Jón Þorsteinsson getur átt við um:
 Jón Þorsteinsson píslarvottur, íslenskan prest
 Jón Þorsteinsson, lögmann frá 14. öld
 Jón Þorsteinsson, söngvara fæddur 1951

Jón Þorsteinsson


1864 - brødre i krig er en dansk film fra 2016, filmen er instrueret af Ole Bornedal. Filmen er baseret på tv-serien 1864 - kendt fra DR1.

Handling
Brødrene Laust og Peter vokser op under fattige, men trygge kår. De forelsker sig begge i proprietærdatteren Inge, og Inge gengælder deres kærlighed. Men da krigen mod Preussen bryder ud, melder Laust og Peter sig til hæren.
Forholdet til Inge hjælper brødrene igennem mødet med krigens rædsler, men sår samtidig splid mellem de ellers uadskillelige brødre, når de sammen med tusindvis af andre unge danske soldater deltager i et af de blodigste slag i dansk historie - Kampene ved Dybbøl i 1864.

Medvirkende
 Jens Sætter-Lassen som Peter
 Jakob Oftebro som Laust
 Marie Tourell Søderberg som Inge
 Pilou Asbæk som Didrich
 Søren Malling som Johan
 Sarah Boberg som Mor Karen
 Lars Mikkelsen som Far Thøger

Eksterne Henvisninger

Danske film fra 2016
Dramafilm fra Danmark
Krigsfilm
Film instrueret af Ole Bornedal
Dansksprogede film

1864 - brødre i krig


Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Manisa'nın ilk yükseköğretim kurumu olma özelliğini taşıyan, şu an Celal Bayar Üniversitesi'ne bağlı bir fakültedir. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 1975 yılında Ege Üniversitesi'ne bağlı olarak önlisans programı olarak kurulmuş, daha sonraları ise lisans düzeyinde Manisa Maliye-Muhasebe Yüksekokulu adıyla 4 yıllık eğitim-öğretim vermeye başlamıştır. 1987'de Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi altında eğitim vermiş, daha sonraları Celal Bayar Üniversitesi bünyesinde yeniden yapılandırılan ilk ve kurucu fakülte olmuştur.

Manisa'nın Yunusemre ilçesinde yer alan Şehit Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Yerleşkesi'nde eğitim öğretim yapılmaktadır. İngilizce eğitim görmek isteyenler için hazırlık sınıfı zorunlu olup, eğitim süresi boyunca, bölümler tarafından belirlenen sayıda ders İngilizce okutulmaktadır.

1995 yılından beri İİBF Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi (ISSN-1302-0064) adıyla yılda iki sayıdan oluşan bir dergi yayımlanmaktadır. Dekanlığını Prof. Dr. Cüneyt Yenal Kesbiç yapmaktadır.

Bölümler
 Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri
 İşletme
 İktisat
 Maliye
 Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi
 Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler
 Ekonometri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 CBÜ İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi
 İİBF Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Dergisi

İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar
Türkiye'deki iktisadi ve idari bilimler fakülteleri


(also spelled  or sometimes ) is the Japanese word for tattoo, and is used in English to refer to a distinctive style of Japanese tattooing, though it is also used as a blanket term to describe a number of tattoo styles originating in Japan, including tattooing traditions from both the Ainu people and the Ryukyuan Kingdom.

All forms of  are applied by hand, using wooden handles and metal needles attached via silk thread. This method also requires special ink known as  ink (also called ); tattooing practiced by both the Ainu people and the Ryukyuan people uses ink derived from the indigo plant.  It is a painful and time-consuming process, practiced by a limited number of specialists known as .  typically have one or more apprentices working for them, whose apprenticeship can last for a long time period; historically,  were admired as figures of bravery and roguish sex appeal.

During the Edo period,  ("tattoo punishment") was a criminal penalty. The location of the tattoo was determined by the crime; thieves were tattooed on the arm, murderers on the head. The shape of the tattoo was based on where the crime occurred. Tattoos came to be associated with criminals within Japanese society. Two characters in the 1972 film Hanzo the Razor, set in the Edo period, are depicted with ring tattoos on their left arms as punishment for theft and kidnapping.

At the beginning of the Meiji period, the Japanese government outlawed tattoos, which reinforced the stigma against people with tattoos and tattooing in modern-day Japan.

Etymology
In Japanese,  literally means 'inserting ink' and can be written in several ways, most commonly as . Synonyms include , , and . Each of these synonyms can also be read as , a  reading of these kanji. Tattoos are also sometimes called  which have a slightly different significance.

History of Japanese tattoos
Tattooing for spiritual and decorative purposes in Japan is thought to extend back to at least the Jōmon or paleolithic period (approximately 10,000 BC) on the Japanese archipelago. Some scholars have suggested that the distinctive cord-marked patterns observed on the faces and bodies of figures dated to that period represent tattoos, but this claim is not unanimously accepted. There are similarities, however, between such markings and the tattoo traditions observed in other contemporaneous cultures. In the following Yayoi period (), tattoo designs were observed and remarked upon by Chinese visitors in Kyushu. Such designs were thought to have spiritual significance as well as functioning as a status symbol.

However, evidence suggesting a lack of tattooing traditions also exists; according to the early 8th-century , no such traditions of tattooing existed on the ancient Japanese mainland, with people who were tattooed regarded as outsiders. A further record in the  (the second-oldest book of classical Japanese history) chronicles that tattooing traditions were confined only to the Tsuchigumo people.

Starting in the Kofun period (300–600 AD), tattoos began to assume negative connotations. Instead of being used for ritual or status purposes, tattoo marks began to be placed on criminals as a punishment.

Ainu tattoos

The Ainu people, the indigenous people of northern Japan, are known for their traditions of tattooing, though few Ainu people and people of Ainu descent have these tattoos in the modern day. These tattoos were frequently used for decorative and social purposes, with both women and men being tattooed. Women were tattooed on the hands, forearms, and mouths in indigo to signify moving into adulthood, to protect against disease, and for aesthetic purposes.

Japanese tattoos in the Edo period

Until the Edo period (1603–1867), the role of tattoos in Japanese society fluctuated. Tattooed marks were still used as punishment, but minor fads for decorative tattoos, some featuring designs that would be completed only when lovers' hands were joined, also came and went. It was in the Edo period however, that Japanese decorative tattooing began to develop into the advanced art form it is known as today.

The impetus for the development of  as an artform was the development of the art of woodblock printing, and the release of the popular Chinese novel  in 1757 in Japan; though the novel dates back several centuries before this, 1757 marked the released of the first Japanese edition. , a tale of rebel courage and manly bravery, was illustrated with lavish woodblock prints showing men in heroic scenes, their bodies decorated with dragons and other mythical beasts, flowers, ferocious tigers and religious images. The novel was an immediate success, creating a demand for the type of tattoos seen in the woodblock illustrations.

Woodblock artists also began to practice tattooing, using many of the same tools they used for woodblock printing. These included chisels, gouges, and, most importantly, a unique type of ink known as " ink" or " black", which turns blue-green under the skin.

There is some academic debate over who wore these elaborate tattoos. Some scholars say that it was the lower classes who wore—and flaunted—such tattoos. Others claim that wealthy merchants, barred by law from flaunting their wealth, wore expensive  under their clothes. It is known for certain that  became associated with firemen, who wore them as a form of spiritual protection.

Tattoos in modern Japan
Following the opening of Japan's borders to the rest of the world at the beginning of the Meiji period, the Japanese government, conscious to protect its image and make a good first impression in the face of its new international status, outlawed tattooing, with  soon taking on connotations of criminality. Nevertheless, many foreigners, fascinated with the unique skills of Japanese tattoo artists, travelled to Japan with the express intention of being tattooed there, and traditional tattooing continued underground.

Tattooing was legalized by the occupation forces in 1948, but has retained its image of criminality. For many years, traditional Japanese tattoos were associated with the yakuza, Japan's notorious mafia, and many businesses in Japan (such as public baths, fitness centers and hot springs) still ban customers with tattoos. In 2020, the Supreme Court of Japan ruled that tattoos could be performed by people other than licensed medical professionals, a requirement still present in South Korea, after the home studio of an Osaka-based tattoo artist, Taiki Masuda, was raided by the police and the artist was fined. As a result, the Japan Tattooist Organization formed and created a hygiene and safety online course for artists that provides a certificate of completion, similar to practices in other countries.

Although tattoos have gained popularity among the youth of Japan due to Western influence, tattoos continue to be stigmatised throughout most of Japan; unlike many other countries, even finding a tattoo shop in Japan can prove difficult, with tattoo shops primarily placed in areas that are very tourist- or US military-friendly. According to Kunihiro Shimada, the president of the Japan Tattoo Institute, there are an estimated 3,000 tattoo artists throughout the entirety of Japan. Around 1.4 million adults in Japan have tattoos. Attitudes around the acceptability of tattoos vary significantly by age, with 60% of Japanese people in their 20s and younger agreed that rules for tattoos should be relaxed, according to the results of a 2021 survey.

There are even current political repercussions for tattoos in Japan. In 2012, the then-mayor of Osaka, Tōru Hashimoto, started a campaign to rid tattoos from public sector employees, claiming that "tattoos on City workers undermined trust in the City" and threatening to fire any government employee with tattoos. That year, he authorized a survey of all public sector employees asking whether they had tattoos. Multiple city employees filed lawsuits against the City of Osaka after being reprimanded for having tattoos. This survey, along with other tattoo-related policies implemented by Hashimoto, was eventually found to have violated the city's privacy protection ordinance by the Osaka District Court.

Modern tattoos in Japan are done mostly in a similar manner to Western tattooing. Unlike traditional , where the design is mostly left up to the artist, customers bring in a design of their choice or can decide on what they would like at the shop. Many Japanese artists are well-versed in multiple styles besides traditional Japanese tattoos, giving customers the ability to select from a wide assortment of options.

Modern tattoos are also done via an electric tattoo machine, in which the ink can be inserted into the machine, or the needle tip can be dipped into ink for application. Japanese artists are widely recognised for the quality of their work, despite the relative expense of  tattoos, and are highly sought-after.

Despite the majority of modern tattooing being done by needle and machine,  is also practiced with traditional tools, though tattoo artists trained in this style can be difficult to find; unlike most Western-style tattoo artists in Japan, the majority of traditional  artists are not located in the Tokyo area. Also unlike Western tattooing is the high expense of the technique, as well as the higher proportion of time required to complete one piece and the higher level of pain involved. A typical traditional body suit, covering the arms, back, thighs and chest, with a space left down the centre of the torso, can take up to five years of weekly visits to complete, and cost in excess of US$30,000. The process is also more formal than Western tattooing, with the artist having a greater level of control over the finished design.

Process

Being tattooed

The process of being tattooed in the  style can be difficult and time-consuming. The first step of finding a traditional tattoo artist can be a daunting task, as many tattoo artists in Japan are somewhat secretive in their work, with introductions made by word-of-mouth only, though the advent of the Internet has made finding an  artists more accessible.

After an initial consultation during which the client will discuss with the tattooist the designs they are interested in, the work begins with the tattooing of the outline. This will usually be done in one sitting, often freehand (without the use of a stencil), which may require several hours to complete. When the outline is complete, the shading and colouring is done in weekly visits, whenever the client has money to spare. When the tattoo is finished, the artist will "sign" his name in a space reserved for that purpose, most often somewhere on the back.

Wearers of traditional tattoos frequently keep their art secret, as tattoos are still seen as a sign of criminality in Japan, particularly by older people and in the work place. Many yakuza and other criminals themselves now avoid tattoos for this very reason.

Becoming an  artist

The process of training to become a traditional tattoo artist is difficult and time-consuming; tattoo artists will train for many years under a master, sometimes living in the master's house, and may spend years cleaning the studio, observing and practicing in their own skin, making both the needles and other tools required, mixing inks, and painstakingly copying designs from the master's book before being allowed to tattoo clients.

Tattoo artists must master the unique styles of tattooing by hand required, and will usually be given a tattoo name by their master, most often incorporating the word  (to engrave) and a syllable derived from the master's own name, or some other significant word. In some cases, the apprentice will take the master's name, and will become The Second or Third (and so on).

Glossary of Japanese tattoo terms

Common motifs
Some common images in traditional Japanese tattoos include:
 Mythological beasts and monsters: dragons, , , foo dogs,
 Animals: birds, koi, tigers, snakes
 Flowers: peonies, cherry blossoms, lotuses, chrysanthemums
 Other plants: bamboo, maple leaves
 Characters from traditional folklore and literature, such as the
 Images of the "floating world" inspired by ukiyo-e prints: geisha, samurai
 Buddhas and Buddhist deities such as Fudō Myō-ō and Kannon
 Shinto  (deities) such as
 Backgrounds: clouds, waves, wind bars
 Masks used in Noh theater ()

See also
 Criminal punishment in Edo-period Japan
 Criminal tattoos
 Tōyama no Kin-san

References

Further reading
 Andrews, Joshua. The Art of Tattooing. howtotattoo.net, 2008.
 Fellman, Sandi. The Japanese Tattoo. New York: Abbeville Press, 1986. .
 Richie, Donald, and Ian Buruma. The Japanese Tattoo. New York: Weatherhill, 1980. .

