The Armée de l'Air (literally, 'army of the air') is the name used for the French Air Force in its native language since it was made independent of the Army in 1933. This article deals exclusively with the history of the French air force from its earliest beginnings until its destruction after the occupation of France. French naval aviation, the Aéronautique Navale is covered elsewhere.

Military aviation to 1914

During the first decade of the 20th century France was at the forefront of aviation progress, with pioneers such as Louis Blériot, Henri Farman, Gabriel Voisin, Édouard Nieuport, Gustave Delage and Louis Béchereau and this led to early interest in aircraft by the military. The French defeat during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 was still very fresh, and France expected to face Germany again. From December 1909, the French Department of War began to send individuals from all branches of the army, especially engineering and artillery, to undergo flying training at civilian schools as "pupil-pilots" (élèves-pilotes) such as at Reims and Bron.  In March 1910, the Établissement Militaire d'Aviation (EMA) was created to conduct experiments with aircraft and on 22 October 1910 the Aéronautique Militaire was formed as a branch of the Army under the command of General Pierre Roques, although they would have to wait until mid-1911 the first military aviation brevets to be awarded to army pilots and 29 March 1912 for the law officially establishing the Aéronautique Militaire to be passed.

Training of military pilots was the same as civilian pilots until 1910 when the General Staff introduced the military pilot license. Military pilot badge N°1 was issued to Lieutenant Charles de Tricornot de Rose following training at the Blériot Flying School in Pau, in southwest of France, where the Wright Brothers had established the first aviation school the year before.

Shortly after the Aéronautique Militaire became be the world's first "air force" using aircraft, the German army began training airmen on 4 July 1910 but didn't create an official formation until 1 April 1911 when it formed the königlich-preußische Fliegertruppe. The British Air Battalion Royal Engineers (a precursor to the Royal Flying Corps), was formed on 1 April 1911. The Armée de l'Air was renamed in August 1933 when it gained operational independence from the Army, much later than for the United Kingdom, but some 14 years earlier than that of the United States.

First World War

At the start of the First World War ("La Première Guerre mondiale"), France led the world in an aircraft design and by mid-1912 the Aéronautique Militaire had five squadrons ("escadrilles"). This had grown to 132 machines and 21 escadrilles by 1914, the same year when, on 21 February, it formally received a budget under the Ministry of War ("Ministère de la Guerre").
On 3 August, Germany declared war against France.

At the beginning of what eventually became known as First World War, the Aéronautique Militaire concentrated on reconnaissance with aircraft like the Blériot XI. On 8 October, though, the commander-in-chief, General Barès, proposed a massive expansion to 65 escadrilles. Furthermore, he proposed that four types of aircraft could be used for four different tasks: Morane-Saulnier Ls would be used as scouts, Voisin IIIs as bombers, Farman MF.11s as reconnaissance aircraft, and Caudron G.IIIs as artillery spotters.

On October 5, 1914, Sergent Joseph Franz and his mechanic Caporal Louis Quénault became the first to shoot down another aircraft when they downed a German Aviatik. However, air fighting was revolutionized when a reconnaissance pilot, Roland Garros, mounted a Hotchkiss machine gun on the cowling of his Morane-Saulnier L with a mechanical interrupter mechanism. The inconsistent firing rate of the Hotchkiss prevented the mechanism from working properly and he added deflector wedges to the rear of the propeller blades, so that the wooden propeller would not be shot to pieces whenever he opened fire on German aircraft. With this setup, Garros became the world's first fighter pilot, but he was captured shortly afterwards when his engine failed.

Independently, Anthony Fokker succeeded when he fitted a Fokker M.5K Eindecker (monoplane)  with a Parabellum MG14 machine gun equipped with a gun synchronizer by the start of July 1915, thus changing the way in which the air war was fought, as German and Allied fighter aircraft fought each other in the air, producing "ace" pilots. Some prominent French aces were René Fonck, who became the top-scoring Allied pilot of World War I with 75 enemy aircraft shot down, Georges Guynemer, who was killed after 54 victories, Charles Nungesser, who achieved 43 victories and survived the war, and Georges Madon who had 41 victories.

Prior to 1916, escadrilles operated a variety of different types of aircraft together to accomplish specific assigned tasks with the first fighters being distributed piecemeal to each escadrille. This type of organization was common at the time. In 1916, as a result of their failure to achieve aerial supremacy over the Battle of Verdun and the inability of the reconnaissance aircraft to track German movements, Charles de Tricornot de Rose grouped the new Nieuport 11 fighters into dedicated fighter units, so they could operate together more effectively. This so revolutionized air combat that the Germans were forced to follow suit shortly thereafter.

During this period the Lafayette Escadrille (designated N.124) was formed around a group of mainly American volunteers while their parent country remained neutral. Initially operating a mixture of Nieuport 11s, 16s and 17s, when the SPAD S.XIII entered service, they would be redesignated S.124. The entry of the United States into the war resulted in most of their surviving personnel would be transferred to the U.S. Army Air Service (USAAS) in February 1918. The unit's leading ace was French-born American Raoul Lufbery, who shot down 16 enemy aircraft (all but one with the Escadrille) prior to his death in action on 19 May 1918. Other American volunteer pilots, including the first black fighter pilot, Eugene Bullard, flew with regular French Aéronautique Militaire escadrilles.

By April 1917, the Aéronautique Militaire had 2,870 aircraft with 60 fighter and 20 bomber squadrons and 400 observation aircraft, yet, by October, an even more radical expansion to over 300 squadrons was proposed. By May 1918, over 600 fighters and bombers came under the command of the Division Aérienne. Two months later, long-range reconnaissance squadrons had been formed. At the armistice, the Aéronautique Militaire had some 3,222 front-line combat aircraft on the Western Front, making it the world's largest air force.
During the war the Aéronautique Militaire  claimed 2,049 enemy aircraft and 357 balloons destroyed, for some 3,500 killed in action, 3,000 wounded/missing and 2,000 killed in accidents. Some 182 pilots of the Aéronautique Militaire were deemed flying aces for having scored five or more air-to-air victories.

1918–1939

The end of war may have brought peace to France, yet the country itself and its infrastructure had been ravaged by four years of warfare, and the scars left behind were not just physical. As a result, it took some time for industry to recover. Not unexpectedly, orders for military aeroplanes dropped after the Armistice, resulting in reductions being made to squadron strengths.

France had a Colonial empire extending around the globe, and it needed to be defended. Anti-Government elements in French Morocco were clamouring to expel the French. On 27 April 1925, therefore, alongside tactical and logistical support, air operations in Morocco were begun owing to the Rif War and they were to continue until December 1934.

In the 1930s, the French aeronautical industry was primarily composed of small companies such as Latécoère, Morane-Saulnier, Nieuport-Delage and Amiot, each only producing small numbers of aircraft. As a result, the French aeronautical industry proved itself incapable of delivering the aircraft that the annual fiscal budgets had called for which had been greatly increased as a result of Hitler coming to power in January 1933 and his remilitarization of Germany in defiance of the Allies and the Treaty of Versailles.

Pierre Cot, the secretary of the French Air Force, decreed that national security was too important for the production of warplanes to be left in the hands of the private enterprises that were thus far failing to meet production goals. In July 1936 the French government began nationalizing many of the larger aircraft companies, creating six state-owned companies, which encompassed the majority of aeronautical production, and regrouping those companies to their geographical regions. Bloch was nationalized in January 1937. However, the aircraft engine industry, even as it proved incapable of providing the badly needed powerful engines, escaped nationalization.

By 1937, it was clear that more modern aircraft were needed, since the air force was still flying relatively antiquated aircraft like the Dewoitine D.500 and orders to construct more than 2,500 modern machines, among them the Bloch MB.170 bomber and the Dewoitine D.520 fighter resulted. The inadequacy of the French aeronautical programs, as well as indecision in high command resulted in the French Air Force being in a position of weakness, confronting a modern and well organized Luftwaffe, which had just gained combat experience in the Spanish Civil War.

France attempted to respond to the likelihood of another European war via an intensive re-equipment and modernization program in 1938–39, as did other countries desperately in need of new aircraft including Poland whose 1939 orders of 160 MS-406 fighters from France still hadn't been delivered by the German invasion of Poland. Germany production outstripped that of its neighbours, so it was a question of "too little, too late" as far as the French – as well as the whole continent of Europe – were concerned.

An attempt was made to purchase the latest American bombers and fighters – or at least fighter planes. American planes were 50% more expensive than French models, and no superior models were for sale. U.S. law required cash purchases, and the French finance ministry opposed using its gold reserves for this purpose. French labor unions refused to lengthen its 40-hour week, and were strongly opposed to imports that would reverse the growth of jobs in the French defense industry. In any case, the American aviation industry was too small and too committed to orders from American forces to be of any help. Inevitably, the French industrial response fell far behind the German threat.  The British aircraft industry was working all out to rearm British forces.

September 1939 – June 1940

A re-organisation of the air force took place during September 1939. Prior to the reshuffle, the basic unit structure consisted of two Escadrilles (Squadron) forming a Groupe, extending to multiple Groupes (normally two or more), forming an Escadre. Following the re-organisation an 'Escadre' became a 'Groupement' Groupement de Bombardement No.6 formed a part of the bomber contingent of Zone D'Opérations Aériennes Nord or ZOAN [lit. trans. 'Air Operations North']. ZOAN was one of four geographically distinct areas of command. The others, comprising; Zone D'Opérations Aériennes Sud ZOAS, Zone D'Opérations Aériennes Est ZOAE and Zone D'Opérations Aériennes Alps ZOAA, were responsible for the Southern, Eastern and Alpine regions of the French mainland respectively. The national divisions these areas represented were drawn up to correspond to the boundaries of defence responsibility for French army groups. Zone D'Opérations Aériennes Nord was responsible for the air cover and protection of the most Northern regions of France. Two units of bomber squadrons fell within the command of Groupement de Bombardement No.6; Groupe de Bombardement I/12 and Groupe de Bombardement II/12. The Officer Commanding Groupement de Bombardement No.6 was Colonel Lefort. Headquarters were at Soissons in the Picardy Region of north-east France. The existence of the entire revised Armée de L'Air organisational structure was short-lived.

When the war began the Armée de l'Air suffered from disorganisation in government, armed forces and industry which had led to only 826 fighters and 250 bombers to be anything like combat-ready. Many more aircraft were not ready because of shortages of equipment and components, machine-guns had not been calibrated and some bombers lacked bomb-sights when they were delivered to squadrons. The French had no comparable organisation to the Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA) and front-line pilots in France became responsible for ferrying new aircraft from factories to the squadrons, temporarily depleting front-line strength.

On 10 May 1940, the Germans had more aircraft and many aircrews were veterans of the war in Spain. French inter-service rivalry led a Potez reconnaissance aircraft crew, which had spotted a huge concentration of Panzers and supporting infantry units concealed in the Ardennes forests two days after the start of the invasion, not being believed by the army commanders who refused to act on what they called air force scaremongering.

The Armée de l'Air was beset by obsolete strategy, tactics, aircraft, weapons and even in communications, and the lack of equipment owing to "technical problems."  Both became apparent when the Germans advanced swiftly through France and Belgium. On 11 May, nearly 20 French bombers and over 30 British fighter escorts were shot down attacking German crossings over the Meuse river. French fighter and bomber strength was rapidly depleted in May as Luftwaffe fighters and Flak shot down aircraft, which attacked the advancing Germans. Squadrons were often out of contact with any French army units that they were supposedly supporting, partly to the poor coordination of communication between the army and the air force and partly to the outdated, unreliable army communications equipment being used.

