was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I and World War II.  Designed by British naval architect George Thurston, she was the second launched of four s, among the most heavily armed ships in any navy when built. Laid down in 1911 at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, Hiei was formally commissioned in 1914.  She patrolled off the Chinese coast on several occasions during World War I, and helped with rescue efforts following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.

Starting in 1929, Hiei was converted to a gunnery training ship to avoid being scrapped under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. She served as Emperor Hirohito's transport in the mid-1930s. Starting in 1937, she underwent a full-scale reconstruction that completely rebuilt her superstructure, upgraded her powerplant, and equipped her with launch catapults for floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing fleet of aircraft carriers, she was reclassified as a fast battleship. On the eve of the US entry into World War II, she sailed as part of Vice-Admiral Chuichi Nagumo's Combined Fleet, escorting the six carriers that attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.

As part of the Third Battleship Division, Hiei participated in many of the Imperial Japanese Navy's early actions in 1942, providing support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) as well as the Indian Ocean raid of April 1942. During the Battle of Midway, she sailed in the Invasion Force under Admiral Nobutake Kondō, before being redeployed to the Solomon Islands during the Battle of Guadalcanal. She escorted Japanese carrier forces during the battles of the Eastern Solomons and Santa Cruz Islands, before sailing as part of a bombardment force under Admiral Kondō during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. In the early hours of 13 November 1942, Hiei engaged American cruisers and destroyers alongside her sister ship . After inflicting heavy damage on American cruisers and destroyers, Hiei was crippled by American vessels. Subjected to a daylight air attack from the USS Enterprise, she was scuttled on the evening of 13 November 1942.

Design and construction
Hiei was the second of the Imperial Japanese Navy's s, a line of capital ships designed by the British naval architect George Thurston.  The class was ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of  in 1908. The four battlecruisers of the Kongō class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the other major powers at the time; they have been called the battlecruiser versions of the British (formerly Turkish) battleship .  With their heavy armament and armor protection (the latter of which made up 23.3% of their approximately 30,000 ton displacement), Hiei and her sister ships were vastly superior to any other Japanese capital ship afloat at the time.

The keel of Hiei was laid down at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 4 November 1911, with most of the parts used in her construction manufactured in Britain. She was launched on 21 November 1912, and fitting-out began in December 1913.  On 15 December 1913, Captain Shichitaro Takagi was assigned as her chief equipping officer. She was completed on 4 August 1914.

Armament
Hieis main battery consisted of eight  heavy-caliber main guns in four twin turrets, two forward and two aft. The turrets were noted by the US Office of Naval Intelligence to be "similar to the British 15-inch turrets", with improvements made in flash-tightness in the gun chambers. Each of her main guns could fire high-explosive or armor-piercing shells  at a rate of two shells per minute. In keeping with the Japanese doctrine of deploying more powerful vessels than their opponents, Hiei and her sister ships were the first vessels in the world equipped with  guns. The main guns carried ammunition for ninety shots and had an approximate barrel-life of 250–280 shots.

Her secondary battery was originally sixteen  50-caliber medium guns in single casemates (all located amidships), eight  guns and eight submerged  torpedo tubes. The sixteen 6-inch/50 caliber guns were capable of firing between 5 and 6 rounds per minute, with a barrel life of 500 rounds. The 6-inch/50 caliber gun was capable of firing both antiaircraft and antiship shells, though the positioning of the guns on Hiei made antiaircraft firing impractical. The eight 5-inch/40 caliber guns added later could fire between 8 and 14 rounds per minute, with a barrel life of 800–1,500 rounds. These guns had the widest variety of shot type of Hieis guns, being designed to fire antiaircraft, antiship, and illumination shells. Hiei was also armed with a large number of  Type 96 antiaircraft autocannons.

Service

1914–1929: Battlecruiser

On 4 August 1914, Hiei was formally commissioned and assigned to the Sasebo Naval District, before being attached to the Third Battleship Division of the First Fleet two weeks later. On 23 August 1914, Japan declared war on the German Empire, occupying the former German colonies in Palau and in the Caroline, Marshall and Mariana Islands. In October 1914, Hiei departed Sasebo alongside Kongō to support Imperial Japanese Army units in the Siege of Tsingtao, but she was recalled on 17 October. On 3 October 1915, Hiei and Kongō participated in the sinking of the target ship , a Russian pre-dreadnought captured in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War that had subsequently served in the Japanese Navy under the name  as a coastal defense ship. In April 1916, she patrolled the Chinese coast with her newly launched sisters  and . From 1917 to the end of World War I, Hiei remained primarily at Sasebo, patrolling the Chinese and Korean coasts with her sister ships on several occasions.

Following the end of World War I, the Japanese Empire gained control of former German possessions in the central Pacific per the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Due to Japan's warm relations with the British Empire and the United States at the time, Hiei and other Japanese warships became significantly less active after the war. Other than a patrol alongside Haruna and Kirishima off the Chinese coast in March 1919, Hiei remained in the Japanese home ports. On 13 October 1920, she was placed in reserve. Following the Great Kantō earthquake of September 1923, the capital ships of the Japanese Navy assisted in rescue work until the end of the month. Hiei arrived at Kure Naval Base on 1 December 1923 for a refit which increased the elevation of her main guns from 20 to 33 degrees and rebuilt her foremast.

With the conclusion of World War I, the world powers attempted to stem any militarization that might re-escalate into war. Under the terms of Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, the Imperial Japanese Navy was significantly reduced, with a ratio of 5:5:3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan.  The treaty also banned Japan from building any new capital ships until 1931, with no capital ship permitted to exceed 35,000 tons.  Provided that further additions did not exceed 3,000 tons, existing capital ships were allowed to be upgraded with improved torpedo bulges and deck armor.  By the time the Washington Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan, only three classes of World War I-era capital ships—the  and s, and the Kongō-class battlecruisers—remained active.

In July 1927, Crown Prince Takamatsu—Emperor Hirohito's younger brother—was assigned to Hiei. From October to November 1927, the ship underwent a minor refit at Sasebo to accommodate two Yokosuka E1Y floatplanes, though no launch catapults were added. On 29 March 1928, Hiei departed Sasebo alongside Kongō and the battleships  and  to patrol off the Chusan Archipelago, before arriving in the company of Kongō in Port Arthur in April 1928. In October 1929, she returned to Kure in preparation for her demilitarization and reconstruction.

1929–1937: Demilitarization and training ship

To avoid having to scrap Hiei under the terms of the Washington Treaty, the Imperial Japanese Navy decided to convert her into a demilitarized training ship. On 15 October 1929, she went into drydock at Kure Naval Arsenal. Her No. 4 gun turret were removed, and she was stripped of all eight of her submerged torpedo tubes, as well as her 6-inch guns and armor belt. All but nine of her boilers were taken out, reducing her speed to , and one of her three funnels was removed. She was reclassified as a reserve ship at the end of November 1929. On 24 April 1930, reconstruction was halted due to the signing of the London Naval Treaty, which further restricted battleship construction and possession amongst the great naval powers, and preservation work was begun at Sasebo. Reconstruction would not resume until July 1931.

In September 1931, Japanese army units invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria, transforming it into the puppet state of Manchukuo. In December 1932, Hiei was reassigned to the Imperial Japanese Navy's training squadron. On 25 February, the League of Nations ruled that Japan had violated Chinese sovereignty and international law in her invasion of Manchuria. Refusing to accept the League's judgment, the Empire of Japan withdrew from the League the same day. This also signaled its exit from the Washington and London Naval Treaties, which removed all restrictions on the Imperial Japanese Navy's construction of capital ships. From the end of May 1933 to 13 August, Hiei received upgrades that allowed her to perform regular duties for the Emperor, and she served as the Emperor's observation ship for the Imperial Naval Review three days later. From January to March 1934, her No. 4 turret and ammunition magazine were refitted. In November 1935, Hiei served as the Emperor's ship for his official visit to the Kagoshima and Miyazaki Prefectures.

1937–1941: Reconstruction and fast battleship

No longer bound by the restrictions of the Washington and London Treaties, the Imperial Japanese Navy proceeded to reconstruct Hiei along the same lines as her sisters. She received eight new oil-fired Kampon boilers and geared turbines, while her stern was lengthened by  to increase speed. Her aft 14-inch turret was refitted and fire control systems installed for all four main turrets. The elevation of her main and secondary guns was increased, and she was equipped with two Nakajima E8N "Dave" and Kawanishi E7K "Alf" reconnaissance floatplanes. To this end, catapults and launch-rails were also fitted aft of turret #3. Fourteen of her 6-inch guns were refitted, and an antiaircraft suite of eight 5-inch dual-purpose guns and ten twin mounts of Type 96  autocannons were mounted. Her superstructure was rebuilt as a prototype of the tower-mast that would eventually be used on the , then still in the design phase.

Hieis armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was reapplied and strengthened to a uniform thickness of 8 inches (as opposed to varying thicknesses of 6–8 inches before the upgrades), while diagonal bulkheads of a depth ranging from  reinforced the main armored belt. The turret armor was strengthened to , while  were added to portions of the deck armor. The armor around her ammunition magazines was also strengthened over the course of the refit. Though still less heavily armored than other Japanese battleships, Hiei was significantly faster. The reconstruction was declared complete on 31 January 1940. Capable of speeds of up to , Hiei was reclassified as a fast battleship. She participated in the Imperial Fleet Review in October 1940, where she was inspected by Emperor Hirohito, members of the royal family, Navy Minister Koshirō Oikawa, and Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. In November, she was assigned to the Third Battleship Division of the First Fleet.

On 26 November 1941, Hiei departed Hitokappu Bay, Kurile Islands, in the company of Kirishima and six Japanese fast carriers of the First Air Fleet Striking Force (, , , , , and ) under the command of Vice-Admiral Chuichi Nagumo. On 7 December 1941, aircraft from these six carriers attacked the United States Pacific Fleet at their home base of Pearl Harbor, sinking four US Navy battleships and numerous other vessels. Following the attack and the declaration of war by the United States, Hiei returned to Japan.

1942: Combat and loss

On 17 January 1942, Hiei departed Truk Lagoon Naval Base with the Third Battleship Division to support carrier operations against Rabaul and Kavieng. In February, she deployed alongside a force of carriers and destroyers in response to American raids on Japanese bases in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. On 1 March, following carrier operations against Darwin and Java (in the Dutch East Indies), Hiei, Kirishima and —which were acting as escorts for the carrier task force—engaged the destroyer , with Hiei firing 210 14-inch and seventy 6-inch shells. When the ships failed to score any hits, dive-bombers from three of Admiral Nagumo's carriers immobilized the destroyer, which was then sunk by gunfire from the three ships.

In April 1942, Hiei and the Third Battleship Division joined five fleet carriers and two cruisers in a massive raid against British naval forces in the Indian Ocean. On 5 April—Easter Sunday—the Japanese fleet attacked the harbor at Colombo, Ceylon while seaplanes from the cruiser  spotted two fleeing British cruisers, both of which were later sunk by aerial attack. On 8 April, Japanese carrier aircraft attacked the Royal Navy base at Trincomalee, only to find that all of Admiral James Somerville's remaining warships in the British Eastern Fleet had withdrawn the previous night. Returning from the attack, a floatplane from Hieis sister ship Haruna spotted the aircraft carrier , which was quickly sunk by massive aerial attack. The fleet then returned to Japan, arriving at the home bases on 23 April.

