James Turrell (født 6. maj 1943) er en amerikansk kunstner, der primært arbejder med lys og rummelighed. Hans mest kendte værk er Roden Crater, der ligger udenfor Flagstaff i den amerikanske delstat Arizona.

Baggrund
James Turrell blev født i Pasadena Californien. Da Turrell var 16 år fik han et flycertifikat og arbejdede med at flyve forsyninger til miner og han arbejdede som kartograf. Han fik en bachelorgrad fra Pomona College i perceptuel psykologi i 1965. Han studerede endvidere matematik, geologi og astronomi samme sted.

I 1966 begyndte han på University of California, Irvine, hvor han læste kunst og påbegyndte arbejdet med lysprojektioner. Hans studier blev i 1966 afbrudt, da han blev arresteret for hjælpe unge mænd med at undgå at blive indkaldt til Vietnamkrigen. Han fik en dom på et års fængsel.

Kunstværker
I 1966 begynde Turell at eksperimentere med lys i sit atelier i Santa Monica, Californien. Ved at dække vinduerne til og kun lukke lidt lys ind fra gaden udenfor, skabte Turrell sin første lysprojektion

Et af hans mest kendte værker er Roden Crater udenfor Flagstaff, Arizona. Værket, der stadig under udførelse, skal være et observatorium i stor skala, hvor man beskueren skal betragte himmelske fænomener.

I 1970'erne udviklede Turrell en række såkaldte "skyspaces", som er lukkede rum med et stort hul i loftet, som åbner direkte op mod himlen. Et Skyspace har plads til ca. 15 personer. Personerne sidder på bænke langs væggene og kigger herefter på himlen gennem det store hul i loftet.

Noter

Postmodernisme
Kunstnere fra USA

James Turrell


Der Große Preis von Singapur 2012 (offiziell 2012 Formula 1 SingTel Singapore Grand Prix) fand am 23. September auf dem Marina Bay Street Circuit in Singapur statt und war das vierzehnte Rennen der Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft 2012.

Berichte

Hintergrund
Nach dem Großen Preis von Italien führte Fernando Alonso in der Fahrerwertung mit 37 Punkten vor Lewis Hamilton und mit 38 Punkten vor Kimi Räikkönen. In der Konstrukteurswertung führte Red Bull-Renault mit 29 Punkten vor McLaren-Mercedes und 46 Punkten vor Ferrari.

Beim Großen Preis von Singapur stellte Pirelli den Fahrern die Reifenmischungen P Zero Soft (gelb) und P Zero Supersoft (rot), sowie für nasse Bedingungen Cinturato Intermediates (grün) und Cinturato Full-Wets (blau) zur Verfügung.

Vor dem Rennen wurde dem kürzlich verstorbenen Sid Watkins mit einer Schweigeminute gedacht. Watkins war von 1978 bis 2004 Chefarzt der FIA für Formel-1-Rennen.

Vor dem Rennwochenende gab es einen Fahrerwechsel: Romain Grosjean kehrte nach seiner Rennsperre planmäßig in das Lotus-Cockpit zurück und löste damit Jérôme D'Ambrosio ab.

Mit Alonso (zweimal), Hamilton und Sebastian Vettel (jeweils einmal) traten drei ehemalige Sieger zu diesem Grand Prix an.

Als Rennkommissare fungierten José Abed (MEX), Garry Connelly (AUS), Allan McNish (GBR) und Nish Shetty (SIN).

Training
Das erste freie Training fand zunächst auf abtrocknender Strecke statt. Zum Teil verwendeten die Piloten die Intermediates oder Regenreifen. Vettel war der schnellste Pilot vor den McLaren-Piloten Jenson Button und Hamilton. In diesem Training übernahm Qing Hua Ma den HRT von Narain Karthikeyan.

Im zweiten Training blieben die ersten zwei Positionen unverändert. Die dritte Position ging an Alonso. Die einzige Trainingsunterbrechung am Freitag löste Bruno Senna aus, der sich nach einer Mauerberührung die Hinterradaufhängung brach. Das Training wurde zur Fahrzeugbergung unterbrochen.

Auch im dritten Training fuhr Vettel die schnellste Zeit. Zweiter wurde diesmal Hamilton vor Alonso. Das Training wurde nach einem Unfall von Witali Petrow zwei Minuten vor dem planmäßigen Ende abgebrochen. Sergio Pérez und Mark Webber fielen ebenfalls durch Mauerberührungen auf. Charles Pic überholte nach Abbruch des Trainings einen Gegner unter roten Flaggen. Pic wurde daher von den Rennkommissaren mit einer Zeitstrafe von 20 Sekunden für das Rennklassement belegt.

Qualifying
Im ersten Abschnitt des Qualifyings war Grosjean der schnellste Fahrer. Die HRT-, Marussia- und Caterham-Piloten sowie Kamui Kobayashi schieden aus. Im zweiten Abschnitt lag Hamilton vorne. Die Toro Rosso-Piloten sowie Senna, Pérez, Felipe Massa, Räikkönen und Nico Hülkenberg schieden aus. Im dritten Abschnitt behielt Hamilton die Führung und sicherte sich die Pole-Position vor Pastor Maldonado und Vettel.

Da die Mercedes-Piloten im letzten Abschnitt auf das setzen einer Zeit verzichteten und nur eine In- und Out-Runde fuhren, entschied ihre Startnummer über die Startposition. Damit hatte der Verzicht von Nico Rosberg auf die niedrigere Startnummer erstmals eine Auswirkung. Michael Schumacher bat bei seiner Rückkehr zu Mercedes darum, die ungerade Startnummer zu erhalten und Rosberg überließ sie ihm.

Aufgrund von Getriebewechseln wurden Senna und Pedro de la Rosa in der Startaufstellung um fünf Positionen nach hinten versetzt.

Rennen
Bereits beim Start gingen Vettel und Button am zweitplatzierten Maldonado vorbei. Hamilton behielt die Führung. In der Anfangsphase gab es mehrere Berührungen und Duelle, es schied aber kein Pilot aus. Schumacher und Rosberg lieferten sich auf dem Raffles-Boulevard ein teaminternes Duell, bei dem sich Rosberg durchsetzte. Die beiden Caterham-Piloten Kovalainen und Petrow berührten sich, wobei Petrow seinen Frontflügel verlor und zur Reparatur an die Box musste. Darüber hinaus erlitt Massa in der ersten Runde einen Reifenschaden, der einen Boxenstopp notwendig machte, und Senna beschädigte sich seinen Frontflügel. Die Rennleitung sah alle Zwischenfälle in der Anfangsphase als normale Rennunfälle an und verhängte keine Strafen.

Währenddessen setzen sich Hamilton und Vettel zunächst an der Spitze vom restlichen Feld ab. Button machte jedoch wieder Boden gut, als bei seinen Kontrahenten der Reifenabbau stärker voranschritt als bei ihm. Zunächst ging Vettel an die Box, dann Hamilton. Während Vettel hinter mehreren Konkurrenten zurück auf die Strecke kam und diese zunächst überholte, hatte Hamilton freie Bahn. Button blieb vier Runden länger auf der Strecke und gab die Führung nach seinem Boxenstopp wieder an Hamilton ab. Er blieb vor Maldonado, Hamilton und Vettel lagen aber weiterhin vor ihm.

In der 23. Runde kam es zu einem Führungswechsel. Hamilton, der bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt stets einen sicheren Vorsprung auf Vettel gehabt hatte, erlitt einen Getriebeschaden und fiel aus. McLaren wusste bereits vor dem Rennen, dass es ein Problem mit dem Getriebe geben könnte und Hamilton bestätigte, dass bei seinem Fahrzeug drei oder vier Runden vor dem Ausfall Schaltprobleme anfingen.

Bei den zweiten Boxenstopps gingen Maldonado und Alonso, die sich im Kampf um die vierte Position befanden, gleichzeitig an die Box. Die Plätze blieben unverändert. Allerdings wechselte Alonso auf die härtere Reifenmischung, während Maldonado sich für die weichere entschied. Wenig später hatte Karthikeyan einen Unfall im Tunnel unter der Tribüne, was eine Safety-Car-Phase auslöste. Vettel und Button gingen an die Box und absolvierten ihren zweiten Stoppe. Maldonado ging ein weiteres Mal zum Reifenwechsel, bevor er noch während der Safety-Car-Phase mit Hydraulikproblemen aufgab. Kurz vor dem Restart kam es beinahe zu einer Kollision zwischen Vettel und Button, da es zu einem Missverständnis beim Reifenaufwärmen kam.

Noch während der ersten Runde nach dem Restart wurde eine weitere Safety-Car-Phase notwendig, da Schumacher und Jean-Éric Vergne kollidiert waren. Schumacher bremste zu spät und fuhr Vergne ins Heck. Die Rennkommissare sahen die Schuld für diesen Unfall bei Schumacher und bestraften ihn für das kommende Rennen mit einer Rückversetzung um zehn Positionen in der Startaufstellung. In dieser Safety-Car-Phase gingen erneut mehrere Fahrer an die Box. Die ersten drei – Vettel, Button und Alonso – blieben aber auf der Strecke.

Nach dem Restart wagte Massa auf der Anderson Bridge ein Überholmanöver gegen Senna. Massa quetschte sich an seinem Gegner vorbei, wobei sich beide Fahrzeuge berührten. Es entstanden aber keine Schäden und es gab auch keine Untersuchung durch die Rennleitung. Während Massa kurz darauf auch an Daniel Ricciardo vorbeifuhr, setzte sich Vettel zunächst an der Spitze leicht von Button ab. Wenig später kam es zu Zwischenfällen mit Pérez, Hülkenberg und Kobayashi: Pérez setzte sich mit einem harten Manöver neben Hülkenberg und beschädigte sich dabei seinen Frontflügel. Kurz darauf versuchte Hülkenberg Pérez Teamkollegen Kobayashi zu überholen. Dabei beschädigte sich Kobayashi seinen Frontflügel und Hülkenberg seinen Reifen. Beide mussten zu Reparaturstopps an die Box. Kurz vor dem Ende des Rennens stellte Senna sein Fahrzeug ab, er wurde allerdings gewertet.

