Lost Horizon este un joc video istoric de aventură point-and-click dezvoltat de Animation Arts și publicat de Deep Silver în 2010 pentru Microsoft Windows. La 8 octombrie 2013, Animation Arts a anunțat că o continuare pentru Lost Horizon este în curs de dezvoltare. Lost Horizon 2 a fost lansat la 2 octombrie 2015 și are loc la 20 de ani după evenimentele primului joc.

Intrigă
În 1936, pe Valea Khembalung din Tibet, un detașament de soldați britanici, trimis într-o expediție de către guvernul britanic pentru a realiza harta țării, intră într-o ambuscadă pusă la cale de soldații celui de-al treilea Reich la o mănăstire atunci când încearcă să-i ajute pe călugării de acolo. Richard Weston, fiul guvernatorului din Hong Kong și liderul expediției, își pierde majoritatea bărbaților în luptă, protejându-l pe călugărul șef, în timp ce îi conduce într-o cameră secretă. Thomas Finch este despărțit atât de Richard cât și de călugăr atunci când ușile camerei se închid. Înainte de a muri, călugărul îi înmânează lui Richard o cheie și îl instruiește ca să nu fie găsit. Richard descoperă că aceea cameră conține sculpturi și multe alte lucruri care nu sunt de origine asiatică. În ciuda a ceea ce vede, caută o cale de ieșire și folosește cheia pe un piedestal de piatră din cameră, creând un portal. Richard dispare cu cheia când trece prin ea, iar portalul se închide în urma sa. Câteva ore mai târziu, când germanii au terminat securizarea mănăstirii, șefa lor, Hanna von Hagenhild, o contesă germană și un om de știință din societatea Thule, ordonă ca sursa expedițiilor pentru hărțile regiunii din Hong Kong să fie eliminată împreună cu orice note, cu triade obișnuite să facă munca murdară, pentru a evita alte perturbări în munca lor.

O săptămână mai târziu, la Hong Kong, Fenton Paddock, pilotul unui avion de marfă și fost pilot al armatei britanice, după ce a fost lăsat necinstit la vatră, după ce a scăpat de moarte din mâinile filialei Tong a Triadelor, după ce a intervenit în afacerile lor de contrabandă, este chemat la Lordul Weston, guvernatorul Hong Kong-ului. Fenton se angajează să analizeze dispariția lui Richard împreună cu restul echipei sale ca străin, întrucât guvernul britanic nu își permite să facă acest lucru fără a provoca un incident diplomatic cu China. Căutând hărți ale Tibetului de la fostul său angajat, Yen Wuang, împreună cu notele sale despre o expediție pe care a efectuat-o în zonă, Fenton o întâlnește pe nepoata sa, Kim, în timp ce le căuta, înainte de a fi obligat să o ia cu el când Tong îi urmărește după hărți și note. În timp ce se îndreaptă spre Tibet, Fenton îi explică lui Kim de ce a fost îndepărtat din armată și de ce se îndreaptă spre Tibet. Înainte de a ajunge într-un sat aflat pe ruta lor, un avion de luptă german i-a doborât. După ce-și revin din cădere, cei doi se uită la notele lui Yen pentru a găsi un loc sigur pentru a se odihni de frig, și află că a vizitat regiunea cu un explorator britanic, profesorul Arthur Hayes, în 1922, căutând o mănăstire presupusă a fi un simplu mit. Se decid să o găsească, dar observă un camion care circulă prin munți, apoi perechea descoperă o tabără germană în apropiere de mănăstire și îl salvează pe Thomas în tot acest timp. Când perechea se îndreaptă spre mănăstire și camera secretă din interiorul ei, Fenton și Kim află că Richard a dispărut printr-o poartă din interiorul ei și că pentru a intra ei înșiși, au nevoie de o a doua cheie care este ascunsă în altă parte a lumii. Cu toate acestea, Hagenhild îi prinde pe amândoi, cu intenția de a-l urmări pe Hayes care are un obiect care este necesar pentru a găsi a doua cheie pe o hartă specială în posesia lor. Fenton reușește să scape, dar o pierde pe Kim când încercă să o salveze, crezând că este moartă.

În Marrakech, Maroc, Fenton încearcă să-l elibereze pe profesorul Hayes, când află că a fost arestat pentru probleme fiscale cu colonia franceză. După ce a muncit din greu pentru a strânge bani de cauțiune pentru a-l elibera, Hayes dezvăluie ce știe despre mănăstire și expediția sa. În conversație, el dezvăluie că mănăstirea ascunde legenda Shambala, care conține o putere imensă. După discuția lor, el decide să-i ofere lui Fenton artefactul din posesia sa, o piatră prețioasă verde în formă de ochi de dragon. Totuși, agenții celui de-al treilea Reich își fac apariția, ucigându-l pe Hayes și mărșăluiesc cu artefactul, forțându-l pe Fenton să-i urmeze înapoi la Berlin, unde au loc Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1936. Având nevoie să intre într-un muzeu local, unde piesa a fost luată împreună cu harta de la care a aflat de la Hagenhild, Fenton intră pe stadionul olimpic și ajută un prieten la jocuri pentru a câștiga aur, în timp ce pozează și ca membru al presei. Infiltrându-se la nivelurile inferioare ale muzeului în timpul unei petreceri pentru câștigătorii olimpici, află că harta lui Piri Reis de care are nevoie pentru a afla locul celei de-a doua chei, este de fapt depozitată în castelul Wewelsburg din Germania. Paddock, care recuperează piatra prețioasă, ia un tren și se infiltrează în castel. După ce a găsit harta, el combină artefactul cu harta Piri Reis, aflând că a doua cheie se află în zona Gujarat din India. După ce are o problemă cu un tigru, el găsește cheia într-un vechi templu scufundat sub apă, împreună cu picturile murale care arată un bărbat în uniformă britanică, ajutând oamenii din templu, spre confuzia lui Fenton.

Fenton se întoarce la Hong Kong pentru a cere sprijinul lui Weston pentru a-i opri pe germani, dar află că guvernatorul a făcut o înțelegere cu ei în schimbul siguranței fiului său. Fenton și cheia sunt readuse la mănăstire de către germani, unde este dezvăluit că Kim este încă în viață ca prizonieră. Forțați să deschidă poarta din cameră de către Hagenhild, Fenton, Kim, Hagenhild și restul soldaților germani dispar, Fenton separat de ei. Trezindu-se într-o cameră, el se întâlnește cu Richard, care apare ca o fantomă, dar dezvăluie că atât el, cât și Fenton se află în Shambala și că se află în trecut. Dându-și seama că Hangenhild caută această puterea a Shambalei, Fenton colaborează cu Richard pentru a asambla un talisman pentru a folosi puterea de sine pentru a-i opri. Creând un dragon din puterea gândurilor sale, Fenton îl îndrumă să atace soldații, în timp ce Kim, care se desface de legăturile ei, se luptă cu Hagenhild și o omoară. Odată scăpați de amenințare, Fenton și Kim îi promit lui Richard că-l vor informa pe tatăl său despre ce s-a întâmplat cu el, înainte de a se îmbrățișa împreună.

Primire

Lost Horizon a primit recenzii în general favorabile din partea criticilor. În ceea ce privește GameRankings, în prezent are un scor de 81,10% pe baza a 10 recenzii,  iar pe Metacritic de 77/100 pe baza a 24 de recenzii.

Referințe

Legături externe

Jocuri pentru Windows
Jocuri pentru iOS
Jocuri pentru Android
Jocuri video de aventură
Jocuri video din 2010

Lost Horizon (joc video)


Lupfen steht für:
 Dialekt, heben, aufheben.
 Lupfen, ein Berg im Landkreis Tuttlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Deutschland.
 Lupfen (Landschaftsschutzgebiet), LSG im Landkreis Tuttlingen.
 Lupfen (Kartenspiel), ein Kartenspiel.
 Lupfen (Fußball), eine Schusstechnik, bei der man den Torwart mit einem hohen, langsamen Ball überspielt.

Lupfen ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Adelhaid von Lupfen († 1371), Äbtissin des Damenstifts Buchau.
 Grafen von Lupfen, süddeutsches Adelsgeschlecht.
 Johann von Lupfen (1487–1551), Fürstbischof von Konstanz (1532–1538).

siehe auch:

Lupfen (Begriffsklärung)


The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (, Khram Khrista Spasitelya) in the Russian city of Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg) is the largest church of Kaliningrad Oblast. It is the dominant building of the inner city and is situated near the central square, called Ploshchad Pobedy (Victory Square).

The Cathedral's construction was completed on 10 September 2006. A small wooden chapel that served as a temporary worship space still stands nearby.

Architecture
The Russian Orthodox Cathedral of Christ the Saviour was designed by architect is Oleg Kopylov. Standing at 70 meters high, the temple was built in the style of church architecture in the duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal.

History
The cornerstone for the structure was laid in 1995. In 1996, Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Metropolitan Kirill brought a capsule with earth taken from Moscow's Christ the Saviour Cathedral.  The upper church of the Resurrection was consecrated on September 10 2006 by Patriarch Alexy II, and timed to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the opening of the first Orthodox church in Kaliningrad.

