corner to seal a 3–1 win four minutes later.

The Irish and Soviets led the group after two games through a 1–1 draw in Hanover. Ronnie Whelan scored a spectacular left-foot volley from 18 yards to put the Irish into the lead. Oleh Protasov equalised with a low shot as the Soviets exerted late pressure.

Needing to defeat the Irish to progress, the Dutch won the game 1–0 through a late Wim Kieft goal. The ball deflected into his path and he delivered a looping header which spun into the right corner of the Irish net with nine minutes remaining just after Paul McGrath hit a Dutch post with a header. In the other game, the Soviets soundly thrashed England. A mistake from Hoddle allowed Sergei Aleinikov to score after three minutes. Adams equalised and England had chances to go ahead, but a goal before half-time and late in the game assured the Soviet Union would finish in first place in the group.

Semi-finals and final
The first semi-final was significant as rivals West Germany played the Netherlands. It was only the third time the two sides had faced each other since the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final; the West Germans winning a first round match in the 1980 European Championship, and a 2–2 draw in a 1978 FIFA World Cup second round group match. The game was tight, and the West Germans broke the deadlock on 55 minutes with a Matthäus penalty after a foul on Klinsmann. The lead was held for 20 minutes until Jürgen Kohler brought down Van Basten. Ronald Koeman converted the spot-kick to level the match. With the match headed for extra time, a through ball caught the Germans out and Van Basten finished clinically with a shot as he slid along the floor, beating the goalkeeper and Kohler to the ball in the 88th minute for a 2–1 win. It gave the Dutch their first competitive victory against the Germans and the first appearance in the competition's final. The victory was marred by the reaction of Dutch defender Koeman who wiped the shirt of Olaf Thon, given to him after the match, on his backside in front of the German fans. The player apologised afterwards.

The other semi-final was another unpredictable result. Italy were strong favourites to reach the final and had beaten the Soviets 4–1 in a friendly just two months earlier. Despite controlling the play and having the majority of the chances, the Italians were undone by poor finishing and a strong, tough opposition who sought to stop their more skilful opponents from playing through hard tackles and a defensive strategy. The hard work-rate of the Soviets paid off and in just four second-half minutes, counter-attacks saw two goals from Hennadiy Lytovchenko and Oleg Protasov. The first one from Lytovchenko was initially blocked, but with quick reactions he beat Franco Baresi to the ball to fire the second shot into the far corner. The second from Protasov was a looping shot that floated over Zenga for a 2–0 victory. It would be the Soviet Union's fourth appearance in a European Championship final.

The final was played on 25 June between the Soviet Union, in what would turn out to be the nation's last European Championship match, and the Netherlands at the Olympiastadion in Munich. The Dutch won the match 2–0, with goals by captain Ruud Gullit and tournament top scorer Marco van Basten. Hans van Breukelen blocked a low penalty shot of Igor Belanov. Van Basten's goal, a sharply hit volley across the goal off an incoming looping pass, would later be described as one of the greatest goals in the history of the European Championships.

Qualification

Qualified teams
Seven countries had to qualify for the final stage. West Germany qualified automatically as hosts of the event. The Republic of Ireland qualified for the first time for any major tournament. The holders, France, failed to qualify despite finishing third in the 1986 World Cup. As of 2024, this is the last time that France failed to qualify for the European Championship finals, and since the conversion to a group stage in the finals tournament, this remains the only time the previous tournament winners failed to qualify for the next competition. Other notable absentees were Belgium (the 1980 runners-up and 1986 FIFA World Cup semi-finalists) and Portugal (semi-finalists of Euro 1984). The following eight teams qualified for the final tournament:

Venues

Squads

Each national team had to submit a squad of 20 players.

Match officials

Fourth officials

Group stage

The teams finishing in the top two of each group progressed to the semi-finals.

All times are local, CEST (UTC+2).

Tiebreakers
If two or more teams finished level on points after completion of the group matches, the following tie-breakers were used to determine the final ranking:
 Greater number of points in all group matches
 Goal difference in all group matches
 Greater number of goals scored in all group matches
 Drawing of lots

Group 1

Group 2

Knockout stage

In the knockout phase, extra time would be played if scores were level after 90 minutes, and a penalty shoot-out if teams could not be separated after the additional period.