External links
 Japanese Traditional Art with World-Class Appeal – Irezumi・TATTOO-"Oukoshisei" – Irezumi by Horiyoshi III
 Epic Ink: How Japanese Warrior Prints Popularized the Full-Body Tattoo Collectors Weekly
 Irezumi and the art of story telling
 Yakuza Tattoo's Explained
 Japanese Tattooing

Japanese aesthetics
Japanese tattooing
Yakuza
History of art in Japan
Japanese words and phrases

Irezumi


() a fost un scenarist și dramaturg american.

Lucrări scrise
Genius of the Marne (1919)
Berkeley Square (1927) – piesă de teatru
Dracula (1927) – piesă de teatru  – film în 1931 și 1979
Dracula (1931) – scenariu bazat pe piesa de teatru din 1927
Frankenstein (1931) – a scris primul scenariu
The Mummy (1932) – scenariu
Red Planet (1932) – piesă de teatru
Berkeley Square (1933) – scenariu
The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) – scenariu
Mystery of Edwin Drood (1935) – scenariu
The Bride of Frankenstein (1935) – scenariu
Mark of the Vampire (1935) – scriitor
Mad Love (1935) – scenariu
Peter Ibbetson (1935) –  scriitor
Dracula's Daughter (1936) –  scriitor
The Amazing Quest of Ernest Bliss (1936) – scenariu
The Last of the Mohicans (1936) – scenariu
The Man Who Changed His Mind (1936) – scenariu
Beloved Enemy (1936) – scenariu
The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) – scenariu
Gone With the Wind (1939) –  scriitor
Little Old New York (1940) – poveste originală
Victory (1940) – scenariu
Scotland Yard (1940) – scenariu
Smilin' Through (1941) – scenariu
Stand by for Action (1942) – scenariu
Tennessee Johnson (1942) – scenariu
Gaslight (1944) – scenariu

Note

Legături externe

Allmovie bio
John L. Balderston papers, 1915-1950, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

Vezi și
Listă de scenariști americani
Listă de dramaturgi americani

Nașteri în 1889
Decese în 1954
Scenariști americani
Dramaturgi americani

John L. Balderston


Heineken Lager Beer (nizozemski: Heineken Pilsene, ili jednostavnije Heineken (čitaj: ɦɛinəkən/ hajneken) je   bijelo pjenušavo pivo s 5% alkohola koji proizvodi  nizozemska tvrtka Heineken International. Heineken je poznat po svojoj specifičnoj zelenoj boci i tamno crvenoj zvijezdi.

Izvori

Pivo
Nizozemski proizvodi

Heineken


30th Corps, Thirtieth Corps, or XXX Corps may refer to:

XXX Corps (United Kingdom)
XXX Army Corps (Wehrmacht)
XXX Corps (Pakistan)

See also
List of military corps by number
 30th Army (disambiguation)
 30th Battalion (disambiguation)
 30th Division (disambiguation)
 30th Regiment (disambiguation)
 30 Squadron (disambiguation)

XXX Corps


Tonight at 8.30 is a cycle of ten one-act plays by Noël Coward, presented in London in 1936 and in New York in 1936–1937, with the author and Gertrude Lawrence in the leading roles. The plays are mostly comedies, but three, The Astonished Heart, Shadow Play and Still Life, are serious. Four of the comedies include songs, with words and music by Coward.

One play, Star Chamber, was dropped after a single performance. The other nine plays were presented in three programmes of three plays each. There have been numerous revivals of many of the individual plays, but revivals of the complete cycle have been much less frequent. Several of the plays have been adapted for the cinema and television.

Tonight at 8.30 was first presented in 1935 in Manchester and then on tour in six other British cities, before opening in London and New York the following year.

Background
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Coward wrote a succession of hits, ranging from the operetta Bitter Sweet (1929) and the epic Cavalcade (1931), requiring a large cast, gargantuan sets and a complex hydraulic stage, to the intimate comedies Private Lives (1930), in which Coward starred alongside Gertrude Lawrence, and Design for Living (1932). Coward said that after Private Lives, he felt that the public enjoyed seeing him and Lawrence together on stage, and so he wrote the play cycle Tonight at 8.30 as "acting, singing, and dancing vehicles for Gertrude Lawrence and myself".

In the programme for the London run Coward wrote:

Plays
The cycle consists of ten plays. In order of first production they are:
 We Were Dancing – "A comedy in two scenes"
 The Astonished Heart – "A play in six scenes"
 Red Peppers – "An interlude with music"
 Hands Across the Sea – "A light comedy in one scene"
 Fumed Oak – "An unpleasant comedy in two scenes"
 Shadow Play – "A play with music"
 Family Album – "A Victorian comedy with music"
 Star Chamber – "A light comedy in one act"
 Ways and Means – "A comedy in three scenes"
 Still Life – "A play in five scenes"

Songs
Four of the plays in the cycle are musical. According to The New York Times, they "break into spontaneous song ... in the most unexpected places". The songs from Tonight at 8.30 are:
"We Were Dancing", from We Were Dancing
"Has Anybody Seen our Ship?" and "Men About Town" from Red Peppers
"Then", "Play, Orchestra, Play" and "You Were There" from Shadow Play
"Drinking Song", "Princes and Princesses", "Music Box" and "Hearts and Flowers" from Family Album.

Productions

Original provincial production and tour
Six of the plays (We Were Dancing, The Astonished Heart, Red Peppers, Hands Across the Sea, Fumed Oak and Shadow Play) were first presented at the Opera House, Manchester, beginning on 15 October 1935. A seventh play, Family Album, was added on the subsequent nine-week provincial tour. The final three were added for the London run: Ways and Means, Still Life  and Star Chamber, which was performed only once.

London and New York premieres
The first London performance was on 9 January 1936 at the Phoenix Theatre. Matinées were billed as To-day at 2.30. The first set of three plays presented comprised Family Album, The Astonished Heart and Red Peppers. Four days later the second trio was presented: Hands Across the Sea, Fumed Oak and Shadow Play. We Were Dancing was introduced on 29 January, and Ways and Means and Still Life were added in May. Star Chamber'''s only performance was on 21 March.

Partly to allow himself time to write, and partly because he hated acting in long runs, Coward's practice was to play for no more than six months in any run. The London production closed on 20 June 1936, after 157 performances. The American production opened in New York, after a try-out in Boston, on 24 November and played for 118 performances. The Broadway openings for the three parts were on 24, 27 and 30 November 1936, again starring Coward and Lawrence. Reviewing the Boston performances, James Thurber wrote:

The New York run finished a month earlier than planned, because Coward's health broke down from overwork and his doctor insisted on an immediate break.

Revivals
The cycle was given in Canada in 1938 by an American touring company, led by Bramwell Fletcher.
Major productions of parts of the cycle included Broadway revivals in 1948 (Red Peppers, Hands Across the Sea, Fumed Oak, Family Album, Shadow Play, and Ways and Means, starring Lawrence and Graham Payn), and 1967 (Fumed Oak, Still Life and Ways and Means), 1981 at the Lyric Theatre in London (Shadow Play, Hands Across the Sea and Red Peppers), starring John Standing and Estelle Kohler and at the Chichester Festival in 2006 (Shadow Play, Hands Across the Sea, Red Peppers, Family Album, Fumed Oak and The Astonished Heart). In 1971, the Shaw Festival revived We Were Dancing, Family Album and Shadow Play, and in 2000, the Williamstown Theatre Festival revived We Were Dancing, Family Album, Hands Across the Sea (all starring Blythe Danner), Red Peppers, Shadow Play and Star Chamber. The Antaeus Company in Los Angeles revived all ten plays in October 2007, as did the Shaw Festival in 2009.

The first professional revival of the cycle in Britain was in April 2014, when English Touring Theatre staged all the plays except for Star Chamber. The critic Michael Billington wrote, "We are used to all-day stagings of Shakespeare. A marathon viewing of three Noel Coward triple bills, however, sounds like a banquet of soufflés. In the event, the nine plays … not only prove unexpectedly nourishing, but also reveal a lot about the author himself." The production, co-produced by the Nuffield Theatre, Southampton, opened there before a three-month national tour. In 2018 a revival played at Jermyn Street Theatre in London, directed by Tom Littler, omitting Fumed Oak but including Star Chamber. The cast included Sara Crowe, Ian Hallard and Rosemary Ashe.

Adaptations
Cinema
Several films have been based on the plays. We Were Dancing was loosely adapted as a film of the same name in 1942, starring Norma Shearer and Melvyn Douglas Coward adapted Still Life for the screen as Brief Encounter in 1945. The film was remade in 1974 starring Richard Burton and Sophia Loren.  For a 1952 film, Meet Me Tonight (called Tonight at 8:30 in the US), directed by Anthony Pelissier, Coward adapted Ways and Means, Red Peppers and Fumed Oak). Coward played Christian Faber in a 1950 film of The Astonished Heart (also starring Celia Johnson and Margaret Leighton).

Television
Eight of the plays in the cycle (omitting Star Chamber and We Were Dancing) were adapted for television in 1991, by the BBC, starring Joan Collins. Television adaptations of Red Peppers were released in 1937, 1938, 1958 and 1969, the last starring Bruce Forsyth and Dora Bryan as the Peppers and Edith Evans as Mabel Grace. Still Life was given a television production in 1951. The NBC-TV anthology series Producers' Showcase debuted on 18 October 1954 with Shadow Play, Still Life and Red Peppers, produced and directed by Otto Preminger, starring Ginger Rogers in all three; Martyn Green also starred in Red Peppers. Hands Across the Sea'' was adapted for television in 1938.

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Tonight at 8:30 at Shaw Festival in 2009: preview in New York Times
1953 Best Plays radio adaptation at Internet Archive

Plays by Noël Coward
1936 plays

Tonight at 8.30


Monster er en dansk kortfilm fra 2011 instrueret af Amanda Sø Leth-Nissen.

Medvirkende

 Christian Vincent Jung, Lysander
 Freja Riise Danielsen, Maria

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2011

Monster (film fra 2011)


Richard Martin (* 14. April 1876 in Witten; † 19. Dezember 1951 ebenda) war ein deutscher Politiker (DNVP).

Leben
Richard Martin wurde als Sohn eines Schneiders geboren. Nach dem Volksschulabschluss in Witten erlernte er ab 1890 das Schneiderhandwerk und arbeitete anschließend bis 1907 im väterlichen Geschäft. Daneben besuchte er die Fortbildungsschule in Witten und belegte volkswirtschaftliche Ausbildungskurse in Frankfurt am Main und Köln (1905) sowie in Hannover (1907). Im September 1907 übernahm er die Geschäftsführung des Evangelischen Volksbüros in Hagen. Außerdem war er seit Dezember 1907 Generalsekretär des Rheinisch-Westfälischen Verbandes evangelischer Arbeitervereine. Daneben wirkte er als Redakteur für den Evangelischen Arbeiterboten und leistete Mitarbeit an diversen Zeitschriften. Martin betätigte sich in der evangelischen Kirche und war Presbyter der evangelischen Kirchengemeinde Witten, Mitglied der Westfälischen Provinzialsynode, Mitglied der Generalsynode, Mitglied des Deutsch-Evangelischen Kirchentages und stellvertretendes Mitglied des Kirchenausschusses. Seit 1913 war er Mitglied der Kinematographenkommission des Provinziallandtages.

Nach der Novemberrevolution trat Martin in die DNVP ein. Er wurde zum Vorsitzenden der DNVP Groß-Witten gewählt und war gleichzeitig Vorsitzender des deutschnationalen Arbeiterbundes für Westfalen-Süd. Von 1919 bis 1921 war er Mitglied der Verfassunggebenden Preußischen Landesversammlung. Im Anschluss wurde er als Abgeordneter in den Preußischen Landtag gewählt, dem er bis 1933 angehörte.

1948 und abermals 1949 wurde er zum stellvertretenden Vorsitzenden der DRP Westfalen gewählt. Für diese Partei kandidierte er 1949 vergeblich für den Deutschen Bundestag.

Literatur
 Ernst Kienast (Hrsg.): Handbuch für den Preußischen Landtag, Ausgabe für die 5. Wahlperiode, Berlin 1933, S. 361.
 Herrmann A. L. Degener (Hrsg.): Wer ist's? 9. Ausgabe, Leipzig 1928, S. 1012.
 Karin Jaspers / Wilfried Reinighaus: Westfälisch-lippische Kandidaten der Januarwahlen 1919. Eine biographische Dokumentation, Münster: Aschendorff 2020 (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Westfalen – Neue Folge; 52), ISBN 9783402151365, S. 130f.

Mitglied des Preußischen Landtags (Freistaat Preußen)
DNVP-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1876
Gestorben 1951
Mann

Richard Martin (Politiker)


Titanova klima, je klima najvećeg Saturnovog mjeseca, u mnogim je pogledima slična zemaljskoj, unatoč tome što ima daleko nižu površinsku temperaturu. Njegova gusta atmosfera, metanska kiša i mogući kriovulkanizam stvaraju analog, iako s različitim materijalima, klimatskim promjenama koje je pretrpjela Zemlja tijekom svoje daleko kraće godine.