The lower church in the name of the Holy Face of Our Saviour was consecrated on September 27, 2007 by Metropolitan of Smolensk and Kaliningrad Kirill (Gundyaev). The "Memel" iconostasis created during the Seven Years' War for the Russian garrison in Memel (Klaipeda) was subsequently installed here. The lower temple is a temple of military glory and is dedicated to the memory of the Russian soldiers who died in the Seven Years' War, the Napoleonic Wars, World War I and World War II in East Prussia and today's Kaliningrad Oblast .

In July 2010 near the cathedral a new small church was opened, established in the same style and dedicated to Saints Peter and Fevronia of Murom.

External links
http://www.ubrus.org/ (in Russian)

Churches in Kaliningrad Oblast
Churches in Kaliningrad
Russian Orthodox cathedrals in Russia
Churches completed in 2006

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Kaliningrad)


Der ehemalige Burgmannshof ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Profangebäude am Markt 29 in der ostwestfälischen Stadt Lübbecke im Kreis Minden-Lübbecke in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Er diente ursprünglich als Burgmannshof für die Burgmannen der nahegelegenen Landesburg Reineberg.

Geschichte und Architektur
Das verputzte Herrenhaus mit drei Standerkern auf der westlichen Traufseite ist von einer Ringmauer umgeben. Die Giebel unter dem Walmdach sind in Fachwerkbauweise ausgeführt. Das Portal im Osten ist über eine vorgelagerte Freitreppe erreichbar und trägt die Jahreszahl 1735. Der südliche Fachwerkspeicher steht auf einem Bruchsteinsockel, die Obergeschosse kragen vor. Er wird derzeit als Ausstellungsmöglichkeit für den Kunstverein Lübbecke e.V. genutzt. Der Burgmannshof ist – neben dem Gapendorfschen Hof in der Gerichtsstraße – der letzte von ehemals 16 Höfen des Dienstadels in Lübbecke.

Das im Besitz der Familie von der Recke befindliche Gebäude diente in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts als Sitz des Kreises Lübbecke.

Seit 1986 hängt in der Mauer des Burgmannshofes die Glocke der katholischen Kirche in Striegau.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio, unter wissenschaftlicher Leitung von Ursula Quednau: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen II Westfalen. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin/München 2011, ISBN 978-3-422-03114-2

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Baudenkmal in Lübbecke
Erbaut in den 1730er Jahren
Bauwerk in Lübbecke
Barockbauwerk in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Lubbecke

Burgmannshof Lübbecke


Los Angeles Clippers Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Los Angeles, Kaliforniya şehrinde kurulmuş olan profesyonel basketbol takımı. Ülkenin en önemli basketbol organizasyonu NBA'de Los Angeles Lakers ile birlikte Los Angeles'ta bulunan iki takımdan biridir. Batı Konferansı'nın Pasifik Grubu'ndadır. Maçlarını Staples Center'da oynamaktadır. Takım sahibi, aynı zamanda Microsoft şirketinin CEO'su olan Steve Ballmer'dır.

Salonlar

Buffalo Memorial Auditorium (1970-1978)
San Diego Sports Arena (1978-1984)
Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena (1984-1999)
Staples Center (1999-günümüze)

Formalar

Oyuncular

Güncel kadro

Dış bağlantılar
 Los Angeles Clippers resmi site
 Clippers Topbuzz - Clippers taraftar sitesi

NBA takımları
Clippers
1970'te kurulan spor kulüpleri

Los Angeles Clippers


Ibero-America (, ) or Iberian America is generally considered to be the region in the Americas comprising countries or territories where Spanish or Portuguese are predominant languages (usually former territories of Portugal or Spain). Portugal and Spain are themselves included in some definitions, such as that of the Ibero-American Summit and the Organization of Ibero-American States. The Organization of Ibero-American States also includes Spanish-speaking Equatorial Guinea, in Central Africa, but not the Portuguese-speaking African countries. The Latin Recording Academy, the organization responsible for the Latin Grammy Awards, also includes Spain and Portugal as well as the Latino population of Canada and the United States in their definition of Ibero-America.

The prefix Ibero- and the adjective Iberian refer to the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, which includes Portugal and Spain. Ibero-America includes all Hispanic American countries in North, Central, and South America plus the Hispanophone Caribbean, as well as Portuguese-speaking  Brazil. Ibero-America makes up the overwhelming bulk of Latin America, but is differentiated from Latin America by the exclusion of the French-speaking country of Haiti, the French overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique and Guadeloupe, and the French collectivities of Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy. Belize and Guyana, whose official language is English, and Dutch-speaking Suriname are not considered to be either Ibero-American or Latin American.

Since 1991, the Iberoamerican Community of Nations organizes a yearly Ibero-American Summit meeting of the heads of state and governments of the Ibero-American countries, including Spain, Portugal and Andorra, this has since changed to biannually from 2014.

Countries and population in the Americas and Iberian Peninsula
 Spanish-speaking: (430,567,462 speakers)
  Argentina 42,669,500
  Bolivia 10,556,102
  Chile 17,772,871
  Colombia 47,425,437
  Costa Rica 4,586,353
  Cuba 11,167,325
  Dominican Republic 9,445,281
  Ecuador 15,223,680
  El Salvador 6,134,000
  Guatemala 15,806,675
  Honduras 8,249,574
  Mexico 118,395,054
  Nicaragua 6,071,045
  Panama 4,058,374
  Paraguay 6,800,284
  Peru 30,814,175
  Puerto Rico (U.S. Commonwealth) 3,667,084
  Spain 48,196,693
  Uruguay 3,324,460
  Venezuela 28,946,101
 Portuguese-speaking: (227,661,177 speakers)
  Brazil 217,240,060
  Portugal 10,352,0424

See also
 Iberian Peninsula
 Hispanic America
 Latin Recording Academy
 Organization of Ibero-American States
 Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica (OTI)
 Spanish colonization of the Americas
 Portuguese colonization of the Americas
 Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal

References

External links

Official website of the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)
Official website of Ibero-America's Secretariat General (SEGIB)
Official website of the Organization of Ibero-American Youth (OIJ)
Digital history of Ibero-America from the 14th to the 18th century
La Insignia, news about Ibero-America
Pensar Iberoamerica, cultural magazine about Ibero-America
Official website of El Ojo de Iberoamerica, one of the most important festivals devoted to Ibero-America

Country classifications
Cultural regions
Catalan language
Spanish-language culture
Lusophone culture
Former Spanish colonies
Former Portuguese colonies
Regions of the Americas

Ibero-America


David Brinkley est un journaliste et présentateur de journal américain né le  à Wilmington en Caroline du Nord et décédé le  à Houston au Texas.

Biographie

Jeunesse

Carrière

Vie privée

Travail télévisuel
 1951-1956 : Camel News Caravan
 1956-1970 : NBC News - The Huntley-Brinkley Report
 1961-1963 : David Brinkley's Journal
 1971-1979 : NBC Nightly News
 1980-1981 : NBC Magazine with David Brinkley
 1981-1996 : This Week with David Brinkley
 1981-1998 : ABC World News Tonight
 1991 : Pearl Harbor: Two Hours That Changed The World with David Brinkley
 1994 : David Brinkley Reports: The Battle of the Bulge

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Animateur américain de télévision
Journaliste américain
Présentateur de journaux télévisés aux États-Unis
Naissance en juillet 1920
Naissance à Wilmington (Caroline du Nord)
Décès en juin 2003
Décès à 82 ans
Récipiendaire de la médaille présidentielle de la Liberté
Étudiant de l'université Emory
Étudiant de l'université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill
Étudiant de l'université Vanderbilt

David Brinkley


Dasylirion parryanum es una especie  de planta  fanerógama de la familia Asparagaceae, anteriormente de las ruscáceas. Es nativa de México.

Descripción
Dasylirion parryanum alcanza un tamaño de 100 cm de altura, a menudo ramificada. Las hojas son fuertes, retorcidas, variables, ásperas y verrugosas, de color verde son de 50 a 70 cm de largo y 8-13 mm de ancho. Las espinas amarillas están dispuestas irregularmente y dirigidas hacia arriba. La inflorescencia es paniculada, leñosa, estrecha de 2,5 a 3,5 m de alto. Las numerosas flores son de color amarillo a crema. El período de floración se extiende de mayo a junio.
Los frutos se presentan en forma de cápsulas que contienen una semilla.

Distribución y hábitat

Dasylirion parryanum se encuentra en México, en los estados de San Luis Potosí, Aguascalientes y Guanajuato, en altitudes desde 2100 hasta 2300 metros. Crece en las laderas rocosas de las zonas desérticas asociada con Yucca decipiens, Nolina humilis, Agave stricta y varias especies de Opuntia.