Das Rennen wurde nach 59 von 61 geplanten Runden beendet, da das Zeitlimit von zwei Stunden erreicht worden war. Vettel gewann vor Button und Alonso. Es war Vettels zweiter Saisonsieg nach dem Großen Preis von Bahrain und der 23. seiner Karriere.

Auf dem vierten Platz folgte Paul di Resta, der damit sein bis dahin bestes Resultat in der Formel 1 erzielte. Die weiteren Punkte gingen an Rosberg, Räikkönen, Grosjean, Massa, Ricciardo und Pérez.

Während die ersten drei Positionen in der Weltmeisterschaft bei den Konstrukteuren unverändert blieben, tauschten in der Fahrerwertung auf den vorderen Positionen Vettel und Hamilton die Plätze, wodurch Vettel zum direkten Verfolger Alonsos wurde.

Meldeliste

Anmerkungen

Klassifikationen

Qualifying

Anmerkungen

Rennen

Anmerkungen

WM-Stände nach dem Rennen
Die ersten zehn des Rennens bekamen 25, 18, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 bzw. 1 Punkt(e).

Fahrerwertung

Konstrukteurswertung

Einzelnachweise

2012
Singapur
Marina Bay Street Circuit

Großer Preis von Singapur 2012


(12240) Droste-Hulshoff, denumire internațională (12240) Droste-Hülshoff, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
12240 Droste-Hülshoff este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,35 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 3,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 12001-13000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1988
Centura de asteroizi

12240 Droste-Hülshoff


Die Portugal International 1967 fand vom 28. bis zum 30. April 1967 im Liceu Pedro Nunes in Lissabon statt. Es war die dritte Auflage dieser internationalen Titelkämpfe in Portugal.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 http://jsb01.blogspot.com/

1967
Badminton 1967
Badmintonwettbewerb in Lissabon
Campo de Ourique

Portugal International 1967


Brekov este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Humenné din regiunea Prešov, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.319 locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Humenné.

Istoric
Localitatea Brekov este atestată documentar din 1314.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Brekov


Sintetski kanabinoidi, umjetne tvari slična djelovanja kao biljni kanabis. Prvi umjetni kanabinoidi razvijeni su 1960-ih, malo poslije nego je otkrivena kemijska struktura THC-a. Izvorno su sintetski kanabinoidi korišteni u medicinskim istraživanjima, no nekoliko godina poslije zloporabno su konzumirani pušenjem. U ovu skupinu droga spada spice.

Posljedice
Psihički efekti poput anksioznosti, paranoje i halucinacija, psihoze i horror-tripovi. Zbog snažnih psihoza neki su se konzumenti pokušavali ozlijediti ili se ubiti.

Budući da umjetni kanabinoidi utječu na iste stanične receptore kao i THC (glavni psihoaktivni sastojak marihuane), a neke od smjesa pronađenih u sintetskim kanabinoidima mnogo jače utječu na te receptore što može dovesti do mnogo jači i nepredvidivih posljedica. Upravo iz razloga što je kemijski sastav mnogih proizvoda prodavanih kao spice nepoznat moguće je da neke vrste sadrže supstance koje mogu imati izuzetno različite posljedice od očekivanih. Konzumenti Spice-a izvještavaju o simptomi koji uključuju ubrzani rad srca, povraćanje, uzrujanost, zbunjenost i halucinacije. Spice može također povećati krvni tlak i prouzrokovati smanjenje dotoka krvi do srca (myocardial ischemia). U nekoliko slučajeva povezan je sa srčanim udarima. Česti korisnici mogu iskusiti simptome ustezanja i simptome ovisnosti. Posebnu opasnost predstavlja što nije poznato kojim kemijskim aditivima se navedeni pripravci prskaju, te u kojim količinama. Skidanjem s kroničnog konzumiranja ovih droga konzument prolazi visoki krvni tlak, preznojavanja, noćne more i snažno vapljenje za drogom (craving).

Daljnja literatura
 Auwärter, V. (2011). Der Stoff aus dem Chemielabor. Vortrag auf der Jahrestagung der Bundesdrogenbeauftragten am 11.10.2011.
 Di Forti, M., Marconi, A., Carra, E., Fraietta, S, Trotta, A, Bonomo, M., Bianconi, F., Gardner-Sood, P., O'Connor, J., Russo, M., Stilo, S. A., Mondelli, V., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C., David, A. S., Gaughran, F., Atakan, Z., Iyegbe, C., Powell, J. Morgan, C., Lynskey, M. & Murray, R. M. (2015). Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(3), 233-238.
 Hermanns-Clausen, M., Kneisel, S., Szabo, B. & Auwärter, V. (2013). Acute toxicity to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction, 108(3), 534-544.
 Mills, B., Yepes, A. & Nugent, K. (2015). Synthetic Cannabinoids. Am J Med Sci, 350(1), 59-62.
 Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz
 Patton, A. L., Chimalakonda, K. C., Moran, C. L., McCain, K. R., Radominska-Pandya, A., James, L. P., Kokes, C. & Moran, J. H. (2013). K2 Toxicity: Fatal case of psychiatric complications following AM-2201 exposure. J Forensic Sci, 58(6), 1676-1680.
 Pressemitteilung Bundesregierung (26.11.2016)
 Spaderna, M., Addy, P. H. & D'Souza, D. C. (2014). Spicing thing up: Synthetic cannabinoids. Psychopharmacology, 228(4), 525-540.
 Van Amsterdam, J., Brunt, T. & van den Brink, W., (2015). The adverse health effects of synthetic cannabinoids with emphasis on psychosis-like effects. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29(3), 254-263.

Izvori

Psihoaktivne droge

Sintetski kanabinoid


Dayhanbank (en turkmène : Daýhanbank) est l'une des banques majeures du Turkménistan. La banque a été créée pour aider les fermiers à obtenir des prêts.

Notes et références

Entreprise ayant son siège au Turkménistan
Achgabat
Banque asiatique

Dayhanbank


Hrvatski rukometni klub Kiseljak je bosanskohercegovački rukometni klub iz Kiseljaka. Sezone 2016./17. natječe se u Prvoj ligi Rukometnog saveza Herceg Bosne. Sjedište je u Potkraj bb, Kiseljak. Boja dresova je crna. Predsjednik je Miroslav Nikačević. Postoji i ženska sekcija, HŽRK Kiseljak.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometni klubovi u Bosni i Hercegovini
Šport u Kiseljaku

HRK Kiseljak


لغات الكاريبي هي عائلة من لغات الهنود بأمريكا الجنوبية، تنتشر على نطاق واسع في شمال القارة الأمريكية الجنوبية، من مصب نهر الامازون حتى جبال الانديز الكولومبية ومن ماراكايبو (فنزويلا) إلى وسط البرازيل. لغات الكاريبي متقاربة نسبيا من بعضها البعض، حتى أنه يصعب في بعض الأحيان أن تقرر ما اٍذا كانت اللهجات المتحدثة مختلفة أم هي واحدة فقط.

المصادر

أسر لغات
لغات فنزويلا

لغات الكاريبي


Hugo Sanchez Marquez (d. 11 Temmuz 1958, Meksiko), Meksikalı eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör.

12 yıl İspanya Ligi'nde oynayan Hugo Sanchez; İspanya Ligi tarihinde en fazla gol atan dördüncü futbolcudur. 17 yaşında Meksika millî takımında oynamaya başlamış, 1978, 1986 ve 1994 Dünya Kupalarında oynamıştır.

Kariyerine 1976 yılında Universidad Nacional'da başlayan Hugo Sanchez; Atlético Madrid'de 111 maçta 54 gol; Real Madrid'de ise 240 maçta 164 gol atmıştır.

Pele tarafından 2004 Mart ayında; dünyanın en büyük yaşayan 125 futbolcusundan biri olarak gösterilmiştir. Röveşata ile attığı golleri oldukça ünlüdür.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ktaegori:Meksikalı Olimpiyat futbolcuları

Yaşayan insanlar
1958 doğumlular
Meksikalı futbolcular
Meksikalı teknik direktörler
CF Universidad Nacional futbolcuları
San Diego Sockers futbolcuları
Atlético Madrid futbolcuları
Real Madrid CF futbolcuları
CF América futbolcuları
Rayo Vallecano futbolcuları
Atlante FC futbolcuları
La Liga futbolcuları
1976 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
1977 CONCACAF Şampiyonası futbolcuları
1981 CONCACAF Şampiyonası futbolcuları
1978 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
1986 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
1994 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
1993 Copa América futbolcuları
CONCACAF Altın Kupa kazanan futbolcular
UEFA Kupası'nı kazanan futbolcular
Forvet futbolcular
CF Universidad Nacional teknik direktörleri
Necaxa teknik direktörleri
Meksika millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Meksika millî futbol takımı teknik direktörleri
UD Almería teknik direktörleri
CF Pachuca teknik direktörleri
Liga MX teknik direktörleri
Meksikalı gurbetçi futbolcular
Meksikalı gurbetçi teknik direktörler
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki gurbetçi futbolcular
Avusturya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İspanya'daki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
İspanya'daki Meksikalı gurbetçiler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Meksikalı gurbetçiler
Avusturya'daki Meksikalı gurbetçiler
2007 Copa América teknik direktörleri
FC Dallas futbolcuları
FC Linz futbolcuları
FIFA 100
Meksiko doğumlu futbolcular
La Liga teknik direktörleri
Liga MX futbolcuları
Major League Soccer futbolcuları
Meksika Ulusal Özerk Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
North American Soccer League (1968-1984) futbolcuları
Meksikalı Olimpiyat futbolcuları
Altın Panamerikan Oyunları madalyalı Meksikalı sporcular
Panamerikan Oyunları madalyalı futbolcular
Pichichi Ödülü sahipleri

Hugo Sánchez


Åke Jönsson, né le  et mort le , est un footballeur international suédois. Il évoluait au poste de milieu.

Biographie

En club

Åke Jönsson est joueur de Helsingborgs IF de 1943 à 1958.

En équipe nationale
International suédois, il reçoit 11 sélections pour un but marqué en équipe de Suède entre 1951 et 1957.

Son premier match en sélection a lieu le  contre l'Islande (défaite 3-4 à Reykjavik) en match amical. Il inscrit son seul et unique but en équipe nationale à cette occasion.

Il fait partie du groupe suédois médaillé de bronze aux Jeux olympiques de 1952 mais ne dispute aucun match durant le tournoi.