As it became clear that the war was lost for France, the high command ordered what remained of the Armée de l'Air to French colonies in North Africa to continue the fight, such that Armée de l'Air units were stationed at places like Alger-Maison-Blanche and Oran in Algeria and Meknes and Rayack in Morocco. The Vichy government ordered the dissolution of many of the air force squadrons, including the fighter unit designated GC II/4, nicknamed Les Petits Poucets. GC II/4 had been formed at Rheims in May 1939, then moved to Xaffévilliers by the start of the war. It flew US-built Curtiss H-75A Hawk fighters, with which the unit claimed the first two French air victories on 8 September 1939, two Bf 109s of I/JG 53. Just 17 days later, it lost its commanding officer, Captain Claude, in combat, yet the pilots were especially shocked to discover that his body had been discovered with two bullets in the head, suggesting that a German pilot may have murdered him after bailing out of his aeroplane.

At dawn on 10 May 1940, the day of the German invasion, Luftwaffe aircraft attacked the air base at Xaffévilliers, destroying six Hawks. By 15 May, GC II/4 was down to seven operational aircraft, which shot down a Heinkel He 111 bomber, four Bf 109s and possibly a Henschel Hs 126 observation aircraft for no loss. The good luck continued for GC II/4 when four enemy aircraft were destroyed the next day for no loss. Unfortunately, the aforementioned state of chaos with regard to preparing France for war was still evident when some GC II/4 pilots were shocked to discover that new Curtiss H-75A-3s being prepared at Châteaudun had vital equipment missing – including radios.

On 16 June, GC II/4 lost its second commanding officer in nine months when Commandant (Major) Borne took off on a reconnaissance sortie near Châtillon-sur-Seine and was shot down by three Bf 109s. The next day, nine unserviceable Curtisses were set on fire by ground crews at Dun-sur-Auron before 23 remaining were flown to Meknès in Morocco. GC II/4 was disbanded on 25 August 1940, having been credited with 14 aircraft shot down during the Drôle de guerre and another 37 after the invasion, for the loss of eight pilots killed, seven wounded and one taken prisoner.

Figures for aircraft losses during the Battle of France are still debated, although it is reasonable to suggest that the French did inflict considerable losses on the Germans. General Albert Kesselring reflected that Luftwaffe effectiveness had been reduced to almost 30 percent of what it had been before the invasion of France. The armistice of 22 June 1940 did not necessarily mean the end of the war for French pilots, those who escaped from France fought on in the Royal Air Force, ultimately the Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres) and the Armée de l'Air under RAF Bomber Command and those who remained flew for the French Armistice Air Force on behalf of the Vichy government.

Vichy: June 1940 – December 1942

In a parallel of what had happened to Germany after World War I, the French government, now with its seat moved to Vichy, was forced by the Germans to accept its terms for a reduced army and navy, both of which would be only strong enough to maintain order in France and in its colonies. (It is of interest to note that France was allowed to keep her colonies, whereas Germany had been forced to cede all of hers under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919.) Germany ordered that, with regard to the warplanes that had survived the Battle of France, including those now stationed in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, they were to be surrendered, either in whole or else already disassembled, if not destroyed altogether – again a parallel of what had happened to Germany's air force in 1919.

However, Vichy's air force was spared (for the moment) from non-existence owing to the consequences of an event which would damage, if not completely change, the relationship between occupied France and free Britain. Winston Churchill had no intention of allowing the French Navy's capital ships to remain intact so long as there was any chance of them essentially becoming adjuncts of the Kriegsmarine (German navy). The last thing he wanted was for the Kriegsmarine to bolstered enough to attempt an invasion of Britain.

He implemented the plan – codenamed "Operation Catapult" – for a British fleet, coded "Force H" and based in Gibraltar, to sail to the harbour of Mers-el-Kébir, near Oran in Algeria, where four capital ships and other vessels were stationed, in order to persuade Admiral Marcel-Bruno Gensoul to disobey orders from Vichy and have his vessels sail either to British waters or else to those of French colonies in the Far East or even to the (still neutral) USA with a view to preventing them from being used against the Allies. The overture was soundly rejected, so Royal Navy Admiral James Somerville gave the orders to destroy the French vessels. More than 2,000 sailors allegedly died in the attack, carried out on 3 July 1940, which saw one battleship sunk and two others severely damaged. The incident predictably stunned the French and gave the Germans a golden propaganda tool to discredit the British as France's real enemies.

Vichy and Berlin agreed, if reluctantly, that the Armée de l'Air de Vichy (as it is termed) was still needed in case French interests were to be attacked by the British once again – and, of course, for attacking the British themselves. Goering ordered that all Armée de l'Air aircraft would now be identified by special markings on the fuselage and tailplane of each one. Initially, the rear fuselage and tailplane (excluding the rudder) were painted a bright yellow, but the markings were later changed so that they consisted of horizontally-oriented red and yellow stripes. In all cases, French national markings (roundel on the fuselage and tricolor on the tailplane) were retained as before.

Nearly three months afterwards, on 23 September 1940, the Vichy air force saw action again when the British tried to take Dakar, the capital of Senegal, after a failed attempt (as at Mers-el-Kébir) to persuade the French to join the Allied cause against the Axis. This time, however, the French managed to repulse the British torpedo-bomber attacks launched from the carrier HMS Ark Royal during several days of fighting with only light casualties on their side.

Syrian-based Vichy air force units saw action against the British from April 1941, when a coup d'état in Iraq briefly installed the nationalist Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani as prime minister  in order to secure the vital oil supplies at Kirkuk (under British control since 1934) in northeastern Iraq for the pro-Axis nationalists who wanted the British to be expelled from the country. However, the RAF base at Habbaniya withstood the nationalists, and in May the British, Indian and Commonwealth "Iraqforce" invaded Iraq via Basra. The ensuing Anglo-Iraqi War ended with Iraqforce defeating the nationalists at the end of May and restoring a pro-Allied government in Iraq.

Allied operations during the Anglo-Iraqi War included attacks on Vichy air force bases in Lebanon and Syria, which served as staging posts for Regia Aeronautica and Luftwaffe units flying to Mosul to support the Iraqi nationalist coup. Then in June 1941 British, Commonwealth, Empire and Free French forces invaded Syria and Lebanon. Vichy French air units, some of which were equipped with Dewoitine D.520 fighters and US-built Martin Maryland bombers had initial air superiority, but the Allied invaders inflicted heavy casualties on Vichy air and ground forces. By mid-July the Allied invasion was victorious and put Syria and Lebanon under Free French control.

Operation Torch: November 8–10, 1942
The last major battles against the Allied forces, in which the Vichy French air force took part, took place during Operation Torch, launched on 8 November 1942 as the Allied invasion of North Africa. Facing the U.S. Navy task force headed for Morocco, consisting of the carriers Ranger, Sangamon, Santee and Suwannee, were, in part, Vichy squadrons based at Marrakech, Meknès, Agadir, Casablanca and Rabat, which between them could muster some 86 fighters and 78 bombers. Overall, the aircraft may have been old compared to the Grumman F4F Wildcats of the U.S. Navy, yet they were still dangerous and capable in the hands of combat veterans who had seen action against both the Germans and the British since the start of the war.

Wildcats attacked the airfield at Rabat-Salé around 07.30 on the 8th and destroyed nine LeO 451 bombers of GB I/22, while a transport unit's full complement of various types was almost entirely wiped out. At Casablanca, Douglas SBD Dauntless dive-bombers succeeded in damaging the French battleship Jean Bart, and Wildcats strafed the bombers of GB I/32 at Camp Cazes airfield, some of which exploded as they were ready for take-off with bombs already on board, thus ensuring their mission never went ahead. The U.S. Navy did not have it all their own way, though, as several Wildcat pilots were shot down and taken prisoner.

The day's victory tally of enemy aircraft shot down by the French fighter pilots totaled seven confirmed and three probable, yet their losses were considered heavy – five pilots killed, four wounded and 13 aircraft destroyed either in combat or on the ground – when one considers that GC II/5, based in Casablanca, had lost only two pilots killed during the whole of the six-week campaign in France two years before. In the meantime, Wildcats of U.S. Navy Fighter Squadron VF-41 from Ranger strafed and destroyed three U.S.-built Douglas DB-7 bombers of GB I/32, which were being refueled and rearmed at Casablanca, leaving three others undamaged.

Nevertheless, having been reinforced by two other bombers, GB I/32 carried out a bombing mission against the beaches at Safi, where more U.S. soldiers were landing, the next morning. One of the bombers was damaged and attempted to make a forced landing, only it exploded upon contact with the ground, killing the entire crew. Fighter unit GC I/5 lost four pilots in combat that day (9 November) and it was on that same day that Adjudant (Warrant Officer) Bressieux had the distinction of becoming the last pilot in the Vichy French air force to claim a combat victory, in this case a Wildcat of VF-9. Shortly afterwards, 13 Wildcats attacked the airfield at Médiouna and destroyed a total of 11 French aircraft, including six from GC II/5.

On the morning of 10 November 1942, the Vichy French air force units in Morocco had a mere 37 combat-ready fighters and 40 bombers left to face the might of the U.S. Navy Wildcats. Médiouna was attacked once again and several of the fighters were left burning, while two reconnaissance Potez were shot down, one by an F4F Wildcat and the other by an SBD Dauntless over the airfield at Chichaoua, where three Wildcats would later destroy four more Potez in a strafing attack.

Ultimately, the presence of Vichy France in North Africa as an ally of the Germans came to an end on Armistice Day, 11 November 1942, when General Noguès, the commander-in-chief of the Vichy armed forces, requested a ceasefire; that did not stop a unit of U.S. Navy aircraft from attacking the airfield at Marrakech and destroying several French aircraft, apparently on the initiative of the unit's commander. Once the ceasefire request was accepted, the war between the Allies and the Vichy French came to an end, after two and a half years of what was termed "fratricidal" fighting.

Torch had resulted in a victory for the Allies, even though it was fair to say that the French had no choice but to engage the Americans, otherwise the Americans would (and did) engage them since they were technically enemies. As a result, 12 air force and 11 navy pilots lost their lives in the final four days of combat between (Vichy) France and the Allies during World War II. Barely two weeks later, the Germans invaded the then-unoccupied zone of metropolitan France and ordered the complete dissolution of the Vichy French armed forces on 1 December 1942. Those units then not under Vichy control would then be free to join with their Free French colleagues to fight the common enemy: Nazi Germany.