On 27 May 1942, Hiei sortied with Kongō and the heavy cruisers , , , and  as part of Admiral Nobutake Kondō's Invasion Force during the Battle of Midway. Following the disastrous loss of four of the Combined Fleet's fast carriers on 4 June, Kondō's force withdrew to Japan. In July, Hiei was drydocked for refits to her aircraft complement and the addition of single and twin 25 mm gun mounts. In August, she escorted the Japanese carrier Shōkaku during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. In October, Hiei sortied as part of Rear Admiral Abe's Vanguard Force, and maintained distant cover as Kongō and Haruna nearly destroyed Henderson Field on Guadalcanal on the night of 13 October. From 26–30 October, Hiei and her sisters participated in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.

On 10 November 1942, Hiei departed Truk alongside Kirishima and eleven destroyers, all under the command of Rear Admiral Hiroaki Abe, to shell American positions near Henderson Field in advance of a major convoy of Japanese troops. The force was spotted by US Navy reconnaissance aircraft several days in advance. The US deployed a force of two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers and eight destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Daniel J. Callaghan to meet the Japanese force in Ironbottom Sound. At 01:24 on 13 November, the Japanese force was detected  out by the light cruiser . Because Abe had not anticipated resistance, his battleships' main guns were loaded with anti-aircraft shells for bombarding Henderson Field. The initial salvos from the IJN battleships were thus not capable of dealing severe damage to the enemy's vital armor protected hull, engines and gun turrets. At 01:50, Hiei activated her searchlights and opened fire. Hiei and Kirishima then disabled two American destroyers (one of which later sank). In turn, Hiei became the target of most of the American fire, with American 5" guns inflicting severe damage on Hieis superstructure at close range.  hit Hieis bridge, injuring Admiral Abe himself and killing his chief of staff, Captain Masakane Suzuki. The concentration on Hiei allowed Kirishima to evade attack, and she crippled , killing Admiral Callaghan. However, shells from San Francisco disabled Hieis steering machinery. In total, Hiei had been struck by at least 85 American 8", 6", and 5" shells as well as hundreds of smaller caliber shells. Hiei was also struck by nine torpedoes (six detonated) from the US destroyers Cushing (3 hits, but failed to detonate), O'Bannon (2 hits - starboard amidship), Monssen (2 hits - port side boiler rooms between forward superstructure and mainmast), and  Sterett (2 hits - starboard side under #3 14" gun turret), leaving her badly damaged.

With one of his battleships crippled, Abe ordered the remainder of the Japanese fleet to withdraw at 02:00. Kirishima attempted to tow Hiei to safety, but water flooded Hieis steering compartments, jamming her rudder to starboard and forcing her to steer in circles. Throughout the morning of 13 November, Hiei was subjected to attack from American Army B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. She continued circling to starboard at . At 11:30, two torpedoes launched from Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo-bombers struck Hiei. The combined attacks by both the B-17s and strike aircraft from Henderson Field inflicted a total of 5-8 torpedo hits and 7-8 500lb and 1000lb bomb hits on the stricken battleship in addition to the damage from the night surface battle.  Her crew was ordered to abandon ship, and her escorting destroyers scuttled her with torpedoes. Hiei sank sometime in the evening on 13 November with the loss of 188 of her crew; the first battleship lost by Japan during World War II. She was removed from the Navy List on 20 December 1942.

Wreck
On 6 February 2019, Paul Allen's exploration ship  announced the discovery of Hiei. According to Petrel, the main body of Hiei now lies upside down in  of water northwest of Savo Island in the Solomon Islands. As with her sister ship, Kirishima, the bow of the ship is gone forward of the bridge due to a magazine explosion.

Notes

References

 Jackson, Robert (2000).  The World's Great Battleships.  Brown Books.
 Jackson, Robert (editor) (2008). 101 Great Warships. London. Amber Books.

  The Robert Lundgren Historical Resource, Navweaps.com. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
 McCurtie, Francis (1989) [1945]. Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London: Bracken Books.

 Moore, John (1990) [1919]. Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London: Studio Editions.

 Stille, Cdr Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

 Willmott, H.P. (2002). The Second World War in the Far East. Smithsonian Books. .

External links

Kongō-class battlecruisers
Ships built by Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
1912 ships
World War II battleships of Japan
Shipwrecks in Ironbottom Sound
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Battleships sunk by aircraft
Maritime incidents in November 1942
Ships sunk by US aircraft
Shipwreck discoveries by Paul Allen
2019 archaeological discoveries

Japanese battleship Hiei


El ingeniero alemán Hellmuth Walter desarrolló sistemas de propulsión independientes del aire basados en la descomposición catalitica del peróxido de hidrógeno en vapor de agua y oxígeno. En este artículo hacemos referencia al ciclo de turbina, pero también desarrolló motores cohete.

"Ciclo Walter." Principio del sistema de propulsión Walter
La novedad fue el empleo como fuente de energía del peróxido de hidrógeno, que se descompone con la ayuda de varios catalizadores, generalmente permanganato de sodio, potasio o calcio. En los motores de cohete Walter se utilizaba como catalizador plata pura porosa.

La descomposición del peróxido de hidrógeno mediante un catalizador genera una gran cantidad de calor. Este calor hace que el agua esté en forma de vapor. Por otro lado el oxígeno se genera en forma atómica, no molecular, por lo cual es más reactivo. La temperatura de esta mezcla, en función de la concentración inicial de peróxido de hidrógeno, puede alcanzar de los 700 °C a 800 °C.

En varios documentos en alemán, el peróxido de hidrógeno concentrado al 80-85% se llama "oksilin", "combustible T» (T-Stoff), «aurol" o "perhydrol". La solución del catalizador recibía el nombre de Z-Stoff.

El combustible para el ciclo Walter consta de T-Stoff y Z-Stoff, pero es monocomponente, ya que el catalizador no es un componente propiamente dicho.

El objetivo en motores marinos era desarrollar un sistema de propulsión que pudiera funcionar incluso bajo el agua, donde los motores diésel no pueden. Debía generar potencia suficiente para mover los motores eléctricos. Las baterías de uso común podían acumular una cantidad de energía relativamente baja. Básicamente se trataba de utilizar un catalizador para descomponer el peróxido de hidrógeno y generar vapor de agua. Y luego mediante una turbina generar electricidad o mover directamente la hélice.

Implementación

Método directo
Se trata de un flujo que al final se expulsa.

Método frío
Las primeras pruebas se realizaron mediante la descomposición en frío. El peróxido de hidrógeno se rocía de finos chorros en un catalizador que contenía dióxido de manganeso (Braunstein). El resultado, mezcla de vapor y oxígeno en condiciones de alta presión estacionaria, se vierte en una turbina como una unidad que se dirigía y energía.

Método caliente
En 1936 se probó el método en caliente. Dentro de una cámara de combustión se inyecta el peróxido de hidrógeno junto con el combustible. Este último arde con la ayuda del oxígeno desprendido del H2O2. El escape se deriva a la turbina.

Método indirecto
El método Walter indirecto está formado por un circuito cerrado de agua. El vapor condensado en un intercambiador de calor no se expulsa, sino que se recircula y una parte vuelve a la cámara de combustión. Este método tenía un menor consumo específico de peróxido de hidrógeno ("T-Agent"), pero es físicamente y en términos de peso más complejo que el método directo.

Consumo específico de combustible
El consumo específico de peróxido de hidrógeno de las unidades Walter es alto. Aproximadamente:
 5 kg / kWh o más en el proceso directo de frío
 2,35 kg / kW para el método directo caliente
 1,85 kg / kWh en los procesos de calor utilizando un condensador (esto permite que la presión de escape no sea la de inmersión, de modo que el gradiente de presión en la turbina es mayor, y por tanto su rendimiento.)
 1,32 kg / kWh para el método indirecto.

Despliegue

La propulsión mediante turbina Walter se empleó en tres campos: submarinos, torpedos y elementos auxiliares en aeronáutica.

Submarinos

En 1937 Hellmuth Walter convenció a Karl Dönitz de la utilidad de su invención. Así obtuvo la autorización para construir un prototipo de submarino, el V80. En pruebas de funcionamiento en el año 1940, el submarino equipado con propulsión Walter fría alcanzó una velocidad sumergido de 28,1 nudos, aproximadamente el triple de la velocidad de los submarinos de la época. Pero en gran medida se debía al diseño del casco, optimizado para viajar bajo el agua, y probado en un túnel de viento. El peróxido iba almacenado en bolsas se plástico deformables. La presión del agua ayudaba a bombearlo.

El siguiente prototipo, el V300, con un desplazamiento previsto de 300 tm. estaba propulsado por un sistema caliente. Además, para economizar el peróxido, el prototipo disponía de dos motores diésel para navegar en superficie. El diseño fue modificado y se le armó con dos tubos lanzatorpedos, lo cual aumentó su desplazamiento a unas 600 tm y bajó su velocidad a unos 19 nudos. Al final fue cancelado.

La producción en serie comenzó con el tipo XVII subdividido en dos subclases según el astillero: Tipo WA 201 (en Blohm und Voss) y Tipo WK 202 ( en Germaniawerft), siendo variaciones del mismo modelo base. Los del modelo WA 201 recibieron los numerales U-794 y U-795 mientras que los WK 202 fueron los U-792 y U-793. Se sometieron a pruebas de uso. Se vio que las altas velocidades eran difíciles de controlar y que el consumo se disparaba, por lo que se decidió montar una sola turbina, lo que dio lugar al tipo XVIIB. Se realizó un pedido al astillero Blohm & Voss en Hamburgo de 12 buques del U-1505 al U-1406, pero solo tres fueron terminados. Del U-1408 al U-1410 (3 buques) se empezaron a construir en 1943 pero no se completaron antes del fin de la guerra. Los U-1411 al U-1416 (6 buque) fueron cancelados el 20 de septiembre de 1943 en favor del tipo XXI.

El tipo XVIII -un submarino oceánico de 1180 tm.- disponía de un gran volumen para poder almacenar abundante suministro de peróxido, pero el proyecto fue cancelado en favor del tipo XXI. El tipo XXI estaba basado en el tipo XVIII. El Dipl. Ing. Heep y el Director del Astillero Oelfken fueron los responsables de convertir la propulsión Walter en diésel eléctrica. Se aprovechó el espacio dedicado a almacenar peróxido a aumentar el número de baterías.

Se realizó un pedido de 100 submarinos Tipo XXVI, pero solo se realizaron parcialmente 5 unidades.

Hubo algún diseño más de submarino pero no pasó del tablero de dibujo.

Torpedos
La turbina Walter también se empleó para la propulsión de torpedos navales. De 1939 a 1945, la firma de Walter elaboró varios tipos piloto a pequeña escala y un torpedo en el índice general G7ut con peróxido de hidrógeno:
 Torpedo Steinbarsch: calibre 533 mm, peso 1730 kg, 280 kg de peso cabeza, la turbina de potencia de 500 hp, 45 nudos de velocidad, alcance de 8 km, casi sin dejar rastro, en una serie de 100 piezas.
 Torpedo Steinbutt: una serie de 100 piezas.
 Torpedo Wal/Steinwal: 533 mm de calibre, peso 1801 kg, 300 kg de peso cabeza, la turbina de potencia de 500 CV, velocidad 45 nudos, alcance de 22 km, casi sin dejar rastro, en una serie de 100 piezas.