Son dernier match en sélection a lieu le  contre l'Autriche (défaite 0-1 à Vienne) en amical.

Palmarès

En sélection
 Suède
 Jeux olympiques :
  Bronze : 1952.

 Championnat nordique (2) :
 Vainqueur : 1948 – 1951 et 1952 – 1955.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international suédois
Médaillé de bronze olympique suédois
Joueur du Helsingborgs IF
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1952
Naissance en juin 1925
Décès en décembre 1998
Décès à 73 ans

Åke Jönsson


Jovan Bijelić (Revenik, 30. lipnja 1884. – Beograd, 12. ožujka 1964.) jedan je od najznačajnijih bosanskohercegovačkih, srpskih i jugoslavenskih umjetnika između dva svjetska rata. Dvije su njegove umjetničke zbirke proglašene nacionalnim dobrom Bosne i Hercegovine.

Životopis
Potječe iz srpske obitelji sa svećeničkom tradicijom, ali ga je talent usmjerio prema slikarstvu. Osnovnu školu završio je u Bosanskom Petrovcu, nakon koje je upisao gimnaziju u Sarajevu. Nakon završena dva razreda gimnazije, prešao je u Strukovnu školu koja mu je omogućila razvoj njegovih vještina. Godine 1906. u Sarajevo je došao češki slikar Jan Karel Janovski i otvorio slikarsku školu koju je upisao Jovan Bijelić. Tijekom dvogodišnjeg školovanja stekao je znanje koje će biti dobar temelj za njegov daljnji rad i usavršavanje.

Kao stipendist Srpskog prosvjetnog i kulturnog društva "Prosvjeta", od 1909. do 1913. godine. studirao je slikarstvo na Umjetničkoj akademiji u Krakovu kod Teodora Axentowicza, Leona Wiczólkowskog i Jósefa Pankiewicza. Od 1913. do 1914. živio je u Parizu, a nakon toga se preselio u Prag gdje je studirao na tamošnjoj Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti, kod Vlahe Bukovca.

U Bihaću je živio od 1915. do 1919. godine i radio kao profesor likovnog u tamošnjoj gimnaziji. Taj posao mu je omogućio izbjegavanje vojne službe i imao je dovoljno slobodnog vremena posvetiti se slikanju. Tamo se vjenčao sa Sofijom, zasnovao obitelj i dobio dvoje djece, kćer Dubravku i sina Severina.

Od 1919. godine živio je u Beogradu, gdje je bio scenograf, a zatim i voditelj slikarske radionice Narodnog pozorišta. Bio je poznat kao izvrstan pedagog i imao je privatnu slikarsku školu, a iz njegova je ateljea izašao niz dobrih slikara. Jedan je od osnivača slikarskih grupa "Oblik", "Samostalni", "Desetoro" i "Nezavisni".

Najviše je slikao portrete, pejzaže, mrtvu prirodu i kompozicije. Prošao je kroz nekoliko faza u kojima je utjecaj kubizma dolazio do izražaja u kiparskoj koncepciji tijesno modelirane forme i skromnosti palete, a zatim stvara živopisna djela pod utjecajem fovizma.

Prvu samostalnu izložbu imao je 1917. godine u Sarajevu, a drugu 1919. godine u Zagrebu. Sudjelovao je na mnogim skupnim izložbama. Samostalno je izlagao u Beogradu (1929., 1932., 1957., 1968.), Ljubljani (1959.) i Bihaću (1960.). Djela mu se nalaze u nekoliko muzeja i galerija. Između dva svjetska rata Bijelić je sudjelovao na svim važnijim jugoslavenskim izložbama u zemlji i inozemstvu.

Umro je u Beogradu, 1964. godine. Pokopan je u Aleji narodnih heroja na Novom groblju u Beogradu. U beogradskoj općini Voždovac postoji ulica koja nosi ime Jovana Bijelića.

Djela
Jovan Bijelić bio je plodotvoran umjetnik što se vidi u različitim umjetničkim disciplinama i tehnikama. Iza sebe je ostavio:

 981 ulje na platnu,
 103 akvarela,
 52 pastela,
 676 crteža,
 19 ilustracija knjiga,
 94 krajolik,
 8 objavljenih kratkih priča i jedna u rukopisu i
 1 prijevod

Neka od njegovih najpoznatijih djela su: Portret djevojke, Kupačica, Jaja, Umjetnikova kći, Dvorište, Ženski akt, Sarajevo, Portret starice, Djevojčica s lutkom (1928.), Dječak jaše lava (1929.), Apstraktni krajolik (1920.).

Nagrade
Dobitnik je velikog broja nagrada za slikarstvo: Oktobarske nagrade grada Beograda, Sedmojulske nagrade Srbije, Ordena rada I reda. Bio je redovni član Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti od 1963.

Galerija

Literatura

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Životopis na web stranici SANU
 "Boem i slikar", tekst u Glasu javnosti
 Slika "Vodenica" 77,5 × 69,7 cm od 1958–1960.

Akademici SANU
Srbijanski slikari
Bosanskohercegovački slikari

Jovan Bijelić


Kenneth Myron Hoffman (* 30. November 1930 in Long Beach; † 29. September 2008) war ein US-amerikanischer Mathematiker, der sich mit Analysis beschäftigte.

Leben und Werk

Hoffman studierte am Occidental College (Bachelorabschluss in Mathematik 1952) und an der University of California, Los Angeles, wo er 1954 seinen Masterabschluss machte und 1956 bei Richard Arens promoviert wurde (Boundary behavior of generalized analytic functions). Ab 1956 war er Instructor am Massachusetts Institute of Technology, von 1957 bis 1959 als Moore-Instructor. 1959 wurde er dort Assistant Professor und 1964 Professor für Mathematik. 1968/69 stand er dem Komitee für Reine Mathematik am MIT vor und 1969 bis 1971 leitete er die Kommission für Erziehung am MIT. 1971 bis 1979 stand er der Mathematik Fakultät vor. 1996 ging er in den Ruhestand.

Er befasste sich mit komplexer und abstrakter Analysis, unter anderem teilweise mit Isadore M. Singer mit kommutativen Banachalgebren. Er ist auch bekannt als Autor eines Lehrbuchs über Lineare Algebra mit Ray Kunze.

1981 bis 1984 leitete er das David Committee des National Research Council zur staatlichen Unterstützung mathematischer Forschung in Washington D. C. 1984 bis 1989 leitete er dort das Joint Policy Board of Mathematics.

1964 bis 1966 war er Sloan Research Fellow.

Literatur
Interview in Joel Segel (Hrsg.), Recountings, Conversations with MIT mathematicians, A. K. Peters 2009

Schriften
mit Ray Kunze Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall 1961, 1971
Analysis in euclidean space, Prentice Hall 1975, Dover 2007
Banach spaces of analytic functions, Prentice Hall 1962, Dover 2007
Fundamentals of Banach algebras, Curitiba, Instituto de Matemática da Universidade do Paraná, 1962

Weblinks
Nachruf am MIT

Einzelnachweise

Mathematiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 2008
Mann

Kenneth Hoffman


Pedro Paulo Veríssimo, mais conhecido simplesmente como Pedro Paulo (São Paulo, 4 de julho de 1964) é um ex-futebolista brasileiro, que atuava como zagueiro.

Carreira
Revelado nas categorias de base do Santos FC, Pedro Paulo acumulou convocações para a Seleção Brasileira infantil e juvenil. Após conquistar o título da Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior em 1984, Pedro Paulo foi integrado ao elenco profissional, e teve suas primeiras oportunidades no mesmo ano.

Estreou marcando um gol na vitória do Santos por 1x0 na Ponte Preta, em 27 de julho, no Estádio Brinco de Ouro da Princesa, sendo considerado o melhor jogador da partida. Em sua primeira temporada como profissional, realizou 6 jogos e fez parte do elenco Campeão Paulista daquele ano.

Nos anos seguintes, em 1985 e 1986, o defensor teve mais oportunidades no clube e atuou em diversas partidas como titular.

Por empréstimo, atuou no primeiro semestre de 1988 no XV de Piracicaba. Em agosto de 1988, foi emprestado ao Vitória, retornando no ano seguinte para o Alvinegro.

Em 1991, foi o ano em que o zagueiro atuou mais vezes como titular da equipe, realizando no total 51 jogos e marcando 3 gols.

Permaneceu no clube até julho de 1992, quando acertou sua transferência para o Fortaleza. Pelo Santos, fez 200 jogos e marcou 10 gols.

Encerrou sua carreira no São José, em 1997.

Em 1999, chegou a ser auxiliar-técnico do Guaratinguetá Esporte Clube.

Títulos
Santos FC

 Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 1984
 Campeonato Paulista:  1984

Referências

Nascidos em 1964
Futebolistas do Santos Futebol Clube
Futebolistas do Esporte Clube XV de Novembro (Piracicaba)
Futebolistas do Esporte Clube XV de Novembro (Jaú)
Futebolistas do Esporte Clube Vitória
Futebolistas do Fortaleza Esporte Clube
Futebolistas do São José Esporte Clube
Futebolistas da Associação Atlética Internacional (Limeira)

Pedro Paulo Verissimo


Czerny is a surname meaning "black" in some Slavic languages. It is one of many variant forms, including Czarny, Černý, Czernik, Cherney, and Čierny, among others.

People
Notable people with this surname include:
Adalbert Czerny (1863–1941), German pediatrician, co-founder of modern pediatrics
Carl Czerny (1791–1857), Austrian pianist, composer and teacher
Joseph Czerny (1785–1842), composer, pianist
George Czerny (1766–1817), alternate name of Serbian political leader Karađorđe Petrović
Halina Czerny-Stefańska (1922–2001), Polish pianist
Henry Czerny (born 1959), Canadian actor
Leander Czerny (1859–1944), Czech entomologist
Ludwig Czerny (born 1941), German technician, film producer and film director
Marianus Czerny (1896–1985), German experimental physicist
Michael Czerny (born 1946), Roman Catholic Cardinal
Sabine Czerny, Bavarian primary school teacher
Vincenz Czerny (1842–1916), German surgeon
Zygmunt Czerny (1888–1975), Polish romance philologist

Fictional characters
Tibor Czerny, a character in the 1939 film Midnight
Czerny, a dog owned by Kanako Sensei in the manga series Inubaka
Noah Czerny, a character in The Raven Cycle book series by Maggie Stiefvater

Other
6294 Czerny, minor planet
Hofmann & Czerny (Hofmann-Wien), piano manufacturing company from Austria

See also
 Cerney (disambiguation)
 Churney (disambiguation)

Surnames of Slavic origin

Czerny


Humanists UK,  known from 1967 until May 2017 as the British Humanist Association (BHA), is a charitable organisation which promotes secular humanism and aims to represent "people who seek to live good lives without religious or superstitious beliefs" in the United Kingdom by campaigning on issues relating to humanism, secularism, and human rights. It seeks to act as a representative body for non-religious people in the UK.

