Orhun, Göktürk ya da Köktürk alfabesi, Göktürkler ve diğer erken dönem Türk kağanlıkları tarafından kullanılmış, Türk dillerinin yazılması için kullanılmış ilk yazı sistemlerinden biridir. Alfabe, 4'ü ünlü olmak üzere 38 damga (harf) içermektedir.

7. yüzyıldan 10. yüzyıla kadar kullanılmış yazı sisteminin kökenleri genellikle Arami asıllı Pehlevi ve Soğut alfabelerine ya da tamgalara dayandırılmaktadır dense de aslına bakıldığı zaman, devrin Türkleri tarafından kullanılan tamgalar bütünü olduğu görünmektedir. Av hayvanları ve günlük kullanılan silahlar da dahil olmak üzere birçok etken bu durumda söz konusudur. Hükümdar hanedanı olan Aşina boyuna ait tamganın ve yine silah olarak kullanılan ok ve yay figürünün örnekleri yazım şekillerinde kendini gösterir. Orhun alfabesi, Yenisey Yazıtları'nda 100'ün üzerinde olan damga (harf) sayısı, Orhun Yazıtları'nda 38 damgaya düşmüştür. Damgaların temsil ettikleri sesleri: ab 'av', eb 'ev', ay, er, at, it (köpek), ok, ök (keçi), gibi Türkçede anlamları bulunmaktadır, bu damgaların kaya resimlerinden zamanla harflere dönüştüğü düşünülmektedir.

Orhun alfabesi, Eski İskandinav yazıtlarında kullanılmış Runik yazının karakterlerine benzediği için geçmişte Avrupa literatüründe, Sibirya Run harfleri, Yenisey Run harfleri, Runik alfabe ve Türk Run Yazısı olarak da adlandırılmıştır. Göktürklere ait Orhun Yazıtları'nda kullanılmasından ötürü bu adla anılmaktadır. Macarlar tarafından kullanılmış Rovaş alfabesinin Orhun alfabesi baz alınarak oluşturulduğu düşünülmektedir.

Tarih

İlk buluntular ve çözülmesi
Orhun alfabesinden günümüze kalan en büyük kalıntılar olan Göktürkler döneminde dikilen yazıtların çözülüp değerlendirilmeleri ancak 19. yüzyıl sonunda gerçekleşebilmiştir. Bu yazıtlardan ilk bulunanları Yenisey Nehri boyundakilerdir. 1889'da ise Orhun Yazıtları denilen iki büyük yazıt daha ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bunların öteki yazıtlardan farklı olarak arka yüzlerinde Çince metinler bulunuyordu. Bu yazıtlar 1893'te Danimarkalı Türkolog Vilhelm Thomsen tarafından çözülmüş ve böylece, bu yazıtların Kültigin ve Bilge Kağan tarafından diktirilmiş oldukları, bu yazının Göktürklere özgü bir alfabe olduğu ve bu dilin de Eski Türkçenin bir lehçesi olduğunu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Günümüzde, gün geçtikçe Asya'da bu yazı sistemiyle yazılmış yeni Türk yazıtları ortaya çıkarılmakta ise de en tanınmış Türk yazıtları hala Orhun Vadisinde, Yenisey ve Yedisu bölgesindekilerdir.

Tarihî kullanımı
En eski Eski Türk alfabesi örneği, Orhun mezar külliyesindeki anıtların dikilişinden iki yüzyıl önce Yenisey'deki anıtlarda görülür ve Huing-nular, Göktürkler, Uygurlar, Kırgızlar tarafından doğduğu topraklarda kullanılan Orhun yazısı, kimi Türk boylarınca Avrupa'ya da taşınmıştır. 16. yüzyıla kadar Macaristan'da Sekeller arasında kullanıldığı bilinmektedir.

Kökeni hakkında tartışmalar
Göktürk alfabesinin Arami alfabesi kökenli Pehlevi veya Soğut alfabesinden türediği de öne sürülmüştür. Aynı dönemde yazılmış Zhou Kitabı gibi Çin kaynakları, Türklerin 7. yüzyılda Soğdlarınkine benzer bir yazı dili kullanmış olduğunu kaydetmiştir. Buna karşılık Sui Kitabı ve Kuzey Hanedanlarının Tarihi adlı çağdaş kaynaklar Türklerin bu dönemde yazılı bir dili olmadığını yazmıştır. Tarihçi ve Türkolog István Vásáry'ye göre, Orhun alfabesi Göktürklerin ilk kağanları tarafından Soğut alfabesi baz alınarak oluşturulmuştur.

Kazım Mirşan başta olmak üzere bir grup araştırmacı Orhun alfabesindeki birçok harfin, diğer bütün alfabelerde olduğu gibi o milletin sık kullandığı resimlerden türetildiğini, örneğin Orhun alfabesindeki  → "y" harfi Türklerin hayatında önemli bir yer arz eden "yay" kelimesinden geldiğini,  → "oq" veya "ok" harfinin de bilinen "ok" kelimesinden türetildiğini,  → "ök" harfinin de eski Türkçede kullanılan "ök (keçi)" kelimesinden geldiğini öne sürmüştür.

Yapı
Orhun alfabesi ve bu alfabeyle yazılmış metinler Marcel Erdal, Wolfgang Scharlipp, Talat Tekin gibi araştırmacılar tarafından ayrıntılı olarak çalışılmıştır.

Orhun alfabesinde 38 harf vardır (Orhun harflerinin prototipi olarak görülen Yenisey yazı sisteminde 150'den fazla işaret vardır. Bu işaretlerin elenerek Orhun alfabesi'nde 38'e indirildiği görülüyor).

Bu harflerin dört tanesi ünlü, geriye kalan 34 tanesi ünsüz işaretleridir. Doğal olarak Türkçede bu kadar sessiz harf bulunmaz. Bu durumun nedeni Orhun alfabesi'nde birçok sessiz harfin iki işaret ile gösterilmesidir. Somutlaştırılırsa, yanındaki seslinin kalın ya da ince oluşuna göre, "b, d, g, ğ, l, n, r, s, t, y" seslerini veren ikişer adet harf mevcuttur. Yani "bilge" sözünü yazarken kullanılan "b" ile "bars" sözünü yazarken kullanılan "b" birbirinden farklıdır. Ayrıca "ık, ok, nç, yn" gibi çift ses, çift ünsüz işaretleri de mevcuttur.

Sessiz harfler açısından kalabalık olan Orhun alfabesi, Türkçenin sekiz sesli harfine karşılık dört harfe sahiptir. "a, e", "ı, i", "o, u", "ü, ö" sesleri ayrılmadan yazılır ve ünlü uyumlarına göre gerektiği biçimde okunur.

Orhun Yazıtları ile devrin öteki yazıtları arasında, hatta Orhun'daki yazıtlar arasında kullanılan harflerin biçimleri bakımından (özellikle Tonyukuk Anıtı'nda kullanılan yazıda) kimi farklılıklar vardır. Yine Tonyukuk Yazıtı'nda ötekilerde olmayan "baş" logogramı ile s, ş seslerini ünleyen kare biçiminde bir harf daha vardır. Bu harfler Göktürk alfabesinde olduğu gibi Türkiye Türkçesinde de çok kullanılır.

Yazma şekli
Orhun harfleri kullanılarak yazılan metinde (günümüzde kullanılan Latin harfleriyle yazımda olduğu gibi) harfler bitişmez, ayrı yazılır.Sözcükler, aralarına üst üste iki nokta koyulmak suretiyle birbirinden ayrı yazılır. Bunun dışında herhangi bir noktalama işareti yoktur. Yazı genellikle (Arap ve Fars alfabesindeki gibi) sağdan sola yazılır. Soldan sağa yazıldığı durumlarda harfler de ters dönük olarak yazılır.

Orhun yazısında seslilerin çoğu kez yazılmadığı görülür. Sesliler ilk hecede yazılır, sonrasında gelen sesliler de aynıysa diğerleri yazılmaz. Son harf sesliyle bitiyorsa o sesli de yazılır. Orhun yazısının sessiz harf yazımı da sağlamdır. Harf fazlalığına karşın önemli bir karışıklık ve karıştırma durumu görülmez. Ancak kalın ve ince sessizlerin, kimi yerlerde birbirinin yerine kullanıldığı da görülür. Ayrıca "s" harfi birçok kez "ş" için de kullanılmış ve ayrıca birbirine benzediği için (tabii ki Orhun alfabesinde) bir iki sözde de "l" yerine "ş" ve "kalın s" yazılmıştır.

Yazma kuralları Türkolog Mehmet Kömen tarafından da kitaplaştırılmıştır.

Tamgalar

Örnekler

 — yazıt
T²NGR²I — harf çevirisi
/teŋri/ — ses değerlerinin IPA abecesiyle çevriyazısı
teñri — Türk Latin

Bazı ideografik yorumlar
ev sözü:  harfi ince ünlülerle kullanılır ve sözcük içinde /be/ veya /eb/ diye okunur. Şekli bir çadırı andırmaktadır. Tek başına /eb/ diye okunur ve ev anlamına gelir. Nitekim ev sözü zaten /b/ sesinin sonradan /v/ sesine dönüşmesiyle eb > ev şekline dönüşmüştür.

ok sözü:  harfi söz içinde /ok/, /ko/, /uk/, /ku/ gibi okunuşlara sahiptir. Açıkça şekli aşağı doğru bir oktur, zâten tek başına okunduğunda /ok/ sesini verir.

ay ve yay sözcükleri:  harfi söz içinde /ay/ veya /ya/ diye okunur, kalın ünlülerle kullanılır. Şekli yarım aya benzetilebilir. Ayrıca /ya/ diye okunduğunda yay anlamına gelir, kaldı ki şekli aynı haklılıkla yaya benzetilebilir. Nitekim, ya > yağ > yay dönüşümü olduğu düşünülmektedir.

at, dağ sözcükleri ve atmak eylemi:  harfi söz içinde /at/ veya /ta/ diye okunur, kalın ünlülerle kullanılır. Şekli yükseklik, uzaklık kavramlarını çağrıştırabilir. Tek başına dağ ya da at anlamına gelir. ta > tağ > dağ dönüşümüne uğradığı açıktır. Kaldı ki Anadolu'da hâlâ uzaklık, büyüklük ya da abartı belirtmek için taa deyişi yaygındır. Bunun yanında farklı zamanlarda şekli değişmiştir. Genelde bu şekillerin bir atın üstüne binmiş adam çağrışımı yaptığı da düşünülmektedir. Gökbey Uluç'a göre ise "atmak" eyleminden türemiştir ve "ok"la "yay" dan oluşan damgalar, atılmayı simgeler.

en pekiştirme sıfatı:  harfi /eng/ diye okunur. Şekli, tek kolunu açılı olarak kaldırmış bir kişi olarak düşünüldüğünde büyük bir şeyi gösteren kişi çağrışımı yapmaktadır. Zaten bugün de buna benzer olarak pekiştirme anlamı taşır ("en büyük", "en yüksek", vb.).

Bugünkü uygulama ve sayısal ortam

ISO'nun eski/yeni tüm "yazı sistemleri adlarının kodları" için önerdiği ISO 15924 standardında, Old Turkic - Orkhon Runic adı ve Old_Turkic aliasıyla yer alıyor; kodu Orkh ve numarası da 175.

Unicode'un şu an geçerli son sürümü 6.0 içinde, Orhun ve Yenisey yazıtlarında kullanılmış harfler tek bir tabloda  birleştirilerek "Old Turkic" olarak adlandırılmış ve bu karakter tablosuna 10C00-10C4F aralığındaki blok ayrılmış durumdadır.

Eski Türk dilinin Unicode bloğu U + 10C00-U + 10C4F olmaktadır. Bu sürüm 5.2 sürümü ile, 2009 yılı Ekim ayında Unicode standartlarına eklendi. Bireysel karakterlerin ayrı bir "Orhun" ve "Yenisey" türevlerini içermektedir.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Irk Bitig
 Orhun Yazıtları
 Yenisey Yazıtları

Dış bağlantılar
Orhun Alfabesi'ni öğrenmeye yönelik el kitabı

Alfabeler
Türk yazı sistemleri
Göktürkler
Türk uygarlığı

Eski Türk yazısı


Mein unsichtbarer Freund ist eine US-amerikanische Filmkomödie aus dem Jahr 1992.

Handlung
Grace Connors hat nicht nur Probleme mit dem geerbten Restaurant ihres Großvaters, sondern auch noch private Sorgen. Zu allem Überfluss erscheint ihr ehemaliger imaginärer Freund aus ihren Kindheitstagen, den sie nicht mehr loswird. Doch Dayo schafft es wieder, sie auf die richtige Bahn zu bekommen, sodass sie ihre Sorgen mit Erfolg bewältigen kann.

Kritik

Veröffentlichung
Der Film wurde von Disney für den US-amerikanischen Fernsehsender ABC für das Programm Disney Sunday Movie produziert und wurde am 3. Mai 1992 erstmals in den USA ausgestrahlt. In Deutschland lief er zum allerersten Mal am 25. Oktober 1998 auf RTL. Der Film wurde seitdem weder auf VHS, noch auf DVD veröffentlicht.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1992
US-amerikanischer Film
Fernsehfilm (American Broadcasting Company)
Familienfilm
Filmkomödie

Mein unsichtbarer Freund


Lepidolutzia este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Arctiidae.

Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life:

Referințe

Legături externe

Lepidolutzia

Lepidolutzia


පින්නදුවගේ අරවින්ද ද සිල්වා 1965 ඔක්තෝබර් 17 වන දින කොළඹ දී උපත ලැබීය. ශ්‍රී ලංකා මාතාවට ගෞරවය ගෙන දුන් අති මහත් දක්ෂතා රැසක් හිමි කරගත් අනගිභවනීය ක්‍රීඩකයකු ලෙස ඔහුව හැඳින්විය හැකිය.

ක්‍රිකට් වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
අරවින්ද ද සිල්වාගේ ටෙස්ට් , ක්‍රිකට් දිවිය ආරම්භවන්නේ 1984 එංගලන්තයේ "ලෝඩ්ස්" ක්‍රීඩා පිටියෙනි. ක්‍රිකට් දිවියේ මුල් අවධියේ දී ඔහුව හඳුනාගනු ලැබුවේ පන්දුවට දැවැන්තව පහර දෙන  නමුත් අස්තිර පිතිකරුවකු ලෙසිණි. ඒ නිසාම ඔහුට "Mad Max" යන අනවර්ථ නාමය ලැබුණි. ඔහු ඔහුගේ සුපුරුදු දැඩි ප්‍රහාර ගැන පැවසුවේ එය ඔහුගේ සුපුරුදු ආර බවත් එවැනි ප්‍රහාරයක දී ඔහුට තම පහර ගැන විශ්වාසය ගොඩනැගෙන බවත්ය. එම නිසා ඔහුට එම සුපුරුදු ආර වෙනස් කර ගැනීමට අවශ්‍ය නැති බවත්ය. යමෙකුට පන්දු එවන්නා සිය පාලනයට නතු කරගත හැකිනම් ඔහු එය කළ යුතු බව ඔහුගේ අදහසයි. කුඩා කළ සිටම එය ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය වූ බව ද ඔහු වැඩි දුරටත් පවසයි.

නමුත් 1995 එංගලන්තයේ කෙන්ට්හි ක්‍රීඩා කළ සාර්ථක පළමු පෙළේ තරඟාවලියකින් පසු ඔහුගේ ක්‍රිකට් දිවියේ සැබෑ පරිවර්තනයක් සිදුවිය. 1996 ලෝක කුසලාන තරඟාවලියේ ඔහු ජයග්‍රාහී බල කණුවක් වූයේ සිය විජයග්‍රාහී ශතකය හා විකට් තුනක් ලබාගෙන ඕස්ට්‍රේලියා‍වට එරෙහිව හොඳම ක්‍රීඩකයා වීමෙනි. එපමණක් නොව ටෙස්ට් තරඟ දෙකකදීම ඒ සෑම ඉනිමකම ඔහු ශතක වාර්තා ඔහුගේ උසස් ජයග්‍රහණයක් වන අතර ඒ අවධියේ දී ඔහුට අභියෝගයක් වූයේ ඉන්දියානු කණ්ඩායමේ සුනිල් ගවස්කාර් හා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු කණ්ඩායමේ රිකී පොන්ටින්ය. ඔහුගේ ශතක ඉක්මවූ ලකුණු රැස් කිරීම වූයේ 138 හා 105 වශයෙනි. එය නොදැවී ලබාගත් ලකුණු වීම විශේෂත්වයකි. ඒ 1997 පකිස්ථානයට එරෙහිව කොළඹ සිංහල ක්‍රීඩා සමාජ ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේ දීය. මෙය ඔහු තැබූ අනගි වාර්තාවක් විය. දෙවන ටෙස්ට් තරගයේ දී ලබාගත් ලකුණු 168 නිසා එම වසර අවසාන ලකුණු 1220 ක් ඉහළ නැගුණු අතර වේගය 76.25 ක් විය.

ඔහුගේ ඉහළම ලකුණු රැස් කිරීම වූයේ 1991 නවසීලන්තයට එරෙහිව "Basin Reserve" හි දී ලකුණු 267 කි. එසේ 2002 ඔහුගේ අවසාන ටෙස්ට් තරගයේ දී බංග්ලාදේශයට එරෙහි ශතක දෙකක් ලබා ගත්තේය. මෙවැනි අනගිභවනීය නමක් ක්‍රිකට් ඉතිහාසයේ රඳවා 2003 ලෝක කුසලාන තරඟාවලියෙන් පසු ඔහු ක්‍රිකට් දිවියෙන් සමුගත්තේය. ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාව වෙනුවෙන් ඔහු කළ අනූපමේය සත්කාරයට ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ වන අපි ණය ගැති වෙමු.

චරිත කතා
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ඩී. එස්. සේනානායක විදුහලෙහි ආදි සිසුවෝ
1965 උපත්

අරවින්ද ද සිල්වා


HDL kısaltması aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:
High density lipoprotein (yüksek yoğunluklu lipoprotein)
Hodgkin dışı lenfoma
Hardware description language (donanım tanımlama dili)

HDL


René G. Lépine (23 octobre 1929 - 18 avril 2012) est un promoteur immobilier et philanthrope canadien. Lépine était le président du Groupe Lépine, une société de développement et d'investissement immobilier qu'il a fondé en 1953. Il est considéré comme étant l'un des promoteurs immobiliers canadiens-français les plus influents de son époque. Ses entreprises ont développé pour plus de 5 milliards de dollars de biens immobiliers au Canada et aux États-Unis depuis les années 1960. Il possédait également un portefeuille de propriétés multifamiliales et commerciales à Montréal et à Ottawa. Lépine a développé de nombreux bâtiments considérés comme étant des points de repère à Montréal, dont le Village olympique et Le Sanctuaire du Mont-Royal.

Biographie
Lépine est né et a grandi à Ville-Émard, un quartier ouvrier de Montréal, dans une famille de 10 enfants. À l'âge de 14 ans, il a abandonné l'école secondaire pour gagner de l'argent pour sa famille après que son père soit tombé malade. Il a occupé multiples emplois et a ensuite utilisé l'argent qu'il avait économisé pour construire une maison à Côte-Saint-Luc, qui a été vendue immédiatement après son achèvement à un riche passant qui passait dans la rue. Lépine a rapidement doublé son argent et a commencé à construire des maisons et a finalement incorporé le Groupe Lépine en 1953.

Carrière
En 1969, lui et son partenaire d'affaires Lorne Webster ont acheté l'immeuble Le Cartier sur la rue Sherbrooke à Montréal à la suite d'une faillite de la Montreal Trust Company. Il a également construit le bâtiment Peel Plaza à côté en 1973 et le Sir Robert Peel en 1990 sur des lots adjacents. En 1974, lui, Joseph Zappia, Gerald Robinson et Andrew Gaty, ont été directement nommés par le maire de Montréal de l'époque, Jean Drapeau, pour construire le village olympique des jeux olympiques d'été de 1976 à Montréal. En 1999, il achète l'ancien édifice du YMCA au centre-ville de Montréal et y construit deux tours de 28 étages initialement appelées Les Tours Lépine. Le projet a coûté environ 80 millions de dollars. Les tours ont ensuite été rebaptisées Le 1200 Ouest après avoir été achetées lors du développement en 2005 par le groupe El-Ad. En 2001, il a reçu le Prix UDI Québec d'excellence en immobilier pour son projet de redéveloppement du YMCA du centre-ville de Montréal.

Depuis les années 1960, il a construit plus de 1 500 maisons dans les quartiers montréalais de Hampstead, Westmount et Côte-Saint-Luc ainsi que plus de 10 000 unités de copropriété à travers le Canada et les États-Unis.

En 1991, Lépine faisait des affaires à Moscou, tentant d'étendre ses activités commerciales à la Russie après la chute de l'Union soviétique. Il prévoyait de construire deux projets évalués alors à 775 millions de dollars , étant l'une des premières sociétés occidentales à développer l'immobilier à Moscou depuis la guerre froide. Le gouvernement du Canada lui a demandé de construire l'ambassade du Canada à Moscou. Il a également été invité par le gouvernement canadien à donner une visite personnelle de Montréal à Iouri Loujkov, l'ancien maire de Moscou lors de sa visite officielle. Il a aussi rencontré Mikhaïl Gorbatchev, alors président de l'Union soviétique, pendant cette période à Montréal. Quelques années plus tard, tous les projets prévus ont été abandonnés après que lui et l'un de ses fils aient reçu des menaces d'assassinat anonymes jugées crédibles. Lépine a décidé de quitter le pays immédiatement et a immédiatement décidé d'abandonner plus de 850 millions de dollars de projets.

Controverse de la Société immobilière du Canada en 1999
En 1999, l'une des sociétés de Lépine a acheté un terrain à la Société immobilière du Canada, pour 4 millions de dollars, soit moins de la moitié de sa valeur imposable de 9 millions de dollars. Les termes de l'acquisition prévoyaient également qu'un grand bâtiment historique abandonné encombrant le centre du site soit rénové et conservé aux frais de la société Lépine. Lépine a affirmé que la ville n'avait pas accepté de faire les travaux de voirie et d'égouts qui lui ont coûté 2 millions de dollars en dépenses, ramenant le coût du terrain à un juste prix. Même si la vente était le résultat d'un appel d'offres public pour lequel l'entreprise de Lépine offrait le prix le plus élevé, la vente soulevait encore des questions, car Lépine était un partisan et un donateur de longue date du Parti libéral du Canada.

Vie privée
Lépine partageait son temps entre son travail à Montréal et son autre domicile à Palm Beach, en Floride.

Lépine est décédé à son domicile le 18 avril 2012, après une longue bataille contre le cancer de la prostate.

Références

Liens externes

 Site du Groupe Lépine
 René Lépine ou l'itinéraire d'un promoteur déterminé

Entrepreneur canadien
Naissance en octobre 1929
Décès en avril 2012
Mort d'un cancer de la prostate
Décès à 82 ans

René Lépine


Show & Co. mit Carlo war von 1984 bis 1986 eine 90-minütige Unterhaltungsshow im ZDF mit Carlo von Tiedemann.

Namensgebung
Am  21. Januar 1984 gab Carlo von Tiedemann in der Jahreshitparade 1983 bekannt, dass bald seine eigene neue Sendung im ZDF beginnt, in der er viel Musik präsentieren, aber auch Gäste zum Gespräch begrüßen wird. Und weil man von Anfang an den Zuschauern die Möglichkeit geben wollte, sich auch an der Suche nach einem Namen für das neue Showkonzept zu beteiligen, bat er diese darum ihre Titelvorschläge per Postkarte an die Unterhaltungsredaktion des ZDF in Mainz zu schicken. Diese wählte aus der Vielzahl von Zuschriften den Titel "Show & Co. mit Carlo" aus.

Geschichte
Carlo von Tiedemann begrüßte ab dem 29. März 1984 deutsche und internationale Stars. Ab der 7. Folge bekam die Show den zusätzlichen Beisatz "Made in Germany". Mit diesem Untertitel verwirklichte der Hamburger Entertainer ein neues Konzept. Er wollte in seiner Show zeigen, dass deutsche Musik mit ihren Komponisten, Produzenten, Textern und Sängern sich in Qualität und Vielseitigkeit nicht vor dem internationalen Angebot verstecken muss. Neben deutscher Rock- und Popmusik wurden außerdem deutsche Produkte, Patente sowie Erfindungen präsentiert. Ebenso andere Persönlichkeiten, unter anderem Claudia Leistner, Sandy Burton und Björn Ulvaeus (ABBA), fanden neben Stars aus der deutschen und internationalen Pop- und Schlagerszene bei Carlo auf der Couch Platz.

Das Ende der Sendung
Die 11. Ausgabe der Show sollte eigentlich am 21. August 1986, Live im Programm des ZDF, aus Hannover gesendet werden. Doch zu dieser Ausstrahlung kam es nicht mehr da die Sendung kurz vor dem geplanten Ausstrahlungstermin abgesetzt wurde. Gescheitert war die Show letztendlich an ihrem Sendeplatz: Sie lief donnerstags um 19.30 Uhr im Wechsel mit "Dalli Dalli" und "Der Große Preis" und musste sich deshalb mit diesen Shows messen lassen. Kurz nach ihrer plötzlichen Absetzung wurde die Sendung von der neuen Spielshow "Ihr Einsatz bitte" abgelöst. Carlo von Tiedemann selbst beschrieb das Ende der Sendung mit einer Kündigung seinerseits via BILD-Zeitung aufgrund von Differenzen zum damaligen stellvertretenden ZDF-Unterhaltungschef, weil dieser Carlo von Tiedemann "in ein Korsett zwängen" wollte, in das er nicht passte.

