A union suit is a type of one-piece long underwear, most often associated with menswear in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

History
Created in Utica, New York, United States, it originated as women's wear during the 19th-century United States clothing reform efforts, as an alternative to constricting garments, and soon gained popularity among men as well.  The first union suit was patented in 1868 as "emancipation union under flannel".  Traditionally made of red flannel with long arms and long legs, it buttoned up the front and had a button-up flap in the rear covering the buttocks (colloquially known as the "access hatch", "drop seat", "fireman's flap", "crap flap", and other names).  Depending on the size, some union suits can have a dozen buttons on the front to be fastened through buttonholes from the neck down to the groin area.

The garment remained in common use in North America into the 20th century.  As its popularity waned, it became chiefly working men's wear, increasingly replaced by two-piece long underwear, also known as "long johns".  It was not uncommon until the mid-20th century for rural men to wear the same union suit continuously all week, or even all winter. Normally, no other type of underwear was worn with it.

Union suits are still commercially available, but because of their long association with "old fashioned" usage, and presumed "unsophisticated" rural wearers, they are considered comical.  The rear flap is also associated with humor, and in film and television the appearance of a union suit, viewed from behind, is a form of mild toilet humor.

In Britain, this garment has often been known as "combinations".  When made from the traditional wool as recommended by Gustav Jäger, these are "woolly combinations"—sometimes abbreviated to "woolly coms".  In the Western US, they are known as "long handles".

Cultural references

Union suits, especially the rear flap, are used for comedic effect in the 1999 movie adaptation of The Wild Wild West, Back to the Future Part III, the TV series Rugrats, and the Family Guy episode "No Meals on Wheels".

The union suit makes an appearance in Louisa May Alcott's book Eight Cousins, as a preferred alternative to corsetry under the name 'Liberty Suit'; and in Dashiell Hammett's Maltese Falcon, where private-eye Sam Spade "put(s) on a thin white union-suit". It also makes a presence in the 2003 film Cold Mountain. The union suit is referred to several times in Laura Ingalls Wilder's books about pioneer life during the mid-to-late 19th century in the United States, and in Harper Lee's book, To Kill A Mockingbird. In the expansion Undead Nightmare for the game Red Dead Redemption, the player begins play wearing a union suit and can continue to wear it throughout the game, if desired. The outfit is availble in the prequel Red Dead Redemption 2. Dave Lister, a character from the British sci-fi sitcom Red Dwarf, can also be seen wearing one at various points throughout the series.

In the HBO series Deadwood (2004-2006), which won an Emmy for costume design, and the sequel film Deadwood: The Movie (2019), the character of Al Swearengen (played by Ian McShane) is frequently seen in a union suit. He wears only the union suit in private, and when getting dressed in the morning, dons a matching three-piece suit over it. Although the union suit is visible even with the vest, this appears to be adequate for daily wear. For more formal occasions, the character added a dress shirt over the union suit, and a cravat or bow tie.

Gallery

See also
Victorian dress reform
Onesie (jumpsuit)

Notes

1860s fashion
19th-century fashion
20th-century fashion
Undergarments
One-piece suits
Winter clothes
Stereotypes of rural people

Union suit


Carlo Crivelli (pintor) — Pintor que viveu entre 1430-1490
 Carlo Crivelli (cardeal) — Cardeal que viveu entre 1736-1818

Desambiguação

Carlo Crivelli


Carpathian Ruthenia () is a historical region on the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast, with smaller parts in eastern Slovakia (largely in Prešov Region and Košice Region) and the Lemko Region in Poland.

From the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the end of the 9th century) to the end of World War I (Treaty of Trianon in 1920), most of this region was part of the Kingdom of Hungary. In the interwar period, it was part of the First and Second Czechoslovak Republics. Before World War II, the region was annexed by the Kingdom of Hungary once again when Germany dismembered the Second Czechoslovak Republic. After the war, it was annexed by the Soviet Union and became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

It is an ethnically diverse region, inhabited mostly by people who regard themselves as ethnic Ukrainians, Rusyns, Lemkos, Boykos, Hutsuls, Hungarians, Romanians, Slovaks, and Poles. It also has small Jewish and Romani minorities. Before World War II, many more Jews lived in the region, with Jews constituting over 13% of its total population in 1930. The most commonly spoken languages are Rusyn, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovak, and Polish.

Etymology

The name Carpathian Ruthenia is sometimes used for the contiguous cross-border area of Ukraine, Slovakia and Poland inhabited by Ruthenians. The local Ruthenian population self-identifies in different ways: some consider themselves to be Ukrainians; some consider themselves to be Russians; and some consider themselves to be a separate and unique Slavic group of Rusyns. To describe their home region, most Rusyns use the term Zakarpattia (Trans-Carpathia; literally "beyond the Carpathian mountains"). This is contrasted implicitly with Prykarpattia (Ciscarpathia; "Near-Carpathia"), an unofficial region in Ukraine, to the immediate north-east of the central area of the Carpathian Range, and potentially including its foothills, the Subcarpathian basin and part of the surrounding plains.

From a Hungarian (and to an extent Slovak and Czech) perspective, the region is usually described as Subcarpathia (literally "below the Carpathians"), although technically this name refers only to a long, narrow basin that flanks the northern side of the mountains.

During the period in which the region was administered by the Hungarian states, it was officially referred to in Hungarian as Kárpátalja (literally: "the base of the Carpathians") or the north-eastern regions of medieval Upper Hungary, which in the 16th century was contested between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire.

The Romanian name of the region is Maramureș, which is geographically located in the eastern and south-eastern portions of the region.

During the period of Czechoslovak administration in the first half of the 20th century, the region was referred to for a while as Rusinsko (Ruthenia) or Karpatske Rusinsko, and later as Subcarpathian Rus (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatská Rus) or Subcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatská Ukrajina), and from 1928 as Subcarpathian Ruthenian Land. (Czech: Země podkarpatoruská, Slovak: Krajina podkarpatoruská).

Alternative, unofficial names used in Czechoslovakia before World War II included Subcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatsko), Transcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: Zakarpatsko), Transcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: Zakarpatská Ukrajina), Carpathian Rus/Ruthenia (Czech and Slovak: Karpatská Rus) and, occasionally, Hungarian Rus/Ruthenia (; ).

The region declared its independence as Carpatho-Ukraine on March 15, 1939, but was occupied and annexed by Hungary on the same day, and remained under Hungarian control until the end of the World War II. During this period the region continued to possess a special administration and the term Kárpátalja was locally used.

In 1944–1946, the region was occupied by the Soviet Army and was a separate political formation known as Transcarpathian Ukraine or Subcarpathian Ruthenia. During this period the region possessed some form of quasi-autonomy with its own legislature, while remaining under the governance of the Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine. After the signing of a treaty between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union as well as the decision of the regional council, Transcarpathia joined the Ukrainian SSR as the Zakarpattia Oblast.

The region has subsequently been referred to as Zakarpattia () or Transcarpathia, and on occasions as Carpathian Rus' (), Transcarpathian Rus' (), or Subcarpathian Rus' ().

Geography

Carpathian Ruthenia rests on the southern slopes of the eastern Carpathian Mountains, bordered to the east and south by the Tisza River, and to the west by the Hornád and Poprad Rivers. The region borders Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania, and makes up part of the Pannonian Plain.

The region is predominantly rural and infrastructurally underdeveloped. The landscape is mostly mountainous; it is geographically separated from Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania by mountains, and from Hungary by the Tisza river. The two major cities are Uzhhorod and Mukachevo, both with populations around 100,000. The population of the other five cities (including Khust and Berehovo) varies between 10,000 and 30,000. Other urban and rural populated places have a population of less than 10,000.

History

Prehistoric cultures
During the Late Bronze Age in the 2nd millennium BC, the region was characterized by Stanove culture; however, it only gained more advanced metalworking skills with the arrival of Thracians from the South with Kushtanovytsia culture in the 6th-3rd century BC. In the 5th-3rd century BC, Celts arrived from the West, bringing iron-melting skills and La Tène culture. A Thracian-Celtic symbiosis existed for a time in the region, after which appeared the Bastarnae. At that time, the Iranian-speaking Scythians and later a Sarmatian tribe called the Iazyges were present in the region. Proto-Slavic settlement began between the 2nd-century BCE and 2nd century CE, and during the Migration Period, the region was traversed by Huns and Gepids (4th century) and Pannonian Avars (6th century).

Slavic settlement
By the 8th and 9th century, the valleys of the Northern and Southern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains were "densely" settled by Slavic tribe of White Croats, who were closely related to East Slavic tribes who inhabited Prykarpattia, Volhynia, Transnistria and Dnieper Ukraine. Whereas some White Croats remained behind in Carpathian Ruthenia, others moved southward into the Balkans in the 7th century. Those who remained were conquered by Kievan Rus' in the late 10th century.

Hungarian arrival
In 896 the Hungarians crossed the Carpathian Range and migrated into the Pannonian Basin. Nestor's Chronicle wrote that Hungarian tribes had to fight against the Volochi and settled among Slavs when on their way to Pannonia. Prince Laborec fell from power under the efforts of the Hungarians and the Kievan forces. According to Gesta Hungarorum, the Hungarians defeated a united Bulgarian and Byzantine army led by Salan in the early 10th century on the plains of Alpár, who ruled over territory that was finally conquered by Hungarians. During the tenth and for most of the eleventh century the territory remained a borderland between the Kingdom of Hungary to the south and the Kievan Rus' Principality of Halych to the north.

Slavs from the north (Galicia) and east—who actually arrived from Podolia via the mountain passes of Transylvania—continued to settle in small numbers in various parts of the Carpathian borderland, which the Hungarians and other medieval writers referred to as the Marchia Ruthenorum—the Rus' March. These new immigrants, from the north and east, like the Slavs already living in Carpathian Ruthenia, had by the eleventh century come to be known as the people of Rus', or Rusyns. Local Slavic nobility often intermarried with the Hungarian nobles to the south. Prince Rostislav, a Ruthenian noble unable to continue his family's rule of Kiev, governed a great deal of Transcarpathia from 1243 to 1261 for his father-in-law, Béla IV of Hungary. The territory's ethnic diversity increased with the influx of some 40,000 Cuman settlers, who came to the Pannonian Basin after their defeat by Vladimir II (Monomakh) in the 12th century and their ultimate defeat at the hands of the Mongols in 1238.

During the early period of Hungarian administration, part of the area was included into the Gyepű border region, while the other part was under county authority and was included into the counties of Ung, Borsova and Szatmár. Later, the county administrative system was expanded to the whole of Transcarpathia, and the area was divided between the counties of Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa, and Máramaros. At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, during the collapse of the central power in the Kingdom of Hungary, the region was part of the domains of semi-independent oligarchs Amadeus Aba and Nicholas Pok. From 1280 to 1320, the north-western part of Carpathian Ruthenia was part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia.

Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the area was probably colonized by Eastern Orthodox groups of Vlach (Romanian) highlanders with accompanying Ruthenian populations. Initially, the Romanians were organized into the Voivodeship of Maramureș, formally integrated into Hungary in 1402. All the groups, including local Slavic population, blended together, creating a distinctive culture from the main Ruthenian-speaking areas. Over time, because of geographical and political isolation from the main Ruthenian-speaking territory, the inhabitants developed distinctive features.

Part of Hungary and Transylvania

In 1526 the region was divided between the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. Beginning in 1570 the latter transformed to the Principality of Transylvania, which soon fell under Ottoman suzerainty. The part of Transcarpathia under Habsburg administration was included into the Captaincy of Upper Hungary, which was one of the administrative units of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. During this period, an important factor in the Ruthenian cultural identity, namely religion, came to the forefront. The Unions of Brest-Lytovsk (1595) and Ungvár (Uzhorod) (1646) were instituted, causing the Byzantine Orthodox Churches of Carpathian and Transcarpathian Rus' to come under the jurisdiction of Rome, thus establishing the so-called "Unia" of Eastern Catholic churches, the Ruthenian Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.

In the 17th century (until 1648) the entire region was part of the Principality of Transylvania and between 1682 and 1685 its north-western part was administered by the Ottoman vassal state of Upper Hungary, while the south-eastern parts remained under the administration of Transylvania. From 1699 the entire region eventually became part of the Habsburg monarchy, divided between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania. Later, the entire region was included into the Kingdom of Hungary. Between 1850 and 1860 the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary was divided into five military districts, and the region was part of the Military District of Kaschau.

Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
After 1867, the region was administratively included into Transleithania or the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, many nationalist groups vied for unification or alignment with many different possible nationalities, all arguing that the Rus people would be better off uniting with that nation for security or staying within the nation of Hungary. Many of these groups utilized the ethnic makeup of the region, with ideas such as the Lemko-Boiko-Hutsul schema looking to prove the Slavic nature of the Rus, and therefore justifying union with Russia (or later a Ukrainian state) under the claim that the Rus were part of that Slavic cultural sphere. These Rus or Ruthenians would argue this point until the early 1900's when action would be taken.