 Taxonomía Dasylirion parryanum fue descrita por William Trelease y publicado en Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 50: 432, en el año 1911.William Trelease: The desert group Nolineae. Dasylirion . In: Proceedings, American Philosophical Society. Band 50, 1911, S. 432–433 (online).
EtimologíaDasylirion: nombre genérico compuesto que deriva de la palabra griega: dasys para "rugosa" , "descuidada" y leirion de "lirio", que probablemente fue elegido debido a las hojas largas y desordenadas.parryanum: epíteto
SinonimiaDasylirion acrotrichum var. parryanum'' (Trel.) Bogler

Referencias

Enlaces externos

parryanum
Flora de México
Plantas descritas en 1911
Plantas descritas por Trelease

Dasylirion parryanum


Tolk Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 10,5 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1050 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Andreas Thiessen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-suedangeln.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Tolk


Sırbistan'da kurulu futbol kulüpleri listesi:

 OFK Beograd
 FK Bačka Bačka Palanka
 FK Borac Čačak
 FK Budućnost Banatski Dvor
 FK Hajduk Kula
 FK Kom Zlatica
 FK Napredak Kruševac
 FK Obilić
 FK Obrenovac
 FK Partizan
 FK Rad
 FK Radnički
 FK Crvena zvezda
 FK Smederevo
 FK Vojvodina Novi Sad
 FK Voždovac
 FK Zemun
 FK Spartak Subotica
 FK Car Konstantin
 FK Radnicki Pirot
 FK Sloboda Uzice
 FK Javor Ivanjica
 FK Radnicki Kragujevac
 FK Cukaricki Stankom
 FK Jedinstvo Belo polje
 FK Macva Bogatic
 FK Macva Šabac
 FK Novi Pazar
 FK Srem
 FK Mladost Apatin
 FK BASK Beograd
 FK Mladost Lucani
 FK Vlasina Vlasotince
 FK ČSK Pivara
 FK Radnicki Beograd
 FK Radnicki Sombor
 FK Zeleznicar Beograd
 FK Sloga Kraljevo
 FK Mladenovac
 FK Timok Zajecar
 FK PSK Pancevo
 FK FAR Priboj
 BSK Batajnica
 FK Župa Aleksandrovac
 FK Slavija Beograd
 FK Balkan Bukovica
 FK Radnički Pirot

Futbol kulübü listeleri
Sırbistan listeleri

Sırbistan'daki futbol kulüpleri listesi


Le massacre de Shell House est une fusillade survenue en 1994 à Shell House, le siège du Congrès national africain (ANC), situé au centre de Johannesbourg, en Afrique du Sud, avant les élections de 1994.

Déroulements des événements
Shell House (à ne pas confondre avec Luthuli House, où l'ANC a déménagé plus tard), situé au 51 Plein Street à Johannesbourg, était le siège de l'ANC jusqu'en 1997 après que l'organisation a été autorisée. Le 28 mars 1994, environ  du Parti de la liberté Inkatha (IFP) ont défilé devant Shell House pour protester contre les élections de 1994 que l'IFP avait l'intention de boycotter.

Les militants de l'ANC ont ouvert le feu, tuant . À l'époque, les gardiens ont affirmé que les partisans de l'IFP voulaient prendre d'assaut le bâtiment ou qu'une information avait été reçue à ce sujet. La Commission d'enquête Nugent qui a travaillé sur ces incidents a rejeté cette explication. La commission a conclu que la fusillade des gardes de l'ANC était injustifiée. L'incident reflétait les tensions croissantes entre l'ANC et l'IFP, qui avaient commencé dans les années 1980 au KwaZulu-Natal et s'étaient ensuite propagées à d'autres provinces dans les années 1990. L'IFP a affirmé que l'ANC avait l'intention de saper les autorités traditionnelles et le pouvoir des chefs zoulous ; l'ANC y a vu une lutte de pouvoirs alors que la fin de l'apartheid était proche.

L'incident a déclenché l'état d'urgence dans onze districts du Rand Est, ainsi que dans l'ensemble de la province du KwaZulu et du Natal.

En , l'ANC, puis le président Nelson Mandela, affirmaient avoir donné l'ordre de défendre Shell House, même s'il fallait tuer des gens. En 1995, Willem Ratte a déposé une plainte pour meurtre contre le président Nelson Mandela au poste de police de Pretoria pour le massacre de Shell House.

La Commission de vérité et réconciliation a accordé une amnistie à onze personnes concernant ce massacre.

Notes et références

Massacre en Afrique du Sud
Mars 1994

Massacre de Shell House


James Frederick Buchli (born June 20, 1945, in New Rockford, North Dakota) is a retired United States Marine aviator and former NASA astronaut who flew on four Space Shuttle missions.

Early life and education
Buchli graduated from Fargo Central High School, Fargo, North Dakota, in 1963 and received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the United States Naval Academy in 1967. He also earned a Master of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering Systems from the University of West Florida in 1975.

Buchli is an associate member of Naval Academy Alumni, American Legion, Association of Space Explorers, and American Geophysical Union.

Military career
Buchli received his commission in the United States Marine Corps following graduation from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland in 1967. He graduated from Basic Infantry Officer's Course and was subsequently sent to the Republic of Vietnam for a 1-year tour of duty, where he served as a Platoon Commander with the 9th Marine Regiment, and then as Executive Officer and Company Commander for B Company, 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion. He returned to the United States in 1969 for naval flight officer training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. After earning his wings, he spent the next 2 years assigned to VMFA-122 at Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, and Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan. In 1973, he proceeded to duty with VMFA-115 at Royal Thai Air Base Nam Phong in Thailand, and again MCAS Iwakuni. Upon completing this tour of duty, he again returned to the United States and participated in the Marine Advanced Degree Program at the University of West Florida. He was assigned subsequently to VMFA-312 at Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina, and in 1977, to the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland.

He has logged over 4,200 hours flying time: 4,000 hours in jet aircraft, including combat in the F-4 Phantom II.

NASA career
Buchli became a NASA astronaut in August 1979, selected as part of Group 8. He was a member of the support crew for STS-1 and STS-2, and On-Orbit CAPCOM for STS-2. A veteran of four space flights, Buchli has orbited the Earth 319 times, traveling 7.74 million miles in 20 days, 10 hours, 25 minutes, 32 seconds. He served as a mission specialist on STS-51-C, STS-61-A, STS-29, and STS-48. From March 1989 till May 1992 he also served as Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office.

On September 1, 1992, Buchli retired from the Marine Corps and the NASA Astronaut Office to accept a position as manager of space station systems operations and requirements with Boeing Defense and Space Group, at Huntsville, Alabama. In April 1993, he was reassigned as Boeing deputy for payload operations, Space Station Freedom Program. Buchli currently serves as operations and utilization manager for space station, Boeing Defense and Space Group, at Houston, Texas.

Space flights
STS-51-C flew the Space Shuttle Discovery, and was the first dedicated Department of Defense mission. Launched January 24, 1985, from Kennedy Space Center, STS-51-C performed its mission to deploy a modified Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) vehicle from the Space Shuttle. Landing occurred on January 27, 1985, after slightly more than three days on orbit, ending a mission lasting 73 hours, 33 minutes, and 27 seconds.
STS-61-A, launched October 30, 1985, and landing November 6, saw the Space Shuttle Challenger perform a West German D-1 Spacelab mission. It was the first to carry eight crew members, then the largest crew to fly in space, and the first in which payload activities were controlled from outside the United States. More than 75 scientific experiments were completed in the areas of physiological sciences, materials processing, biology, and navigation, and the mission duration was 168 hours, 44 minutes, and 51 seconds.
STS-29, flew the Discovery from March 13, 1989, to March 18, a five-day mission during which the crew deployed a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, and performed numerous secondary experiments, including a space station "heat pipe" radiator experiment, two student experiments, a protein crystal growth experiment, and a chromosome and plant cell division experiment. In addition, the crew took over 3,000 photographs of the Earth using several types of cameras, including the IMAX 70 mm movie camera, during the 119 hours, 39 minutes, 40 second mission.
STS-48, from September 12, to September 18, 1991, was a five-day mission during which the crew of the Discovery deployed the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) designed to provide scientists with their first complete data set on the upper atmosphere's chemistry, winds, and energy inputs. The crew also conducted numerous secondary experiments ranging from growing protein crystals, to studying how fluids and structures react in weightlessness. Mission duration was 128 hours, 27 minutes; 34 seconds.

Awards and decorations
Buchli is a recipient of the Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Purple Heart, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal and Vietnam Gallantry Cross with silver star. He is a 2019 inductee into the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame.

References

Spacefacts biography of James Buchli

1945 births
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
American people of Swiss descent
Aviators from North Dakota
Engineers from North Dakota
Living people
Military personnel from North Dakota
People from Eddy County, North Dakota
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
United States Marine Corps astronauts
United States Marine Corps colonels
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Flight Officers
University of West Florida alumni
Space Shuttle program astronauts

James Buchli


أبو قبيس هي مصيف وبلدة سورية في ناحية سلحب في محافظة حماة، تبعد أبو قبيس حوالي 45 كم عن حماة وحوالي 250 كم عن دمشق، تتربع البلدة في موقع جبلي جميل حيث الغابات الرائعة والطبيعة الخلابة وتشرف على مناظر في غاية السحر والجمال وتتمتع بجو معتدل وهي مقصد للزوار والسياح والباحثين عن جمال الطبيعة.

السكان
يقدر عدد سكان أبو قبيس بحوالي 1200 نسمه.

السياحة والخدمات

تغطي منطقة أبوقبيس الغابات واشجار السنديان والصنوبر تحيط بها الجبال المغطاة بالغابات، هناك فوق أحد القمم حصن وقلعة أبو قبيس التاريخية التي تعود للعصر الروماني، واطلالات ساحرة في وسط الغابات السورية وتنساب الينابيع العذبة والشلالات في أكثر من مكان وسط الغابات لتزيد من روعة المكان وسحره، وهناك نهر أبوقبيس التي تحيط به الجبال من ثلاث جهات وتنتشر المنتزهات والاستراحات والمطاعم على ضفتي النهر التي تمتلئ بالزوار وتتوفر كافة الخدمات في البلدة.