Temperatura
Za razliku od Zemlje Titan prima samo oko 1% količine sunčeve svjetlosti. Prosječna temperatura površine je oko 90,6 K (-182,55 °C). Pri ovoj temperaturi vodeni led ima izuzetno nizak tlak pare, tako da je atmosfera gotovo bez vodene pare. Međutim, metan u atmosferi uzrokuje značajan efekt staklenika koji održava površinu Titana na puno višoj temperaturi od one koja bi inače bila toplinska ravnoteža.

Sumaglica u Titanovoj atmosferi doprinosi efektu staklenika reflektirajući sunčevu svjetlost natrag u svemir, čineći njegovu površinu znatno hladnijom od gornje atmosfere. To djelomično kompenzira zagrijavanje staklenika i održava površinu nešto hladnijom nego što bi se inače očekivalo samo od efekta staklenika. Prema McKayu i suradnicima, "anti-učinak staklenika na Titan smanjuje površinsku temperaturu za 9 K, dok je efekt staklenika povećava za 21 K. Neto učinak je da je površinska temperatura (94 K) 12 K toplija od efektivne temperature (82 K). [tj. ravnoteža koja bi se postigla u odsutnosti atmosfere] "

Godišnja doba
Titanov orbitalni nagib u odnosu na sunce vrlo je blizu Saturnovog nagiba osi (oko 27°), a nagib osi u odnosu na njegovu orbitu je nula. To znači da se smjer dolazne sunčeve svjetlosti pokreće gotovo u potpunosti Titanovim dnevnim i noćnim ciklusom i Saturnovim godišnjim ciklusom. Dnevni ciklus na Titanu traje 15,9 zemaljskih dana, koliko je potrebno Titanu da kruži oko Saturna. Titan je plimno zaključan, tako da je isti dio Titana uvijek okrenut prema Saturnu, pa ne postoji zaseban ciklus "mjeseci".

Sezonske promjene potaknute su Saturnovom godinom: Saturnu je potrebno oko 29,5 zemaljskih godina da kruži oko Sunca, izlažući različite količine sunčeve svjetlosti Titanovoj sjevernoj i južnoj polutki tijekom različitih dijelova saturnske godine. Sezonske vremenske promjene uključuju veća ugljikovodična jezera na sjevernoj polutki tijekom zime, smanjenu sumaglicu oko ravnodnevnice zbog promjenjive atmosferske cirkulacije i povezane ledene oblake u regijama Južnog pola. Posljednja ravnodnevnica dogodila se 11. kolovoza 2009.; ovo je bila proljetna ravnodnevnica za sjevernu polutku, što znači da južna polutka dobiva sve manje sunčeve svjetlosti i prelazi u zimu.

Površinski vjetrovi su obično slabi (<1 metar u sekundi). Nedavne računalne simulacije pokazuju da ogromne dine materijala poput čađe koji pada kao kiša iz atmosfere u ekvatorijalnim regijama mogu umjesto toga oblikovati rijetki olujni vjetrovi koji se događaju svakih petnaest godina kada je Titan u ravnodnevnici. Oluje proizvode snažne nizvodne struje, koje teku prema istoku do 10 metara u sekundi kad dosegnu površinu. Krajem 2010. godine, ekvivalent ranom proljeću na Titanovoj sjevernoj polutki, primijećen je niz metanskih oluja u Titanovim ekvatorijalnim pustinjskim regijama.

Zbog ekscentričnosti Saturnove orbite, Titan je tijekom ljeta na južnoj hemisferi približno 12% bliži Suncu, što čini južna ljeta kraćim, ali toplijim od sjevernih ljeta. Ova asimetrija može pridonijeti topološkim razlikama između polutka - sjeverna polutka ima mnogo više ugljikovodičnih jezera. Titanova jezera uglavnom su mirna, s malo valova ili mreškanja; međutim, Cassini je pronašao dokaze o povećanim turbulencijama tijekom ljeta na sjevernoj hemisferi, sugerirajući da bi površinski vjetrovi mogli ojačati tijekom određenih doba titanske godine. Valove i mreškanje vidio je i Cassini.

Metanska kiša i jezera
Nalazi sonde Huygens ukazuju da iz Titanove atmosfere povremeno kiši tekući metan i drugi tekući organski spojevi na mjesečevu površinu. U listopadu 2007. promatrači su primijetili porast prividne neprozirnosti oblaka iznad ekvatorijalne regije Xanadu, što ukazuje na metansku rosulju", iako to nije bio izravan dokaz za kišu. Međutim, naknadne slike jezera na Titanovoj južnoj polutki snimljene tijekom jedne godine pokazuju da su ona povećana i ispunjena sezonskim kišama ugljikovodika. Moguće je da područja Titanove površine mogu biti presvučena slojem tolina, ali to nije potvrđeno. Prisutnost kiše ukazuje na to da je Titan možda jedino tijelo Sunčevog sustava osim Zemlje na kojem bi se mogle stvoriti duge. Međutim, s obzirom na krajnju neprozirnost atmosfere za vidljivu svjetlost, velika većina bilo kakvih duga bila bi vidljiva samo u infracrvenom zračenju.

Broj metanskih jezera vidljivih u blizini Titanovog južnog pola definitivno je manji od broja uočenih u blizini sjevernog pola. Kako je trenutačno ljeto na južnome polu, a zima na sjevernom, hipoteza u nastajanju glasi da metan kao kiša pada na polarne regije zimi, a ljeti isparava. Prema radu Tetsuye Tokana sa Sveučilišta u Kölnu, za ciklone vođene tim isparavanjem i uključujući kišu, kao i olujni vjetar do 20 m/s se očekuje da će se nad velikim sjevernim morima (Krakenovo more, Ligejsko more, Punga Mare) formirati samo u sjevernom ljetu, trajući i do deset dana. Proračuni sugeriraju da bi se, kako sjeverna polutka, gdje se nalazivećina jezera, ulazi u dugo Titansko ljeto, brzine vjetra mogu povećati na 3 km/h, razine dovoljne za stvaranje valova. Valove su u nekoliko navrata promatrali Cassinijev RADAR i spektrometar za vizualno i infracrveno mapiranje od 2014. godine, koji su vjerojatno generirani ljetnim vjetrovima ili plimnim strujama.

Cirkulacija
Simulacije globalnih obrazaca vjetra temeljene na podacima o brzini vjetra koje je Huygens dobio tijekom spuštanja sugeriraju da Titanova atmosfera cirkulira u jednoj ogromnoj Hadleyevoj ćeliji. Topli plin se diže na Titanovoj južnoj polutki - koja je doživljavala ljeto tijekom Huygensovog spuštanja - i spušta se na sjevernoj polutki, što je rezultiralo protokom plina na velikim visinama od juga prema sjeveru i protoka plina na niskim nadmorskim visinama od sjevera prema jugu. Tako velika Hadleyeva ćelija moguća je samo u polako rotirajućem svijetu kakav je Titan. Čini se da je ćelija za cirkulaciju vjetra od pola do pola usredotočena na stratosferu; simulacije sugeriraju da bi se ona trebala mijenjati svakih dvanaest godina, s trogodišnjim prijelaznim razdobljem, tijekom Titanove godine (30 zemaljskih godina). Ova stanica stvara globalni pojas niskog tlaka - što je u stvari varijacija Zemljine intertropske zone konvergencije (ITCZ). Međutim, za razliku od Zemlje, gdje oceani ITCZ ograničavaju na tropske krajeve, na Titanu zona luta s jednog pola na drugi, noseći sa sobom metanske kišne oblake. To znači da se za Titan, unatoč hladnim temperaturama, može reći da ima tropsku klimu.

U lipnju 2012. Cassini je snimio rotirajući polarni vrtlog na Titanovom južnom polu - područjem guste sumaglice velike nadmorske visine viđenim iznad sjevernog pola od dolaska sonde 2004. godine.

Oblaci

Titanovi oblaci, vjerojatno sastavljeni od metana, etana ili drugih jednostavnih organskih sastojaka, raštrkani su i promjenjivi, interpunktirajući ukupnu maglu.

U rujnu 2006. Cassini je snimio veliki oblak na visini od 40 km iznad Titanovog sjevernog pola. Iako je poznato da se metan kondenzira u Titanovoj atmosferi, vjerojatnije je da je oblak bio etan, jer je otkrivena veličina čestica bila samo 1–3 mikrometra, a etan se također može smrzavati na tim visinama. U prosincu je Cassini ponovno promatrao pokrov oblaka i otkrio metan, etan i druge organske tvari. Oblak je bio preko 2400 km u promjeru i još je bio vidljiv tijekom sljedećeg preleta mjesec dana kasnije. Jedna od hipoteza je da trenutno pada kiša (ili, ako je dovoljno hladno, snijeg) na sjevernom polu; donje struje na visokim sjevernim geografskim širinama dovoljno su jake da tjeraju organske čestice prema površini. To su bili najsnažniji dokazi za dugo pretpostavljeni "metanološki" ciklus (analogan hidrološkom ciklusu Zemlje) na Titanu.

Oblaci su pronađeni i nad južnom polarnom regijom. Iako obično pokriva 1% Titanovog diska, primijećeni su događaji izbijanja u kojima se oblak oblaka brzo širi na čak 8%. Jedna hipoteza tvrdi da se južni oblaci stvaraju kada povećana razina sunčeve svjetlosti tijekom titanejskog ljeta generira uzdizanje u atmosferi, što rezultira konvekcijom. Ovo objašnjenje komplicira činjenica da je stvaranje oblaka uočeno ne samo nakon ljetnog solsticija, već i sredinom proljeća. Povećana vlažnost metana na južnom polu vjerojatno doprinosi brzom povećanju veličine oblaka. Bilo je ljeta na Titanovoj južnoj polutki do 2010. godine, kada je Saturnova orbita, koja upravlja mjesečevim kretanjem, nagnula sjevernu polutku prema Suncu. Kad se godišnja doba promijene, očekuje se da će se etan početi kondenzirati iznad južnog pola.

Istraživački modeli koji se dobro podudaraju s opažanjima sugeriraju da se oblaci na Titanu skupljaju u poželjnim koordinatama i da se oblačnost razlikuje od udaljenosti od površine na različitim dijelovima satelita. U polarnim predjelima (iznad 60 stupnjeva zemljopisne širine) pojavljuju se rašireni i trajni etanski oblaci u i iznad troposfere; na nižim geografskim širinama uglavnom se nalaze oblaci metana između 15 i 18 km, a sporadičniji su i lokaliziraniji. Na ljetnoj polutki čini se da se česti, gusti, ali sporadični oblaci metana skupljaju oko 40 °.

Terenska promatranja također otkrivaju sezonske promjene u oblačnosti. Tijekom Saturnove 30-godišnje orbite čini se da se Titanovi oblačni sustavi manifestiraju 25 godina, a zatim nestaju četiri do pet godina prije nego što se ponovno pojave.

Cassini je također otkrio visoke, bijele oblake tipa cirus u gornjoj atmosferi Titana, vjerojatno je načinjen od metana.

Iako na Titanu još nisu uočeni dokazi o djelovanju grmljavine, računalni modeli sugeriraju da oblaci u donjoj troposferi mjeseca mogu akumulirati dovoljno naboja da stvaraju munje s visine od otprilike 20 km. Prisustvo munja u Titanovoj atmosferi pogodovalo bi proizvodnji organskih materijala. Cassini nije otkrio nijedan značajan signal munje u Titanovoj atmosferi iako je munja i dalje mogla biti prisutna ako je bila preslaba da bi se mogla otkriti. Nedavne računalne simulacije pokazale su da se pod određenim okolnostima pražnjenje izboja, rane faze pražnjenja groma, može oblikovati na Titanu.

Izvori

Titan
Stranice s nepregledanim prijevodima

Titanova klima


Karl 2. (også Charles, Carlos, Carlo og Carol) kan henvise til flere regenter med dette navn:

 Karl den Skaldede (823–877), romersk kejser fra 875, vestfrankisk konge fra 843, konge af Akvitanien 848, konge af Lothringen 869-870 og konge af Italien fra 876.
 Karl den Tykke (ca. 839–888), hertug af Schwaben 876-887, konge af Italien 879-887, romersk kejser 881-888, hertug af Bayern 882-887, konge af Vestfranken 884-888.
 Karl Knutsson (Bonde) (1408/1409–1470), konge af Sverige som Karl 2. 1448–1457, 1464–1465 og 1467–1470
 Karl 2. (1630–1685), konge af England, Skotland og Irland 1660–1685
 Karl 2. (1661–1700), konge af Spanien 1665–1700
 Kejser Karl 6. (1685–1740), konge af Bøhmen som Karl 2. 1711–1740
 Karl 2. (1741–1816), hertug og senere storhertug af Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1794–1816
 Karl 13. af Sverige (1748–1818), konge af Norge som Karl 2. 1814–1818
 Karl 2. (1799–1883), hertug af Parma 1847–1849
 Carol 2. (1893–1953), konge af Rumænien 1930-1940

Se også
 Karl (navn)
 Karl 1.
 Karl 3.

