U matematici je determinanta skalar svojstven kvadratnoj matrici koji ima mnoga korisna svojstva u linearnoj algebri. Označava se obično s  ili . Determinanta matrice koja je zadana svojim elementima može se označiti tako da se umjesto uglatih zagrada matrice napišu ravne zagrade determinante.

Formula
Za 2×2 matricu determinanta iznosi:

Za 3×3 matricu Laplaceova formula glasi:

što se može dalje pojednostaviti u Leibnizovu formulu:

n×n matrice
Generalna Leibnizova formula za n×n matrice glasi:

gdje suma iterira po elementima σ od skupa Sn koji sadrži permutacije skupa {1, 2, ..., n}. Funkcija sgn označava parnost permutacije, te daje +1 ako se ta permutacija može dobiti iz permutacije [1 2 3 ... n] parnim brojem zamjena mjesta dvaju brojeva u permutaciji (tj. ako je permutacija parna), a -1 ako neparnim. σi iznačava i-ti broj u toj permutaciji. Primjerice, ako imamo permutaciju σ = [1 3 2 4], σ1 = 1, σ2 = 3, σ3 = 2, σ4 = 4. Kako zamjenom drugog i trećeg elementa dobivamo [1 2 3 4], tako je ta permutacija neparna i sgn(σ) = -1.

Produkt  označava umnožak n elemenata matrice tako da je iz i-tog reda odabran element u σi-tom stupcu. Tako za permutaciju [1 3 2 4] uzimamo umnožak a11a23a32a44 (te ga ne zbrajamo nego oduzimamo jer se radi o neparnoj permutaciji, kao što je ranije napomenuto). Prolazeći kroz elemente Sn formula prolazi kroz sve načine kako odabrati n elemenata tako da je točno po jedan iz svakog reda i svakog stupca.

Primjenom ove formule na 2×2 i 3×3 matrice dobivaju se pojednostavljene formule za determinante tih matrica koje su navedene gore.

Pomoću minora
Determinanta se može izračunati i rekurzivno, računanjem determinanti minora matrice. Minora n×n matrice je (n-1)×(n-1) matrica koju dobivamo tako da odstranimo jedan redak i jedan stupac početne matrice. Ovako determinantu računamo tako da za svaki element u jednom redu (ili stupcu) izračunamo determinantu minore koja ne sadrži redak i stupac u kojem je taj element, te ju pomnožimo s dotičnim elementom. Dobivene umnoške naizmjence zbrajamo i oduzimamo. Prvi element se pribraja, drugi oduzima, treći pribraja itd. ako smo računali minore po elementima neparnog reda ili stupca matrice, a inače se prvi element oduzima, drugi pribraja, treći oduzima itd.

Primjer za ovakav način računanja determinante je gore navedena Laplaceova formula za determinantu 3×3 matrice, gdje se za računanje koriste determinante 2×2 minora dobivene odstranjivanjem elemenata u 1. redu 3×3 matrice.

Svojstva
 Determinanta jedinične matrice iznosi 1.

 Transpozicija matrice ne mijenja determinantu.

 Determinanta inverza matrice je recipročna vrijednost determinante originalne matrice.

 Ako je matrica singularna (nema inverz), njezina determinanta iznosi 0. Inače je matrica regularna.
 Kada je definiran umnožak dvaju matrica, tada je determinanta umnoška tih matrica jednaka umnošku determinanti.

 Ako pomnožimo n×n matricu skalarom α, njezina determinanta povećava se αn puta.

 Ako bilo koji red ili stupac sadrži samo nule, tada je i determinanta matrice nula.
 Ako se bilo koji red ili stupac može izraziti kao linearna kombinacija preostalih redova (odnosno stupaca), tada je determinanta matrice nula.
 Zamjenom pozicije bilo koja dva reda (ili dva stupca) determinanta se množi s -1.
 Ako bilo kojem redu (ili stupcu) dodamo linearnu kombinaciju nekih iz preostalih redova (ili stupaca), determinanta ostaje ista.
 Determinanta trokutaste matrice jednaka je umnošku elemenata na glavnoj dijagonali.

Vidi
 Linearna algebra
 Rang matrice
 Linearna nezavisnost

Multilinearna algebra

Determinanta


Ida Bidstrup Østergaard (født 1. marts 1986 i Hadsund) med kunstnernavnet Ida Gard er en dansk sangerinde, sangskriver, musiker og producer.
I 2008 var hun blandt vinderne af P3s talentkonkurrence Karrierekanonen sammen med Birk Storm og Firehouse ft. Lady Smita.

Debutalbummet "Knees, Feet & The Parts We Don't Speak Of" udkom d.1. november 2011. Albummet indeholdt blandt andet Karrierekanon-vindersangen "On His Knees" samt "Nothing's Wrong Song", som senere blev sunget af X-Factor-vinderen, Ida, i 2012. Musikanmelderen Torben Bille anmeldte "Knees, Feet & The Parts We Don't Speak Of" positivt.

Størstedelen af opfølgeren til debutalbummet indspillede Ida Gard i New York, og "Doors" blev udgivet den 16. september 2013 i Danmark. "Doors" fik meget opmærksomhed blandt andet fra Tyskland, og interessen udløste adskillelige koncerter i Tyskland, hvor albummet blev genudgivet i 2014.

I juli 2014 spillede Ida Gard opvarmning for Bob Dylan på Amfiscenen i Aarhus.

Ida Gard medvirkede i projektet "Flygtningestemmer" med sangen "A Lady" som var skrevet sammen med Boe Larsen, Gert Barslund og den bosniske kvinde Lara.

Ida Gards album album "Womb" er inspireret af Mikael Niemis roman "Populærmusik Fra Vittula" og udkom i Danmark 19. februar 2016 og indeholder 15 sange. Albummet fik fine anmeldelser både i Danmark og i Tyskland.

Diskografi

Album
 Knees, Feet & the Parts We Don't Speak Of (2011)
 Doors (2013)
 Womb (2016)

Singler
 "On His Knees " (2008)

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
 Ida Gards hjemmeside

Singer-songwritere fra Danmark
Personer fra Hadsund

Ida Gard


Westminster International University in Tashkent (WIUT) is the first international university in Uzbekistan and first in Central Asia to offer Western education, with United Kingdom (UK) qualifications. WIUT was established in 2002 in partnership between the "UMID" Presidential Foundation, the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of Uzbekistan, and the University of Westminster in London (UoW).

WIUT's mission is to provide International Standards of Education and Research Opportunities that contribute to the Intellectual, Social and Professional development of the Central Asian communities as well as Global Community.

Background
WIUT provides programmes at the undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate levels. WIUT faculty have international degrees and experience in international organizations. Many faculty have earned doctoral degrees from leading universities in Australia, Belgium, China, the Czech Republic, England, France, Germany, Japan, Spain and USA.

University schools (academic structure)
Starting from 2020, the University transitioned to a new academic administration structure. According to the new established structure there are three schools operating at WIUT: (i) School of Business and Economics; (ii) School of Law, Technology and Education, and (iii) the Graduate School, offering doctoral programmes. Each school contains academic departments with subject areas.

(i) School of Business and Economics:

 Economics
 Finance
 Management & Marketing

(ii) School of Law, Technology and Education

 Law
 Computing
 Global Education

(iii) The Graduate School

 PhD
 DSc

Notable people

Alumni

 Gayane Umerova

See also

TEAM University
Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent
Yeoju Technical Institute in Tashkent
Academic Lyceum of Westminster International University in Tashkent
Inha University in Tashkent
Tashkent State Technical University
Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration
Tashkent Financial Institute
Moscow State University in Tashkent named M.V Lomonosov
Tashkent Automobile and Road Construction Institute
Tashkent State University of Economics
Tashkent State Agrarian University
Tashkent State University of Law
Tashkent University of Information Technologies
University of World Economy and Diplomacy
Universities in the United Kingdom
Education in England
Education in Uzbekistan
Tashkent

Universities in Uzbekistan
University of Westminster
Education in Tashkent
Buildings and structures in Tashkent


La saison 2022-2023 du Toulouse Football Club voit le club s'engager dans la Ligue 1, après avoir terminé Champion de Ligue 2 la saison précédente et la Coupe de France.

Damien Comolli entame sa troisième saison en tant que président.

Philippe Montanier entame sa deuxième saison en tant qu'entraîneur.

Transferts

Mercato d'été

Départs

Mamady Bangré est prêté à l'US Quevilly-Rouen.

Sam Sanna est prêté au Stade lavallois.

Bafodé Diakité est transféré au LOSC Lille.

Kalidou Sidibé est transféré à l'US Quevilly-Rouen.

Samuel Kasongo est transféré à l'AC Bellinzone.

Naatan Skyttä est prêté sans option au Viking FK jusqu'au 31 décembre.

Nathan Ngoumou est transféré au Borussia Mönchengladbach.

Tom Rapnouil et Kléri Serber sont prêtés au OFK Botev Vratsa.

Steve Mvoué est transféré au RFC Seraing.

Arrivées

Kalidou Sidibé revient de son prêt de l'US Quevilly-Rouen.

Samuel Kasongo revient de son prêt de Neuchâtel Xamax.

Zakaria Aboukhlal signe au Toulouse FC pour une durée de .

Kjetil Haug signe au Toulouse FC pour une durée de .

Thijs Dallinga signe au Toulouse FC pour une durée de .

Oliver Zandén signe au Toulouse FC pour une durée de .

Cháris Tsingáras est prêté une saison au Toulouse FC.

Veljko Birmančević signe au Toulouse FC pour une durée de .

Mercato d'hiver

Départs

Yanis Begraoui est prêté au Pau FC sans option d'achat jusqu'à la fin de la saison.

Naatan Skyttä est prêté au Odense Boldklub sans option d'achat jusqu'à la fin de la saison.

Isak Pettersson quitte le Toulouse FC et signe au Stabæk Fotball.

Issiaga Sylla quitte le Toulouse FC et signe au Montpellier HSC.

Junior Flemmings est prêté au Chamois niortais FC sans option d'achat jusqu'à la fin de la saison.

Arrivées

Naatan Skyttä revient de son prêt du Viking FK.

Warren Kamanzi signe au Toulouse FC pour une durée de .

Gabriel Suazo signe au Toulouse FC pour une durée de  et demi.