The charity also supports humanist and non-religious ceremonies in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Crown dependencies and maintains a national network of accredited celebrants for humanist funeral ceremonies, weddings, and baby namings, in addition to a network of volunteers who provide like-minded support and comfort to non-religious people in hospitals and prisons. Its other charitable activities include providing free educational resources to teachers, parents, and institutions; a peer-to-peer support service for people who face difficulties leaving coercive religions and cults; work to promote tolerance and understanding between religious communities and the non-religious; and work to promote understanding of humanism. The current president of Humanists UK is Adam Rutherford and the chief executive is Andrew Copson. The association currently has 70 affiliated regional and special interest groups and claims a total of approximately 100,000 members and supporters.

Humanists UK also has sections which run as staffed national humanist organisations in both Wales and Northern Ireland. Wales Humanists and Northern Ireland Humanists each have an advisory committee drawn from the membership and a development officer. Wales Humanists and Northern Ireland Humanists campaign on devolved issues in Cardiff and Belfast and work to expand the provision of humanist ceremonies, pastoral care, and support for teachers in those countries.

Aims
The organisation's Articles of Association sets out its aims as:
 The advancement of Humanism, namely a non-religious ethical lifestance the essential elements of which are a commitment to human wellbeing and a reliance on reason, experience and a naturalistic view of the world.
 The advancement of education and in particular the study of and the dissemination of knowledge about Humanism and about the arts and science as they relate to Humanism.
 The promotion of equality and non-discrimination and the protection of human rights as defined in international instruments to which the United Kingdom is party, in each case in particular as relates to religion and belief.
 The promotion of understanding between people holding religious and non-religious beliefs so as to advance harmonious cooperation in society.

The organisation also wishes to build itself as a sustainable and nationally-recognised organisation as a voice for non-religious people.

History
The organisation was founded in 1896 by American Stanton Coit as the Union of Ethical Societies, which brought together existing ethical societies in Britain. Other important founding figures included Elizabeth Schwann (who presided over the inaugural conference), and the feminist writer Zona Vallance (its first Secretary). The writer and critic Leslie Stephen, father of Virginia Woolf, was also a founding figure; he had been president of one of the societies which federated as the Union of Ethical Societies. It changed its name to the Ethical Union in 1920 and was incorporated in 1928. In 1963 H. J. Blackham became the first executive director, and the society became the British Humanist Association in 1967, during the Presidency of philosopher A. J. Ayer.

This transition followed a decade of discussions which nearly prompted a merger of the Ethical Union with the Rationalist Press Association and the South Place Ethical Society. In 1963 the first two went as far as creating an umbrella Humanist Association of which Harold Blackham (later to become a president of Humanists UK) was the executive director. However, Humanists UK, the Rationalist Association and the South Place Ethical Society (now Conway Hall Ethical Society) remain separate entities today and in 1967 the Union of Ethical Societies alone became the British Humanist Association.

In the 1960s, the organisation campaigned for reform of the 1944 Education Act's clauses on religion in schools and it was active in the campaign to legalise abortion and homosexuality. It supported repeal of Sunday Observance laws and the end of theatre censorship, the provision of family planning on the NHS and other reforms. More generally Humanists UK aimed to defend freedom of speech, support the elimination of world poverty and remove the privileges given to religious groups. It was claimed in 1977 that Humanists UK aimed "to make humanism available and meaningful to the millions who have no alternative belief."

The local ethical societies united in 1896 had (mainly during the 1950s) renamed themselves as humanist groups and their number grew over time, becoming today Humanists UK's network of affiliated local humanist groups. A network of celebrants able to conduct non-religious funerals, weddings, naming ceremonies and same sex affirmations (before the law allowing gay civil partnerships) was also developed and continues today as Humanist Ceremonies.

Social concerns persisted in Humanists UK's programme. Humanists UK was a co-founder in 1969 of the Social Morality Council (later transmuted into the Norham Foundation), which brought together believers and unbelievers concerned with moral education and with finding agreed solutions to moral problems in society. Humanists UK was active in arguing for voluntary euthanasia and the right to obtain an abortion. It has always sought an "open society". It is credited with substantially popularising the salience and use of the concept in Britain. In 1969 it filled Royal Festival Hall for an influential conference on Towards an Open Society.

Humanists UK claimed that the rules on religious programming within the BBC constitute a "religious privilege" and reserve particular criticism for the Thought for the Day slot on Radio 4's Today programme. In April 2009 a "breakthrough" in Humanists UK's campaign saw Andrew Copson invited to participate as a humanist representative in the BBC's short-lived Standing Conference on Religion and Belief when it replaced the Central Religious Advisory Committee.

In May 2017, the organisation changed its operating name from the British Humanist Association to Humanists UK. Its chief executive, Andrew Copson, said that the change followed "a long, evidence-driven process with focus groups of non-religious people across the UK and research involving over 4,000 of our supporters...  Humanists UK represents not just a new logo, but a totally new, friendly look that captures the essence of humanism: open, inclusive, energetic, and modern, with people and their stories placed first and foremost...".

In 2021, Humanists UK celebrated its 125th anniversary. It launched a new Humanist Heritage website, cataloguing much of its 125-year history and the wider history of humanism in the UK, and received cross-party video messages of congratulations from the Leader of the Opposition and Labour, Sir Keir Starmer; the First Minister of Scotland and leader of the Scottish National Party, Nicola Sturgeon; from the leader of the Liberal Democrats, Sir Edward Davey; the co-leader of the Green Party of England and Wales, Siân Berry; and a warm letter of thanks from the Conservative UK Government.

Campaigns

Schools
The organisation opposes faith schools because "The majority of the evidence [...] points towards their being an unfair and unpopular part of our state education system which the majority of people in Britain want them phased out." In addition, they argue that faith schools are "exclusive, divisive and counter intuitive to social cohesion" and blame religious admissions procedures for "creating school populations that are far from representative of their local populations in religious or socio-economic terms."

While the organisation is opposed to faith schools receiving any state funding whatsoever, it supports the Fair Admissions Campaign which has a more limited scope because "it furthers our aims of ending religious discrimination and segregation in state schools; and secondly because we know how important this particular topic is."  The organisation campaigns for reform of Religious Education in the UK including a reformed subject covered by the national curriculum which is inclusive of non-religious viewpoints, such as "Belief and Values Education". They believe that "all pupils in all types of school should have the opportunity to consider philosophical and fundamental questions, and that in a pluralist society we should learn about each other's beliefs, including humanist ones".

They also support humanist volunteers on the local Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education which currently determine the Religious Education syllabus for each local authority. Educational issues have always featured prominently in Humanists UK campaigns activities, including efforts to abolish compulsory daily collective worship in schools and to reform Religious Education so that it is "Objective, Fair and Balanced" (the title of an influential 1975 booklet) and includes learning about humanism as an alternative life stance.

The organisation opposes the teaching of creationism in schools. In September 2011, Humanists UK launched their "Teach evolution, not creationism" campaign, which aimed to establish statutory opposition to creationism in the UK education system. The Department for Education amended the funding agreement for free schools to allow the withdrawal of funding if they teach creationism as established scientific fact. In 2019, Humanists UK's Wales Humanists branch revived the campaign in partnership with David Attenborough after the Welsh Department of Education omitted to include similar safeguards against teaching creationism in schools.

Humanists UK has long campaigned in opposition to collective worship laws in the UK which require all schools to hold school assemblies "of a broadly Christian character". In 2019, the charity backed two parents to take a human rights challenge to those laws, arguing that the state had a duty to treat non-religious pupils equally and by effectively isolating those who withdraw from compulsory worship, discrimination occurs. Later that year, Humanists UK launched a new website, Assemblies for All, which compiles school assembly resources from NGOs, charities, government sources, the BBC, and businesses to make it possible for teachers and school leaders to put on "inclusive assemblies" on diverse topics – including the environment, mental health, and public holidays – as opposed to the collective worship required by law.

Through its education website Understanding Humanism, the charity also provides resources to teachers who want to include humanist perspectives and information about humanism in lessons.

Constitutional reform
The organisation campaigns for a secular state, which it defines as "a state where public institutions are separate from religious institutions and treat all citizens impartially regardless of their religious or non-religious beliefs." It points to issues such as the joint role of the British monarch (both Supreme Governor of the Church of England and Head of State), the reserved places for bishops in the House of Lords, the status of the Church of England (the officially established church), and other "discriminations based on religion or belief within the system" such as those in education and Public Services.

Ethical issues

Humanists UK has supported the rights for those who need assistance in ending their own lives, and lobbied parliament for a change in the law, on behalf of Tony Nicklinson and Paul Lamb, in their 'Right to Die' legal cases. In 2014, it intervened in a Supreme Court case in which the court stated it would rule again on a potential declaration of incompatibility between restrictions on the right to die and the Human Rights Act should Parliament fail to legislate decisively. In February 2019 they helped form the Assisted Dying Coalition, a group of like-minded campaign groups seeking to legalise assisted dying for the terminally ill or incurably suffering.

Persistent campaigns include defending legal abortion in Great Britain and securing its decriminalisation and its legalisation in Northern Ireland, defending embryonic stem cell research for medical purposes, challenging the state funding of homeopathy through the National Health Service, and calling for consistent and humane law on the slaughter of animals. It has also campaigned for 'opt-out' organ donor registers to improve the availability of life-saving organs in the UK; Wales became the first part of the UK to adopt such a register in 2015. Jersey followed in 2019, to be followed by England in 2020.