In 1910, the population of Transcarpathia was 605,942, of which 330,010 (54.5%) were speakers of Ruthenian, 185,433 (30.6%) were speakers of Hungarian, 64,257 (10.6%) were speakers of German, 11,668 (1.9%) were speakers of Romanian, 6,346 (1%) were speakers of Slovak or Czech, and 8,228 (1.4%) were speakers of other languages.

 Ung County, Ungvár (Uzhhorod)
 Bereg County, Beregszász (Berehove)
 Ugocsa County, Nagyszőllős (Vynohradiv)
 Máramaros County (only the northern part), Máramarossziget (Sighetu Marmației)

Transitional period (1918–1919)

After World War I, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed and the region was briefly (in 1918 and 1919) claimed as part of the independent West Ukraine Republic. However, for most of this period the region was controlled by the newly formed independent Hungarian Democratic Republic, with a short period of West Ukrainian control.

On November 8, 1918, the first National Council (the Lubovňa Council, which later reconvened as the Prešov Council) was held in western Ruthenia. The first of many councils, it simply stated the desire of its members to separate from the newly formed Hungarian state but did not specify a particular alternative—only that it must involve the right to self-determination.

Other councils, such as the Carpatho-Ruthenian National Council meetings in Huszt (Khust) (November 1918), called for unification with the West Ukrainian People's Republic. Only in early January 1919 were the first calls heard in Ruthenia for union with Czechoslovakia.

Rus'ka Krajina

Throughout November and the following few months, councils met every few weeks, calling for various solutions. Some wanted to remain part of the Hungarian Democratic Republic, but with greater autonomy; the most notable of these, the Uzhhorod Council (November 9, 1918), declared itself the representative of the Rusyn people and began negotiations with Hungarian authorities. These negotiations ultimately resulted in the passage of Law no. 10 by the Hungarian government on December 21, 1918, thereby establishing the autonymous Rusyn province of Rus'ka Krajina from the Rusyn-inhabited parts of four eastern counties (Máramaros County, Ugocha County, Bereg County, Ung County.

On February 5, 1919, a provisional government for Rus'ka Krajina was established. The "Rus'ka rada" (or Rusyn Council), was made up of 42 representatives from the four constituent counties and headed by a chairman, Orest Sabov, and vice-chairman, Avhustyn Shtefan. The following month, on March 4, elections were held for a formal diet of 36 deputies. Upon election, the new diet requested the Hungarian government define the borders of the autonomous region, which had not yet been elaborated; without an established territory, the deputies argued that the diet was useless.

On March 21, 1919 the Democratic Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Hungarian Soviet Republic, which then announced the existence of a "Soviet Rus'ka Krajina". Elections organized by the new Hungarian government of a people's soviet (council) on April 6 and 7, 1919 led to Rus'ka Krajina then had two councils: the original diet, and the newly elected soviet. Representatives from both councils then decided to join, forming the Uriadova rada ("Governing Council) of Rus'ka Krajina.

Fall of Soviet Hungary
Prior to this, in July 1918, Rusyn immigrants in the United States had convened and called for complete independence. Failing that, they would try to unite with Galicia and Bukovina; and failing that, they would demand autonomy, though they did not specify under which state. They approached the American government and were told that the only viable option was unification with Czechoslovakia. Their leader, Gregory Zatkovich, then signed the "Philadelphia Agreement" with Czechoslovak President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, guaranteeing Rusyn autonomy upon unification with Czechoslovakia on 25 October 1918. A referendum was held among American Rusyn parishes in November 1918, with a resulting 67% in favor. Another 28% voted for union with Ukraine, and less than one percent each for Galicia, Hungary and Russia. Less than 2% desired complete independence.

In April 1919, Czechoslovak control on the ground was established, when Czechoslovak Army troops acting in coordination with Royal Romanian Army forces arriving from the east—both acting under French auspices—entered the area. In a series of battles they defeated and crushed the local militias of the newly formed Hungarian Soviet Republic, which had created the Slovak Soviet Republic and whose proclaimed aim was to "unite the Hungarian, Rusyn and Jewish toilers against the exploiters of the same nationalities". Communist sympathizers accused the Czechoslovaks and Romanians of atrocities, such as public hangings and the clubbing to death of wounded prisoners.

This fighting prevented the arrival of Soviet aid, for which the Hungarian Communists hoped in vain; the Bolsheviks were also too preoccupied with their own civil war to assist. Transcarpathia, as well as a broader region, was occupied by Romania from April 1919 until July or August 1919, and then was again occupied by the Hungarian state.

In May 1919, a Central National Council convened in the United States under Zatkovich and voted unanimously to accept the admission of Carpathian Ruthenia to Czechoslovakia. Back in Ruthenia, on May 8, 1919, a general meeting of representatives from all the previous councils was held, and declared that "The Central Russian National Council... completely endorse the decision of the American Uhro-Rusin Council to unite with the Czech-Slovak nation on the basis of full national autonomy." Note that the Central Russian National Council was an offshoot of the Central Ruthenian National Council and represented a Carpathian branch of the Russophiles movement that existed in the Austrian Galicia.

The Hungarian left-wing writer Béla Illés claimed that the meeting was little more than a farce, with various "notables" fetched from their homes by police, formed into a "National Assembly" without any semblance of a democratic process, and effectively ordered to endorse incorporation into Czechoslovakia. He further asserts that Clemenceau had personally instructed the French general on the spot to get the area incorporated into Czechoslovakia "at all costs", so as to create a buffer separating Soviet Ukraine from Hungary, as part of the French anti-Communist "Cordon sanitaire" policy, and that it was the French rather than the Czechoslovaks who made the effective decisions.

Part of Czechoslovakia (1920–1938)
The Article 53, Treaty of St. Germain (September 10, 1919) granted the Carpathian Ruthenians autonomy, which was later upheld to some extent by the Czechoslovak constitution. Some rights were, however, withheld by Prague, which justified its actions by claiming that the process was to be a gradual one; and Ruthenians representation in the national sphere was less than that hoped for. Carpathian Ruthenia included former Hungarian territories of Ung County, Bereg County, Ugocsa County and Máramaros County.

After the Paris Peace Conference, Transcarpathia became part of Czechoslovakia. Whether this was widely popular among the mainly peasant population, is debatable; clearly, however, what mattered most to Ruthenians was not which country they would join, but that they be granted autonomy within it. After their experience of Magyarization, few Carpathian Rusyns were eager to remain under Hungarian rule, and they desired to ensure self-determination. According to the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920, the former region of the Kingdom of Hungary, Ruthenian Land (Ruszka Krajna), was officially renamed to Subcarpathian Ruthenia (Podkarpatská Rus).

In 1920, the area was used as a conduit for arms and ammunition for the anti-Soviet Poles fighting in the Polish-Soviet War directly to the north, while local Communists sabotaged the trains and tried to help the Soviet side. During and after the war many Ukrainian nationalists in East Galicia who opposed both Polish and Soviet rule fled to Carpathian Ruthenia.

Gregory Žatkovich was appointed governor of the province by Masaryk on April 20, 1920 and resigned almost a year later, on April 17, 1921, to return to his law practice in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US. The reason for his resignation was dissatisfaction with the borders with Slovakia. His tenure is a historical anomaly as the only American citizen ever acting as governor of a province that later became a part of the USSR.

Subcarpathian Rus' (1928–1939)

In 1928, Czechoslovakia was divided into four provinces: Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus'. In the period 1918–1938 the Czechoslovak government attempted to bring the Subcarpathian Rus', with 70% of the population illiterate, no industry, and a herdsman way of life, up to the level of the rest of Czechoslovakia. Thousands of Czech teachers, policemen, clerks and businessmen went to the region. The Czechoslovak government built thousands of kilometers of railways, roads, airports, and hundreds of schools and residential buildings.

The Rusyn people decided to join the new state of Czechoslovakia, a decision that happened parallel to other events that affected these proceedings. At the Paris Peace Conference, several other countries (including Hungary, Ukraine and Russia) laid claim to Carpathian Rus'. The Allies, however, had few alternatives to choosing Czechoslovakia. Hungary had lost the war and therefore gave up its claims; Ukraine was seen as politically unviable; and Russia was in the midst of a civil war. Thus the only importance of Rusyns' decision to become part of Czechoslovakia was in creating, at least initially, good relations between the leaders of Carpathian Rus' and Czechoslovakia. The Ukrainian language was not actively persecuted in Czechoslovakia during the interwar period, unlike in Poland and Romania. 73 percent of local parents voted against Ukrainian language education for their children in a referendum conducted in Subcarpathian Rus' in 1937.

Carpathian Ukraine (1938–1939)

In November 1938, under the First Vienna Award—a result of the Munich Agreement—Czechoslovakia ceded southern Carpathian Rus to Hungary. The remainder of Subcarpathian Rus' received autonomy, with Andrej Bródy as prime minister of the autonomous government. After the resignation of the government following a local political crisis, Avhustyn Voloshyn became prime minister of the new government. In December 1938, Subcarpathian Rus' was renamed to Carpathian Ukraine.

Following the Slovak proclamation of independence on March 14, 1939 and the Nazis' seizure of the Czech lands on March 15, Carpathian Ukraine declared its independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, with Avhustyn Voloshyn as head of state, and was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary, restoring provisionally the former counties of Ung, Bereg and partially Máramaros.

Governorate of Subcarpathia (1939–1945)

On March 23, 1939, Hungary annexed further territories disputed with Slovakia bordering with the west of the former Carpatho-Rus. The Hungarian invasion was followed by a few weeks of terror in which more than 27,000 people were shot dead without trial and investigation. Over 75,000 Ukrainians decided to seek asylum in the Soviet Union; of those almost 60,000 of them died in Gulag prison-camps. Others joined the remaining Czech troops from the Czechoslovak army-in-exile.

Upon liquidation of Carpatho-Ukraine, in the territory annexed the Governorate of Subcarpathia was installed and divided into three, the administrative branch offices of Ung (), Bereg () and Máramaros () governed from Ungvár, Munkács and Huszt respectively, having Hungarian and Rusyn language as official languages.

Memoirs and historical studies provide much evidence that in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Rusyn-Jewish relations were generally peaceful. In 1939, census records showed that 80,000 Jews lived in the autonomous province of Ruthenia. Jews made up approximately 14% of the prewar population; however, this population was concentrated in the larger towns, especially Mukachevo, where they constituted 43% of the prewar population.
After the German occupation of Hungary (19 March 1944) the pro-Nazi policies of the Hungarian government resulted in emigration and deportation of Hungarian-speaking Jews, and other groups living in the territory were decimated by war.
During the Holocaust, 17 main ghettos were set up in cities in Carpathian Ruthenia, from which all Jews were taken to Auschwitz for extermination. Ruthenian ghettos were set up in May 1944 and liquidated by June 1944. Most of the Jews of Transcarpathia were killed, though a number survived, either because they were hidden by their neighbours, or were forced into labour battalions, which often guaranteed food and shelter.

The end of the war had a significant impact on the ethnic Hungarian population of the area: 10,000 fled before the arrival of Soviet forces. Many of the remaining adult men (25,000) were deported to the Soviet Union; about 30% of them died in Soviet labor camps. As a result of this development since 1938, the Hungarian and Hungarian-speaking population of Transcarpathia was recorded differently in various censuses and estimations from that time: 1930 census recorded 116,548 ethnic Hungarians, while the contested Hungarian census from 1941 shows as much as 233,840 speakers of Hungarian language in the region. Subsequent estimations are showing 66,000 ethnic Hungarians in 1946 and 139,700 in 1950, while the Soviet census from 1959 recorded 146,247 Hungarians.

Transition to Soviet takeover and control (1944–1945)

The Soviet takeover of the region started with the East Carpathian Strategic Offensive in the fall of 1944. This offensive consisted of two parts: the Battle of the Dukla Pass in effort to support the Slovak National Uprising; and the Battle of Uzhgorod to break through to the Hungarian plains and encircle German troops in Transylvania. On 28 October 1944, upon conclusion of the offensive campaign, most of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was secured by the Workers-Peasants Red Army (RKKA).

The Czechoslovak government delegation led by minister František Němec arrived in Khust to establish the provisional Czechoslovak administration, according to the treaties between the Soviet and Czechoslovak governments on 8 May 1944. According to the Soviet–Czechoslovak treaty, it was agreed that once any liberated territory of Czechoslovakia ceased to be a combat zone of the Red Army, those lands would be transferred to full control of the Czechoslovak state. However, after a few weeks, the Red Army and NKVD started to obstruct the Czechoslovak delegation's work. Communications between Khust and the government center in exile in London were obstructed and the Czechoslovak officials were forced to use underground radio.

On 14 November 1944 the underground radio "Vladislav" transmitted the following message from Khust to London: "The Red Army is subjugating everything to it. We are requesting information, whether it is discussed with the government. Our situation is critical. An open campaign is ongoing for uniting Subcarpathian Ukraine with the Soviet Union. Forced recruitment to the ranks of the Red Army. People are uneducated. Awaiting your recommendations. We urgently need instructions from the government."