Vincent Sierro signe au Toulouse FC pour une durée de  et demi.

Saïd Hamulic signe au Toulouse FC pour une durée de  et demi.

Joueurs et encadrement technique

Encadrement technique

Effectif professionnel actuel
Le tableau ci-dessous recense l'effectif professionnel actuel du Toulouse Football Club pour la saison 2022-2023.

|-

|-

|-

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Compétitions

Matchs amicaux

Championnat
La Ligue 1 2022-2023 est la quatre-vingt-cinquième édition de Ligue 1. L'épreuve est disputée par vingt clubs réunis dans un seul groupe et se déroulant par matches aller et retour, soit une série de trente-huit rencontres.

Détails des matchs

Aller

Retour

Classement

Évolution du classement et des résultats

Coupe de France

Statistiques

Statistiques des buteurs

Statistiques des passeurs

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Toulouse
Toulouse FC
2022-2023

Saison 2022-2023 du Toulouse Football Club


William David Daniels () este un actor american, președinte al Screen Actors Guild (din 1999 până în 2001).

El este cunoscut pentru felul în care a jucat pe tatăl personajului lui Dustin Hoffman în The Graduate (1967), Howard în Two for the Road, John Adams în 1776, ca Carter Nash în Captain Nice, pe domnul George Feeny în Boy Meets World de pe ABC și continuarea acesteia Riley și restul lumii de pe Disney Channel, ca vocea lui KITT în Knight Rider, și Dr. Mark Craig în St. Elsewhere, pentru care a câștigat două premii Emmy.

Filmografie

Film

Note

Legături externe

Actori de film americani
Actori de televiziune americani
Americani în viață
Activiști din New York

William Daniels


Mercy Bolafunoluwa Adekuoroye, née le 2 janvier 2002, est une lutteuse nigériane.

Carrière

Mercy Adekuoroye remporte la médaille d'or des Championnats d'Afrique cadets 2018 à Port Harcourt puis la médaille d'argent aux Jeux africains de la jeunesse de 2018 à Alger dans la catégorie des moins de .

Elle est médaillée d'or dans la catégorie des moins de  aux Championnats d'Afrique de lutte 2022 à El Jadida, battant en finale l'Ivoirienne Nogona Bakayoko.

Elle est médaillée d'or dans la catégorie des moins de  aux Championnats d'Afrique de lutte 2023 à Hammamet.

Famille
Elle est la sœur de la lutteuse Odunayo Adekuoroye.

Références

Liens externes

Lutteuse nigériane
Championne d'Afrique de lutte
Naissance en janvier 2002

Mercy Adekuoroye


Irod al II-lea (n. cca. 27 î.Hr. – d. 33/34 AD) a fost fiul lui Irod cel Mare și al Mariamnei a II-a, fiica marelui preot Simon Boethus (Marcu 6:17). Pentru o scurtă perioadă, el a fost moștenitorul tatălui său. Unii cercetători istorici îl numesc Irod Filip I (a nu se confunda cu Filip Tetrarhul, pe care unii autori îl numesc Irod Filip al II-lea).

Irod a fost primul soț al Irodiadei și deoarece în Evanghelia lui Marcu se spune că Irodiada a fost căsătorită cu Filip, unii autori au susținut că numele său a fost, de fapt, Irod Filip. Mulți cercetători contestă totuși acest fapt și consideră că autorul Evangheliei a făcut o confuzie, o sugestie susținută de faptul că mai târziu Evanghelia lui Luca nu îl menționează sub numele Filip. Deoarece era nepotul marelui preot Simon Boethus el este menționat uneori ca Irod Boethus, dar nu există nici o dovadă că a fost într-adevăr numit astfel.

Viața și căsătoria
Executarea de către Irod cel Mare a celor doi fii născuți de soția sa hasmonee Mariamna, Alexandru și Aristobul al IV-lea, în anul 7 î.Hr., a lăsat-o orfană pe fiica minoră a celui de-al doilea, Irodiada. Regele a logodit-o cu Irod al II-lea, un  unchi vitreg, și relația ei cu linia de sânge a hasmoneilor a întărit dreptul noului ei soț de a-i succede tatălui său.

Iosephus Flavius menționează următoarele în lucrarea Antichități iudaice (Cartea a XVIII-a, Capitolul 5, 4):Irodiada, [...], a fost căsătorită cu Irod, fiul lui Irod cel Mare cu Mariamne, fiica marelui preot Simon. [Irod al II-lea și Irodiada] au avut o fată, Salomeea...Această înrudire a provocat opoziția lui Antipater al II-lea, fiul cel mai mare al lui Irod cel Mare, așa că Irod l-a retrogradat pe Irod al II-lea pe poziția a doua în linia de succesiune. Executarea lui Antipater în anul 4 î.Hr. pentru că ar fi plănuit otrăvirea tatălui său părea să-l facă pe Irod al II-lea, cel mai în vârstă fiu supraviețuitor al lui Irod cel Mare,  primul în linia de succesiune, dar cunoașterea complotului de otrăvire de către mama lui și neputința de a-l opri l-a determinat pe Irod I să-l înlăture pe Irod al II-lea din linia de succesiune cu doar câteva zile înainte de a muri. Irod a II-lea a trăit cu Irodiada la Roma ca un simplu cetățean și, prin urmare, a supraviețuit epurărilor realizate de tatăl său pe patul de moarte. Irod Antipa și ceilalți frați vitregi supraviețuitori au împărțit Iudeea între ei.

Divorțul
Irodiada s-a căsătorit mai târziu cu fratele vitreg al lui Irod al II-lea, Irod Antipa. Potrivit lui Iosephus:

Irodiada încălcat legilor țării noastre, a divorțat de soțul ei în timp ce el era în viață și s-a căsătorit cu Irod Antipa.

Potrivit Evangheliei după Matei și Evangheliei după Luca, Ioan Botezătorul s-a opus acestei căsătorii ce încălca prescripțiile iudaice. Evanghelia după Matei indică faptul că Ioan a fost executat pentru că a criticat această căsătorie. Iosephus nu spune acest lucru, dar cele două evenimente, căsătoria Irodiadei cu Irod Antipa și executarea lui Ioan Botezătorul — și războiul ulterior cu Aretas al IV-lea Philopatris, regele nabateenilor — pot avea legătură între ele.

Nu se mai cunosc informații despre viața lui Irod al II-lea, după ce a divorțat.

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe
 Herod Dynasty Family Tree

Nașteri în anii 20 î.Hr.
Decese în 33
Evrei din secolul I î.Hr.
Evrei din secolul I
Dinastia irodiană
Irod cel Mare

Irod al II-lea


Cyberpunk-ul este un subgen al științifico-fantasticului care are loc într-un cadru futurist care tinde să se concentreze asupra unei "combinații de societăți decăzute și de înaltă tehnologie", care prezintă progrese tehnologice și științifice avansate, cum ar fi inteligența artificială și cibernetica, care sunt juxtapuse cu o ordine socială degradată sau radicală. Motivația unei asemenea rupturi de un mediu ficțional profund realist, din perioada anilor 1950, apare din necesitatea confruntării cu un fenomen masiv de pierdere a individualității în cadrul societății de consum.

Universul creat în lucrările cyberpunk se află într-un viitor apropiat, în care societatea a decăzut foarte mult. Lume pare a fi locuită numai de delicvenți, drogați, ucigași, toți aceștia ducându-și viața prin metropole uriașe, cu atmosferă artificială și cer din neon, în căutarea plăcerilor clipei care vine. În acest univers cu tehnologii sofisticate, cu prezențe cât mai frecvente ale traficanților de organe umane și ale drogaților cu imagine, singura lume accesibilă, ieftină și care oferă plăceri de neimaginat este aceea a virtualității.

Postcyberpunk-ul este un gen al științifico-fantastic-ului care a apărut ca urmare a cyberpunk-ului. Ca și predecesorul său, postcyberpunk-ul își concentrează atenția la evoluțiile tehnologice în cadrul societăților din viitorul apropiat. În lucrările postcyberpunk sunt examinate frecvent efectele sociale cauzate de răspândirea mijloacelor de comunicare, a geneticii sau  nanotehnologiei. Spre deosebire de cyberpunk-ul "clasic" personajele principale încearcă să îmbunătățească societatea, sau cel puțin să le protejeze de o viitoare degradare.

Aceasta este o listă de lucrări clasificate ca fiind cyberpunk, un sub-gen al științifico-fantasticului:

Lucrări  tipărite

Romane și nuvele

Povestiri, antologii

Romane grafice și benzi desenate

Reviste și jurnale
 Mondo 2000
 Ctheory (1996–)