Aeronáutica
El principio de la unidad de Walter se empleó para el lanzamiento catapulta de los misiles de crucero V1, así como en un generador de vapor de la turbobomba de combustible de motores de cohetes utilizados en las V2.

Postguerra

Al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial los aliados se interesaron por los progresos en armamento de los alemanes. Los británicos reflotaron el U-1407, tipo XVIIB, construido por los astilleros de Blohm & Voss. Se empleó como buque experimental después de la guerra hasta 1946 con el nombre de HMS Meteorite. Basándose en esta experiencia botaron el HMS Explorer y el HMS Excalibur. Pero resultaron de difícil operación con constantes problemas. La tripulación del Explorer, con sarcasmo lo llamaba el Explode.

Los EE.UU. reflotaron en U-1406 y se lo llevaron en el carguero US Shoemaker el 15 de septiembre de 1945, probándolo en el puerto de Nueva York.

La Unión Soviética no pudo hacerse con ninguno de los submarinos Walter originales pero construyó el submarino S-99 basándose en la documentación capturada a los alemanes. Desde 1952 hasta 1959 estuvo operativo, y fue el submarino soviético más rápido. Pero en 1959 sufrió un accidente y se retiró del servicio y se desguazó. No obstante, la Unión Soviética siguió empleando este sistema para propulsar torpedos.

La aparición de la energía atómica aplicada a la propulsión submarina provocó la pérdida de interés en las turbinas Walter. Sus aplicaciones en aeronáutica prevalecieron más tiempo.

Referencias

Notas

Enlaces web
 http://jtmcdaniel.com/walter_turbine.html
 http://www.uboat.net/types/walter_hist.htm

Bibliografía

 Past and Present Uses of Rocket Grade. Hydrogen Peroxide. E. Wernimont, M. Ventura, G. Garboden and P. Mullens General Kinetics, LLC Aliso Viejo, CA 92656.

Motores
Motores de cohete
Propulsión naval
Torpedos

Turbina Walter


Božidar Bralo (Brina kod Livna, 1907. – Sarajevo, 1945.), hrvatski rimokatolički svećenik, saborski zastupnik i dužnosnik NDH

Životopis
Rođen u Brinu kraj Livna. Bogosloviju završio u Zagrebu. U Sarajevu bio župnik.
kao župnik službovao u Sarajevu. Po proglašenju hrvatske države travnja 1941. bio dio političke akcije koju su poveli pristaše Muslimanske organizacije Hakije Hadžića te s njima povezani katolički zagovornici ulaska BiH u sastav NDH. Po primitku vijesti o proglašenju, spontano je utemeljen i "tajni akcijski odbor Hrvata nacionalista" u koji su ušli Hakija Hadžić i Atif Hadžikadić, a od katolika Filip Premužić, Božidar Bralo i Josip Zubić. Došli su u dodir s njemačkim vojnim vlastima i uputili im da se omogući uspostava veze sa Zagrebom. S njemačkim vojnim zapovjednikom sastanak su održali 17. travnja 1941. godine. Potkraj travnja 1941. imenovan za povjerenika Povjereništva NDH za BiH. 26. travnja i 10. svibnja 1941. založio se dopisima za gospodarstvenika iz Sarajeva Josipa Landaua, suprugu mu Albine Landau i njihovu djecu kod ustaških vlasti da im se dodijeli počasno arijstvo. Dužnost je obnašao do 7. kolovoza 1941. Na obnovljenom Hrvatskom državnom saboru u NDH 1942. zastupnik. Ivan Evanđelist Šarić, vrhbosanski nadbiskup imenovao ga je počasnim predsjednikom Nadbiskupskoga duhovnog stola Vrhbosanske nadbiskupije. Poslije pada NDH u Sarajevu osuđen na smrt.

Izvori

Hrvatski katolički svećenici
Katoličanstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini
Životopisi, Sarajevo
Dužnosnici NDH
Hrvatski sabor
Životopisi, Livno

Božidar Bralo


L'équipe de Belgique de football participe en 1980 à sa  phase finale d'un Championnat d'Europe dont cette édition se tient en Italie entre le  et le  et compte pour la première fois huit participants répartis en deux poules de demi-finale, dispute auparavant quatre rencontres amicales de préparation et commence les éliminatoires de la Coupe du monde en Espagne.

Objectifs
Qualifiés pour le Championnat d'Europe, l'objectif des Belges et de réitérer leur performance de l'édition 1972 où ils ont décroché la  et le privilège d'organiser la phase finale. Les Diables Rouges espèrent ensuite bien commencer les éliminatoires de la Coupe du monde 1982 afin de se qualifier pour le tournoi final et gommer l'échec de l'édition 1970 ainsi que leur absence aux éditions de 1974 et de 1978.

Résumé de la saison

Dotée d'une nouvelle « génération dorée », avec le gardien de but Jean-Marie Pfaff, les défenseurs Eric Gerets et Walter Meeuws ou encore l'attaquant Jan Ceulemans, la Belgique termine en tête de son groupe des éliminatoires pour l'Euro 1980 sans connaître la défaite. Pour la première fois, la phase finale oppose huit équipes, réparties en deux groupes de quatre. Les Belges héritent d'un groupe très relevé avec le pays hôte, l'Italie, ainsi que l'Espagne et l'Angleterre. Après un partage contre les Anglais et une victoire sur les Espagnols, les Diables Rouges conservent le nul (0-0) face à l'Italie lors du match décisif et se qualifient pour la finale du tournoi. Les troupes du sélectionneur Guy Thys s'inclinent (2-1) contre la RFA, le second but d'Horst Hrubesch tombant à deux minutes de la fin du match. Jan Ceulemans apparaît à son tour dans l'équipe-type du tournoi publiée par l'UEFA.

Cette finale est encore aujourd'hui la meilleure performance de la Belgique lors d'un championnat d'Europe. Cette première historique marque le début d'un « âge d'or » pour l'équipe nationale belge qui obtient un nouveau statut dans le football européen.

Bilan de l'année
Les Diables Rouges ne semblaient destinés qu'à faire de la figuration à l'Europeo italien mais après un premier tour qui étonne et séduit le monde où la rigueur tactique a été de mise contre l'Angleterre (1-1), la spontanéité et le génie ont prévalu contre l'Espagne et le réalisme implacable a présidé contre l'Italie, la Belgique atteint sa seconde finale majeure depuis les Jeux olympiques de 1920 et fait mieux que se défendre face à l'Allemagne de l'Ouest, même si elle doit finalement s'incliner devant la Mannschaft (1-2). Un excellent départ dans les éliminatoires de la Coupe du monde 1982, avec deux victoires (1-0 contre les Pays-Bas et 2-0 à Chypre) et un partage en Irlande (1-1) face à un concurrent direct, achève de dresser un bilan plus que positif pour les Belges.

Championnat d'Europe 1980

Phase de groupes (Groupe 2)

Finales

Les matchs

Note : Première rencontre officielle entre les deux nations.

Note : Première rencontre officielle entre les deux nations.

Les joueurs

Un « r » indique un joueur qui était parmi les remplaçants mais qui n'est pas monté au jeu.

Aspects socio-économiques

Couverture médiatique

Source : Programme TV dans Gazet van Antwerpen.

Sources

Archives

Références

1980
Belgique
Football en Belgique en 1980

Équipe de Belgique de football en 1980


Eutropia (), de origine siriană, a fost soția împăratului roman Maximian.

Biografie
La sfârșitul secolului al III-lea, Eutropia s-a căsătorit cu Maximian. Data acestei căsătorii nu este sigură. Ei au avut doi copii, un băiat, Maxențiu (născut între 277 și 287), care a fost împărat al Occidentului din 306 până în 312, și o fiică, Fausta (născută prin 298), care a fost cea de a doua soție a împăratului Constantin cel Mare. Fausta a avut șase copii, între care Constantin al II-lea, Constanțiu al II-lea și Constant.

Note

Bibliografie
 s.v. Michael DiMaio, Maximianus Herculius (286-305 A.D), DIR
 Timothy D. Barnes, The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.

Personalități feminine din secolul al III-lea
Personalități feminine din secolul al IV-lea
Împărătese romane
Nașteri în secolul al III-lea.
Decese în secolul al IV-lea
Imperiul Roman
Romani din secolul al III-lea
Romani din secolul al IV-lea
Personalități feminine din Roma antică

Eutropia


Aïda Mady Diallo est une écrivaine et réalisatrice malienne.

Après avoir grandi en France, Aïda Mady Diallo passe son adolescence au Mali. Elle bénéficie ensuite d'une bourse d'études en Ouzbékistan.

En 2001, lors de la première édition de la déclinaison malienne du festival étonnants Voyageurs, Moussa Konaté présente à Patrick Raynal le manuscrit intitulé Kouty, mémoire de sang qui paraît dans la série noire. L'année suivante, dans ce roman, Aïda Mady Diallo, raconte l'histoire d'une jeune fille qui assiste au massacre de ses proches et qui grandit en pensant à sa vengeance.

En 2005, elle réalise un « carnet de la création » illustré par des photographies d'Antoine d'Agata.

Elle réalise la série Bamako, la ville aux trois caïmans qui est diffusée sur TV5 Monde en février et mars 2016.

En 2019, elle sort son premier long métrage : Balkissa, les démons de minuit.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Romancière malienne

Aïda Mady Diallo


The Holmes Show is a Canadian television sketch comedy series that premiered on CTV on September 24, 2002. The 22-episode series stars Jessica Holmes, Roman Danylo and Kurt Smeaton. Filming took place at the CTV studios in June and August 2002. Each scene was shot twice with the second scene usually involving more improvisation. Other comedians featured include Raoul Bhaneja, Aurora Browne, James Cunningham, Jane Luk, Winston Spear, Shoshana Sperling and Scott Yaphe.

See also

Comedy Inc.
Air Farce Live

References

External links

CTV Television Network original programming
Year of Canadian television series ending missing
2000s Canadian sketch comedy television series
2002 Canadian television series debuts
2003 Canadian television series endings

The Holmes Show


John Varley may refer to:

 John Varley (inginer) (1740–1809), inginer englez responsabil cu construcția Canalului Chesterfield
 John Varley (pictor) (1778–1842), pictor englez și astrolog
 John Varley (actor), actor britanic din The Phantom Shot
 John Varley (autor) (născut 1947), autor american de science fiction
 John Silvester Varley (născut 1956), fost director general al bănci  Barclays
 John Varley (fotograf) (1934–2010), fotograf britanic

John Varley


Tirreno-Adriatico 2016 var den 51. udgave af cykelløbet Tirreno-Adriatico. Etapeløbet var det tredje arrangement på UCI's World Tour-kalender i 2016 og begyndte 9. og sluttede 15. marts 2016. Den femte og hårdeste etape blev aflyst dagen i forvejen på grund af fare for sne. Greg Van Avermaet blev den samlede vinder af løbet, stærkt efterfulgt af Peter Sagan med mindre end ét sekund.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
 Jakob Fuglsang kørte for Astana
 Christopher Juul Jensen kørte for Orica-GreenEDGE
 Søren Kragh Andersen kørte for Giant-Alpecin

Etaperne

Trøjernes fordeling gennem løbet

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officielle hjemmeside

2016
UCI World Tour 2016

Tirreno-Adriatico 2016


"Look Away" er en sang af Darude og Sebastian Rejman.