مناظر وطبيعة خلابة تمتد عبر جبال سوريا وغاباتها حيث تنتشر عشرات البلدات والمصايف والمنتزهات، وأبوقبيس مصيف وموقع يجذب السياح والمصطافين في أشهر الصيف للتمتع بالطبيعة في منطقة من أجمل المناطق بغاباتها وجبالها واهلها.

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 قلعة أبو قبيس

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة السقيلبية
تجمعات علوية في سوريا
قرى محافظة حماة
منتجعات في سوريا

أبو قبيس


Terrorangrebet ved Saint-Quentin-Fallavier fandt sted om morgenen den 26. juni 2015, omkring klokken 10:00 lokal tid. En muslimsk leveringschauffør fik adgang til Air Products fabrik i Saint-Quentin-Fallavier nær byen Lyon i en varevogn, med sin chef ved siden af ham. Han halshuggede sin chef i sin vogn og fastgjorde hovedet til et hegn sammen med to jihad-bannere ved siden af. Det afhuggede hoved havde indskrevet arabisk skrift på tværs, mens kroppen senere blev fundet på jorden 9 meter væk. Chaufføren gik derefter tilbage i sin vogn og forsøgte at sprænge bygningen i luften ved stampeblanding af flere forskellige gasflasker, der forårsager eksplosioner. Yderligere to blev skadet.

Tre andre islamistiske angreb fandt sted den samme dag i Tunesien, Kuwait og Somalia.

Nyhedskanalen France24 oplyste, at tre personer, blandt dem den formodede gerningsmand er arresterede og under afhøring.

Reaktioner
Frankrigs præsident, François Hollande, efterlod et EU-topmøde i Bruxelles for at vende tilbage til Frankrig. Hollande sagde, at "Angrebet bærer kendetegnende for et terrorangreb." Den franske indenrigsministre, Bernard Cazeneuve, rejste angiveligt også hen til gerningsstedet. Han lavede en erklæring ved 12:45 lokal tid (UTC +2).

See også
 Angrebet i Sousse 2015
 Moskebombningen i Kuwait 2015
 Angrebet i Leego 2015
 Attentatet mod Charlie Hebdo 2015

Noter

Begivenheder i 2015
Terrorhandlinger i Frankrig
Attentater
Massakrer i Frankrig


Rumeíka (mariupoljski grčki, krimski grčki ili tauro-romajski) grčko je narječje kojim govore etnički Grci naseljeni na sjevernoj obali Azovskoga mora u jugoistočnoj Ukrajini. Te se Grke zove azovskim Grcima.

Iako je rumeíka uz turkijski urumski jezik bila glavni jezik azovskih Grka čak i u 20. stoljeću, danas se njime koriste malobrojni ukrajinski Grci.

Povijest

Krim je bio naseljen govornicima grčkoga više od dva i pol tisućljeća kao dio antičkih kolonija i kasnije Bizanta. Grčki su polisi počeli osnivati kolonije na Krimu u sedmom i šestom stoljeću prije Krista. Većinu su kolonija uspostavili Jonjani iz Mileta u Maloj Aziji.

Nakon što je pustošenje Carigrada tijekom Četvrtoga križarskog rata razbilo Bizant u komadiće, Krim je postao dio grčkoga Trapezuntskog Carstva. Ono je palo pod osmansku vlast 1475. godine. Početak velikoga grčkog naseljavanja stepske regije sjevera Azovskoga mora datira do Rusko-turskoga rata (1768. – 1774.) kada je Katarina Velika pozvala krimske Grke da se ponovno nasele na novoosvojena područja (uključujući i osnivanje Mariupolja) zbog progona u dijelu Krima pod muslimanskom kontrolom.

Zbog stoljeća pod tatarskom i turskom vladavinom mnogi Grci više nisu govorili grčkoga jezika: zajednica se podijelila na govornike grčkoga (Romeiis) i govornike urumskoga.

U dvadesetome stoljeću Rumeíkom se služilo u većini sela u kojima se govorilo grčkim. Postoji oko 17 sela gdje se jezik i danas rabi. Razlikuje se pet poddijalekata s obzirom na njihovu sličnost sa standardnim grčkim.

Rumeíka nije jedini jezik Grka na sjeveru Azovske regije: u selu Anadol govori se pontskim jer je naseljeno ljudima iz Ponta koji su došli 1826. godine.

Pripadnost

Rumeíku se često opisuje kao pontski dijalekt. Prema modernim istraživačima. situacija ipak nije tako jednostavna: moguće je argumentirati da je Rumeíka slična i pontskom i sjevernim grčkim narječjima. Prema Maximu Kisilieru, iako Rumeíka dijeli neka obilježja s obama, bolje ju je smatrati posebnom, to jest izdvojiti je.

Istraživanje i literatura
Nakon Oktobarske revolucije 1917. započeo je proces buđenja azovskih Grka. Sovjetska administracija uspostavila je grčko-rumajsko kazalište, nekoliko časopisa i novina te škole. Georgi Kostoprav stvorio je poetski jezik za svoja djela. Ovo je buđenje prekinuto kada su Kostoprav i mnogi drugi Grci ubijeni za vrijeme vladavine Josifa Staljina 1937. godine. Velik je broj ljudi prebačen u gulage.

Rumeíka je bila tema jezičnih studija u kasnim 1920-ima i 1930-ima kao dio općega programa nastojanja da se identificiraju i opišu jezici SSSR-a. Ipak, jezikoslovci koji su proučavali jezik postali su žrtve za Staljinova režima i istraživanje Rumeíke nije se nastavilo do 1950-ih i 1960-ih.

Poznavatelji grčkoga iz Kijeva, pod vodstvom Andrija Biletskog, složili su detaljan opis jezika i zabilježili folklor. Biletski je razvio ćirilični alfabet za njih 1969. jer su azovski Grci izgubili pismenost u Grčkome još u krimskome razdoblju svoje povijesti.

Mnoge su knjige na Rumeíki tiskane na ćirilici: osim domaćih djela, tiskani su i prijevodi.

Novi je pokušaj očuvanja identiteta etničkih Grka počeo sredinom 1980-ih. Iako su mnogi pisci rabili ćirilično pismo, stanovnici regije rijetko su se njime služili jer je sada većina držala ruski materinskim jezikom. Rumeíka je drastično propadala, najviše ugrožena standardnim novogrčkim kojim se služilo u školama i na lokalnom sveučilištu. Ipak, najnovija istraživanja Aleksandra Gromova pokazuju da još ima nade da će neki stanovnici nastaviti rabiti dijalekt.

Povezani članci

 Grci u Ukrajini
 Jezici Ukrajine
 Griko

Izvori

Grčki jezik
Jezici Ukrajine

Rumeíka


Corul pompierilor este un film românesc din 2000 regizat de Cristian Mungiu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Doru Ana, Mircea Diaconu, Doru Nițescu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2000 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2000
Filme regizate de Cristian Mungiu
Filme de comedie românești

Corul pompierilor


Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) tarafından Hizmet Ödülü, bilim insanı yetiştirmek, kendi bilim dalını kurumsallaşmasına katkıda bulunmak, bilimsel kurum kurmak yoluyla bilime üstün hizmet edenlere verilir. Ödüllere ilişkin duyuru her yıl ekim ayı içinde yapılır.