Lucrări audiovizuale

Filme
 Notă: majoritatea filmelor listate sunt legate de cyberpunk fie prin contextul narativ, fie prin contextul tematic. Filmele lansate înainte de 1984 ar trebui considerate ca precursoare ale genului.
{{Coloane-listă|colwidth=30em|
 964 Pinocchio (1991)
 2036: Nexus Dawn (2017)
 2048: Nowhere to Run (2017)
 A.I. Rising (2018)
 Alien (1979)
 Avanpost (2019)
 Escape from New York (1981)
 Blade Runner (1982)
 Burst City (1982)
 Tron (1982)
 Brainstorm (1983)
 Videodrome (1983)
 The Terminator (1984)
 RoboCop (1987)
 Gunhed (1989)
 Circuitry Man (1990)
 Hardware (a.k.a. M.A.R.K. 13) (1990)
 Megaville (1990)
 Total Recall (1990)
 Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
 964 Pinocchio (1991)
 Until the End of the World (1991)
 Freejack (1992)
 The Lawnmower Man (1992)
 Cyborg 2 (1993)
 Demolition Man (1993)
 Plughead Rewired: Circuitry Man II (1994)
 Death Machine (1994)
 Hackers (1995)
 Johnny Mnemonic (1995)
 Judge Dredd (1995)
 Strange Days (1995)
 The Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace (1996)
 Deathline (a.k.a. Redline) (1997)
 The Fifth Element (1997)
 Nirvana (1997)
 Andromedia (1998)
 Pi (1998)
 Skyggen (a.k.a. Webmaster) (1998)
 Dark City (1998)
 eXistenZ (1999)
 The Matrix (1999)
 The Thirteenth Floor (1999)<ref>{{cite news|author=Eric Harrison, Los Angeles Times |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1999/04/18/PK62459.DTL&hw=cyberpunk&sn=003&sc=946 |title=Cyberspace Invasion / ``Matrix, ``eXistenZ and ``The 13th Floor all reflect new fears about technology |publisher=Sfgate.com |date=1999-04-18 |accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
 I.K.U. (2000)
 Avalon (2001)
 Electric Dragon 80.000 V (2001)
 Cypher (2002)
 Dead or Alive: Final (2002)
 Impostor (2002)
 Resurrection of the Little Match Girl (2002)
 All Tomorrow's Parties (2003)
 Code 46 (2003)
 The Matrix Reloaded (2003)
 The Matrix Revolutions (2003)
 Natural City (2003)
 Paycheck (2003)
 Avatar (a.k.a. Cyber Wars) (2004)
 Immortal (2004)
 I, Robot (2004)
 Paranoia 1.0 (a.k.a. One Point 0) (2004)
 Æon Flux (2005)
 Ultraviolet (2006)
 A Scanner Darkly (2006)
 Chrysalis (2007)
 Eden Log (2007)
 The Gene Generation (2007)
 Babylon A.D. (2008)
 Sleep Dealer (2008)
 Tokyo Gore Police (2008)
 Hardwired (2009)
 Surrogates (2009)
 Repo Men (2010)
 Tron: Legacy (2010)
 Dredd (2012)
 Elysium (2013)
 The Zero Theorem (2013)
 Automata (2014)
 Transcendence (2014)
 Chappie (2015)
 Ex Machina (2015)
 Logan (2017)
 Ghost in the Shell (2017)
 Blade Runner 2049 (2017)
 Bleeding Steel (2017)
 Ready Player One (2018)
 Upgrade (2018)
 Hotel Artemis (2018)
 Alita: Battle Angel (2019)
 Saaho (2019)
}}

Animații

Seriale TV și web

Sculpturi
Artiști
 Asher

Muzică
Artiști

Lansări

Jocuri video

Jocuri tabletop
 The Cyberpunk RPG (1988)
 Shadowrun (1989)
 GURPS Cyberpunk (1990)
 Corporation (2009)
 The Sprawl (2016).

Lucrări nonfiction
 A Cyborg Manifesto (1991), de Donna Haraway
 Storming the Reality Studio: A Casebook of Cyberpunk & Postmodern Science Fiction (1992), editat de Larry McCaffery (conține atât ficțiune, cât și nonficțiune)
 No Maps for These Territories (2000), film documentar despre William Gibson

Note

Vezi și
Istoria științifico-fantasticului

Cyberpunk

Listă de lucrări cyberpunk


An Arundinella vaginata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Norman Loftus Bor. An Arundinella vaginata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arundinella, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arundinella

Arundinella vaginata


هو أحد ملاعب كرة القدم في فلسطين موجود تحديدا في ضاحية الرام وهي من ضواحي القدس افتتح الملعب عام 2008 بمشاركه جوزيف بلاتر رئيس اتحاد كره القدم (فيفا) وبمشاركه الرئيس محمود عباس ورئيس اتحاد كره القدم الفلسطينية السيد جبريل الرجوب. يتسع الملعب تقريبا ل 7000 مشاهد، ويعتبر أول ملعب دولي بمصادقه الفيفا وكانت أول مباراه يوم افتتاحه جمعت بين منتخب فلسطين ومنتخب الأردن وانتهت بالتعادل 1-1.

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 2008 في فلسطين
مبان ومنشآت في الضفة الغربية
محافظة القدس
ملاعب فلسطين
ملاعب كرة قدم في فلسطين
ملاعب وطنية

ملعب حسني الأشهب


Dardani peut se référer à :

Patronyme
 La famille Dardani, famille bolonaise d'artistes du  :
 Antonio Dardani (1677-1735), peintre italien ;
 Giuseppe Dardani (1693-1753), peintre italien ;
 Luigi Dardani (1723-1787), sculpteur italien ;
 Paolo Dardani (1726-1789), peintre italien ;
 Pietro Dardani (1727-1808), peintre italien.

Anthropologie
 Les , peuple des Balkans.

Toponyme
 Dardani, nom albanais de la localité kosovare de Tankosić.

Voir aussi

Homonymie de patronyme

Dardani (homonymie)


المسمى رُبما تعني:

أماكن
 جبال المسمى: سلسلة جبال في منطقة حائل في المملكة العربية السعودية.
 وادي المسمى: وادي في منطقة الوشم في المملكة العربية السعودية.

المسمى (توضيح)


Alfredo de Mendonça (Angra do Heroísmo (Sé), 18 de agosto de 1867 — Angra do Heroísmo (São Pedro), 21 de março de 1938), grande comerciante e produtor agrícola, pioneiro na industrialização dos laticínios e no comércio e aluguer de veículos automóveis. Foi presidente da Câmara Municipal de Angra do Heroísmo.

Biografia
Impulsionador da cultura a grande escala da batata, amendoim, alho e espadana, fundou várias fábricas de lacticínios, entre as quais a da Guarita (onde atualmente funciona o quartel de bombeiros da AHBVAH) e a de Santa Bárbara. Esta última alcançou fama pela pureza e qualidade de seus produtos, dispondo de maquinaria moderna para a sua confeção que rivalizava com as congéneres estrangeiras.

Foi sócio-gerente da firma Alfredo de Mendonça & Companhia e agente das companhias de navegação White Star Line e Dominion Line, tendo nessa condição promovido excursões de turistas para vários destinos. Fomentou a divulgação dos Açores no estrangeiro, sobretudo em Inglaterra e França, onde por várias vezes se deslocou para esse fim. Imprimiu, em português, francês e inglês, um folheto de propaganda turística, ilustrado, que fez distribuir pelas agências daquela companhia e outro sobre o fabrico de manteiga e queijos, produtos de sua exportação.

Deu também notável impulso à Associação Comercial de Angra do Heroísmo, de que foi presidente, instalando condignamente a sua sede na Rua de São João e promovendo sessões culturais e de interesse para o desenvolvimento comercial e industrial da ilha Terceira. No salão que a elas se destinava, realizaram-se várias exposições de pintura, desenho, fotografia e outras. Também desenvolveu notável ação como presidente da direção do Lawn-Tennis Club, cujas instalações beneficiou. Foi tesoureiro da Junta Geral do Distrito e colaborou largamente na imprensa, pugnando pelo desenvolvimento industrial e turístico dos Açores.

Referências

Políticos dos Açores
Políticos de Portugal
Presidentes da Câmara Municipal de Angra do Heroísmo

Alfredo de Mendonça


Carisseae, tribus grmova i manjeg drveća iz porodice zimzelenovki (Apocynaceae). Sastoji se od dva roda, to su karisa (Carissa) iz Afrike, južnih dijelova Azije i Australije i akokantera (Acokanthera) s juga Afrike.

Tribus je opisan 1829.

Rodovi
 Acokanthera G.Don
 Carissa L.

Izvori

Rauvolfioideae

Carisseae


Max Romeo (născut Maxwell Livingston Smith, n. 22 noiembrie 1947, Saint James Parish, Jamaica) este un artist de reggae jamaican și roots reggae care a cunoscut succesul în țara sa de origine și în Regatul Unit. Romeo a avut mai multe hit-uri cu grupul vocal The Emotions și cu formația The Upsetters.

Biografie

În primii ani de viață
Născut în St. D ' Acre, St. James, Jamaica, Romeo a plecat de acasă la vârsta de 14 ani și a lucrat pe o plantație de zahăr în afara orașului Clarendon, înainte de a câștiga o competiție locală de talent la vârsta de 18 ani. Acest lucru l-a determinat să se mute în Kingston, în scopul de a se lansa într-o carieră muzicală.

Debutul carierei

Referințe

Nașteri în 1944
Cântăreți jamaicani de reggae
Jamaicani în viață

Max Romeo


Orel Leonard Hershiser IV (born September 16, 1958) is an American former baseball pitcher who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1983 to 2000. He later became a pitching coach for the Texas Rangers from 2002 to 2005 and a broadcast color analyst for the Dodgers. He is also a professional poker player.

After playing baseball in high school at Cherry Hill High School East and at Bowling Green State University, Hershiser was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1979. After several years in the minor leagues, he made his major league debut with the Dodgers in 1983. During his tenure with the team, Hershiser was a three-time All-Star, finishing in the top five in Cy Young voting four times in his first six full seasons. Hershiser's most successful season came in 1988, when he set a major league record by pitching 59 consecutive innings without allowing a run. He helped lead the Dodgers to a championship in the 1988 World Series, and was named the National League (NL) Championship Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) and the World Series MVP. That season, he won the NL Cy Young Award and an NL Gold Glove Award. He later pitched in two more World Series and earned the American League Championship Series MVP Award. After 12 seasons with the Dodgers, Hershiser spent time with the Cleveland Indians, San Francisco Giants, and New York Mets before returning to Los Angeles for his final season. After retirement as a player, he briefly worked as a coach and team executive for the Texas Rangers before serving as a color analyst for ESPN and then the Dodgers.

Known for his slight frame and fierce competitive spirit, Hershiser was nicknamed "Bulldog" by former Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda, who managed Hershiser during his time with the Dodgers.

Early life
Hershiser was born in Buffalo, New York, to Orel Leonard III and Mildred Hershiser. The family moved to Detroit, Michigan, when he was six and to Toronto, Ontario, when he was 12. At age eight, Hershiser was the third-place finisher in a national hit, run, and throw competition. Hershiser played in Little League Baseball until he was 12. His father was a coach and league administrator and his mother ran the snackbar. During his family's time in Canada, he participated in ice hockey with the Don Mills Flyers in the Greater Toronto Hockey League.

His family moved again and he attended Cherry Hill High School East in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. He did not make the varsity team until his junior year as he spent his first year on the freshman team and his second year on the junior varsity. He set the single-game strikeout record for his high school in 1976 when he retired 15 batters in a game against Deptford, a record that stood for 21 years. He also remains on the school's leaderboards in career winning percentage, strikeouts and earned run average (ERA). He was an all-conference selection his senior year.