See also
 Lafayette Escadrille
 List of military aircraft of France
 List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II
 World War I
 French colonial flags
 French Colonial Empire
 List of French possessions and colonies

References

Further reading
 Alexander, Martin S. The Republic in danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the politics of French defence, 1933–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 2003)
 Ballarini, Phillippe (2001), "Where is the French Air Force?", article translated by Mike Leveillard and posted on Aerostories website French Air Force 1940: the collapse and the debacle.
 Cain, Anthony C.  Forgotten Air Force: French Air Doctrine in the 1930s (Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series, 2002)
 Cain, Anthony C. "Neither Decadent, Nor Traitorous, Nor Stupid: The French Air Force and Air Doctrine in the 1930s" (PhD dissertation, Ohio State University 2000) online; Bibliography pp 231-
 Christienne, Charles. French Military Aviation: A Bibliographical Guide. New York: Garland, 1989.
 Doughty, Robert A. The Seeds of Disaster: The Development of French Army Doctrine, 1919–39 (Stackpole Books, 2014)
 Doughty, Robert A. The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940 ( Stackpole Books, 2014)
 Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste. France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939 (2013); translation of his La Décadence, 1932–1939 (1979) 508pp
 Gunsburg, Jeffery A. Divided and conquered: the French high command and the defeat of the West, 1940 (Greenwood, 1979)
 Haight, John McVickar. American aid to France, 1938–1940 (1970)
 Higham, Robin. Two Roads to War: The French and British Air Arms from Versailles to Dunkirk (Naval Institute Press, 2012)
 Jackson, Julian. The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940 (2003)
 Kiesling, Eugenia C. Arming against Hitler: France and the limits of military planning (University Press of Kansas, 1996)
 Kirkland, Faris R. "The French Air Force in 1940: Was it defeated by the Luftwaffe or by Politics?." Air University Review 36 (1985): 101–17
 Kirkland, Faris R.  "French Air Strength in May 1940," Air Power History (1993) 40#1 pp 22–34.
 Porch, Douglas. "Military "culture" and the fall of France in 1940: A review essay." International Security 24#4 (2000): 157–180.
 Van Haute, Andre. Pictorial History of the French Air Force: 1909–40; Pictorial History of the French Air Force: 1941–74 (2 vol. 1975)
 Vennesson, Pascal. "Institution and airpower: The making of the French air force." Journal of Strategic Studies 18#1 (1995): 36–67.
 Young, Robert J. In Command of France: French Foreign Policy and Military Planning, 1933–1940 (Harvard Univ Pr, 1978)

In French

 Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques (2000), La chasse française: le GC II/4, in Aéro-Journal magazine, edition #16 (December 2000 – January 2001), Aéro-Editions SARL, Fleurance, pp. 60–63 (print edition in French)
 Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques (2004), Casablanca: 8 novembre 1942: les Américains débarquent, in Aéro-Journal magazine, edition #35 (February–March 2004), Aéro-Editions SARL, Fleurance, pp. 4–31 (print edition in French)

 Olivier, Jean-Marc, (ed.), Histoire de l'armée de l'air et des forces aériennes françaises du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours [History of the French Air Force since the 18th century to the present], Toulouse, Privat, 2014, 552 p.
 Osché, Philippe (2000), "Mécano aux Cigognes", in Aéro-Journal magazine, edition #13 (June–July 2000), Aéro-Editions SARL, Fleurance, pp. 51–56 (print edition in French)

External links
 Acepilots.com article on the Lafayette Escadrille
 Acepilots.com article on Raoul Lufbery
 City of Rheims web site A comprehensive history of aviation as pertains to the city of Rheims (in French)
 Official Government of France Defense Department Website pages detailing the history of the Armée de l'Air to 1914 (in French)
 Official Government of France Defense Department Website pages detailing the history of the Armée de l'Air from 1914 to 1918 (in French)
 Official Government of France Defense Department Website pages detailing the history of the Armée de l'Air from 1918 to 1939 (in French)
 SLHADA (Société Lyonnaise d'Histoire et de Documentation Aéronautique) website SLHADA is a Lyons-based society dealing with the history of the city and its aviation roots in particular (in French)
 Spartacus (UK-based) – a web site for schools
 WWI Aircraft Profile Gallery: France An Illustrated History of World War I

A
Military history of France
Military of Vichy France
French Third Republic
Aviation in World War I
Air force history
History of organizations based in France
20th-century military history of France

History of the Armée de l'Air (1909–1942)


Proteinska obitelj H1 histona čini ključnu komponentu kromatina te se vežu na česticu srži nukleosoma oko mjesta ulaska i izlaska DNA. Postoji nekoliko podvrsta H1 histona te mnogo posttranslacijskih modifikacija što čini proučavanje ove obitelji proteina izazovnim

Struktura
Povezujući histon H1 tipično je dugačak oko 200 aminokiselina te je veći od središnjih histona s molekulskom masom većom od 20 kDa. Sastoji se od 3 dijela: N-terminusa, C-terminusa te središnje globularne domene. N-terminus čini od 13 do 40 aminokiselina, te ova domena nije važna za vezanje nukleosoma. C-terminus čini 100 aminokiselina te je ona u interakciji sa povezujućom DNA i važna je za stabilizaciju struktura kromatina višeg reda. N-terminus i C-terminus skraćeno CTD građeni su od bazičnih aminokiselina poput lizina, alanina i prolina te su intrinzično nesređeni zbog čega su vrlo fleksibilni. Središnja globularna domena građena je od oko 80 aminokiselina te veže zavojnicu DNA koja je u interakciji s nukleosomima.

Izoforme
Povezujući H1 najraznovrsnija su klasa histonskih proteina. Postoji 11 različitih histonskih izoformi u stanicama sisavaca. Pet od njih (H1.1, H1.2, H1.3, H1.4 I H1.5) specifično je za S podfazu. H1.0, H1.1, H1.2 te H1.3 izoforme nalaze se u eukromatinskim energijama dok se izoforme H1.4 i H1.5 nalaze u heterokromatinskim regijama jezgre.

Funkcije
Za razliku od ostalih histona povezujući se histon H1 nalazi se u srži nukleosoma. On se veže za povezujuću DNK na mjestima na kojima ona ulazi u i izlazi iz nukleosoma, zbog čega je iznimno važan za stabilizaciju cijelog kompleksa. Histon H1 je primarno protein s arhitektonskom funkcijom, ali se smatra da igra ulogu i u kompaktnosti kromatina  te u ekspresiji gena.

In vitro, histon H1 zadužen je za nastajanje lokalnih i međumolekularnih interakcija između nukleosoma te na taj način doprinosi nastanku i stabilizaciji kromatinskih vlakana i oligomera. Kod delecije gena za histon H1 in vivo, stanične jezgre postanu znatno povećane i postoje dokazi o smanjenoj sposobnosti kondenzacije kromatina.

Dugo se godina smatralo da je histon H1 inhibitor transkripcije jer onemogućuje RNA polimerazi  da dođe do DNK koja se nalazi unutar nukleosoma pričvršćenog histonom H1. No, neka su istraživanja pokazala kako je imunosignal histona H1 jači u transkripcijski aktivnim genima nego u onima koji su neaktivni, te se zato smatra da bi histon H1 mogao služiti i kao aktivator transkripcije. Posttranslacijske modifikacije histona H1 vrlo vjerojatno imaju utjecaj na to kako histon H1 regulira transkripciju. Primjerice, fosforilacija histona H1 pokazala je smanjeni afinitet histona H1 prema kromatinu, te zbog toga vodi ka opuštenijoj strukturi kromatina i povećanoj transkripciji.

Bolesti
Različite izoforme histona H1 povezuju se s razvojem različitih bolesti. U stanicama raka primijećena je promjena razine ekspresije mRNA proteina te kod tumorigeneze može negativno utjecati na transkripciju bitnih tumor-supresorskih gena. Osim tumora, istraživanja pokazuju i ulogu u razvoju Alzheimerove bolesti zbog mogućnosti formiranja struktura nalik amilodinim plakovima što se smatra glavnim uzrokom pojave bolesti.

Vidi
nukleosom
kromatin
inačice sponskog histona H1
Ostale histonske bjelančevine u kromatinu:
H2A
H2B
H3
H4

Izvori

Bjelančevine

H1 (histon)


An Mapania linderi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Hutchinson ngan Ernest Nelmes. An Mapania linderi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mapania, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mapania

Mapania linderi


Heinz-Wolfram Mascher (* 2. Dezember 1927 in Koblenz am Rhein; † 1. April 1993 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Jurist, Funktionär der Freien Deutschen Jugend und Abgeordneter der Volkskammer der DDR.

Leben und Wirken
Der Sohn eines Pfarrers besuchte die Volks- und Oberschule und schloss diese mit dem Notabitur ab. Zunächst ab 1943 Luftwaffenhelfer, wurde er später zum Reichsarbeitsdienst und 1945 als Matrose zur Kriegsmarine eingezogen. Nach der Entlassung aus der englischen Kriegsgefangenschaft im Dezember 1945 ging er in die damalige Sowjetische Besatzungszone nach Lindenberg (Kreis Pritzwalk) in dem sein Vater seit 1932 als Pfarrer tätig war. Im März 1946 gründete er dort den antifaschistischen Jugendausschuss und überführte die Gruppe am 3. Mai 1946 in die Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ). Er war Mitglied des Kreisvorstandes der FDJ und Delegierter der FDJ-Parlamente in Brandenburg und Meißen. Am 28. Juni 1946 wurde er Mitglied der CDU. Seit 1948 war er Mitglied des Vorstandes der CDU in Kyritz und leitete die Arbeit der CDU im Kreisverband Ostprignitz. Ab 1946 war er als Elektriker tätig und besuchte gleichzeitig die Oberschule in Kyritz und legte dort 1948 das Abitur ab. Im selben Jahr bewarb Mascher sich an die Freie Universität Berlin, bekam aber keine Zulassung. Im Herbst 1949 wurde er an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin immatrikuliert und studierte, bis zum Abschluss mit dem Staatsexamen 1955, Jura. Mit Beginn des Studiums wurde er Mitglied im Studentenrat, der FDJ-Hochschulgruppe und von 1949 bis 1959 im Zentralrat der FDJ. Von 1950 bis 1959 war er auch Mitglied des Büros des Zentralrates. Er leitete außerdem die Arbeit der CDU-Hochschulgruppe.

Seit 1950 war er Mitglied der Volkskammer der DDR und ab 1955 Mitglied des Bezirksvorstandes Berlin und des Hauptvorstandes der CDU. Vom Zentralrat der FDJ wurde Mascher gerne als Gesprächspartner für christliche Kreise und als Kontaktperson zu kirchlichen Jugendfunktionären in der BRD eingesetzt und nahm auch an kirchlichen Veranstaltungen in der BRD teil. Beruflich war er nach Abschluss seines Studiums als Richter am Berliner Kammergericht tätig.

Während der Auseinandersetzungen um die Junge Gemeinde und die Studentengemeinde 1952/1953 war sein Verhalten ambivalent. Auf der einen Seite wollte er fortschrittliche Kirchenleitungen und Geistliche gewinnen um durch diese die Aktivitäten der Jungen Gemeinde als Konkurrenz zur FDJ zu begrenzen. Gleichzeitig wollte er die Kirchenjugend spalten, indem die "Reaktionäre" entlarvt, die "Fortschrittlichen" aber in die CDU, der FDJ und den Christlichen Arbeitskreisen für den Frieden integriert werden sollten. Auf der anderen Seite lehnte er eine "fortwährende Nadelstichpolitik" ab, da dadurch nicht die Spaltung, sondern sich der Zusammenhalt unter den Reaktionären intensivieren würde. Er benutzte auch seine Möglichkeiten als Volkskammerabgeordneter, um Übergriffe auf Mitglieder der Jungen Gemeinde zu verhindern und Pfarrerskindern die Zulassung zum Studium zu ermöglichen.

1961 nahm Mascher, gemeinsam u. a. mit Ernst von Salomon in Tokio an der Weltkonferenz gegen die Atombombe teil. Die Rückkehr von dieser Reise erfolgte nach dem Mauerbau am 13. August 1961. Seine damalige Frau weilte zu dieser Zeit mit ihrem gemeinsamen Kind bei ihrer Mutter in West-Berlin. Es gelang ihm, illegal die Grenze zu übertreten. Während dieses Aufenthaltes in West-Berlin traf er sich mit Heinz Lippmann (von 1951 bis 1953 Stellvertreter des damaligen FDJ-Vorsitzenden Honecker, dann nach West-Berlin geflohen). Am 26. August 1961, nach seiner Rückkehr in die DDR, wurde Mascher, unter dem Vorwurf ein Agent des Residenten des Verfassungsschutzes Lippmann zu sein, verhaftet. 1963 wurde er zu einer mehrjährigen Haftstrafe verurteilt. Nach seiner Entlassung 1966 war er als Justitiar beim Konsum beschäftigt und wurde Mitglied der SED.