Karl 2.


La Copa Aldao 1927 fue la séptima edición del torneo organizado por AFA y AUF. Enfrentó a San Lorenzo de Argentina, ganador del Campeonato de Primera División 1927; y a Rampla Juniors de Uruguay, ganador del Campeonato Uruguayo 1927.

La edición se disputó a partido único el 30 de diciembre de 1928 en el estadio Gran Parque Central de Montevideo. Se consagró campeón el equipo argentino, que ganó así su primer título internacional.

Clubes clasificados
Clasificaron como campeones de 1927 en sus respectivas ligas.

Partido

Enlaces externos
 RSSSF: Copa Dr. Ricardo C. Aldao

1927
Fútbol en 1928
Uruguay en 1928

Copa Aldao 1927


Divizia 4 Infanterie bulgară a fost una din marile unități operative ale Armatei Bulgariei, participantă la acțiunile militare de pe frontul român, în timpul Primului Război Mondial. În această perioadă, a fost comandată de generalul de brigadă Pantelei Kiselov.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioanițiu, Alexandru (lt.col.), Războiului României, 1916-1918, vol. I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, ''România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol. I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1936

Vezi și
 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial

Unități militare bulgare pe frontul român în Primul Război Mondial
Cioturi din proiectul România în Primul Război Mondial

Divizia 4 Infanterie bulgară (1916-1918)


Kabul drenge drager er en dansk oplysningsfilm fra 2007, der er instrueret af Maja Gildin Kragelund og Malte Conrad.

Handling
I Afghanistans hovedstad, Kabul, bor den 12-årige dreng Ali Weera. Hver dag ser han, at himmelen over byen er fuld af drager, der flyver i vinden. Ali Weera vil også gerne selv have en drage og få den til at svæve højt og skuende ud over det ødelagte, krigshærgede landskab. Imellem kaos, kugler og kynisme er dragerne en drøm om æstetik, barndom og håb.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2007

Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark

Kabul drenge drager


International whisk(e)y dag (engelsk International whisk(e)y day) er en international mærkedag for whisky, der falder den 27. marts hvert år. Den blev annonceret første gang i 2008. Navnet bruger parenteser for at vise, at det både omfatter skotsk, canadaisk og japansk whisky (uden e) og irsk whiskey (med e). Dagen støtter behandlingen af Parkinsons sygdom samt nydelse af whisky.

Grundlæggelse
International Whiskey Dag blev lanceret i 2009 ved Whiskey Day Festival i det nordlige Holland. Begivenheden blev skabt til ære for den britiske skribent Michael Jackson og den fejres på Jacksons fødselsdag.

Se også
 World Whisky Day

Referencer

Whisky
Mindedage
Etableret i 2008

International whisk(e)y dag


185535 Gangda este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
185535 Gangda este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la XuYi în cadrul programului PMO NEO Survey. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,57 ua, o excentricitate de 0,25 și o înclinație de 6,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 185001-186000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2007
Centura de asteroizi

185535 Gangda


සැළලිහිණි සංදේශ කාව්‍ය රචනා කරන ලද මහා කවි ෂඩ්භාෂා පරමේශ්වර තොටගමුවේ ශ්‍රී රාහුල හිමියන් වැඩ වාසස්ථානය කළ විහාරස්ථානය ලෙස තෙල්වත්තේ තොටගමු රතපත් විහාරය හැඳින්විය හැකිය. 15 වන සියවසේ උසස් ව්ද්‍යා පීඨයක් ලෙස තොටගමු විජයබා පිරිවෙන මෙම විහාරස්ථානය වටා පැවතීම සුවිශේෂි කරුණක් වෙයි. අදටත් මෙම පිරිවෙණ මෙම විහාරයේ පවත්වාගෙන යනු ලබයි. වංශ කතාවලට අනුව ලංකාවේ දෙවන රාජධානිය වන පොළොන්නරුව පිහිට වු පළමු වන විජයබාහු ( ක්‍රි.ව.1070 - 1110 ) රජුගේ කාලය දක්වා තෙල්වත්ත විහාරයේ පුරාණය දිවෙන බව අදහස් කෙරේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

රජමහා විහාර
ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

තොටගමු රතපත් රජමහා විහාරය


Galopin (* 1872; † 3. Juni 1899) war ein erfolgreiches Renn- und Zuchtpferd, welches das englische Derby von 1874 gewann.

Leben
Galopin wurde in Lincolnshire von William Tayler Sharpe gezüchtet. Er war ein Vollbruder der 1865 gezogenen Stute Vex. Der Braune mit dem kleinen weißen Stern und einer späteren Schulterhöhe von 15 Hand und 3½ Inches wurde 1873 zu einem Preis von 520 Guineen auf dem Middle Park Yearling Sale an den ungarischen Prinzen Gusztáv Batthyány verkauft.

Im Alter von zwei bis drei Jahren wurde er als Rennpferd trainiert und begann eine erfolgreiche Rennkarriere; unter anderem siegte er 1874 bei den Derby Stakes. Am 29. April 1874 wurde ihm bei seinem ersten Rennen nach der Disqualifikation von Cachmere bei den Hyde Park Stakes in Epsom der Sieg zuerkannt; im selben Jahr gewann er die Fern Hill Stakes in Ascot mit einem Vorsprung von fünf Pferdelängen. In Newmarket wurde er nach einer Kollision im Oktober 1874 bei der Middle Park Plate Dritter hinter Plebeian und Per Se. Einen Tag später gewann er bei den Sweepstakes mit einem Vorsprung von zwei Pferdelängen. Insgesamt gewann er in dieser Rennsaison fünf von sechs Rennen, bei denen er angetreten war.

1875 gewann er beim Newmarket Second im Frühling, bei den Derby Stakes in Epsom im Mai, bei den Fern Hill Stakes in Ascot im Juni und beim Newmarket Second im Oktober sowie beim Newmarket Derby. Damit ging er aus allen fünf Rennen, die er in dieser Saison lief, als Sieger hervor.

Obwohl er in guter Verfassung war, lief er als Vierjähriger keine Rennen mehr. Schuld daran waren gesundheitliche Probleme seines Besitzers oder auch die Sorge darum, das beste Pferd im Stall zu überfordern. Er wurde daher bei William Barrows als Zuchthengst eingesetzt, zunächst ohne besondere Erfolge.

Nach dem Tod des Prinzen im Frühjahr 1883 – Batthyány erlitt einen Herzinfarkt, während er ein Rennen des Galopin-Sohns Galliard verfolgte, – ging das Pferd zu einem Preis von 8000 Guineen in den Besitz von Henry Chaplin über. Als Zuchthengst stand Galopin nun im Stall von Blankney Hall in Sleaford in Lincolnshire. Er wurde 1888, 1889 und 1898 als "Champion Sire" ausgezeichnet. Galopin war der Vater zahlreicher erfolgreicher Renn- und Zuchtpferde, darunter waren die Stuten Aida (* 1898), Angelica (* 1879), Atalanta (* 1878), Bonnie Gal (* 1889), Corrie Roy (* 1878), Galeottia (* 1892), Galicia (* 1898), Galopin Mare (* 1887), Satchel (* 1882) und Vampire (* 1889).

Zu seinen Söhnen gehörten Disraeli (* 1895), Galliard (* 1880), Galeazzo (* 1893), War Dance (* 1887) und als wohl bekanntester Sohn St. Simon (* 1881).

Einzelnachweise

Rennpferd
Zuchthengst
Pferd (Vereinigtes Königreich)

Galopin (Pferd)


Das Zierliche Steintäschel (Aethionema coridifolium) ist ein Halbstrauch mit rosafarbenen bis purpurnen Blüten aus der Unterfamilie der Kreuzblütengewächse (Brassicaceae). Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Art liegt im Libanon und in der Türkei. Sie wird selten als Zierstrauch gepflanzt.

Beschreibung
Das Zierliche Steintäschel ist ein bis zu 20 Zentimeter hoher, vieltriebiger Halbstrauch mit einfachen, dicklichen und aufsteigenden Trieben. Die Laubblätter sind 1 bis 2 Zentimeter lang, linealisch und stehen gedrängt an den Triebspitzen. Die Blütenstände sind dichte, kurze Trauben aus rosafarbenen bis purpurnen Blüten. Die Kronblätter der Blüten sind ein- bis dreimal so lang wie die Kelchblätter. Die Art blüht im Juni.

Vorkommen und Standortansprüche
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt im Libanon und in der Südtürkei. Das Zierliche Steintäschel wächst in Steppen und Trockenwäldern auf trockenen bis frischen, schwach sauren bis stark alkalischen, sandigen, sandig-kiesigen oder sandig-lehmigen, nährstoffreichen Böden an sonnigen bis lichtschattigen Standorten. Die Art ist nässeempfindlich, wärmeliebend und meist frosthart.

Systematik
Das Zierliche Steintäschel (Aethionema coridifolium) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Steintäschel (Aethionema). Sie wird in der Familie der Kreuzblütengewächse (Brassicaceae) der Tribus Aethionemeae zugeordnet. Die Art wurde 1821 von Augustin Pyramus de Candolle erstmals gültig wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Der Gattungsname Aethionema stammt aus dem Griechischen und leitet sich von aethes für "ungewöhnlich" und nema für "Faden" ab. Er verweist damit auf die ungewöhnliche Anordnung der an der Innenseite geflügelten Staubblätter. Das Artepitheton coridifolium leitet sich von Coris, dem Gattungsnamen der Stachelträubchen und folium, latein. für blättrig ab.

Verwendung
Das Zierliche Steintäschel wird selten wegen ihrer Blüten als Zierstrauch verwendet.

Nachweise

Literatur
 Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 319.

 Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (Nachdruck von 1996).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Zierliches Steintaschel

Zierliches Steintäschel


Drum (Podbablje), naselje u općini Podbablje, Hrvatska
 Drum (Vlasenica, BiH), naselje u općini Vlasenica, BiH

Drum


හම්බන්තොට දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස ගණන 12කි එනම්.

 අම්බලන්තොට ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 අඟුණුකොළපැලැස්ස ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 බෙලිඅත්ත ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 හම්බන්තොට ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 කටුවන ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 ලුණුගම්වෙහෙර ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 ඕකේවෙල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 සූරියවැව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 තංගල්ල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 තිස්සමහාරාම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 වලස්මුල්ල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 වීරකැටිය ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණු පළාතේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභා
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත් සභා

බාහිර සබැදි
 Divisional Secretariats Portal
 Statoids: Divisions of Sri Lanka


An Glyceria notata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni François Fulgis Chevallier. An Glyceria notata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Glyceria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Glyceria

Glyceria notata


ගණිතයේ දී අත්‍යුත්තර සංඛ්‍යාවක් යනු වීජීය නොවන, එනම් පරිමේය සංගුණකවලින් යුත් ශුන්‍ය නොවන බහු පද සමීකරණයක විසඳුමක් නොවන, අපරිමේය සංඛ්‍යාවකි. අත්‍යුත්තර සංඛ්‍යාවකට වඩාත්ම ගැලපෙන උදාහරණ වන්නේ π සහ e ය. අප විසින් හඳුනන්නේ අත්‍යුත්තර සංඛ්‍යා කාණ්ඩ සුළු සංඛ්‍යාවකි. එමඟින් පෙනෙන්නේ දී ඇති සංඛ්‍යාවක් අත්‍යුත්තර බව පෙන්වීම අතිශයින් අපහසු කාර්යයක් බවයි. කෙසේ නමුත් අත්‍යුත්තර සංඛ්‍යා දුලබ නොවේ. තාත්වික හා සංකීර්ණ සංඛ්‍යා සියල්ලම පාහේ අත්‍යුත්තර වේ. එනිසා වීජීය සංඛ්‍යා ගැණිය හැකි නමුත් තාත්වික හා සංකීර්ණ සංඛ්‍යා කුලක ගැණිය නොහැකිය.

ගණිතය

අත්‍යුත්තර සංඛ්‍යාව


MILLAG - Fremtidsforsyningssystem er en film instrueret af Fridtjof Bornkessel.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1979

Propagandafilm fra Danmark

MILLAG - Fremtidsforsyningssystem


Livet foran kameraet - Et portræt af Gert Fredholm er en portrætfilm instrueret af Mikkel Palmbo efter manuskript af Mikael Olsen.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Portrætfilm fra Danmark


The Black Canary is the name of two superheroines appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics: Dinah Drake and her daughter Dinah Laurel Lance. The original version was created by the writer-artist team of Robert Kanigher and Carmine Infantino, the character debuted in Flash Comics #86 (August 1947).

One of DC's earliest superheroines, the title Black Canary has appeared in many of the company's flagship team-up titles, including Justice Society of America and Justice League of America. Since the late 1960s, the character has been paired with archer superhero the Green Arrow, both professionally and romantically. As well as featuring in many Green Arrow stories, she is closely associated with the Batman family of characters, and specifically Barbara Gordon, her best friend, with whom she leads the superhero team Birds of Prey.