Sendungenindex

Folge 1 vom 29. März 1984 (Live aus der Saarlandhalle in Saarbrücken)
Gäste: Isabel Varell, Ricchi e Poveri, Righeira, Gitte Hænning, Drafi Deutscher, Audrey Landers, Nino de Angelo, Marina Arcangeli, Toto Cutugno, Reinhard Mey, Miquel Brown, Roger Whittaker

Folge 2 vom 3. Mai 1984 (Live aus der Stadthalle Bremen)
Gäste: Tommy Steiner, Boney M., Don Marco, Taco Ockerse, Vicky Leandros, Peter Maffay, Jermaine Jackson, Second Generation, Laura Branigan, Robin Gibb, Grudzinski (Horst Jüssen), Stevie Woods, Al Bano & Romina Power, Udo Jürgens, Rockwell, George Kranz

Folge 3 vom 4. Oktober 1984 (Live aus der Saarlandhalle in Saarbrücken)
Gäste: Tony Marshall, Bonnie Tyler, Udo Jürgens, Andrea Jürgens, Hiroko Murata, Steve Hackett, Evelyn Thomas, Roland Kaiser, Tony Esposito

Folge 4 vom 30. Oktober 1984 (Live aus der Eilenriedehalle in Hannover)
Gäste: Hugo Egon Balder, Wolfgang Petry, Hans Hartz, Frank Duval, Bernhard Brink, Hugh Masekela, Howard Carpendale, Patto,
Mark Spiro, Daliah Lavi, Donna Summer

Folge 5 vom 14. Februar 1985 (Live aus der Friedrich-Ebert-Halle in Ludwigshafen)
Gäste: Schrott nach 8, Jo Lemaire, Mungo Jerry, Village People, The Flying Pickets, Christian Anders, Second Generation, Siw Inger & Tony Holiday, Audrey Landers & Camillo Sesto, Christian Franke, Marlene Ricci, Julian Lennon, Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson

Folge 6 vom 9. Mai 1985 (Live aus der Saarlandhalle in Saarbrücken)
Gäste: Bernie Paul, Innocent Cry, The Ace Cats, Silent Circle, Two of Us, Relax, The Flirts, Münchener Freiheit, Bobbysocks, Eric Carmen, Georg Danzer & Band, Engelbert, Boney M.

Folge 7 vom 26. September 1985 (Live aus der Philipshalle in Düsseldorf)
Gäste: Klaus und Klaus, Klaus Lage Band, Roland Kaiser, Die Goldene 13, Second Generation, Nicki, Paso Doble, Howard Carpendale, Phillipps & Brueck, Wolle Kriwanek

Folge 8 vom 31. Oktober 1985 (Live aus der Stadthalle in Bremen)
Gäste: Andrea Jürgens, Udo Jürgens, Anne Haigis, Peter Maffay, Bill Ramsey, Dunja Rajter, Ireen Sheer, Costa Cordalis, Maria, Mireille Mathieu, Wind

Folge 9 vom 6. Februar 1986 (Live aus der Westfalenhalle in Dortmund)
Gäste: Höhner, Heino, Kaczmarek, Münchener Freiheit, Juliane Werding, Stefan Waggershausen, Modern Talking

Folge 10 vom 17. April 1986 (Live aus der Saarlandhalle in Saarbrücken)
Gäste: Ingrid Peters, Denise, Nicki, Klaus und Klaus, C. C. Catch, Die Goldene 13, Christian Franke, Camy Todorow, Roger Whittaker

Weblinks
 Wunschliste.de: Show und Co mit Carlo
 Liste der Folgen

Einzelnachweise

Musiksendung (Fernsehen)
Fernsehsendung (Deutschland)
Fernsehsendung (ZDF)
Fernsehsendung der 1980er Jahre

Show & Co. mit Carlo


محافظة باكو محافظة إدارية للإمبراطورية الروسية في منطقة القوقاز عاصمتها باكو وتبلغ مساحة المحافظة 34,000 كم مربع (1897) بعدد سكان يبلغ 789,659 (1897)، أكثرهم من الأذر.

مراجع

أذربيجان في القرن 19
النيابة الملكية على القوقاز (1801–1917)
انحلالات سنة 1917 في آسيا
انحلالات سنة 1917 في روسيا
تأسيسات سنة 1859 في آسيا
تأسيسات سنة 1859 في روسيا
تاريخ أذربيجان
تاريخ أذربيجان الحديث
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تاريخ روسيا
تقسيمات الإمبراطورية الروسية
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1917
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1859
أذربيجان في عقد 1900
أذربيجان في عقد 1910
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Jawi (; ; Kelantan-Pattani: Yawi; ) is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia, such as Acehnese, Banjarese, Kerinci, Maguindanaon, Malay, Mëranaw, Minangkabau, Tausūg, and Ternate. Jawi is based on the Arabic script, consisting of all of the original 31 Arabic letters, and six additional letters constructed to fit the phonemes native to Malay, and an additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in Classical Arabic, which are ca ( ), nga ( ), pa ( ), ga ( ), va ( ), and nya ( ).

Jawi was developed from the advent of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia, supplanting the earlier Brahmic scripts used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century Terengganu Inscription Stone, recorded in Classical Malay language that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. There are two competing theories on the origin of the Jawi alphabet. Popular theory suggests that the system was developed and derived directly from the Arabic script, while scholars like R. O. Windstedt suggest that it was developed through the influence of Perso-Arabic alphabet.

The ensuing trade expansions and the spread of Islam to other areas of Southeast Asia from the 15th century brought the Jawi alphabet beyond the traditional Malay-speaking world. Until the 20th century, Jawi was the standard script of the Malay language. The use of Jawi heralded the birth of traditional Malay literature, when it was featured prominently in the royal correspondences, religious texts and literary publications. With the arrival of Western influence through colonization and education, Jawi was relegated to scripts for religious education, with the Malay language eventually adopting the Latin alphabet called Rumi in general usage.

Today, Jawi is one of the two official scripts in Brunei. In Malaysia, the position of Jawi is protected under Section 9 of the National Language Act 1963/1967, as it retains a degree of official use in religious and cultural administration. In some states, most notably Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang, Jawi attained the co-official script status, where businesses are mandated to adopt Jawi signage and billboards. Jawi is also used as an alternative script among Malay communities in Indonesia and Thailand.

Until the early 20th century, there was no uniform spelling system for Jawi. The earliest orthographic reform to develop a standard spelling was in 1937 by The Malay Language and Johor Royal Literary Book Pact. This was followed by another reform by Za'aba published in 1949. The final major reform was in 1986 under the name 'Enhanced Guidelines of Jawi Spelling' which made Za'aba Spelling as its basis. Jawi can be typed using the Jawi keyboard.

Etymology
The word Jawi (جاوي) is a shorthand of the term in  ( 'Java Archipelago') which is the term used by Arabs for Nusantara. The word jawi is a loanword from  which is Javanese Krama word to refer to the Java Island or Javanese people.

According to Kamus Dewan, "Jawi" () is a term synonymous to 'Malay'. The term has been used interchangeably with 'Malay' in other terms including Bahasa Jawi or Bahasa Yawi (Kelantan-Pattani Malay, a Malay dialect used in Southern Thailand), Masuk Jawi (literally "to become Malay", referring to the practice of circumcision to symbolise the coming of age), and Jawi pekan or Jawi Peranakan (literally 'Malay of the town' or 'Malay born of', referring to the Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Malay and Indian ancestry). With verb-building circumfixes men-...-kan, menjawikan (literally 'to make something Malay'), also refers to the act of translating a foreign text into Malay language. The word Tulisan Jawi that means "Jawi script" is another derivative that carries the meaning 'Malay script'.

Early history

Prior to the onset of Islamisation, the Pallava script, Nagari, and old Sumatran scripts were used in writing the Malay language. This is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in Old Malay, notably the Kedukan Bukit inscription and Talang Tuo inscription. The spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with the arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century. Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 AH (668/669 CE) in Barus, Sumatra; a tombstone dated 290 AH (910 CE) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in Alor Setar, Kedah; a tombstone found in Pekan, Pahang dated 419 AH (1026 CE); a tombstone discovered in Phan Rang, Vietnam dated 431 AH (1039 CE); a tombstone dated 440 AH (1048 CE) found in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in Gresik, East Java dated 475 AH (1082 CE). Islam was spread from the coasts to the interior of the island and generally in a top-down process in which rulers were converted and then introduced more or less orthodox versions of Islam to their peoples. The conversion of King Phra Ong Mahawangsa of Kedah in 1136 and King Merah Silu of Samudra Pasai in 1267 were among the earliest examples.

At the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of Quran as well as salat. The Arabic script was accepted by the Malay community together with their acceptance of Islam and was adapted to suit spoken Classical Malay. Six letters were added for sounds not found in Arabic: ca, pa, ga, nga, va and nya. Some Arabic letters are rarely used as they represent sounds not present in modern Malay however may be used to reflect the original spelling of Arabic loanwords. The sounds represented by these letters may be assimilated into sounds found in Malay's native phoneme inventory or in some instances appear unchanged. Like the other Arabic scripts, some letters are obligatorily joined while some are never joined. This was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in Turkey, Persia and India which had taken place earlier and thus, the Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims.

The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone, dated 702 AH (1303 CE), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the "Sri Paduka Tuan" of Terengganu, urging his subjects to "extend and uphold" Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. This has attested the strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the Malay world as a whole.

The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was exclusively restricted to the nobility and monks in monasteries. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class. With the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in the Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings. Moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of written literature, Malay literature took on a more sophisticated form. This was believed to have taken place from the 15th century and lasted right up to the 19th century. Other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the Pegon alphabet used for Javanese in Java and the Serang alphabet used for Buginese in South Sulawesi. Both writing systems applied extensive use of Arabic diacritics and added several letters which were formed differently from Jawi letters to suit the languages. Due to their fairly limited usage, the spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advanced developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi.

The spread and extent of Jawi script

The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, supplanting the earlier writing systems. The Malays held the script in high esteem as it is the gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the Quran. The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as the lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam. It was widely used in the Sultanate of Malacca, Sultanate of Johor, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Brunei, Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Pattani, the Sultanate of Aceh to the Sultanate of Ternate in the east as early as the 15th century. The Jawi script was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by the merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the Undang-Undang Melaka Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani and Aceh were written in this script. It is the medium of expression of kings, nobility and the religious scholars. It is the traditional symbol of Malay culture and civilisation. Jawi was used not only amongst the ruling class, but also the common people. The Islamisation and Malayisation of the region popularised Jawi into a dominant script.

Royal correspondences for example are written, embellished and ceremoniously delivered. Examples of royal correspondences still in the good condition are the letter between Sultan Hayat of Ternate and King John III of Portugal (1521), the letter from Sultan Iskandar Muda of Acèh Darussalam to King James I of England (1615), and the letter from Sultan Abdul Jalil IV of Johor to King Louis XV of France (1719). Many literary works such as epics, poetry and prose use the Jawi script. It is the pinnacle of the classic Malay civilisation. Historical epics such as the Malay Annals, as listed by UNESCO under Memories of the World, are among the countless epics written by the Malay people. The Sufic poems by Hamzah Fansuri and many others contributed to the richness and depth of the Malay civilisation. Jawi script was the official script for the Unfederated Malay States when they were British protectorates.

Jawi today

Today, Jawi is one of the official scripts of Brunei. In Malaysia, it is used for religious and cultural administration in the states of Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis, Penang, Pahang and Johor. Various efforts were in place to revive the Jawi script in Malaysia and Brunei due to its role in the Malay and Islamic spheres. Jawi is also seen on the reverse of Malaysian ringgit and Brunei dollar banknotes. Malays in Patani still use Jawi today for the same reasons.

In Malaysia
In August 2019, the Malaysian Government's plans to introduce the teaching of Jawi at the most basic level in ethnic Chinese and Tamil vernacular schools attracted opposition from ethnic Chinese and Indian education groups, which claimed that the move would lead to an Islamization of the Malaysian education system. The Chinese educationist group Dong Jiao Zong organised a conference calling on the Malaysian Government to rescind its decision in late December 2019. Perhaps fearing violence, the Royal Malaysia Police obtained a court injunction against it on the grounds it would trigger ethnic tensions.

The state government of Kedah in Malaysia has long defended the use of Jawi in the state. The Menteri Besar of Kedah has denied the allegation that the state government was trying to create an Islamic state ambience by promoting the use of Jawi in 2008, saying that it is a normal occurrence evidenced by Chinese coffeeshops and pawnshops having signboards written in Jawi. This can further be seen later on when the Kedah state government has shown its support with Johor state government's move to use Jawi in official matters in 2019. The exco of local authority of the state of Kedah had also stated that the Jawi script in billboards in Kedah is not forbidden, but rather recommended. He claims that the recommendation to use Jawi script has been gazetted in the state law, and that it has been part of the state identity to have billboards in Jawi script in addition to other scripts. He also stated that there are high demands in incorporating Jawi script in billboards in Kedah.

Kuantan, the state capital of Pahang in Malaysia has introduced the usage of Jawi on all signage across the city from 1 August 2019. This was done after a recommendation from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who was then the Regent of Pahang, to uphold usage of the writing system. The Pahang state government has since expanded the order and made it mandatory for every signage statewide including road signs to display Jawi alongside other scripts from 1 January 2020 after being delayed a few times. Premises that fail to comply with this order will be fined up to a maximum of RM250, with the possibility of revocation of their business licences if they still do not comply afterwards. In the early stage, usage of Jawi stickers are allowed to put on existing signage instead of replacing the whole signage.

In Indonesia
Indonesia, having multiple regional and native languages, uses the Latin script for writing its own standard of Malay in general. Nonetheless, the Jawi script does have a regional status in native Malay areas such as Riau, Riau archipelago, Jambi, South Sumatra (i.e Palembang Malay language), Aceh, and Kalimantan (i.e. Banjar language). This is due to the fact that regional and native languages are compulsory studies in the basic education curriculum of each region (examples include Javanese for Javanese regions, Sundanese for Sundanese regions, Madurese for Maduranese regions, and Jawi for Malay regions). Jawi script is widely used in Riau and Riau Island province, where road signs and government building signs are written in this script. A sister variant called Pegon is used to write Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese and is still widely used in traditional religious schools across Java, but has been supplanted in common writing by the Latin alphabet and, in some cases, Javanese script and Sundanese script.