Ehrungen
 Deutsche Friedensmedaille, 1951
 Vaterländischer Verdienstorden der DDR in Bronze (1955)
 Medaille für ausgezeichnete Leistungen
 Ernst-Thälmann-Medaille
 Friedensmedaille der FDJ
 Ehrennadel der Nationalen Front
 Otto-Nuschke-Ehrenzeichen

Einzelnachweise

CDU-Mitglied (DDR)
SED-Mitglied
Abgeordneter der Volkskammer
Funktionär der Freien Deutschen Jugend (DDR)
Träger des Vaterländischen Verdienstordens in Bronze
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1927
Gestorben 1993
Mann

Heinz-Wolfram Mascher


Žikava este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Zlaté Moravce din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 519 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Žikava este atestată documentar din 1075.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Žikava


Spring Valley station is a DART Light Rail and bus station in Richardson, Texas. It is the fourth elevated Red Line station on the DART system, and it is located off Spring Valley Road, just east of US 75 (Central Expressway). It opened on July 1, 2002 and is a station on the , serving nearby residential areas and the nearby Fossil, Inc.

The station provides both bus service and DART light rail service, along with over 400 free parking spaces ("Park and Ride").  In 2008, construction began just east of the station of a combination residential / retail development "Spring Valley Station District", a planned development district within the City of Richardson.

External links
 DART - Spring Valley Station
 Spring Valley Station District

Dallas Area Rapid Transit light rail stations
Richardson, Texas
Railway stations in Dallas County, Texas
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2002

Spring Valley station (DART)


La lap steel guitar, también conocida como guitarra hawaiana, es un instrumento musical con seis cuerdas y por lo tanto de la familia de los cordófonos, más concretamente de la familia de las steel guitars. Suele utilizarse en diversos tipos de música pero lo más usual es encontrarla en la música hawaiana, el country, el bluegrass y la música folk americana. Es un instrumento que se suele tocar en afinaciones abiertas y con un "tone bar".

Historia
Su origen se suele datar en Laiem (Oahu, Hawái) donde Joseph Kekuku, hacia 1890, innovó en las técnicas interpretativas de la música hawaiana, tocando guitarras españolas mediante la técnica llamada slack key.

Se suele considerar que el primer instrumento electrificado fue la "Electric Hawaiian Guitar", fabricada por Rickenbacker. Este modelo carecía de la forma tradicional de la guitarra y no tuvo demasiado éxito, aunque con el paso del tiempo y la incorporación de diferentes modelos, poco a poco se fue insertando en las producciones de los años 1920 y 1930 hasta llegar a su apoteosis en los años 1940 y 1950. El éxito le vino de la mano de las grandes marcas que pronto incorporaron el lap steel a su línea de productos, como Martin (1922), Gibson (1935) e, incluso, Leo Fender y su socio Clayton Orr Kauffman, comenzaron a fabricar lap steels bajo la marca "K y F Manufacturing Corp", en 1945.

Su gran popularidad bajó, drásticamente, con la llegada del Rock and Roll, y con el desarrollo de modelos más avanzados de la misma familia, como la table steel guitar y sobre todo, la pedal steel guitar. Pero han existido guitarristas de rock que han vuelto a introducir en sus producciones el lap steel, como Jimmy Page (Led Zeppelin). Las grandes marcas empezaron a dejar de fabricar lap steels a partir de finales de los 60: Gibson en 1967, Supro y National en los años 1970. En la actualidad, algunas marcas como Gretsch y Fender han vuelto a insertar en sus catálogos lap steels.

Construcción
Suele tener forma rectangular y, aunque las hay con soporte para sujetarla, normalmente se toca sobre las rodillas. Algunas tienen caja de resonancia, pero lo más habitual es que no la tenga, por lo que se amplifica con una pastilla normalmente de bobinado simple (single coil), por el sonido brillante y limpio, a la par que su facilidad para crujir y darle un sonido más "estilo Nashville". Aunque también encontramos modelos con pastillas como P90 y Humbuckers.

Tiene las mismas partes que una guitarra eléctrica, pero dispuestas en un listón de diversos materiales. Teniendo en cuenta cómo se toca, los trastes son una mera señal en el mástil que indica la posición en la que uno se encuentra y la nota que se está ejecutando. Los materiales con los que ha sido construido a lo largo de la historia son muy diversos: desde el primer lap Sseel electrificado construido en aluminio y fabricado por Rickenbacker, pasando por los modelos de Martin de 1922 construidos en madera de Koa (acacia autóctona de Hawái). Algunos modelos evolucionaron incorporando un mayor número de cuerdas y más diapasones aumentando la riqueza tonal de este instrumento.

Afinaciones
A diferencia de otros instrumentos en los que se suele tener una afinación fija la afinación de un lap steel, como la de otros muchos instrumentos depende de numerosos factores, ya sea el gusto del intérprete o el tipo de música que se vaya a interpretar.

Afinaciones hawaianas: la técnica slack key es la que más afinaciones aporta, pues en sus comienzos cada familia utilizaba una afinación diferente y era guardada como un secreto familiar. Algunos ejemplos de estas afinaciones son: "Taropatch" (RE-SOL-RE-SOL-SI-RE), "Do Wahine" (DO-SOL-RE-SOL-SI-MI) y  "Sol6" (SOL-SI-MI-SOL-SI-RE)

Afinaciones abiertas: muy utilizadas en la música blues: al tocar todas las cuerdas al aire se crea un acorde mayor. Ej: sol abierto (Open G) es muy utilizada en el blues (RE-SOL-RE-SOL-SI-RE) re abierto (Open D), también muy utilizada en el blues (RE-LA-RE-FA#-LA-RE), la abierto (Open A) (MI-LA-MI-LA-DO#-MI), mi abierto (Open E) (MI-SI-MI-SOL#-SI-MI)

En el caso del country y el bluegrass, aparte de utilizar algunas de las afinaciones ya mostradas, existen variaciones sobre ellas como "G High Bass" (SOL-SI-RE-SOL-SI-RE) o "High A" (A-C#-E-A-C#-E)

Técnica
La técnica varía mucho dependiendo del artista, pues casi todos los intérpretes son autodidactas y siguen su instinto pero, como regla general, las técnica de los intérpretes se asemejan bastante a la original slack key.

El lap steel se toca moviendo a lo largo de las cuerdas un "tone bar" (pieza de metal) y pellizcando las cuerdas con la otra mano en la que normalmente se ha dispuesto una serie de púas, una por cada dedo, denominadas "thumbpick" en el pulgar, y "fingerpicks" en los dedos índice, medio y anular. De esta manera se crean diferentes slides y se crea el sonido inconfundible de la familia de las steel guitars. De esta técnica, proviene la técnica denominada fingerpicking.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
guitarra en línea
Afinaciones abiertas

Guitarras
Palabras y frases en inglés

Lap steel


Karahöyük, Konya il merkezine 15 km mesafede yer alan, Kalkolitik dönem yerleşim yeri, höyük.

Türk yerleşim yerleri
 Karahöyük, Adıyaman - Adıyaman ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Karahöyük, Denizli - Denizli ili Acıpayam ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karahöyük, Şehitkamil - Gaziantep ili Şehitkamil ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karahöyük, İncesu - Kayseri ili İncesu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karahöyük, Gülşehir - Nevşehir ili Gülşehir ilçesine bağlı köy

Karahöyük


Özbekistan millî futbol takımı, Özbekistan'ı uluslararası arenada temsil eden futbol takımıdır. Özbekler SSCB'den ayrıldıktan sonra ilk millî futbol karşılaşmalarını 17 Haziran 1992 günü Tacikistan'la oynadılar. Özbekistan millî takımı diğer Orta Asya millî takımlarından daha başarılıdır. Özbekistan millî takımının danışmanlığını bu ülkenin Bunyodkor takımını 2008-2009 sezonunda çalıştırmış olan Zico yapmıştır. Takım hiçbir zaman Dünya Kupası'na katılamamıştır.

Tarih
Özbekistan, Sovyet Birliği'nin dağılmasının ardından ilk maçını 17 Haziran 1992 tarihinde Tacikistan ile oynadı. Özbekistan'ı temsil eden millî futbol takımı Orta Asya merkezli futbol takımları arasında en güçlüsü olarak kabul edilmektedir.

1994 Asya Oyunları
Özbekistan katıldığı ilk resmi turnuva olan 1994 Asya Oyunları futbol turnuvasını kazanmayı başardı.

2004 AFC Asya Kupası
Özbekistan turnuvada son sekize kalmayı başardı. Fakat çeyrek final turunda Bahreyn'e penaltılarla boyun eğdi ve turnuvadan elendi.

2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemeleri
Özbekistan 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemelerinde Irak, Filistin ve Tayvan ile birlikte 2. grupta yer aldı. Özbekistan bu grubu Irak'ın beş puan önünde birinci tamamlayarak üçüncü tura yükselmeyi garantilemiş oldu.

2004 AFC Asya Kupası'nın çeyrek finalinde olduğu gibi Özbekistan yine Bahreyn ile eşleşti. Takım deplasman golü kuralı nedeniyle yine Bahreyn'e boğun eğdi ve uluslararası play-off oynama şansını kaçırdı. Bahreyn ile Özbekistan bu turnuvada üç maç oynadılar. Bunlardan ilkinde Özbekistan rakibini 1-0 yendi. Fakat FIFA Japon hakem Toshimitsu Yoshida'nın hata yaptığını öne sürerek maçın tekrarlanmasını istedi. Tekrarlanan maç 1-1 berabere bitti. Bahreyn'de oynana rövanş maçı 0-0 bitti. Böylece Bahreyn uluslararası play-off oynamaya hak kazandı.

2007 AFC Asya Kupası
2007 AFC Asya Kupası'nda Özbekistan ekibi C grubunda İran, Çin ve Malezya ile eşleşti. İran'a 2-1 yenilseler de Malezya'yı 5-0, Çin'i 3-0 yenerek grubu ikinci tamamladılar ve gruptan çıkmayı başardılar. Fakat çeyrek finalde Suudi Arabistan'a 2-1 yenilerek turnuvadan boynu bükük ayrıldılar.

2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemeleri

Üç yılda üç farklı yabancı teknik direktör yönetimine girdikten sonra Özbekistan Futbol Federasyonu takımın başına Özbek teknik adam Rauf Inileev'i getirdi. Inileev yönetimindeki Özbekistan elemelerde altıda beş yaparak grubunu birinci bitirdi. Dördüncü grupta yer alan Özbekistan bu grupta Suudi Arabistan, Singapur ve Lübnan takımlarını arkasında bırakmıştı. Üçüncü turdaki bu başarının aksine takım dördüncü turda çok kötü bir grafik çizdi. Avustralya, Japonya, Bahreyn ve Katar'ın arkasında dört puanla beşinci sırada kalan Özbekistan tek galibiyetini Katar karşısında 4-0 gibi net bir skorla aldı.

2011 AFC Asya Kupası
2011 AFC Asya Kupası turnuvasında Özbekistan tarihinin en önemli başarılarından birini elde etti. Elemelerde Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ve Malezya ile birlikte C grubuna düşen Özbekistan averaj nedeniyle grubundan ikinci sırada çıktı. Özbekistan grup aşamasını Katar, Çin ve Kuveyt'in önünde namağlup olarak bitirdi. Takım çeyrek finalde Ürdün'ü 2-1 geçtiyse de yarı finalde Avustralya'ya 6-0 gibi farklı bir skorla yenilerek elendi. Özbekistan turnuvanın üçüncüsünü belirlemek için yapılan maçta Güney Kore'ye 3-2'lik bir skorla boyun eğdi ve turnuvayı dördüncü olarak bitirdi.

2014 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemeleri
Özbekistan ikinci torbadan girdiği 2014 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemelerinde Japonya, Kuzey Kore ve Tacikistan ile eşleşti. Bu grubu yenilgisiz, beş galibiyet ve bir beraberlikle ilk sırada bitirerek dördüncü tura yükseldi. Dördüncü turda, A grubunda İran, Güney Kore, Katar ve Lübnan ile eşleşti. Grubu Güney Kore ile aynı puanda bitirse de, tek gollük averaj farkıyla İran ve Güney Kore'nin ardından üçüncü sırada yer aldı. B grubunu üçüncü sırada bitiren Ürdün ile eşleşen Özbekistan iki maçta da rakibiyle 1-1 berabere kaldı. Penaltı atışlarında rakibine 9-8 kaybederek kıtalararası play-off şansını bir kez daha kaybetti.