Bracket

Semi-finals

Final

Statistics

Goalscorers

Awards
UEFA Team of the Tournament

References

External links

1988
1987–88 in European football
1987–88 in West German football
1988
June 1988 sports events in Europe

UEFA Euro 1988


Ferula halophila, Apiaceae (maydanozgiller) familyasına ait, tüysüz, çok yıllık bir bitki türü.

Mayıs-Haziran aylarında çiçek açar ve 60–90 cm'e kadar boylanabilir. Orta Anadolu'da yayılış gösterir. 900 metre yükseklikte tuzcul bozkırlar ve kumullarda yaşar. Özellikle Tuz Gölü'nün çevresi olmakla, Türkiye'ye özgü bir bitki türüdür.

Dış bağlantılar

halophila
Konya florası
Tuzcul bitkiler
Türkiye'deki endemik bitkiler

Ferula halophila


Hidetoyo Watanabe (født 19. januar 1971) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Montedio Yamagata og Omiya Ardija.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hidetoyo Watanabe


Katja Hose er en professor i datalogi ved Institut for Datalogi på Aalborg Universitet.

Uddannelse
Katja Hose blev i 2004 kandidat i datalogi fra Ilmenau University of Technology. I 2009 opnåede hun ph.d.-graden i datalogi også fra Ilmenau University of Technology i Tyskland.

Karriere
Katja Hose har været tilknyttet Aalborg Universitet siden 2012. I 2018 blev hun udnævnt til professor i datalogi efter bevilling fra Poul Due Jensens Fond. Katja Hose beskæftiger sig i sin forskning med webvidenskab og bevæger sig i et krydsfelt mellem big data, maskinlæring og semantiske teknologier.
Med sin forskning forsøger hun at udnytte de enorme mængder af åbne data, som aldrig bliver udforsket, og herigennem sørge for bedre adgang til nøjagtige og pålidelige informationer.
Ved at gøre maskiner i stand til automatisk at finde, behandle og forstå information vil hun skabe ideelle betingelser for faktatjek. Teknologien vil herved fungere på en måde lignende intelligente personlige assistenter, men er i stedet baseret på offentligt tilgængeligt data og er ikke bundet til en bestemt virksomhed eller serviceudbyder.

Katja Hose har tidligere modtaget en YDUN-bevilling fra Det Frie Forskningsråd samt en Sapere Aude-bevilling fra Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond.

Kilder

Forskere fra Danmark
Dataloger fra Danmark
Professorer fra Aalborg Universitet
Ansatte ved Aalborg Universitet

Katja Hose


Europa-Parlamentsvalget 2004 i Sverige blev afholdt i 2004. Ved valget skulle der findes 19 repræsentanter eller mandater til Europa-parlamentet. I valget var hele Sverige en valgkreds, der var en spærregrænse på fire procent. Omkring 6.8 millioner svenskere havde stemmeret. Kandidaterne som var på valg stod på samme valglister, og mandaterne blev fordelt efter Sainte-Laguës metode.

Valgdeltagelsen var på 37,85%, som var en procent lavere end i 1999. Dette er samtidigt den laveste valgdeltagelse i et svensk Europa-parlamentsvalg nogensinde. Det var også den laveste valgdeltagelse af alle medlemsstater som blev medlem af EU før 2004. Til sammenligning var valgopslutningen til Riksdagsvalget i 2002 og 2006 over 80%.

Valgresultat

Sverige
Politiske valg i Sverige

Europa-Parlamentsvalget 2004 i Sverige


O Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016) ou Samsung Galaxy A3 2016 Edition é um smartphone Android desenvolvido e fabricado pela Samsung Electronics. Faz parte da série Galaxy A, que é voltada para o mercado intermediário.

Especificações

Software
O smartphone sai de fábrica com sistema operacional móvel Android 5.1.1.

Disponibilidade
O modelo Galaxy A3 (2016) da Samsung iniciou suas vendas na China em dezembro de 2015 e expandiu-se para outros mercados no primeiro trimestre do ano seguinte. Em abril de 2016, o aparelho já podia ser encontrado nas regiões da Europa, África, América Latina e Ásia. No entanto, o modelo não foi comercializado na América do Norte e na Índia, onde apenas os modelos Galaxy A5 (2016) e Galaxy A7 (2016) foram lançados.