Letters

 Letters with no initial and middle forms adopt either isolated or final form, because they cannot be joined with suffixing letter. (, , , , , , )
 The letter hamzah may also appear in its three-quarter form "" (hamzah tiga suku), above alif "أ", below alif "إ" or housed (above ya "ئ" or wau "ؤ").[e]

Spelling
Modern Jawi spelling is based on the Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu (DKBM): Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi dictionary. Older texts may use different spellings for some words. Nonetheless, even different modern sources may use different spelling conventions; they may differ especially in the usage of the matres lectionis (alif "ا", wau "و" and ya "ي") and the hamzah tiga suku "", as well as in the spelling of vowels and consonant clusters in loanwords from English. One source tends to use the following conventions; there are numerous exceptions to them nonetheless.

 Loanwords may be spelled differently. Particularly, loanwords from Arabic often keep their original spellings.

 The letters sa "ث", ha "ح", kha "خ", zal "ذ", sad "ص", dad "ض", ta "ط", za "ظ", ain "ع", ghain "غ", ta marbutah "ة" are mostly used to spell Arabic loanwords, e.g. Selasa "ثلاث", huruf "حروف", khabar "خبر", fasal "فصل", darurat "ضرورة", talak "طلاق", zohor "ظهر", saat "ساعة", ghaib "غيب", sunat "سنة", khasiat " خصية". The letter va "ۏ" is mostly used to spell English loanwords, e.g. universiti "اونيۏرسيتي". The letters zai "ز", syin "ش", fa "ف", ye "ى" are mostly used to spell loanwords from English or Arabic e.g. zoo "زو", zapin "زاڤين", syif "شيف", syukur "شکور", filem "فيلم", fakir "فقير", nasionalisme "ناسيوناليسمى", takwa "تقوى".

 Rumi x used to spell loanwords from English may be spelled using different Jawi letters, depending on pronunciation, e.g. kaf-sin "کس" in X-ray "ايکس-راي", zai "ز" in xenon "زينون".

 The letter syin "ش" is also used to represent "sh" especially for words derived from Classical Malay language, e.g. "مهاريشي" maharishi; and loanwords, e.g. "شيرڤا" Sherpa.

 Native Malay root morphemes with Rumi k in the syllable coda are glottal stops (pronounced [ʔ]) and are written with qaf "ق", e.g. tengok "تيڠوق", laksa, "لقسا", baiklah "بايقله", kotakku "کوتقکو", kotakmu "کوتقمو". Loanwords where the Rumi k is derived from Western languages are spelled with kaf: the initial and medial forms use the glyph "ک" e.g. klinik "کلينيک", teksi "تيکسي" whereas the final <k> form can be either "ک" or "ك" as in the variant spelling of klinik "کلينيك", the latter glyph is often found in old signboards.

 The letter fa "ف" was historically used to represent /p/ (Jawi: pa "ڤ") and such usage may still be found in archaic Jawi spellings. This is because /f/ is a non-native consonant in Malay found only in loanwords and in the past was often approximated as a /p/.

 Though there are exceptions, vowels and diphthongs tend to be spelled this way:

  When spelling vowels, there are many exceptions to the conventions stated above and below. Common exceptions include ada "اد", di "د", dia "دي" dan "دان", ia "اي", jika "جک", juga "جوݢ", lima "ليم", ke "ک", kita "کيت", mereka "مريک", ini "اين", itu "ايت", pada "ڤد", suka "سوک" and tiga "تيݢ".
  Some words spelled distinctly in Rumi may be homographs in Jawi, e.g. sembilan and sambilan are both "سمبيلن", markah and merekah are both "مرکه", sesi and sisi are both "سيسي", biro and biru are both "بيرو", borong and burung are both "بوروڠ", golong and gulung are both "ݢولوڠ".
  Using or omitting alif "ا" when representing /a/ in closed syllables and in the last letter of a root morpheme:

 When representing /a/, alif "ا" is mostly omitted in CVC-syllables.

 However, it is usually not omitted in monosyllabic words that start with wau "و", e.g. wau "واو", wap "واڤ", wang "واڠ".

 It is also usually not omitted in root morphemes which first syllable is open and contains /e/ and which second syllable is closed and begins with /wa/, e.g. words with a /Ce.waC/ structure (where each C is a consonant) like lewah "ليواه", mewah "ميواه", dewan "ديوان", tewas " تيواس", rewang " ريواڠ", gewang "ݢواڠ", sewat "سيوات", kelewang "کليواڠ", kedewas "کديواس", dewangga "ديواڠݢ".

 Final alif "ا" is generally kept to represent /a/ [ə] at the end of a word.

 However, in native Malay disyllabic root morphemes with the form /Ca.C*a/ [Ca.C*ə], where /C*/ is any of the following 12 consonants ba "ب", ta "ت", pa "ڤ", sin "س", ga "ݢ", nun "ن", nya "ڽ", ca "چ", kaf "ک", jim "ج", mim "م", ya "ی" (mnemonic: betapa segannya cik jam "بتاڤ سݢنڽ چيق جم"), final alif "ا" is not written, e.g. raba "راب", mata "مات", sapa "ساڤ", rasa "راس", raga "راݢ", mana "مان", hanya "هاڽ", baca "باچ", raya "راي", baka "باک", raja "راج", nama "نام", sama "سام".

 Some native Malay trisyllabic root morphemes ending with /a/ [ə], with three open syllables and which include the abovementioned 12 consonants, may also omit the final alif "ا".

  As the final letter of a word, root morpheme-final /ə/ that is spelled with e in Rumi may be represented by ye "ى" in Jawi. In the middle of a word, root morpheme-final /ə/ that is spelled with e in Rumi may be represented by alif "ا" in Jawi instead, e.g. fatwa "فتوى" → memfatwakan "ممفتواکن", metabolisme "ميتابوليسمى" → memetabolismekan "ممتابوليسماکن".
  The hamzah may be used to spell some diphthongs. Sources differ as to whether and when it should be on the line "ء", or placed above the previous mater lectionis, such as in alif with hamzah above "أ", or even if it should be used at all in some words.

 Furthermore, it may be used to represent a hiatus, or a glottal stop [ʔ], especially when (but not limited to) separating vowels at the boundary of a root morpheme and an affix, e.g. dato "داتو",  baik "بايق", mulai "مولاي", bau "باو", daun "داون", laut "لاوت", peperiksaan "ڤڤريقسان", kemerdekaan "کمرديکان", diambil "دأمبيل", dielakkan "دأيلقکن", diertikan "دأرتيکن", diikuti "دأيکوتي", diolah "دأوله", diutamakan "دأوتاماکن", keadaan "کأدان", keempat "کأمڤت", keindahan "کأيندهن", keupayaan "کأوڤايان", seakan-akan "سأکن-اکن", seekor "سأيکور", seorang "سأورڠ", e-mel "إي-ميل", eh! "إيه!", ateisme "اتيئيسمى", diet "ديئت".

 Arabic numerals are the preferred form for writing numerals in Jawi script, Eastern Arabic numerals are generally not used (except when indicating plural words, i.e. askar-askar = "عسکر٢").

 Full reduplication of a base word is represented with the numeral "٢", e.g. anak-anak "انق٢",  while the suffixed reduplication of a base word is represented with the hyphen "-", e.g. berhati-hati "برهاتي-هاتي", sayur-sayuran "سايور-سايورن", and gunung-ganang "ݢونوڠ-ݢانڠ".

Punctuation marks used in written Jawi are as follows:

Examples
Akin to the Arabic script, Jawi is constructed from right-to-left. Below is an exemplification of the Jawi script extracted from the first and second verse of the notable ,  (English: A Ghazal for Rabiah).

References

Further reading
 Hudson, Herbert Henry The Malay orthography (1892) Singapore, Kelly & Walsh.
 H.S. Paterson (& C.O. Blagden), 'An early Malay Inscription from 14th-century Terengganu', Journ. Mal. Br.R.A.S., II, 1924, pp. 258–263.
 R.O. Winstedt, A History of Malaya, revised ed. 1962, p. 40.
 J.G. de Casparis, Indonesian Paleography, 1975, pp. 70–71.

External links
 Omniglot article about written Malay
 Software and articles related to Jawi
 Transliteration of Rumi to Jawi
 Book of Common Prayer in Jawi Script, digitized by Richard Mammana
 Jawi Transliteration Project | Southeast Asia Digital Library

Arabic alphabets
Indonesian scripts
Malay language
Jawi script

Jawi script


Jean-Claude Taofifénua, né le , est un joueur de rugby à XV, évoluant au poste d'ailier.

Biographie
Jean-Claude Taofifénua est le père de Filimo.

Il a plusieurs frères qui ont joué au plus haut niveau, comme Willy avec lequel il a évolué à Grenoble et Jean-Jacques.

Avant de jouer au rugby et d'arrêter sa carrière de rugby à la suite d'une grave blessure, il pratique l'athlétisme et courre notamment le 100 mètres en seulement 10 secondes.

Jean-Claude Taofifénua est recruté par Jacques Fouroux le manager du FC Grenoble sous l'ère des « Mammouths de Grenoble » où il joue 1 match de championnat et se voit privé du titre de champion de France en 1993, défait 14 à 11 par le Castres olympique dans des conditions rocambolesques.

Palmarès

En tant que joueur
 Championnat de France de première division :
 Vice-champion (1) : 1993 (avec le FC Grenoble)

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Joueur français de rugby à XV
Joueur du FC Grenoble
Ailier (rugby à XV)
Naissance en octobre 1961
Naissance à Nouméa
Sportif calédonien

Jean-Claude Taofifénua


النِمْسِيَّات  هي فصيلة من الثدييات، تتواجد في أفريقيا بشكل رئيسي وهي اللواحم الصغيرة تتفاوت أطوالها من 230 مم إلى 750 مم وتتراوح كتلها من أقل من كيلوغرام وقد تصل إلى 6 كيلوغرامات. تسمى أعضاء هذه الفصيلة بالنُمُوس (جمع النِمْس، بالانجليزية: Mongooses)

خصائص النمسيات

تتميز معظم النمسيات بأن لونها إما رماديٍ أو بني والقليل منها مخطط الجلد وكذلك القليل منها يملك أذيالا مشرطة ولديها مخالب لا تنكمش وخطوم مدببة ورؤوسها صغيرة وتتم عملية الإخراج عن طريق غدد شرجية تفرز المواد الإخراجية ذات الروائح الكريهة وتتمتع ذكور النمسيات بامتلاك عظمة القضيب التي تساعدها على التسافد.

مراجع

كائنات باقية ظهرت خلال الأوليجوسين
أصنوفات سماها شارل لوسيان بونابرت
ثدييات آسيا
ثدييات إفريقيا
نموس

نمسيات (فصيلة ثدييات)


I Kasper Heibergs atelier, Paris 1966 er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1966, der er instrueret af Kasper Heiberg, Willy Ørskov og Grethe Grathwol.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1966

I Kasper Heibergs atelier, Paris 1966


Flamstead ist der Name

 einer Baronie in Hertfordshire, Großbritannien; siehe: Flamstead
 unter dem die Town Chester in Vermont gegründet wurde

Flamstead


Göksu Antalya, Konya, Karaman ve Mersin illerinden akan ve Mersin ili Silifke ilçesi güneyinde Akdeniz'e dökülen bir nehirdir. Göksu Nehri'nin uzunluğu 260 km, havza alanı 10.000 km²'dir. Aşağı yukarı aynı uzunlukta iki kolu vardır: Kuzey kolu Gökçay, güney kolu ise Gökdere'dir, ikisinin kaynağı da Toros Dağları'ndaki Geyik Dağları'ndan çıkar. Geyik Dağları Antalya-Gündoğmuş ve Konya-Hadim arasındadır ve Alanya'nın 50 km kuzeyinde bulunur. Bu iki kol Karaman-Ermenek'i geçtikten sonra Mut'un güneyinde birleşerek Göksu adını alır ve daha sonra Silifke güneyinde Paradeniz adıyla bilinen deltada Akdeniz'e dökülür.

Göksu ve kolları üzerinde şu barajlar kurulmuştur:
 Gezende Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali
 Ermenek Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali

Kolları
Gökdere: Taşkent beldesinin kalker yaylalarından kaynağını alır. Değirmendere ismiyle bir düdene batar, çıkar. Gökdere (Hadim Göksuyu) adını alır, karstik kaynaklarla beslenir, gürleşir. Dar derin vadilerden akar, düdenlere batar, çıkar. Suçatı denilen yerde diğer kol Gökçay (Ermenek Göksuyu) ile birleşir. Uzunluğu 180 km, ortalama debisi 40–50 m³/sn, maksimum debi 240 m³/sn, minimum debi 20 m³/sn, havzası 4.400 km²'dir.

Gökçay (Ermenek Göksu): Geyik Dağları'nda bulunan Söbüçimen yaylasındaki karstik Eğrigöl'den kaynağını alır. Gölden yeraltına sızan sular 3 km uzaktan yüzeye çıkar. Gür karstik kaynaklarla beslenir, dar derin vadilerden akar. Suçatı'nda diğer kol Gökdere ile birleşir. Havzası 3.500 km², uzunluğu 170 km, ortalama debi 50–60 m³/sn, maksimum debi 450 m³/sn, minimum debi 15 m³/sn'dir.

Göksu deltası
Akgöl'ü ve Paradeniz'i içine alan Göksu Deltası'nda, 300'den  fazla kuş türü yaşar. Nesli tükenmekte olan deniz kaplumbağası Caretta caretta ve mavi yengeç (callinenectes sapidus) yumurtalarını bu bölgeye bırakır. Bu iki türün de dünya üzerindeki yumurtlama alanları çok az kalmıştır. Göksu Nehri bu ve diğer özel doğa yapısı nedeniyle Çevre Bakanlığı'nca koruma altına alınmıştır.