Turnuva tarihi

FIFA Dünya Kupası tarihi

Asya Kupası tarihi
 1956 - 1992 arası - Katılmadı, SSCB'nin bir parçasıydı
 1996 - 1. Tur
 2000 - 1. Tur
 2004 - Çeyrek final
 2007 - Çeyrek final
 2011 - Dördüncü

Özbekistan'ın diğer millî takımlara karşı yaptığı maçlar

Oyuncular

Güncel kadro
23 kişilik kadro, 9 Kasım 2019'da Kırgızistan ile dostluk maçı, 2022 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemeleri 14 Kasım 2019'da Suudi Arabistan ve 19 Kasım 2019'da Filistin ile maçı yaptı.

Teknik direktörler

Takım tarihindeki kişisel rekorlar

En çok forma giyenler

19 Kasım 2013 itibarıyla.

En çok gol atanlar

19 Kasım 2013 itibarıyla;

Kaynakça

Özbekistan millî futbol takımı


Der Große Preis von Italien 1975 fand am 7. September auf dem Autodromo Nazionale di Monza statt und war das dreizehnte Rennen der Automobil-Weltmeisterschaft 1975.

Berichte

Hintergrund
Am Wochenende nach dem Großen Preis von Österreich nahmen einige Formel-1-Piloten an dem nicht zur Weltmeisterschaft zählenden Großen Preis der Schweiz teil, der wegen des in der Schweiz geltenden Motorsportverbotes im französischen Dijon ausgetragen wurde. Mit Clay Regazzoni wurde ein Schweizer Sieger dieses Rennens.

Niki Lauda reiste mit komfortabler Führung in der Weltmeisterschaftswertung zum vorletzten WM-Lauf der Saison nach Monza. Er benötigte lediglich noch einen halben Punkt, um seinen ersten Weltmeistertitel rechnerisch sicherzustellen. Sein einziger verbliebener Konkurrent Carlos Reutemann hatte nur noch Chancen auf den Titelgewinn, wenn Lauda bei beiden noch ausstehenden Rennen punktelos bleiben würde und er selbst beide Läufe für sich entscheiden könnte.

Das Penske-Team verzichtete nach dem Tod von Stammfahrer Mark Donohue auf die Teilnahme. Das Team Surtees war ebenfalls nicht am Start. Frank Williams vermietete den zweiten Wagen seines Teams an den italienischen Debütanten Renzo Zorzi. Bei Copersucar vertrat Arturo Merzario den Teamchef und Stammfahrer Wilson Fittipaldi und bekam dadurch ebenfalls die Möglichkeit, an seinem Heimrennen teilzunehmen. Beim Team Lotus wurde Brian Henton durch Jim Crawford ersetzt, der bereits den Großen Preis von Großbritannien für das Team bestritten hatte.

Training
Das Trainingsergebnis entsprach den Wünschen der meisten der rund 200.000 Zuschauer, unter denen sich neben Einheimischen auch zahlreiche angereiste Fans aus der nahen Schweiz und Österreich befanden: Die beiden Ferrari qualifizierten sich für die erste Startreihe, wobei Niki Lauda seine achte Pole-Position des Jahres erreichte.

Die zweite Reihe teilte sich der noch amtierende Weltmeister Emerson Fittipaldi mit Tyrrell-Pilot Jody Scheckter. Es folgte Fittipaldis McLaren-Teamkollege Jochen Mass neben Tony Brise, der mit dem Hill GH1 eine starke Trainingsleistung gezeigt hatte. Carlos Reutemann, James Hunt, Vittorio Brambilla und Carlos Pace komplettierten die Top Ten der Startaufstellung.

Rennen
Regazzoni ging in Führung, konnte sich allerdings zunächst kaum von seinen Verfolgern Lauda, Mass und Scheckter absetzen. Noch während der ersten Runde übernahm Scheckter den dritten Rang von Mass. Als sich das nach wie vor dicht gedrängte Feld zu Beginn der zweiten Runde der ersten Schikane näherte, verlor Scheckter die Kontrolle über sein Fahrzeug und löste eine Serie von Kollisionen aus, die für Ronnie Peterson, Mario Andretti und Tony Brise das Ende des Rennens bedeuteten. Einige weitere Piloten fielen wenig später aufgrund von Folgeschäden aus, darunter die deutschen Fahrer Jochen Mass und Rolf Stommelen.

Davon unbeeindruckt führten die beiden Ferrari das Feld weiterhin an, gefolgt von Reutemann, Fittipaldi, Hunt und Depailler. In der zehnten Runde überholte Depailler den vor ihm liegenden Hunt. Vier Runden später gelang dies auch Fittipaldi gegenüber Reutemann.

Nachdem Depailler durch einen Fahrfehler kurz die Strecke verlassen hatte, sortierte er sich hinter James Hunt und Tom Pryce auf dem siebten Rang wieder ein. Während der folgenden Runden duellierten sich Hunt und Pryce um den fünften Platz.

In der Schlussphase gelang es Fittipaldi, an Lauda vorbeizuziehen und den zweiten Platz zu belegen. Er konnte dadurch jedoch nicht mehr verhindern, dass Lauda ihn mit dem Fallen der Zielflagge als amtierenden Weltmeister der Formel 1 ablöste.

Meldeliste

Klassifikationen

Startaufstellung

Rennen

WM-Stände nach dem Rennen
Die ersten sechs des Rennens bekamen 9, 6, 4, 3, 2 bzw. 1 Punkt(e).

Fahrerwertung

Konstrukteurswertung

Weblinks

 Rennergebnis auf der offiziellen Website der Formel 1

Einzelnachweise

1975
Italien
Sportveranstaltung in Monza

Großer Preis von Italien 1975


Sean Reinert (27 de maio de 1971 – 24 de janeiro de 2020) foi um músico americano, compositor e baterista. Fundou o Æon Spoke. Foi baterista e membro fundador do Cynic, até deixar a banda em setembro de 2015. Foi baterista do Death entre 1991-1993, a convite de Chuck Schuldiner, tornando-se uma das primeiras e lendárias referências do death metal técnico, com suas linhas de baterias do álbum Human, que gravou com apenas 19 anos de idade, impressionando toda a cena metal, com sua técnica calcada em jazz/groove, utilizando dois bumbos, unindo com perfeição técnica universos musicais opostos.
Ele creditou os bateristas Dave Miranda, John Bonham, Dave Weckl, Gary Husband e Vinnie Colaiuta como importantes influências durante seus anos de formação.

Biografia

Em 1987, Sean Reinert fundou sua primeira banda, o Cynic, em companhia de seu amigo Paul Masvidal, e em 1991, ambos se juntaram à banda Death para gravar o álbum Human. Este álbum é tido por muitos como um marco do gênero death metal e do subgênero technical death metal, extremamente complexo e inovador. Foi o disco mais vendido do Death, atingindo na época 100.000 cópias nos Estados Unidos. Em 1993, após 1 ano viajando e tocando pelo mundo todo com a Human Tour, ele retornou ao Cynic e levou Masvidal com ele.

Ainda em 1993, de volta ao Cynic, pela Roadrunner Records, gravou o disco Focus, ganhando ainda mais destaque na cena metal, considerado como um álbum extremamente avançado e técnico (do gênero metal progressivo).

Em 1994, o Cynic entrou em hiato indefinido, após diferenças musicais e pessoais interromperem o trabalho em um segundo álbum de estúdio, o grupo se separou e os músicos partiram para projetos paralelos.

Em 1999, Sean Reinert ajudou a formar o Æon Spoke ao lado de Masvidal, a banda se definiu como "rock etéreo". Lançaram álbuns em 2004 e 2007, recebendo transmissão nacional e via satélite, apresentando-se ao vivo, tocando em rádios e até mesmo aparecendo em programas de televisão e trilhas sonoras de filmes.

Em 2006, foi anunciado que o Cynic iria se reformar para uma turnê, que aconteceu no verão de 2007. A formação reformada então gravou uma continuação de Focus, intitulada Traced in Air , que foi lançada em 2008, seguindo por mais turnês. Em 2009, um novo EP foi gravado, seu lançamento feito em maio de 2010. Gravaram mais dois EP's até 2012.

Em maio de 2014, Sean revelou publicamente sua homossexualidade, junto ao guitarrista Paul Masvidal.

Após sua saída do Cynic em 2015, Sean Reinert foi membro da spin-off do Cynic, chamada Portal, que lançou uma demo, mas o projeto acabou se desfazendo. Se mudou para Los Angeles, continuou trabalhando com música, escrevendo e atuando para programas de televisão e filmes.

Sean Reinert faleceu em 24 de janeiro de 2020, de falência cardíaca, aos 48 anos, em sua casa, na Califórnia.

Legado

Diversos bateristas citaram Sean Reinert como uma grande influência, entre eles Peter Wildoer do Darkane, Brann Dailor do Mastodon, Gene Hoglan (seu sucessor no Death), Richard Christy(ex-Death,ex-Control Denied), Dirk Verbeuren do Soilwork/Megadeth, Chris Pennie do The Dillinger Escape Plan/Coheed and Cambria, George Kollias do Nile, John Merryman do Cephalic Carnage, Daniel Moilanen do Katatonia, Elliot Hoffman do Car Bomb, Evan Sammons do Last Chance To Reason, e Vishnu Reddy do Crypted.

Além disso, outros artistas o citaram, expressando admiração por seu trabalho, incluindo Hannes Grossmann(ex-Necrophagist), Kai Hahto do Nightwish, Dan Presland do Ne Obliviscaris e Danny Walker do Intronaut.

Em 2005, a Roadrunner Records relançou o clássico disco Focus, originalmente produzido em 1993, foi remasterizado e comercializado como item de colecionador, devido à alta demanda.

Em 2011, a Relapse Records e a Perseverance Holdings Ltd. relançaram o álbum Human remasterizado em HQ, para comemorar o 20º aniversário do lançamento original . Esta edição foi remixada por Jim Morris do Morrisound Recording Studios, inclui faixas bônus, e foi disponibilizada em opções de disco duplo e triplo.. A reedição de Human foi remixada, pois a Sony havia perdido as fitas master das mixagens originais de Scott Burns.
A revista Rolling Stone citou o álbum Human entre os 100 melhores álbuns de metal da história, colocando-o na 70ª posição.

Após a sua morte, o canal DrumTalk lançou uma homenagem póstuma no YouTube, chamada de Sean Reinert Tribute, com cerca de 1 hora de material de arquivo inédito e diversas entrevistas concedidas por músicos que o acompanharam ao longo da carreira, admiradores e amigos próximos.

Discografia

 Cynic
Focus (1993)
Traced in Air (2008)
Re-Traced (2010)
Carbon-Based Anatomy (2011)
The Portal Tapes (2012)
Kindly Bent to Free Us (2014)

 Outras bandas
Death - Human (1991)
Sean Malone − Cortlandt (1996)
Gordian Knot − Gordian Knot (1999)
Gordian Knot − Emergent (2003)
Aghora − Aghora (2000)
Aghora − Formless (2006)
Æon Spoke − Above the Buried Cry (2004)
Æon Spoke − Æon Spoke (2007)
Anomaly - Anomaly (1998)
C-187 − Collision (2007)
Levi/Werstler – Avalanche of Worms (2010)
Sylencer – A Lethal Dose of Truth (2012) (Convidado a gravar "Acquiesce")
Hassan Iqbal – Of the Sky (2020)
Amahiru – Amahiru (2020) (Convidado a gravar "Bringing Me Down (Alternative Version)

Referências

Sean Reinert


Šahovska baza podataka, baza podataka šahovskih partija, profila šahista i sl.