On 5 November 1944, in anticipation of Soviet rule, the Uzhgorod city council introduced Moscow time (2 hours ahead of Central European Time). According to Magdalena Lavrincova, this was perceived by many as a sign of the totalitarianism to come.

In November 1944, in Mukachevo, there was a meeting of representatives of Communist Party organization from local districts, who created an organization committee to call for a party conference. On 19 November 1944 at the conference in Mukachevo, the Communist Party of Zakarpattia Ukraine was established. The conference also decided to unite Carpathian Ruthenia with the Ukrainian SSR, to strengthen People's committees as organs of revolutionary authority, and to organize help for the Red Army. The conference also elected its central committee and its first secretary, Ivan Turyanytsia, and agreed to hold a congress of the People's committees on 26 November 1944.

The "National Council of Transcarpatho-Ukraine" was set up in Mukachevo under the protection of the Red Army. On November 26 this committee, led by Ivan Turyanitsa (a Rusyn who deserted from the Czechoslovak army) proclaimed the will of Ukrainian people to separate from Czechoslovakia and join Soviet Ukraine. After two months of conflicts and negotiations the Czechoslovak government delegation departed from Khust on February 1, 1945, leaving Carpathian Ukraine under Soviet control.

Transcarpathian Ukraine–Soviet Union (1945–1991)
On 29 June 1945, Czechoslovakia signed a treaty with the Soviet Union, officially ceding the region. Between 1945 and 1947, the new Soviet authorities fortified the new borders, and in July 1947 declared Transcarpathia as a "restricted zone of the highest level", with checkpoints on the mountain passes connecting the region to mainland Ukraine.

In December 1944 the National Council of Transcarpatho-Ukraine set up a special people's tribunal in Uzhgorod to try and condemn all collaborationists with the previous regimes—both Hungary and Carpatho-Ukraine. The court was allowed to hand down either 10 years of forced labour, or the death penalty. Several Ruthenian leaders, including Andrej Bródy and Shtefan Fentsyk, were condemned and executed in May 1946. Avgustyn Voloshyn also died in prison. The extent of the repression showed to many Carpatho-Ruthenian activists how it would not have been possible to find an accommodation with the coming Soviet regime as it had been with all previous ones.

After breaking the Greek Catholic Church in Eastern Galicia in 1946, Soviet authorities pushed for the return to Orthodoxy of Greek-Catholic parishes in Transcarpathia too, including by engineering an accident leading to the death of recalcitrant bishop Theodore Romzha on 1 November 1947. In January 1949 the Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo was declared illegal; remaining priests and nuns were arrested, and church properties were nationalised and parcelled for public use or lent to the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), the only accepted religious authority in the region.

Cultural institutions were also forbidden, including the Russophile Dukhnovych Society, the Ukrainophile Prosvita, and the Subcarpathian Scholarly Society. New books and publications were circulated, including the Zakarpatska Pravda (130,000 copies). The Uzhhorod National University was opened in 1945 and over 816 cinematographs were open by 1967. The Ukrainian language was the first language of instruction in schools throughout the region, followed by Russian, which was used in academia. Most new generations had a passive knowledge of Rusyn language, but no knowledge about local culture. XIX-century Rusyn intellectuals were labelled as "members of the reactionary class and instruments of Vatican obscurantism". The Rusyn anthem and hymn were banned from public performance. Carpatho-Rusyn folk culture and songs, which were promoted, were presented as part of Transcarpathian regional culture as a local variant of Ukrainian culture.

In 1924, the Comintern declared all East Slavic inhabitants of Czechoslovakia (Rusyns, Carpatho-Russians, Rusnaks) to be Ukrainians. Starting with the 1946 census, all Rusyns were recorded as Ukrainians; anyone clinging to the old label was considered a separatist and a potential counter-revolutionary.

In February 1945, the National Council confiscated 53,000 hectares of land from large landowners and redistribute it to 54,000 peasant households (37% of the population). Collectivisation of land started in 1946; around 2,000 peasants were arrested during protests in 1948–49 and sent for forced labour in the gulags. Collectivisation, including of mountain shepherds, was completed by May 1950. Central planning decisions set Transcarpatia to become a "land of orchards and vineyards" between 1955 and 1965, planting 98,000 hectares with little results. Attempt to cultivate tea and citrus also failed due to the climate. Most vineyards were uprooted twenty years later, during Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign in 1985–87.

The Soviet period also meant the upscaling of industrialization in Transcarpathia. State-owned lumber mills, chemical and food-processing plants widened, with Mukachevo's tobacco factory and Solotvyno's salt works as the biggest ones, providing steady employment to the residents of the region, beyond the traditional subsistence agriculture. And while traditional labour migration routes to the fields of Hungary or the factories of the United States were now closed, Carpathian Ruthens and Romanians could now move for seasonal work in Russia's North and East.

The inhabitants of the region grew steadily in the Soviet period, from 776,000 in 1946 to over 1.2 million in 1989. Uzhgorod's population increased five-fold, from 26,000 to 117,000, and Mukachevo likewise from 26,600 to 84,000. This population increase also reflected demographic changes. The arrival of the Red Army meant the departure of 5,100 Magyars and 2,500 Germans, while 15–20,000 Jewish survivors of the Holocaust also decided to move out before the borders were sealed. By 1945, around 30,000 Hungarians and Germans had been interned and sent for labour camps in Eastern Ukraine and Siberia; while amnestied in 1955, around 5,000 did not come back. In January 1946, 2,000 more Germans were deported. In return, a large number of Ukrainians and Russians moved to Transcarpathia, were they found jobs in the industry, the military, or the civilian administration. By 1989, around 170,000 Ukrainians (mainly from nearby Galizia) and 49,000 Russians were living in Transcarpatia, mainly in new residential blocks in the main towns of Uzhgorod and Mukachevo, where the dominant language had soon turned from Hungarian and Yiddish to Russian. They kept being considered newcomers (novoprybuli) due to their disconnect from the Rusyn- and Hungarian-speaking countryside.

Transition to independent Ukraine (1991–)

In July 1991 the Ukrainian SSR adopted a law about referendums that lasted until 2012. Soon after the August coup in Moscow (19–22), on 24 August 1991 the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) of the Ukrainian SSR proclaimed declaration about its independence and also prohibited the Communist Party in the republic. The local nomenklatura remained in confusion for several days following those events. The local People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) and other activists were organizing protests across the whole oblast (region). The local council of Uzhhorod city renamed the Lenin Square to People's Square. On 30 August 1991 during a protest in Uzhhorod a monument of Lenin was removed. Monuments of Lenin were also removed in other settlements; however, this decision was not universally accepted and faced resistance in some instances. In Tiachiv, a municipality which also adopted the decision to remove the monument faced resistance from local "supporters of Lenin" of Roma ethnicity who clashed with Rukh activists. Due to support of the Zakarpattia regional council of the putsch organizers in Moscow (GKChP), the local "democratic forces" were requesting for the council to announce its dissolution. Among those "democratic forces" were members of the Uzhhorod city council, deputies of "Democratic platform" in the regional council, National Movement of Ukraine, Ukrainian Republican Party, Democratic Party of Ukraine, Hungarian Cultural Federation in Transcarpathia (KMKSZ), Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language and the regional branch of Prosvita.

Because of the situation in the region, on 26 August 1991 the deputy chairman of the regional council Yuriy Vorobets signed an order to hold an extraordinary session of the council on 30 August, but on 29 August the head of the council Mykhailo Voloshchuk (formerly the 1st secretary of the Zakarpattia regional communist party committee) postponed it by a separate order. On 28 August 1991 the demand for the extraordinary session was supported by the Zakarpattia Democratic League of Youth that previously was part of the Komsomol of Ukraine (LKSMU). To relieve the pressure, Voloshchuk approved a composition of provisional deputy commission for inspection of activity of officials during the putsch that consisted of 17 members mostly of the recently dissolved Communist Party and couple of Rukh members (Mykhailo Tyvodar and Lyubov Karavanska). At the same time Voloshchuk was urgently seeking for other managing positions for other party officials who lost their job with recent liquidation of the party. Concurrently, the regional ispolkom (executive committee) suddenly registered 208 religious communities and transferred property ownership of 83 church buildings to them.

The government of Zakarpattia decided to bet on separatist actions. On 27 August 1991 the Mukachevo city council decided to ask the Zakarpattia regional council to adopt a decision about proclamation of the region as the "Zakarpattia autonomous land of Ukraine". In two days the Mukachevo Raion council has decided to ask the regional council to petition before the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) to "grant the Zakarpattia Oblast status of autonomous republic". The latter decision was supported by the Berehove Raion council, Uzhhorod city council and Svalyava Raion council. On 1 September 1991 in Mukachevo, the Association of Carpatho-Rusyns organized a picket with anti-Ukrainian slogans and accusations in "forceful Ukrainization of Rusyns". At the gathering were adopted statement with demand for autonomy and carrying out a regional referendum on the issue. On 15 September 1991 the same demand were put forward by KMKSZ. Those Rusyns questioned legality of Zakarpattia unification with the Ukrainian SSR in 1945.

By the end of September 1991 in Zakarpattia Oblast has formed two opposing political camps. One camp pro-Ukrainian has united around the National Movement of Ukraine also included URP, DemPU, Party of Greens, Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language, regional branches of Prosvita, Memorial and others. The camp also supported by students of the Uzhhorod State University, several members of the Uzhhorod city council, Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo, and small faction of deputies in the regional council. The pro-Ukrainian camp was seeking to reelect the regional council. The other camp consisted of sympathizers of the regional nomenklatura officials (and formerly communist) who were supported by Association of Carpatho-Rusyns, later it was joined by KMKSZ (Association of Hungarian Culture of Zakarpattia). The latter camp also was supported by the Zakarpattia eparchy of Russian Orthodox Church, selected members of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo as well as by the majority of the regional council. The camp was aimed to prevent reelection of the regional council and obtain autonomous status for the region.

On 27 September 1991 it was finally announced about the extraordinary session of the regional council. The leadership of the council planned to end its work the same day, but the session stretched until 31 October 1991 and the center of political life in Zakarpattia Oblast had relocated to the regional council and the People's Square in front of the council's building.

In December 1991 Zakarpattia became a part of independent Ukraine. A majority 92.59% of voters of Zakarpattia oblast approved the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. On the same day in Zakarpattia oblast a regional referendum also took place. 78 percent of voters voted for autonomy within Ukraine, which was not granted.

Demographics

Ethnic groups

Religion

According to a 2015 survey, 68% of the population of Zakarpattia Oblast adheres to Eastern Orthodoxy, while 19% are followers of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church and 7% are Roman Catholics. Protestants and unaffiliated generic Christians make up 1% and 3% of the population respectively. Only one percent of the population does not follow any religion.

The Orthodox community of Zakarpattia is divided as follows:

 Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate – 42%
 Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate – 33%
 Non-denominational – 25%

Issue with self-identity: Ukrainians or Rusyns

Carpathian Ruthenia is inhabited mainly by people who self-identify as Ukrainians, many of whom may refer to themselves as Rusyns, Rusnak or Lemko. Places inhabited by Rusyns also span adjacent regions of the Carpathian Mountains, including regions of present-day Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. Ruthenian settlements exist in the Balkans as well.

In the 19th century and the first part of the 20th, the inhabitants of Transcarpathia continued to call themselves "Ruthenians" ("Rusyny"). After Soviet annexation the ethnonym "Ukrainian", which had replaced "Ruthenian" in eastern Ukraine at the turn of the century, was also applied to Ruthenians/Rusyns of Transcarpathia. Most present-day inhabitants consider themselves ethnically Ukrainians, although in the most recent census 10,100 people (0.8% of Zakarpattia Oblast's 1.26 million) identified themselves as ethnically Rusyn.

Hungarians

The following data is according to the Ukrainian census of 2001.

The 1910 Austro-Hungarian census showed 185,433 speakers of the Hungarian language, while the Czechoslovak census of 1921 showed 111,052 ethnic Hungarians and 80,132 ethnic Jews, many of whom were speakers of the Hungarian language. Much of the difference in these censuses reflects differences in methodology and definitions rather than a decline in the region's ethnic Hungarian (Magyar) or Hungarian-speaking population. According to the 1921 census, Hungarians constituted about 17.9% of the region's total population.

The end of World War II had a significant impact on the ethnic Hungarian population of the area: 10,000 fled before the arrival of Soviet forces. Many of the remaining adult men (25,000) were deported to the Soviet Union; about 30% of them died in Soviet labor camps. As a result of this development since 1938, the Hungarian and Hungarian-speaking population of Transcarpathia was recorded differently in various censuses and estimations from that time: 1930 census recorded 116,548 ethnic Hungarians, while the contested Hungarian census from 1941 shows as much as 233,840 speakers of Hungarian language in the region. Subsequent estimations are showing 66,000 ethnic Hungarians in 1946 and 139,700 in 1950, while the Soviet census from 1959 recorded 146,247 Hungarians.