Ayrıca Göksu Nehri'nde Mut'un güneyinden başlayarak 90 km'lik bir bölümünde su sporları yapılır. Genellikle yavaş akışlı bir nehir olması nedeniyle raftinge yeni başlayanların deneyim kazanmaları için son derece uygundur.

İmparator Frederick Barbarossa Üçüncü Haçlı Seferi sırasında 1190 yılında Göksu'da (o zamanki adıyla Saleph) boğulmuştur.

Mavi Tünel
Mavi Tünel, Göksu Nehri'nin Akdeniz'e akan sularını Konya Ovası'na aktarma amacıyla yapılmıştır. 1960'lı yıllarda etüt çalışmaları başlamış, 2009 yılında inşaatı başlamış, 2012 yılında bitirilmiştir. Mayıs 2015'te ilk su Konya Ovası'na gönderilmiştir.

Proje ile üç barajda toplanan Göksu'nun suları 17 km'lik boru hattıyla ovaya ulaşacak. 150 km uzunluğunda başka bir boru hattı ile Konya şehrine ulaştırılacak, su kentin 50 yıllık içme suyunu karşılayacaktır. Akdeniz'e akmakta olan 700 milyon m³ ovaya aktarılacaktır. Azalmakta olan yeraltı suları daha az kullanılacak, tarımsal sulama ile gelir artışı sağlanacaktır.. Ovada, Hotamış sazlığında biriktirilecek su, kuruyan bu alanı canlandıracaktır.

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Eğiste Viyadüğü
 Türkiye'deki akarsular listesi

Kaynakça

Türkiye'deki nehirler
Antalya'daki akarsular
Konya'daki akarsular
Karaman coğrafyası
Mersin'deki akarsular

Göksu


Badami () es una pequeña ciudad de la India a unos 120 km al sur de Bijapur, administrativamente localizada en el distrito de Bagalkot, estado de Karnataka.

Anteriormente conocida con el nombre de Vatapi (Vatapipura),  Badami fue en los siglos VI y VII la capital de la poderosa dinastía de los Chalukya, conocidos como Chalukyas de Badami.

La ciudad actual se ha mantenido al pie de la antigua presa, lo que hizo posible crear el pequeño lago artificial de Agastya, en el hueco de sus acantilados de mármol rojo, ahuecados por espectaculares santuarios de roca y coronado por construcciones antiguas. En la orilla del lago más alejada de la aldea, el templo Bhutanatha posee, debido a su aislamiento en ese entorno majestuoso pero verde, una composición de muy alta calidad, basada en horizontales que juegan con sus reflejos en el agua. Se hizo más tarde que las cuevas y el templo de Shiva, Malegitti Shivalaya, construido en el afloramiento rocoso, sobre el sitio.

Geografía

Se encuentra a una altitud de 558  a 443 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 31 557 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Lugares santos del hinduismo de India
Localidades de Karnataka
Yacimientos arqueológicos de India
Palabras en sánscrito
Antiguas capitales nacionales de India

Badami


Events from the year 1783 in Canada.

Incumbents

Events
 American independence is formally recognized at the Treaty of Paris.
 Treaty of Paris gives Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland.
 The success of the rebellious 13 American colonies leaves the British with the poorest remnants of their New World empire and the determination to prevent a second revolution. However, they have to accommodate the roughly 50,000 refugees from the American Revolution who settle in Nova Scotia and the upper St. Lawrence. These United Empire Loyalists soon begin to agitate for the political and property rights they had previously enjoyed in the thirteen colonies.
 British North America consists of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary War and the recognition of American independence.
 More than 5,000 Black People leave the United States to live in the Maritimes, Quebec and Ontario. Having sided with the British during the American War of Independence, they come to Canada as United Empire Loyalists, some as free men and some as slaves. Although promised land by the British, they receive only varying amounts of poor-quality land, and, in fact, some receive none at all.
 In Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Rose Fortune becomes Canada's first policewoman.
 The border between Canada and the U.S. is accepted from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake of the Woods.
 In the area around the mouth of the Saint John River, those who fled the thirteen American colonies by 1783 are called United Empire Loyalists. Those who arrived after 1783 were called Late Loyalists.
 Pennsylvania Germans begin moving into southwestern Ontario.
 The North West Company is formed.
 January 20 – Preliminaries of peace are signed between Great Britain and the United States.
 Vermont delays entering the Union, because Congress is partial to New York, and because of the General Government's indebtedness, for which Vermont is not bound.

Births
April 26 – Peter Boyle de Blaquière, political figure and first chancellor of the University of Toronto (d.1860)

Death
Paul Jackson

Historical documents

Postwar
Ceasefire among Britain, France and Spain includes U.S.A. and ends American Revolutionary War

Peace treaty sets U.S.-British boundary, allows U.S. fishing in Newfoundland waters and Gulf of St. Lawrence, and encourages justice for loyalists

Map: Covering James Bay to Florida and Newfoundland to Mississippi and showing United States of America according to treaty

Washington is surprised Blacks have been part of British evacuation, and wants to prevent future loss "of any Negroes or other Property"

Maj. Gen. Steuben on tour of U.S. border from Lake Champlain to mouth of Mississippi River "to view the most proper places" to locate garrisons

Washington says "Peace Establishment" should include gaining "affections" of Canadians in Detroit and Illinois country, and attracting more of them

Peace is best policy in U.S. west because even totally expelling Indigenous people would be military and economic advantage to Canada

Lords of Admiralty set peace establishment of 28-gun frigate, sloop and cutter at Quebec City and 50-gun ship and 3 frigates or sloops at Halifax

Act of Parliament appoints commissioners "to enquire into the Losses and Services of all such Persons who have suffered" for their loyalty in late war

Residents of Saratoga, N.Y. district resolve to treat any resident or returning loyalist "with the severity due to his crimes and infamous defection"

"Nothing is now so important to society" - Connecticut writer calls for  re-admission of loyalists, for sake of security, equality, rights and business

Timber for masts, spars and lumber is more plentiful in Canada and Nova Scotia than in U.S.; "almost untouched" forests of Canada better for potash

Frederick Haldimand to John Parr on his idea to encourage Acadians to settle at "Great" Falls on Saint John River, making strong link between provinces

Haldimand's vision of Loyalist settlement in "the Upper Countries," including in areas of present-day Kingston and Windsor, Ontario

"The mortifying scene of giving up the City of New York to the American Troops" - Guy Carleton looks "unusually dejected" and new inhabitants "shabby"

Lower Canada
Canada's commerce will surpass debt-ridden U.S.A. if encouraged and if Canada gets good constitution  with elected assembly and government reforms

Owner of two seigneuries lures settler Loyalists with: no rent for 10 years; wheat for family use ground 4 years for free; building boards sawed for free

"Abandoned in general by those who have conducted them in the just cause" - Refugee officers from Canada who fought for U.S. send appeal for help

Quebeckers petition House of Commons for Quebec Act repeal, elected assembly, larger legislative council, English common and commercial law etc.

Noting prevalent errors (such as giving children smallpox), writer argues influence of clergy can remove doubts of "untutored minds" about inoculation

"Negro Wench," about 18 and has had smallpox, brought from New York by Loyalists, and for sale "only from the owner having no use for her at present"

Panis woman named Mary Jeannevieve, 36, left "her Mistress [carrying] with her a large bundle;" reward of 40 shillings plus expenses

Missing "Negro Lad named Charles," about 20, 4' 4 or 5" "with a white mark on the right side of his forehead; speaks English and a little French and German"

Gazette printer's apprentice missing; Duncan McDonell, about 19, speaks English, French and Erse; one guinea reward for his return

Genevieve Dorion notes husband absent 3 months from Sorel without cause, and that she will run business on own account and will not pay his debts

Edinburgh woman has school for "Young Ladies [to learn] white and coloured Work, Tambour, Embroidery, and Dresden-work, &c." as well as millinery business

Quebec Library trustees report catalog is available to subscribers, £374 spent on books in English, but no French books received because of war

Thespian Theatre puts on tragedy Venice Preserv'd and comic opera The Padlock plus singing and music for "a most numerous and respectable audience"

François Baillairgé will draw "historical pictures" and make figures "in relievo" for parishes and paint full-length and miniature oil portraits

Acrostic poem cleverly praises Miss Hannah MacCulloch for combining charms of several other Quebec City divinities

Upper Canada
Niagara farmers want relief from "precarious footing upon which they hold their farms," perhaps buying more lakeside land from Mississaugas

"They would rather go to Japan than go among the Americans" - With no hope of justice in U.S. courts, Loyalists ask for firm tenure of their Niagara lands

John Butler thinks Indigenous people will be "very troublesome" after news that their lands are ceded to U.S.A. under peace settlement

Gen. Allan Maclean regrets great expenditure on rum, including 60 gal. for Mississaugas, and seeks guidance on how much to supply to Six Nations

Niagara merchants urge ban on traders from U.S., calling them "Smugglers [evading] the legal rates to the prejudice and ruin of the Fair Trader"

Painting: Cataraqui (Kingston, Ontario)

Nova Scotia
Listing African Americans taken to Nova Scotia, "Book of Negroes" includes Deborah, age 20, formerly enslaved by George Washington

Certificate of John Williams ("a Negro") gives him permission to go to Nova Scotia "or where ever else he may think proper"

Loyalist commander asks officer to "say a word" for George Black family; "he has long been free and[...]deserves Provision as well as other Refugees"

Free-born Black indented apprentice George Scribens "is supposed to be gone to Nova Scotia" by New York City man offering £5 reward

Alexander Hamilton thinks it bad policy to cause "a great number of useful citizens[...]to people the shores and wilderness of Nova-Scotia"

Chronicle entry for May 14: "Six thousand Refugees arrived at Port-Roseway, Nova Scotia, from New York"

Summary of accusations made against small group of Loyalists who unsuccessfully tried to convince Gov. John Parr to allow each of them 5,000 acres

"A refugee is the most miserable, dispicable being on earth" - Loyalists at Port Roseway are living in huts and almost all dependant on dole

Loyalist notes Saint John River country's "mortifications" his family would not stand: "whole country crowded," expensive towns, and rations and huts

Mary Fisher, wife of New Jersey Volunteers veteran, describes hardship of families arriving too late in fall to build housing for winter

Despite high position in loyalist forces, Edward Winslow arrives with family in Nova Scotia lacking tools, enough blankets, and even 8 pence for ferry

Loyalist glad to arrive - "[I could] enlarge upon the subject that has brought us all to this uncultivated country, but[...]it can answer no good purpose"

"State of poverty" - Edward and Sarah Winslow's father applies for compensation based on loss of his £1,500 estate and income of £300 in Massachusetts

Master of transport ship run aground off Cape Sable appears responsible for mishap, and also reportedly abandons passengers and discourages their rescue

"Replete with natural advantages & nothing wanting but numbers of industrious Inhabitants" - Praise for Nova Scotia's produce, grain, fish and timber

Description of soil in marshes behind dykes, with claims of great crops produced and yields sustained "without change of grain, rest, or manure"

List of persons living on Saint John River includes their names, number of children, properties, experience in war (if any), and character assessments

Commission to identify for Supreme Court persons compensated in suits against aiders and abettors of raiders for more than they suffered in raids

Royal pardon for "all Manner of Treasons, Misprison of Treasons, treasonable and seditious Words, Libels or Correspondence" committed during late war

Decades-old laws prohibiting Catholics from having title to "Lands or Tenements" and subjecting priests to imprisonment are repealed

House of Assembly records judges' report that Cumberland County suffered and suffers under damage and persecution growing out of 1776 rebel invasion

Assembly committee gives many instances of unnecessary, unrecorded, unreported, unauthorized, unpaid, improperly paid, confused or abused public accounts

Licence for 11,520 acres of land on Sheet Harbour for Indigenous people

Map: Nova Scotia with its fishing banks and nearby New England, Quebec, Newfoundland, and St. John's Isle

Prince Edward Island
Coast of St. John's Island "abounds with every sort of fish; the soil of the island is excellent; [and] no country in the world affords better pasture for cattle"

Officers of King's Rangers on St. John's Island inform Loyalists of its good soil, climate, water and waterways, and "very few[,] very light" taxes

John MacDonald describes nature and resolution of problems he has had keeping family property on St. John's Island, and foresees further problems

Labrador
George Cartwright says "celebrated natural historian" who claims beavers have scaly tails because they eat fish, must himself have one for same reason

Cartwright's lengthy description of beavers includes their food and food storage, shelters and preferred locations, dams, families, work etc.

See also
1782 in Canada

References

1780s in Canada
1783 in North America
1783 in the British Empire
Canada
83

1783 in Canada


BBC Radio Devon is the BBC's local radio station serving the county of Devon.

It broadcasts on FM, DAB, digital TV and via BBC Sounds from studios in the Mannamead area of Plymouth.

According to RAJAR, the station has a weekly audience of 172,000 listeners and a 7.3% share as of June 2023.

History
BBC Radio Devon started broadcasting on 17 January 1983, replacing the BBC Radio 4 regional breakfast show Morning Sou'West. On the same day, BBC Radio Cornwall started broadcasting, as did BBC Breakfast television.

When broadcasting started, the new studios in Exeter had not yet been finished, so BBC Radio Devon was broadcast from portable cabins for the first few weeks. The Exeter studios were officially opened by Alastair Milne, then Director-General of the BBC, on 30 September 1983.