Sangen repræsenterede Finland i Eurovision Song Contest 2019 i Tel Aviv, Israel. Sangen gik ikke videre til finalen, den fik kun 23 point i den første semifinale.

Referencer

Sange fra 2019
Sange fra Eurovision Song Contest 2019
Eurovision Song Contest-sange fra Finland
Sange fra Finland

Look Away (Darude-sang)


William Henry Haywood Jr. (October 23, 1801October 7, 1852) was a Democratic U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina between 1843 and 1846.

Born in Raleigh, North Carolina, to a prominent family, Haywood attended the Raleigh Male Academy and graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1819. Haywood became the first clerk of the vestry of Raleigh's Christ Church (Episcopal) in 1821. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1822 and commenced practice in Raleigh. He was a member of the North Carolina State House of Commons (1831 and 1834–1836), serving as speaker the last year. President Martin Van Buren appointed him Chargé d'Affaires to Belgium, but he declined the position.

A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1843, until July 25, 1846, when he refused to be instructed by the state legislature on a tariff question and resigned. At the time of his resignation, he was chairman of the Committee on Commerce and the Committee on the District of Columbia.

The North Carolina legislature elected Whig George Edmund Badger to replace Haywood in the Senate.

He resumed the practice of law in Raleigh, where he died on October 7, 1852, and was buried in the Old City Cemetery.

References

Sources

1801 births
1852 deaths
Politicians from Raleigh, North Carolina
Haywood family
American Episcopalians
Democratic Party United States senators from North Carolina
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Burials at City Cemetery (Raleigh, North Carolina)

William Henry Haywood Jr.


La Coupe d'Angleterre de football 1884-1885 est la  de la Coupe d'Angleterre de football.

La finale se joue le 4 avril 1885 au Kennington Oval entre les Blackburn Rovers et le club écossais de Queen's Park FC. Les Blackburn Rovers remportent leur deuxième titre en battant Queen's Park 2 à 0.

Finale

Lien externe
 FA Cup 1884-85 sur rsssf.com

1884-1885
Sport en Angleterre en 1884
Sport en Angleterre en 1885
A
A


This is a list of members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands in the 1999 to 2004 session, ordered by name and by party.

Party representation

Mutations

1999
 10 June: Election for the European Parliament in the Netherlands.
 20 July: Beginning of the 5th European Parliament session. (1999–2004)

2001
 2 October: Jan-Kees Wiebenga (VVD) leaves the European Parliament, because he became a member of the Dutch Council of State.
 12 November: Herman Vermeer (VVD) is installed in the European Parliament as a replacement for Jan-Kees Wiebenga

2003
 30 January: Lousewies van der Laan (D66) leaves the European Parliament, taking her seat in the Dutch Parliament after the 2002 Dutch general election.
 5 February: Johanna Boogerd-Quaak (D66) is installed in the European Parliament as a replacement for Lousewies van der Laan
 27 May: Karla Peijs (CDA) leaves the European Parliament, because she became a minister in the Second Balkenende cabinet.
 11 June: Peter Pex (CDA) is installed in the European Parliament as a replacement for Karla Peijs
 1 October: Hanja Maij-Weggen (CDA) leaves the European Parliament, because she became a King's Commissioner in North Brabant.
 8 October: Cees Bremmer (CDA) is installed in the European Parliament as a replacement for Hanja Maij-Weggen

Alphabetical

| style="text-align:left;" colspan="11" |
|-
! Name
! Sex
! National party
! EP Group
! Period
! Preference vote
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Bas Belder
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Reformed Political Party
| style="text-align:left;" |  EDD
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 2 July 2019
| style="text-align:left;" | 20,491
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Max van den Berg
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Labour Party
| style="text-align:left;" |  PES
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 1 September 2007
| style="text-align:left;" | 584,167
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Hans Blokland
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Reformed Political Alliance
| style="text-align:left;" |  EDD
| style="text-align:left;" | 19 July 1994 – 14 July 2009
| style="text-align:left;" | 245,214
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Johanna Boogerd-Quaak
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  Democrats 66
| style="text-align:left;" |  ELDR
| style="text-align:left;" | 5 February 2003 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 10,992
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Bob van den Bos
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Democrats 66
| style="text-align:left;" |  ELDR
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 8,712
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Theo Bouwman
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  GreenLeft
| style="text-align:left;" |  G–EFA
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 6,012
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Cees Bremmer
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 8 October 2003 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 2,956
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Kathalijne Buitenweg
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  GreenLeft
| style="text-align:left;" |  G–EFA
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 14 July 2009
| style="text-align:left;" | 90,549
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Ieke van den Burg
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  Labour Party
| style="text-align:left;" |  PES
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 14 July 2009
| style="text-align:left;" | 55,016
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Dorette Corbey
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  Labour Party
| style="text-align:left;" |  PES
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 14 July 2009
| style="text-align:left;" | 4,898
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Rijk van Dam
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Reformatory Political Federation
| style="text-align:left;" |  EDD
| style="text-align:left;" | September 1997 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 10,630
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Bert Doorn
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 14 July 2009
| style="text-align:left;" | 3,598
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Elly Plooij-van Gorsel
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
| style="text-align:left;" |  ELDR
| style="text-align:left;" | 19 July 1994 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 45,855
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Marieke Sanders-ten Holte
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
| style="text-align:left;" |  ELDR
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 45,855
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Michiel van Hulten
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Labour Party
| style="text-align:left;" |  PES
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 5,710
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lousewies van der Laan
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  Democrats 66
| style="text-align:left;" |  ELDR
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 30 January 2003
| style="text-align:left;" | 143,009
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Joost Lagendijk
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  GreenLeft
| style="text-align:left;" |  G–EFA
| style="text-align:left;" | 1 September 1998 – 14 July 2009
| style="text-align:left;" | 245,642
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Albert Jan Maat
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 10 April 2007
| style="text-align:left;" | 34,622
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Jules Maaten
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
| style="text-align:left;" |  ELDR
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 14 July 2009
| style="text-align:left;" | 4,341
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Hanja Maij-Weggen
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 19 July 1994 – 1 October 2003
| style="text-align:left;" | 591,505
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Toine Manders
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
| style="text-align:left;" |  ELDR
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 1 July 20142 July 2019 – Present
| style="text-align:left;" | 14,237
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Maria Martens
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 14 July 2009
| style="text-align:left;" | 16,254
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Erik Meijer
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Socialist Party
| style="text-align:left;" |  EUL–NGL
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 14 July 2009
| style="text-align:left;" | 124,800
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Jan Mulder
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
| style="text-align:left;" |  ELDR
| style="text-align:left;" | 19 July 1994 – 14 July 2009  22 June 2010 – 1 July 2014
| style="text-align:left;" | 13,825
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Ria Oomen-Ruijten
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 25 July 1989 – 1 July 2014
| style="text-align:left;" | 99,584
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Arie Oostlander
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 25 July 1989 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 17,628
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Karla Peijs
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 25 July 1989 – 27 May 2003
| style="text-align:left;" | 11,975
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Peter Pex
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 11 June 2003 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 8,380
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Bartho Pronk
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 November 1989 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 7,929
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Alexander de Roo
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  GreenLeft
| style="text-align:left;" |  G–EFA
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 4,343
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Joke Swiebel
| style="text-align:left;" | Female
| style="text-align:left;" |  Labour Party
| style="text-align:left;" |  PES
| style="text-align:left;" | 20 July 1999 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 12,554
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Wim van Velzen
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Christian Democratic Appeal
| style="text-align:left;" |  EPP–ED
| style="text-align:left;" | 19 July 1994 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 103,743
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Herman Vermeer
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
| style="text-align:left;" |  ELDR
| style="text-align:left;" | 12 November 2001 – 20 July 2004
| style="text-align:left;" | 6,535
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Jan-Kees Wiebenga
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
| style="text-align:left;" |  ELDR
| style="text-align:left;" | 19 July 1994 – October 2001
| style="text-align:left;" | 535,904
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Jan Marinus Wiersma
| style="text-align:left;" | Male
| style="text-align:left;" |  Labour Party
| style="text-align:left;" |  PES
| style="text-align:left;" | 19 July 1994 – 14 July 2009
| style="text-align:left;" | 9,753
|-style="background-color:#dcdcdc"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="7" |Source:
|-
|}

By party

On the Christian Democratic Appeal list: (EPP-ED)

 Albert Jan Maat
 Maria Martens
 Bert Doorn
 Hanja Maij-Weggen (top candidate) (replaced by: Cees Bremmer)
 Wim van Velzen
 Bartho Pronk
 Arie Oostlander
 Karla Peijs (replaced by: Peter Pex)
 Ria Oomen-Ruijten
 Peter Pex
 Cees Bremmer

On the Labour Party list: (PES)

 Michiel van Hulten
 Joke Swiebel
 Ieke van den Burg
 Dorette Corbey
 Max van den Berg (top candidate)
 Jan Marinus Wiersma

On the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy list: (ELDR)

 Jules Maaten
 Toine Manders
 Jan Mulder
 Elly Plooij-van Gorsel
 Marieke Sanders-ten Holte
 Jan-Kees Wiebenga (top candidate) (replaced by: Herman Vermeer)
 Herman Vermeer

On the GreenLeft list: (Greens-EFA)

 Theo Bouwman
 Kathalijne Buitenweg
 Joost Lagendijk (top candidate)
 Alexander de Roo

On the SGP, GPV and RPF list: (EDD)

 Bas Belder (SGP)
 Hans Blokland (GPV) (top candidate)
 Rijk van Dam (RPF)

On the Democrats 66 list: (ELDR)

 Lousewies van der Laan (top candidate) (replaced by: Johanna Boogerd-Quaak)
 Bob van den Bos
 Johanna Boogerd-Quaak

On the Socialist Party list: (EUL/NGL)

 Erik Meijer

References

1999
Netherlands
List

List of members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands, 1999–2004


Senato, bazı ülkelerde yasama organının bir parçası olarak görev yapan kurumdur. Senatolar genellikle çift meclisli ülkelerde bulunur ve daha yüksek düzeyde olan meclise verilen isimdir. Senatoların asil üyelerine Senatör denir.
Dünya tarihindeki ilk senato Roma'da M.Ö. 8. yüzyılda kuruldu ve M.S. 6. yüzyıla kadar devam etti. Ayrıca Bizans İmparatorluğu da Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu olarak M.S. 4. yüzyıldan başlayarak 13. yüzyılda 4. Haçlı Seferinin İstanbul'u işgal etmesine kadar senato kurumunu devam ettirdi.

Günümüzde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Avustralya başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede senatolar yasama kurumunun bir parçası olarak görev yapmaktadırlar.