, about 170,000 (12–13%) inhabitants of Transcarpathia declare Hungarian as their mother tongue. Homeland Hungarians refer to Hungarians in Ukraine as kárpátaljaiak.

Jews

Memoirs and historical studies provide much evidence that in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Rusyn-Jewish relations were generally peaceful. In 1939, census records showed that 80,000 Jews lived in the autonomous province of Ruthenia. Jews made up approximately 14% of the prewar population; however, this population was concentrated in the larger towns, especially Mukachevo, where they constituted 43% of the prewar population. Most of them perished during the Holocaust.

Germans

See Carpathian Germans for more information (mainly Germans from Bohemia, Moravia and the territories from present-day central and eastern Germany) about their settlement in the 16th to 18th centuries.

Czechs

Czechs in Carpathian Ruthenia are ethnoculturally distinct from other West Slavic groups like the Slovaks, as they originated from Czech-speaking groups from Bohemia and Moravia instead of Slovakia.

Romani
There are approximately 25,000 ethnic Romani in present-day Transcarpathia. Some estimates point to a number as high as 50,000 but a true count is hard to obtain as many Roma cannot afford ID documents for themselves and their children. Additionally, many Romani will claim to be Hungarian or Romanian when interviewed by Ukrainian authorities.

They are by far the poorest and least-represented ethnic group in the region and face intense prejudice. The years since the fall of the Soviet Union have not been kind to the Romani of the region, as they have been particularly hard hit by the economic problems faced by peoples all over the former USSR. Some Romani in western Ukraine live in major cities such as Uzhhorod and Mukachevo, but most live in ghettos on the outskirts of cities. These ghettos are known as "taberi" and can house up to 300 families. These encampments tend to be fairly primitive with no running water or electricity.

Romanians

Today some 30,000 Romanians live in this region, mostly in northern Maramureș, around the southern towns of Rahău/Rakhiv and Teceu Mare/Tiachiv and close to the border with Romania. However, there also are Romanians in Carpathian Ruthenia living outside Maramureș, mostly in the village of Poroshkovo. They are usually called  in Romanian and live closer to Poland and Slovakia than Romania.

Greeks

There are a few Greeks in Carpathian Ruthenia. They are also known as Carpatho-Greeks and Greek-Carpathians.

Western views
For urban European readers in the 19th century, Ruthenia was one origin of the 19th century's imaginary "Ruritania" the most rural, most rustic and deeply provincial tiny province lost in forested mountains that could be imagined. Conceived sometimes as a kingdom of central Europe, Ruritania was the setting of several novels by Anthony Hope, especially The Prisoner of Zenda (1894).

Recently a writer named Vesna Goldsworthy, in Inventing Ruritania: the imperialism of the imagination (1998) has theorized on the origins of the ideas that underpin Western perceptions of the "Wild East" of Europe, especially of Ruthenian and other rural Slavs in the upper Balkans. The ideas are supposed by this writer to be highly applicable to Transcarpathia, who describes "an innocent process: a cultural great power seizes and exploits the resources of an area, while imposing new frontiers on its mind-map and creating ideas which, reflected back, have the ability to reshape reality." The viewpoint does not have wide academic support.

See also
 Black Ruthenia
 Red Ruthenia
 White Ruthenia
 Military history of Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
 Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
 Eparchy of Mukačevo and Prešov
 Alexander Dukhnovych
 Avgustyn Voloshyn
 Ukrainian dialects
 Kárpátalja football team
 Magyaron

Notes

References

Sources

 Baerlein, Henri (1938). In Czechoslovakia's Hinterland, Hutchinson.
 Boysak, Basil (1963). The Fate of the Holy Union in Carpatho-Ukraine, Toronto-New York.
  Fentsik, Stefan A. (1935). Greetings from the Old Country to all of the American Russian people! (Pozdravlenije iz staroho Kraja vsemu Amerikanskomu Karpatorusskomu Narodu!).
 Nemec, Frantisek, and Vladimir Moudry (2nd ed., 1980). The Soviet Seizure of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, Hyperion Press.
  Ganzer, Christian (2001). Die Karpato-Ukraine 1938/39: Spielball im internationalen Interessenkonflikt am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Hamburg (Die Ostreihe – Neue Folge, Heft 12).
  Kotowski, Albert S. (2001). "Ukrainisches Piemont"? Die Karpartenukraine am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges, in Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49, Heft 1. S. 67–95.
 Krofta, Kamil (1934). Carpathian Ruthenia and the Czechoslovak Republic.

 Magocsi, Paul R. The Rusyn-Ukrainians Of Czechoslovakia
 Magocsi, Paul R. – Pop, Ivan. Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture, Univ. of Toronto Press, 2005.
  Pop, Ivan. Dějiny Podkarpatské Rusi v datech. Libri, Praha 2005.
  Rosokha, Stepan (1949). Parliament of Carpatho-Ukraine (Coйм Карпатськoї України), Ukrainian National Publishing Co., Ltd. for Culture and Knowledge (Культура й ocвiтa).

 Stercho, Peter (1959). Carpatho-Ukraine in International Affairs: 1938–1939, Notre Dame.
 Subtelny, Orest (3rd ed., 2000). Ukraine: A History, University of Toronto Press
 Wilson, Andrew (2nd ed., 2002). The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation, Yale University Press. .
 Winch, Michael (1973).  Republic for a day: An eye-witness account of the Carpatho-Ukraine incident, University Microfilms.
 Nykolaj Beskyd. "Who Was Aleksander Duchnovyc?" Narodny Novynky. Prešov, Slovakia. No. 17. April 28, 1993. Translated by John E. Timo.
 Paul Robert Magocsi (1995) The Carpatho-Rusyns.
 "Nation Building or Nation Destroying? Lemkos, Poles and Ukrainians in Contemporary Poland." Polish Review. XXXV 3/4. New York 1990.
 John Slivka. The History of the Greek Rite Gatholics in Pannonia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Podkarpatska Rus 863–1949. 1974.
 Ivan Panjkevic (1938) Українськi Говори Пiдкарпатської Руси i Сумeжних Областeй: Prague.
 Aleksej L. Petrov (1998) Medieval Carpathian Rus, New York.

External links
 The Carpatho-Rusyn knowledge base
 Paul R. Magocsi, Carpatho-Rusyns, brochure published by The Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center, 1995
 Carpatho-Ukraine (Encyclopedia of Ukraine)
 Diet of Carpatho-Ukraine (Encyclopedia of Ukraine)
 Trans-Carpathia in UkrStor.com (the web library of historical documents & publicism about Malorussia/Ukraine)
 Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transcarpathia (1880–1989)
  Mykola Vehesh, The greatness and the tragedy of Carpathian Ukraine, Zerkalo Nedeli, 10(485), 13–19 March 2004 in Russian and in Ukrainian
 Zakarpattia.ru
  Kárpátinfo
 Carpathian Ruthenia – photographs and information
 "Ruthenia – Spearhead Toward the West", by Senator Charles J. Hokky, Former Member of the Czechoslovakian Parliament

Historical regions in Ukraine
Historical regions in Slovakia
Historical regions in the Kingdom of Hungary
History of Ukraine (1918–1991)
Modern history of Ukraine
Territorial disputes of Czechoslovakia
Territorial disputes of Hungary
Territorial disputes of the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
States and territories established in 1919
States and territories disestablished in 1948
1919 establishments in Hungary
1948 disestablishments in Hungary
1919 establishments in Ukraine
1948 disestablishments in Ukraine
1919 establishments in Slovakia
1940s disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
1940s disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Rusyns

Carpathian Ruthenia


Olaylar

 1861 - Amerikan İç Savaşı, Güney Carolina'da patlak verdi. Savaş sonunda toplam 620 bin kişi öldü.
 1903 - 12 Nisan 1903 Ay tutulması gerçekleşti.
 1931 - Türk Tarihi Tetkik Cemiyeti kuruldu.
 1939 - Nazi Almanyası Propaganda Bakanı Goebbels İstanbul'a ziyarette bulundu.
 1941 - II. Dünya Savaşı: Alman 2. Ordusu, Yugoslavya'nın başkenti Belgrad'a girdi.
 1955 - Dr. Jonas Salk tarafından geliştirilen çocuk felci aşısının, güvenli ve etkili olduğu açıklandı.
 1961 - Sovyetler Birliği, uzaya ilk insanı gönderdi. Vostok 1 ile uzaya giden Yuri Gagarin, uzayda 108 dakika kaldı.
 1963 - Martin Luther King, Alabama'da sivil haklar yürüyüşüne öncülük ettiği gerekçesiyle tutuklandı.
 1963 - Sovyet nükleer denizaltısı K-33, Danimarka yakınlarında Finlandiya bandıralı yük gemisi M/S Finnclipper'la çarpıştı.
 1969 - Sonradan Atatürk Kültür Merkezi adını alacak olan İstanbul Kültür Sarayı, Aida Operası ve Çeşmebaşı Balesi ile açıldı.
 1981 - İlk uzay mekiği Columbia fırlatıldı.
 1983 - Eski Bayındırlık Bakanlarından Şerafettin Elçi, Yüce Divan'da iki ayrı suçtan dolayı görevini kötüye kullandığı gerekçesiyle toplam 2 yıl 4 ay hapis, 4.660 lira para cezasına mahkûm edildi.
 1986 - Cumhurbaşkanı Kenan Evren, Trabzon'da konuştu: "Çocuğun da çoğu zarar verir. Eğer bakabiliyorsa, gücü varsa mesele yok. Fakat gücü yoksa herkes gücü kadar çocuk sahibi olmalı. İşte başlattığımız aile planlamasının da maksadı budur."
 1991 - Ateşkes antlaşmasının yürürlüğe girmesiyle Körfez Savaşı resmen sona erdi.
 1991 - İstanbul genelevi işletmecilerinden Matild Manukyan, İstanbul'da vergi rekortmeni oldu.
 1993 - Türkiye İnternet'e bağlandı.
 2007 - Irak Parlamentosu'nda patlama meydana geldi; üçü Milletvekili sekiz kişi öldü.
 2008 - Tandoğan'da yaklaşık 300.000 kişinin katılımıyla, "Ulusal Egemenlik Mitingi" yapıldı.
 2010 - Samsun'da adliye çıkışı gerçekleşen fiziksel saldırıda, Ahmet Türk'ün burnu kırıldı.
 2011 - Mısır'ın devrik Cumhurbaşkanı Hüsnü Mübarek, bir soruşturma çerçevesinde sorgulanırken kalp krizi geçirmesi üzerine hastaneye kaldırıldı ve yoğun bakıma alındı.