The Black Canary has been adapted into various media. In Birds of Prey television series she was played by Rachel Skarsten and Lori Loughlin, and in Smallville she was played by Alaina Huffman. In Arrow and other Arrowverse shows the characters Dinah Laurel Lance, Sara Lance and Dinah Drake are portrayed by Katie Cassidy, Caity Lotz and Juliana Harkavy respectively. Dinah Lance made her cinematic debut in the 2020 DC Extended Universe Birds of Prey film, portrayed by Jurnee Smollett.

Publication history
Robert Kanigher and Carmine Infantino created the character in 1947 to be featured in Flash Comics as a supporting character. Appearing first as a clandestine crime-fighter who infiltrates criminal organizations to break them from the inside, the Black Canary was drawn with fishnet stockings and a black leather jacket to connote images of a sexualized yet strong female character. She appeared as a character in a back-up story featuring Johnny Thunder:

According to Amash and Nolen-Weathington (2010), Black Canary is "really" Carmine Infantino's "first character". According to the artist:When Kanigher gave me the script, I said, 'How do you want me to draw her?' He said, 'What's your fantasy of a good-looking girl? That's what I want.' Isn't that a great line? So that's what I did. I made her strong in character and sexy in form. The funny part is that years later, while in Korea on a National Cartoonists trip, I met a dancer who was the exact image of the Black Canary. And I went out with her for three years.<p>Bob didn't ask me for a character sketch [for the Black Canary]. He had a lot of respect for me, I must say that. He always trusted my work... Bob loved my Black Canary design.

Dinah Drake

At her Golden Age debut, the Black Canary was the alter ego of Dinah Drake and participated in crime-fighting adventures with her love interest (and eventual husband), Gotham City detective Larry Lance. Initially, the character was a hand-to-hand fighter without superpowers who often posed as a criminal to infiltrate criminal gangs. She first meets the Justice Society of America in All Star Comics #38 (December 1947-January 1948), joining them in All Star Comics #41 (June–July 1948). Black Canary's foes included criminal circus act Carno and His Masked Riders, and the Sacred Order of the Crimson Crystal.

Black Canary was revived with the other Golden Age characters during the 1960s. In these stories, it is retroactively established she lives on the parallel world of Earth-2 (home of DC's Golden Age versions of its characters), in Ireland. Married to Larry Lance since the 1950s, Dinah participates in annual team-ups between the Justice Society and Earth-1's Justice League of America. This period also marks the moment in which the character is given her signature superpower: the "canary cry", a high-powered sonic scream which could shatter objects and incapacitate and even kill powerful foes. When DC Comics adjusted its continuity, the Black Canary was established as two separate entities: mother and daughter, Dinah Drake-Lance and Dinah Laurel Lance. Stories since the Silver Age focused on the younger Black Canary, ascribing her superhuman abilities to a genetic mutation.

Dinah Laurel Lance

Following the universe-altering events of Crisis on Infinite Earths (concluding in March 1986), the Black Canary's history was revised again. The mind-transplant story of 1983 was discarded; in this version of the story, the present-day Black Canary is Dinah Laurel Lance, who inherits the identity from her mother, Dinah Drake-Lance. Although some references (for example, those in James Robinson's Starman series) tried to distinguish between the two Canaries by calling the first "Diana", recent accounts have confirmed Dinah as the mother's given name.

The two Canaries' origin stories were told in full in Secret Origins (vol. 2) #50 (August 1990). In this story, Dinah Drake is trained by her father, detective Richard Drake, intending to follow him on the Gotham City police force. When she is turned down, her disillusioned father dies shortly afterwards. Determined to honor his memory, Dinah fights crime and corruption by any possible means. She becomes a costumed vigilante, using her inheritance to open a flower shop as her day job. Dinah marries her lover, private eye Larry Lance, and several years later their daughter, Dinah Laurel Lance, is born (Birds of Prey #66 (June 2004) would establish that they took the name "Laurel" from a librarian Dinah befriended during a case).

The New 52 version and beyond
During DC's The New 52 era which began in 2011, Black Canary was portrayed as a single character with a metahuman Canary Cry resulting from government experiments on an alien child named Ditto. This version of Black Canary founded the Birds of Prey on her own, and led the super-team Team 7 alongside her husband Kurt Lance, before later becoming lead singer in a rock band called Black Canary. After five years, DC later began to row back on controversial New 52 continuity changes with its DC Rebirth initiative, with the narrator of Geoff Johns' DC Rebirth #1, Wally West, lamenting, from outside the universe, on how Black Canary and Green Arrow hardly know each other anymore, when they should be husband and wife, as a result of sinister alterations to the timeline. The comic shows the pair briefly meeting, by chance, and then separately staying up at night, contemplating what is missing from their lives. They meet again in Green Arrow Rebirth #1, and instantly hit it off. As part of Rebirth, Black Canary also re-establishes the traditional Birds of Prey line up with Batgirl and Huntress, and also joins the Justice League of America.

Following subsequent continuity-restoring events in Doomsday Clock and Dark Nights: Death Metal, the current Black Canary is re-established as being the daughter of her Golden Age predecessor, fully reversing the controversial New 52 changes and bringing an end to the distinctive New 52 version of the character. The largely erased New 52 versions of the DC heroes were established as residing on Earth-52 in the comic book miniseries Doomsday Clock.

DC Rebirth (2016-2017)
During the DC Rebirth era, Black Canary is handpicked by Batman to become a member of the Justice League of America to fight against a group of Extremists along with Vixen, Lobo, Killer Frost, The Ray, and The Atom.

Dawn of DC (2023-20??)
In the Dawn of DC era, Black Canary leads an all-new team of Birds of Prey. Some of the members are Harley Quinn, and Zealot.

Collected issues

Powers, abilities and equipment
Although depictions of the Black Canary have varied over the years, the character is often portrayed as a prodigious hand-to-hand combatant, having mastered styles such as Aikido, Boxing, Capoeira, Hapkido, Judo, Jujutsu, Kung Fu, Krav Maga, Muay Thai, Shuri-te, and Wing Chun. She has been trained by other top-tier fighters, such as Wildcat, Lady Shiva, Cassandra Cain, and Wonder Woman, as well as having bested Batman from time to time in hand-to-hand combat.  In addition to her martial arts skills, the Black Canary has been depicted as an expert motorcyclist, gymnast, covert operative and investigator. She is also an excellent leader and tactician, having served as the field commander of the Birds of Prey and the leader of the Justice League and League of Assassins for a time.

Her superpower, the Canary Cry, allows her to create ultrasonic vibrations whenever she screams, allowing her to severely damage both organic and inorganic objects. It has been depicted as having 10-fold the capabilities of most sonic weapons and has even been depicted as breaking metals and having the resonance to affect and shatter Earth. In The New 52, her Canary Cry now grants her the ability to glide and propel herself across long distances by screaming downwards. Due to this reliance on speech, she is often bound and gagged by villains as a means of incapacitation. Despite her power, the Black Canary often relies on her martial arts skills instead, preferring to use her Canary Cry only during urgent situations, such as against superpowered opponents.

The origin of the Black Canary's Canary Cry has been retconned throughout her character history, with it being originally depicted as magical in origin due to being cursed by the Wizard. Later, the cry is depicted as an inborn metahuman ability. Briefly, during The New 52 era, her ability was depicted as resulting from gene-splicing experiments using samples from an alien girl named Ditto.

Reception
The Black Canary is ranked the 71st-greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard, and IGN rated her its 81st-greatest all-time comic book hero. She was number 26 on Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.

In other media

The Black Canary has appeared in several adaptations of DC properties based on the comic books.

Music
In 2016, DC Comics released a three-track musical album called EP 1 to promote the comic book, in which the Black Canary becomes the lead singer of a band that shares her name. Caveboy lead singer Michelle Bensimon provided Dinah's singing voice. A follow-up three-track album called EP 2 followed in August 2017.

See also
Black Canary (comic book)
Woman warrior

References

Birds of Prey
Black Canary characters
Characters created by Carmine Infantino
Characters created by Robert Kanigher
Comics characters introduced in 1969
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics martial artists
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics orphans
Experimental medical treatments in fiction
Female characters in animation
Female soldier and warrior characters in comics
Fictional characters who can manipulate sound
Fictional female martial artists
Fictional female secret agents and spies
Green Arrow characters
Superhero detectives
Vigilante characters in comics

Black Canary


Körhasan, Eskişehir ilinin Çifteler ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kaymakamlık

Çifteler'in mahalleleri

Körhasan


William Glasgow (* 26. April 1906 in Yuma, Arizona, Vereinigte Staaten; † 25. November 1972 in Los Angeles) war ein US-amerikanischer Filmarchitekt.

Leben
Glasgow hatte ab 1923 in verschiedenen Architekturbüros von Los Angeles gearbeitet, zunächst für den Architekten Paul Williams. Sein Aufgabenbereich waren vornehmlich Villenbauten in Beverly Hills. 1933 wechselte er zum Film und begann als Zeichner für die MGM.

1946 wurde Glasgow zum Chefarchitekten berufen. In dieser Eigenschaft designte er in den 50er und frühen 60er Jahren eine Reihe von gänzlich unbedeutenden B-Pictures. Mit dem Beginn seiner Zusammenarbeit mit dem Actionfilmspezialisten Robert Aldrich begann Glasgows fruchtbarste Schaffensperiode. Seine Dekors zu Aldrichs meisterlichen, schwarz-weißen Gruselthrillern Was geschah wirklich mit Baby Jane? und Wiegenlied für eine Leiche bestachen vor allem dank Glasgows Kreation stimmungsvoller Schauergemäuer, mit denen der einstige Villenbaumeister seine Erfahrungen aus seiner Zeit als aufstrebender Architekt umsetzen konnte. Für Wiegenlied für eine Leiche erhielt er eine Oscarnominierung

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1947: Shoot to Kill
 1953: Paris Model
 1953: Menschenraub in Singapur (World for Ransom)
 1955: Rattennest
 1955: Hollywood-Story (The Big Knife)
 1956: Der Mann von Del Rio (Man From Del Rio)
 1956: Ardennen 1944
 1957: Der Ritt zurück (The Ride Back)
 1957: In Tombstone ist der Teufel los (The Toughest Gun in Tombstone)
 1958: Gangster, Gin und scharfe Hasen (Guns, Girls and Gangsters)
 1958: Timbuktu (Timbuktu)
 1958: Honk Kong Confidential
 1959: Jugend ohne Gesetz (Riot in Juvenile Prison)
 1959: Gefahr in Havana (Pier 5 - Havana)
 1959: Die schwarze Hand der Mafia (Inside the Mafia)
 1959: Mörder-Trio (Tree Came to Kill)
 1959: Die vier Schädel von Jonathan Drake (The Four Skulls of Jonathan Drake)
 1959: Razzia auf Call-Girls (Vice Raid)
 1960: Morgen sollst du sterben (Noose for a Gunman)
 1960: The Music Box Kid
 1960: Dondi
 1961: Die Unbestechlichen (TV-Serie)
 1961: Hitler
 1962: Was geschah wirklich mit Baby Jane?
 1963: Black Zoo
 1963: Vier für Texas
 1964: Wiegenlied für eine Leiche
 1965: Der Flug des Phönix
 1966: Leitfaden für Seitensprünge (A Guide for the Married Man)
 1967: Große Lüge, Lylah Clare (The Legend of Lylah Clare)
 1968: Das Doppelleben der Sister George (The Killing of Sister George)
 1969: ...tick...tick...tick (Tick Tick Tick)

Literatur
 Kay Weniger: Das große Personenlexikon des Films. Die Schauspieler, Regisseure, Kameraleute, Produzenten, Komponisten, Drehbuchautoren, Filmarchitekten, Ausstatter, Kostümbildner, Cutter, Tontechniker, Maskenbildner und Special Effects Designer des 20. Jahrhunderts. Band 3: F – H. Barry Fitzgerald – Ernst Hofbauer. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89602-340-3, S. 276.

Weblinks

Szenenbildner
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1906
Gestorben 1972
Mann

William Glasgow


An Guzmania jaramilloi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hans Edmund Luther. An Guzmania jaramilloi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Guzmania, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Guzmania

Guzmania jaramilloi


7665 Putignano este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7665 Putignano este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Colleverde de Vincenzo Silvano Casulli. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,88 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 3,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

7665 Putignano


HMS Ruler was a  of the British Royal Navy during World War II. She was built in the United States as the  carrier St. Joseph (AVG/CVE/ACV-50) for Lend-Lease to the United Kingdom.

The name St. Joseph (making her the first United States Navy ship named for St. Joseph Bay, Florida) was assigned to MC hull 261, a converted C3-S-A1 cargo ship, on 23 August 1942. She was laid down on 25 March 1943 by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation of Tacoma, Washington. She was redesignated CVE-50 on 15 July, launched on 21 August 1943 and sponsored by Mrs. W.W. Smyth. The carrier was transferred to the UK on 22 December 1943 and commissioned the same day as HMS Ruler with the pennant number D72.