The organisation also campaigns on marriage laws, demanding full equality for same-sex and humanist marriage ceremonies throughout the UK. Humanists UK had been providing same-sex wedding ceremonies for decades, and had strongly supported legalising same-sex marriage years in advance of eventual UK and Scottish legislation. In 2013, it secured an amendment to the same sex-marriage bill to require UK Government to consult on letting humanist celebrants conduct legal marriages. Though the consultation result strongly indicated that legalisation should go ahead, ministers have so far declined to use the order-making powers to effect the change. It also campaigns for same-sex and humanist marriages in Northern Ireland. In 2017, it supported a humanist couple to challenge Northern Ireland's refusal to give legal recognition to humanist marriages through the High Court in Belfast, which resulted in legalisation of humanist marriages in Northern Ireland in June 2017. After campaigning to legalise same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland, it celebrated its success with a promotional billboards across Belfast emblazoned, 'Love wins for everybody', advertising humanist ceremonies.

The charity has been consistently supportive of LGBT rights across its history. It was also among the first organisations to protest Section 28 in the late 1980s, and was one of the most vocal and longstanding advocates of a ban on gay conversion therapy, which it denounces as "religious pseudoscience" with harmful consequences. This eventually led to a 2018 commitment from the UK Government to ban the practice. Its humanist celebrants conducted non-legal partnership/wedding ceremonies for same-sex couples for many decades prior to the law changing.

Many of its campaigns are based on free speech and human rights legislation and it has based much of its campaigning on the Human Rights Act 1998. In 2008, the blasphemy law was repealed, an issue over which Humanists UK had long campaigned. It sought unification of existing anti-discrimination legislation and contributed to the Discrimination Law Review which developed the Equality Act 2006 and then the Equality Act 2010.

In the 2020s, Humanists UK was one of the charities at the forefront of campaigns to defend the Human Rights Act and the freedom to instigate judicial review from threats of being watered down or repealed. It assembled a large civil society coalition of charities, trade unions, and human rights organisations speaking in defence of the present settlement.

Public awareness

On 21 October 2008, Humanists UK lent its official support to Guardian journalist Ariane Sherine as she launched a fundraising drive to raise money for the UK's first atheist advertising campaign, the Atheist Bus Campaign. The campaign aimed to raise funds to place the slogan "There's probably no God. Now stop worrying and enjoy your life" on the sides of 30 London buses for four weeks in January 2009. Expecting to raise £5,500 over six months, the atheist author Richard Dawkins agreed to match donations up to £5,500 to make £11,000 total. The campaign raised over £153,000, enabling a nationwide advertising campaign to be launched on 6 January 2009.

On 8 January 2009 Christian Voice announced they had made an official complaint to the Advertising Standards Authority asserting that the Atheist Bus slogan broke rules on "substantiation and truthfulness". In total the ASA received 326 complaints about the campaign, with many claiming that the wording was offensive to the religious, however Humanists UK contested the complaint and commented on the plausibility of the ASA making a claim as to the "probability of God's existence". Robert Winston criticised the campaign as "arrogant". The ASA ruled that the slogan was not in breach of advertising code.

In 2011, Humanists UK campaigned to get atheists, agnostics and other non-believers to tick the "no religion" box in response to the optional religion question in the 2011 census (as opposed to writing in either a joke religion like "Jedi" or ticking the religion one grew up in). Humanists UK believed the question was worded in such a way as to increase the number of currently non-religious or nominally religious people who list the religion they grew up in rather than their current religious views, and thus the results would have been skewed to make the country seem more religious than it actually is. Humanists UK believes that this supposed overstatement of religious belief creates a situation where "public policy in matters of religion and belief will unduly favour religious lobbies and discriminate against people who do not live their lives under religion".

Posters for the campaign which used the slogan "If you're not religious, for God's sake say so" were refused by companies owning advertising hoardings in railway stations following advice from the Advertising Standards Authority who believe the adverts had "the potential to cause widespread and serious offence".

The Census results for England and Wales showed that 14.1 million people, about a quarter of the entire population (25%), stated they had no religion at all, a rise of 6.4 million since the 2001 census. Humanists UK said the fall in the number of Christians from 72% to below 60% was "astounding", and calculated that they could be in a minority by 2018.

Set up in 2010, the Resolution Revolution campaign aims to "[recast] the tired old New Year resolution – so often about breaking a negative habit – as a pledge to do something positive for others". Participation is open to all and not restricted to humanists or the non-religious.

In 2014, Humanists UK launched two public awareness campaigns. The first, called "That's Humanism!", was an Internet-based campaign revolving around four videos on humanist responses to ethics, happiness, death, and the scientific method, as narrated by its distinguished supporter, Stephen Fry. The videos, which were widely shared on social media, were intended to introduce non-religious people who were humanist in their outlook to the existence of a community of like-minded people living their lives on the basis of reason and empathy. The second campaign, called "Thought for the Commute", was a London Underground campaign featuring posters depicting humanist responses from Virginia Woolf, George Eliot, Bertrand Russell and A.C. Grayling to the question "What's it all for?" The campaign intended to be a positive introduction to Humanism for commuters, as well as to highlight the exclusion of humanist voices from BBC slots such as Thought for the Day. After announcing that it intended to replicate it in other UK cities, the campaign moved to bus posters in Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool for four weeks in November and December 2014, this time depicting humanist responses from Jim Al-Khalili, Jawaharlal Nehru, Natalie Haynes and Russell once again.

Organisation

Presidents

Prior to the creation of a president of the Union of Ethical Societies in 1918, and that of chair in 1916, several others held the equivalent role of Chair of the Annual Congress. The very first of these was a woman, the philanthropist and activist Lady Elizabeth Swann, who was the wife of a prominent liberal MP. She presided over the founding Congress of the Union in 1896. Other early chairs of the Annual Congress included then-future Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (1900-1901 and again in 1903).

In April 2011, it was announced that Professor A.C. Grayling would succeed Polly Toynbee as president of Humanists UK in July 2011. However, in June Humanists UK announced that Professor Grayling had decided not to take up that position, because of what he described as "controversy generated by activities in another area of my public life." Humanists UK stated that Polly Toynbee would continue as president until a new appointment was made later in 2011; she remained president for a further 18 months until in December 2012 it was announced that physicist Jim Al-Khalili would become president in January 2013.

Staff
 Andrew Copson – Chief Executive
 Richy Thompson – Director of Public Affairs and Policy
 Liam Whitton - Director of Communications and Development
 Vicky Ball - Head of People
 Luke Donnellan – Director of Understanding Humanism
 Deborah Hooper - Head of Ceremonies
 Clare Elcombe Webber – Head of Humanist Care
 Catriona McLellan – Director of Operations
 Andrew West – Director of IT

The charity also contracts an officer on the ground both in Wales and Northern Ireland, who coordinate its national sections (or branches) Wales Humanists and Northern Ireland Humanists. These officers are in turn supported by national committees of volunteers whose advice assists the charity's service delivery in those countries, strategic litigation, and lobbying on devolved issues at the Northern Ireland Assembly and National Assembly for Wales.

Humanist celebrants

Humanist equivalents of otherwise religious celebrations are conducted by humanist celebrants, trained and accredited by Humanists UK across England, Wales and Northern Ireland, while the Humanist Society Scotland performs similar ceremonies in Scotland.  Non-religious funerals are legal within the UK; over 8,000 funerals are carried out by humanist celebrants in England and Wales each year. Between 600 and 900 weddings and 500 baby namings per year are also conducted by Humanists UK-accredited celebrants. In England and Wales, a humanist wedding or partnership ceremony must be supplemented by a process of obtaining a civil marriage or partnership certificate through a Register Office to be legally recognised, but can be led by a Humanist celebrant.

The humanist funeral for former Welsh First Minister Rhodri Morgan at the Welsh Assembly was conducted by a Humanists UK celebrant, Lorraine Barrett and was the first national funeral in the United Kingdom to be led by a humanist celebrant.

Since 2018, Humanists UK celebrants have been able to conduct legally recognised marriages in Northern Ireland. This came about after Humanists UK supported a court case centring around its patrons, couple Laura Lacole and Eunan O'Kane.

Pastoral carers

Humanists UK maintains a network of roughly 150 trained and accredited volunteers in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland who go into hospitals, hospices, prisons, universities, and other settings to provide like-minded comfort and support to non-religious people during times of distress, much like a traditional religious chaplain. This network is known as the Non-Religious Pastoral Support Network. The project was initiated by data evidence which suggested that non-religious patients and inmates often refused support from a chaplain if they were themselves non-religious. Since 2014, the National Offender Management Service has recognised the legal right of prisoners to access non-religious pastoral carers, and since 2015, NHS England has recommended that every hospital in England offers a voluntary or employed non-religious carer. In 2018, Lindsay van Dijk was appointed as the first humanist to lead an NHS chaplaincy team at the Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS trust, which includes the world-renowned spinal injuries unit at Stoke Mandeville hospital. The current chair of NRPSN is Amy Walden.

Young Humanists

Young Humanists is the organisation's youth wing, which launched early in 2015 with a number of events in cities across the UK.

Patrons
Numerous prominent people from the worlds of science, philosophy, the arts, politics, and entertainment are publicly aligned with Humanists UK, including Professor Alice Roberts, Tim Minchin, Stephen Fry, Matty Healy, Sandi Toksvig, Philip Pullman, and Dan Snow.

In the 20th century, key members of Humanists UK's "advisory council" included Karl Popper, Vanessa Redgrave, Harold Pinter, E M Forster, Bertrand Russell, John Maynard Smith, Harry Kroto, Ludovic Kennedy, Jacob Bronowski, and Barbara Wootton.

Affiliations
Humanists UK is a founding member of Humanists International, and the European Humanist Federation.

In September 2008, Humanists UK joined with religious organisations, teachers' unions, and other human rights campaigns groups to found the Accord Coalition, a diverse coalition made up of groups that oppose religious segregation in education.

Humanist Students is a national federation of atheist, humanist, secularist, and skeptic societies at universities and is part of Humanists UK. Its elected delegates traditionally, alongside members of Young Humanists, represent Humanists UK at Young Humanists International events.

Humanists UK has traditionally worked closely with the British Pregnancy Advisory Service, which was founded by the president of Birmingham Humanists, sexologist Martin Cole, in 1968. Humanists UK was a founding member of the BPAS "We Trust Women" coalition, which campaigns for the full decriminalisation of abortion throughout the UK.