Hershiser received only a partial scholarship from Bowling Green State University. As a freshman he played little baseball and was academically ineligible as a sophomore. He left school and hitchhiked home, where his parents convinced him to return to school. He enrolled in summer school to bring his grades up and worked at his father's paper company during the summer. He grew and gained  that summer, which added  to his fastball and got him more playing time. He made the all-Mid-American Conference All-Star team his junior year, during which he pitched a no-hitter against Kent State on May 4, 1979. He won that game 2–0 despite only striking out two batters. In his only full-time season with the baseball team, in 1979, he was 6–2 with a 2.26 ERA.

Hershiser was also a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. One of his fraternity brothers played a joke on him on draft day, pretending to be a scout from the San Diego Padres calling to tell him he was drafted in the first round. After getting excited and starting to call his friends, he realized it was a hoax.

Professional career

Minor league career
The Los Angeles Dodgers selected Hershiser in the 17th round of the 1979 Major League Baseball draft. The original scouting report on him for the draft said that he had poor control, a weak fastball, and threw the curveball incorrectly. It went on to state that he rattled easily and had questionable makeup.

The Dodgers assigned him to their Class A farm team in the Midwest League, the Clinton Dodgers. He started four games for Clinton in 1979, and appeared in 11 more out of the bullpen to finish with a 4–0 record with a 2.09 ERA.

Hershiser spent the next two seasons in AA with the San Antonio Dodgers of the Texas League. He worked primarily as a reliever at San Antonio. He was leading the league in saves at one point but then gave up 20 runs in seven innings on a road trip. He called this point the lowest of his career. He wanted to quit but the manager and pitching coach talked him out of it.

Hershiser was promoted to the Triple-A Albuquerque Dukes of the Pacific Coast League in 1982. He was 9–6 with a 3.71 ERA in 47 games, with seven starts. He was almost included in a trade with the Texas Rangers that season, but catcher Jim Sundberg wanted his contract re-written before agreeing to the deal and the Dodgers backed out of the transaction.

Hershiser won the Mulvey Award as the Dodgers top rookie in spring training in 1983 and expected to make the club but was sent back to Albuquerque where he was briefly reunited with pitching coach Rocky Giordani. He was 10–8 with a 4.09 ERA for the Dukes in 1983 in 49 games, with 10 starts and 16 saves.

MLB career

Early years (1983–1987)
The Dodgers promoted Hershiser to the major leagues for the first time on September 1, 1983. He made his debut the same day, against the Montreal Expos. He came into the game in the seventh inning and retired all three batters he faced on two ground outs and a strikeout (of Tim Wallach). However, in his second inning of work he allowed a double and a single for a run and was promptly taken out of the game. In eight appearances that month, he had an ERA of 3.38.

Hershiser played winter ball in the Dominican Republic after the season and worked with pitching coach Dave Wallace on his delivery. He was almost arrested when some fireworks his friends were setting off for a New Year's party hit a Dominican General's house, but Dodger coach Manny Mota intervened on his behalf.

Hershiser made the Dodgers Opening Day roster for the 1984 season as the last man in the bullpen and was mostly used as a long reliever early on. His first win was in a 12-inning game against the St. Louis Cardinals on April 5. After getting pounded in one game, Dodger manager Tommy Lasorda gave him such a verbal lashing that was so loud teammates took to calling it "sermon on the mound". Lasorda told Hershiser that he was too timid on the mound, giving hitters too much respect. He gave him the nickname "Bulldog" so that he would have a tougher attitude in games.

Hershiser made his first start on May 26 against the New York Mets because of an injury to Jerry Reuss. He pitched six innings and allowed only one run. He became a full-fledged starter in the Dodger rotation in July and responded by pitching four complete game shutouts that month, which was good enough to tie for the most in the Majors that season (with Joaquín Andújar and teammate Alejandro Peña). He finished the season with a record of 11–8 and a 2.66 ERA in 45 games (20 starts).

In the 1985 season he led the National League (NL) in winning percentage, compiling a 19–3 record with a 2.03 ERA. The Dodgers won the NL West, and Hershiser finished third in Cy Young Award voting. He also saw his first postseason action, pitching in two games in the 1985 National League Championship Series. In the 1986 season, Hershiser went 14–14 with a 3.85 ERA. The next season he was selected to his first All-Star Game while compiling a 16–16 record with a 3.06 ERA.

Cy Young, scoreless streak, and World Series (1988)
Hershiser started to feel sick playing golf a week before pitchers and catchers reported, and it was discovered he needed an emergency appendectomy. The Dodgers planned to hold him back in spring training, but instead let him go through it normally after he was fine during workouts on day one.

Hershiser in 1988 led the league in wins (23), innings (267), shutouts (8) and complete games (15). He was third in ERA at 2.26. He finished the season with a record 59 consecutive scoreless innings pitched, breaking the mark of  innings, held by former Dodger Don Drysdale. The streak began on August 30, when he pitched four scoreless innings to conclude a game and the record was broken when he pitched 10 shutout innings, on 116 pitches, in the final game of the season. He was selected to his second all-star game and was a unanimous selection for the National League Cy Young Award. He also won the Gold Glove Award for the best fielding pitcher in the National League.

In the 1988 National League Championship Series between Hershiser's Dodgers and the New York Mets, Hershiser not only started Games 1 and 3, but recorded the final out in Game 4 in relief for a save. He then pitched a complete-game shutout in Game 7 and was selected as the NLCS MVP. He then pitched a shutout in Game 2 of the World Series and allowed only two runs in a complete game in the clinching victory in Game 5, winning the World Series MVP Award.

Hershiser is the only player to receive the Cy Young Award, the Championship Series MVP Award, and the World Series MVP Award in the same season. He later received both The Sporting News Pitcher of the Year and Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of the Year award for his accomplishments in 1988.

Final years with Dodgers (1989–1994)

Hershiser signed a new $7.9 million three-year contract with the Dodgers prior to the 1989 season that was the richest three-year contract ever signed to that point.

That season, he made his third straight All-Star team and he had another good year with an ERA of 2.31 in 35 games. However, the Dodgers weren't as good and he suffered from a lack of offensive support. He went 0–7 over one nine-game stretch because the team only scored nine runs total in that period. He had a 15–15 record that season but only evened it out because he pitched 11 innings in the last game of the season and threw 169 pitches. He was determined to stay in until his team took the lead, no matter what the manager wanted.

After just four starts in 1990, it was discovered that Hershiser had a torn labrum in the shoulder of his pitching arm. Dr. Frank Jobe performed shoulder reconstruction surgery on Hershiser on April 27, 1990, the first time the procedure had been performed on a major league player. He did not rejoin the Dodgers until May 29, 1991, a return that he called "a miracle." Two games later, he picked up his 100th career win against the Chicago Cubs on June 9, 1991. In 21 starts, he was 7–2 with a 3.46 ERA. He won his last six decisions and was selected as the UPI Comeback Player of the Year.

There were still questions about his recovery heading into 1992, but he managed to pitch 33 games in both 1992 and 1993. His numbers were not what they were before the surgery, but he was still effective. He was 10–15 with a 3.67 ERA in 1992 and 12–14 with a 3.59 ERA in 1993. Notably in 1993, Hershiser hit .356 in 83 plate appearances, earning a Silver Slugger Award.

In his final start of 1994, on August 7, Hershiser took a no-hit bid into the sixth inning before it was broken up. The 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike ended the season on August 11. Hershiser was involved in the negotiations as part of the Major League Baseball Players Association but the strike signaled the end of his time with the Dodgers and he became a free agent.

Cleveland Indians (1995–1997)
Hershiser signed a three-year contract with the Cleveland Indians on April 8, 1995. Indians General Manager John Hart said that the team was looking for a veteran with "character and competitiveness" to show the young players how to play the right way. He went 16–6 with a 3.87 ERA in 26 starts for the Indians in 1995 to lead the young team to their first post-season appearance in 41 years.

Hershiser won the two games he pitched in the 1995 American League Championship Series (ALCS) against the Seattle Mariners and was selected as the ALCS MVP, the first player to have won the LCS MVP Award in both leagues. He also pitched effectively in the 1995 World Series against the Atlanta Braves, though the Indians would lose the series in six games.

He pitched two more seasons for the Indians, and was 14–6 for the 1997 team, including pitching seven shutout innings in Game 3 of the 1997 ALCS. In his final World Series appearance in 1997 he gave up 13 runs in 10 innings and lost 2 games to the Florida Marlins.

Though he pitched for the Indians for only three seasons, Hershiser became something of a folk hero in Cleveland. One memorable image from his tenure is of Hershiser screaming "Take that!" at the Braves dugout after starting a 1–3 double play late in game five of the 1995 World Series.

Later career (1998–2000)
Hershiser signed a one-year $3.45 million contract with the San Francisco Giants on December 7, 1997, but his age was beginning to catch up to him. He made 34 starts and was 11–10 with a 4.41 ERA in 1998. The contract contained an option for 1999 but the Giants declined the option after the season. At the time they said they might come to terms on a new deal. Instead he signed a minor league contract with the Indians on February 20, 1999.

The Indians released him during spring training and he signed with the New York Mets on March 25, 1999. Hershiser made 32 starts with the Mets and was 13–12 with a 4.58 ERA. He served as a mentor to the young pitchers on the Mets staff and helped them make the playoffs by allowing just one run in  innings in a 2–1 win over the Pittsburgh Pirates in the last game of the season. He pitched out of the bullpen in the playoffs as the Mets lost to the Braves in the 1999 National League Championship Series.

Hershiser signed a one-year contract to return to the Dodgers on December 17, 1999. He started the home opener on April 14, 2000, against the Reds and allowed only one run in six strong innings. He struggled after that, allowed 36 runs on 42 hits, 14 walks and 11 hit batters. His 13.14 ERA in 2000 is the worst ERA by any pitcher with 20 or more innings. One day after allowing eight runs in  innings on June 26, he was released by the Dodgers.

Pitching style
Hershiser was not an overpowering pitcher, but he developed a variety of pitches and outthought hitters. Hershiser explained his pitch repertoire in 1989 as follows:
I have a sinking fastball to either side of the plate, a cutter (which changes the direction of my fastball so it breaks instead of sinking) to either side of the plate, a curveball I throw at three speeds and three angles, a straight change—using the same arm speed and position as a fastball but with a grip and a release that slows it dramatically, and changeups to different locations that I throw off my sinker which look like batting practice fastballs. Different locations, different speeds, and slightly different arm angles on all those pitches give me a wide palette of choices.
By 1999, he noted that his pitches were not as sharp, so he added a slider to the mix. He also emphasized locating his pitches in good spots: "You'll hear pitchers say, 'I had great stuff and got shelled,' but you never hear them say, 'I had great location and got shelled.