Türkiye'nin öncül devleti olan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda 1876 Anayasası ile Ayan Meclisi adıyla bir senato kurulmuş ve 1920 yılına kadar çeşitli aralarla görevini sürdürmüştür.

Türkiye'de 1961-1980 yılları arasında çift meclisli sistem yürürlükteydi ve TBMM, Millet Meclisi ve Cumhuriyet Senatosu olmak üzere iki meclisten oluşuyordu. 1980 yılından sonra ise tekrar tek meclisli sisteme geri dönüldü ve senato kurumu 19 yıllık bir çalışma süresinden sonra Türkiye'de yürürlükten kalktı.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Çift meclislilik
Tek meclislilik
Üst meclis
Alt meclis
Ülkelere göre yasama organları

Parlamento

Senato


Diocese do Brasil () ou Diocese armênia do Brasil é uma diocese da Igreja Apostólica Armênia, fundada em 1983 sob os auspícios de Católico de Todos os Armênios, Vazgen I. A catedral é a Igreja de São Jorge em São Paulo. O território da diocese inclui principalmente São Paulo, Osasco, Rio de Janeiro e várias outras cidades onde vivem um grande número de famílias armênias.

História

O primeiro clérigo armênio a se estabelecer no Brasil foi o arcipreste Gabriel Samuelian, juntamente com imigrantes vindos do Oriente Médio, em 1923. O povo recém-reassentado formou uma comissão para organizar a colônia e estabelecer uma diretoria. A comissão pediu ao primaz da diocese da Igreja Apostólica Armênia em Nova Iorque que ratificasse sua diretoria e levasse a Igreja e a vida nacional da comunidade armênia no Brasil sob seus auspícios. Em 1933, o Brasil tornou-se parte da Delegação Patriarcal para a América do Sul, com centro em Buenos Aires. O arcebispo Karekin Katchadurian foi nomeado delegado patriarcal. Em 1983 a Delegação Patriarcal sul-americana foi dividida em três dioceses separadas (Argentina, Uruguai e Brasil). O primeiro templo armênio no Brasil, a Igreja de São João Batista, foi construída em 1935 em Osasco. A Igreja de São Jorge, a catedral da diocese brasileira, foi construída em 1938 e reconstruída em 1948. De 1980 a 2014, o arcebispo Datev Karibian foi o primaz da diocese do Brasil.

Em 31 de março de 2014, em São Paulo, presidida pelo ex-primaz da diocese armênia do Brasil, Datev Karibian, e pelo Presidente do Conselho diocesano, André Kisajekian, a Assembleia diocesana elegeu o arquimandrita Narek Berberian.

Bispos
 Datev Karibian (1980-2014);
 Narek Berberian (2014-atualmente).

Organização
A diocese possui duas paróquias no Estado de São Paulo:

 Catedral de São Jorge, São Paulo;
 Paróquia de Osasco.

Ver também

 Cristianismo ortodoxo no Brasil
 Armênios no Brasil

Referências
Dioceses do Brasil
Igreja Apostólica Armênia

Ligações externas

 Site da Diocese armênia do Brasil

 Página no Facebook

Diáspora armênia

Diocese Armênia do Brasil


كريستيان تراش  هو لاعب كرة ألماني ولد في سبتمبر 1987 في أنغلوستادت .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أظهرة كرة قدم
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
رياضيون من إنغولشتات
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الرابعة
لاعبو الدوري الإماراتي
لاعبو إنغولشتات 04
لاعبو شتوتغارت
لاعبو شتوتغارت 2
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم من بافاريا
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو ميونخ 1860
لاعبو نادي الوصل
لاعبو نادي شتوتغارت
لاعبو نادي فولفسبورغ
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1987

كريستيان تريش


Cahit Arf (; 24 October 1910 – 26 December 1997) was a Turkish mathematician. He is known for the Arf invariant of a quadratic form in characteristic 2 (applied in knot theory  and surgery theory) in  topology, the Hasse–Arf theorem in ramification theory, Arf semigroups and Arf rings.

Biography
Cahit Arf was born on 11 October 1910 in Selanik (Thessaloniki), which was then a part of the Ottoman Empire. His family migrated to Istanbul with the outbreak of the Balkan War in 1912. The family finally settled in İzmir where Cahit Arf received his primary education. Upon receiving a scholarship from the Turkish Ministry of Education he continued his education in Paris and graduated from École Normale Supérieure.

Returning to Turkey, he taught mathematics at Galatasaray High School. In 1933 he joined the Mathematics Department of Istanbul University. In 1937 he went to Göttingen, where he received his PhD from the University of Göttingen and he worked with Helmut Hasse and Josue Cruz de Munoz. He returned to Istanbul University and worked there until his involvement with the foundation work of Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK) upon President Cemal Gürsel's appointment in 1962. After serving as the founding director of the council in 1963, he joined the Mathematics Department of Robert College in Istanbul. Arf spent the period of 1964–1966 working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He later visited University of California, Berkeley for one year.

Upon his final return to Turkey, he joined the Mathematics Department of the Middle East Technical University and continued his studies there until his retirement in 1980. Arf received numerous awards for his contributions to mathematics, among them are: İnönü Award in 1948, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Science Award in 1974, and Commandeur des Palmes Academiques (France) in 1994. Arf was a member of the Mainz Academy and the Turkish Academy of Sciences. He was the president of the Turkish Mathematical Society from 1985 until 1989. Arf died on December 26, 1997 in Bebek, Istanbul, at the age of 87. His collected works were published, in 1988, by the Turkish Mathematical Society.

Influence

Arf's influence on science in general and mathematics in particular was profound. Although he had very few formal students, many of the mathematicians of Turkey, at some time of their careers, had fruitful discussions on their field of interest with him and had received support and encouragement.

He facilitated the now-celebrated visit of Robert Langlands to Turkey (now famous for the Langlands program, among many other things); during which Langlands worked out some arduous calculations on the epsilon factors of Artin L-functions.

Arf's portrait is depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 10 lira banknote issued in 2009.

Middle East Technical University Department of Mathematics organizes a special lecture session called the Cahit Arf lecture each year in  memory of Arf.

Arf Lectures
Since 2001 the Arf lectures in honor of Cahit Arf have been held annually at the Cahit Arf Auditorium in the Department of Mathematics of Middle East Technical University.  Each lecture is presented by a distinguished mathematician selected by the advisory board. Since 2006, the Arf Lecturers are invited to deliver their talks at  IMBM (Istanbul Center for Mathematical Sciences) too.
 2022: Andrew Sutherland of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 2019: Geordie Williamson of The University of Sydney
 2018: Fernando Rodriguez Villegas of The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
 2015: Vladimir Voevodsky of Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
 2013/14: Persi Diaconis of Stanford University
 2012: David Nadler of Northwestern University and University of California, Berkeley
 2011: Jonathan Pila of University of Oxford
 2010: John W Morgan of Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook University
 2009: Ben Joseph Green of University of Cambridge
 2008: Günter Harder of Mathematisches Institut der Universitat Bonn and Max Planck Institute for Mathematics
 2007: Hendrik Lenstra of Universiteit Leiden Mathematisch Instituut
 2006: Jean-Pierre Serre of Collège de France
 2005: Peter Sarnak of Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
 2004: Robert Langlands of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
 2003: David Mumford of Brown University Division of Applied Mathematics
 2002: Don Zagier of University of Utrecht / Collège de France
 2001: Gerhard Frey of University of Essen Institute for Experimental Mathematics

See also
 Hasse–Arf theorem
 Arf invariant
 Arf semigroup
 Arf ring

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Cahit Arf Lectures homepage
 Page and links on Cahit Arf
 A documentary on Cahit Arf

 Author profile in the database zbMATH

1910 births
1997 deaths
Scientists from Thessaloniki
People from Salonica vilayet
Macedonian Turks
20th-century Turkish mathematicians
Topologists
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Academic staff of Istanbul University
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
University of Göttingen alumni
Academic staff of Middle East Technical University
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Recipients of TÜBİTAK Science Award
METU Mustafa Parlar Foundation Science Award winners

Cahit Arf


ලන්දේසි යුගයේ පටන් රයිගම කෝරළය බෙදා පැවති ඉපැරණි කොටස් අතුරින් එකකි. වර්තමානයේ කළුතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ මුහුදුබඩ ප්‍රදේශ එවක එම කොටසට අයත්ව පැවතිනි.

පානදුර තොටුමුණ


في الهندسة الرياضية، عشر آلافي الأضلاع  هو مضلع له عشرة آلاف (10.000) ضلع. في العشر آلافي المنتظم يكون قياس الزاوية الداخلية 179.964 درجة.

تحسب مساحة عشر آلافي المنتظم عندما يكون طول الضلع t بالعلاقة:

المراجع

مضلعات

عشر آلافي الأضلاع


Venda por atacado ou venda por grosso é a forma de comercialização de grandes quantidades de produtos. Tais produtos são mais baratos por serem principalmente destinados a mercados.  Em geral, este sistema necessita de elos em sequência na cadeia de suprimentos, passando pelo comércio varejista, para alcançar os consumidores finais. É comum que as empresas que atuam neste ramo (ditas grossistas em Portugal) também operem na distribuição, sendo usual o uso de distribuidor como sinônimo de grossista.

Existe também o atacarejo, uma variante do atacado, sendo um tipo de loja que permite ao atacadista vender aos varejistas de pequeno ou de médio porte e aos consumidores finais que estão à procura do melhor preço.

Bibliografia

Comércio

Atacado


En ciencias médicas, el término técnica aséptica o técnica estéril se refiere al método preventivo que se emplea para mantener estériles a todos los objetos (como un campo estéril), instrumental (como un catéter o una sonda y materiales que han de estar en contacto con la herida, de modo que la curación se logre de primera intención.

Véase también
Esterilización (microbiología)
Asepsia
Antisepsia
Cirugía
Estéril (cirugía)
Técnica

Referencias

Cirugía

Técnica aséptica


Die Portugal International 1997 fanden vom 16. bis zum 19. Januar 1997 in Caldas da Rainha statt. Es war die 32. Auflage dieser internationalen Titelkämpfe von Portugal im Badminton.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=17541020-8028-4752-92F7-655A62C8A3B1

1997
Badminton 1997
Badmintonwettbewerb in Caldas da Rainha

Portugal International 1997


Google Fusion Tables (o simplemente Fusion Tables) es un servicio web de Google para la gestión de datos. Los datos se almacenan en varias tablas que los usuarios de Internet pueden ver y descargar. El sitio web se inauguró en el verano del hemisferio norte de 2009 anunciado por Alon Halevy y Shapley Rebecca.

El servicio web proporciona un medio para visualizar los datos con gráficos circulares, gráficos de barras, diagramas de dispersión y líneas de tiempo; así como mapas geográficos basados en Google Maps. Los datos se exportan en un formato de archivo y los valores son separados por comas.

El papel de Google Fusion Tables fue descrito como importante para la investigación y la representación de datos en 2010.