Doğumlar
 959 - En'yū, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 64. imparatoru (ö. 991)
 1577 - IV. Christian, Danimarka ve Norveç kralı (ö. 1648)
 1803 - Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Alman tarihçi (ö. 1863)
 1823 - Aleksandr Ostrovski, Rus gerçekçiliğinin en büyük temsilcilerinden oyun yazarı (ö. 1868)
 1871 - Yannis Metaksas, Yunan general ve devlet adamı (ö. 1941)
 1903 - Jan Tinbergen, Hollandalı ekonomist ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1994)
 1923 - Ann Miller, Amerikalı dansçı, şarkıcı ve oyuncu (ö. 2004)
 1924 - Raymond Barre, Fransız siyasetçi (ö. 2007)
 1925 - Evelyn Berezin, Amerikalı bilgisayar mühendisidir (ö. 2018)
 1926 - Jane Withers, Amerikalı çocuk oyuncu (ö. 2021)
 1928 - Hardy Krüger, Alman oyuncu (ö. 2022)
 1928 - Nisa Serezli, Türk sinema, tiyatro ve seslendirme sanatçısı (ö. 1992)
 1929 - Elspet Gray, İskoçyalı aktivist, oyuncu (ö. 2013)
 1932 - Jean-Pierre Marielle, Fransız oyuncu (ö. 2019)
 1933 - Montserrat Caballé, Katalan kökenli İspanyol kadın soprano ve opera sanatçısıdır (ö. 2018)
 1936 - Charles Napier, Amerikalı oyuncudur (ö. 2011)
 1936 - Kennedy Simmonds, St. Kitts ve Nevisli siyasetçi
 1937 - Dennis Banks Anişinabe olarak doğan Kızılderili lider, öğretmen, konuşmacı, aktivist ve yazar (ö. 2017)
 1937 - İgor Volk, Sovyet-Rus kozmonot ve test pilotu (ö. 2017)
 1940 - Herbie Hancock, Amerikalı caz piyanisti ve besteci
 1941 - Bobby Moore, İngiliz eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 1993)
 1942 - Carlos Reutemann, Arjantinli eski Formula 1 pilotu (ö. 2021)
 1942 - Jacob Zuma, Güney Afrikalı siyasetç
 1944 - Lisa Jardine Britanyalı tarihçi, yazar ve akademisyen (ö. 2015)
 1946 - Ed O'Neill, Amerikalı sinema, dizi ve tiyatro oyuncusu, seslendirme sanatçısı
 1946 - George Robertson, Britanyalı siyasetçi
 1947 - Tom Clancy, Amerikalı yazar (ö. 2013)
 1947 - David Letterman Amerikalı komedyen ve prodüktör
 1948 - Jeremy Beadle, İngiliz yapımcı, oyun yazarı, radyo ve televizyon sunucusu (ö. 2008)
 1948 - Joschka Fischer, Alman siyasetçi
 1948 - Marcello Lippi, İtalyan eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1950 - David Cassidy, Amerikalı şarkıcı, aktör, söz yazarı ve müzisyendir (ö. 2017)
 1950 - Flavio Briatore İtalyan iş insanı ve takım patronu
 1950 - Joyce Banda Malavili eğitimci ve siyasetçi
 1953 - Bernard Tchoullouyan, Fransız judocu (ö. 2019)
 1954 - Steve Stevaert, Belçikalı siyasetçi (ö. 2015)
 1956 - Andy García, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1956 - Herbert Grönemeyer, Alman şarkıcı
 1959 - Andy Bausch, Lüksemburglu yönetmen
 1962 - Hüseyin Avni Danyal, Türk oyuncu
 1963 - Lydia Cacho, Meksikali gazeteci yazar
 1968 - Yeşim Salkım, Türk şarkıcı
 1969 - Lucas Radebe, Güney Afrikalı eski millî futbolcudur.
 1971 - Nicholas Brendon, Amerikalı aktör
 1971 - Shannen Doherty, Amerikalı aktris
 1972 - Şebnem Ferah, Türk rock müzik sanatçısı
 1973 - Christian Panucci, İtalyan millî futbolcu ve teknik direktördür
 1973 - Sylvinho, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1974 - Mete Pere, Türk müzisyen ve oyuncu
 1978 - Svetlana Lapina, Rus yüksek atlamacı
 1979 - Jennifer Morrison, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1979 - Mateja Kežman, Sırp futbolcu
 1980 - Arda Kural, Türk dizi ve sinema oyuncusu
 1980 - Jehan Barbur, Türk şarkıcı ve şarkı sözü yazarı
 1981 - Nicolás Burdisso, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1983 - Sine Büyüka, Türk sunucu
 1986 - Blerim Džemaili, Makedonya doğumlu Arnavut asıllı, İsviçreli millî futbolcu
 1986 - Jonathan Pitroipa, Burkina Fasolu millî futbolcu
 1987 - Luiz Adriano, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1987 - Brooklyn Decker, Amerikalı model
 1987 - Brendon Urie, Amerikalı şarkıcı
 1988 - Ricardo Álvarez, İngiliz futbolcu
 1988 - Jessie James Decker, Amerikalı country pop şarkıcısı ve söz yazarı
 1989 - Ádám Hanga, Macar basketbolcu
 1989 - Valentin Stocker, İsviçreli millî futbolcu
 1989 - Kaitlyn Weaver, Amerikalı buz patencisi
 1990 - Hiroki Sakai, Japon millî futbolcu
 1991 - Lionel Carole, Fransız futbolcu
 1993 - Andreas Haukeland, Tix, Norveçli, şarkıcı şarkı yazarı ve yönetmen
 1994 - Eric Bailly, Fildişi Sahilli millî futbolcu
 1994 - Oh Sehun, Güney Koreli şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1994 - Guido Rodríguez, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1994 - Saoirse Ronan, İrlandalı oyuncu
 1995 - Kubilay Aka, Türk oyuncu
 1995 - Melissa Venema, Hollandalı trompetçi
 1996 - Polina Korobeynikova, Rus buz patenci
 1996 - Jan Bednarek, Polonyalı futbolcu

Ölümler
 MÖ 45 - Gnaeus Pompeius, (Genç Pompey), Romalı general (d. MÖ 75 civarı)
 238 - I. Gordianus, Roma İmparatoru (intihar) (d. 159)
 352 - I. Julius, 6 Şubat 337 ile 12 Nisan 352 arası papalık yapmıştır
 901 - Eudokia Baïana, Bizans İmparatoru VI. Leon'un üçüncü karısı
 1704 - Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Fransız piskopos (d. 1627)
 1743 - Augustine Washington, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin ilk başkanı George Washington'un babası (d. 1694)
 1782 - Pietro Metastasio, İtalyan şair ve libretto yazarı (d. 1698)
 1817 - Charles Messier, Fransız gök bilimci (d. 1730)
 1871 - Pierre Leroux, Fransız filozof ve politik iktisatçı (d. 1798)
 1893 - Muallim Naci, Türk yazar ve şair (d. 1849)
 1909 - Çaycı İzzet Paşa, Türk siyasetçi ve araştırmacı (d. 1819)
 1936 - Rızaeddin Fahreddin, Tatar müftü, tarihçi (d. 1859)
 1937 - Abdülhak Hamid Tarhan, Türk şair ve diplomat (Makber ve Eşber gibi yapıtlarıyla tanınan) (d. 1852)
 1938 - Fyodor Şalyapin, Rus opera şarkıcısı (d. 1873)
 1944 - Alois Musil, Çek  bir Roma Katolik papaz, ilahiyatçı,oryantalist, kâşif (d. 1868)
 1945 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, ABD'nin 32. Başkanı (d. 1882)
 1953 - Lionel Logue, Avustralyalı konuşma ve dil terapisti ve amatör sahne oyuncusu (d. 1880)
 1967 - İsmail Hami Danişmend, Türk tarihçi (d. 1899)
 1968 - Franz Pfeffer von Salomon, Alman Sturmabteilung'un (SA) ilk komutanı (d. 1888)
 1975 - Josephine Baker, Amerikalı dansçı ve şarkıcı (d. 1906)
 1980 - William R. Tolbert Jr., Liberyalı devlet adamıdır (d. 1913)
 1981 - Prens Yasuhiko Asaka, Japonya prensi ve Japon İmparatorluk Ordusu generali (d. 1887)
 1981 - Joe Louis, Amerikalı boksör (d. 1914)
 1986 - Valentin Katayev, Rus romancı ve oyun yazarı (d. 1897)
 1989 - Sugar Ray Robinson, Amerikalı boksör (d. 1921)
 1998 - İsmail Baha Sürelsan, Türk besteci ve Klasik Türk Müziği sanatçısı (d. 1912)
 1999 - Boxcar Willie, Amerikalı şarkıcı (d. 1931)
 2008 - Cecilia Colledge, İngiliz buz patenci (d. 1920)
 2008 - Patrick Hillery, İrlanda'nın 6. Cumhurbaşkanı (d. 1923)
 2009 - Marilyn Chambers, Amerikalı porno yıldızı (d. 1952)
 2009 - John Maddox, Galli bilim insanı ve gazeteci (d. 1925)
 2010 - Evrim Alataş, Kürt asıllı Türk yazar, gazeteci ve eleştirmen (d. 1976)
 2010 - Alper Balaban, Türk futbolcu (d. 1987)
 2010 - Werner Schroeter, Alman film yönetmeni ve senarist (d. 1945)
 2013 - Murat Gök, Türk hukukçu ve savcı (d. 1972)
 2016 - Anne Jackson, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1925)
 2016 - Balls Mahoney, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1972)
 2016 - Arnold Wesker, İngiliz oyun ve film senaryo yazarı (d. 1932)
 2017 - Tom Coyne, Amerikalı mastering mühendisi (d. 1954)
 2017 - Wayne Hardin, Amerikalı rugby oyuncusu ve çalıştırıcısı (d. 1926)
 2017 - Peggy Hayama, Japon kadın şarkıcı (d. 1933)
 2017 - Toshio Matsumoto, Japon film yönetmeni, senarist ve video sanatçısı (d. 1932)
 2017 - Charles Q. Murphy, Amerikalı aktör, komedyen ve senarist (d. 1959)
 2017 - Sheila Abdus-Salaam, Amerikalı yargıç ve hukukçu (d. 1952)
 2018 - Brij Bhushan Kabra, Hint müzisyen (d. 1937)
 2019 - Can Bartu, Türk futbolcu (d. 1936)
 2019 - Georgia Engel, Amerikalı oyuncu, komedyen, yazar ve dublaj sanatçısı (d. 1948)
 2019 - John McEnery, İngiliz oyuncu ve yazar (d. 1943)
 2019 - Thomas Smith, İngiliz eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1945)
 2020 - Francisco Aritmendi, İspanyol uzun mesafe koşucusu (d. 1938)
 2020 - Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron, İsrail hahamı (d. 1941)
 2020 - Maurice Barrier, Fransız aktör ve şarkıcı (d. 1932)
 2020 - Glenn Beckert, Amerikalı eski profesyonel beyzbol oyuncusu (d. 1940)
 2020 - Kishen Bholasing, Surinamlı-Hollandalı şarkıcı ve perküsyoncu (d. 1984)
 2020 - Peter Bonetti, İngiliz millî futbolcu (d. 1941)
 2020 - Tim Brooke-Taylor, İngiliz komedyen ve aktör (d 1940)
 2020 - Victor Batista Falla, Kübalı editör ve yayıncı (d. 1933)
 2020 - Keiji Fujiwara, Japon seslendirme sanatçısı ve oyuncu (d. 1964)
 2020 - André Manaranche, Fransız rahip, ilahiyatçı ve yazar (d. 1927)
 2020 - Stirling Moss, İngiliz Formula 1 yarış pilotu (d. 1929)
 2020 - Jaime Ruiz Sacristán, Meksikalı iş insanı ve bankacı (d. 1949)
 2020 - Carlos Seco Serrano, İspanyol tarihçi (d. 1923)
 2020 - Khalif Mumin Tohow, Somalili politikacı (d. ?)
 2020 - Samuel Wembé, Kamerunlu iş insanı (d. 1947)
 2020 - Chung Won-shik, Güney Koreli politikacı, eğitimci, asker ve yazar (d. 1928)
 2020 - Abdul Majed, Bangladeş'in kurucusu Şeyh Mujibur Rahman'ın suikastı nedeniyle hüküm giymiş Bangladeş Ordusu subayı
 2021 - Nadiya Babych, Ukraynalı dilbilimci ve gazeteci (d. 1943)
 2021 - Oldemiro Balói, Mozambikli siyasetçi (d. 1955)
 2021 - Erzsébet Dolník, Slovak siyasetçi (d (d. 1940)
 2021 - Serafima Holina, Sovyet-Rus tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu (d. 1923)
 2021 - Halyna Mosiychuk, Sovyet ve Ukraynalı besteci (d. ?)
 2021 - Irondi Pugliesi, Brezilyalı siyasetçi (d. 1947)
 2021 - Shirley Williams, Crosby Barones Williams, İngiliz eski siyasetçi (d. 1930)
 2022 - Zekeriya Beyaz, Türk müftü, imam-hatip, vaiz, din sosyolojisi profesörü ve yazar (d. 1938)
 2022 - Gilbert Gottfried, Amerikalı oyuncu, komedyen ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1955)
 2022 - Shirley Spork, Amerikalı profesyonel golfçü ve eğitimci (d. 1927)
 2022 - Sergey Yaşin Sovyet-Rus profesyonel buz hokeyi oyuncusu (d. 1962)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Bolivya'da Çocuk Günü
 Kozmonotlar Günü
 Yuri Gecesi

0412
12

12 Nisan


Güneydoğu Avrupa, büyük bir kısmını Balkan Yarımadası'nın oluşturduğu Avrupa'da yer alan bir coğrafi bölgedir. Güneydoğu Avrupa'nın tam olarak nerede başladığı veya bittiği ya da kıtanın diğer bölgeleriyle nasıl ilişkili olduğu konusunda birbiriyle örtüşen ve çelişen tanımlar bulunmaktadır. Bölgedeki egemen devlet ve bölgeler alfabetik sıraya göre şunlardır: Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, Doğu Trakya (Türkiye'nin bir kısmı), Hırvatistan, Karadağ, Kosova, Kuzey Makedonya, Romanya, Sırbistan ve Yunanistan. Bazen Moldova ve Slovenya da dahil edilebilmektedir. Bölgenin en büyük şehri Güneydoğu Avrupa ile Batı Asya arasındaki boğazda yer alan İstanbul, ardından Bükreş, Sofya, Belgrad ve Atina'dır.

Bölgenin sınırları; siyasi, ekonomik, tarihî, kültürel ve coğrafi kaygılar ile kişilerin bakış açısı nedeniyle büyük ölçüde değişebilir ve bu sınırlar büyük ölçüde tartışmalıdır.