Geçmiş Yıllarda Bu Ödülü Alanlar
 1969 Y. Müh. Zihni Derin
 1971 Prof. Dr. Mustafa İnan
 1971 Prof. Dr. Bekir Alkan
 1972 Prof. Dr. Fahir Yeniçay
 1972 Ord. Prof. Dr. Tevfik Sağlam
 1973 Prof. Dr. Fatin Gökmen
 1973 Ord. Prof. Dr. Akil M. Özden
 1974 Ord. Prof. Ata Nutku
 1974 Prof. Dr. Hamdi Suat Aknar
 1975 Ord. Prof. Dr. Süheyl Ünver
 1975 Ord. Prof. Hulusi Behçet
 1975 Nuri Şeker
 1976 Ord. Prof. Hilmi İleri
 1977 Ord. Prof. Dr. Aydın Sayılı
 1977 Ord. Prof. Dr. Kerim Erim
 1977 Ord. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Hamdi Peynircioğlu
 1978 Ord. Prof. Emin Onat
 1978 Prof. Dr. İhsan Doğramacı
 1978 Prof. Dr. Şeref Zileli
 1978 Prof. Dr. Mustafa Uluöz
 1979 Prof. Dr. H. Nafiz Pamir
 1979 Ord. Prof. Bedri Karafakıoğlu
 1979 Prof. Dr. Reşat Garan
 1979 Prof. Dr. Sabahattin Özbek
 1980 Prof. Dr. Tarık Özker
 1980 Prof. Dr. Fikret Saatçioğlu
 1981 Prof. Dr. Fikret Kortel
 1981 Prof. Dr. Macit Erbudak
 1981 Prof. Dr. Mustafa Parlar
 1981 Prof. Dr. H. Nüzhet Terem
 1982 Prof. Dr. Muhtar Başoğlu
 1982 Prof. Dr. Nazım Terzioğlu
 1983 Prof. Dr. Sait Akpınar
 1983 Asım Zihnioğlu
 1983 Ord. Prof. Dr. İhsan Şükrü Aksel
 1983 Dr. Hamdi Açan
 1983 Prof. Dr. Mustafa Santur
 1983 Y. Müh. Hacim Kamoy
 1984 Ord. Prof. İlhami Civaoğlu
 1984 Prof. Dr. Nusret Karasu
 1986 Prof. Dr. Zafer Paykoç
 1986 Prof. Dr. Orhan Düzgüneş
 1986 Dr. Kazım Türkoğlu
 1987 Prof. Dr. Ekrem Göksu
 1987 Prof. Dr. Necmi Sönmez
 1989 Prof. Mustafa Aytaç
 1989 Prof. Dr. Cahit Örgen
 1989 Prof. Dr. Sabiha Özgür
 1990 Prof. Dr. Adnan Çakıroğlu
 1990 Prof. Dr. Ahmet Hulusi Köker
 1990 Dr. Ayten Güvender
 1990 Prof.Dr. Remzi Geldiay
 1991 Prof. Dr. Remziye Hisar
 1991 Ord. Prof. Dr. Ratip Berker
 1991 Mehmet Ozan Sungurlu
 1992 Prof. Dr. Kazım Ergin
 1992 Prof. Dr.Duran Leblebici
 1992 Prof. Dr. Selahattin Koloğlu
 1993 Prof. Lütfullah Ulukan
 1993 Prof. Dr. Nusret Fişek
 1993 Prof. Dr. Mithat Özsan
 1994 Prof. Dr. İ. Akif Kansu
 1994 Doğan Kuban
 1994 Prof. Dr. Kamile Şevki Mutlu
 1995 Dr. Hüseyin Demir
 1995 Prof. Dr. Nurhan Avman
 1995 Prof. Dr. Şükrü Kaymakçalan
 1996 Prof. Dr. Abdullah Kızılırmak
 1996 Prof. Dr. Rıdvan Ege
 1996 Prof. Dr. Sadi Sun
 1997 Prof. Dr. Tevfik Karabağ
 1997 Prof. Dr. İmran Özalp
 1997 Prof. Dr. Mehmet Nimet Özdaş
 1998 Prof. Dr. Sırrı Erinç
 1998 Prof. Dr. Asuman Ü. Müftüoğlu
 1999 Prof. Dr. Asuman Baytop
 1999 Dr. Fikret Yücel
 2000 Prof. Tulu Baytin
 2000 Prof. Dr. Sadık Kakaç
 2002 Prof. Dr. Ali Rıza Berkem
 2002 Prof. Dr. Aykut Erbengi
 2002 Prof. Dr. Ekrem Kün
 2003 Prof. Dr. Teoman Özalp
 2004 Prof. Dr. Cevat Erder
 2004 Prof. Dr. Altan Günalp
 2006 Ord. Prof. Dr. Muhiddin Erel
 2006 Prof. Dr. İlhan Tekeli

Hizmet Ödülleri

TÜBİTAK Hizmet Ödülü


Biserica "Nașterea Maicii Domnului" a fostului schit Țigănia este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Bistrița, comuna Costești. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 169271.08.

Ctitor a fost logofătul Pârvu Cantacuzino și arhimandritul Paisie, fost egumen la mănăstirea Bistrița.Biserica este construită din piatră și cărămidă, are plan dreptunghiular, compartimentat în altar, naos și pronaos.Construită pentru a servi nevoilor robilor țigani ai Mănăstirii Bistrița.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Vâlcea
Biserici din secolul al XVII-lea din România

Biserica „Nașterea Maicii Domnului” a fostului schit Țigănia


Gustavo Julio Alfaro (født 14. august 1962 i Rafaela) er en argentinsk fodboldtræner og tidligere midtbanespiller, som siden marts 2020 har været cheftræner for Ecuadors fodboldlandshold.

Titler

Titler som cheftræner

Segunda División de Argentina
 2001 med Olimpo

Copa Sudamericana
 2007 med Arsenal de Sarandí

Primera División de Argentina
 2012 med Arsenal de Sarandí

Copa Argentina de Fútbol
 2013 med Arsenal de Sarandí

Supercopa Argentina de Fútbol
 2019 med Boca Juniors

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldtrænere fra Argentina
Fodboldtrænere fra Club Atlético Boca Juniors

Gustavo Alfaro


ديفنومورسكويي  هي قرية في مقاطعة كراسنودار كراي في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 5800 نسمة.   تقع على ساحل البحر الأسود.

مراجع

مدن كراسنودار كراي

ديفنومورسكويي


التنغيم هو التتابع المطرد لدرجات صوتية متخالفة، أي أنه التغيرات التي تحدث في درجة نغمة الصوت في الكلام أو الحديث المتواصل، يحدث هذا الاختلاف في النغمة بسبب لتذبذب الأوتار الصوتية.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 بروسوديا

علم العروض
لغويات وظيفية نظامية
مصطلحات لغويات
نطقيات

تنغيم (لغويات)


البعد الرابع، قد يُعتقد أن في الكون ثلاثة أبعاد فقط: البعد السيني، والبعد الصادي، والبعد العيني. ولكن يرى البعض أن هناك أبعاداً أخرى عديدة أولها البعد الرابع، وهذا البعد قد يكون زمانياً وقد يكون مكانياً.
 إذا سلمنا بأن البعد الرابع زماني، فأننا نستطيع أن نتخيل الوضع كأنه سلسلة أحداث أو فيلم. فأن شكل الجسم في لحظة معينة قد يتغير في اللحظة التي تليها. وهذا البعد الذي تطرق إليه آينشتاين في نظريته النسبية.
 وقد يكون البعد الرابع الذي نتحدث عنه بعداً مكانياً.

كيف يمكن أن يكون البعد الرابع مكانيًا؟ كيف نتخيل الأجسام فيه؟
القطعة المستقيمة عبارة عن مجموعة نقاط مصفوفة على بعد واحد. والأجسام ثنائية الأبعاد كالمثلث والمربع والدائرة تتألف من مجموعة قطع مستقيمة وكل هذه الأجسام تعيش في عالم ثنائي الأبعاد وترى بعضها البعض كخطوط مستقيمة. فهي تألف البعد السيني والصادي وتبرمج عقلها على أن الكون مؤلف من بعدين فقط. وتستطيع التحرك يميناً ويساراً, وشمالاً وجنوباً. لكنها لا تستطيع أن تتحرك، ولا أن تتخيل، الاتجاه الأعلى والأسفل. فتذهب للمدرسة ويشرح له مدرس الهندسة الرياضية، وهو أيضا جسم ثنائي الأبعاد، عن المستقيمات والمتجهات والأجسام ذات البعدين < س، ص > فتألف المادة وتبدع فيها. لكن إذا وصلوا في مادة الهندسة الرياضية إلى المتجه ذي الثلاثة أبعاد < س، ص, ع > فإنه لا يستطيع أن يتخيله ولا يستطيع أن يراه، رغم أ نه موجود. ولا يسعه تخيل الأجسام ذات الثلاثة أبعاد مثل المكعبات والأهرام والكرات، ولا يستطيع أن يراها. والمكعبات والأهرام والكرات عبارة عن أجسام تتكون من عدة شرائح ثنائية الأبعاد.

وإذا زار الجسم ثلاثي الأبعاد العالم ثنائي الأبعاد، فإن الأجسام ثنائية الأبعاد لا تستطيع أن تراه ولا حتى أن تتخيله. وإذا مر جسم ثلاثي أبعاد واخترق المستوى الذي يعيشون فيه فإنهم سيرون شريحة واحدة فقط من الشرائح المكونة له وهي انعكاس الجسم ثلاثي الأبعاد على العالم ثنائي الأبعاد وهذا الانعكاس ثنائي الأبعاد أيضا وتراه الأجسام الأخرى كخط مستقيم.

والشيء نفسه ينطبق علينا، نحن أجسام مكونة من ثلاثة أبعاد ونألف الأبعاد الثلاثة السينية والصادية والعينية. ونرى انعكاسات الأجسام الثلاثية الأبعاد والتي هي ثنائية أبعاد.
ولكننا لا نألف بعداً رابعاً. ولا نستطيع أن نتخيل الأجسام ذات الأربعة أبعاد لكننا نستطيع أن نرى انعكاسها على عالمنا الثلاثي الأبعاد. وكما أن العالم الثلاثي الأبعاد عبارة عن مجموعة عوالم ثنائية الأبعاد (مستويات) متراصة فوق بعضها البعض، فإن العالم الرباعي الأبعاد عبارة عن مجموعة عوالم ثلاثية الأبعاد فوق وجنب وخلف بعضها البعض. وهذه أشكال انعكاسات جسيم الرباعي الأبعاد في العالم ثلاثي الأبعاد.

إثبات وجود البعد الرابع
الحديث عن مفهوم البعد الرابع إنما هو فلسفات، وإن كانت منطقية. ولا يوجد أي إسناد علمي أو معادلات رياضية جبرية تؤيد مفهوم البعد الرابع.

لكن نظرية الأوتار، التي تقول أن المادة مكونة من أوتار صغيرة من الطاقة، والتي تعتبر القوى الكهرومغناطيسية والجاذبية كقوى واحدة، تنطوي على وجود أحد عشر بعداً (البعد السيني والبعد الصادي والبعد العيني إضافة إلى الزمن وسبعة أبعاد أخرى). هذه النظرية لا زالت في مرحلة التطوير ولم تثبت بعد.