Post-retirement

Hershiser remained with the Dodgers briefly as a player-personnel consultant. He went to AAA Albuquerque and filed one report but there wasn't much for him to do, so he left the position.

He was subsequently hired to work on broadcasts of the Little League World Series for ABC and ESPN in 2000–2001. He also worked on Wednesday Night Baseball for ESPN during the 2001 season.

Hershiser left that position to join the Texas Rangers as a special assistant to General Manager John Hart in fall of 2001 and was named as the Rangers pitching coach on June 22, 2002. In October 2005 Hershiser was mentioned as a candidate to replace Jim Tracy as manager of the Dodgers, but the position went to Grady Little. He was also mentioned as a possible replacement for Ken Macha of the Oakland Athletics; however, he was ultimately passed over for Bob Geren. He left his position of Rangers pitching coach after the 2005 season to become an executive director of the Rangers, reporting to Club President Jeff Cogen. He did not last long in that position as he quit on February 3, 2006.

On February 13, 2006, Hershiser rejoined ESPN as an analyst for Baseball Tonight, Sunday Night Baseball, and the Little League World Series.

Through a group that included fellow former Dodger Steve Garvey, Hershiser became involved in the bidding process for the Dodgers when the team was up for sale in 2011–12. His group did not make it past the first round of the bidding.

In 2014, Hershiser left ESPN and rejoined the Dodgers as a television analyst for their new regional sports network SportsNet LA. At the time, he teamed with Charley Steiner and Nomar Garciaparra to call Dodger road games not played in California when Vin Scully reduced his travel. Since 2017, he has worked with Joe Davis as the primary broadcast team for Dodger baseball following Scully's retirement at the end of the 2016 season.

Poker
Hershiser started playing poker competitively in 2006. After retirement from baseball, he moved to Summerlin, Nevada, and befriended a poker instructor. He became a regular at Red Rock's poker room in Summerlin, playing $2–$5 No Limit Hold'em.

Hershiser signed with Poker Royalty to represent his poker career. He was invited to participate in the 2008 NBC National Heads-Up Poker Championship. Playing under the PokerStars banner, Hershiser stunned the poker world by making the quarterfinals, defeating 2006 event champion Ted Forrest, Allen Cunningham, and Freddy Deeb—players who had won a total of 12 World Series of Poker bracelets heading into the event. Andy Bloch defeated him in the quarterfinals.

Hershiser has played in a number of events, including the 2008 World Series of Poker and the 2009 PokerStars Caribbean Adventure. Hershiser won $54,570 on September 7, 2008, by taking ninth place in the $10,000 Pokerstars World Championship of Online Poker Event 5. Hershiser also has made a tradition of giving an autographed baseball to the poker player who eliminates him.

Personal life
Hershiser and his first wife, Jamie Byars, divorced in 2005. They have two sons, Orel Leonard V (known as Quinton) and Jordan. In 2010, Hershiser married his second wife, Dana Deaver. Jordan graduated from St. Mark's School of Texas in 2007, where he earned all-conference honors in baseball and basketball, and played college baseball at the University of Southern California as a pitcher and first baseman. Despite his college career being hampered by injuries, Jordan was drafted by the Dodgers in the 34th round of the 2012 MLB draft. Hershiser and Deaver live in Las Vegas with Deaver's two children.

Hershiser is an active Christian. He was a guest star on the 1992 episode of the Christian children's video series McGee and Me! "Take Me Out of the Ball Game". On an appearance on The Tonight Show after the 1988 World Series, Johnny Carson talked him into singing hymns for the audience.

Books

See also

List of Major League Baseball individual streaks
List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders
List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders

References

External links

Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)
Archive at Los Angeles Times

1958 births
Living people
Albuquerque Dukes players
American League Championship Series MVPs
Bakersfield Dodgers players
Bowling Green Falcons baseball players
Bowling Green State University alumni
Cherry Hill High School East alumni
Cleveland Indians players
Clinton Dodgers players
Cy Young Award winners
ESPN people
Gold Glove Award winners
Los Angeles Dodgers announcers
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners
National League All-Stars
National League Championship Series MVPs
National League wins champions
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New York Mets players
Sportspeople from Cherry Hill, New Jersey
Baseball players from Camden County, New Jersey
San Antonio Dodgers players
San Antonio Missions players
San Bernardino Stampede players
San Francisco Giants players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Baseball players from Buffalo, New York
Baseball players from Dallas
Sportspeople from Winter Park, Florida
Baseball players from Orange County, Florida
Texas Rangers coaches
People from Summerlin, Nevada

Orel Hershiser


Trait ascription bias is the tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior and mood while viewing others as much more predictable in their personal traits across different situations. More specifically, it is a tendency to describe one's own behaviour in terms of situational factors while preferring to describe another's behaviour by ascribing fixed dispositions to their personality. This may occur because peoples' own internal states are more readily observable and available to them than those of others.

This attributional bias intuitively plays a role in the formation and maintenance of stereotypes and prejudice, combined with the negativity effect. However, trait ascription and trait-based models of personality remain contentious in modern psychology and social science research. Trait ascription bias refers to the situational and dispositional evaluation and description of personality traits on a personal level. A similar bias on the group level is called the outgroup homogeneity bias.

Overview
Trait ascription and the cognitive bias associated with it have been a topic of active research for more than three decades.  Like many other cognitive biases, trait ascription bias is supported by a substantial body of experimental research and has been explained in terms of numerous theoretical frameworks originating in various disciplines. Among these frameworks are attribution theory (related to how people determine causes of observed events), theories of personality description such as the five factor model, and work regarding the circumstances under which personality assessments are valid. Seminal work includes Turner, Jones, Kammer, and Funder. Incorrectly ascribing traits to other persons based on limited information or observations intuitively plays a role in the formation and perpetuation of some social phenomena such as stereotypes and prejudice. As such, methods to mitigate the effect of trait ascription bias on personality assessments outside of the lab are also of interest to social scientists. Although trait-oriented theories of personality description, and indeed the very notion of universal, enduring traits themselves, have a natural appeal, some researchers are critical of their existence outside of the laboratory and present results which imply trait ascription, and consequently trait ascription bias, are simply residue of the methodologies historically used to "detect" them. Criticism is based either on the non-existence of personality traits (contrary to five factor descriptions), or suggest divergent interpretations of results and alternative mechanisms of ascription, limiting the scope of existing work.

Evidence
The empirical evidence supporting trait ascription and the psychological mechanisms underpinning it comes from a diverse body of research in psychology and the social sciences.

The actor and the observer
Jones and Nisbett were among the first to argue that people are biased in how they tend to ascribe traits and dispositions to others that they would not ascribe to themselves. Motivated by the classic example of the student explaining poor performance to a supervisor (in which the supervisor might superficially believe the student's explanations but really thinks the performance is due to "enduring qualities": lack of ability, laziness, ineptitude, etc.) their actor–observer asymmetry argument forms the basis of discourse on trait ascription bias.

Kammer et al.
In a 1982 study involving fifty-six undergraduate psychology students from the University of Bielefeld, Kammer et al.  demonstrated  that subjects rated their own variability on each of 20 trait terms to be considerably higher than their peers. Building on the earlier work of Jones and Nisbett, which suggests people describe the behaviour of others in terms of fixed dispositions while viewing their own behaviour as the dynamic product of complex situational factors, Kammer hypothesized that one's own behaviours are judged to be less consistent (i.e. not as predictable) but of higher intensities (with regard to particular traits) than the behaviour of others. The experiment had each student describe themselves as well as a same-sex friend using two identical lists of trait-descriptive terms. For example, for the trait of dominance the student was first asked "In general, how dominant are you?" and then "How much do you vary from one situation to another in how dominant you are?" Kammer's results strongly supported his hypothesis.

The "trait" of ascribing traits
David C. Funder's work on the "trait" of ascribing personality traits investigates the psychology of individuals who tend not to grant others the variability (i.e. lack of predictability) they grant themselves, instead preferring to ascribe traits and infer dispositional explanations of behaviour.  It had been generally established that people ascribe more traits to others than to themselves, known as the actor–observer asymmetry in attribution, but Funder's hypothesis was that some individuals are more inclined to make dispositional trait attributions than others, regardless of who they are describing. In the experiment, sixty-three undergraduates filled out a series of questionnaires which asked them to describe themselves, their best friend, and an acquaintance. For each of twenty pairs of polar opposite trait terms (e.g. "friendly—unfriendly") subjects either ranked the person on a discrete scale or chose "depends on the situation", allowing the subject to "not make a dispositional ascription." Based on third-party Q-Sort personality descriptions of the subjects, certain negative personality traits were correlated with those subjects who tended to ascribe dispositions to others, while traits such as "charming", "interesting", and "sympathetic" were associated with those who preferred not to ascribe traits. This result is consistent with the type of personality commonly associated with promoting stereotypes and prejudice.

Theoretical basis
While trait ascription bias has been described by empirical results from various disciplines, most notably psychology and social psychology, explaining the mechanism of the bias remains a contentious issue in the theory of personality description literature.

The availability heuristic

Tversky and Kahneman describe a cognitive heuristic that suggests people make judgments (including about other people's personalities) on the basis of how easily examples of their (other people's) behaviour come to mind. This would appear to be consistent with the arguments of Jones and Nisbett and the results observed by others which found that people ascribe fewer traits to friends than to acquaintances, and fewer still traits to themselves than to friends, implying ease of recall might be a factor.

Attribution theory

Attribution plays a role in how people understand and judge the causes of the behaviour of others, which in turn affects how they ascribe traits to others. Attributional theory is concerned with how people subsequently judge behavioural causes, which also bears relevance to trait ascription and related biases.  In particular, attribution (and attributional) theory can help explain the mechanism by which individuals defer to ascribing dispositional traits vs. situational variability to observers.

Big Five personality traits

The big five personality traits (or five factor model) arguably provides a robust set of traits by which personalities can be accurately described. It supports the notion that there are cross-cultural, enduring traits which manifest in behaviour and can, if correctly ascribed to individuals, provide an actor with predictive power over an observer.