HMS Ruler served in the North Atlantic during 1944, protecting the vital flow of men and war materiel from the United States to Great Britain and to fighting fronts on the European continent. In early 1945, she transferred to the Pacific Theatre where she supported a raid on Truk and the campaign to take Okinawa.

From March to August 1945 was part of the British Pacific Fleet attached to the 30th Aircraft Carrier Squadron.

After the war ended, Ruler returned to the United States at Norfolk, Virginia, on 28 January 1946. She was decommissioned from RN service on 29 January, and was accepted by the US Navy the same day. In excess of the Navy's needs, she was slated for disposal and struck from the Navy Register on 20 March 1946. The ship was sold on 13 May and scrapped within the year.

Design and description
These ships were all larger and had a greater aircraft capacity than the preceding American built escort carriers. They were also all laid down as escort carriers and not converted merchant ships. The ships had a complement of 646 men and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . Propulsion was provided by two boilers which were connected to a steam turbine; it drove a shaft giving 9,350 brake horsepower (SHP), which could propel the ship at .

Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge/flight control on the starboard side, two aircraft lifts  by , one aircraft catapult and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the  by  hangar below the flight deck. Rulers armament comprised: two 4"/50, 5"/38 or 5"/51 Dual Purpose guns in single mounts, sixteen 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts and twenty 20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannons in single mounts. Each ship had a maximum aircraft capacity of twenty-four aircraft which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlets, Vought F4U Corsairs or Hawker Sea Hurricane fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine torpedo bombers.

Notes

References

External links

 history.navy.mil: USS St. Joseph
 navsource.org: USS St. Joseph
 hazegray.org: USS St. Joseph

Ships built in Tacoma, Washington
1943 ships
Ruler-class escort carriers

HMS Ruler


Jean-Louis Costes (born 13 May 1954) is a French noise musician, performance artist and film actor. Costes has been described as the French version of GG Allin, though unlike Allin's rudimentary brand of hardcore punk, Costes' music is largely synth-driven, relying heavily on looped beats, overmodulated vocals, and random outbursts of screaming and glitch fills.

Career
He was once married to Lisa Crystal Carver with whom he performed in Suckdog. He helped write the backing music for the "noise opera" music of the Suckdog Circus. His albums include Hung by the Dick from Nihilist Records.

Shows
In 2003, he performed a so-called "porno-social opera" entitled the Holy Virgin Cult (Le Culte de la Vierge) across the United States with two other performers credited as "Tristan" and "Nesi".

The performance was approximately 90 minutes long, with three distinct acts and shorter vignettes, and followed a prerecorded soundtrack. Each act began with the performers dressed in elaborate costumes; priests and a nun, a salesman, child and a housewife, ancient templegoers or gods, and ended with all three actors nude and performing simulated and semi-simulated social taboos, scaring audiences with a barrage of apparent flung feces, urine, blood, tortured screaming, public sex and religious symbolism. The performance was written by Costes, reportedly based on his childhood in France.

In 2007, Costes and Lisou Prout completed the "Les Petits Oiseaux Chient" () tour across the United States and Canada.

Music
Costes is considered as one of the first punk-DIY French artists, self-releasing dozens of tapes and CDs from the early 1980s to nowadays. His discography is surprisingly rich and outlandish, melding experimental, spoken word, electronics, sometimes hip-hop or metal, often parodying the French variety-song culture. It consists of more than seventy albums, some recorded in English, German or Japanese.

In 2015, a show played on a grand piano was released as his first live album, Le fantôme d'Archie Shepp (Archie Shepp's ghost). In 2020 he worked with Kommissar Hjuler for the album "Völlig Bescheuerte Musik" (Psych.KG).

Writing
Costes also published a variety of books, including collections of short stories, novels, comic-strips or photo-novels.

His first novel, Viva la merda!, was published in 2003, by the underground editor Hermaphrodite. In 2006, Grand-père, a semi-fictional biography of his own grandfather (labeled as a "fascist and anti-french racist immigrant", according to the title of the short story published in 2002, which was developed into this novel), was published by the major Fayard editor (which for instance published Michel Houellebecq's fourth novel La possibilité d'une île the year before).

On 1 April 2006, he was a guest at the Saturday evening show Tout le monde en parle (his only appearance on mainstream television), where he read an excerpt of the book (for two minutes straight, in complete silence of the host and the other guests, which itself was an oddity with regards to the usual hectic routine of that show) ; the show's host Thierry Ardisson expressed how much he was impressed by the writing style, which he likened to that of Louis-Ferdinand Céline.

His next novel, Un bunker en banlieue (A Bunker in the Suburbs), about a violent outburst from a middle-aged man called Jean-Louis, described as an "eternal loser" and waging his personal revenge against the whole world, was refused by Fayard, as well as 23 other publishers, before it was finally published in 2007 by the underground Eretic publishing house.

Filmography
He appeared in the controversial movies Baise-moi (2000), Irréversible (2002) and Life Pornography (2003). Following the shooting of Irréversible, he published a text entitled "Irrécupérable" ("Irredeemable"), recounting this experience and his disappointment about it, laughing at the fact that even Gaspar Noé, Vincent Cassel or Albert Dupontel (each known for their controversial works) were shocked by his behaviour and genuine underground credentials, or that they were willing to produce filthy movies but unwilling to get anywhere near actual filth or filthy people, labeling Noé as a "stuffed rotten bourgeois controlled by the CNC created by Pétain" and Cassel as a "spoilt brat starlet"."Yeah, 'cause my career in cinema, it's the guy who gets cornholed (as in Baise-moi by Virginie Despentes) or the guy who masturbates his ass. Costes, the Mister Anal of french cinéma. Well, you see, it sounds lousy, but it's gonna get me some job, since none of those Dupontel-Cassoulet wants to get butt-fucked in front of a camera, so I get the monopoly of 'artistic' onscreen ass!"

Bibliography

Costes, Jean-Louis (2007) Un bunker en banlieue. Eretic.
 Léo Guy-Denarcy (dir.), L'Art brutal de Jean-Louis Costes, éd. exposition radicale, 2012.

References

External links
Official Costes site
Mon grand-père, immigré fasciste raciste anti-français (small novel by Costes, full original French text online)
PRISM Escape interview regarding The Holy Virgin cult tour
 Fecal Master newest Release
 South Dakota Art Center Stops French Performance Involving Vomiting, Simulated Sex (Fox News, March 2007)
Costes performance cancelled in club 013, Tilburg, text in Dutch
Costes at the International Noise Conference in Miami 2007 (caution: graphic)

1954 births
Living people
French male singers
French male film actors
Noise musicians

Jean-Louis Costes


Markus Zamenhof ( - ) est un enseignant de langues. Il est le père de Louis-Lazare Zamenhof, initiateur de l'espéranto.

Biographie
Markus Zamenhof nait le  à Tykocin.

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1837
Décès en novembre 1907
Décès à 70 ans

Markus Zamenhof


La araña de corteza de Darwin (Caerostris darwini) es una especie de araña de la familia Araneidae que produce una de las telarañas de orbes más grandes, de un tamaño que ronda entre 900-28.000 cm², con unos puntos de anclaje que alcanzan los 25 metros. La araña fue descubierta en Madagascar en el Parque Nacional Andasibe-Mantadia en el 2009. La especie fue nombrada en honor al naturalista Charles Darwin, ya que su descripción coincidió con el 150 aniversario de la publicación de El origen de las especies, el 24 de noviembre de 2009.

Su seda es el material biológico más tenaz jamás estudiado, siendo unas diez veces más tenaz que un fragmento de tamaño similar de kevlar. La tenacidad media de las fibras es de 350 MJ/m³, y algunas llegan a 520 MJ/m³, haciendo su seda dos veces más tenaz que la de cualquier otra araña conocida.

La telaraña de la araña de corteza de Darwin es notable no solo porque es la telaraña más grande jamás observada, sino porque figura entre las telarañas de orbe más grandes jamás vistas, con un área de 2,8 m². Nephila komaci, descubierta en 2009, y otras especies Nephila también hacen telarañas que pueden exceder 1 metro de ancho.

De acuerdo con el profesor Ingi Agnarsson, director del Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, la telaraña de la araña ocupa un nicho biológico único: "Construyen sus telarañas con los orbes suspendidos directamente sobre un río o un lago, un hábitat que ninguna otra araña puede usar". Esta posición permite a la araña capturar moscas sobre el agua, con telarañas que pueden contener hasta 32 efímeras simultáneamente. Se cree que la fuerte seda y el gran tamaño de la telaraña han coevolucionado al mismo tiempo que la araña se adaptaba a su hábitat. Los científicos están actualmente investigando cómo es capaz la araña de tejer una telaraña de ese tamaño sobre el agua además de anclar las telarañas a ambos lados del río.

Como otras arañas del mismo género, la araña ladradora de Darwin muestra un dimorfismo sexual extremo, con grandes hembras (18 mm) y pequeños machos (6 mm).

La araña fue descrita junto a una especie de mosca no descrita anteriormente, que parece tener una relación de cleptoparasitismo con ella. Las moscas algunas veces se alimentan de las capturas de la araña antes de que esta las envuelva. Ocasionalmente, se ha observado que las arañas ahuyentan a las moscas cuando las primeras están comiendo.

El nombre común en español, "araña ladradora de Darwin", es una mala traducción del nombre común en inglés, Darwin's bark spider, donde "bark" no significa ladrido sino corteza, por el aspecto de corteza del lomo de la araña.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

darwini
Arácnidos de Madagascar

Caerostris darwini


كفر عشما إحدى قرى مركز الشهداء التابع لمحافظة المنوفية في جمهورية مصر العربية.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان كفر عشما 8,722 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة قرى محافظة المنوفية

مصادر

قرى الشهداء

كفر عشما


Penajul de eclipsă (en. Eclipse plumage, ru. эклипс, послебрачное оперение) este o formă a penajului postnupțial (haina de vară) întâlnit la rațe și la alte specii de păsări de apă din emisfera nordică după reproducere, care are un colorit tern (șters) și acoperă masculii.  Penaj de eclipsă se observă în emisfera nordică și are o durată scurtă (3-7 săptămâni) din iunie până în octombrie, în funcție de specie, imediat după cuibărit când penajul nupțial ornamental al masculului este înlocuit cu un penajul asemănător cu cel al femelei pentru a îl face mai puțin vizibil (penaj criptic). În acest moment, păsările nu pot zbura, deoarece remigele (inclusiv și cele primare) cad simultan cu învelitorile superioare alare în timpul năpârlirii (această formă de năpârlire se numește năpârlire regresivă) și păsările sunt obligate să se ascundă prin stufărișuri, pentru a se feri de dușmani.

Note

Pene
Anatomia păsărilor

Penaj de eclipsă


يعرف تصنيف كوبن للمناخ المناخات القارية على أنها ذات شهر أبرد معدله الشهري أقل من –3°م أو 0°م (حسب الحد المعياري) وأربعة أشهر متوسط درجة حرارة كل منها أعلى من 10 درجات مئوية. في نظام كوبن للمناخ، يحد المناخات القارية من الجنوب  (أبرد شهر أعلى من 0 مئوية، وأقل من 18 مئوية)، ومن الشمال يحدها  (فقط 1 إلى 3 أشهر بمعدل درجة حرارة أعلى من 10 مئوية). عرف فلاديمير كوبن أيضاً المناخ القاري بوجود ثلوج على الأرض لمدة 30 يوم متتالية.

في المناخات القارية يكون هناك تغير سنوي ملحوظ في درجات الحرارة (صيف حار وشتاء بارد). وهو يقع في خطوط العرض ما بين (40 و55 شمالا)، حيث تأتي  على الأرض، ولا تجعل  مثل البحار أو المحيطات درجات الحرارة معتدلة. يقع هذا المناخ في نصف الكرة الشمالي حيث الكتلة الترابية القارية الكبيرة اللازمة لتطور هذا النوع من المناخ الذي يغطي معظم شمال وشمال شرق الصين، شرق وجنوب شرق أوروبا والوسط والشرق العلوي بالولايات المتحدة.

في المناخات القارية، تكون كمية التساقطات معتدلة، مركزة أكثر في الشهور الدافئة. فقط مناطق قليلة تبدي معدل تساقطات كبيراً في الشتاء، مثل الشمال الغربي الهادئ في أمريكا الشمالية وفي إيران، شمال العراق، تركيا، أفغانستان، باكستان وآسيا الوسطى. جزء من التساقطات عبارة عن ثلوج تبقى على الأرض لأكثر من شهر. يمكن أن تحدث عواصف رعدية ودرجات حرارة معتدلة خلال الصيف، لكن على العموم يكون طقس الصيف أكثر استقراراً منه في الشتاء. وفيه أنواع مختلفة ك.

فصلي الربيع والخريف

تختلف معدلات درجات الحرارة الخريفية أو الربيعية حسب خط عرض أو ارتفاع المنطقة. مثلاً يمكن أن يأتي الربيع مبكرا في أوائل مارس في المناطق الجنوبية لهذا المناخ، أو أواخر مايو في شماله. يتراوح معدل التساقطات السنوي بين 600 مم و 1,200 مم، ويكون معظمها خلال فصل الشتاء عبارة عن ثلوج، ويكون باردا عكس الصيف الذي تكون درجات الحرارة فيه دافئة.