نظرية الأوتار، تقول أن عالمنا المكون من ثلاثة أبعاد متجاور مع عوالم مشابهة أخرى وهذا الذي يكون البعد الرابع، كما أن عالمنا ثلاثي الأبعاد يتكون من عوالم لا نهائية ثنائية الأبعاد.

يأمل القائمون على نظرية الأوتار أن يتوصل تقدم العلم إلى إثبات النظرية. تثبت النظرية عن طريق تسريع جزيئين صغيرين (بروتونين) وعند تصادمهما ببعضهما سينتج عن هذا الاصطدام جزيئات أصغر من ضمنها الجسيم الافتراضي الذي أطلق عليه اسم غرافيتون Graviton. الغرافيتون عبارة عن جسيم افتراضي يتأثر بالجاذبية وله خاصية وهو التنقل بين العوالم ثلاثية الأبعاد. فإذا اصطدم بروتونان ونتج عن الاصطدام خروج الغرافيتون فإن ذلك سوف يثبت وجود البعد الرابع.

أثبتت التجارب العلمية خاصة تلك المتعلقة بمعادلة انتشار الأمواج أنه لابد أن يكون الزمن بعدا رابعا لتفسير تلك المعادلة ولا ننسى أن معادلة انتشار الأمواج هي أصل معادلة شرودينغر التي أثارت ضجة في ميكانيك الكم .
إذن المكان والزمان هما أصل لمعلم واحد رباعي الابعاد يسمى معلم مينكوسكي زمكان .
في هذا المعلم كل متغير فيزيائي يشتق بدلالة الابعاد الأربعة وليس فقط بدلالة الزمن كما كان معرفا في قوانين الميكانيك الكلاسيكية. كذلك في هذا المعلم الطاقة الحركية وزخم الحركة لهما أصل واحد وهو مقدار شعاعي رباعي الأبعاد بعده الزماني هو الطاقة الحركية والمكاني هو زخم الحركة. وهكذا فهذا المفهوم ينطبق على الكثير من المقادير الفزيائية.

كما أن لكل مقدار فيزيائي مرافق في هذا المعلم (هذا إذا علمت أن أي قيمة في هذا المعلم هي قيمة مركبة من الزمان والمكان ) فمثلا الحجم هو مرافق الضغط والتيار هو مرافق الكمون ...، والجداء بين مقدار فزيائي ومرافقه يعطي مقدارًا حقيقيًا طاقويًا.

اقرأ أيضًا
 بعد .
 ثنائي الأبعاد
 الأبعاد الإحدى عشر .

مراجع

4 (عدد)
أبعاد
النسبية الخاصة
هندسة متعددة الأبعاد

فضاء رباعي الأبعاد


Nkol-Melen est un village situé dans l'arrondissement d'Obala, département de la Lékié dans la région du centre Cameroun.

Population
Lors du recensement de 1965 la population de Nkol-Melen est de 325 habitants.  En 2005, Elle est estimée à 526 habitants.  Elle vit principalement de l'agriculture, de l'élevage et du petit commerce de produits vivriers.

La majorité de la population est de l'ethnie Eton.

Infrastructure
Nkol-Melen est doté d'une école primaire publique, une pompe à eau et depuis 2022 d'un échangeur sur la route nationale n°1 qui traverse la localité.

Notes et références

Village dans la région du Centre (Cameroun)

Nkol-Melen (Obala)


El Jägerstab (que podría traducirse como Grupo de caza) fue creado por el  Ministerio del aire y el Ministerio del Reich para el Armamento y la Munición (RMfRuK). El Jägerstab se creó a imagen y semejanza de los grupos de Kessler y estructurado como un grupo de gestión dentro de la defensa aérea germana.  El primero de marzo de 1944 se crea oficialmente con un plazo de permanencia de seis meses y con la misión de aumentar de forma considerable la producción de aviones de caza sin reparar en las limitaciones impuestas por la burocracia y dentro del contexto de la guerra total. También tenía como misión la descentralización de la industria aeronáutica a una red de instalaciones subterráneas repartidas por todo el Reich, habida cuenta de la incapacidad de la Luftwaffe para defender las fábricas de forma eficaz.

El 1 de agosto de 1944 se disolvió de forma nominal, puesto que el Rüstungsstab se encargó de llevar a cabo las mismas tareas.

El Jägerstab estaba bajo la dirección de Karl Saur, el responsable de la Oficina Técnica del RMfRuK. Entre los miembros más importantes del Jägerstab figuraba Hans Kammler, quien era también el jefe del Amtsgruppe C Bauwesen" (Grupo C Construcción) de la Oficina Principal de Administración de Asuntos Económicos y Administrativos de las SS.

El Jägerstab propició la integración de la industria aeronáutica dentro de la industria armamentística, al principio a través del Comité Principal de Construcción Aeronáutica y después el Comité Principal Aeronáutico del RMfRuK de Albert Speer como reemplazo de la Oficina General de Producción Aeronáutica (Generalluftzeugmeister).

 Miembros

Personas relacionadas directamente con el Jägerstab:
 Ministro Albert Speer
 Secretario de Estado Karl Saur
 Generalfeldmarschall Erhard Milch
 Regierungsbaumeister Franz Xaver Dorsch
 SS-Obergruppenführer Hans Kammler
 Walter Schlempp y Heinrich Lübke
 Fritz Schmelzer
 Karl Frydag (Henschel & Sohn)
 William Werner (Auto Union)
 Hans Heyne (Vicepresidente de   AEG)
 Wilhelm Schaaf Miembro de la junta directiva de BMW. Director del ''Hauptausschuss Kraftfahrzeuge'' (Comité Principal de Vehículos a Motor) y responsable de logística del Jägerstab.

 Planificación y dispersión subterránea

Estaba proyectado construir fábricas de dimensiones colosales denominadas ''Jägerfabriken''. Cada una tendría 30 m de altura, 300/400 m de longitud, 90 de anchura y hasta 6 pisos de 600 000 m² productivos:

 Proyecto "Ringeltaube" para Messerschmitt GmbH] en el de concentración de Kaufering, Ausgburgo.
 Instalaciones ''Weingut I Mühldorfer Hart, en Mühldorf am Inn
 Vaihingen an der Enz, en Stuttgart
 Glesch an der Erft, Bergheim/Renania del Norte-Westfalia
 Área al norte de Praga

Importantes centros de producción e investigación que sufrieron un cambio de ubicación:

 Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Oberbayerische Forschungsanstalt" de Messerschmitt AG. Nombre en clave: Cerusit"
 Fábrica subterránea de Messerschmitt AG en Sankt Georgen an der Gusen. Nombre en clave: Bergkristall"
 Fábrica subterránea de Messerschmitt AG en Eschenlohe. Nombre en clave: Ente"

'''Rüstungsstab''' (Grupo de armamento) del Ministerio del Reich para el Armamento y la Munición (Speer)

El 21 de septiembre de 1944 Erhard Milch fue nombrado segundo de Speer en el RfRuK.

Véase también
B8 Bergkristall

KZ Gusen II

Ebensee

Publicaciones
 Horst Boog, Detlef Vogel, Gerhard Krebs:  Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive - Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943. Vol. 7 de la serie "Das Deutsche Reich in der Zweite Weltkrieg." DVA 2001. 831 pág. ISBN 3421055076
 Olaf Groehler: Geschichte des Luftkriegs 1910 a 1980. Ediciones Militares de la RDA, Berlín 1981
 Albert Speer: Anordnung vom 1. März 1944 über die Errichtung des Jägerstabs. En: Dietrich Eichholtz y Wolfgang Schumann, Eds.: Anatomie des Krieges. Neue Dokumente über die Rolle des deutschen Monopolkapitals bei der Durchführung des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften (Empresa estatal) Berlín 1969. (Contiene registros de personas, empresas, instituciones, nombres geográficos y algunas imágenes. Doc. 244, p. 443 y ss.

Enlaces

 Proyecto de fabricación de armamento Ringeltaube
  Antiguas instalaciones de investigación de  Messerschmitt AG en Oberammergau
 Antiguas instalaciones de investigación de  Messerschmitt AG en Eschenlohe

Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)
Crímenes de guerra de la Wehrmacht

Jägerstab


El Hapoel Jerusalem Football Club (, Mo'adon Kaduregel Hapoel Yerushalayim) es un club de fútbol israelí de la ciudad de Jerusalén. Fue fundado en 2020, del antiguo Hapoel Katamon Jerusalem y juega en la Liga Premier de Israel. Cuenta también con un equipo femenino.

Historia
El 26 de agosto de 2019, la Asociación de Fútbol de Israel no dio el visto bueno al Hapoel Katamon Jerusalem para incluirlo en los clubes participantes de la temporada 2019-20 debido a problemas financieros.

Un año después, el 9 de agosto de 2020, el club se refundó al cambiar su nombre por el de Hapoel Jerusalem.

El 30 de abril de 2021, Hapoel Jerusalem ganó al Sektzia Nes Tziona , ascendiendo a la máxima categoría. Llevaba 21 años sin estar en la máxima categoría del futbol israelí.