Ver também
Modelos de telefone Samsung Galaxy relacionados:
Galaxy Alpha

Dispositivos com sistema operativo Android
Samsung Galaxy A
Smartphones

Samsung Galaxy A3 (2016)


Veliki komet, komet koji dosegne iznimni sjaj. Službene definicije nema. Često se atribut pridaje kometima poput Halleyeva koji su dovoljno sjajni da ih uoče i slučajni promatrači koji ih ne promatraju, odnosno oni koji postanu vrlo poznati izvan astronomske zajednice. Veliki kometi rijetka su pojava. U prosjeku će se jedan pojaviti svako desetljeće. Prema se komete službeno naziva prema otkrivateljima, velike komete obično se naziva prema godini u kojoj su se pojavili u svojoj veličini. Ime je oblika "veliki komet iz ..." praćen godinom pojave, primjerice veliki komet iz 1744. godine, veliki komet iz 1577., veliki komet iz 1680. i tako dalje.

Vanjske poveznice
 The bright-comet chronicles. John E. Bortle (W. R. Brooks Observatory) (eng.)
 Memorable Comets of the Past Gary W. Kronk. (eng.)
 Brightest comets seen since 1935 (eng.)

Veliki komet


The Great Seal of the Irish Free State () is either of two seals affixed to certain classes of official documents of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann):
 the "internal" Great Seal, used from 1925 for "internal" documents (of domestic law) signed by the Governor-General
 the "external" Great Seal, used from 1932 for diplomatic documents signed by the British king.
A new seal, for documents signed by the President of Ireland, replaced the internal seal in 1937, when the Constitution of Ireland came into force; it replaced the external seal in 1949 when the Republic of Ireland Act came into force.

Internal Great Seal
The Great Seal of Ireland was used in the English king's Lordship of Ireland, which in 1534 became the Kingdom of Ireland. The seal was retained by the Acts of Union 1800 for use by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the business of the Dublin Castle administration. The Government of Ireland Act 1920 retained the Lord Lieutenant and Great Seal for use by both Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. The 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty envisaged an Irish Free State to replace Southern Ireland, with a Provisional Government and Provisional Parliament until the Free State's constitution was enacted. The draft constitution replaced the Lord Lieutenant with a Governor General but made no explicit mention of the seal.

In August 1922 the Provisional Government's civil servants sought ministerial approval to adopt a seal. It was thought necessary for legal reasons: the treaty and draft constitution specified that the Irish Free State would have the same constitutional status as Canada, which had its own Great Seal since its Confederation in 1867. The letters patent issued on 6 December 1922 constituting the office of Governor-General said:

The wording matched the 1900 letters patent for the Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922 also created a separate Governor and Great Seal for Northern Ireland.

The physical seal was in theory in the custody of the Governor-General for his personal use; in practice the Executive Council kept and used it.

Design
The Great Seal features an image of a Celtic harp surrounded by Celtic knotwork and the words "SAORSTÁT ÉIREANN" in Gaelic script.  The die comprises an inscribed copper matrix to be placed over the document to be sealed, and a counterpart relief steel patrix to be placed under it.

Regarding the design of the Great Seal, an approach was made by Hugh Kennedy, the Attorney General, to Thomas Sadleir, Registrar of the Office of Arms at Dublin Castle. In his reply Sadlier noted that he was "satisfied that the harp was very early in the 12th century an Irish badge...". The 1919–1922 seal of the revolutionary Dáil of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic showed a harp surrounded by the words "Sigullum Reipublicae Hibernicae — Seala Saorstáit Éireann". By contrast, the 1922 Provisional Government's seal was a quartering of the arms of the four provinces. The Provisional Government's private secretary suggested to Hugh Kennedy a similar seal for the Free State: "If considered desirable to symbolise in the design the present partition of Ulster, this could be done by leaving the Arms incomplete and broken at the corner.". George Sigerson, the President of the National Literary Society, recommended to Tim Healy, the new Governor-General, that the harp should be adopted as the symbol of the Free State. His view was that:

On 28 December 1922 a meeting of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided that the Celtic harp should be adopted. The first design submitted to the Royal Mint in England placed the harp in a heraldic shield with crest, but the mint said this would be "a disaster".  On 28 August 1923 the Executive Council determined that the "Brian Ború" harp in Trinity College Dublin, would be the basis of the new seal. Archibald McGoogan of the Art Department of the National Museum perfected the design, and the Royal Mint in January 1924 said it was "delighted" with the revised version.