The then new Exeter studio centre at Walnut Gardens on St Davids Hill had the latest in BBC broadcasting technology. The studios were made up of Mark III desks, which were built in-house by BBC engineers and first designed in the 1970s.
The studio complex in Exeter consisted of the traditional BBC Local Radio Mark III set up, which saw three studios in a row - two broadcast 'cubicles' as they were known, either side of a centre talk-show style studio, which was home to the news programmes Good Morning Devon and Good Evening Devon. The desks were in use from 1983 until August 2015, when the original Exeter studios were closed and relocated to smaller premises on the outskirts of the city at Pynes Hill.

Since 2021, the Exeter studio and office is now located within the Exeter College building on Queen Street.

BBC Radio Devon has reporters based in Exeter, Plymouth, Paignton and Barnstaple and the Plymouth newsroom is shared with the BBC's regional TV news programme Spotlight. The station has won several Sony Awards for its programming.

Technical
Radio Devon is broadcast on the following radio frequencies (transmitter location in brackets):

 FM:
 94.8 MHz in Barnstaple (Huntshaw Cross)
 95.7 MHz in Plymouth (Plympton)
 95.8 MHz in Exeter (St. Thomas)
 96.0 MHz in Okehampton
 103.4 MHz in Devon and East Cornwall (North Hessary Tor)
 104.3 MHz in Torbay, Torquay and the South Hams (Beacon Hill)
 DAB:
 10C in Central and North Devon
 11C in East Devon, Exeter and Torbay
 12D in Plymouth and South Devon

The station also broadcasts on Freeview TV channel 720 in the BBC South West region and streams online via BBC Sounds.

Radio Devon previously broadcast on 855 kHz in Plymouth; these transmissions ceased in 2007 and the frequency was used for a trial of Digital Radio Mondiale services, though these trials ultimately did not lead to DRM going into permanent service in the UK.

The station was broadcast on 1458 kHz in the Torbay area until the transmitter closed on 15 January 2018.

The station's other AM transmissions, 801 kHz in North Devon (Barnstaple) and 990 kHz in Exeter, ceased after the 11 am news bulletin on 3 August 2021. They were originally slated to cease in June 2021, but this was postponed.

Programming
Local programming is produced and broadcast from the BBC's Plymouth studios from 6 am to 1 am on Sundays, from 6 am to 2pm on weekdays and from 6 am to 6 pm on Saturdays.

Some of the station's off-peak evening output is simulcast with sister stations in the BBC South West and BBC West regions.

During the station's downtime, BBC Radio Devon simulcasts overnight programming from BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio London.

Presenters

Current presenters
 John Acres (Breakfast)
 David Fitzgerald (Mornings)
 Caroline Cook (Saturday breakfast)
 Richard Green (Saturday mid- mornings and Sunday evenings)
 Angela Kalwaites (Sunday breakfast)
 James Vickery (BBC Radio Devon Sport)
Toby Buckland (Sunday mid-mornings)

References

External links

Devon
Companies based in Devon
Radio stations in Devon
Radio stations established in 1983
1983 establishments in England

BBC Radio Devon


«Alliance» puede referirse:

Traducción
 Alianza.

Toponimia

en Estados Unidos
 Alliance (California)
 Alliance (Indiana)
 Alliance (Nebraska)
 Alliance (Carolina del Norte)
 Alliance (Ohio)
 Municipio de Alliance (condado de Clay, Minnesota)

en Surinam
 Alliance (Surinam)

Música
 Alliance (1991-), banda de EE.UU.
 The Alliance (----), dancehall.

Miscelánea
 The Alliance (lucha libre)
 Alliance de DC Comics.

Alliance


Arroyo Tala ist der Name folgender Flüsse:

 Arroyo Tala (Arroyo Cardozo), Fluss im Departamento Tacuarembó, Uruguay
 Arroyo Tala (Arroyo Maciel), Fluss in Uruguay
 Arroyo Tala (Arroyo del Sauce), Fluss in Uruguay
 Arroyo Tala (Arroyo Pavón), Fluss im Departamento San José, Uruguay

Arroyo Tala


An Encyclia oxyphylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Encyclia oxyphylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Encyclia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Encyclia

Encyclia oxyphylla


El Torneo Clausura 2006 fue la edición LXXV del campeonato de liga de la Primera División del fútbol mexicano; Se trató del 20º torneo corto, luego del cambio en el formato de competencia, con el que se cerró la temporada 2005-06.

Sistema de competición

Básicamente el sistema de calificación de este torneo será el mismo del Torneo Apertura 2005 (México), se desarrollara en dos fases:

 Fase de calificación: Que se integra por las 17 jornadas del torneo.
 Fase final: Que se integra por los partidos de ida y vuelta, de cuartos de final, semifinal y final.

Fase de calificación

En la fase de calificación participan los 18 clubes de la primera división profesional jugando todos contra todos durante las 17 jornadas respectivas, a un solo partido. Se observará el sistema de puntos. La ubicación en la tabla general y en la tabla grupos, está sujeta a lo siguiente:

 Por juego ganado se obtendrán tres puntos.
 Por juego empatado se obtendrá un punto.
 Por juego perdido no se otorgan puntos.

El orden de los clubes al final de la Fase de Calificación del torneo corresponderá a la suma de los puntos obtenidos por cada uno de ellos y se presentará en forma descendente. Si al finalizar las 17 jornadas del torneo, dos o más clubes estuviesen empatados en puntos, su posición en la Tabla General será determinada atendiendo a los siguientes criterios de desempate:

 Mejor diferencia entre los goles anotados y recibidos.
 Mayor número de goles anotados.
 Marcadores particulares entre los clubes empatados.
 Mayor número de goles anotados como visitante.
 Sorteo.

Participan por el título de Campeón de la Primera División Profesional en el Torneo Clausura 2006 automáticamente los clubes que hayan obtenido el primero y segundo lugar de su respectivo grupo, así como los dos clubes mejor clasificados al término de la jornada 17 en la Tabla General, excluyendo a los seis clubes ya clasificados como primero y segundo lugar de su grupo.

Fase final

Los ocho clubes calificados para la Fase Final del Torneo serán reubicados de acuerdo con el lugar que ocupen en la Tabla General al término de la jornada 17, correspondiéndole el puesto número uno al club mejor clasificado, y así sucesivamente hasta el número ocho. Los partidos correspondientes a la Fase Final se desarrollarán a visita recíproca y los equipos mejor ubicados serán quienes reciban el partido de vuelta, en las siguientes etapas:

 Cuartos de Final.
 Semifinales.
 Final.

En esta fase, en caso de empate en el marcador global (resultado del partido de ida y del partido de vuelta)el equipo mejor ubicado en la Tabla General de la Fase de Calificación será el que avance a la siguiente Fase.
En la final, en caso de empate en el marcador global, se añadirán dos periodos de 15 minutos y, en caso de mantenerse la igualada, se procederá a los tiros penales.Los cuales serán en una tanda de 5 penalties por cada equipo, debidamente turnados entre un tiro y otro, el equipo que anote más goles de esos 5 tiros será el ganador. En caso de haber quedado empatados se irán a muerte súbita, la cual consiste en añadir un penaltie a cada equipo hasta que uno de los dos si pueda anotar y el otro no, así se concluirá las tandas de penalties y saldrá un ganador.

Equipos participantes

Para la temporada 2005-06 se contó con 18 equipos, la entidad federativa de la República Mexicana con más equipos profesionales en la Primera División fue el Distrito Federal con cuatro equipos.

Estadios

Información de los equipos

Entrenadores

Cambios de entrenadores

Tabla general

Grupos

Grupo 1

Grupo 2

Grupo 3

Torneo Regular

Tabla de Cocientes

Estadísticas

Goleadores
<div float="center">

Máximos Asistentes

Liguilla

 (*) Avanza por su mejor posición en la tabla

Cuartos de final

Semifinales

Final

Final - Ida

Final Vuelta

2006
Fútbol en 2006
Deporte en México en 2006

Torneo Clausura 2006 (México)


Malaysias Grand Prix 2014 (officielle navn: 2014 Formula 1 Petronas Malaysia Grand Prix) var et Formel 1-løb som blev arrangeret 30. marts 2014 på Sepang International Circuit udenfor Kuala Lumpur i Malaysia. Det var det andet løb i Formel 1-sæsonen 2014 og 16. gang at Malaysias Grand Prix blev arrangeret. Løbet blev vundet af Lewis Hamilton i Mercedes, foran sin teamkollega Nico Rosberg og Red Bulls Sebastian Vettel.

Resultater

Kvalifikation

Løbet

Noter til tabellerne:
  - Valtteri Bottas fik en gridstraf på tre placeringer for at have hindret Daniel Ricciardo under kvalifikationen.

Stillingen i mesterskaberne efter løbet

Kørermesterskabet

Konstruktørmesterskabet

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Formel 1 2014
Malaysias Grand Prix

Malaysias Grand Prix 2014


Admiral Donovhan Schofield (Londres, 30 de março de 1997) é um jogador britânico de basquete profissional que atualmente joga no Orlando Magic da National Basketball Association (NBA) e no Lakeland Magic da G-League.

Ele jogou basquete universitário na Universidade do Tennessee e foi selecionado pelo Philadelphia 76ers como a 42º escolha geral no Draft da NBA de 2019.

Primeiros anos
Filho de Anthony e Dawn Schofield, Admiral nasceu no St Mary's Hospital em Londres. Seu irmão O'Brien Schofield foi um jogador de futebol americano que ganhou um Super Bowl com o Seattle Seahawks.

Schofield frequentou a Zion-Benton High School, onde jogou como pivô. Em seu último jogo do ensino médio, ele registrou 23 pontos e 18 rebotes contra Stevenson na final do Campeonato Regional da Classe 4A. No AAU, ele competiu pelo Team NLP de Dickey Simpkins.

Carreira universitária
Como calouro, Schofield teve médias de 7,6 pontos e 4,0 rebotes. Ele perdeu três jogos em seu segundo ano enquanto estava suspenso por violar as regras da equipe. Ele teve seu primeiro duplo-duplo da carreira com 18 pontos e 10 rebotes em uma derrota para Flórida. Em seu segundo ano, Schofield teve médias de 8,2 pontos e 4,4 rebotes.

Em seu terceiro ano, Schofield foi nomeado para a Equipe do Torneio da SEC devido a um esforço de 22 pontos na derrota na final do Torneio da SEC para Kentucky. Nessa temporada, ele teve médias de 13,9 pontos e 6,5 rebotes. Schofield foi nomeado para a Segunda Equipe da SEC. Após a temporada, ele se declarou para o Draft da NBA de 2018, mas não contratou um agente, deixando aberta a possibilidade de retornar. Schofield anunciou seu retorno a Tennessee em 29 de maio.

Em sua última temporada, Schofield teve médias de 16,5 pontos e 6,1 rebotes e foi nomeado para a Primeira Equipe da SEC. Em seu último jogo da carreira, uma derrota por 99-94 na prorrogação para Purdue, Schofield terminou com 21 pontos.

Carreira profissional

Washington Wizards (2019–2020)

Schofield foi selecionado pelo Philadelphia 76ers na segunda rodada do draft da NBA de 2019 e foi imediatamente negociado com o Washington Wizards. Ele assinou um contrato de três anos e US$ 4,3 milhões com os Wizards em julho.

Schofield foi designado para a equipe afiliado da G-League, Capital City Go-Go. Em 4 de dezembro, ele se tornou o primeiro jogador dos Wizards a jogar pelo time e pelo Go-Go no mesmo dia.

Em 8 de janeiro de 2020, Schofield registrou 18 pontos, seis rebotes e duas assistências na derrota por 123-89 para o Orlando Magic. Antes da paralisação da temporada da NBA, Schofield jogou 27 jogos pelo Wizards e teve médias de 3,1 pontos e 1,3 rebotes em 10,9 minutos. Na G-League, ele foi titular em todos os 33 jogos do Go-Go e teve médias de 16,0 pontos, 5,5 rebotes e 2,0 assistências em 30,9 minutos.

Greensboro Swarm (2021)
Em 19 de novembro de 2020, Schofield foi negociado, junto com Vít Krejčí, com o Oklahoma City Thunder por Cassius Winston e uma escolha de segunda rodada de 2024. No entanto, ele foi dispensado pelo Thunder no final da pré-temporada.

Em 11 de janeiro de 2021, ele foi selecionado pelo Greensboro Swarm com a primeira escolha geral do draft da G-League. Em 14 jogos, ele teve médias de 10,1 pontos, 5,7 rebotes e 2,1 assistências em 26,2 minutos.

Lakeland Magic (2021)
Em agosto de 2021, Schofield se juntou ao Atlanta Hawks para a NBA Summer League de 2021. Em 21 de setembro de 2021, ele assinou um contrato de 10 dias com o Orlando Magic. Em 28 de outubro, ele se juntou ao Lakeland Magic e jogou 12 jogos com médias de 14,4 pontos, 7,2 rebotes e 1,8 assistências em 33,0 minutos.

Orlando Magic (2021–Presente)
Em 17 de dezembro de 2021, Schofield assinou um contrato de 10 dias com o Orlando Magic. Ele assinou um segundo contrato de 10 dias com a equipe em 27 de dezembro. Em 6 de janeiro de 2022, ele assinou um contrato de mão dupla. Em 9 de abril, Schofield foi multado em US $ 20.000 pela NBA por seu papel em uma briga na quadra durante um jogo contra o Charlotte Hornets.