El 11 de diciembre de 2018, se anunció que Fusion Tables va a ser retirado del mercado desde el 3 de diciembre de 2019.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Google Fusion Tables

Google
Introducciones relacionadas a la ciencia de la computación de 2009

Google Fusion Tables


Bedford er en by i Shawswick Township, Lawrence County, Indiana, USA. Indbyggertallet var i 2010 13.413. Byen er county seat (administrationsby) i Lawrence County.

Tidlig historie
Bedford blev anlagt som by og county seat omkring 1825. Det oprindelige county seat lå i den nu nedlagte by Palestine, seks kilometer mod syd. Flytningen skete på opfordring af den lovgivende forsamling, da den oprindelige beliggenhed i nærheden af White River blev anset for at være usundt på grund af myg, der spredte malaria. Det nye sted blev kaldt Bedford efter forslag fra en fremtrædende lokal forretningsmand, Joseph Rawlins, der var flyttet til området fra Bedford County i Tennessee. Bedford var et led i The Underground Railroad, et net af hemmelige byer og veje, der blev anvendt af slaver i begyndelsen af 1800-tallet til at flygte til Canada eller andre amerikanske stater, hvor slaveri var forbudt.

Geografi
Ifølge folketællingen i 2010 har Bedford et samlet areal på 31,5 km², der udelukkende består af land (ingen søer).

Klima
Klimaet i området er kendetegnet ved varme, fugtige somre og generelt milde til kølige vintre. Ifølge Køppen Klima Klassificeringssystem har Bedford et fugtigt subtropisk klima, forkortet "Cfa" på klimakort.

Demografiske oplysninger

Folketælling 2010
Ved folketællingen i 2010 var der 13.413 indbyggere, 5.801 husholdninger og 3.426 familier i byen. Det giver en befolkningstæthed på 426 mennesker per km². Der var 6.553 boliger med en gennemsnitlig tæthed på 208 boliger per km². Den racemæssige sammensætning af byen var 96,2 % hvide, 0,8% afroamerikanere, 0,3% "Native American", 0,9% asiater, 0,5% andre og 1,3% af blandet afstamning. Hispanic- og latinoamerikanere udgjorde 1,8% af befolkningen.

Der var 5.801 husstande, hvor 27,7% havde børn under 18 år, der stadig boede hjemme. Af disse husstande med børn var 41,5% gifte par, 13,3% enlige kvinder, 4,3% enlige mænd og 40,9% var ikke familier. 36,3% af alle husstande bestod kun af en enkelt person, og 16,8% af disse var 65 år eller ældre. Den gennemsnitlige husstandsstørrelse var 2,22 personer og den gennemsnitlige familiestørrelse var 2,87.

Den mediane alder i byen var 41,5 år. 22,3% af beboerne er under 18 år; 8,1% var mellem 18 og 24; 23,5% var mellem 25 og 44; 26,2% var mellem 45 og 64; og 20,1% var 65 år eller ældre. Den kønsmæssige sammensætning af byen var 47,3% mænd og 52,7% kvinder.

Folketælling 2000
Ved folketællingen i 2000 var der 13.768 mennesker, 6.054 husholdninger, og 3.644 familier i byen. Befolkningstætheden var 447 personer per kvadratkilometer. Der var 6.618 boliger med en gennemsnitlig tæthed af 215 boliger per kvadratkilometer. Den racemæssige sammensætning af byen var 98,87% hvide, 0.79% afroamerikanere, 0,28% Native American, 0,48% asiater, 0,01% fra stillehavsøerne, 0,70% fra andre racer og 0,88% fra to eller flere racer. Hispanic eller latino af enhver race var 1,26% af befolkningen.

Der var 6.054 husholdninger, hvor 25,0% havde hjemmeboende børn under 18 år, 46.5% var ægtepar, 10,3% var enlige kvinder og 39,8% var ikke-familier. 35,5% af alle husstande bestod af en enkelt person, heraf 18,3% som var 65 år eller ældre. Den gennemsnitlige husstandsstørrelse var 2,18 og den gennemsnitlige familiestørrelse var 2,81.

I byen var befolkningen fordelt med 21,2% under 18 år, 8,0% fra 18 til 24, 25,7% mellem 25 og 44, 23,2% fra 45 til 64, og 21,9%, der var 65 år eller ældre. Den mediane alder var 41 år. For hver 100 kvinder var der 87 mænd. For hver 100 kvinder over 18 var der 82 mænd.

Medianindkomsten for en husstand i byen var $31.022, og gennemsnitsindkomsten for en familie var på $39.462. Mænd havde en medianindkomst på $31.956 versus $22.578 for kvinder. Per capita-indkomsten for byen var $17.649. Omkring 7,4% af familier og 11,5% af befolkningen var under fattigdomsgrænsen, herunder 12,8% af dem under 18 år og 8,6% af dem, der er 65 år eller derover.

Ledelse
Bedford ledes af en borgmester og et byråd, der består af syv medlemmer.

Sportshold og historie
 Bedford Stonecutters (Middle School) 1890-1974
 Bedford Nord Lawrence Stars (High School) 1975–i dag

Økonomi

Bedford er omgivet af stenbrud, hvor der brydes kalksten. Flere kendte bygninger og monumenter er bygget af kalksten brudt i Bedford, herunder flere monumenter i Washington, D.C. samt Empire State Building i New York.

Bedford fik $500.000 i tilskud fra den føderale regering til at bygge en ti-etagers kopi af den Store Pyramide i Giza ud af den lokale kalksten; men arbejdet blev aldrig færdiggjort, på trods af en yderligere $125,000, der er afsat til at afslutte det. En 800-fods kalksten kopi af den kinesiske Mur i Kina, blev også bygget. Opførelsen fandt sted i 1981, og koste $200.000. Byggeriet på den vigtigste pyramide ophørte i 1982.

Transport
 Ingen motorveje er i nærheden. Den nærmeste er Highway i-69, ca 20 km (35 km) vest for byen.
 US Highway 50 går gennem byens centrum og forbinder Bedford med Seymour mod øst, og Vincennes-skoven mod vest.
 State Road 37 forbinder Bedford til Bloomington nord og Mitchell mod syd.
 Indiana Jernbanen går gennem Bedford, og forbinder til Louisville, Kentucky og Chicago.

Kriminalitet
Bedford har en lav frekvens af drab; der er alene registreret seks drab mellem 1999 og 2010. Som helhed, i forhold til det nationale gennemsnit for kriminalitet, har Bedford en betydeligt lavere kriminalitetsrate end gennemsnittet.

Seværdigheder
 Bluespring Caverns
 Nashville, Indiana
 Spring Mill State Park
 West Baden Springs Hotel
 Bedford Courthouse Square (historisk kvarter), Indiana Kalksten Selskabs bygning, Madden Skole, C. S. og Norton, Mansion, Otis Park Golf Course, William A. Ragsdale Hus, og Zahn Historiske Kvarter , er opført i det Nationale Register over Historiske Steder.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Statistik Ressource
 City hjemmeside
 Den officielle Hjemmeside for "Vores By: Bedford"
 Eu-hjemmeside
 De Gange-Mail
 "Et Glimt af den Berømte Sten Stenbrud på Bedford, Indiana," hæfte af Bedford Sten Stenbrud Co., Inc., omkring slutningen af 1800-tallet, på Sten Stenbrud og Videre.

 Den ufuldendte pyramide ligger på

Byer i Indiana

Bedford (Indiana)


Márta Petrovits (* 8. August 1964 in Budapest, verheiratete Márta Englert) ist eine ungarische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Márta Petrovits wurde 1982 ungarische Juniorenmeisterin im Damendoppel gemeinsam mit Csilla Tamok. Zwei Jahre später konnte sie ihren ersten und einzigen Titel bei den Erwachsenen erkämpfen, als sie erneut im Doppel erfolgreich war, diesmal jedoch mit Éva Varga an ihrer Seite.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
Ki kicsoda a magyar sportéletben? Band 2 (I–R). Szekszárd, Babits Kiadó, 1995. ISBN 963-495-011-6

Badmintonspieler (Ungarn)
Ungarischer Meister (Badminton)
Ungar
Geboren 1964
Frau

Márta Petrovits


Asematie, (en ) est une rue du quartier Tikkurila de Vantaa en Finlande.

Présentation
Longue d'environ 350 mètres, la rue s'étend de la gare de Tikkurila jusqu'à la rue Kielotie et plus loin à la rue piétonne Tikkuraitti.

Bâtiments
Il y a de nombreux bâtiments importants le long de la rue, tels que l'hôtel de ville de Vantaa, l'église de Tikkurila, le centre commercial Tikkuri et le centre commercial Dixi.

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Liens internes

Tikkurila
Rue à Vantaa

Asematie (Vantaa)


Bottidda (sardinski: Bòtidda) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 396 metara i ima 694 stanovnika. Prostire se na 33,71 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 21 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Bono, Bonorva, Burgos, Esporlatu, Illorai i Orotelli.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Sassari

Bottidda


Te Deum (lat. za Tebe Boga), poznat i kao Tebe Boga hvalimo (lat. Te Deum laudamus), je svečana kršćanska molitva čije se autorstvo tradicijski pripisivalo Svetom Ambroziju|sv. Ambroziju, milanskomu biskupu iz IV. st., koji ju je izgleda uvrstio u službene liturgijske knjige Milana, kao tadašnje prijestolnice Rimskoga Carstva.

Danas se uglavnom autorstvo pripisuje Ambrozijevom suvremeniku, biskupu sv. Nicetasu, biskupu Remesiane na području današnjega juga Srbije.

Kao službena molitva zahvale, od tada do danas je u uporabi diljem kršćanskog svijeta, tako kod katolika, anglikanaca, pravoslavaca, luterana i inih.

Tekst molitve na pjesnički način prati sadržaj apostolskoga vjerovanja. U Katoličkoj Crkvi moli se (najčešće pjeva) svakoga 31. prosinca u sklopu večernje molitve pred blagdan Sv. Marije Bogorodice 1. siječnja), na Duhove, Tijelovo te u drugim osobito svečanim prigodama. Tijekom stoljeća, mnogi su skladatelji uglazbili himan, među ostalima Verdi, Berlioz, Dvorák, Haydn, Mozart i Henry Purcell.

Izvori

Kršćanske molitve

Te Deum


USS Des Moines (CA-134) was the lead ship of the class of United States Navy heavy cruisers. She was the first ship in the United States Navy to feature the auto loading Mark 16 8-inch/55 caliber gun, the first of its type in the world. She was the second ship of the US Navy to be commissioned with the name of the capital of Iowa. Launched 1946, she was commissioned in 1948. She saw duty around the world until her decommissioning in 1961; she was permanently mothballed. A 1981 survey was done to determine if she was worthy of reactivation for the 600-ship Navy, but the cost was too great so she remained in the reserve. She was struck off the naval reserve in 1993, which was followed by a campaign to turn her into a museum ship. The campaign failed, and in 2005 she was sold for scrapping, and she was broken up by July 7. Parts of the ship have been donated to various places for display, including at the USS Salem museum, which is the only Des Moines-class ship to avoid the scrapyard.

Construction and career

Des Moines was launched 27 September 1946 by Bethlehem Steel Company, Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts; sponsored by Mrs. E. T. Meredith, Jr.; and commissioned 16 November 1948.  She became the first of her class to mount the semi-automatic Mark 16 8-inch turrets and carry the new Sikorsky HO3S-1 utility helicopters in place of seaplanes. She was named after the capital of the state of Iowa.