تصنيف كوبن للمناخ

هناك مناطق عديدة ضمن تصنيف كوبن للمناخ تحمل صفة المناخ القاري، كمناخات Dfa وDwa (شتاء بارد وصيف حار، حرف "w" يبين وجود شتاء جاف خصوصاً في الصين) أو مناخات Dfb أو Dwb (شتاء بارد وصيف دافئ، نفس جفاف الشتاء). يوجد مناخي Dsa و Dsb في المرتفعات قرب . في بعض الحالات يمكن اعتبار  مناخاً قاريا بالرجوع إلى شتائه البارد، حيث تكون درجات الحرارة مثل المذكور في التقديم أعلاه.

دراسة المناخ

يتواجد المناخ القاري حيث الكتل الهوائية الباردة خلال فصل الشتاء، والكتل الهوائية الدافئة تحت ظروف أشعة الشمس العمودية وطول النهار الكبير، وذلك بعيداً عن أي تأثير بحري (أمثلة: أوماها (نبراسكا)، كازان بروسيا). معظم المناطق تكون دافئة خلال الصيف، مع درجات حرارة أشبه بالمناخات المدارية لكن أبرد خلال فصل الشتاء من أي مناخ آخر في نفس خطوط العرض.

المناخات المجاورة

يجاور هذا المناخ مناطق بشتاء أقل قساوة وهو المناخ شبه المداري، و حيث تصبح التساقطات غير مناسبة للمروج العشبية. في أوروبا يمكن أن يتدرج هذا المناخ نحو المناخات المحيطية حيث تأثير الرياح البحرية من الغرب. يمكن اعتبار  من نوع Dfc صنفا من المناخ القاري باعتبار الشتاء الطويل والجاف والشديد البرودة مع شهر واحد فقط معدله الحراري أعلى من 10 مئوية.

قائمة المدن بهذا المناخ

أمريكا الشمالية

 : معظم مدن الجنوب من جبال الروكي إلى المحيط الأطلسي الكندي: ويسلر، برينس جورج، كاملوبس، كالغاري، إدمونتون، فورت ماكموراي، ساسكاتون، ريجاينا، وينيبيغ، كينورا، ثاندر باي، سو سانت ماري، غريتر سودبوري، نورث باي، تيمينز، سارنيا، لندن، كيتشنر، تورونتو، شلالات نياغارا، كينغستون، أوتاوا، فال دور، مونتريال، شيربروك، تروا ريفيير، مدينة كيبك، ساغينيه، سات إيل، فريدريكتون، مونكتون، هاليفاكس، تشارلوت تاون، سانت جونز.
 : عبر كل شمال الولايات المتحدة، ضمنها مناطق في ألاسكا، وفي أقصى الجنوب في مرتفعات أوريغون، كاليفورنيا وأريزونا، وعبر جبال الأبلاش. أمثلة عن هذا المناخ: سبوكين، سووث لاك تاهوي، كارسون، فلاغستاف، أيداهو فولز، والاس، بيلينغز، شايان، سولت ليك، أسبين، دنفر، فارغو، سو فولز، أوماها، كانساس سيتي، دي موين، منيابولس، غرين باي، ميلووكي، شيكاغو، إنديانابوليس، ديترويت، سينسيناتي، كليفلاند، ياونغستون، بيتسبورغ، إيري، سكرانتون، ويلينغ، تشارلستون، أوكلاند، بون، بوفالو، روتشستر، هارتفورد، بوسطن، بورتلاند، أوغوستا، جونو، مدينة نيويورك.

أمريكا الجنوبية

 : بوينتي ديل إنكا، مقاطعة ميندوزا
 : بلماسيدا

أوروبا

 : في بعض المرتفعات في : برايمار، ألتناهارا، دالويني وليدهيلز
 : شامونيكس
 : برتريكس
 : برونيكو، كورتينا دامبيدزو
 : فيينا (يحدها مناخ محيطي ومناخ رطب شبه مداري)، إنزبروك، سالزبورغ (يحده مناخ محيطي)
 : زوريخ (يحده مناخ محيطي)، لوزان، بيرن
 : برلين (يحده مناخ محيطي)، ميونخ، غارميش-بارتنكيرشن
 : كوبنهاجن (يحده مناخ محيطي)
 : أوسلو، تروندهايم، ليلهامر
 : ستوكهولم، غوتنبرغ
 : هلسينكي، توركو
 : تالين
 : ريغا
 : فيلنيوس
 : مينسك، غرودنو
 : كييف، خاركيف، لفيف
 : براغ
 : وارسو، فروتسواف، شتتين
 : براتيسلافا
 : صوفيا، بلفن
 : زغرب
 : بوخارست
 : ساراييفو، بانيا لوكا (يحده مناخ رطب شبه مداري)
 : كيشيناو
 : بلغراد
 : عبر معظم جنوب روسيا ما عدا ساحل البحر الأسود: موسكو، سانت بيترسبورغ، كازان، نوفوسيبيرسك، أولان-أودي، أباكان، فلاديفوستوك.

أفريقيا

 : أوكايمدن، خنيفرة، إملشيل وأزيلال،بويبلان.

الشرق الأوسط

 : هاكاري، موش، إرزوروم، أرداهان، سيفاس، يوكسكوفا، وان، قيصري، بولو
 : سنندج، سقز، آراك، أردبيل، تبريز
 : غوري
 : يريفان، غيومري
 : نخجوان

آسيا

 : أستانا، ألماتي، أوسكمان، أورال
 : بشكيك، نارين
 : كابول
 : نكوص، أنديجان
 : سكردو
 : لياه، دراس
 : أولان باتور، أولان غوم
 : أورومتشي، شيجياتشوانغ، لهاسا، بيجين، هاربين، تيانجين، تشانغتشون، شينينغ
 : بيونغ يانغ، نامبو
 : سيول، بيونغتشانغ
 : موجود غالبا في هوكايدو، وكذلك في المرتفعات اليابانية. أمثلة عن هذا المناخ: سابورو، أساهيكاوا، نايورو، كوشيرو، أوبيهيرو، كيتامي، أباشيري، واكاناي، ونيمورو.

أوقيانوسيا

 : المرتفعات في جبال الألب الأسترالية بين فيكتوريا ونيوساوث ويلز وفي تاسمانيا.

مراجع

تصنيف كوبن للمناخ
مناخ
مناخ أوروبا

مناخ قاري


Harezm (Arapça: خوارزم / Khwārizm, Özbekçe: Xorazm, Farsça: خوارزم / Khwārazm), Ceyhun Nehri'nin (Amu Derya) Aral Gölü'ne döküldüğü yerin her iki yanında yer alan tarihsel bölgedir.

"Harezm" kelimesi, tarihî süreç içerisinde Arapların bölgeyi ele geçirmelerine kadar bir kavim ismi olarak da kullanılmış; Arapların Türkistan'a yayılmaları ile birlikte ismin anlamı coğrafi bir özellik kazanmıştır.. Günümüzde Harezm toprakları İran, Türkmenistan, Özbekistan ve Tacikistan sınırları içinde kalır.

Arkeolog Sergey Tolstov'un ifadesiyle "Asya'nın Mısır'ı" konumunda olan Harezm bölgesi, tarihin en eski çağlarından itibaren yerleşim merkezi olmuş ve kendine has sosyal ve kültürel kimliğini korumuştur. Harezm idarecilerine Harezmşah denilirdi. Ceyhun nehrinin sağ tarafında Kâs, sol tarafında Gürgenç (Cürcaniye) gibi iki önemli merkezi vardı.

İslâmiyet'in kabulünden sonra Harezm'de ilim, şiir ve edebiyatta büyük bir gelişme oldu. Moğol istilasına kadar İslam dünyasının en önemli merkezlerinden biri haline geldi. Hârizmî ve Biruni gibi önemli bilim adamları Harezm'de doğdu ve yetişti. Bölge, 11. ve 12. yüzyıllarda Oğuz ve Kıpçak boylarının yerleşmesi ile Türkleşti. Harezm Türkçesi ortaya çıktı ve Türk dilinin gelişiminde önemli eserler verildi. Moğol istilasından sonraki merkezi Hive oldu.

"Harzem", "harezm", "havarizm", "xorazm" kelimeleri günümüzde "horzum" olarak anılmaktadır.

Tarihi
M.Ö 6-4. yüzyıllar arasında İran Ahameniş İmparatorluğu'nun parçasıydı. Bölgede "Hârizmşah" (harezmşah) unvanıyla hüküm süren ilk hanedan, Fars sülalesinden Afrigoğulları'''dır.  Afrigoğulları,  Arapların fethine kadar Harezm'i bağımsız olarak yönettiler. Merkezleri Kâs şehri idi. 7. yüzyılda bölgeye Arap akınları başladı ve  İslam dini yayıldı. Harezmlilerin İslâm'dan dönmeleri üzerine Emevi komutanı Kuteybe bin Müslim 712'de bölgeyi ikinci kez fethetti. Afrigoğullarının devamı olan sülâle fetihten sonra  yerinde bırakıldı ve Harezm'deki hâkimiyetine devam etti.

10. yüzyıl başında Samaniler, Gürgenç'i bizzat kendilerine bağlı ayrı bir vilayet haline getirdiler. Bölgenin diğer yanı halen Afrigoğulları idaresinde idi. Samanilerin atadıkları ilk vali Ebü'l-Abbas Me'mûn b. Muhammed, güçlenince Kâs'ı zaptetti; Afrigoğulları'nın son temsilcisini öldürterek Harzemşah unvanın aldı. Böylece Hârizm'i, Me'mûnîler adlı yeni bir hanedan yönetmeye başladı. Me'muniler bilim  adamları ve edebiyatçıları koruyan bir hanedan idi. Memuniler'in sarayında İbn Sînâ, Bîrûnî, İbnü'l-Hammâr, Ebû Sehl el-Mesîhî, Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî, İbn Irâk gibi meşhur âlimler ağırlandı.

Gazne Devleti'nin sultanı Mahmud, kendisini yıkılmakta olan Samanilerin doğal mirasçısı saydığı için  eski Samani hâkimiyetindeki Harizm'in ona biat etmesini istiyordu. 1017'de Harizm Gazne Devleti'nin hâkimiyetine girdi ve Me'mûnîler hânedanı mensupları esir olarak Horasan'a gönderildi. Gazneli Mahmud'un vali olarak atadığı Altuntaş 1032 yılındaki ölümüne kadar Harezm'i çok iyi yönetti. Daha sonra oğulları Harezmşah oldu. Altuntaş'ın oğlu Harun zamanında Gaznelilerle ilişkiler bozuldu. Gazne Sultanı'nın görevlendirdiği Şah Melik  12 Şubat 1041 tarihinde Harezm kuvvetlerini bozguna uğratarak başşehir Gürgenç'e girdi. Altuntaş ailesinin son temsilcisi İsmail Selçuklu Hanedanı'na sığındı. İki yıl sonra Tuğrul ve Çağrı beyler Şah Melik'i Harezm'den uzaklaştırdılar ve bölge bu tarihten itibaren Selçuklular tarafından tayin edilen valilerce yönetildi.

1097'de Selçuklular'ın  bölgeye vali atadığı Kutbeddin Muhammed tarafından temelleri atılan Harezmşahlar Devleti, Harezm merkez olmak üzere ortaya çıkan ilk büyük devlettir. Başlangıçta Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu'na bağlı olan bu devlet, Sultan Sencer'in 1157'deki ölümünden sonra bağımsızlığını kazanarak, kısa süre içinde başta Harezm olmak üzere Horasan, Maveraünnehir ve Irak-ı Acem'i de içine alan çok geniş bir sahaya hükmetti. Harezm, bu dönemde en seçkin bilim insanı ve sanatçıları cezbeden bir ilim merkezi haline geldi. 1218'de bir Moğol ticaret kafilesinin Otrar'da Vali Gayır Han İnalcık'ın emriyle öldürülmesi üzerine Moğol hükümdarı Cengiz Han 1219 yılının sonlarına doğru Harizm'i istilâ etmeye başladı. Alaaddin Muhammed Harezmşah, Harizm'den ayrılmak zorunda kaldı. Halkın başa geçirdiği Humârtegin'' adlı bir kumandan başşehir Gürgenç'i Moğol birliklerine karşı savunduysa da başarılı olamadı ve şehir birkaç ay sonra düştü. 1220'de bütün ülke Moğollar'ın istilâsına uğradı ve bu saldırı devletin sonunu getirdi. Alaaddin'in oğlu Celâleddin Harezmşah, yeni Moğol akınları karşısında Hindistan'a sığındı ve 1231'de öldü. Böylece Harizm tamamen Moğol hâkimiyetine girmiş oldu.