Em 22 de julho de 2022, Schofield assinou outro contrato bidirecional com o Magic. Em 29 de dezembro, ele foi suspenso pela NBA por um jogo sem remuneração por ter saído do banco durante uma briga em um jogo contra o Detroit Pistons. Em 21 de fevereiro de 2023, o Magic converteu o acordo de Schofield em um contrato padrão da NBA.

Estatísticas da carreira

NBA

Temporada regular

Universitário

Fonte:

Ligações externas

 Biografia no Tennessee Volunteers

Basquetebolistas do Washington Wizards
Basquetebolistas do Orlando Magic
Basquetebolistas de Illinois
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1997
Naturais de Illinois

Admiral Schofield


Philoria knowlesi est une espèce d'amphibiens anoures de la famille des Limnodynastidae.

Systématique
L'espèce Philoria knowlesi a été décrite en 2022 par , ,  et  dans une publication coécrite avec trois autres auteurs.

Répartition
Cette espèce est endémique de l'Est de l'Australie, à la frontière entre les Nouvelle-Galles du Sud et le Queensland.

Description
Philoria knowlesi est une grenouille de petite taille, de l'ordre de . Ses doigts et orteils ne sont pas palmés.

Son dos est marron clair, parfois avec des nuances verdâtres ou rougeâtres. On observe généralement la présence de deux à trois grandes taches plus foncées ou de nombreuses petites taches plus claires. Son ventre, inégal, est rougeâtre, brun jaunâtre ou brun foncé.

Sa pupille est horizontale avec un iris doré dans la moitié supérieure et brun foncé dans la moitié inférieure.

Publication originale

Liens externes

Notes et références

Anoure (nom scientifique)
Limnodynastidae
Faune endémique d'Australie

Philoria knowlesi


La Jamaican National Premier League (llamada Red Stripe Premier League por motivos de patrocinio) es la Liga de Primera División de Jamaica, se disputa desde 1974 y es organizada por la Federación de Fútbol de Jamaica.

Formato

En el torneo participarán 12 equipos los cuales jugarán entre sí mediante el sistema todos contra todos tres veces totalizando 33 partidos cada uno. Al término de las 33 jornadas, los seis primeros clasificados pasarán a jugar los play-offs donde el club campeón y el subcampeón, de cumplir con los requisitos establecidos, podrán participar en el Campeonato de Clubes de la CFU.

Los últimos 2 equipos descienden de manera directa a sus ligas regionales respectivas, mientras que los lugares 10 y 9 se disputan un playoff contra equipos de la división inferior para conservar la categoría.

Desde la temporada 2012/13, el campeón y el subcampeón clasifican al Campeonato de Clubes de la CFU.

Equipos de la Temporada 2022-23

Campeones

Títulos por club

{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; font-size:95%"
!width="30%"|Club
!width="20%"| Ciudad
!width="10%"| Campeón
!width="10%"| 2°
!width="30%"| Años Campeón
|-
|  Portmore United FC (*) || Portmore
| 7
| 5
| 1993, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2018, 2019
|-
|  Harbour View FC || Kingston
| 5
| 5
| 2000, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2022
|-
|  Tivoli Gardens FC || Kingston
| 5
| 4
| 1983, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2011
|-
|  Santos Kingston || Kingston
| 5
| 1
| 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1980
|-
|  Montego Bay United FC (**) || Montego Bay
| 4
| 5
| 1987, 1997, 2014, 2016
|-
|  Arnett Gardens FC || Kingston
| 4
| 4
| 1978, 2001, 2002, 2017
|-
|  Boys' Town FC || Kingston
| 3
| 5
| 1984, 1986, 1989
|-
|  Reno FC || Savannah del Mar
| 3
| 3
| 1990, 1991, 1995
|-
|  Waterhouse FC || Kingston
| 2
| 7
| 1998, 2006
|-
|  Cavalier SC || Kingston
| 2
| 3
| 1981, 2021
|-
|  Violet Kickers FC || Montego Bay
| 2
| -
| 1994, 1996
|-
|  Wadadah FC || Montego Bay
| 2
| -
| 1988, 1992
|-
|  Jamaica Defence Force || Kingston
| 1
| -
| 1985
|-
|  Black Lions FC ||
| -
| 1
| ---
|-
|  Constant Spring FC ||
| -
| 1
| ---
|-
|  Thunderbolts FC ||
| -
| 1
| ---
|-
|  Dunbeholden FC ||
| -
| 1
| ---
|}
 (*) Incluye títulos conseguidos como Hazard United.
 (**) Incluye títulos conseguidos como Seba United.

 Clasificación histórica
A continuación, se muestra la tabla histórica de la Liga Premier Nacional de Jamaica desde el profesionalismo en la temporada 2001-02 hasta la terminada temporada 2022.

Nota : No cuenta los puntos de la fase playoffs eliminatorios.

 Actualmente en la Liga Premier de Nacional de Jamaica.
 Actualmente en la Ligas Regionales.

Jugadores destacados
Incluye seleccionados nacionales, campeones de liga y copas internacionales

Véase también
 Copa de Jamaica
 Selección de fútbol de Jamaica
 La Liga más fuerte de Norte y Centro América del Siglo XXI

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial
 RSSSF Referencia de Temporadas Anteriores

 KSAFA teams strong challengers for DPL title

Liga Premier Nacional de Jamaica


Stânga regresivă (în ) este un epitet politic utilizat de către anumiți comentatori politici pentru a caracteriza în mod negativ o secțiune a stângii politice pe care o acuză a fi regresivă din punct de vedere politic (spre deosebire de cea progresivă) prin tolerarea principiilor și ideologiilor non-liberale de dragul multiculturalismului.

În contextul specific al multiculturalismului, activistul liberal britanic Maajid Nawaz a folosit termenul în 2012, în memoriile sale Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism ("Radical: Călătoria mea din extremismul islamist"), pentru a descrie "liberalii bine intenționați și persoanele orientate ideologic spre stânga politică"<ref name="Radical" din Marea Britanie, care naiv "i-au tolerat" pe islamiști și au ajutat ideologia islamistă să obțină o acceptarea în societatea britanică.

Într-o prezentare video din 2015 pe forumul web Big Think, Nawaz a elaborat sensul termenului, menționând că acesta descrie "o secțiune de stânga", care are, în opinia sa, "o ezitare inerentă să conteste unele dintre  care pot apărea în cadrul comunităților minoritare [...] de dragul corectitudinii politice, de dragul tolerării a ceea ce ei cred că reprezintă alte culturi și respectând diferențele de stiluri de viață".

Referințe

Neologisme politice
Critica islamului
Critica corectitudinii politice
Islamism
Libertate de expresie
Stânga politică
Relativism
Cenzură

Stânga regresivă


Simfonija br. 2 u h-molu op. 5 ("Bogatirska") je skladba Aleksandra Borodina. Borodin je simfoniju skladao od 1869. do 1876. godine, a premijerno je izvedena 10. ožujka 1877. u Sankt Peterburgu. Simfonija je jedno od značajnijih završenih Borodinovih djela.

Povijest

Aleksandar Porfirjevič Borodin (Александр Порфирьевич Бородин; Sankt Peterburg, 12. studenoga 1833. - Sankt Peterburg, 27. veljače 1887.) bio je ruski skladatelj iz razdoblja romantizma, član "Velike petorke". Završio je studije kemije i medicine na Medicinsko-kirurškoj akademiji u Sankt Peterburgu, gdje je kao profesor ostao do smrti. Učio je sviranje na flauti, violončelu i klaviru, a s 15 godina počeo je pisati glazbu. Skladao je opere, orkestarska i komorna djela, djela za klavir, solo pjesme i druga vokalna djela. Dosta djela ostalo je nedovršeno, koja su kasnije dovršili Glazunov i Rimski-Korsakov, a među njima je i Borodinovo životno djelo, opera "Knez Igor".

"Velika petorka" (ru. Могучая кучка - "Moćna gomilica"; "Ruska petorica"; "Balakirjevski kružok") naziv je grupe mladih skladatelja koja je bila aktivna u Sankt Peterburgu od 1856. do 1870. godine. Sačinjavali su je skladatelji "nižeg staleža", "amateri" (za razliku od "elitnih" skladatelja koji su završili konzervatorij, kao npr. Čajkovski): osnivač grupe Milij Balakirev (glazbenik, 25 godina), Aleksandar Borodin (liječnik, 28), Nikolaj Rimski-Korsakov (časnik, 18), Modest Musorgski (vojnik, 23) i Cezar Kjui (časnik, 27). Cilj grupe bio je skladanje glazbe s korijenima u ruskom folkloru umjesto oslanjanja na europsku tradiciju.

Borodin je simfoniju pisao između 1869. i 1876. godine, jer je bio prekidan profesionalnim obvezama, a radio je istovremeno i na operi "Knez Igor" (stoga se neki materijal iz nacrta opere javlja u simfoniji). Po memoarima Rimski-Korsakova, premijerno izvođenje 10. ožujka 1877. u Sankt Peterburgu imalo je polovičan uspjeh zbog preteške orkestracije, pa je Borodin 1879. preradio djelo. Postumnu adaptaciju radili su Rimski-Korsakov i Glazunov pri pripremi djela za objavljivanje 1887. godine.

Kritičari smatraju da je ova simfonija ne samo najpopularnija Borodinova simfonija, već i najpopularnija simfonija koju je napisao neki član "Velike petorke". Po navodima Vladimira Stasova, Borodin je imao na umu program za ovu simfoniju. Prvi stavak prikazuje skup ratnika na dvoru kneza Igora i pripreme za rat. Drugi stavak predstavlja sliku ruskih stepa. U trećem stavku bajan (ili bojan, bard) prikazuje romansu između Igorovog sina i tatarske djevojke. Četvrti stavak je prikaz slavlja ratnika i naroda uz zvuke gusli [rusko glazbalo s više žica, sličan citri, ne našim guslama].

Prema tim ratnicima Stasov je djelo nazvao "Bogatirska simfonija", ali se u novije vrijeme atribut "Bogatirska" zamjenjuje riječju "Herojska". Bogatir je naziv za junaka, viteza, odnosno kršnog i snažnog čovjeka. Bogatiri su nastali za vrijeme vladavine (980. do 1015. godine) Vladimira Velikog, velikog kneza Kijeva, kao njegovi odabrani ratnici. Javljaju se u srednjovjekovnim ruskim legendama i opjevani su u brojnim bilinama (ruska narodna junačka pjesma; былина - starina).

O glazbi
Orkestracija: pikolo, 2 flaute, 2 oboe, 2 klarineta, 2 fagota, 4 horne, 2 trube, 3 trombona, tuba, timpani, udaraljke, harfa, gudači

Tonalitet: h-mol

 Allegro moderato
 Scherzo. Molto vivo
 Andante
 Finale. Allegro

1. Allegro moderato
Prvi stavak napisan je u sonatnoj formi. Skup vitezova predstavljen je kroz dvije teme, jaku i svečanu prvu temu i lirsku drugu temu, zasnovanu na ruskim narodnim pjesmama "Grozni car" i "Slavuj" (Грозный царь, Соловей). U razvoju se teme fragmentiraju u ritmu galopa, a punija orkestracija reprize čini da teme budu još dojmljivije.

2. Scherzo. Molto vivo
Drugi stavak je Scherzo, po definiciji duhovitog i razigranog karaktera, napisan u ternarnoj formi. U njemu horne na početku dobivaju priliku da pokažu svoju virtuoznost. Kontrastni trio, koji započinje solo oboa, je melodija koja takođe koristi spomenute narodne pjesme. Repriza početne teme završava šapatom.

3. Andante
Treći stavak nastavlja u lirskom duhu trija iz prethodnog stavka. Stavak otvaraju i zatvaraju klarinet i harfa koja predstavlja bajanovu citru (gusli). Nježna melodija koju vode horne dobiva na strasti, a zatim se nakon kulminacije utišava u kontemplativno raspoloženje. Klarinet i harfa iz uvoda bez prekida (attacca) vode u sljedeći stavak.

4. Finale. Allegro
Gudači uvode optimističnu glavnu temu četvrtog stavka. Druga tema počinje lirski, ali ubrzo i ona prerasta u slavlje. Nova tema u razvoju na kratko podsjeća na uvod simfonije, a zatim se razrađuju dvije glavne teme koje veličanstveno vode u rekapitulaciju i kodu.

Uobičajeno trajanje simfonije je oko 28 minuta.

Vidi još
 Dodatak:Glosar klasične glazbe

Izvori
Borodin, Aleksandr Porfirjevič. Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2020. (Pristupljeno: 31. srpnja 2020.)
 Natuknica "bogatir" na Hrvatskom jezičnom portalu, hjp.znanje.hr (Pristupljeno: 31. srpnja 2020.)
 Simfonija br. 2 u neslužbenom vodiču koncerta Niškog simfonijskog orkestra 14. ožujka 2019. godine, dirigentica Milena Injac, sa stranice "Rat protiv slova A"  (objavljeno: 13. ožujka 2019., pristupljeno: 31. srpnja 2020.)
 Simfonija br. 2 na stranici San Francisco Symphony, www.sfsymphony.org  (Pristupljeno: 31. srpnja 2020.)
 Simfonija br. 2 na stranici Classical Notes, www.classicalnotes.net  (Pristupljeno: 31. srpnja 2020.)
 Simfonija br. 2 na stranici AllMusic, www.allmusic.com  (Pristupljeno: 31. srpnja 2020.)
 Simfonija br. 2 na stranici IMSLP, imslp.org  (Pristupljeno: 31. srpnja 2020.)