In a varied operating schedule designed to maintain the readiness of the Navy to meet the constant demands of defense and foreign policy, Des Moines cruised from her home port at Newport, Rhode Island and after 1950, from Norfolk, Virginia on exercises of every type in the Caribbean, along the East Coast, in the Mediterranean Sea, and in North Atlantic waters. Annually between 1949 and 1957 she deployed to the Mediterranean, during the first seven years serving as flagship for the 6th Task Fleet (known as the 6th Fleet from 1950). In 1952, and each year from 1954 to 1957, she carried midshipmen for summer training cruises, crossing to Northern European ports on the first four cruises. She also sailed to Northern Europe on NATO exercises in 1952, 1953, and 1955. On 18 February 1958, she cleared Norfolk for the Mediterranean once more, this time to remain as flagship for the 6th Fleet until July 1961 when she was placed out of commission in reserve.

Through her Mediterranean services Des Moines contributed significantly to the success of the 6th Fleet in representing American power and interests in the countries of Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and the Near East. She made this contribution through such activities as her participation in NATO Mediterranean exercises; her call to seldom-visited Rijeka, Yugoslavia, in December 1950 and Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, in May 1960, and to many other ports as a regular feature of her schedule; her cruising in the eastern Atlantic during the wake of the Suez Crisis of 1956; and service on patrol and as control center for American forces in the Lebanon crisis of 1958.

Film footage of her cruising with other ships of the United States 6th Fleet was used in the introduction and conclusion of the movie John Paul Jones, starring Robert Stack (Warner Brothers 1959).

Decommissioning
After decommissioning in 1961 she was mothballed in the South Boston Naval Annex and eventually laid up in the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility at Philadelphia in maintained reserve.  In 1981 the United States Congress directed that the Navy conduct a survey to determine if she and sister ship  could be reactivated (in lieu of two ) to support the 600-ship Navy proposed by the Reagan Administration.  The study concluded that while both ships would be useful in the active fleet, there was not enough deck space to add the modern weapons systems (Tomahawk cruise missiles, Harpoon anti-ship missiles, Phalanx CIWS mounts, radars and communication systems) that the ships would need to operate in a 1980s environment.  In addition, the per-ship costs for the reactivation and updates (that were determined feasible) would be close to the costs for an Iowa, for a much less capable ship.  Therefore, both ships remained in maintained reserve until they were struck off the reserve list in August 1993.

After an attempt to turn her into a museum ship in Milwaukee, Wisconsin failed, she was sold in 2005, and then towed to Brownsville, Texas, for scrapping. By July 2007, she had been completely broken up. Her status officially changed to "disposed of by scrapping, dismantling" on 16 August 2007. Two of her dual 5-inch/38 gun mounts were donated to the  museum in Corpus Christi, Texas, where they can now be seen on display.

Her sister ship  was scrapped in New Orleans in 1993.  The third Des Moines-class ship,  , is a museum ship in Quincy, Massachusetts.

USS Des Moines ' bell, nameplate and plaque are on display at Camp Dodge, Johnston, Iowa. The USS Des Moines ' port anchor resides in the roundabout at the entrance to Quincy, Massachusetts, which is adjacent to the USS Salem Museum.

Gallery

Awards
Navy Occupation Medal with (Asia and Europe clasps)
National Defense Service Medal
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal

References

External links

 NavSource photos of Des Moines
 ex-Des Moines being scrapped in Brownsville, Texas, January 2007
 Google Map picture of the Des Moines in Brownsville
 USS Des Moines – Reunion Allumni Association, official web site
 World of Warships article

1946 ships
Cold War cruisers of the United States
Des Moines-class cruisers
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts

USS Des Moines (CA-134)


Francusko-azerbajdžansko sveučilište (azerski: Azərbaycan-Fransız Universiteti, francuski: Université Franco-Azerbaïdjanaise) je visokoškolska ustanova osnovana 2016. godine sa sjedištem u Bakuu. Sveučilište je osnovano na temelju sporazuma o suradnji u tehnici, znanosti i kulturi između Francuske Republike i Republike Azerbajdžan. Sveučilište pohađa oko 538 studenata, a nastavni plan i program vodi se na francuskom jeziku uz određene sate na azerskom i engleskom. Sveučilište je svečano otvoreno 2016. godine od strane predsjednika Francuske Françoisa Hollandea i Azerbajdžana.Ilhama Alijeva.

Vidi još
 Popis sveučilišta u Azerbajdžanu
 Frankofonija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službene internetske stranice

Azijska sveučilišta
Europska sveučilišta
Građevine u Bakuu

Francusko-azerbajdžansko sveučilište


A seven-segment display is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix displays.

Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, basic calculators, and other electronic devices that display numerical information.

History
Seven-segment representation of figures can be found in patents as early as 1903 (in ), when Carl Kinsley invented a method of telegraphically transmitting letters and numbers and having them printed on tape in a segmented format. In 1908, F. W. Wood invented an 8-segment display, which displayed the number 4 using a diagonal bar (). In 1910, a seven-segment display illuminated by incandescent bulbs was used on a power-plant boiler room signal panel. They were also used to show the dialed telephone number to operators during the transition from manual to automatic telephone dialing. They did not achieve widespread use until the advent of LEDs in the 1970s.

Some early seven-segment displays used incandescent filaments in an evacuated bulb; they are also known as numitrons. A variation (minitrons) made use of an evacuated potted box. Minitrons are filament segment displays that are housed in DIP (dual in-line package) packages like modern LED segment displays. They may have up to 16 segments. There were also segment displays that used small incandescent light bulbs instead of LEDs or incandescent filaments. These worked similarly to modern LED segment displays.

Vacuum fluorescent display versions were also used in the 1970s.

Many early (c. 1970s) LED seven-segment displays had each digit built on a single die. This made the digits very small. Some included magnifying lenses in the design to try to make the digits more legible.

The seven-segment pattern is sometimes used in posters or tags, where the user either applies color to pre-printed segments, or applies color through a seven-segment digit template, to compose figures such as product prices or telephone numbers.

For many applications, dot-matrix liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) have largely superseded LED displays in general, though even in LCDs, seven-segment displays are common. Unlike LEDs, the shapes of elements in an LCD panel are arbitrary since they are formed on the display by photolithography. In contrast, the shapes of LED segments tend to be simple rectangles, because they have to be physically moulded to shape, which makes it difficult to form more complex shapes than the segments of seven-segment displays. However, the easy recognition of seven-segment displays, and the comparatively high visual contrast obtained by such displays relative to dot-matrix digits, makes seven-segment multiple-digit LCD screens very common on basic calculators.

The seven-segment display has inspired type designers to produce typefaces reminiscent of that display (but more legible), such as New Alphabet, "DB LCD Temp", "ION B", etc.

Using a restricted range of letters that look like (upside-down) digits, seven-segment displays are commonly used by school children to form words and phrases using a technique known as "calculator spelling".

Implementations

Seven-segment displays may use a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED) for each segment, an electrochromic display, or other light-generating or controlling techniques such as cold cathode gas discharge (Panaplex), vacuum fluorescent (VFD), incandescent filaments (Numitron), and others. For gasoline price totems and other large signs, vane displays made up of electromagnetically flipped light-reflecting segments (or "vanes") are still commonly used. A precursor to the 7-segment display in the 1950s through the 1970s was the cold-cathode, neon-lamp-like nixie tube. Starting in 1970, RCA sold a display device known as the  that used incandescent filaments arranged into a seven-segment display. In USSR, the first electronic calculator "Vega", which was produced from 1964, contains 20 decimal digits with seven-segment electroluminescent display.

In a simple LED package, typically all of the cathodes (negative terminals) or all of the anodes (positive terminals) of the segment LEDs are connected and brought out to a common pin; this is referred to as a "common cathode" or "common anode" device. Hence a 7 segment plus decimal point package will only require nine pins, though commercial products typically contain more pins, and/or spaces where pins would go, in order to match standard IC sockets. Integrated displays also exist, with single or multiple digits. Some of these integrated displays incorporate their own internal decoder, though most do not: each individual LED is brought out to a connecting pin as described.

Multiple-digit LED displays as used in pocket calculators and similar devices used multiplexed displays to reduce the number of I/O pins required to control the display. For example, all the anodes of the A segments of each digit position would be connected together and to a driver circuit pin, while the cathodes of all segments for each digit would be connected. To operate any particular segment of any digit, the controlling integrated circuit would turn on the cathode driver for the selected digit, and the anode drivers for the desired segments; then after a short blanking interval the next digit would be selected and new segments lit, in a sequential fashion. In this manner an eight digit display with seven segments and a decimal point would require only 8 cathode drivers and 8 anode drivers, instead of sixty-four drivers and IC pins. Often in pocket calculators the digit drive lines would be used to scan the keyboard as well, providing further savings; however, pressing multiple keys at once would produce odd results on the multiplexed display.

Although to a naked eye all digits of an LED display appear lit, only one digit is lit at any given time in a multiplexed display. The digit changes at a high enough rate that the human eye cannot see the flashing (on earlier devices it could be visible to peripheral vision).

Characters

The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle, with two vertical segments on each side and one horizontal segment each at the top, middle, and bottom. Often the rectangle is oblique (slanted), which may aid readability. In most applications, the segments are of nearly uniform shape and size (usually elongated hexagons, though trapezoids and rectangles can also be used); though in the case of adding machines, the vertical segments are longer and more oddly shaped at the ends, to try to make them more easily readable. The seven elements of the display can be lit in different combinations to represent each of the Arabic numerals.

The individual segments are referred to by the letters "a" to "g", and an optional decimal point (an "eighth segment", referred to as DP) is sometimes used for the display of non-integer numbers. A single byte can encode the full state of a seven-segment display, including the decimal point. The most popular bit encodings are gfedcba and abcdefg. In the gfedcba representation, a byte value of 0x06 would turn on segments "c" and "b", which would display a "1".

Decimal
The numerical digits 0 to 9 are the most common characters displayed on seven-segment displays. The most common patterns used for each of these are:

Alternative patterns: The numeral 1 may be represented with the left segments, the numerals 6 and 9 may be represented without a "tail", and the numeral 7 represented with a 'tail':

In Unicode 13.0, 10 codepoints had been given for segmented digits 0–9 in the Symbols for Legacy Computing block, to replicate early computer fonts that included seven-segment versions of the digits. The official reference shows the less-common four-segment "7". The characters as displayed by your browser:

Hexadecimal
Four binary bits are needed to specify the numbers 0–9, but can also specify 10–15, so usually decoders with 4 bit inputs can also display hexadecimal (hex) digits. Today, a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters is commonly used for A–F; this is done to obtain a unique, unambiguous shape for each hexadecimal digit (otherwise, a capital "D" would look identical to a '0' and a capital 'B' would look identical to an '8'). Also the digit '6' must be displayed with the top bar lit to avoid ambiguity with the letter 'b'.

Letters
Most letters of the Latin alphabet can be reasonably implemented using seven segments.  Though not every letter is available, it is possible to create many useful words.  By careful choice of words, one can sometimes work around many shortcomings of seven-segment alphabet encodings.