Harezm, Cengiz Han'ın ölümünden sonra büyük oğlu Cuci'ye verildi. Cuci'nin oğulları arasındaki paylaşımda Batu Han'a verildi ve Batu Han'ın kurduğu Altın Orda Devleti'nin bir parçası oldu.  Harezm'in yönetimini 14. yüzyılda Kongrat Türkleri'ne bırakıldı. Bu yüzyılda Harezm tekrar ilim ve sanat merkezi haline geldi.

Çağatay Hanı adına hareket eden Timur, 1371'den başlayarak Harezm üzerine seferler yaptı. 1371–1379 arasında düzenlediği dört seferle Harezm bölgesini fiilen hakimiyeti altın aldı. Ancak bölgeye hakim olan Kongrat kabilesini kendisine bağlayamamştı; Kongratlar Altın Orda Hanı'na yakındılar. Timur, 1388'de  beşinci defa Harezm'e yürüdü Harezm'i işgal edip öfke ile halkın Semerkand'a sürülmesini, Ürgenç'in de tahrip edilip yerine arpa ekilmesini emretti. Ancak üç yıl sonra şehrin yeniden imarı için emir verdi. Timur'un 1405 yılında ölümünden sonra Harezm'i Şeybaniler işgal etti.

Harizm, 16. yüzyılın başlarında Özbek İlbars hanedanının egemenliği altında Hive Hanlığı'nın merkezi oldu. 1717 ve 1839'da Rus saldırılarını geri püskürten Hive Hanlığı 1873'te yenilerek Rusya'nın korumasına girdi. Sovyet Devrimi'nden sonra hanlık kaldırılarak yerine Harezm Sovyet Halk Cumhuriyeti kuruldu (1920 - 1924). Harezm daha sonra SSCB'ye katıldı.

Harezm Bölgesi ve Bu Bölgenin Türkleşmesi
İslamiyet'in ilk zamanlarında Harezm'de konuşulan dil, aslında İrani olmakla birlikte diğer İran lehçelerinden çok farklı olan Harezm lehçesi idi. XI.. yüzyılda başlayan Harezm'in Türkleşmesi hadisesi, XIII. yüzyıla kadar devam etmiş ve Harezm ile ona bağlı bölgelerde yeni bir yazı dilinin kuruluşu, bu Türkleşmesinden sonra gerçekleşebilmiştir. Harezm'in Türkleşmesinde özellikle Oğuzlar ve Kıpçaklar çok önemli bir rol oynamışlardır. Ayrıca Kalaçlar, Kimekler, Bayavutlar, Kangılar ve birtakım göçebe Türk aşiretleri de bu hususta etkili olmuşlardır.. Bölgenin Türkleşmesinde rol oynayan bu unsurlar, bölgenin kendine has lehçesini de oluşturmuşlardır. Bu lehçe, Karahanlı yazı dili ile bağlantılı ve Oğuz, Kıpçak, Kanglı ve diğer boyların lehçelerinin karışımı ile oluşmuş Harezm Türkçesi'dir.

Kaynakça

Harezm


Kerim Zengin (d. 13 Nisan 1985; Mersin), Türk futbolcudur.

Kulüp kariyeri
13 Ağustos 2003'te profesyonelliğe geçen Kerim, 2001-2002 sezonunda Mersin İdman Yurdu altyapısından Fenerbahçe PAF takımına transfer edildi. 2004-2005 sezonunda Mersin İdman Yurdu'na kiralık olarak verildi. 2005-2006 sezonu itibarıyla da Fenerbahçe A takımında yer almaya başladı. Fenerbahçe'deki ilk maçı, 30 Temmuz 2005 tarihinde Everton ile oynanan ve 5-0 kazanılan hazırlık maçıdır. Bu maçta son 2 dakikada oynamıştır. Avrupa kupalarında Dinamo Kiev'e attığı gol sonrası dikkatleri üzerine çekti. 2007-2008 sezonunda kiralık olarak İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor'un formasını giydi. 2007-2008 sezonunun ilk gölünü Fenerbahçe'ye karşı atmıştır. 2008-2009 sezonunda yine Fenerbahçe'den İstanbul BB'ye kiralık gitmiştir. 2009-10 sezonunda Antalyaspor'da forma giydikten sonra 2010-2011 sezonu öncesi Kardemir Karabükspor ile 2 yıllık sözleşme imzalamıştır.

2011-12 sezonu başında Sivasspor forması giymeye başlayan Zengin'in kulübüyle olan sözleşmesi, 14 Aralık 2011'de karşılıklı olarak feshedildi.

2011-12 sezonunun ara transfer döneminde Süper Lig ekiplerinden Gaziantepspor'a transfer oldu. Fakat beklenen performansı göstermeyince sözleşme karşılıklı olarak feshedildi. Aynı sezonun devre arasında ise Gençlerbirliği'ne transfer oldu. Oynadığı 2 karşılaşmanın sadece birinde sahaya ilk onbirde çıktı.

2013-2014 sezonu öncesinde Akhisar Belediyespor ile sözleşme imzaladı. Ağustos 2015 tarihinde Kardemir Karabükspor' a transfer olmuştur.

Millî takım kariyeri
Kerim Zengin, 53 defa A genç millî takım forması giyen Kerim, A genç millî takımda 11 gol kaydetmiştir. Türkiye 19 yaş altı millî futbol takımı ile 2004 yılında düzenlenen UEFA 19 Yaş Altı Şampiyonası'na katılan Kerim, final oynayan takımın bir parçası oldu.

Başarıları

Kulüp
Fenerbahçe
 Süper Lig : 2006-07

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Kicker Dergisi Resmî İnternet Sitesi - Futbolcu Kerim Zengin Profili

Yaşayan insanlar
1985 doğumlular
Mersin doğumlu futbolcular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Gaziantepspor futbolcuları
Sivasspor futbolcuları
Kardemir Karabükspor futbolcuları
Antalyaspor futbolcuları
İstanbul Başakşehir FK futbolcuları
Fenerbahçe SK futbolcuları
Mersin Talim Yurdu SK futbolcuları
Gençlerbirliği SK futbolcuları
Akhisarspor futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Türkiye 19 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları

Kerim Zengin


An Cyperus filiformis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Olof Swartz. An Cyperus filiformis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus filiformis


سيدي خالد بلدية جزائرية بولاية أولاد جلال وسط الجزائر. تقع غرب الولاية على حدود الجلفة. تمتاز بأنها تضم بساتين غناء غنية بنخيل التمور

الموقع والمساحة
تقع بلدية سيدي خالد جنوب غرب مقر ولاية بسكرة، وهي تنتمي إلى واحات الزيبان في الجهة الغربية، يحدها من الشمال الغربي بلدية الشعيبة ومن الجنوب البسباس، ومن الشمال الشرقي أولاد جلال . حيث تتربع البلدية على مساحة 21.260 كلم ².

التاريخ
أخذت المدينة اسمها نسبة إلى الولي خالد بن سنان بن غيث بن مريطة بن مخزوم بن مالك بن غالب بن قطيعة العبسي، أين يتواجد فيها قبره. وقد نشأت أول نواة لمدينة سيدي خالد في القرن الرابع الهجري على ضفة وادي «الغليسي» على مقربة من ضريح هذا الولي، وفي القرن السابع الهجري نزح السكان إلى ما يعرف اليوم بالمدينة القديمة بحثاً عن المناطق الصالحة للزراعة ونقاط المياه.

رؤساءالبلدية
 بريش أحمد: [جبهة التحرير الوطني] (1962-1967)
 غربي حويلي: [جبهة التحرير الوطني] (1967-1972)
 عبد الله قدوري: [جبهة التحرير الوطني] (1972-1979)
 خليفة محمد: [جبهة التحرير الوطني] (1979-1984)
 قويدر زهانة: [جبهة التحرير الوطني الجزائرية] (1984-1989)
 الورقلي مختار: [الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ] (1989-1992)
 خليفة محمد: انتداب (1992-1997)
 زهانة قويدر: [التجمع الوطني الديمقراطي] (1997-2002)
 جهرة المسعود: [جبهة التحرير الوطني ] (2002-2007)
 عفيصة عمر: [جبهة التحرير الوطني ] (2007-2012)
 زهانة قويدر: [جبهة التحرير الوطني] 2012-2017
 حليس حسن : [حركة مجتمع السلم] (2017-2021)
جهرة محمد الطيب: [حركة البناء الوطني] 2021 إلى يومنا هذا...

وتشتهر مدينة سيدي خالد بإنتاجها للتمور التي تمثل ربع إنتاج ولاية بسكرة كما تشتهر المدينة بكرم أهلها وطيبة سكانها.

مساجد المدينة
منها : المسجد العتيق الذي يعود بناؤه إلى القرن 4 هجري ومسجد عقبة بن نافع والمسجد الشرقي ومسجد موسى بن نصير ومسجد التقوى ومسجد الشيخ النعيمي ومسجد الهجرة ومسجد الشيخ أحمد بصطامي ومسجد الشيخ عبد المجيد حبه ومسجد خالد بن الوليد ومسجد معاذ بن جبل .

معالم المدينة
المسجد العتيق وضريح خالد بن سنان وقبر حيزية والمدينة القديمة وأزقتها الضيقة وواحات النخيل.

مصادر

سيدي خالد
واحات الجزائر

سيدي خالد (ولاية أولاد جلال)


The Citizen Lab is an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto, Canada. It was founded by Ronald Deibert in 2001. The laboratory studies information controls that impact the openness and security of the Internet and that pose threats to human rights. The organization uses a "mixed methods" approach which combines computer-generated interrogation, data mining, and analysis with intensive field research, qualitative social science, and legal and policy analysis methods. The organization has played a major role in providing technical support to journalists investigating the use of NSO Group's Pegasus spyware on journalists, politicians and human rights advocates.

History
The Citizen Lab was a founding partner of the OpenNet Initiative (2002–2013) and the Information Warfare Monitor (2002–2012) projects. The organization also developed the original design of the Psiphon censorship circumvention software, which was spun out of the Lab into a private Canadian corporation (Psiphon Inc.) in 2008.

In a 2009 report "Tracking GhostNet", researchers uncovered a suspected cyber espionage network of over 1,295 infected hosts in 103 countries between 2007 and 2009, a high percentage of which were high-value targets, including ministries of foreign affairs, embassies, international organizations, news media, and NGOs. The study was one of the first public reports to reveal a cyber espionage network that targeted civil society and government systems internationally.

In Shadows in the Cloud (2010), researchers documented a complex ecosystem of cyber espionage that systematically compromised government, business, academic, and other computer network systems in India, the offices of the Dalai Lama, the United Nations, and several other countries. According to a January 24, 2019 AP News report, Citizen Lab researchers were "being targeted" by "international undercover operatives" for its work on NSO Group.

In Million Dollar Dissident, published in August 2016, researchers discovered that Ahmed Mansoor, one of the UAE Five, a human rights defender in the United Arab Emirates, was targeted with Pegasus software developed by Israeli "cyber war" company NSO Group. Prior to the releases of the report, researchers contacted Apple who released a security update that patched the vulnerabilities exploited by the spyware operators. Mansoor was imprisoned one year later and as of 2021, is still in jail.

Researchers reported in October 2018, that NSO Group surveillance software was used to spy on the "inner circle" of Jamal Khashoggi just before his murder, "are being targeted in turn by international undercover operatives." A Citizen Lab October report revealed that NSO's "signature spy software" which had been placed on the iPhone of Saudi dissident Omar Abdulaziz, one of Khashoggi's confidantes, months before. Abdulaziz said that Saudi Arabia spies used the hacking software to reveal Khashoggi's "private criticisms of the Saudi royal family". He said this "played a major role" in his death.

In January 2019, Citizen Lab invited the Associated Press to help reveal an undercover spy operation targeting reporters at Citizen Lab carried out by the firm Black Cube. Ronan Farrow added to this reporting through interviews with a source of his who was involved in that espionage incident, among others.

In March 2019, The New York Times reported that Citizen Lab had been a target of the UAE contractor DarkMatter.

A major international investigation from 2020-2022 into the use of Pegasus spyware on journalists, politicians and human rights activists around the world relied on Citizen Lab and Amnesty International's Security Lab for technical support.

In 2021, Citizen Lab along with Amnesty International's Security Lab analysed Front Line Defenders' report on the hacking of devices of six Palestinian human rights defenders (two were dual nationals; one French, one American) working for civil society organisations based in the West Bank. Four of the hacked devices used Israeli SIM cards (which NSO Group claimed was not allowed).

In 2023, Citizen Lab found evidence of NSO Group's hacking tool Pegasus in a war setting for the first time as well as in the device of a lead investigator of a Mexican human rights investigation.

Awards
Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneer award (2015)

The MacArthur Foundation's MacArthur Award for Creative and Effective Institutions (2014)

New Digital Age grant from Google Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt (2014)

The Canadian Library Association's Advancement of Intellectual Freedom in Canada Award (2013)

The Canadian Committee for World Press Freedom's Press Freedom Award (2011)

The Canadian Journalists for Free Expression's Vox Libera Award (2010)

References

External links

University of Toronto
Laboratories in Canada
Computer surveillance
Internet-related organizations
2001 establishments in Ontario
Organizations established in 2001

Citizen Lab