The organisation supports a network of affiliated humanist groups throughout the UK and aims to encourage local campaigning, charity work, socialising, and events on a local level, and provides resources to assist the creation and running of such groups. Some of these groups are formally partnered with Humanists UK, which entitles them to added staff and promotional support, while others maintain a looser affiliate agreement. As of 2017, the number of partner groups stands at 47, with 15 affiliates.

The charity has also sponsored philosophical debates at HowTheLightGetsIn Festival.

Lecture series
Humanists UK runs a prestigious annual events programme, including the Darwin Day Lecture (on themes connected with Darwin's work and humanism), the Rosalind Franklin Lecture (commemorating women in humanism), the Voltaire Lecture (on humanism more generally), the Bentham Lecture (co-hosted with University College London's philosophy department), the Holyoake Lecture (held in Manchester and covering humanism and political thought), and an annual convention which moves around the UK from year to year.

Past speakers at these events include top scientists, authors, and academics, including Steven Pinker, Brian Cox, Richard Dawkins, Robert Hinde, AC Grayling, Natalie Haynes, Bonya Ahmed, Bettany Hughes, Alice Roberts, Nick Cohen, Ludovic Kennedy, Michael Foot, Lawrence Krauss, Eugenie Scott, Adam Rutherford, Tom Blundell, and Jerry Coyne, Anne Glover, Angela Saini, Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Jim Al-Khalili, Owen Jones, and Kate Pickett.

Annual award

From 2011 Humanists UK presented an annual award for special contributions to Humanism. It is known as the Humanist of the Year Award, having been known prior to 2014 as the Services to Humanism Award. The award was customarily presented during Humanists UK annual conference (or, in 2014, the UK-hosted World Humanist Congress). Since 2016 it has been presented at a special reception event. Past winners are:
 2011: Philip Pullman, Services to Humanism Award
 2012: Richard Dawkins, Services to Humanism Award
 2013: Terry Pratchett, Humanist of the Year Award
 2014: Gulalai Ismail and Wole Soyinka, International Humanist of the Year Award (both presented as part of World Humanist Congress)
 2015: Alice Roberts, Humanist of the Year Award
 2016: Lord Dubs, Humanist of the Year Award
 2017: Joan Bakewell, Humanist of the Year Award
 2018: Northern Ireland Humanist Campaigners (Laura Lacole, Eunan O'Kane, Steven McQuitty, Ciaran Moynagh, Caolfhionn Gallagher QC, Janet Farrell, and Sarah Ewart accepting), Humanists of the Year Award.

Earlier awardees include A.J. Ayer, Leo Igwe, Polly Toynbee, and Julian Huxley.

Criticism
In January 2008 Humanists UK (known as the BHA at the time) and the National Secular Society approached the Scouts Association about a conflict between the claims of inclusivity on their website and their oath. In February 2008 journalists Bryan Appleyard and Deborah Orr criticised both Humanists UK and the National Secular Society for the (ultimately successful) campaign to end discrimination against non-religious children in the Scouts' Oath of Allegiance. In April 2008 Jonathan Petre, The Daily Telegraph religious affairs journalist, countered this position pointing out that the Scout Oath of Allegiance was discriminatory. After consultation with Humanists UK over a five-year period, Girlguiding UK in June 2013 and eventually the UK Scout Association in October 2013 recognised the discrimination and amended their oaths to accommodate non-religious young people from 1 January 2014.

Professor Alice Roberts was criticised for sending her child to a faith school, despite Humanists UK's campaign against state-funded religious schools. She responded that this was the very point of the campaign: that she, like many other parents, had little choice over where to send her child and that she would have preferred a non-faith school option local to her.

See also
All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group
Atheist, Humanist, and Secular Students
Disestablishmentarianism
LGBT Humanists UK
Non-Prophet Week
Separation of church and state (UK)

References

External links

Humanists UK website
Archives of the BHA at Bishopsgate Library

Charities based in England
European Humanist Federation
Humanist associations
Organisations based in the London Borough of Islington
Organizations established in 1896
Secular humanism
Secularism in the United Kingdom
Secularist organizations
1896 establishments in the United Kingdom

Humanists UK


Diego Rafael Perrone Vienes (født 17. november 1979 i Montevideo, Uruguay) er en uruguayansk tidligere fodboldspiller (angriber).

Perrone spillede størstedelen af sin karriere i hjemlandet, hvor han blandt andet repræsenterede to af de store Montevideo-klubber, Nacional og Danubio. Han vandt det uruguayanske mesterskab med Danubio i 2004. Han havde også udlandsophold hos blandt andet Catania i Italien, paraguayanske Olimpia samt Lugano i Schweiz.

Perrone spillede desuden fem kampe for Uruguays landshold, alle i 2003. Han scorede to mål i de fem kampe, begge i en venskabskamp mod Mexico.

Titler
Primera División Uruguaya
 2004 med Danubio

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Uruguay
Fodboldspillere fra Club Nacional de Football
Fodboldspillere fra Club Olimpia
Fodboldspillere fra Club León
Fodboldspillere fra Danubio F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra FC Lugano
Fodboldspillere fra Levadiakos F.C.
Personer fra Montevideo

Diego Perrone


Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya (), commonly known as MarwanI (623 or 626April/May 685), was the fourth Umayyad caliph, ruling for less than a year in 684–685. He founded the Marwanid ruling house of the Umayyad dynasty, which replaced the Sufyanid house after its collapse in the Second Muslim Civil War and remained in power until 750.

During the reign of his cousin Uthman (), Marwan took part in a military campaign against the Byzantines of the Exarchate of Africa (in central North Africa), where he acquired significant war spoils. He also served as Uthman's governor in Fars (southwestern Iran) before becoming the caliph's katib (secretary or scribe). He was wounded fighting the rebel siege of Uthman's house, in which the caliph was slain. In the ensuing civil war between Ali () and the largely Qurayshite partisans of A'isha, Marwan sided with the latter at the Battle of the Camel. Marwan later served as governor of Medina under his distant kinsman Caliph Mu'awiya I (), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate. During the reign of Mu'awiya's son and successor Yazid I (), Marwan organized the defense of the Umayyad realm in the Hejaz (western Arabia) against the local opposition. After Yazid died in November 683, the Mecca-based rebel Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr declared himself caliph and expelled Marwan, who took refuge in Syria, the center of Umayyad rule. With the death of the last Sufyanid caliph Mu'awiya II in 684, Marwan, encouraged by the ex-governor of Iraq Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, volunteered his candidacy for the caliphate during a summit of pro-Umayyad tribes in Jabiya. The tribal nobility, led by Ibn Bahdal of the Banu Kalb, elected Marwan and together they defeated the pro-Zubayrid Qays tribes at the Battle of Marj Rahit in August of that year.

In the months that followed, Marwan reasserted Umayyad rule over Egypt, Palestine, and northern Syria, whose governors had defected to Ibn al-Zubayr's cause, while keeping the Qays in check in the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia). He dispatched an expedition led by Ibn Ziyad to reconquer Zubayrid Iraq, but died while it was underway in the spring of 685. Before his death, Marwan firmly established his sons in positions of power: Abd al-Malik was designated his successor, Abd al-Aziz was made governor of Egypt, and Muhammad oversaw military command in Upper Mesopotamia. Although Marwan was stigmatized as an outlaw and a father of tyrants in later anti-Umayyad tradition, the historian Clifford E. Bosworth asserts that the caliph was a shrewd, capable, and decisive military leader and statesman who laid the foundations of continued Umayyad rule for a further sixty-five years.

Early life and family

Marwan was born in 2 or 4 AH (623 or 626 CE). His father was al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As of the Banu Umayya (Umayyads), the strongest clan of the Quraysh, a polytheistic tribe which dominated the town of Mecca in the Hejaz. The Quraysh converted to Islam en masse in  following the conquest of Mecca by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, himself a member of the Quraysh. Marwan knew Muhammad and is thus counted among the latter's sahaba (companions). Marwan's mother was Amina bint Alqama of the Kinana, the ancestral tribe of the Quraysh which dominated the area stretching southwest from Mecca to the Tihama coastline.

Marwan had at least sixteen children, among them at least twelve sons from five wives and an umm walad (concubine). From his wife A'isha, a daughter of his paternal first cousin Mu'awiya ibn al-Mughira, he had his eldest son Abd al-Malik, Mu'awiya and daughter Umm Amr. Umm Amr later married Sa'id ibn Khalid ibn Amr, a great-grandson of Marwan's paternal first cousin Uthman ibn Affan, who became caliph (leader of the Muslim community) in 644. Marwan's wife Layla bint Zabban ibn al-Asbagh of the Banu Kalb tribe bore him Abd al-Aziz and daughter Umm Uthman, who was married to Caliph Uthman's son al-Walid; al-Walid was also married at one point to Marwan's daughter Umm Amr. Another of Marwan's wives, Qutayya bint Bishr of the Banu Kilab, bore him Bishr and Abd al-Rahman, the latter of whom died young. One of Marwan's wives, Umm Aban al-Kubra, was a daughter of Caliph Uthman. She was mother to six of his sons, Aban, Uthman, Ubayd Allah, Ayyub, Dawud and Abd Allah, though the last of them died a child. Marwan was married to Zaynab bint Umar, a granddaughter of Abu Salama from the Banu Makhzum, who mothered his son Umar. Marwan's umm walad was also named Zaynab and gave birth to his son Muhammad. Marwan had ten brothers and was the paternal uncle of ten nephews.

Secretary of Uthman

During the reign of Caliph Uthman (), Marwan took part in a military campaign against the Byzantines of the Exarchate of Carthage (in central North Africa), where he acquired significant war spoils. These likely formed the basis of Marwan's substantial wealth, part of which he invested in properties in Medina, the capital of the Caliphate. At an undetermined point, he served as Uthman's governor in Fars (southwestern Iran) before becoming the caliph's katib (secretary or scribe) and possibly the overseer of Medina's treasury. According to the historian Clifford E. Bosworth, in this capacity Marwan "doubtless helped" in the revision "of what became the canonical text of the Qur'an" in Uthman's reign.