Skladbe razdoblja romantizma

Simfonija br. 2 u h-molu (Borodin)


මහනුවර මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සැදුණු  බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක 22 අතුරින් එකකි. මධ්‍යම පළාතේ පිහිටි  මහනුවර පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්කය හා සමග මෙම මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සමීපවර්තී වෙයි. වර්තමානයෙහිදී  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් 225 අතුරින් 12 දෙනෙකු මෙම දිස්ත්‍රික්කය විසින් තෝරා පත් කරනු ලබන අතර 2010 දී එහි ලියාපදිංචි ඡන්දදායකයන් 970,456 සිටියහ.

ආශ්‍රිත

මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක - ශ්‍රී ලංකාමහනුවර මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස

මහනුවර මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය


Mandschauvinisme er et begreb der beskriver en form for sexisme, der omfatter nedvurderende opfattelser af kvinders evner, eller opfattelsen at mænd er kvinder overlegne. Som nedsættende udtryk om mænd kan det også beskrive en mand, der mener at have ret til at dominere og bestemme over kvinder. Mandschauvinisme bliver også jævnligt brugt som synonym til kvindehad, sexisme eller kvindeundertrykkelse. Den kvindelige modsætning er kvindechauvinisme.

Begrebet har rod i chauvinisme og fandt især anvendelse i 1970'ernes kvindebevægelser, hvor det blev brugt som et nedsættende udtryk om mænd og essensen af alt hvad, der er værd at hade hos det modsatte køn.

Se også
 Kønsdiskrimination
 Chauvinisme
 Sexisme

Referencer

Køn
Socialvidenskabelige begreber
Diskrimination
Sexisme

Mandschauvinisme


Jozef Síkela, né le  à Prague, est un investisseur et homme politique tchèque.

Biographie

Situation personnelle

Parcours politique

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Gouvernement Fiala

Naissance en juin 1967
Naissance à Prague
Ministre tchèque de l'Industrie et du Commerce
Personnalité politique tchèque
Ministre tchèque
Naissance en Tchécoslovaquie

Jozef Síkela


Richard Russell ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Richard Russell (Bischof), Bischof von Portalegre und Viseu
 Richard Russell (Mediziner) (1687–1759), britischer Mediziner und Balneologe
 Richard Russell (Tennisspieler) (* 1945), jamaikanischer Tennisspieler
 Richard B. Russell (1897–1971), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Richard Joel Russell (1895–1971), US-amerikanischer Geologe and Geograph
 Richard M. Russell (1891–1977), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Richard R. Russell (* um 1928), australischer Badmintonspieler, siehe Dick Russell

Richard Russell


La ligne 14 du tramway d'Helsinki (Vihdintien pikaraitiotie) est un projet de tramway rapide des Transports de la région d'Helsinki en Finlande.

Présentation
Le métro léger de Vihdintie sera la ligne de tramway 14.
La ligne de Vihdintie pourrait circuler à partir de 2028.
Le parcours nord-sud ira d'Erottaja jusqu'à Kannelmäki et ferait 10,5 kilomètres de long.

À Etelä-Haaga, la ligne 14 s'interconnectera avec le métro léger Jokeri, la voie ferrée côtière et la kehärata.
La construction de la ligne de métro léger et des boulevards de la ville le long de celle-ci débutera au plus tôt en 2025.

Parcours

Depuis le centre-ville d'Helsinki, la ligne 14 emprunte la voie de tramway existante de  Mannerheimintie jusqu'à Meilahti puis les rues  Tukholmankatu et Paciuksenkatu jusqu'à Munkkiniemi.

Une nouvelle section, longue de 5,5 kilomètres, commence près de la place Munkkiniemen aukio empruntant les rues Huopalahdentie et Vihdintie jusqu'à Etelä-Haaga puis traversant Lassila jusqu'à Kantelettarentie a Kannelmäki.
La distance entre les arrêts du nouveau tronçon est d'environ 500 à 600 mètres.

Les gares de l'itinéraire sont Pohjois-Haaga ja Valimo où une gare routière sera construite.

L'intersection avec le Raide-Jokeri au rond-point de Vihdintie fera d'Etelä-Haaga un point d'échange majeurs des transports publics.
Dans le cadre de la construction de la ligne de tramway, la rue Huopalahdentie et la partie de Vihdintie à Haaga seront transformées en boulevard.
La zone urbaine rénovée est appelée la ville boulevard de l'Est.

Le temps de trajet entre Erottaja et Kannelmäki sera d'environ une demi-heure et l'intervalle entre deux rames sera d'environ six minutes.
Le nombre quotidien de passagers prévu est de  par jour.
La ligne sera desservie par des tramways à grande vitesse bidirectionnels et la majeure partie du parcours se fait sur sa propre voie.

L'itinéraire forme de nouveaux nœuds de transports en commun et permettra une nouvelle urbanisation des espaces traversés.
Les nouvelles constructions projetées le long de la ligne devraient accueillir environ

Depuis 2021, le terminus d'Erottaja est remis en question.
Selon les projets des Transports de la région d'Helsinki, l'itinéraire de la ligne 14 pourrait éventuellement continuer le long du Bulevardi jusqu'à Hernesaari.

Changements au centre-ville

Le projet fait partie du plan général des tramways de l'ouest d'Helsinki, dans lequel, en plus de la nouvelle section de tramway à grande vitesse, un total de 2,5 kilomètres de voies de tramway supplémentaires seront construites dans le centre-ville vers  Fredrikinkatu, Topeliuksenkatu et Nordenskiöldinkatu.
Les modifications et les améliorations du tramway éloigneront le trafic de Mannerheimintie vers l'ouest.

La ligne  qui va actuellement de  Munkkiniemi à Katajanokka passerait très probablement par Kamppi jusqu'à Eira.
Et la ligne  d'Ullanlinna pourrait emprunter Aleksanterinkatu pour rejoindre Katajanokka

Références

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Tramway d'Helsinki

Liens externes
 Länsi-Helsingin raitioteiden pysäkkikartta (22.5.2019)
 Läntisen kantakaupungin reittivaihtoehtojen tarkastelua HSL:n blogissa (5.3.2021)
 Luettelo Helsingin seudun joukkoliikennehankkeista
 Pikaraitiotieverkko Helsingin karttapalvelussa

Projet ferroviaire en Finlande
Projet architectural
Métro léger en Europe
Transport à Helsinki
Tramway en Finlande

Ligne 14 du tramway d'Helsinki


La EIVP es la única "Grande École d'Ingenieurs" Francesa especializada en Ingeniería Urbana. Dependiente de la Ciudad de París, esta escuela de educación superior es miembro de PRES Paris-Est, junto con la École nationale des ponts et chaussées. El nuevo campus abrirá durante el otoño de 2012, en el 60 de Rue Rebeval, París. Establecida en 1959 para formar los funcionarios junior de París, la EIVP también forma hoy jóvenes profesionales para el sector privado. Trabaja con las disciplinas relacionadas con las ciudades: construcción, urbanismo, transporte, medio ambiente.

Véase también

 Ingeniería urbana

Enlace
 Website
 ERASMUS intercambios

Grandes escuelas de Francia fundadas en el siglo XXI
Grandes escuelas de París
Instituciones educativas establecidas en 2012
Francia en 2012

École des Ingénieurs de la Ville de Paris


Hasib Muradbegović, hrvatski visoki dužnosnik iz BiH. Obnašao je dužnost predsjednika Banskog stola u Sarajevu, potpredsjednika i predsjednika Vrhovnog suda NDH u Banjoj Luci i Zagrebu. Bio je istaknuti član Društva bosansko-hercegovačkih Hrvata u Zagrebu.

Izvori

Dužnosnici NDH
Hrvatski političari u Bosni i Hercegovini
Hrvatski pravnici

Hasib Muradbegović


ආක්ටික්  කලාපය යනු ශීත කාලයේදි හිරැ නොනගින හා ග්‍රීෂ්මයේදි හිරැනොබසින පෘථිවියේ උත්තරධ්‍රැවය හා ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රදේශයකි.බොහෝ විට අයිස් හා හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති මෙම ප්‍රදේශය පෘථිවිය උණුසුම් විම කෙරෙහි ඉතාම සංවේදීය.ආක්ටික් කලාපයේ පවතන අයිස් තට්ටුව පෘථිවියේ උෂ්ණත්වය පාලනය කිරමෙහිලා ඉතා වැදගත්ය.එනම් පෘථිවි පෘෂ්ඨයට වැටෙන හිරැ කිරණ බොහෝමයක් පරාවර්ථනය කිරීමේ හැකියාවක් මෙම අයිස් තට්ටුවලට ඇත.පර්යේෂණවලින් පෙන්වාදෙන ආකාරයට ආක්ටික් කලාපය අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශයන්ට වඩා දෙගුනයක උෂ්ණත්වය වැඩි වීමක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි.එයට හේතුව අයිස් දියවීමෙන් මතුවන අදුරු පොළෝතලය අධික ලෙස සූර්ය තාපය උරා ගැනීමයි.ආක්ටික් කලාපය උණුසුම් වීමට බලපාන අනෙක් කාරණය නම් එම කලාපයට ලැබෙන වැඩිපුර ශක්තිය, කලාපය උණුසුම් කිරීමට බලපායි.

මේ ආකාරයට උණුසුම් වන ආක්ටික් කලාපය නිසා එහි බලපෑම් රැසකි. වාර්ෂික සාමාන්‍ය උෂ්ණත්වය,දෙගුණයකින් ඉහළ යාමට එය හේතු වේ.මේ නිසා හිම සෘතුව ක්‍රමක්‍රමයෙන් අඩුවෙමින් පවතින අතර ග්ලැෂියර් හා සාගර,අයිස් තට්ටුව නිරන්තර දියවීමට ලක් වෙනු දැකිය හැක.

ග්ලැෂියර් හා අයිස් දියවීම සාගර මට්ටම ඉහළ ගෙන යන අතර දියවැල්වල ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය වෙනස්වීම නිසා ලෝකයේ දේශගුණික වෙනස්කම් සිදු විය හැකි බැව් එම වාර්තා පෙන්වා දෙයි.සාගර අයිස් තට්ටු දිය වීම ක්‍රමයෙන් තුරන් විය හැකි බවට ද අනාවැකි පළවේ.

සාගර ජලමට්ටම ඉහළ යාමත් සමඟ වෙරළ ඛාදනය වර්ධනය විය හැකි අතර කුනාටු ඇති වීමද නිරන්තරයෙන් අත්විදිය හැකි බැව් පැවසේ.ආක්ටික් ප්‍රදේශයේ සාගර අයිස් තට්ටුව අඩුවීමෙන් එම කලාපයේ ස්වාභාවික සම්පත් ගවේෂණය වර්ධනය වන අතර නාවික ක්‍රියාවලීන් වර්ධනය වේ.ස්වාභාවික සම්පත් හා කැනීම් වැඩි වීමත් සමඟ ඇති කෙරෙන යටිතල පහසුකම් හේතුවෙන් තවදුරටත් අයිස් දිය වීම සිදුවේ.

වසර 1979 සිට 2002 වන විට ග්‍රීන්ලන්තයේ අයිස් තට්ටුව 16% කින් අඩුවී ඇත.මෙලෙස සාගරයට එක්වන මිරිදිය නිසා සාගර ජලයේ ලවණ සාන්ද්‍රණය සැලකිය යුතු මට්ටමකින් අඩුවිය හැක.එය ලෝකයේ දේශගුණික විපර්යාස තවදුරටත් වර්ධනය කිරීමට දායක වන්නාවූ ප්‍රධාන හේතුවක් වනු ඇත

උෂ්ණත්වය වැඩිවත්ම අයිස් දියවී පෘථිවි පෘෂ්ඨය මතු වී ඒ මත ශාක වර්ධනය වීමේ ඉඩකඩ ඇති බැවින් ආක්ටික් කලාපයේ වනාන්තර ඇති විම කෙරෙහි එය බලපෑ හැක.මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය මගින් ලෝකයේ කාබන් චක්‍රය වෙනස් වීමේ හැකියාවක්ද මතුවන බැව් තවදුරටත් විද්‍යාඥයෝ ප්‍රකාශ කරති.

මෙසේ සිදුවන ආක්ටික් කලාපයේ උණුසුම් වීම පිළිබඳව දිගින් දිගටම අධ්‍යන සිදුවන මුත් එම වෙනස් වීම් නවතාලීමට හැකිද යන්න පිළිබඳවද තවදුරටත් කිසිඳු පියවරක් ගෙන නොමැත.ඒ පිළිබඳව අවධානයක් නොතිබීම විශාල අනතුරක් අතළඟ යැයි අවධානමක් පවති.

මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න
පෘථිවිය උණුසුම් වීම

ආක්ටික් කලාප‍යේ උණූසුම


حسن لكزولي مخرج مغربي مغترب يعيش بفرنسا من أفلامه شريط تينجا والعجل الذهبي بالإضافة لفيلم قصير بعنوان Quand le soleil fait tomber les moineaux.

الجوائز
مهرجان أميان الدولي للسينما 2004
 تينجا - فاز
المهرجان الدولي للفيلم بمراكش 2004
 تينجا - ترشح
مهرجان سان سياستيان الدولي للأفلام 2012
 العجل الذهبي - فاز

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
مخرجون مغاربة

حسن لكزولي