Poznate šahovske baze podataka
 365Chess.com
 Chess-DB.com
 Chess Assistant
 Chess Informant Expert
 Chess.com
 Chess24.com
 ChessBase
 Shane's Chess Information Database

Izvori

Šahovska baza podataka


Liliana Del Carmen "Lili" Estefan (nascida em 20 de março de 1967) é uma modelo e apresentadora de televisão cubano-americana, conhecida como coapresentadora de El Gordo y la Flaca na Univision .

Biografia
Lili Estefan nasceu em 20 de março de 1967 em Santiago de Cuba. O pai de Lili é José Estefan (nascido em 1945). Ao perder a mãe aos dez anos, Lili emigrou para os Estados Unidos com o pai viúvo e o irmão mais novo Juan Emilio (nascido em 1967). Ela é sobrinha paterna do produtor musical Emilio Estefan, cuja esposa é a cantora Gloria Estefan.

Carreira

Sábado Gigante
Estefan ganhou destaque em 1986, quando foi contratada pela Univision para participar como modelo do programa de televisão Sábado Gigante . Ela rapidamente se tornou a favorita do público e do apresentador, Don Francisco. Estefan apareceu no programa de Francisco Don Francisco Presenta em várias ocasiões.

El Gordo y la Flaca
Estefan é co-apresentador do talk show diurno da Univision El Gordo y la Flaca com Raúl De Molina desde 1998. Estefan ganhou seu apelido de "La Flaca" ("The Skinny Girl") do show.

Mira Quien Baila
Estefan é um dos jurados do Mira Quien Baila com um painel que inclui Horacio Villalobos e Bianca Marroquín .

Red Table Talk: Os Estefans
Em 2020, Estefan se tornou co-apresentadora do Red Table Talk: The Estefans, um spin-off do talk show do Facebook Watch, Red Table Talk, ao lado de sua tia Gloria Estefan e da prima paterna Emily.

Prêmios e honras
Em 2015, Lili Estefan recebeu o Lifetime Achievement Award no 33º Prêmio Anual TVyNovelas, apresentado pela Televisa . Em 2016, Estefan e seu co-apresentador de El Gordo y La Flaca, Raúl de Molina, foram homenageados com o prêmio de Outstanding Achievement in Hispanic Television, na 14th Annual Hispanic Television Summit, apresentado por Broadcasting & Cable and Multichannel News, e produzido por Schramm Marketing Group. Em 2017, Estefan recebeu o Prêmio Carreira no Premio Lo Nuestro Awards, apresentado pela Univision. Em 2018, ela recebeu um Daytime Talent in Spanish Emmy Award da Academia Nacional de Artes e Ciências Televisivas .

Vida pessoal
Estefan casou-se com o empresário cubano Lorenzo Lauces em 1992. Em 2018, foi anunciado que eles estavam se divorciando. Eles têm dois filhos: Lorenzo Jr. (nascido em 1999) e Lina Teresa (nascida em 2002).

Referências

Ligações externas

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1967
Norte-americanos de ascendência libanesa

Lili Estefan


Klinčićevke (karanfilovke; lat. Caryophyllaceae), velika biljna porodica sa stotinu rodova raširena po svim kontinentima, značajno prisutna i holarktičkom području. Zastupljena je od jednogodišnjeg zeljastog raslinja i trajnica, grmova i rjeđe manjih stabala, najčešće s nasuprotnim listovima a plod je često kapsula.

Klinčić je još jedan naziv za karanfil (Dianthus), i ne smije se brkati s klinčićem ili karanfilovcem, poznatim začinom iz porodice mirtovki čiji je znanstrveni sinonim Caryophyllus aromaticus, a danas se vodi popd nazivom Syzygium aromaticum. Rod Caryophyllus više nije priznat, a vrste koje su mu pripisivane uklopljene su u druge rodove porodice mirtovki.

Rod karanfila ima preko 330 vrsta, a zbog svojih živo obojenih i često mirisnih cvjetova ubrajaju među najviše uzgajane ukrasne biljke.

Tribusi i rodovi

 Familia Caryophyllaceae Juss. (3318 spp.)
 Tribus Corrigioleae Dumort.
 Telephium L. (4 spp.)
 Corrigiola L. (12 spp.)
 Tribus Paronychieae Dumort.
 Philippiella Speg. (1 sp.)
 Herniaria L. (52 spp.)
 Gymnocarpos Forssk. (9 spp.)
 Paronychia Mill. (120 spp.)
 Chaetonychia (DC.) Sw. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Polycarpaeae DC.
 Achyronychia Torr. & A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Scopulophila M. E. Jones (2 spp.)
 Polycarpon L. (6 spp.)
 Stipulicida Michx. (2 spp.)
 Augustea Iamonico (4 spp.)
 Cerdia Moc. & Sessé ex DC. (1 sp.)
 Microphyes Phil. (3 spp.)
 Reicheella Pax (1 sp.)
 Pycnophyllopsis Skottsb. (8 spp.)
 Pycnophyllum Remy (19 spp.)
 Drymaria Willd. ex Schult. (56 spp.)
 Polycarpaea Lam. (79 spp.)
 Xerotia Oliv. (1 sp.)
 Haya Balf. fil. (1 sp.)
 Krauseola Pax & K. Hoffm. (2 spp.)
 Polytepalum Suess. & Beyerle (1 sp.)
 Calycotropis Turcz. (1 sp.)
 Illecebrum L. (1 sp.)
 Pirinia M. Král (1 sp.)
 Cardionema DC. (7 spp.)
 Loeflingia L. (3 spp.)
 Ortegia L. (1 sp.)
 Pteranthus Forssk. (1 sp.)
 Dadjoua Parsa (1 sp.)
 Dicheranthus Webb (1 sp.)
 Cometes L. (2 spp.)
 Sphaerocoma T. Anderson (1 sp.)
 Pollichia Sol. ex Aiton (1 sp.)
 Tribus Sperguleae Dumort.
 Spergularia (Pers.) J. Presl & C. Presl (55 spp.)
 Spergula L. (15 spp.)
 Thylacospermum Fenzl (1 sp.)
 Rhodalsine Gay (1 sp.)
 Tribus Caryophylleae Lam. & DC.
 Subtribus Gypsophilinae
 Psammosilene W. C. Wu & C. Y. Wu (1 sp.)
 Ankyropetalum Fenzl (4 spp.)
 Gypsophila L. (151 spp.)
 Subtribus Caryophyllinae
 Saponaria L. (41 spp.)
 Acanthophyllum C. A. Mey. (88 spp.)
 Heterochroa Bunge (6 spp.)
 Cyathophylla Bocquet & Strid (2 spp.)
 Yazdana A.Pirani & Noroozi (1 sp.)
 Petroana Madhani & Zarre (2 spp.)
 Bolanthus (Ser.) Rchb. (17 spp.)
 Psammophiliella Ikonn. (5 spp.)
 Balkana Madhani & Zarre (1 sp.)
 Graecobolanthus Madhani & Rabeler (8 spp.)
 Petrorhagia (Ser. ex DC.) Link (31 spp.)
 Dianthus L. (361 spp.)
 Tribus Eremogoneae Rabeler & W. L. Wagner
 Eremogone Fenzl (101 spp.)
 Tribus Sileneae DC.
 Agrostemma L. (2 spp.)
 Viscaria Röhl. (5 spp.)
 Atocion Adans. (6 spp.)
 Eudianthe (Rchb.) Rchb. (2 spp.)
 Heliosperma (Rchb.) Rchb. (5 spp.)
 Petrocoptis Endl. (6 spp.)
 Silene L. (936 spp.)
 Tribus Arenarieae Kitt.
 Moehringia L. (28 spp.)
 Brachystemma D. Don (1 sp.)
 Arenaria L. (183 spp.)
 Schizotechium Rchb. (6 spp.)
 Odontostemma Benth. (62 spp.)
 Tribus Alsineae Lam. & DC.
 Mesostemma Vved. (10 spp.)
 Shivparvatia Pusalkar & D. K. Singh (10 spp.)
 Odontostemma Benth. (62 spp.)
 Pseudostellaria Pax (21 spp.)
 Schizotechium (Fenzl) Rchb. (6 spp.)
 Stellaria L. (166 spp.)
 Nubelaria M. T. Sharples & E. A. Tripp (3 spp.)
 Adenonema Bunge (2 spp.)
 Hartmaniella M. L. Zhang & Rabeler (2 spp.)
 Rabelera M. T. Sharples & E. A. Tripp (2 spp.)
 Dichodon (Bartl.) Rchb. (11 spp.)
 Holosteum Dill. ex L. (4 spp.)
 Moenchia Ehrh. (3 spp.)
 Cerastium L. (200 spp.)
 Tribus Pseudocherleriinae ined.
 Pseudocherleria Dillenb. & Kadereit (11 spp.)
 Tribus Sclerantheae Link ex DC.
 Wilhelmsia Rchb. (1 sp.)
 Honckenya Ehrh. (1 sp.)
 Schiedea Cham. & Schltdl. (35 spp.)
 Triplateia Bartl. (1 sp.)
 Stellaria p. p. (3 spp.)
 Mononeuria Rchb. (10 spp.)
 Scleranthus L. (15 spp.)
 Pentastemonodiscus Rech. fil. (1 sp.)
 Cherleria L. (21 spp.)
 Tribus Sagineae J. Presl
 Drypis Mich. ex L. (1 sp.)
 Bufonia L. (36 spp.)
 Lepyrodiclis Fenzl (4 spp.)
 Thurya Boiss. & Balansa (1 sp.)
 Minuartia L. (70 spp.)
 Mcneillia Dillenb. & Kadereit (5 spp.)
 Minuartiella Dillenb. & Kadereit (5 spp.)
 Colobanthus Bartl. (21 spp.)
 Sagina L. (35 spp.)
 Facchinia Rchb. (6 spp.)
 Sabulina Rchb. (74 spp.)
 Habrosia Fenzl (1 sp.)

Sinonimi:
 Allochrusa Bunge ex Boiss. = Acanthophyllum
 Alsinidendron H.Mann =  Schiedea Cham. & Schltdl.
 Ankyropetalum Fenzl = Gypsophila
 Calycotropis Turcz. = Polycarpaea Lam.
 Diaphanoptera Rech.f. = Acanthophyllum C.A.Mey.
 Kuhitangia Ovcz. =  Acanthophyllum C.A.Mey.
 Myosoton Moench = Stellaria L.
 Phrynella Pax & K.Hoffm. = Bolanthus (Ser.) Rchb.
 Pleioneura  Rech.f. = Saponaria L.
 Plettkea Mattf. = Stellaria L.
 Sanctambrosia Skottsb. ex Kuschel =  Spergularia (Pers.) J.Presl & C.Presl
 Solitaria (McNeill) Sadeghian & Zarre =  Shivparvatia Pusalkar & D.K.Singh
 Uebelinia Hochst. = Silene L.
 Vaccaria Wolf =  Gypsophila L.
 Velezia L. = Dianthus L.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Porodice klinčićolikih

Klinčićevke


An Dimerandra buenaventurae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Emily Steffan Siegerist. An Dimerandra buenaventurae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dimerandra, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dimerandra

Dimerandra buenaventurae


Alban Bekim Hoxha (; n. 23 noiembrie 1987) este un fotbalist profesionist albanez care joacă pe postul de portar pentru clubul albanez Partizani Tirana și pentru echipa națională a Albaniei.