Final authorisation was given by the Executive Council on 17 October 1924 for the provision of the various seals, including ministerial seals which had the Brian Ború harp circumscribed with "Saorstát Éireann" and the ministerial title in Irish and English. The knotwork was a direct copy of the base of the Ardagh Chalice. McGoogan's original drawing was sold at auction in 2007 for €17,000. Mabel McConnell, from a family of heraldic artists, was contracted by the Executive Council to make the sketches which the Royal Mint in England used to cast the die matrix for the seal. The Colonial Office objected that the design ought to have been pre-approved by the King-in-Council: that is, submitted to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, which would advise the King to issue an Order in Council for formal approval. In 1925 the Royal Mint fulfilled the commission despite the lack of such an order.

External Great Seal

In 1931, a separate External Great Seal or Royal Great Seal was created to be used on diplomatic documents which required the signature of the monarch in London rather than the Governor-General in Dublin. Up to 1931, such documents had been transmitted to the Dominions Office and the British Great Seal of the Realm was applied alongside the signature. At the 1930 Imperial Conference, the Free State proposed that a Dominion should be allowed to send documents via its High Commissioner in London, bypassing the British government, and to affix its own seal rather than the British one. The conference subcommittee on seals resolved, "The subject should be postponed on the understanding that the whole question should be left for further discussion between Governments should occasion arise". In January 1931 the Free State government tested its proposed procedure; it applied the 1925 Free State seal to the instrument of ratification for a 1929 treaty between the Free State and Portugal, and sent it to High Commissioner John W. Dulanty to transmit to King George V. Dulanty was refused an audience, the British objecting on the grounds that the change in procedure had not been agreed, and that the 1925 seal was not in fact a "great seal" within the terms of the 1922 letters patent, but merely a "private seal of the Governor-General", since it had never been formally approved by the monarch. A compromise was negotiated whereby the Free State would use a separate "external seal" in the custody of its Minister for External Affairs. Although Arthur Berriedale Keith claimed in 1934 that "this drastic change in Commonwealth relations was carried out without any discussion in the British Parliament or intimation by the British Government of the change", in fact Sir William Davison asked J. H. Thomas, the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, about it in April 1931; Thomas referred to the Balfour Declaration of 1926.

The external seal, designed by Percy Metcalfe, had on its reverse the same harp image as the 1925 "internal" seal.  It was similar in size to the British Great Seal of the Realm, and had on its obverse the same image of the monarch enthroned as that seal, except for the quartered royal arms above the throne, where the English arms in first and fourth quarters were switched with the Irish arms in third quarter. George V formally presented the external seal to John W. Dulanty on 18 January 1932 at Sandringham House. Keith commented that this marked "the final establishment of the complete international sovereignty of the Free State and the elimination of any British control".

The External Great Seal was used only on ratifications and Full Powers, and not always on the latter.  Lesser seals were used on lesser documents:
 The "Signet Seal" on exequaturs (receiving foreign diplomats) and commissions (appointing Irish diplomats).
 The "Fob Seal" on the back of the envelope enclosing letters of credence or recall
Whereas the UK's Crown Office Act 1877 permits a small wafer Great Seal to replace the cumbersome wax Great Seal, the Free State's wax seal had no wafer equivalent.

The first use of the External Great Seal was not until 1937, when George VI sealed Full Powers allowing Francis T. Cremins to sign the Montreux Convention Regarding the Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt on behalf of the Free State. Successive governments minimised the use of monarch and the External Great Seal.  The state typically conducted bilateral agreements at inter-government level rather than the nominally more prestigious head-of-state level, so that the Minister for External Affairs would apply his departmental seal to any documents. After signing some multilateral treaties that would have required the External Great Seal for ratification, the state chose instead to wait until the treaty had come into force and then become a party to it by accession rather than ratification, as the internal Great Seal would suffice for accession.

After the Statute of Westminster 1931, following the Free State's lead, the Union of South Africa in 1934 and Canada in 1939 passed laws permitting themselves to use their own Great Seals for diplomatic functions. South Africa, like the Free State, created a new seal for these purposes, whereas Canada simply extended the use of its existing domestic seal.