Mitigation
Trait ascription bias, regardless of the theoretical mechanisms underpinning it, intuitively plays a role in various social phenomenon observed in the wild. Stereotyping, attitudes of prejudice and the negativity effect, among others, involve ascribing dispositions (traits) to other people on the basis of little information, no information or simply "gut instincts", which amounts to trait ascription bias. As such, some researchers are interested in mitigating cognitive biases to reduce their effects on society.

Criticism
Trait ascription bias has received criticism on a number of fronts. In particular, some have argued that trait ascription, and the notion of traits, are merely artefacts of methodology and that results contrary to conventional wisdom can be achieved with simple changes to the experimental designs used. Furthermore, the theoretical bases for trait ascription bias are criticized for failing to recognize constraints and "questionable conceptual" assumptions.

See also

 Attribution (psychology)
 Attribution theory
 Availability heuristic
 Bounded rationality
 Cognitive bias
 Forer effect
 Fundamental attribution error
 Illusion of asymmetric insight
 Illusory superiority
 Introspection illusion
 List of biases in judgment and decision making
 Naive cynicism
 Prospect theory
 Stereotyping
 Ultimate attribution error

References

Further reading

Cognitive biases

Trait ascription bias


فيليكيي بورلوك (Великий Бурлук) هي مدينة في مقاطعة كاركيفسكا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4802 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1656
مدن أوكرانيا

فيليكيي بورلوك (كاركيفسكا)


J'ai tué mon mari est une mini-série française en  de  créée par Henri Debeurme, diffusée le  sur 13ème Rue.

Synopsis
Une femme, soupçonnée d'avoir assassiné son mari violent, part à sa recherche quand elle apprend qu'il est toujours en vie...

Distribution
 Erika Sainte : Anna Vierra
 Tiphaine Daviot : Caldera
 Antoine Gouy : Manuel Vierra
 Walid Afkir : Emile
 Antoine Cholet : Homme chauve
 Melan Omerta : Lucas
 Hiba Abouk : Laure Savari
 Pascal Elso : Rineau
 Rachel Khan : Claire Guillot
 Nolan Arizmendi : Louis Vierra, fils de Manuel et Anna
 Christophe Tek : Gabriel
 Marie Matheron : Colette Cassadi, la mère de Anna
 Antoine Levannier : Mathias
 Aude Gogny-Goubert : Lise Forre
 Karim Tougui : Karim
 Georges Bécot : Maitre Pavel
 Julien Delanoë : Joël

Fiche technique

 Titre original : J'ai tué mon mari
 Création et scénario : Rémy Silk Binisti, Sophie Dab, Henri Debeurme, Lucie Fréjaville, Justine Kim Gautier
 Réalisation : Rémy Silk Binisti
 Musique : Thomas Cappeau
 Photographie : Martin Laugery
 Production : Henri Debeurme
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur, haute définition
 Genre : thriller dramatique
 Durée :

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Série télévisée créée en 2021
Mini-série française
Série télévisée dramatique
Série télévisée de TF1

J'ai tué mon mari


Letícia Santos de Oliveira, plus communément appelée Letícia, née le  à Atibaia au Brésil, est une joueuse internationale brésilienne de football évoluant au poste de défenseure au club de l'Eintracht Francfort.

Biographie

Avec l'équipe du Brésil des moins de 20 ans, elle participe à la Coupe du monde des moins de 20 ans en 2014. Lors de cette compétition organisée au Canada, elle joue trois matchs, avec pour résultats un nul et deux défaites.

Avec l'équipe du Brésil, elle participe à la Coupe du monde 2019 organisée en France. Lors de ce mondial, elle joue quatre matchs. Le Brésil s'incline en huitièmes de finale face au pays organisateur, après prolongation.

Elle dispute ensuite les Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020, organisés lors de l'été 2021 à Tokyo. Lors du tournoi olympique, elle ne joue qu'une seule rencontre en phase de poule.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1994
Naissance dans l'État de São Paulo
Footballeuse internationale brésilienne
Footballeuse aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Joueuse du São José Esporte Clube
Joueuse de l'Avaldsnes IL
Joueuse du SC Sand
Joueuse de l'Eintracht Francfort

Letícia Santos


Verkkosaari () est une zone résidentielle de la section Kalasatama d'Helsinki en Finlande.

Description
Les zones voisines sont Hermanninmäki, Suvilahti, Hermanninranta, Kulosaari et Sörnäistenniemi.

Transports

La station de métro Kalasatama se trouve à proximité immédiate de Verkkosaari.
La ligne 13 du tramway d'Helsinki (Kalasatama–Pasila) traverse Verkkosaari le long de la route côtière d'Hermanni jusqu'à la gare de Pasila.

À l'avenir, la zone sera également desservie par le réseau de pistes cyclables d'Helsinki : la transversale Itäbaana mènera de Kalasatama le long de la rue Teollisuuskatu à Pasila, tandis que la Baana nord-sud mènera le long de la rue Capellan puistotie et de la route côtière d'Hermanni jusqu'à Arabianranta.

Galerie

Liens externes

Références

Galerie

Section d'Helsinki
Kalasatama
Ancienne île
Île d'Helsinki

Verkkosaari (Helsinki)


Hippoglossus es un género de peces pleuronectiformes de la familia Pleuronectidae.

Etimología
Su nombre deriva del griego hippos (caballo) y glossus (lengua) en referencia a la forma de este animal.

Especies
Se reconocen las siguientes especies:
 Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Fletan del atlántico)
 Hippoglossus stenolepis (Fletan del pacífico)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Pleuronectidae

Hippoglossus


مسييه 85 أو م85 (بالإنجليزية : Messier 85 أو M85 or NGC 4382) هي مجرة محدبة - أي في شكل العدسة- من نوع type S0 وتوجد في كوكبة الهلبة. تبعد نحو 60 مليون سنة ضوئية عن المجموعة الشمسية ويشكل بذلك الجرم السماوي الذي شاهده شارل مسييه ووضعه في الترتيب 94 بالنسبة إلى بعده عنا. ويبلغ قطر القرص مسييه 85  نحو 125.000 سنة ضوئية.

اكتشفها بيير ميشان عام 1781. وتوجد في المنطقة الشمالية من تجمع مجرات العذراء، تلك المجموعة التي اكتشفت عام 2004.

اكتشف في 20 ديسمبر 1960 في مجرة مسييه 85 مستعر أعظم من نوع type I supernova حدث لأحد نجومه، وصلت درجة لمعانه 7و11 قدر ظاهري وسمي المستعر 1960R.

ويبدو أنه يوجد مفاعلة وتتداخل بين م85 والمجرة الحلزونية القريبة منه NGC 4394 ومجرة إهليجية صغيرة MCG 3-32-38.

معرض صور

اقرأ أيضا
 مجرة
 مجرة محدبة
 مجرة إهليجية
 مجرة حلزونية
 قزم أبيض
 عملاق أحمر
 نجم
 الانفجار العظيم
 خط زمني للانفجار العظيم
 نجم نيوتروني
 ثقب أسود

وصلات خارجية
 موقع الكون

أجرام الفهرس العام الجديد
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1781
أجرام فهرس أوبسالا العام
اكتشافات بيير ميشان
بقايا مستعرات عظمى
عنقود العذراء المجري
فهرس المجرات الرئيسية
فهرس مسييه
كوكبة الهلبة
مجرات محدبة

مسييه 85


San Pedro Mártir es el nombre de una isla de México situada en el golfo de California, a mitad de camino entre la costa del estado de Baja California y el de Sonora.

San Pedro Mártir se encuentra en el centro del golfo de California y es la isla más aislada en el golfo, situada a 51 km de la península de Baja California y a 53 km de la costa de Sonora.  La isla posee 2 km de largo y 1,5 km de ancho máximo, con un total de 2,729 km² de superficie total (272 hectáreas).

San Pedro Mártir está deshabitada y se encuentra a 60 km de Bahía de Kino, la ciudad más cercana en el estado de Sonora en la costa oeste del país.

En 2005, la isla fue clasificada junto con otras 244 como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad por la UNESCO, e incluida en las islas y áreas protegidas del golfo de California.

Véase también
 Geografía de México
 Geografía de América

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la Isla

Referencias

Archipiélagos e islas de Sonora
Archipiélagos e islas del océano Pacífico de México
Islas y áreas protegidas del Golfo de California
Sitios Ramsar en México
Áreas protegidas del estado de Sonora
Reservas de la biosfera de México
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 2002
México en 2002
Turismo en el estado de Sonora

Isla San Pedro Mártir


الحضر (بفتح الحاء والضاد) تعني سكان الحَضارَةُ أو السكن في الحَضَرِ أو المُدُنْ، وتطلق على سكان المدن من العرب، وهم القسم الثاني من العرب الذين سكنوا في شبه الجزيرة العربية واشتهروا بالتجارة كما اشتهروا ببنائهم بيوت من حجر وقلاع وحصون في الحجاز واليمامة وعمان.
ومن الأمثلة على هذه المدن:
 مكة
 يثرب
 الحجاز
 اليمامة
 الطائف
 صنعاء

انظر أيضًا

 بدو
 رحل

مراجع

جغرافيا بشرية
رحل
علم الإنسان
مجموعات عرقية في السعودية
مجموعات عرقية في الكويت
مشاكل اجتماعية
نظريات علم الآثار

حضر


Kaufmannov slijepac (latinski: Anophthalmus kaufmanni) hrvatska je i slovenska endemična vrsta trčaka koja pripada rodu Anophthalmus.

Podvrste
 Anophthalmus kaufmanni subsp. episcopalis G. Müller, 1931. – prisutna u Sloveniji
 Anophthalmus kaufmanni subsp. kaufmanni Ganglbauer, 1900. – prisutna u Sloveniji
 Anophthalmus kaufmanni subsp. uskokensis Scheibel, 1934. – prisutna u Sloveniji
 Anophthalmus kaufmanni subsp. weingaertneri Winkler, 1912. – prisutna u Hrvatskoj

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Anophthalmus kaufmanni (Ganglbauer, 1900), BioLib
 Anophthalmus kaufmanni (Ganglbauer, 1900), Fauna Europaea

Trčci
Endemska fauna Hrvatske
Endemska fauna Slovenije

Kaufmannov slijepac


Le Chenit is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the Vallée de Joux.

History
Le Chenit is first mentioned in 1489 as Chinit.