Cariera pe echipe

Dinamo Tirana
Hoxha a început să joace fotbal la vârsta de 6 ani și a fost crescut de echipa locală Turbina Cërrik înainte de a se alătura echipei de tineret a lui Dinamo Tirana în 2004. El a fost împrumutat înapoi la Turbina Cërrik pentru sezonul 2005-2006 în care a jucat în Prima divizie albaneză. S-a întors la Dinamo în sezonul următor și s-a antrenat la echipă alături de portarul Ilion Lika. El și-a făcut debutul pentru Dinamo la 10 martie 2007 într-un meci de acasă împotriva lui Elbasani. El a jucat în 11 meciuri de campionat din luna martie și până la sfârșitul sezonului, datorită faptului că Lika a fost accidentat.

În sezonul următor, el a devenit a doua opțiune de portar după Elvis Kotorri și după plecarea lui Ilion Lika, jucând în numai două meciuri de campionat, cu Dinamo devenind campioana Albaniei  pentru prima dată din 2002. În prima jumătate a sezonului 2008-2009, el a jucat un singur meci în campionat și în cupă înainte de a fi împrumutat la Apolonia Fier, în luna ianuarie, pentru restul sezonului. El a jucat în 8 meciuri în perioada în care a fost împrumutat la Apolonia Fier, neprimind gol în trei dintre ele, ajutându-și echipa să evit playofful pentru retrogradare cu un singur punct.

S-a întors în clubul său mamă Dinamo înainte de sezonul 2009-2010 și a jucat șase meciuri în campionat, câștigând al doilea titlu în Superliga cu Dinamo. În sezonul următor, el a concurat cu internaționalul albanez Isli Hidi pentru postul de titular în echipă și după plecarea lui Hidi la Olympiakos Nicosia în ianuarie 2011 a devenit prima alegere în poarta lui Dinamo. A jucat în 24 de meciuri, iar echipa sa a evitat retrogradarea după ce a învins-o pe Besëlidhja Lezhë în playofful de retrogradare.

În timp ce se afla sub contract cu Dinamo, a jucat pentru o scurtă perioadă de timp la Kosova Vushtrri în Superliga din Kosovo.

Kastrioti Krujë
La 22 august 2011, Hoxha a semnat un contract pe un an cu Kastrioti Krujë din postura de jucător liber de contract. Acolo s-a luptat cu Argjent Halili pentru postul de titular, nereușind să se impună în fața lui, astfel că a jucat în numai 6 meciuri de campionat și a fost folosit în principal în Cupa Albaniei, unde a jucat de 10 ori. El a părăsit clubul la sfârșitul sezonului împreună cu Halili și s-a aflat în discuții cu Kukësi cu privire la un posibil transfer, însă transferul nu sa concretizat niciodată, deoarece nu s-a putut ajunge la un acord.

Besa Kavajë
A ajuns la Besa Kavajë înaintea sezonului 2012-2013 și a devenit imediat titular în fața lui Ibrahim Bejte. De-a lungul sezonului, Hoxha a jucat în 23 de meciuri de campionat și 2 în cupă, ajutând-o pe Besa să ajungă pe locul 9, evitând locurile retrogradabile.

Partizani Tirana
El a semnat cu nou promovata Partizani Tirana în vara anului 2013, și a primit numărul 1, fiind numit și căpitan pentru sezonul 2013-2014.

Hoxha a jucat 1.084 de minute fără să primească gol în sezonul 2014-2015 al Superligii albaneze și a doborât astfel un record stabilit de portarul lui KS Labinoti Elbasan, (în prezent KF Elbasani) Bujar Gogunja, care nu a primit gol timp de 1037 de minute. La sfârșitul anului 2014, Hoxha a fost numit cel mai bun fotbalist albanez al anului pentru performanțele sale avute pe tot parcursul sezonului.

În martie 2015, Hoxha a fost numit jucătorul lunii în campionatul Albaniei după ce a jucat 5 meciuri în care nu a primit niciun gol.

La 1 noiembrie 2015, în timpul meciului de campionat cu Teuta Durrës, Hoxha a suferit o accidentare la mandibulă după o confruntare cu colegul său de echipă, Gëzim Krasniqi, în minutul 76 al meciului, fiind scos de pe teren de o ambulanță.

La 20 iulie 2016, în returul celei de-a doua runde de calificare în Liga Campionilor de la Arena Groupama, Hoxha a fost protagonistul meciului. După ce în cele 90 și 120 de minute scorul a rămas egal, 1-1, meciul a fost decis în loviturile de departajare în care Hoxha a scor trei penaltyuri după ce el însuși a înscris cu o "Panenka". A fost pentru prima dată când Partizani Tirana a s-a calificat în turul trei preliminar al Ligii Campionilor.

Hoxha a jucat în cel de-al o sutălea meci în Superliga Albaniei pentru Partizani Tirana pe 17 octombrie 2016 în victoria scor 4-0 cu Flamurtari Vlorë la Elbasan Arena.

La 9 august 2017, Hoxha a acceptat o nouă extindere a contractului cu clubul, semnând până în 2020. Hoxha a fost exclus din lot înaintea meciului din prima etapă a campionatului împotriva lui Laçi, în care a pierdut cu scorul de 0-2. După meci, antrenorul Mark Iuliano a declarat că Hoxha a încălcat regulile clubului. S-a raportat faptul că Hoxha a plecat din cantonamentul echipei fără permisiune. Directorul clubului, Luciano Moggi, a spus că Hoxha nu va mai juca până nu-și cere scuze echipei, dar Hoxha a refuzat și, în schimb, a renunțat la banderola de căpitan.

În iulie 2018, Hoxha a fost numit din nou căpitan după plecarea lui Idriz Batha. În ciuda faptului că clubul a terminat pe locul 5 în sezonul precedent, excluderea lui Skënderbeu Korçë din competițiile UEFA a dus la obținerea de către Partizani a unui loc în primul tur preliminar al UEFA Europa League în 2018-2019. Echipa sa s-a confruntat cu NK Maribor din Slovenia și a pierdut ambele meciuri cu 3-0 la general, ceea ce a dus la eliminarea din competiție. Hoxha și-a început sezonul în campionat jucând în meciul de deschidere din Superliga Albaniei 2018-2019, făcând un fault în careu în prelungirile partidei asupra lui Dejvi Bregu care a dus la pierderea meciului. Hoxha a apărat penaltiul pe care echipa s-a l-a făcut împotriva lui Kamza; lovitura de pedeapsă a fost acordată în minutul 45, la scorul de 0-0, însă Hoxha a reușit să pareze șutul lui Sebino Plaku cu Partizani reușind ulterior să înscrie și să câștige meciul cu 1-0 reușind să câștige primele trei puncte din acel sezon.

Cariera la națională

Tineret
Hoxha a fost chemat pentru prima dată la echipa sub 19 ani a Albaniei pentru campania de calificare la Campionatul European de juniori  din 2006, unde a jucat în toate cele trei meciuri din Grupa a 9-a.

Seniori

Începutul
După încheierea calificărilor pentru Camprionatul Mondial din 2014, al doilea portar al echipei, Samir Ujkani, a decis să-și schimbe naționala și să joace pentru Kosovo. Albania căuta un portar care să fie a treia alegere după Etrit Berisha, titularul naționalei și Orges Shehi, care a devenit a doua opțiune după plecarea lui Ujkani.

Calificările pentru Campionatul European din 2016
Pentru meciul din calificările UEFA Euro 2016 împotriva Danemarcei și Serbiei din octombrie 2014, Hoxha a fost convocat pentru prima dată la națională de către antrenorul Albaniei, Gianni De Biasi, fiind a treia alegere de portar. A rămas ca rezervă neutilizată în ambele meciuri. Pentru meciurile amicale împotriva Franței și Italiei, în noiembrie 2014, Hodja a fost învoit deoarece a avut unele probleme de familie și a fost înlocuit cu portarul albanez din campionat  Stivi Frasheri de la KF Tirana.

La 16 noiembrie 2015, Hoxha și-a făcut debutul oficial pentru Albania, înlocuindu-l pe Berisha în timpul meciului amical cu Georgia, meci care sa încheiat cu o remiză de 2-2 pe stadionul Qemal Stafa.

La 21 mai 2016, Hoxha a fost numit în lotul lărgit al Albaniei de 27 de jucători pentru UEFA Euro 2016 și în lotul definitiv de 23 de jucători care a participat la Campionatul European pe 31 mai.

Hoxha nu a a jucat niciun minut din meciurile din Grupa A, cu Albania fiind eliminată după ce s-a clasat pe locul al treilea în urma gazdelor Franței împotriva cărora a pierdut cu 2-0 și Elveția, împotriva cărora au pierdut cu 1-0. A urmărit de pe banca Albaniei prima victorie a naționalei sale din istorie la un Campionat European după 1-0 cu România, cu un gol înscris Armando Sadiku. Albania a terminat grupa pe poziția a treia cu trei puncte și cu un golaveraj de -2 și s-a aflat pe ultimul loc dintre echipele clasate pe locul trei, ceea ce a dus la eliminarea naționalei sale.

Calificările pentru Campionatul Mondial din 2018
La 12 noiembrie 2016, în al patrulea meci din Calificările pentru Campionatul Mondial împotriva Israelului, Hoxha și-a făcut debutul în competiție intrând în minutul 57 și reușind să pareze un penalty executat de Eran Zahavi. Albania a fost învinsă cu 0-3 pe Elbasan Arena.

Viața personală
Hoxha s-a căsătorit cu prietena lui Dorjana Haka. Au devenit părinți în noiembrie 2014, când Dorjana Haka a dat naștere unui băiat, dar ea a murit în timpul nașterii într-un spital din Tiranë din cauza neglijenței medicilor. Cu toate acestea, copilul a supraviețuit. În prezent se află într-o relație cu cântăreața albaneză Ciljeta.

Statistici privind cariera

Club

 Până pe data de 25 august 2018

Meciuri la națională

 Până pe data de 29 martie 2017

Titluri

Club

 Superliga Albaniei: 2007-2008, 2009-2010

Individual

 Cel mai bun fotbalist albanez al anului: 2014
 Jucătorul lunii în campionatul albanez: martie 2015

Referințe

Legături externe

 Profil FSHF

Fotbaliști internaționali albanezi
Portari
Fotbaliști albanezi
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1987

Alban Hoxha


El jilguero oliváceo o lúgano oliváceo (Spinus olivaceus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Fringillidae propia de las montañas del oeste de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Puede encontrarse en los Andes de Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú.

Sus hábitats naturales son: los bosques húmedos tropicales montanos y los matorrales de gran altitud.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

olivaceus
Aves de América del Sur
Aves de los Andes
Taxones descritos por Jan Sztolcman
Taxones descritos por Hans von Berlepsch

Spinus olivaceus


Lance Herbert Barnard  (1 May 19196 August 1997) was an Australian politician and diplomat. He was the deputy leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) from 1967 to 1974 and held senior ministerial office in the Whitlam government, most notably as Deputy Prime Minister of Australia from 1972 to 1974.

Barnard was born in Launceston, Tasmania, into a prominent political family; his father Claude Barnard was also a federal government minister. He was a timber worker, soldier and schoolteacher before entering politics himself. He was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1954 federal election, winning the seat of Bass that his father had lost five years earlier. Barnard was elected deputy to Gough Whitlam in 1967 and became deputy prime minister following the ALP's victory at the 1972 election.

After an initial "duumvirate" in which he and Whitlam both held multiple portfolios, Barnard was appointed Minister for Defence. He subsequently oversaw the merger of several smaller departments into the Department of Defence. In 1974, Barnard lost the deputy leadership to Jim Cairns but remained in the defence portfolio. He resigned from parliament in 1975 to become ambassador to Norway, Finland and Sweden, triggering a by-election that resulted in the loss of his seat to the Liberal Party.

Early life
Barnard was born in Launceston, Tasmania, one of four children born to Herbert Claude Barnard and the former Martha Melva McKenzie. His father, a trade unionist and locomotive driver, was elected to parliament in 1934, and was a minister in the Chifley government.