Estadio

Jugadores y cuerpo técnico

Plantilla y cuerpo técnico 2022/23

|-
| colspan=8 bgcolor=black style="color:red;" align=center| Porteros

|-
| colspan=8 bgcolor=red style="color:black;" align=center| Defensas

|-
| colspan=8 bgcolor=red style="color:black;" align=center| Centrocampistas

|-
| colspan=8 bgcolor=black style="color:red;" align=center| Delanteros

Otras iniciativas del club

Fuera del equipo profesional, mantiene equipos de niños y adolescentes en lo que participan chicos y chicas tanto árabes como judíos. Además de realizar distintos proyectos sociales como la liga de los barrios y actividades con gente con dificultades conjuntamente con el Werder Bremen alemán. Tienen iniciativas deportivas con jóvenes de la aldea Kiryat Yearim en la dan <<una última oportunidad>> a hijos de emigrantes de Etiopía y la antigua URSS.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Equipos de la Ligat ha'Al
Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1930
Deporte en Jerusalén

Hapoel Jerusalem FC


WWE Backlash is a professional wrestling event that is produced by WWE, a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut. It is broadcast live and available only through pay-per-view (PPV) and the online streaming services Peacock and the WWE Network. The event was established in 1999 and was the first monthly PPV held after the discontinuation of the original In Your House shows, which were monthly PPVs held between the promotion's "Big Five" PPVs at the time: Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, King of the Ring, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series. The inaugural Backlash had been originally advertised as an In Your House show, but the branding was dropped before the event took place.

The original concept of the pay-per-view was based around the backlash from WWE's flagship event, WrestleMania. From its inception until 2009, Backlash held this position as the post-WrestleMania PPV and was held annually in April, with the exception of the 2005 event, which was held in May. After the 2009 event, Backlash was discontinued and replaced by Extreme Rules in 2010, but after seven years, it was reinstated in 2016 and held in September as that year's post-SummerSlam PPV. The events in 2017 and 2018 were then held in May, but other PPVs were held between WrestleMania and Backlash those two years. An event was originally scheduled for June 2019 but was canceled and replaced by a one-off event called Stomping Grounds. Backlash then returned in 2020 and was held that June. The 2021 event moved Backlash back to May as the first PPV held after WrestleMania 37, thus the event returned to its original concept with the event series renamed as "WrestleMania Backlash", but the 2023 event reverted to its original name while maintaining the post-WrestleMania theme.

The 2002 event was WWE's very first PPV held following the implementation of the original brand extension the month prior. With the brand split in effect, the events in 2002 and 2003 featured wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown brands, but from 2004 to 2006, Backlash was held exclusively for the Raw brand. Following WrestleMania 23 in 2007, brand-exclusive PPVs were discontinued, thus the events from 2007 to 2009 featured wrestlers from Raw, SmackDown, and ECW, the latter of which was established as a third brand in 2006 but was disbanded in 2010. The brand split itself ended in 2011, but was reintroduced in mid-2016. Backlash was then reinstated as a SmackDown-exclusive PPV that year and was WWE's first brand-exclusive PPV of the second brand split. The 2017 event was also SmackDown-exclusive. Following WrestleMania 34 in 2018, brand-exclusive PPVs were again discontinued, thus the events held since have featured both the Raw and SmackDown brands.

History
From 1995 to 1999, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) ran a series of monthly pay-per-views (PPV) titled In Your House, which were held between the promotion's five major PPVs at the time: Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, King of the Ring, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series. In April 1999, the WWF phased out the In Your House events to establish permanent names for monthly pay-per-views to be held between these five major events. Backlash was subsequently established to be held after WrestleMania XV, and it took place on April 25, 1999, at the Providence Civic Center in Providence, Rhode Island. Early advertising for the inaugural Backlash had featured the "In Your House" branding until it was quietly dropped in the weeks leading up to the pay-per-view. The concept of the pay-per-view was based around the backlash from WWF's flagship event, WrestleMania.

A second Backlash event was held the following year after WrestleMania 2000, thus establishing Backlash as an annual PPV for the WWF. With the exception of the 2005 event, which was held in May, Backlash was held every April through the 2009 event. Throughout this time, it retained its position as the post-WrestleMania PPV. Following the 2009 event, however, Backlash was discontinued and replaced by Extreme Rules in 2010.

In March 2002, the WWF introduced the brand extension in which the roster was divided between the Raw and SmackDown brands, which is where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform. The 2002 Backlash was in turn the promotion's very first PPV held following the implementation of the original brand split and it featured wrestlers from both brands. The month after the 2002 event, the WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE, which became an orphaned initialism in 2011). While the 2003 event also featured wrestlers from both brands, the 2004 event was held exclusively for the Raw brand and continued to be Raw-exclusive up through the 2006 event. Following WrestleMania 23 in 2007, WWE discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs, thus the events from 2007 to 2009 featured wrestlers from Raw, SmackDown, and ECW, which had been established as a third brand in 2006 but was disbanded in 2010, and the brand extension itself was dissolved in 2011.

After Backlash was discontinued following the 2009 event, it endured a seven-year hiatus. During this time in February 2014, WWE launched their online streaming service, the WWE Network, and in addition to traditional PPV, the events also became available on the Network. In mid-2016, WWE reintroduced the brand split and also brought back brand-exclusive PPVs. Due to the need for more PPV events, Backlash was reinstated, and the 2016 event was held exclusively for the SmackDown-brand and was WWE's first brand-exclusive PPV of the second brand split. Backlash that year was also held in September after SummerSlam, thus ending its previous tradition of being the post-WrestleMania PPV. The 2017 event was moved up to May and was again SmackDown-exclusive. While the event was technically SmackDown's first PPV held after WrestleMania 33, none of the matches were backlash from that WrestleMania. Furthermore, the Raw-exclusive PPV, Payback, was held between WrestleMania 33 and Backlash. The 2018 event was originally scheduled to be a Raw-exclusive PPV, but following WrestleMania 34 that year, WWE again discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs, thus events held since have featured wrestlers from both Raw and SmackDown. Although the 2018 event was held in May, the Greatest Royal Rumble was held between WrestleMania 34 and Backlash.

In 2019, Backlash was originally scheduled to be held in June, however, it was canceled and replaced by a one-off PPV called Stomping Grounds. Backlash then returned in 2020 and was held in June that year. The event was originally scheduled to be held in Kansas City, Missouri, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which began affecting the industry in mid-March that year, WWE had to relocate its programming for Raw and SmackDown to the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida with no fans in attendance, although in late May, WWE began using Performance Center trainees to serve as the live audience. The 2020 event was in turn held at the Performance Center and was WWE's first PPV event to be announced after the start of the pandemic.

In August 2020, WWE relocated Raw and SmackDown's events to a bio-secure bubble called the WWE ThunderDome, which was first hosted at Orlando's Amway Center. In December, the ThunderDome was relocated to Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida, and then in April 2021, it was relocated to the Yuengling Center in Tampa, Florida. The 2021 Backlash was in turn WWE's first PPV held in the ThunderDome at the Yuengling Center. The event was originally scheduled to be held in June, but was moved up to May. This in turn positioned the 2021 event as the first PPV held after WrestleMania 37, thus the event returned to its original concept and was titled "WrestleMania Backlash". The 2021 event was also the first Backlash to air on Peacock's WWE Network channel, following the merger of the American version of the WWE Network under Peacock in March that year.

In July 2021, WWE resumed a live touring schedule. On February 11, 2022, WWE announced that the 2022 event would also be held under the "WrestleMania Backlash" name. On March 8, 2023, however, the 2023 event was announced and reverted the event series to its original name of Backlash, but maintaining its post-WrestleMania theme. It was also announced to take place on Saturday, May 6, 2023, at the Coliseo de Puerto Rico Jose Miguel Agrelot in San Juan, Puerto Rico, marking the first WWE event held in Puerto Rico since New Year's Revolution in 2005, and second event overall.

Events

See also
 List of WWE pay-per-view and WWE Network events

Notes

References

External links
 Official Backlash website

Recurring events established in 1999
Recurring events disestablished in 2009
Recurring events established in 2016
Recurring events disestablished in 2018
Recurring events established in 2020

WWE Backlash


Declan Benedict McKenna (født 24. december 1998) er en engelsk sanger, sangskriver, og musiker. I 2015 vandt han Glastonbury Festivals Emerging Talent Competition. McKennas første sang "Brazil" toppede den 23. januar 2016 som nummer et på Sirius XM Radio's Alt Nation Alt 18 Countdown . Sangen toppede også som nummer 16 på hitlisten Alternative Songs.

Diskografi

Studiealbums
 What Do You Think About the Car? (2017)
Zeros (2020)

EP'er
 Stains (2016)
 Liar (2016)

Singler
 "Brazil" (2015)
 "Paracetamol" (2015)
 "Bethlehem" (2016)
 "Isombard" (2016)
 "The Kids Don't Wanna Come Home" (2017)
"British Bombs" (2019)
"Rapture" (2020)

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangskrivere
Musikere fra England
Guitarister fra England
Keyboardspillere fra England
Sangere fra England

Declan McKenna


An Billbergia robert-readii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elvira Angela Gross ngan Werner Rauh. An Billbergia robert-readii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Billbergia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Billbergia

Billbergia robert-readii


Događaji

Rođenja

Smrti
 18. listopada – Ivan VII., papa

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

707.