Geography

Le Chenit has an area, , of . Of this area,  or 28.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 66.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land,  or 3.1% is settled (buildings or roads),  or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and  or 1.7% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.1%. Out of the forested land, 62.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.0% is used for growing crops and 8.8% is pastures and 19.9% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the La Vallée District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Le Chenit became part of the new district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.

It is located in the heart of the La Vallée in the Jura on the French-Swiss border. It is the largest municipality in the upper Vallée de Joux. It consists of the villages of Le Brassus, Le Sentier and L'Orient as well as numerous hamlets. There is no settlement with the name Le Chenit within the municipality of Le Chenit.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a Key upright crossed with a Rifle and a Sword in saltire all Argent.

Demographics
Le Chenit has a population () of . , 22.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 1.6%. It has changed at a rate of 4.6% due to migration and at a rate of -2.5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (3,807 or 88.6%), with Italian being second most common (124 or 2.9%) and German being third (108 or 2.5%). There are 3 people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality 1,775 or about 41.3% were born in Le Chenit and lived there in 2000. There were 804 or 18.7% who were born in the same canton, while 495 or 11.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,018 or 23.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 27 live births to Swiss citizens and 8 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 36 deaths of Swiss citizens and 5 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 9 while the foreign population increased by 3. There were 3 Swiss men who immigrated back to Switzerland and 9 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 43 non-Swiss men and 26 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 12 and the non-Swiss population increased by 43 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.7%.

The age distribution, , in Le Chenit is; 412 children or 9.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 486 teenagers or 11.4% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 489 people or 11.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 554 people or 13.0% are between 30 and 39, 594 people or 14.0% are between 40 and 49, and 523 people or 12.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 508 people or 12.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 383 people or 9.0% are between 70 and 79, there are 252 people or 5.9% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 49 people or 1.2% who are 90 and older.

, there were 1,621 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,074 married individuals, 370 widows or widowers and 232 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 1,966 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 781 households that consist of only one person and 106 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 2,007 households that answered this question, 38.9% were households made up of just one person and there were 13 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 586 married couples without children, 465 married couples with children. There were 89 single parents with a child or children. There were 32 households that were made up of unrelated people and 41 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 550 single-family homes (or 49.9% of the total) out of a total of 1,103 inhabited buildings. There were 330 multi-family buildings (29.9%), along with 147 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (13.3%) and 76 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.9%). Of the single-family homes 92 were built before 1919, while 25 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single-family homes (147) were built between 1946 and 1960. The most multi-family homes (158) were built before 1919 and the next most (55) were built between 1919 and 1945. There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.

 there were 2,318 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 721. There were 126 single-room apartments and 513 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 1,917 apartments (82.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 250 apartments (10.8%) were seasonally occupied and 151 apartments (6.5%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.12%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire villages of Le Sentier and Le Solliat and the hamlet of Chez-les-Aubert are designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 37.65% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (19.92%), the FDP (10.08%) and the Green Party (8.04%). In the federal election, a total of 1,063 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 40.9%.

Economy
, Le Chenit had an unemployment rate of 5.2%. , there were 100 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 31 businesses involved in this sector. 3,448 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 76 businesses in this sector. 1,184 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 138 businesses in this sector. There were 2,053 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.6% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 4,317. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 83, of which 49 were in agriculture and 35 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 3,286 of which 3,055 or (93.0%) were in manufacturing and 175 (5.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 948. In the tertiary sector; 384 or 40.5% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 39 or 4.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 103 or 10.9% were in a hotel or restaurant, 25 or 2.6% were in the information industry, 19 or 2.0% were the insurance or financial industry, 35 or 3.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 85 or 9.0% were in education and 162 or 17.1% were in health care.

, there were 3,809 workers who commuted into the municipality and 400 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 9.5 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 43.0% of the workforce coming into Le Chenit are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 3.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.6% used a private car.

Religion

From the , 1,255 or 29.2% were Roman Catholic, while 1,978 or 46.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 12 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.28% of the population), and there were 200 individuals (or about 4.65% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who were Jewish, and 128 (or about 2.98% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist, 13 individuals who were Hindu and 4 individuals who belonged to another church. 544 (or about 12.66% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 257 individuals (or about 5.98% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Le Chenit about 1,469 or (34.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 408 or (9.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 408 who completed tertiary schooling, 55.9% were Swiss men, 25.7% were Swiss women, 10.8% were non-Swiss men and 7.6% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 489 students in the Le Chenit school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 578 children of which 359 children (62.1%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 253 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 229 students in those schools. There were also 7 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 162 students in Le Chenit who came from another municipality, while 143 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

References

External links

Chenit Le
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud

Le Chenit


57. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 57. vestlige længdekreds
 57. østlige længdekreds

57. længdegrad


Fortunbyen Station er en kommende letbanestation på Hovedstadens Letbane (Ring 3-letbanen) i Lyngby-Taarbæk Kommune. Stationen kommer til at ligge ved krydset mellem Klampenborgvej og Lundtoftegårdsvej. Vestfra kommer sporene på den nordlige side af Klampenborgvej for efter krydset at fortsætte på den vestlige side af Lundtoftegårdsvej. Til at begynde med var det meningen, at stationen skulle have ligget på tankstationen Circle K's grund på hjørnet, så tankstationen måtte eksproprieres. Boligselskabet AKB Lyngby fik dog overbevist Hovedstadens Letbane om, at sporene godt kunne lægges udenom tankstationen, der derved fik lov at overleve. Selve stationen forventes at åbne sammen med letbanen i 2025.

Som et kuriosum kan det nævnes, at letbanestationen kommer til at ligge ca. 100 m fra, hvor Fortunen Station skulle have ligget på den aldrig færdiggjorte S-bane Lundtoftebanen. Banen havde grundlag i en lov fra 1951 og skulle have gået fra Jægersborg til Nærum langs med den vestlige side af Helsingørmotorvejen. Der var periodevis anlægsarbejder på banen, blandt andet i 1954 med broen for Klampenborgvej, som stationen skulle have ligget syd for. Anlægsarbejdet gik dog i stå i 1964, og i 1976 blev banen endeligt opgivet.

Referencer

Stationer på Ring 3 Letbane
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Lyngby-Taarbæk Kommune

Fortunbyen Station


Gold & Platinum est la une compilation du groupe de rock sudiste américain, Lynyrd Skynyrd. Elle est sortie le  sur le label MCA Records.

Présentation

Cette compilation est sortie sous forme de double album et regroupe seize titres, dont trois proviennent de l'album en public One More from the Road (1976), tous enregistré entre 1972 et 1977. Au Royaume-Uni, elle sortira avec une pochette différente et sera intitulé Gold & Platinum: The Very Best of Lynyrd Skynyrd.

Elle atteindra la  et restera classée pendant 65 semaines dans les charts américains du Billboard 200. Certifiée triple disque de platine le , elle s'est vendue à plus de trois millions d'exemplaires rien qu'aux États-Unis.

Liste des titres de l'album original

Disque 1
 Face 1

Face 2

Disque 2
Face 3

 Face 4

Musiciens
 Lynyrd Skynyrd
Ronnie Van Zant: chant sur tous les titres
Gary Rossington: guitares sur tous les titres
Allen Collins: guitares sur tous les titres
Ed King: guitares sur "Saturday Night Special", "Whiskey Rock-A Roller" et "Comin' Home", basse sur "Simple Man" et "Tuesday's Gone"
Steve Gaines: guitares sur tous les titres "live" et ceux issus de l'album "Street Survivors"
Leon Wilkeson: basse sauf sur "Simple Man",  "Tuesday's Gone" et "Comin' Home"
Greg T. Walker: basse sur "Comin' Home"
Billy Powell: claviers sauf sur "Down South Jukin'"
Bob Burns: batterie
Artimus Pyle: batterie
Rickey Medlocke: batterie et chœurs sur "Comin' Home"
Cassie Gaines, JoJo Billingsley, Leslie Hawkins: chœurs sur "Down South Jukin'" et "That Smell"
 Musiciens additionnels
 Jimmy Johnson: guitare sur "Down South Jukin'"
 Wayne Perkins: guitare sur "Down South Jukin'"
 Robert Nix: batterie sur "Tuesday's Gone"
 David Foster: claviers sur "Whiskey Rock-A Roller"
 Al Kooper (Roosvelt Gook): Moog synthétiseur sur "Saturday Night Special", orgue sur "Simple Man", mellotron et chœurs sur "Tuesday's Gone", chœurs sur "Whiskey Rock-A Roller"
 Ronnie Eades: saxophone sur "Down South Jukin'"
Clydie King, Merry Clayton & Friends: chœurs sur "Sweet Home Alabama"

Charts et certifications

Charts album

Certifications

Références

Compilation musicale sortie en 1979
Album de Lynyrd Skynyrd
Album publié par Music Corporation of America
Album certifié triple disque de platine aux États-Unis
Album certifié disque d'or au Royaume-Uni

Gold & Platinium


The pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) is one of two extant species in the family Kogiidae in the sperm whale superfamily. They are not often sighted at sea, and most of what is known about them comes from the examination of stranded specimens.

Taxonomy

The pygmy sperm whale was first described by naturalist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1838. He based this on the head of an individual washed up on the coasts of Audierne in France in 1784, which was then stored in the Muséum d'histoire naturelle. He recognized it as a type of sperm whale and assigned it to the same genus as the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) as Physeter breviceps. He noted its small size and nicknamed it "cachalot a tête courte"–small-headed sperm whale; further, the species name breviceps is Latin for "short-headed". In 1846, zoologist John Edward Gray erected the genus Kogia for the pygmy sperm whale as Kogia breviceps, and said it was intermediate between the sperm whale and dolphins.

In 1871, mammalogist Theodore Gill assigned it and Euphysetes (now the dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima) to the subfamily Kogiinae, and the sperm whale to the subfamily Physeterinae. Both have now been elevated to the family level. In 1878, naturalist James Hector synonymized the dwarf sperm whale with the pygmy sperm whale, with both being referred to as K. breviceps until 1998.

Description

The pygmy sperm whale is not much larger than many dolphins. They are about  at birth, growing to about  at maturity. Adults weigh about . The underside is a creamy, occasionally pinkish colour and the back and sides are a bluish grey; however, considerable intermixing occurs between the two colours. The shark-like head is large in comparison to body size, given an almost swollen appearance when viewed from the side. A whitish marking, often described as a "false gill", is seen behind each eye.