Short messages giving status information (e.g. "" on a CD player) are also commonly represented on seven-segment displays. In the case of such messages it is not necessary for every letter to be unambiguous, merely for the words as a whole to be readable.

Examples:
, , , , ,

, , , , , ,

, , , , ,

Seven-segment displays have also been used to show letters of the Cyrillic and Greek alphabets:

There are enough patterns to show all the letters but few representations are unambiguous and intuitive at the same time. When all letters need to be displayed on a device, sixteen-segment and dot matrix displays are better choices than seven-segment displays.

Punctuation
Seven segments are capable of displaying some punctuation glyph characters.

The decimal point can be used to add a period after a letter.

Decoder ICs
In the past, some seven-segment decoder ICs didn't output the following modern decimal/hexadecimal font.
{|
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 For "1", the MC14558B displays the number on the left side of the display using segments "e" and "f" instead of the usual "b" and "c".
 For "7", the TC5022 displays it with additional segment "f".
 For "6" and "9", the CD4511B, MC14558B, TC5002, SN74x46/SN74x47/SN74x48/SN74x49 displays both numbers without a "tail", where "x" is the TTL logic family.
 For "A" to "F":
 BCD decoder ICs support various seven-segment fonts for their decoded output of "A" (10) to "F" (15) inputs.
 The 7446/7447/7448/7449 and the Siemens FLH551-7448/555-8448 chips used truncated versions of "2", "3", "4", "5" and "6" for digits A–E. Digit F (1111 binary) was blank.
 The TC5002 and TC5022 repeat the numbers 0 to 5 for digits A–F.
 The MM74C912 displayed "o" for A and B, "−" for C, D and E, and blank for F. The CD4511B just displayed blanks.
 Soviet programmable calculators like the Б3–34 used the symbols "−", "L", "C", "Г", "E", and " " (space), allowing the error message EГГ0Г to be displayed.

{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align: center;"
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! Manufacturer || Part Number || Production || Description || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || A || B || C || D || E || F || Output || Datasheet

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| RCA
| CD4026B
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| BCD Counter, Up
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| Active-High
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| RCA
| CD4033B
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| BCD Counter, Up
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| Active-High
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|-
| RCA
| CD40110B
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| BCD Counter, Up/Down
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |
| Active-High
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| RCATI
| CD4511BCD74x4511
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| BCD Decoder, Latch
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| Motorola
| MC14495-1
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| Hex Decoder, Latch
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| Active-High, 290Ω
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| Motorola
| MC14558B
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| TI
| SN74LS47
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| TI
| SN74LS247
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| Toshiba
| TC5002
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| Toshiba
| TC5022
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| BCD Decoder
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| Active-High
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| National
| MM74C912
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| 6-Digit BCD Controller
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| Active-High
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| National
| MM74C917
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| 6-Digit Hex Controller
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| National
| DM9368
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| Hex Decoder, Latch
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| Active High, 25mA CC
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| National
| DM9370
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| Hex Decoder, Latch
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| National
| DM9374
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|}

 NOTE: the "x" in part numbers means logic family, such as "HC" or "HCT".

See also

There are also fourteen- and sixteen-segment displays (for full alphanumerics); however, these have mostly been replaced by dot matrix displays. 22-segment displays capable of displaying the full ASCII character set were briefly available in the early 1980s but did not prove popular.

 Eight-segment display
 Nine-segment display
 Fourteen-segment display
 Sixteen-segment display
 Dot matrix display
 Nixie tube display
 Vacuum fluorescent display

References

External links

 Interactive Demonstration of a Seven Segment Display
 Interfacing Seven Segment Display to 8051 Microcontroller
 Interfacing 7 Segment Display with AVR Microcontroller

Display technology

Seven-segment display


An Epidendrum reclinatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Germán Carnevali ngan Ivón Mercedes Ramírez Morillo. An Epidendrum reclinatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum reclinatum


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Hrochoť enthält die vier nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Hrochoť im Okres Banská Bystrica.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Hrochot


Events
 March 4 – Johann Sebastian Bach revives (for the last time under his leadership) his St John Passion BWV 245 (BC D 2d) with some textual and instrumentational changes at St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig. In it, he uses the contrabassoon for the first time (as a continuo instrument).
 March 17 – George Frideric Handel's oratorio Solomon first performed, at the Theatre Royal in London.
 April 27 – The first official performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks, in London, finishes early due to the outbreak of fire.
 May 27 – Handel stages a benefit concert at and for the Foundling Hospital in London at which the Foundling Hospital Anthem is premiered.
 1749–1750 – Bach revises his The Art of Fugue BWV 1080, but the project will be left incomplete by his death and published in 1751 by his son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach in Berlin).

Popular Music
Charles Wesley – "Soldiers of Christ, Arise" (hymn)

Classical music
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Magnificat (Berlin version)
Flute Sonata in E major, H.506
Johann Sebastian Bach – Mass in B minor
George Frideric Handel
Theodora, HWV 68, oratorio (composed, first performed 1750)
Music for the Royal Fireworks, HWV 351
 Niccolò Jommelli – La cantata e disfida di Don Trastullo (secular cantata)

Opera
Joseph-Hyacinthe Ferrand – Zélie
Baldassare Galuppi – L'Arcadia in Brenta
Carl Heinrich Graun – Coriolano, GraunWV B:I:20
George Frideric Handel – Alceste, HWV 45
Jean-Joseph de Mondonville – Le carnaval du Parnasse
José Nebra – El mágico Apolonio
Jean-Philippe Rameau – Zoroastre, RCT 62

Publications
Claude-Bénigne Balbastre – Livre contenant des pièces de différent genre
Richard Mudge – 6 Concertos in 7 Parts
Filippo Palma – Sei arie con istromenti, Op. 3 (London)

Methods and theory writings
Michel Corrette – Les Amusemens du Parnasse (Methods books that were published in 8 volumes from 1749–1772)
Francesco Geminiani –  A Treatise of Good Taste in the Art of Musick
Philipp Christoph Hartung – Musicus Theoretico-Practicus
Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg – Der critische Musicus an der Spree
Johann Mattheson – Abhandlung von den Pantomimen

Births
January 16 – Vittorio Alfieri, librettist and dramatist (died 1803)
March 10 – Lorenzo Da Ponte, Italian librettist (died 1838)
May – Elisabeth Soligny, French ballerina and ballet mistress
 May 5 – Jean-Frédéric Edelmann, composer (died 1794)
 June 15 – Georg Joseph Vogler, (known as Abbé Vogler) German composer, teacher and theorist (died 1814)
August 21 – Edvard Storm, librettist and poet (died 1794)
August 28 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, librettist and writer (died 1832)
September 1 – Lorenz Leopold Haschka, librettist and writer (died 1827)
October 4 – Jean-Louis Duport, composer and cellist (died 1819)
 December 17 – Domenico Cimarosa, composer (died 1801)
December 30 – Anton Kraft, Czech composer (died 1820)
date unknown – Marija Zubova, composer (d. 1799)

Deaths
February 7 – André Cardinal Destouches, French composer of opera (born 1672)
June 11 – Johann Bernhard Bach, organist and composer, second cousin of Johann Sebastian Bach (born 1676)
June 18 – Ambrose Philips, librettist and poet (b. 1674)
October 26 – Louis-Nicolas Clérambault, composer (born 1676)
November 19 – Carl Heinrich Biber, composer (born 1681)
November 27 – Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel, composer (born 1690)
December 19 – Francesco Antonio Bonporti, priest and composer (born 1672)
 date unknown – Johann Ernst Galliard, composer (born 1687)

References

18th century in music
Music by year

1749 in music


Warning: Do Not Play (암전, Amjeon) est un film sud-coréen réalisé par Kim Jin-won, sorti en 2019.

Synopsis
Park Mi-jung, une jeune réalisatrice, prépare son prochain film. Elle entend parler d'un film d'horreur interdit réalisé huit ans auparavant par un certain Kim Jae-hyun et décide de faire des recherches dessus pour s'en inspirer.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Warning: Do Not Play
 Titre original : 암전 (Amjeon)
 Réalisation : Kim Jin-won
 Scénario : Kim Jin-won
 Photographie : Yoon Young-soo
 Production : Won Jung-sim (producteur délégué)
 Pays :
 Genre : Horreur
 Durée : 86 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :
 :  (Internet)

Distribution
 Seo Yea-ji : Park Mi-jung
 Jin Seon-kyu : Kim Jae-Hyun
 Kim Bo-ra : Ji-Soo
 Cha Yub : Kwang-bae
 Ji Yoon-ho : Joon-seo
 Joe Jae-young : Young-min
 Joo Jong-hyuk : Jung-min
 Tonmoy KD : Jack

Distinctions
Le film a été présenté en sélection officielle en compétition au festival international du film fantastique de Gérardmer 2020.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film sud-coréen sorti en 2019
Film d'horreur sud-coréen
Film mettant en scène un réalisateur

Warning: Do Not Play


Krasni Oktiabr  es un posiólok del raión de Temriuk del krai de Krasnodar del sur de Rusia. Está situado en la península de Tamán, en el delta del Kubán, 22 km al sudeste de Temriuk y 105 km al oeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai.  Tenía 1 800 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Kurchanskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Mapa topográfico soviético en maps.vlasenko.net
  en Panoramio
  en la Gran Guerra Patria en Panoramio

Localidades del raión de Temriuk del krai de Krasnodar

Krasni Oktiabr (Temriuk, Krasnodar)


Frenchtown Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

* Frenchtown Township (Michigan)
 Frenchtown Township (Nebraska)

Siehe auch:
 French Township

Frenchtown Township


Antoninianus, Roma İmparatorluğu'nda 2 denarius'a eşit gümüş bir sikke. Zamanla içerisinde uğradığı değer kaybından dolayı bronzdan basılmaya başlanmıştır.

Modern nümizmatikçiler, ait olduğu dönemdeki adı bilinmediğinden bu sikke için antoninianus adını kullanırlar. Bu isim bir Antik Roma belgesi olan Historia Augusta (genellile az güvenilir), bu gümüş sikkenin Antoninus adlı bir imparatordan sonra basıldığına işaret eder (2. yüzyıl sonu ve 3. yüzyıl başında birkaç imparator birbiri ardına bu ismi kullanmıştır). Caracalla'nın yeni seri gümüş sikkeleri vardı, bu sikkelerle bir ilişki aranmış, ki bu kesinlikle yanlış olduğu halde, isim benimsenmiştir.

Caracalla sikkeleri 215'in başlarında tanıtır. Yeni sikkeler denarius'a benzese de antoninianus'lar denarius'lardan daha büyük olup İmparatoru, değerinin iki katı olduğuna işaret eden ve ışık saçan bir taçla betimler. Antoniniani, kadınları da hilal şeklinde bir ayın üzerinde dinlenirken tasvir eder (genellikle imparatorun karısını). Değeri denarius'un iki katı olduğu halde içerisinde gümüş miktarı yarısı kadardır.  Gelişimi bu yüzden bir çeşit devalüasyon gibi görünür.

Kaynakça

Antik Roma sikkeleri
Severus Hanedanı

Antoninianus