Tanım
"Güneydoğu Avrupa" teriminin bilinen ilk kullanımı, Avusturyalı araştırmacı Johann Georg von Hahn (1811-1869) tarafından Balkan Yarımadası'nın sınırlarını da kapsayan, ancak geleneksel Balkanlar'dan daha geniş bir alanı tanımlayan bir coğrafi terim olarak kullanılmıştır. Tamamen Balkanlar'ın içinde olarak nitelendirilen ülkeler: Arnavutluk, Kosova, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, Karadağ ve Kuzey Makedonya'dır.

Coğrafi bakımdan Güneydoğu Avrupa
Coğrafi olarak kısmen de olsa bölge içinde olduğu kabul edilen ülkeler aşağıdaki gibidir:

Arnavutluk
Bosna Hersek
Bulgaristan
Hırvatistan
Yunanistan
Kosova
Moldova
Karadağ
Kuzey Makedonya
Romanya
Sırbistan
Slovenya
Türkiye – sadece Doğu Trakya dahil edilir.

CIA World Factbook

CIA World Factbook'ta her ülkenin tanımı, "Coğrafya" başlığı altında ilgili ülkenin konumu hakkında bilgi içerir. Aşağıdaki ülkeler, "Güneydoğu Avrupa" sınıflandırmasına dahil edilmiştir:

 Arnavutluk
 Bosna Hersek
 Bulgaristan
 Hırvatistan
 Kosova
 Karadağ
 Kuzey Makedonya
 Romanya
 Sırbistan
 Türkiye (sadece Doğu Trakya)

Bu sınıflandırmaya göre Slovenya Orta Avrupa, Yunanistan Güney Avrupa ve Moldova Doğu Avrupa ülkesidir.

Kayda değer görüşler

 Güneydoğu Avrupa için İstikrar Paktı (SPSEE) üyeleri arasında Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, Hırvatistan, Kosova, Moldova, Karadağ, Kuzey Makedonya, Romanya ve Sırbistan yer aldı.
 Güneydoğu Avrupa İşbirliği Süreci (SEECP) üyeleri arasında Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, Hırvatistan, Yunanistan, Kosova, Moldova, Karadağ, Kuzey Makedonya, Romanya, Sırbistan, Slovenya ve Türkiye yer almaktadır.
 Güneydoğu Avrupa Kooperatif Girişimi (SECI) üyeleri arasında Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, Hırvatistan, Moldova, Karadağ, Kuzey Makedonya, Romanya, Sırbistan, Slovenya ve Türkiye bulunmaktadır.
 AB tarafından finanse edilen Güney Doğu Avrupa Ulus Ötesi İşbirliği Programı "program alanı" kapsamında Arnavutluk, Avusturya, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, Hırvatistan, Yunanistan, Macaristan, Kuzey Makedonya, Karadağ, Moldova, Romanya, Sırbistan, Slovakya, Slovenya ve İtalya ile Ukrayna'nın bazı kısımlarını içerir.
 Dünya Bankası'nın çalışmaları; Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, Hırvatistan, Moldova, Kuzey Makedonya, Romanya ve Sırbistan'ı sekiz Güneydoğu Avrupa ülkesi olarak ele almaktadır (SEE8).
 Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) ve Avrupa Konseyi Kalkınma Bankası'nın (CEB) 2006 tarihli bir yayını; Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, Hırvatistan, Kuzey Makedonya, Moldova, Romanya, Sırbistan ve Karadağ'ı "Güneydoğu Avrupa ülkeleri" olarak listeledi.
 Dünya Bankası, raporlarına AB ülkelerini dahil etmiyor ve sadece Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Kosova, Karadağ, Kuzey Makedonya ve Sırbistan'ı (SEE6) listeliyor.
 Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği Güney Doğu Avrupa Bölge Ofisi şu anda Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Kuzey Makedonya ve Karadağ'ı "Güney Doğu Avrupa ülkeleri" olarak tanımlıyor.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Eurovoc
 Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği
 Yüzdeler Anlaşması
 Southeast European Times

Notlar

Kaynakça
ÖzelGenel

 Paul L. Horecky (ed.), Southeastern Europe: A guide to basic publications, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Dış bağlantılar

Güneydoğu Avrupa


في عام 608 ق.م. بعد التحالف مع الآشوريين وصلت القوات المصرية إلى الفرات في شمال العراق، وحاربت البابليين ثلاث سنوات متواصلة. وفي عام 605 ق.م. ألحق البابليون بقيادة نبوخذ نصر الثاني، الهزيمة بالجيش المصري عند مدينة كركميش. وفي عام 604 ق.م. بسط البابليون سيطرتهم على الجزء الأكبر من سوريا وفلسطين، وظلت سوريا وفلسطين تتمرد على الحكم البابلي بدعم من مصر فقرر الملك نبوخذ نصر أن يشن حربًا على مصر، وبالفعل جهز جيشًا كبيرًا للهجوم على مصر فخرج الملك المصري نكاو الثاني على رأس الجيش المصري لمقابلة البابليين سنة 601 ق. م في المكان المعروف حاليا بقطاع غزة وقامت حرب ضروس ومميتة كبدت الطرفين خسائر فادحة وانتهت المعركة بانسحاب البابليين.

المراجع

حروب الشرق الأوسط
معارك مصر القديمة
معارك البابليين

معركة غزة (601 ق م)


María Cecilia Botero Cadavid (Medellín, Antioquia, 13 de maio de 1955) é uma atriz, apresentadora e jornalista colombiana.

Biografía

Inícios

Ela estudou antropologia muito antes de se tornar atriz. Filha do maestro Jaime Botero Gómez e sobrinha de Dora Cadavid.

Iniciou sua carreira artística com El fantasma de Canterville, em 1971, ao lado de Carlos Benjumea, Maruja Toro, Enrique Pontón e Franky Linero. Ela substituiu Mariela Hijuelos, que faleceu durante a gravação de La Vorágine (1975). Foi Manuela Saénz na série Bolívar, o homem das dificuldades em 1981. Foi María Cándida em La Pezuña del Diablo (1983), Yadira La Ardiente em Caballo viejo (1988) e Sándalo Daza em Música maestro (1990). Seus irmãos Óscar Botero e Ana Cristina Botero também são atores.

Éxito profissional

Ela estreou como atriz de cinema em 1972, quando estrelou o filme María, ao lado de Fernando Allende.

María Cecilia Botero tornou-se uma das figuras mais apreciadas do entretenimento colombiano.

Talvez seus personagens mais lembrados sejam Yadira la Ardiente, da novela Caballo viejo, e Sándalo Daza, de Música maestro.

Paralelamente à sua carreira como atriz, María Cecilia produziu e protagonizou diversas comédias musicais dirigidas por seu marido, o argentino David Stivel (com quem se casou em 1982), já falecido. Com David, ela teve um filho chamado Mateo Stivelberg.

Seu sonho de popularizar o teatro musical na Colômbia a levou a fazer produções tão importantes quanto Peter Pan, Sugar e La Mujer del Año. Também se destacou como apresentadora de telejornais e como apresentadora dos talk shows María C. Contigo e Las Tardes de María C.

Em 2005, foi convidada para fazer parte da novela Lorena, produzida pela RCN Television, onde desempenhou seu primeiro papel antagônico, dando vida à malvada Rufina de Ferrero, onde mudou radicalmente seu visual e mostrou sua grande capacidade histriônica.

María Cecilia não descuidou de sua vocação de professora e dirige a Academia Charlot, a escola que criou seu pai, Jaime Botero, na cidade de Bogotá.

50 anos de vida artística
Em 2020, comemorou 50 anos de vida artística, destacando-se no teatro, televisão e cinema.

Apresentou o programa Día a Día no canal Caracol Television, junto com Catalina Gómez e Agmeth Escaf.

Em 2021, ela participou como a voz espanhola da Vovó Alma no filme da Disney Encanto , junto com as vozes de atores como John Leguizamo, Angie Cepeda, Carolina Gaitán, entre outros.

Filmografia

Televisão

Filmes

Apresentadora

Teatro musical

 La Mujer del año
 Sugar
 La Invencible Molly Brown
 Peter Pan
 Música maestro (1990)
 Los caballeros las prefieren rubias

Ver também
 Botero (sobrenome)
 Televisão na Colômbia

Referências

Atrizes da Colômbia
Nascidos em 1955
Naturais de Medellín
Jornalistas da Colômbia

María Cecilia Botero


Brennhof ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Wilburgstetten im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Der Weilers ist von Weihern umgeben: Im Norden Erbsenweiher, im Süden Rappelach, Thiergart und Krummweiher und im Westen Meister-, Schwarz- und Haferweiher. Diese werden von zwei Bächen gespeist die etwas weiter westlich als linke Zuflüsse in die Wörnitz münden. 1 km nördlich erhebt sich der Steckenberg (). Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt nach Villersbronn (1,9 km nordöstlich) bzw. zur B 25 bei Wilburgstetten (0,7 km südwestlich).

Geschichte
Die Fraisch über Brennhof war strittig zwischen dem oettingen-spielbergischen Oberamt Dürrwangen, dem ansbachischen Oberamt Wassertrüdingen und der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl. Die Grundherrschaft über den Ganzhof hatte das Spital der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl inne. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Wassertrüdingen.

Im Jahr 1809 wurde Brennhof infolge des Gemeindeedikts dem Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Villersbronn zugeordnet. Mit dem Zweiten Gemeindeedikt (1818) wurde der Ort neu gebildeten Ruralgemeinde Knittelsbach zugewiesen. Am 1. April 1971 wurde Brennhof im Zuge der Gebietsreform nach Dinkelsbühl eingegliedert.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist römisch-katholisch geprägt und war ursprünglich nach St. Peter und Paul (Halsbach) gepfarrt, seit der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ist die Pfarrei St. Margareta (Wilburgstetten) zuständig. Die Protestanten sind nach St. Peter (Sinbronn) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Wilburgstetten
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Weiler in Mittelfranken

Brennhof (Wilburgstetten)


Ivan Vasilievici (Иван Васильевич) este o piesă de teatru de Mihail Bulgakov scrisă în perioada 1934-1936. A fost publicată prima oară postum în 1965.

Prezentare

Personaje
 Ivan cel Groaznic
  Bunsa Koretki
 Miloslavski Jorj
 Timofteev
 Uliana Andreevna
 Zinaida Mihailovna
 Diacul
 Spak Anton Semionovici
 Iakin
 Țarina
 Fagot
 Behemoth
 Patriarhul
 Tareviciul
 Woland
 Opricinici
 Suita Țarinei
 Dublura lui Ivan
 Trimisul Suedez 1
 Trimisul Suedez 2

Teatru radiofonic

Ecranizări
 Țarul Ivan își schimbă profesia (1973) - Inginerul Nikolai Timofeev este înlocuit cu Șurik.

Vezi și
 Listă de piese de teatru rusești

Piese de teatru rusești

Ivan Vasilievici


Sandra Felgueiras (Porto, março de 1977) é uma jornalista portuguesa. Atualmente, trabalha na TVI. Já trabalhou para a Cofina, na direção da revista Sábado, e para a RTP, onde esteve cerca de 21 anos, dos quais durante 9 anos foi responsável por coordenar e apresentar o programa de investigação Sexta às 9, na RTP1.

Estagiou na SIC e no Expresso (em 1999) e teve uma curta experiência na Barcelona Television, em Espanha, em 1998, e é formada em Comunicação Social na Universidade Nova de Lisboa. O seu primeiro grande caso mediático foi aquando do desaparecimento da menina inglesa Madeleine (Maddie) McCann em 2010, no qual entrevistou os pais da criança; recentemente, participou no documentário da Netflix sobre o caso. Após uma carreira de 21 anos na RTP, a sua saída esteve envolta em polémica, após o programa Sexta às 9 ter sido cancelado pela direção de informação da estação televisiva. Em 2022, inaugurou também o programa Investigação SÁBADO, transmitido na CMTV. No mesmo ano de 2022, abandona a CMTV e ingressa na TVI, onde atualmente é uma das apresentadoras do Jornal Nacional.

Sandra Felgueiras foi considerada pela revista Executiva a 20.ª mulher mais influente de Portugal em 2021.

Naturais do Porto
Alumni da Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Jornalistas de Portugal
Apresentadores de telejornais
Apresentadores de televisão de Portugal

Sandra Felgueiras


Karadeniz Ereğli, Zonguldak il sınırları içinde bulunan bir ilçedir. Türkiye'nin kuzeyinde, Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin Batı Karadeniz Bölümü'nde yer almaktadır. Yüzölçümü 782 km²'dir. İlçeye bağlı 3 belde (Gülüç, Kandilli (Armutçuk) ve Ormanlı) ve 93 köy vardır. İlçenin ana geçim kaynağı madencilik ve demir-çelik sanayisidir.

Nüfus

Mahalleler
Şehir merkezine 31 mahalle bağlı olup adları Akarca, Bağlık, Balı, Belen, Belen Yeni, Bölücek, Dağlar, Elmatepe, Güldere, Göktepe, Hamzafakılı, Kavaklık, Kepez, Kestaneci, Kışla, Kırmacı, Kıyıcak, Kirmanlı, Kocaali, Korubaşı, Köseler, Murtaza, Müftü, Orhanlar, Ömerli, Ören, Sarıkokmaz, Süleymanlar, Topçalı, Uzunçayır ve Uzunmehmet'tir.