Barnard left school during the Great Depression and worked in a timberyard for a few years. He began training as a schoolteacher by attending night school. In 1940, Barnard enlisted in the Australian Army. He fought with the 9th Division in the Middle East and Africa, including in the Battle of El Alamein. His military service left him with a permanent hearing impairment. After returning to Australia in 1945, Barnard qualified as a schoolteacher and subsequently taught mathematics in various Tasmanian schools.

Political career

At the 1954 federal election, Barnard was elected to the Division of Bass for the Labor Party. He defeated the sitting Liberal member Bruce Kekwick, who had defeated Claude Barnard for the seat in 1949. He was later elected to the ALP Federal Executive and a delegate to Federal Conference, where he "more than once put up spirited battles against left-wing influence".

Following the ALP's defeat at the 1966 federal election, Arthur Calwell resigned as party leader and was succeeded by his deputy Gough Whitlam. Barnard was then elected deputy leader with the endorsement of Whitlam, defeating Jim Cairns by 35 votes to 33 on the final ballot following the elimination of Frank Crean. At the time he was described in The Canberra Times as "a personal friend of Mr Whitlam and a competent if not brilliant speaker in the House, mainly on his father's subject of repatriation, and social services".

Whitlam government

When the ALP won the 1972 federal election Barnard became deputy prime minister. For the first two weeks of Whitlam's government, before the full electoral result was known, Whitlam and Barnard formed a two-man ministry, known as a duumvirate, to govern until a full ministry could be announced. Barnard held 14 portfolios including Defence and Immigration. Following the announcement of a complete ministry, Barnard served as Minister for Defence.  He personally ensured the recommendations of the Jess Committee and new Defense Force Retirements Benefits Scheme was implemented in 1972.

Following the 1974 federal election, Barnard was challenged for Labor's deputy leadership by Jim Cairns. He was defeated by 54 votes to 42. Contemporary sources reporting that he was receiving "fairly active" support from Whitlam, and that Whitlam was "actively canvassing" for him. However, it was later reported that he had received "only token support" from the prime minister.

Later years
In June 1975, Whitlam announced that Barnard would leave politics to become Australia's resident ambassador to Sweden, with accreditation also to Finland and Norway. He presented his credentials to King Carl XVI Gustaf on 10 September. Bass was resoundingly lost to the Liberals at the ensuing by-election, in which Labor lost 17 per cent of its primary vote. This shock result was seen by many as the beginning of the end for the Whitlam government, which was dismissed five months later.

Barnard returned to Launceston after completing his term as ambassador in 1978. In May 1981 he was nominated by the Fraser government as director of the Office of Australian War Graves. He retired in 1983.

Barnard died on 6 August 1997 at the age of 78. In response Gough Whitlam stated that "My partnership with Lance Barnard was the most satisfying and significant of my political life. I have lost my oldest and best mate".

Personal life
Barnard married Doris Burston on 6 March 1943. They had two daughters together, Patricia and Suzanne. He remarried on 11 September 1962 to Jill Cant, the daughter of Senator Harry Cant of Western Australia. They had a son together, Nicholas, and also adopted two Vietnamese orphan girls, Amanda and Jacqueline; Amanda died as an infant.

References

1919 births
1997 deaths
Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
1975 Australian constitutional crisis
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Bass
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Officers of the Order of Australia
Ambassadors of Australia to Finland
Ambassadors of Australia to Norway
Ambassadors of Australia to Sweden
Politicians from Launceston, Tasmania
Defence ministers of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian Army personnel of World War II

Lance Barnard


Watershed je deveti studijski album švedskog heavy metal sastava Opeth. Album je 30. svibnja 2008. godine objavila diskografska kuća Roadrunner Records. Ovo je prvi studijski album sastava na kojem se pojavljuju gitarist Fredrik Åkesson i bubnjar Martin Axenrot, zamjenjujući tako prethodnog dugogodišnjeg gitarista Petera Lindgrena i bubnjara Martina Lopeza. Naslovnicu albuma načinio je Travis Smith (koji je ujedno izradio i naslovnice za prethodnih pet Opethovih studijskih albuma) u suradnji s Mikaelom Åkerfeldtom. Glazbeni su recenzenti opisali album kao Opethovu "veliku prekretnicu" zbog svoje duboke povezanosti s progresivnim rockom. Ovo je također posljednji studijski album grupe na kojem su sadržani bilo kakvi elementi death metala i vokalni stil growlanja. Pjesma "The Lotus Eater" pojavila se u videoigri Saints Row: The Third.

O albumu
Watershed je bio sniman u studiju Fascination Street Studios od studenog do prosinca 2007. godine te je producent albuma, kao i na prethodnom albumu Ghost Reveries, bio Jens Bogren, no ovog je puta u procesu produkcije surađivao s Åkerfeldtom. Opeth je snimio svoj prethodni album, Ghost Reveries, u istome studiju; Åkerfeldt je komentirao da je razlog tome bio taj što je sastav bio toliko zadovoljan rezultatima da se poželio opet vratiti u Bogrenov studio. Prije početka snimanja Åkerfeldt je napisao i skladao sve pjesme (skladbu "Porcelain Heart" napisao je u suradnji s Åkessonom) te ih je sastav uvježbavao svirati pet tjedana. Novom je bubnjaru Martinu Axenrotu bilo potrebno šest dana da snimi sve bubnjarske dionice te je Åkerfeldt izjavio kako je ovo bio prvi put od albuma Orchid da je grupi bilo potrebno tako malo vremena za snimanje bubnjeva.

Opeth je snimio i nekoliko obrada; sastav je obradio pjesmu "Bridge of Sighs" blues rock gitarista Robina Trowera koju je Åkerfeldt opisao "fantastičnom mračnom blues pjesmom". Grupa je također obradila pjesme "Den ständiga resan" Marie Fredriksson na kojoj je Åkerfeldt pjevao na švedskom te "Would?" skupine Alice in Chains za koju je Åkerfeldt izjavio da je "vrlo slična njihovoj [Alice in Chains] inačici, ali vjerojatno gora [od njihove]"). "Bridge of Sighs" i "Den ständiga resan" bile su objavljene na posebnoj inačici albuma koja je sadržavala CD i DVD, dok je "Would?" bila objavljena na singlu "Burden". Åkerfeldt i Wiberg su zajedno napisali i skladali pjesmu "Derelict Herds", koja je bila objaviljena kao bonus pjesma. Prije samog snimanja albuma Åkerfeldt je izvorno želio snimiti i obradu pjesme "The Drift" Scotta Walkera; pjesma na kraju nije bila obrađena, ali su zato neki dijelovi pjesama na albumu izravno bili inspirirani Walkerovim glazbenim radom.

Na početnoj pjesmi "Coil" Mikael Åkerfeldt pjeva u duetu s Nathalie Lorichs koja je u to vrijeme bila Axenrotova djevojka. Grupa je izjavila kako je izvorno željela da prva pjesma na albumu bude "Heir Apparent", no ubrzo je promijenila mišljenje te je tako "Heir Apparent" bio premješten na drugo mjesto, a za uvodnu pjesmu albuma odabran je "Coil" radi svojeg kontrasta s "Heir Apparent".

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Watershed je zadobio uglavnom pozitivne kritike. Nekoliko je recenzenata pohvalilo album zbog žanrovske raznolikosti unutar pjesama.  Ryan Ogle, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice blabbermouth.net, komentirao je da je "Watershed u pogledu skladanja, raznolikosti, osjećaja i glazbenih sposobnosti pravo remek djelo". Chris True sa stranice AllMusic u svojoj je recenziji također pohvalio album te je izjavio: "Kao savršeni spoj death metala sa [albuma] Still Life, Blackwater Park i My Arms, Your Hearse, monolitskih rifova sa [albuma] Deliverance i Ghost Reveries te elemenata progresivnog rocka i klasicizma sa [albuma] Damnation pomiješanih s klasičnim Deep Purpleom, Pink Floydom i Scorpionsima, Watershed označava novo Opethovo poglavlje, ono koje obećava beskrajno više od svojih prethodnika."

Carlos Ramirez sa stranice IGN komentirao je kako Opeth eksperimentira sa žanrovima i zvukovljem na način kojim bi se malo drugih sastava usudilo koristiti. Ramirez je također i srdačno prihvatio nove članove grupe - Fredrika Åkessona i Martina Axenrota. Adrien Begrand sa stranice Popmatters također je napisao pozitivnu recenziju, komentirajući da je zabrinutost nekih obožavatelja da će zamjena dvojice članova imati negativan efekt na glazbu bila neutemeljena. Begrand je izjavio kako mu se sviđa atmosfera na albumu, opisujući ju kao "mrgodni, tužni ambijent koji vrlo dobro aludira na naslovnice albuma sastava". Pozitivne recenzije također su napisali i Also Cosmo Lee sa stranice Pitchfork Media te Rick Florino sa stranice Artist Direct. Kevin Sellers sa stranice Music Emissions u svojoj recenziji Watershed uspoređuje s Opethovim albumom Blackwater Park te ga naziva "još jednim vrhuncem savršenstva melodičnog metala od apsolutnih, nemjerljivih gospodara žanra".

Jeremyu Ulreyu sa stranice Chronicles of Chaos svidjele su se sve pjesme s albuma osim "Coil" koju je nazvao "vjerojatno najgorom u cijelom Opethovom repertoaru". Također je kritizirao Åkerfeldtove vokale i preispitivao njegovu sposobnost skladanja vokalnih melodija te je komentirao kako je tekst pjesme "Coil" previše sentimentalan i blag. Mike Stagno sa stranice Sputnikmusic izjavio je kako mu se većina albuma svidjela, ali da mu se nisu svidjele pjesme "Burden" i "Porcelain Heart".

Watershed se našao na pedeset i drugom mjestu Popmattersove ljestvice "Najboljih albuma 2008. godine", dok je na njihovoj listi "Najboljih metal albuma 2008. godine" zauzeo drugo mjesto. Čitatelji internetskog časopisa Metal Storm izglasali su Watershed kao najbolji progresivni metal album 2008. godine te je britanski glazbeni časopis Metal Hammer uvrstio Watershed na drugo mjesto svoje ljestvice "Najboljih 50 albuma 2008. godine" (prvo mjesto zauzeo je Metallicin album Death Magnetic).

Zasluge

Opeth
 Mikael Åkerfeldt – vokali, gitara, produkcija, naslovnica
 Fredrik Åkesson – gitara
 Per Wiberg – klavijature
 Martín Méndez – bas-gitara
 Martin Axenrot – bubnjevi, perkusija
Dodatni glazbenici
 Natalie Lorichs – vokali (na pjesmi 1)
 Lisa Almberg – engleski rog, oboa
 Christoffer Wadensten – flauta
 Karin Svensson – violina
 Andreas Tengberg – violončelo

Ostalo osoblje
 Johan Örnborg – snimanje, dodatni inženjer zvuka
 Jens Bogren – produkcija, snimanje, miksanje, mastering
 David Castillo – dodatni inženjer zvuka
 Travis Smith – naslovnica

Izvori

Albumi iz 2008.
Albumi sastava Opeth

Watershed


Ile may refer to:

 iLe, a Puerto Rican singer
 Ile District (disambiguation), multiple places
 Ilé-Ifẹ̀, an ancient Yoruba city in south-western Nigeria
 Interlingue (ISO 639:ile), a planned language
 Isoleucine, an amino acid abbreviated as Ile or I
 Another name for Ilargi, the moon in Basque mythology
 Historical spelling of Islay, Scottish island and girls' name
 Another name for the Ili River in eastern Kazakhstan
 Ile, a gender-neutral pronoun in Portuguese

See also
 ILE (disambiguation)

Ile


Süderau, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 8,86 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla 792 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Willi Lindemann tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-krempermarsch.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Süderau