Supersession

The fact that the Free State was a monarchy rather than a republic was politically controversial, and caused the 1922–23 Irish Civil War. Although the republicans lost the war, Free State leaders sensitive to the controversy gradually abolished the Governor-General's formal powers, or transferred them elsewhere. The Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924 created a separate Executive Council seal, similar to the Great Seal but with  added to the inscription.  When republican Civil War leader  Éamon de Valera became President of the Executive Council after the 1932 Irish election, sidelining the Governor-General accelerated, until the Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936 abolished the office altogether and transferred its remaining functions to the Executive Council. Rather than using the internal Great Seal in connection with these functions, the Executive Council seal was used. In 1937 de Valera said "I have no idea of what sort of seal that [the internal Great Seal] was. As well as I remember, I never saw a document sealed with it." The die of the internal Free State seal is now on public display at National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts and History in Dublin.

Ancilllary to the abolition of the Governor-Generalship, the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936 continued the use of the External Great Seal by the King. The distinction between the two Great Seals was not always clearly understood. In 1932,  Hugh Kennedy, by then Chief Justice, was under the impression that the internal and external seals were in the custody respectively of the Executive Council and Governor-General. The 1937 Constitution of Ireland created the office of President of Ireland, and the Seal of the President was created for the President's formal signature of official documents in the same manner as the internal Free State seal had been used, and having the same design except substituting "Éire" for "Saorstát Éireann", since the constitution had changed the name of the state. The text on the reverse of External Great Seal was changed likewise, and the British monarch, George VI, continued to sign diplomatic documents using it. This dichotomy reflected ambiguity over who was head of state. The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 transferred diplomatic functions to the President, rendering the External Great Seal obsolete.

See also

 Coat of arms of Ireland

Footnotes

References

Sources
Primary

Secondary

Citations

External links
 Various designs for the Free State Great Seal, created in pen and ink by A. McGoogan in 1923, Hugh Kennedy Papers, UCD archives

Irish Free State
Government in the Irish Free State
Monarchy in the Irish Free State
National symbols of the Republic of Ireland
Governors-General of the Irish Free State
Symbols introduced in 1925

Great Seal of the Irish Free State


Serdaroğlu, Zonguldak ilinin Çaycuma ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Turfahatipler olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri Bartın Merkez ilçesine bağlıyken, 5 Eylül 1944'te Çaycuma ilçesine bağlandı. İlerleyen yıllarda Serdaroğlu adını alan köyün adı daha sonraları Gökçehatipler olarak değişti. Köye 2010 yılında eski adı iade edildi.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 60 km, Çaycuma ilçe merkezine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çaycuma belde ve köyleri

Serdaroğlu, Çaycuma


Morgan Adair Jones (* 1928 in Wooster, Ohio; † 13. Januar 2012 in Tarzana, Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Jones leistete seinen Militärdienst bei der U.S. Navy in Kalifornien ab, nach dessen Ende er eine Schauspielkarriere in Hollywood begann, wo er zunächst in lokalen Theaterproduktionen auftrat, bis er in Du sollst mein Glücksstern sein seine erste Kleinrolle erhielt. Mehr als 25 Filme und 170 Fernsehauftritte folgten. Wiederkehrende Serienrollen spielte Jones in Highway Patrol 1955/1956, in 33 Folgen von The Blue Angels, die von 1960 bis 1962 ausgestrahlt wurde und in mehreren Folgen der Detektivserie Mannix. Eine der seltenen Hauptrollen spielte er unter Roger Corman in Gesandter des Grauens. Bis Mitte der 1980er Jahre spielte er Gastrollen in verschiedenen Fernsehserien wie Rauchende Colts, Lassie, Die Straßen von San Francisco, Dallas und Mord ist ihr Hobby.

Jones war zwei Mal verheiratet; beide Ehefrauen starben an Krebs.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1952: Du sollst mein Glücksstern sein (Singin' in the Rain)
 1956: Alarm im Weltall (Forbidden Planet)
 1956: Auch Helden können weinen (The Proud and Profane)
 1956: Teufelskommando – Marinekorps "Pantherkatze" schlägt zu (Hold Back the Night)
 1957: Angriff der Riesenkralle (The Giant Claw)
 1957: Gesandter des Grauens (Not of This Earth)
 1957: Die Teufelskurve (The Devil's Hairpin)
 1967: Sturm auf Höhe 404 (The Young Warriors)

Weblinks

 Nachruf in der Variety

Filmschauspieler
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Morgan Jones (Schauspieler)