Gülüç beldesine bağlı mahalle sayısı 4 olup, adları Gülüç Merkez, Bekyeri, Çengelburnu ve Örencik'tir.

Armutçuk (Eski adıyla Kandilli) beldesine bağlı mahalle sayısı 5 olup, adları Armutçuk Merkez (diğer adıyla Çamlık), Geyikbeli, Şehitlik, Uzunmehmet Yayla ve Yeni Mahalle'dir.

Ormanlı beldesine bağlı mahalle sayısı 4 olup, adları Ormanlı Merkez, Sarıkaya, Seyitahmetli ve Sinitli'dir.

Gökçeler (Eski adıyla Neyren) beldesine bağlı mahalle sayısı 5 olup, adları Gökçeler Merkez, Açıkhava, Kızılsu, Pazaryeri ve Yeni Mahalle'dir.

Güneşli (Eski adıyla Çaylıoğlu) beldesine bağlı mahalle sayısı 5 olup, adları Çaylıoğlu Merkez, Asarlı, Güneşli, Hacıosmanlar ve Kocalar'dır.

Çeşitli bilgiler

 İlçede 15 ağır sanayi kuruluşu, 81 orta ölçekli işletme faaliyet gösterir.
 Şehirde 5 modern hastane, 200'ü aşkın doktor vardır.
 Şehirde Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi, Gazi Alemdar Gemisi Müzesi, ve belediyenin kurmuş olduğu Kent Müzesi olmak üzere 3 müze bulunmaktadır. Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi'nde 3.000'i aşkın arkeolojik eser sergilenmektedir. Ayrıca şehir merkezinde bulunan Cehennemağzı Mağaraları, Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi'ne bağlı bir ören yeri olarak ziyaretçi kabul etmektedir.
 Karadeniz Ereğli, sınırları boyunca 80 kilometrelik kıyı şeridine sahiptir. Yükleme ve boşaltma olanağı olan Türkiye'nin en büyük limanları ve balıkçı barınakları ile uluslararası nitelikte tersaneleri bulunmaktadır. İlçeye bağlı Kandilli (2003'ten önceki adı Armutçuk) beldesinde, Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu'na bağlı Armutçuk Müessesesi bünyesinde taşkömürü ocakları, ilçe merkezinde Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları (Erdemir) bulunmaktadır. Sadece Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları'nda 10.000'e yakın işçi çalışmaktadır. 2006 yılında açılan yeni tersaneler bölgesi 7.000 kişiye iş olanağı sağlamıştır. Gelecekte faaliyete geçecek Organize Sanayi Bölgesi ise 5.000 kişilik istihdam sağlayacaktır.
 İlçenin kıyıları boyunca, birçok doğal plajın yanı sıra; Karadeniz Ereğli Belediyesi, Erdemir Fabrikaları ve Karadeniz Bölge Komutanlığı'na ait kamp ve plaj tesisleri bulunmaktadır.
 Kent merkezi; sosyal alanlar, çevre düzenlemeleri ve ticari hareketliliğinden dolayı Zonguldak ve çevresinin çekim merkezi konumundadır. Bu nedenle gündüz saatlerinde Karadeniz Ereğli'nin nüfusu 200.000'i, araç sayısı da 60.000'i geçer.
 İlçe bazında alındığında Türkiye'de ilçe bazında kişi başına en fazla otomobil Karadeniz Ereğli'de bulunmaktadır (AB ortalamasına en yakın yer).
 İlçede Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı'na bağlı ilköğretim ve liseler ile özel okullarda 40 bin öğrenci öğrenim görmektedir. Ayrıca Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi'ne bağlı Karadeniz Ereğli Eğitim Fakültesi'nde 3.000'e yakın üniversite öğrencisi eğitim görmektedir.
 İlçe merkezinde 6 yaş üstü okuma-yazma oranı %93,8'dir.
 Ereğli eskiden Heraklia adıyla anılırdı. Eski Yunan mitolojisine göre tanrı Zeus'un oğlu Herkül üç başlı köpek olan Kerberos ile şu an ilçe merkezinde bulunan Cehennemağzı Mağarası'nda savaşmıştır. Cehennemağzı Mağarası zamanla biraz zarar görse de günümüzde koruma altındadır.
 İlçe sınırları içerisindeki tek tabiat parkı, 57 hektarlık bir alana sahip olan Danaağzı Tabiat Parkı'dır.
 İlçede 4 yerel radyo istasyonu yayın yapmaktadır.

Festivaller
Karadeniz Ereğli'de her yıl 18 Haziran'da Osmanlı Çileği Kültür ve Sanat Festivali düzenlenmektedir. Sonradan kaldırılmış olan Hamsi Festivali kapsamında 22 Aralık 2002 tarihinde 2.002 metre uzunluğunda "Dünya'nın En Uzun Mangalı" rekoru kırılmaya çalışılmış, 1.600 metrenin kabul edilmesi sonucu ilçe Guinness Rekorlar Kitabı'na adını yazdırmıştır. Türkiye'nin En Büyük Festivali olan Sevgi Barış Dostluk Festivali her yıl temmuz aylarında yapılıp yüzbinlerce kişiye ev sahipliği yapar.

Tarihçe

Ereğli, tarihsel kökleri MÖ 2000'li yıllara uzanan çok eski bir kenttir. Bir uygarlık beşiğidir. Tarihsel veriler, ilçenin İyonlardan Türk egemenliğine kadar çok sayıda Anadolu Uygarlığını barındırdığını, bu şekilde bir uygarlıklar mozayiği oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Ereğli bu özelliğini Batı Karadeniz'deki belli başlı iki doğal limandan birisine sahip olmasına borçludur. Ancak tarihsel veriler kıyı ticaretinin Ereğli'yi, hakkettiği gelişmişlik düzeyine ulaştırmakta yersiz kaldığını göstermektedir. Bunun nedeni, Ereğli'yi bir liman kenti olarak üretken iç kesimlere bağlayan karayollarının olmamasıdır, yani Ereğli bir hinterlanda sahip olamamıştır. 1334 (1918) tarihli Müstakil Bolu Sancağı Salname-i Resmiyesi'nde de bu gerçek vurgulanmakta; Ereğli'nin önemli çapta bir ticari hareketliliğine kavuşamaması, iç kesimlerle irtibatının olmayışına bağlanmaktadır. Ereğli'yi geliştiren, 1848 yılında işletmeye açılan taşkömürü madeni ile 1965 yılında işletmeye alınan Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları olmuştur. Bu dönemden itibaren sınai kentleşme sürecine giren ilçe, coğrafi yapısının da elverişli olması nedeniyle, giderek Batı Karadeniz'in ağır sanayi merkezlerinden birisi haline gelmiştir. Ereğli son yıllarda güçlü ekonomik yapısını ve gelişmiş sosyo-kültürel yaşamının doğal bir sonucu olarak uluslararası barış ödüllerinden, ulusal çevre ödüllerine uzanan kentsel ve kültürel başarılara da sahne olmuş, kardeş ilçe anlaşmalarıyla Yunanistan'dan Almanya'ya kadar geniş bir bölge içerisinde sevgi, barış ve dostluk köprüleri kurmuştur.

Müzeler

 Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi
 Arkeoloji Müzesi
 Gazi Alemdar Gemisi Müzesi

Şive
Ereğli ilçesinde kullanılan Türk şivesinin Batı Anadolu ağızları içindeki konumu
Prof. Dr. Leyla Karahan'ın Anadolu Ağızlarının Sınıflandırılması (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları: 630, Ankara 1996) adlı çalışmasına göre şöyledir:

Spor
Ereğli, kadın futbolunda aktif bir şehirdir. Karadeniz Ereğli Belediyespor Kadınlar 1. Ligi'nde mücadele etmektedir. Ayrıca Karadeniz Ereğli Spor, Yıldız Kızlar Türkiye Şampiyonası'nın 2011 yılı şampiyonu olmuştur. Bunun dışında, Ereğli'deki erkek futbol takımları da amatör liglerde mücadele etmektedir.

2000'li yıllarda, Erdemirspor bünyesinde başarılı profesyonel spor takımları mevcuttu. Erkek voleybol takımı Erkekler Voleybol Ligi'nde 3 defa şampiyon olmuş (2001-02, 2003-04, and 2004-05), fakat 2007'de ligden çekilmiştir. Erkek basketbol takımı, Erdemir tarafından 2013'te kapatılana kadar Basketbol Süper Ligi'nde 7 sezon mücadele etmiş , alt lig olan Türkiye Basketbol Ligi'nde ise iki şampiyonluk kazanmıştır (2003-04, 2007-08). Ayrıca, 2000'li yıllarda kadın basketbol takımı da Kadınlar Basketbol Süper Ligi'nde mücadele etmiştir.

Ereğli'de satranç da yaygın bir spordur. İlçede iki satranç kulübü bulunmakta, yılda yaklaşık 10 satranç turnuvası düzenlenmektedir.

Erdemir

1954 yılında Sümerbank öncülüğünde, ilgili bakanlıklardan temsilcilerin yer aldığı bir komisyon oluşturularak ulusal demir çelik sanayisinin gerekliliği gündeme getirildi. 1959 yılında ise Sanayi Bakanlığı'nca kurulan bir heyet ile ABD'de Koppers şirketi tarafından yapılabilirlik etüdü ve tesisi kuracak şirketin statüsü üzerine çalışmalar başlatıldı. Koppers Associates SA, İş Bankası A.Ş., Demir ve Çelik İşletmeleri Umum Müdürlüğü ile Ankara Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası yassı çelik üretecek şirketin kurucuları arasında yer aldı. Bu kuruluşlarca 1959 yılı sonunda imzalanan bir protokol ile kurulacak şirket için kanun tasarısı, Kurucular Anlaşması ve Şirket Esas Sözleşmesi gibi esasları hazırlamak ve yürütmek için bir müteşebbis heyeti seçildi.
Türkiye'nin ilk yassı çelik üreticisi tesisinin kurulması için 12 Şubat 1960'ta Kurucular Anlaşması imzalandı. 28 Şubat 1960 tarihinde kabul edilen 7462 sayılı bir kanunla Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları T.A.Ş. (Erdemir) adıyla bir anonim şirket kurulması için Bakanlar Kurulu'na yetki verildi. Süratle sanayileşme hamlesi yapan Türkiye'de gerek mevcut sanayinin beslenmesi gerekse yeni sanayi kollarının kurulup gelişmesi için 11 Mayıs 1960'ta fabrikanın kuruluşu resmen tescil edildi.
1961 yılında başlayan inşaat ve montaj çalışmaları 42 ay gibi kısa bir sürede tamamlandı ve Erdemir, 15 Mayıs 1965'te yaklaşık 0,5 milyon ton ham çelik ve 0,4 milyon ton yassı çelik kapasitesiyle üretime başladı.
Türkiye'nin en büyük sanayi yatırımlarından olan 1,5 milyar dolar tutarındaki Kapasite Artırma ve Modernizasyon Yatırımları (KAM I ve KAM II) 1996'da tamamlandı. 1998 yılında Karadeniz'in ve Türkiye'nin en büyük limanlarından olan Yeni Liman Tesisleri hizmete girdi. 1999'da Kalay/Krom Kaplama Tesisi'nin, 2001 yılında Erenco'nun kurulması büyüme stratejileri doğrultusundaki ilk adım oldu. 2002'de ERDEMİR Çelik Servis Merkezi faaliyete başlarken, İSDEMİR, ÇELBOR ve ERDEMİR Romanya satın alındı. Bunu 2004 yılında ERDEMİR Lojistik ile ERDEMİR Gaz'ın kurulması ve ERMADEN'in satın alınması izledi. Böylece Erdemir, Türkiye'nin en büyük şirketler topluluğundan biri haline geldi. Özelleştirme doğrultusunda Erdemir, 27 Şubat 2006'da 2 milyar 960 milyon $'a OYAK'a devredildi. 2008 yılında Yeni 1 No.lu Yüksek Fırın "Ayşe" üretime başladı.

Ereğli Demir ve Çelik Fabrikaları T.A.Ş.'nin amiral gemisi olduğu ERDEMİR Grubu'nda; 2001 yılında kurulan Erenco (Erdemir Mühendislik Yönetim ve Danışmanlık Hizmetleri A.Ş.) ve ERDEMİR Çelik Servis Merkezi, 2002 yılında alınan ERDEMİR Romania S.R.L., İSDEMİR (İskenderun Demir ve Çelik A.Ş.) ve ÇELBOR Çelik Çekme Boru San. ve Tic. A.Ş, 2004'te kurulan ERDEMİR Lojistik A.Ş., ve ERDEMİR Gaz San ve Tic A.Ş. ile aynı yıl satın alınan ERDEMİR Madencilik San. ve Tic. A.Ş., yer almaktadır.