The historian Hugh N. Kennedy asserts that Marwan was the caliph's "right-hand man". According to the traditional Muslim reports, many of Uthman's erstwhile backers among the Quraysh gradually withdrew their support as a result of Marwan's pervasive influence, which they blamed for the caliph's controversial decisions. The historian Fred Donner questions the veracity of these reports, citing the unlikelihood that Uthman would be highly influenced by a younger relative such as Marwan and the rarity of specific charges against the latter, and describes them as a possible "attempt by later Islamic tradition to salvage Uthman's reputation as one of the so-called 'rightly-guided' (rāshidūn) caliphs by making Marwan... the fall guy for the unhappy events at the end of Uthman's twelve-year reign."

Discontent over Uthman's nepotistic policies and confiscation of the former Sasanian crown lands in Iraq drove the Quraysh and the dispossessed elites of Kufa and Egypt to oppose the caliph. In early 656, rebels from Egypt and Kufa entered Medina to press Uthman to reverse his policies. Marwan recommended a violent response against them. Instead, Uthman entered into a settlement with the Egyptians, the largest and most outspoken group among the mutineers. On their return to Egypt, the rebels intercepted a letter in Uthman's name to Egypt's governor, Ibn Abi Sarh, instructing him to take action against the rebels. In reaction, the Egyptians marched back to Medina and besieged Uthman in his home in June 656. Uthman claimed to have been unaware of the letter, and it may have been authored by Marwan without Uthman's knowledge. Despite orders to the contrary, Marwan actively defended Uthman's house and was badly wounded in the neck when he challenged the rebels assembled at its entrance. According to tradition, he was saved by the intervention of his wet nurse, Fatima bint Aws, and was transported to the safety of her home by his mawla (freedman or client), Abu Hafs al-Yamani. Shortly after, Uthman was assassinated by the rebels, which became one of the major contributing factors to the First Muslim Civil War. After the assassination, Marwan and other Umayyads fled to Mecca. Calls for avenging Uthman's death were led by the Umayyads, one of Muhammad's wives, A'isha, and two of his prominent companions, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. Punishing Uthman's murderers became a rallying cry of the opposition to his successor, Ali ibn Abi Talib, a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.

Role in the First Fitna

In the ensuing hostilities between Ali and the largely Qurayshite partisans of A'isha, Marwan sided with the latter. He fought alongside A'isha's forces at the Battle of the Camel near Basra in December 656. The historian Leone Caetani presumed that Marwan was the organizer of A'isha's strategy there. The modern historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri notes that while Caetani's "theory is attractive", there is no information in the traditional sources to confirm it and should Marwan have been A'isha's war adviser "he operated so discreetly that the sources hardly speak of his actions."

According to one version in the Islamic tradition, Marwan used the occasion of the battle to kill a partisan of A'isha, Talha, whom he held especially responsible for instigating Uthman's death. Marwan had fired an arrow at Talha, which struck the sciatic vein below his knee, as their troops fell back in a hand-to-hand fight with Ali's soldiers. The historian Wilferd Madelung notes that Marwan "evidently" waited to kill Talha when A'isha appeared close to defeat and thus in a weak position to call Marwan to account for his action. Another version in the tradition attributes Talha's death to Ali's supporters during Talha's retreat from the field, and Caetani dismisses Marwan's culpability as a fabrication by the generally anti-Umayyad sources. Madelung holds that Marwan's slaying of Talha is corroborated by Umayyad propaganda in the 680s heralding him as the first person to take revenge for Uthman's death by killing Talha.

After the battle ended with Ali's victory, Marwan pledged his allegiance to him. Ali pardoned him and Marwan left for Syria, where his distant cousin Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who refused allegiance to Ali, was governor. Marwan was present alongside Mu'awiya at the Battle of Siffin near Raqqa in 657, which ended in a stalemate with Ali's army and abortive arbitration talks to settle the civil war.

Governor of Medina

Ali was assassinated by a member of the Kharijites, a sect opposed to both Ali and Mu'awiya, in January 661. His son and successor Hasan ibn Ali abdicated in a peace treaty with Mu'awiya, who entered Hasan's and formerly Ali's capital at Kufa and gained recognition as caliph there in July or September, marking the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate. Marwan served as Mu'awiya's governor in Bahrayn (eastern Arabia) before serving two stints as governor of Medina in 661–668 and 674–677. In between those two terms, Marwan's Umayyad kinsmen Sa'id ibn al-As and al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan held the post. Medina had lost its status as the political center of the Caliphate in the aftermath of Uthman's assassination. Under Mu'awiya the capital shifted to Damascus. Although it was reduced to a provincial governorship, Medina remained a hub of Arab culture and Islamic scholarship and home of the traditional Islamic aristocracy. The old elites in Medina, including most of the Umayyad family, resented their loss of power to Mu'awiya; in the summation of the historian Julius Wellhausen, "of what consequence was Marwan, formerly the all-powerful imperial chancellor of Uthman, now as Emir of Medina! No wonder he cast envious looks at his cousin of Damascus who had so far outstripped him."

During his first term, Marwan acquired from Mu'awiya a large estate in the Fadak oasis in northwestern Arabia, which he then bestowed on his sons Abd al-Malik and Abd al-Aziz. Marwan's first dismissal from the governorship caused him to travel to Mu'awiya's court for an explanation from the caliph, who listed three reasons: Marwan's refusal to confiscate for Mu'awiya the properties of their relative Abd Allah ibn Amir after the latter's dismissal from the governorship of Basra; Marwan's criticism of the caliph's adoption of the fatherless Ziyad ibn Abihi, Ibn Amir's successor in Basra, as the son of his father Abu Sufyan, which the Umayyad family disputed; and Marwan's refusal to assist the caliph's daughter Ramla in a domestic dispute with her husband, Amr ibn Uthman ibn Affan. In 670, Marwan led Umayyad opposition to the attempted burial of Hasan ibn Ali beside the grave of Muhammad, compelling Hasan's brother, Husayn, and his clan, the Banu Hashim, to abandon their original funeral arrangement and bury Hasan in the Baqi cemetery instead. Afterward, Marwan participated in the funeral and eulogized Hasan as one "whose forbearance weighed mountains".

According to Bosworth, Mu'awiya may have been suspicious of the ambitions of Marwan and the Abu al-As line of the Banu Umayya in general, which was significantly more numerous than the Abu Sufyan (Sufyanid) line to which Mu'awiya belonged. Marwan was among the eldest and most prestigious Umayyads at a time when there were few experienced Sufyanids of mature age. Bosworth speculates that it "may have been fears of the family of Abu'l-ʿĀs that impelled Muʿāwiya to his adoption of his putative half-brother Ziyād b. Sumayya [Ziyad ibn Abihi] and to the unusual step of naming his own son Yazīd as heir to the caliphate during his own lifetime". Marwan had earlier pressed Uthman's son Amr to claim the caliphate based on the legitimacy of his father, a member of the Abu al-As branch, but Amr was uninterested. Marwan reluctantly accepted Mu'awiya's nomination of Yazid in 676, but quietly encouraged another son of Uthman, Sa'id, to contest the succession. Sa'id's ambitions were neutralized when the caliph gave him military command in Khurasan, the easternmost region of the Caliphate.

Leader of the Umayyads in Medina

After Mu'awiya died in 680, Husayn ibn Ali, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and Abd Allah ibn Umar, all sons of prominent Qurayshite companions of Muhammad with their own claims to the caliphate, continued to refuse allegiance to Mu'awiya's chosen successor Yazid. Marwan, the leader of the Umayyad clan in the Hejaz, advised al-Walid ibn Utba, then governor of Medina, to coerce Husayn and Ibn al-Zubayr, both of whom he considered especially dangerous to Umayyad rule, to accept the caliph's sovereignty. Husayn answered al-Walid's summons, but withheld his recognition of Yazid, offering instead to make the pledge in public. Al-Walid accepted, prompting Marwan, who attended the meeting, to castigate the governor and demand Husayn's detention until he proffered the oath of allegiance to Yazid or his execution should he refuse. Husayn then cursed Marwan and left the meeting, eventually making his way toward Kufa to lead a rebellion against the Umayyads. He was slain by Yazid's forces at the Battle of Karbala in October 680.

Meanwhile, Ibn al-Zubayr avoided al-Walid's summons and escaped to Mecca, where he rallied opposition to Yazid from his headquarters in the Ka'aba, Islam's holiest sanctuary where violence was traditionally banned. In the Islamic traditional anecdotes relating Yazid's response, Marwan warns Ibn al-Zubayr not to submit to the caliph; Wellhausen considers these variable traditions to be unreliable. In 683, the people of Medina rebelled against the caliph and assaulted the local Umayyads and their supporters, prompting them to take refuge in Marwan's houses in the city's suburbs where they were besieged. In response to Marwan's plea for assistance, Yazid dispatched an expeditionary force of Syrian tribesmen led by Muslim ibn Uqba to assert Umayyad authority over the region. The Umayyads of Medina were afterward expelled and many, including Marwan and the Abu al-As family, joined Ibn Uqba's expedition. In the ensuing Battle of al-Harra in August 683, Marwan led his horsemen through Medina and launched a rear assault against the Medinese defenders fighting Ibn Uqba in the city's eastern outskirts. Despite its victory over the Medinese, Yazid's army retreated to Syria in the wake of the caliph's death in November. On the Syrians' departure, Ibn al-Zubayr declared himself caliph and soon gained recognition in most of the Caliphate's provinces, including Egypt, Iraq and Yemen. Marwan and the Umayyads of the Hejaz were expelled for a second time by Ibn al-Zubayr's partisans and their properties were confiscated.

Caliphate

Accession

By early 684, Marwan was in Syria, either at Palmyra or in the court of Yazid's young son and successor, Mu'awiya II, in Damascus. The latter died several weeks into his reign without designating a successor. The governors of the Syrian junds (military districts) of Palestine, Homs and Qinnasrin subsequently gave their allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr. As a result, Marwan "despaired over any future for the Umayyads as rulers", according to Bosworth, and was prepared to recognize Ibn al-Zubayr's legitimacy. However, he was encouraged by the expelled governor of Iraq, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, to volunteer himself as Mu'awiyaII's successor during a summit of loyalist Syrian Arab tribes being held in Jabiya. The bids for leadership of the Muslim community exposed the conflict between three developing principles of succession. The general recognition of Ibn al-Zubayr adhered to the Islamic principle of passing leadership to the most righteous and eminent Muslim, while the Umayyad loyalists at the Jabiya summit debated the two other principles: direct hereditary succession as introduced by Mu'awiyaI and represented by the nomination of his adolescent grandson Khalid ibn Yazid; and the Arab tribal norm of selecting the wisest and most capable member of a tribe's leading clan, epitomized in this case by Marwan.