The lower jaw is very small and slung low. The blowhole is displaced slightly to the left when viewed from above facing forward. The dorsal fin is very small and hooked; its size is considerably smaller than that of the dwarf sperm whale and may be used for diagnostic purposes.

Anatomy

Like its giant relative, the sperm whale, the pygmy sperm whale has a spermaceti organ in its forehead (see sperm whale for a discussion of its purpose). It also has a sac in its intestines that contains a dark red fluid. The whale may expel this fluid when frightened, perhaps to confuse and disorient predators.

Dwarf and pygmy sperm whales possess the shortest rostrum of current day cetaceans with a skull that is greatly asymmetrical.

Pygmy sperm whales have from 50 to 55 vertebrae, and from 12 to 14 ribs on either side, although the latter are not necessarily symmetrical, and the hindmost ribs do not connect with the vertebral column. Each of the flippers has seven carpals, and a variable number of phalanges in the digits, reportedly ranging from two in the first digit to as many as 10 in the second digit. No true innominate bone exists; it is replaced by a sheet of dense connective tissue. The hyoid bone is unusually large, and presumably has a role in the whale's suction feeding.

Teeth
The pygmy sperm has between 20 and 32 teeth, all of which are set into the rostral part of the lower jaw. Unusually, adults lack enamel due to a mutation in the enamelysin gene, although enamel is present in very young individuals.

Melon
Like other toothed whales, the pygmy sperm whale has a "melon", a body of fat and wax in the head that it uses to focus and modulate the sounds it makes. The inner core of the melon has a higher wax content than the outer cortex. The inner core transmits sound more slowly than the outer layer, allowing it to refract sound into a highly directional beam. Behind the melon, separated by a thin membrane, is the spermaceti organ. Both the melon and the spermaceti organ are encased in a thick fibrous coat, resembling a bursa. The whale produces sound by moving air through the right nasal cavity, which includes a valvular structure, or museau de singe, with a thickened vocal reed, functioning like the vocal cords of humans.

Stomach
The stomach has three chambers. The first chamber, or forestomach, is not glandular, and opens directly into the second, fundic chamber, which is lined by digestive glands. A narrow tube runs from the second to the third, or pyloric, stomach, which is also glandular, and connects, via a sphincter, to the duodenum. Although fermentation of food material apparently occurs in the small intestine, no caecum is present.

Brain
The rostroventral dura of the brain contains a significant concentration of magnetite crystals, which suggests that K. breviceps can navigate by magnetoreception.

Studies have also shown that compared to the sperm whale, the pygmy sperm whale brain has significantly fewer neurons, which may be connected to a decreased complexity in social interaction and group-based living.

Echolocation
Like all toothed whales, the pygmy sperm whale hunts prey by echolocation. Sound produced for echolocation by many odontocetes come in the form of high-frequency clicks. The frequencies it uses are mostly ultrasonic, peaking around 125 kHz. The clicks from their echolocation has been recorded to last an average of 600 microseconds. When closing in on prey, the click repetition rate starts at 20 Hz and then begins to rise when nearing the target.

The pulse sounds that pygmy sperm whales make for echolocation are generated primarily from the          museau de singe or monkey's muzzle, which is an anatomical structure located within the whale's skull that produces sound when air passes through its lips. The sound from the museau de singe is transferred to the attached cone of the spermaceti organ. Unique from other odontocetes, the spermaceti organ contacts the posterior of the whale's melon. Fat from the core of the spermaceti organ helps direct sonic energy from the museau de singe to the melon. The melon acts as a sonic magnifier and gives directionality to sound pulses, making echolocation more efficient. Fat on the interior of the melon has a lower molecular weight lipid than the surrounding outer melon. Since the sound waves move from a lower velocity material to a higher one during sound production, the sound undergoes inward refraction and becomes increasingly focused. Variation in fat density within the melon ultimately contributes to the production of highly directional, ultrasonic sound beams in front of the melon. The combined melon and spermaceti organ system cooperate to focus echolocative sounds.

Like in most odontocetes, the known echoreception apparatus used by the pygmy sperm whale is linked to the fat-filled lower mandibles within the skull. However, compositional topography of the pygmy sperm whale's skull indicates abnormally large fatty jowls surrounding the mandibles, suggesting a more intricate echoreception apparatus. Additionally, an unusual cushion structure, of porous and spongy texture, found behind the museau de singe has been hypothesized of being a possible "pressure receptor". The positioning of this cushion structure in close proximity to the largest cavities closest to the museau de singe may suggest that it is a sound absorber used for echoreception.

Reproduction

Although firm details concerning pygmy sperm whale reproduction are limited, they are believed to mate from April to September in the Southern Hemisphere and March to August in the Northern Hemisphere. These whales become sexually mature at age 4-5, and like virtually all mammals, are iteroparous (reproducing many times during their lives). Once a female whale is impregnated, the average gestation period lasts 9–11 months, and unusually for cetaceans, the female gives birth to a single calf head-first. Newborn calves are about  in length, weighing 50 kg, and are weaned around one year of age. They are believed to live up to age 23.

Behaviour
The whale makes very inconspicuous movements. It rises to the surface slowly, with little splash or blow, and remains there motionless for some time. In Japan, the whale was historically known as the "floating whale" because of this. Its dive is equally lacking in grand flourish - it simply drops out of view. The species has a tendency to back away from rather than approach boats. Breaching has been observed, but is not common.

Pygmy sperm whales are normally either solitary or found in pairs,  but have been seen in groups up to six. Dives have been estimated to last an average of 11 minutes, although longer dives up to 45 minutes have been reported. The ultrasonic clicks of pygmy sperm whales range from 60 to 200 kHz, peaking at 125 kHz, and the animals also make much lower-frequency "cries" at 1 to 2 kHz.

Diet/foraging behavior
Analysis of stomach contents suggests that pygmy sperm whales feed primarily on cephalopods, most commonly including bioluminescent species found in midwater environments. Most of the cephalopod hunting is known to be pelagic, and fairly shallow, within the first 100 m of the surface. The most common prey are reported to include glass squid, and lycoteuthid and ommastrephid squid, although the whales also consume other squid, and octopuses. They have also been reported to eat some deep-sea shrimps, but, compared with dwarf sperm whales, relatively few fish.

Predators may include great white sharks and killer whales.

Pygmy sperm whales and dwarf sperm whales are unique among cetaceans in using a form of "ink" to evade predation in a manner similar to squid. Both species have a sac in the lower portion of their intestinal tracts that contains up to 12 liters of dark reddish-brown fluid, which can be ejected to confuse or discourage potential predators.

Population and distribution

Pygmy sperm whales are found throughout the tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and occasionally among colder waters such as off Russia.  However, they are rarely sighted at sea, so most data come from stranded animals - making a precise range and migration map difficult. They are believed to prefer off-shore waters, and are most frequently sighted in waters ranging from  in depth, especially where upwelling water produces local concentrations of zooplankton and animal prey. Their status is usually described as rare, but occasional patches of higher-density strandings suggest they might be more common than previously estimated. The total population is unknown.

Fossils identified as belonging to K. breviceps have been recovered from Miocene deposits in Italy, Japan, and southern Africa.

Human interaction
Pygmy sperm whales have never been hunted on a wide scale. Land-based whalers have hunted them from Indonesia, Japan, and the Lesser Antilles. This species was impacted by whaling in the 18th and 19th centuries, as sperm whales were especially sought after by whalers for their sperm oil, produced by the spermaceti organ. The oil was used to fuel kerosene lamps. Ambergris, a waste product produced by the whales,  was also valuable to whalers as it was used by humans in cosmetics and perfume.

They were not as heavily hunted as their larger counterpart Physeter macrocephalus, the sperm whale, which are typically 120,000 lb, thus preferred by whalers.  The pygmy sperm whale is also rather inactive and slow rising when coming to the surface and as such do not bring much attention to themselves. However, they were easy targets, as they tended to swim slowly and lie motionless at the surface.

Individuals have also been recorded killed in drift nets. Some stranded animals have been found with plastic bags in their stomachs, which may be a cause for concern. Whether these activities are causing long-term damage to the survival of the species is not known.

Pygmy sperm whales do not do well in captivity. The longest recorded survival in captivity is 21 months, and most captive individuals die within one month, mostly due to dehydration or dietary problems.

Pygmy sperm whales have been reported as being forced to change their diets and foraging behaviors due to anthropological factors such as deep-sea trawling and increased fishing for cephalopods off the coast of many Southeast Asian countries.

Conservation
In 1985, the International Whaling Commission ended sperm whaling.

The pygmy sperm whale is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS) and the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS). The species is further included in the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia (Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU).

As  not much is known about this species, as well as due to the whaling and conservation laws in place for marine mammals, it is listed as "lower risk least concern" in the IUCN Red list. However, it faces some modern day issues; it is one of the most common stranded species in Florida sound. Due to its slow-moving and quiet nature, the species is at a higher risk of boat strikes. Its small size also allows for it to become a byproduct of commercial fishing, caught in seine nets. Anthropogenic noise caused by military activity and shipping is another issue affecting this species, as it echolocates. Pygmy sperm whales have also repeatedly been found stranded with plastic in their stomachs.

Specimens
MNZ MM002651, collected Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, no date data

See also

Cetacean Conservation Center
List of cetaceans
Marine biology
Whale oil

References

Further reading
 Pygmy and Dwarf Sperm Whales by Donald F. McAlpine in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals pp. 1007–1009
 Whales Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine, Dorling Kindersley Handbooks,
 National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell,

External links

 UMMZ Skull photos
  Photo of skull
 Max Newman's Pygmy Sperm Whale Research Paper
 dolphin rescues Pygmy Sperm whales
 Arkive
Voices in the Sea - Sounds of the Pygmy sperm Whale

pygmy sperm whale
Cetaceans of the Atlantic Ocean
Cetaceans of the Indian Ocean
Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean
Cosmopolitan mammals
Marine fauna of Africa
Marine fauna of Asia
Marine fauna of Oceania
Marine fauna of North America
Marine fauna of South America
pygmy sperm whale

Pygmy sperm whale


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 Verdy Kawasaki, former name of current Tokyo Verdy, a football (soccer) club

 Kawa (disambiguation)
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