Kardeş kentler
Ocak 2013 itibarıyla Kdz. Ereğli'nin 7 tane kardeş kenti bulunmaktadır.

  (1995)
  (2004)
  (2007)
  (2010)
  (2010)
  (2011)
  (2011)

Türkiye - Yunanistan ilişkilerinin gergin olduğu bir dönemde Ereğli ve Hydra'nın 1995'te kardeş şehir ilan edilmesi geniş yankı bulmuş, iki şehrin belediye başkanları Halil Posbıyık ve Anastopoulos Konstantinos 1996 Abdi İpekçi Barış ve Dostluk Ödülü'ne layık görülmüştür.

Siyaset

 Halil Posbıyık 2007 Genel Seçimlerinde aday olabilmek için istifa etti ve Demokrat Parti'den milletvekili adayı oldu fakat seçilemedi
 Hüseyin Uysal 2019 Yerel Seçimlerinde aday gösterilmeyince istifa etti ve Büyük Birlik Partisinden aday oldu  fakat seçilemedi.
 Daha önce uzun yıllar belediye Başkanlığı yapmış olan  Halil Posbıyık 31 Mart 2019 seçimleri ile tekrar belediye başkanı seçilmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Kdz. Ereğli Kaymakamlığı Resmi Sitesi
 Kdz. Ereğli Belediyesi Resmi Sitesi

Zonguldak'ın ilçeleri

Karadeniz Ereğli


Þefpokamörður (fræðiheiti: Dasyurus viverrinus), sem finnst aðeins í Ástralíu, er meðalstórt kjötætt pokadýr. Þeir eru útbreiddir og jafnvel algengir í Tasmaníu. Þeir hafa verið taldir útdauðir á meginlandinu síðan á sjöunda áratugi, en hafa verið fluttir aftur inn í afgirt helgisvæði árið 2016 og nýlega út í náttúruna í mars 2018. Það er ein af sex núverandi tegundum pokamarða.

Tenglar

Pokadýr

Þefpokamörður


ඩිම්3, නැතහොත් ඩයිමෙන්ෂන් 3, යනු නිදහස් හා විවෘත ත්‍රිමාණ ක්‍රීඩා එන්ජිමකි. එය නිර්මාණය කරණ ලද්දේ බ්‍රයන් බානිස් විසිනි. එය ඇපල් සමාගම විසින් ඕඑස් එක්ස් සඳහා සංවර්ධන මෘදුකාංගයක් ලෙස තෝරා ගන්නා ලදි. එසේම ඔවුන්ගේ නව ක්‍රීඩා ගොඩනගන මෙවලමක් ලෙස දක්වන ලදි. ඩෙව්මාස්ටර් හි ත්‍රිමාණ එන්ජින් පිළිබඳ දත්ත සමුදාය තුලද ඩිම්3 ඇත.

ඩිම්3 ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම සඳහා ඕපන් GL භාවිතා කරන අතර කේතනයට ජාවාස්ක්‍රිප්ට්ද දත්ත සඳහා එක්සෙමෙල් ද විභේදන හුවමාරුව සඳහා සරල ඩිරෙක්ට්මීඩියා ලේයරයද භාවිතා කරයි.

කොටස්
ඩිම්3 හි යෙදවුම් 4ක් අන්තර්ගතය ඒවා නම්: එන්ජිම(Engine), සංස්කාරකය(Editor), සජීවීකාරකය(Animator) හා ස්ථාපකයයි(Setup).

ඩිම්3 හි දී එන්ජිම යනු සංවර්ධනය කරන යෙදවුමයි. මෙහිදී ක්‍රීඩාව (හෝ ව්‍යාපෘති) වලට බොහෝ පද්ධතිවල ක්‍රියාකළ හැකි අතර එම පද්ධතිවල නිවැරදි එන්ජිම තිබීම පමණක් ප්‍රමාණවත් වේ. මෙම එන්ජිම මැක් ඕඑස් එක්ස්, මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් වින්ඩෝස් හා අයිඕස් හි ක්‍රියාත්මකවේ. මෙහි සියලුම සංස්කරණ වලට ජාලගත ආකාරයට එකිනෙක හා ක්‍රියාකළ හැක.

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි
 ඩිම්3 වෙබ් අඩවිය නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය
 ඩිම්3 ෆෝරමය  නිල ෆෝරමය
 ඩිම්3 සඳහා ගූගල් කේත

නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග

ඩිම්3


Mexicansk motmot () er en skrigefugl, der lever i Mexico og Guatemala.

Kilder
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Mexicos fugle
Motmoter

Mexicansk motmot


Rhinovirus er en gruppe af vira der hører under familien af picornavira. Rhinovirus består af mindst 115 forskellige serotyper, der kan give anledning til forkølelse, som er en øvre luftvejsinfektion. Rhinovirus kan også give anledning til nedre luftvejsinfektioner.

Rhinovirus er ca. 30 nm i størrelse; til sammenligning er de fleste andre vira ca. 10 gange større. Den består af enkeltstrenget RNA i en viruskapsel med ikosaedralsk symmetri.

Referencer

Picornaviridae

Rhinovirus


L'incendie de l'hôtel Polen eut lieu le  à Amsterdam, aux Pays-Bas et fit  et .

Contexte

Déroulement

Causes

Conséquences

Aujourd'hui, le bâtiment est remplacé par le Rokin Plaza, situé à l'arrière du musée Madame Tussauds.

Notes et références

Histoire d'Amsterdam
Incendie aux Pays-Bas
Incendie dans un hôtel
1977 aux Pays-Bas
Mai 1977
Incendie en 1977

Incendie de l'hôtel Polen


Jesús Tirso Blanco (3 de junho de 1957 — 22 de fevereiro de 2022) foi um prelado católico angolano nascido na Argentina.

Tirso Blanco nasceu na Argentina e foi ordenado sacerdote em 1985. Ele serviu como bispo da Diocese Católica Romana de Luena da Angola, de 2007 até sua morte em 2022. Blanco morreu em 22 de fevereiro de 2022, aos 64 anos de idade. Tirso Blanco foi tido como m dos principais prelados da Diocese do Lwena que soube difundir o Evangelho nos quatro recantos daquela emaranhada Diocese católica, fundando tantos projectos sociais e religiosos como seminários, menor, médio e maior, casa de acolhimento para crianças sem teto, casas de formação profissional para a juventude nas distintas paróquias, tudo em nome do seu amor pelo querígma. Dom Jesus Tirso Blanco marcou com singularidade cada jovem que cruzou o seu caminho. Acredita-se que tal génio se deveu pelo facto de ter sido um sacerdote salesiano. Foi um ser humano intenso e comprometido com o trabalho, daí que é sagrado como o "Santo do Trablho", pois entre os jovens que terão convivido in loco com a sua pessoa, nunca deixou de referenciar que "é preciso que vocês trabalhem para que eu descanse". Pela Infinita misericordia de Deus que a sua alma descanse em Paz, pois perpetuar-se-a o seu legado pelos jovens que ele cruzou na sua vida simples e humilde.

Ligações externas

Naturais de Ramos Mejía
Religiosos de Angola
Salesianos

Jesús Tirso Blanco


طويبية إحدى قرى الجمهورية التونسية، تقع في معتمدية غار الملح من ولاية بنزرت، جنوب شرقي مدينة بنزرت. ترقيمها البريدي 7024.

انظر أيضا

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 ولاية بنزرت.

قرى ولاية بنزرت

طويبية


Ulfkær Kirke ligger i Ulfborg i Ulfborg Sogn, Holstebro Kommune (Ribe Stift).

Bygning og inventar
Ulfkær Kirke er en rødstenskirke og har tag af skifer. Stilen er en blanding af på den ene side spidsbuestil med vinduerne og tårnspiret og på den anden side romansk stil med rundbuerne i adskillelsen mellem koret og skibet samt på gesimsen rundt i kirkerummet.

Døbefonten er lavet til kirken og er af granit. Billedet på altertavlen er skabt af en lokal kunstner og forestiller Jesus, der tager en knælende mand i hånden og viser ham det nye Jerusalem. På toppen af tavlen ses et kors, som er en kopi af et kors, der er opsat på orgelpulpituret, så de to kors findes i hver ende af kirken. I 2012 blev altertavlen dækket over af en midlertidig tavle skabt af en yngre lokal kunstner og viser på et stort rundt billede fire scener fra Jesu liv: Mariæ bebudelse, Jesu fødsel, Jesu dåb og opstandelsen.

Orglet på pulpituret i kirkens østre ende har ti stemmer. Prædikestolen er udført af lokale håndværkere i renæssancestil og udsmykket med symboler på kirkeåret.

Historie
Oprindeligt var Ulfborg Kirke eneste kirke i Ulfborg Sogn, men med udviklingen båret af anlæggelsen af Ulfborg Station i 1875 udviklede byen Ulfborg sig hastigt i slutningen af 1800-tallet, og snart opstod ønsket om at få en kirke i denne by, for at beboerne her kunne undgå den 3 km lange tur til den gamle kirke. En komité blev nedsat omkring år 1900, og i løbet af ganske kort tid lykkedes det denne at indsamle det dengang betragtelige beløb på 16.207 kr, hvilket dækkede udgifterne til opførelsen af en ny kirke uden behov for statstilskud. Desuden donerede en lokal købmand grunden og et beløb til inventaret og udsmykningen.

Opførelsen af kirken er tilsyneladende foregået uden brug af en arkitekt, men foretaget af lokale håndværkere. Kirken minder om andre kirker, der blev opført på denne tid, men er bemærkelsesværdig ved, at tårnet står i øst, og indgangen til kirken foregår herigennem. Der opstod et spørgsmål om, hvad kirken skulle hedde, idet det oplagte navn – Ulfborg Kirke – jo allerede var brugt. I stedet valgte man Ulfkær, der kommer fra, at området inden bygningen af stationen hed Sønderkær, som bestod af et par gårde samt en kro og et apotek. De to sidstnævnte hed begge Ulfkær, hvilket endte med at lægge navn til kirken.

Kirken stod færdig kort før jul 1900 og blev indviet 23. december dette år.

Der blev skænket et klokkespil til kirken i 1974 med 36 klokker, og som musikunderstøttelse havde man fra begyndelsen et harmonium, der allerede i 1907 blev afløst af et rigtigt orgel. Dette er to gange senere blev udskiftet, i henholdsvis 1927 og 1982. Kirken gennemgik en restaurering ved 100-året i 2000.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Ulfkær Kirke hos KortTilKirken.dk

Kirker i Holstebro Kommune
Kirker i Ribe Stift

Ulfkær Kirke


Dominik Škunca (Novalja, Hrvatska,  - Marly le Roi, Francuska, ), hrvatski arhitekt, grafičar, slikar i kipar. Živio i djelovao u Francuskoj.

Životopis
Rođen u Novalji 1939. godine. Sklonost likovnom izričaju iskazivao od djetinjstva. Otkako je u gimnaziji, razvijao je umjetnički talent pod pod paskom likovnog pedagoga V. Fugošića.
U Francuskoj je od 1962. godine. Živio je u Parizu. Likovno umijeće izrazio u arhitekturi gdje se u jednom studiju zaposlio kao crtač početnik. Dalji razvitak likovnog znanja bila je njegova samoukost. Nacrtao je brojne portrete. Slikao u tehnici uljanim bojama. Djeljao kiparske radove, većinom plitke reljefe i stilizirane kipove u sadri. Od 1974. studirao je arhitekturu u Versaillesu. Prvu je samostalnu izložbu imao na Montmartru. Otišao živjeti u gradu Marlyju le Roi. Likovna mu je karijera trajala dugo. Slikao je je ikone, kaligrafije i kaligrame u obliku zoomorfnih likova sastavljenih od naziva životinja. Crtao i grafike. Umro je 2011. godine.

Izvori

Životopisi, Pag
Hrvati u Francuskoj
Hrvatski slikari
Hrvatski kipari
Hrvatski arhitekti
Hrvatski grafičari
Životopisi, Novalja

Dominik Škunca


Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron (FISA) er det Det Internationale Roforbund der er det organiserende forbund for international roning. Dets nuværende præsident er Jean-Christophe Rolland, der efterfulgte Denis Oswald ved en ceremoni i Luzern i juli 2014.

Organisationen står bag konkurrencer som World Cup i Roning og Verdensmesterskaberne i roning og lignende konkurrencer.

Roning
Internationale sportsorganisationer

Det Internationale Roforbund


Gennem lydmuren er en dansk kortfilm fra 1993, der er instrueret af Jens Loftager.

Handling
På sin fridag forstyrres Mette af besynderlige lyde på den anden side af væggen. Hvad gemmer der sig bag muren? Og hvordan finder man overhovedet frem til det ukendte?

Medvirkende

 Mette Agnete Horn
 Niels Anders Thorn
 Hella Joof

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1993

Gennem lydmuren