The organizer of the Jabiya summit, Ibn Bahdal, the chieftain of the powerful Banu Kalb tribe and maternal cousin of Yazid, supported Khalid's nomination. Most of the other chieftains, led by Rawh ibn Zinba of the Judham and Husayn ibn Numayr of the Kinda, opted for Marwan, citing his mature age, political acumen and military experience, over Khalid's youth and inexperience. The 9th-century historian al-Ya'qubi quotes Rawh heralding Marwan: "People of Syria! This is Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, the chief of Quraysh, who avenged the blood of ʿUthmān and fought ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib at the Battle of the Camel and Ṣiffīn." A consensus was ultimately reached on 22 June 684 (29 Shawwal 64 AH), whereby Marwan would accede to the caliphate, followed by Khalid and then Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As, another prominent young Umayyad. In exchange for backing Marwan, the loyalist Syrian tribes, who shortly thereafter became known as the "Yaman" faction (see below), were promised financial compensation. The Yamani ashraf (tribal nobility) demanded from Marwan the same courtly and military privileges they held under the previous Umayyad caliphs. Husayn ibn Numayr had attempted to reach a similar arrangement with Ibn al-Zubayr, who publicly rejected the terms. In contrast, Marwan "realized the importance of the Syrian troops and adhered wholeheartedly to their demands", according to the historian Mohammad Rihan. In the summation of Kennedy, "Marwān had no experience or contacts in Syria; he would be entirely dependent on the ashrāf from the Yamanī tribes who had elected him."

Campaigns to reassert Umayyad rule

In opposition to the Kalb, the pro-Zubayrid Qaysi tribes objected to Marwan's accession and beckoned al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, the governor of Damascus, to mobilize for war; accordingly, al-Dahhak and the Qays set up camp in the Marj Rahit plain north of Damascus. Most of the Syrian junds backed Ibn al-Zubayr, with the exception of Jordan, whose dominant tribe was the Kalb. With the critical support of the Kalb and its allied tribes, Marwan marched against al-Dahhak's larger army, while in Damascus city, a Ghassanid nobleman expelled al-Dahhak's partisans and brought the city under Marwan's authority. In August, Marwan's forces routed the Qays and killed al-Dahhak at the Battle of Marj Rahit. Marwan's rise had affirmed the power of the Quda'a tribal confederation, of which the Kalb was part, and after the battle, it formed an alliance with the Qahtan confederation of Homs, forming the new super-tribe of Yaman. The crushing Umayyad–Yamani victory at Marj Rahit led to the long-running Qays–Yaman blood feud. The remnants of Qays rallied around Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, who took over the fortress of Qarqisiya (Circesium) in Upper Mesopotamia, from which he led the tribal opposition to the Umayyads. In a poem attributed to him, Marwan thanked the Yamani tribes for their support at Marj Rahit:
When I saw that the affair would be one of plunder, I made ready Ghassan and Kalb against them [the Qays],And the Saksakīs [Kindites], men who would triumph, and Ṭayyi', who would insist on the striking of blows,And the Qayn who would come weighed down with arms, and of Tanūkh a difficult and lofty peak.[The enemy] will not seize the kingship unless by force, and if Qays approach, say, Keep away!

Although he was already recognized by the loyalist tribes at Jabiya, Marwan received ceremonial oaths of allegiance as caliph in Damascus in July or August. He wed Yazid's widow and mother of Khalid, Umm Hashim Fakhitah, thereby establishing a political link with the Sufyanids. Wellhausen viewed the marriage as an attempt by Marwan to seize the inheritance of Yazid by becoming stepfather to his sons. Marwan appointed the Ghassanid Yahya ibn Qays as the head of his shurta (security forces) and his own mawla Abu Sahl al-Aswad as his hajib (chamberlain).

Despite his victory at Marj Rahit and the consolidation of Umayyad power in central Syria, Marwan's authority was not recognized in the rest of the Umayyads' former domains; with the help of Ibn Ziyad and Ibn Bahdal, Marwan undertook to restore Umayyad rule across the Caliphate with "energy and determination", according to Kennedy. To Palestine he dispatched Rawh ibn Zinba, who forced the flight to Mecca of his rival for leadership of the Judham tribe, the pro-Zubayrid governor Natil ibn Qays. Marwan also consolidated Umayyad rule in northern Syria, and the remainder of his reign was marked by attempts to reassert Umayyad authority. By February/March 685, he secured his rule in Egypt with key assistance from the Arab tribal nobility of the provincial capital Fustat. The province's pro-Zubayrid governor, Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri, was expelled and replaced with Marwan's son Abd al-Aziz. Afterward, Marwan's forces led by Amr ibn Sa'id repulsed a Zubayrid expedition against Palestine launched by Ibn al-Zubayr's brother Mus'ab. Marwan dispatched an expedition to the Hejaz led by the Quda'a commander Hubaysh ibn Dulja, which was routed at al-Rabadha east of Medina. Meanwhile, Marwan sent his son Muhammad to check the Qaysi tribes in the middle Euphrates region. By early 685, he dispatched an army led by Ibn Ziyad to conquer Iraq from the Zubayrids and the pro-Alids (partisans of Caliph Ali and his household and the forerunners of the Shia sect of Islam).

Death and succession

After a reign of between six and ten months, depending on the source, Marwan died in the spring of 65 AH/685. The precise date of his death is not clear from the medieval sources, with historians Ibn Sa'd, al-Tabari and Khalifa ibn Khayyat placing it on 29Sha'ban/10 or 11 April, al-Mas'udi on 3Ramadan/13 April and Elijah of Nisibis on 7May. Most early Muslim sources hold that Marwan died in Damascus, while al-Mas'udi holds that he died at his winter residence in al-Sinnabra near Lake Tiberias. Although it is widely reported in the traditional Muslim sources that Marwan was killed in his sleep by Umm Hashim Fakhita in retaliation for a serious verbal insult to her honor by the caliph, most western historians dismiss the story. Based on a report by al-Mas'udi, Bosworth and others suspect Marwan succumbed to a plague afflicting Syria at the time of his death.

Upon Marwan's return to Syria from Egypt in 685, he had designated his sons Abd al-Malik and Abd al-Aziz as his successors, in that order. He made the change after he reached al-Sinnabra and was informed that Ibn Bahdal recognized Amr ibn Sa'id as Marwan's successor-in-waiting. He summoned and questioned Ibn Bahdal and ultimately demanded that he give allegiance to Abd al-Malik as his heir apparent. By this, Marwan abrogated the arrangement reached at the Jabiya summit in 684, re-instituting the principle of direct hereditary succession. Abd al-Malik acceded to the caliphate without opposition from the previous designates, Khalid ibn Yazid and Amr ibn Sa'id. Thereafter, hereditary succession became the standard practice of the Umayyad caliphs.

Assessment

By making his family the foundation of his power, Marwan modeled his administration on that of Caliph Uthman, who extensively relied on his kinsmen, as opposed to Mu'awiyaI, who largely kept them at arm's length. To that end, Marwan ensured Abd al-Malik's succession as caliph and gave his sons Muhammad and Abd al-Aziz key military commands. Despite the tumultuous beginnings, the "Marwanids" (descendants of Marwan) were established as the ruling house of the Umayyad realm.

In the view of Bosworth, Marwan "was obviously a military leader and statesman of great skill and decisiveness amply endowed with the qualities of ḥilm [levelheadedness] and shrewdness, which characterised other outstanding members of the Umayyad clan". His rise as caliph in Syria, a largely unfamiliar territory where he lacked a power-base, laid the foundations for Abd al-Malik's reign, which consolidated Umayyad rule for a further sixty-five years. In the view of Madelung, Marwan's path to the caliphate was "truly high politics", the culmination of intrigues dating from his early career. These included encouraging Uthman's empowerment of the Umayyads, becoming the "first avenger" of Uthman's assassination by murdering Talha, and privately undermining while publicly enforcing the authority of the Sufyanid caliphs of Damascus.

Marwan was known to be gruff and lacking in social graces. He suffered permanent injuries after a number of battle wounds. His tall and emaciated appearance lent him the nickname khayt batil (gossamer-like thread). In later anti-Umayyad Muslim tradition, Marwan was derided as tarid ibn tarid (outlawed son of an outlaw) in reference to his father al-Hakam's alleged exile to Ta'if by the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Marwan's expulsion from Medina by Ibn al-Zubayr. He was also referred to as abu al-jababira (father of tyrants) because his son and grandsons later inherited the caliphal throne. In a number of sayings attributed to Muhammad, Marwan and his father are the subject of the Islamic prophet's foreboding, though Donner holds that much of these reports were likely conceived by Shia opponents of Marwan and the Umayyads in general.

A number of reports cited by the medieval Islamic historians al-Baladhuri (d. 892) and Ibn Asakir (d. 1176) are indicative of Marwan's piety, such as the 9th-century historian al-Mada'ini's assertion that Marwan was among the best readers of the Qur'an and Marwan's own claim to have recited the Qur'an for over forty years before the Battle of Marj Rahit. On the basis that many of his sons bore clearly Islamic names (as opposed to traditional Arabian names), Donner speculates Marwan may have indeed been "deeply religious" and "profoundly impressed" by the Qur'anic message to honor God and the prophets of Islam, including Muhammad. Donner notes the difficulty of "achieving a sound assessment of Marwan", as with most Islamic leaders of his generation, due to an absence of archaeological and epigraphic documentation and the restriction of his biographical information to often polemical literary sources.

See also
 Al-Harith ibn al-Hakam, brother of Marwan I
 Yahya ibn al-Hakam, brother of Marwan I
 Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba

Notes

References

Sources

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620s births
685 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
7th-century Umayyad caliphs
7th-century monarchs in Asia
7th-century monarchs in Africa
7th-century Arab people
Hadith narrators
People of the Second Fitna
Umayyad governors of Medina
Rashidun governors of Bahrain

Marwan I