Koshtan-Tau , (también: monte Koshkhatau) es el pico más alto del macizo Koshtan y uno de los cincomiles de las montañas centrales del Cáucaso por lo que se considera la cuarta montaña más alta de Europa, con una altura de 5,151 metros. Se encuentra situada en la república de Kabardino-Balkaria de Rusia, cerca de la frontera con Georgia.

Referencias

Koshtan-Tau
Kabardia-Balkaria

Monte Koshtan-Tau


Richard Hawes (* 6. Februar 1797 in Bowling Green, Caroline County, Virginia; † 25. Mai 1877 in Paris, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1837 und 1841 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus. Außerdem war er zwischen 1862 und 1865 konföderierter Gouverneur von Kentucky.

Werdegang
Richard Hawes war ein älterer Bruder von Albert Gallatin Hawes (1804–1849), der zwischen 1831 und 1837 ebenfalls für Kentucky im Kongress saß. Er war außerdem ein Neffe von Aylett Hawes (1768–1833), der zwischen 1811 und 1817 den Staat Virginia im US-Repräsentantenhaus vertrat. Einer seiner Cousins war Aylett Hawes Buckner (1816–1894), der zwischen 1873 und 1885 den Staat Missouri im Kongress repräsentierte.

Im Jahr 1810 kam Hawes mit seinen Eltern nach Kentucky. Die Familie ließ sich in der Nähe von Lexington nieder. Dort besuchte Richard die öffentlichen Schulen. Daran schloss sich ein Studium an der Transylvania University an. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1824 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Winchester in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Er nahm außerdem im Jahr 1832 am Black-Hawk-Krieg teil. In den Jahren 1828, 1829 und 1834 war er Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. In den 1830er Jahren wurde er Mitglied der Whig Party. Im Jahr 1834 kandidierte er erstmals, aber noch erfolglos, für den Kongress.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1836 wurde Hawes dann aber im zehnten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1837 die Nachfolge von Chilton Allan antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl im Jahr 1838 konnte er bis zum 3. März 1841 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Im Jahr 1843 zog Richard Hawes nach Paris in Kentucky, wo er als Anwalt praktizierte. Nach der Auflösung der Wigs in den 1850er Jahren schloss er sich der Demokratischen Partei an. Im Jahr 1856 unterstützte er deren erfolgreichen Präsidentschaftskandidaten James Buchanan. Vier Jahre später gehörte er zu den Anhängern des erfolglosen Bewerbers John C. Breckinridge.

Zu Beginn des Bürgerkrieges war Hawes gegen die Abspaltung Kentuckys von der Union. Stattdessen trat er für die Neutralität des Staates ein. Als sich diese nicht länger aufrechterhalten ließ und die Mehrheit zur Union tendierte, schloss sich Hawes dem Süden an. Für kurze Zeit tat er trotz seines Alters Dienst im Heer der Konföderation. Danach schloss er sich der konföderierten Gegenregierung an und wurde 1862 als konföderierter Gegengouverneur gewählt. Diesen Titel führte er bis zum Ende des Krieges im Jahr 1865, obwohl er faktisch keine Kontrolle über den von Unionstruppen besetzten Staat hatte. Seit 1864 lebte er nahe Richmond in Virginia. Seine Amtseinführung als konföderierter Gouverneur im Oktober 1862 hatte noch in Frankfort, der Hauptstadt Kentuckys, stattgefunden. Noch am selben Tag wurden er und die Truppen des Südens von der Unionsarmee aus der Stadt verjagt.

Nach dem Krieg kehrte er nach Paris zurück. Dort war sein Haus von Unionstruppen zerstört worden. Er leistete einen Treueeid auf die Union und konnte danach seine juristische Laufbahn wieder aufnehmen. Im Jahr 1866 wurde er Bezirksrichter. Noch im gleichen Jahr wurde er als Master Commissioner an einem Berufungsgericht angestellt. Dieses Amt übte er bis zu seinem Tod im Jahr 1877 aus. Richard Hawes war seit 1818 mit Hetty Morrison Nicholas verheiratet. Vier seiner Söhne kämpften im Bürgerkrieg für die Konföderation. Einer wurde dabei getötet. Der Sohn James (1824–1889) war Brigadegeneral in der Südstaatenarmee.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Politiker (Konföderierte Staaten)
Mitglied der United States Whig Party
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1797
Gestorben 1877
Mann

Richard Hawes


NGC 6676 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Zmaju.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6676
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6676 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 6676  DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6650 - 6699

6676

NGC 6676


Silicatul de zirconiu (sau ortosilicatul de zirconiu) este un compus chimic cu formula ZrSiO4. Apare în natură ca zircon, aparținând clasei silicaților. Praful de silicat de zirconiu este cunoscut sub numele de "făină de zircon".

Silicatul de zirconiu este de obicei incolor, dar impuritățile induc diferite colorații. Este insolubil în apă, acizi, soluții alcaline și aqua regia. Duritatea sa este de 7,5 pe scara Mohs.

Obținere
Silicatul de zirconiu apare în natură sub forma mineralului zircon. Minereul este extras din depozitele naturale și concentrat prin diferite tehnici. Se separă de nisip prin metode electrostatice și electromagnetice.

De asemenea, compusul poate fi sintetizat prin topirea ZrO2 și SiO2 în arc electric, sau prin reacția unei sări de zirconiu cu silicat de sodiu într-o soluție apoasă.

Utilizări
Silicatul de zirconiu este utilizat pentru fabricarea materialelor refractare și pentru aplicații în care este necesară rezistență la coroziune în mediu alcalin. Se folosește și în producția unor ceramice, emailuri și glazuri ceramice. În smalțuri și glazuri servește ca opacizant. Poate fi prezent și în unele cimenturi. O altă utilizare a silicatului de zirconiu este sub formă de bile/pulbere pentru măcinare și rectificare. Straturi subțiri din silicat de zirconiu și silicat de hafniu (produse prin depunerea chimică în fază de vapori) pot fi utilizate ca materiale dielectrice în calitate de înlocuitor al dioxidului de siliciu în semiconductori.

Disilicatul de ziconiu este utilizat în construcția coroanelor dentare datorită durității sale și a reactivitatății extrem de scăzute.

Toxicitate
Silicatul de zirconiu este un iritant abraziv pentru piele și ochi. Expunerea cronică la praf poate provoca granulom pulmonar, inflamația pielii și granulom al pielii. Cu toate acestea, nu există efecte adverse cunoscute pentru ingestia normală, accidentală.

Note

Materiale refractare
Compuși ai zirconiului

Silicat de zirconiu(IV)


Maurice Frederick Strong,  (April 29, 1929 – November 27, 2015) was a Canadian oil and mineral businessman and a diplomat who served as Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Strong had his start as an entrepreneur in the Alberta oil patch and was President of Power Corporation of Canada until 1966. In the early 1970s he was Secretary General of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and then became the first executive director of the United Nations Environment Programme. He returned to Canada to become Chief Executive Officer of Petro-Canada from 1976 to 1978. He headed Ontario Hydro, one of North America's largest power utilities, was national president and chairman of the Extension Committee of the World Alliance of YMCAs, and headed American Water Development Incorporated. He served as a commissioner of the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1986 and was recognised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a leader in the international environmental movement.

He was President of the Council of the University for Peace from 1998 to 2006. More recently Strong was an active honorary professor at Peking University and honorary chairman of its Environmental Foundation. He was chairman of the advisory board for the Institute for Research on Security and Sustainability for Northeast Asia. He died at the age of 86 in 2015.

Childhood and youth
Maurice Strong was a child during the Great Depression, enduring serious poverty. His father was laid off at the beginning of the Depression era and thereafter supported his family on odd jobs; his mother succumbed to mental illness and died in a mental hospital. He was born in Oak Lake, Manitoba, a town on the Canadian prairies on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. He is a cousin of American journalist and activist Anna Louise Strong.

Strong later said that growing up during the Depression radicalized him and that he considered himself to be "a socialist in ideology, a capitalist in methodology." He dropped out of high school at the age of 14 and did not attend university. Despite the lack of formal education, he became CEO of many companies.

Business
In 1948, when he was nineteen, Strong was hired as a trainee by a brokerage firm, James Richardson & Sons, Limited of Winnipeg where he took an interest in the oil business, being transferred as an oil specialist to Richardson's office in Calgary, Alberta. There he made the acquaintance of one of the figures in the oil industry, Jack Gallagher, who hired him as his assistant. At Gallagher's Dome Petroleum, Strong occupied several roles including vice president of finance, leaving the firm in 1956 and setting up his own firm, M.F. Strong Management, assisting investors in locating opportunities in the Alberta oil patch.

In the 1950s, he took over a small natural gas company, Ajax Petroleum, and built it into one of the largest companies in the industry, Norcen Resources. This attracted the attention of one of Canada's principal investment corporations with interests in the energy and utility businesses, Power Corporation of Canada. It appointed him initially as its executive vice president and then president from 1961 until 1966.

In 1976, at the request of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, Strong returned to Canada to head the newly created national oil company, Petro-Canada.

He was slated to stand as a candidate for the Liberal Party of Canada in Scarborough Centre in the 1979 federal election, but chose to abandon the race, returning to private enterprise to manage AZL Resources, a Denver oil promoter that he had previously acquired, where he served as chairman and was the largest shareholder. In 1981, Strong was sued for allegedly hyping the stock ahead of a merger that eventually failed. Strong settled for $4.2 million at the insistence of his insurance company.  AZL merged with Tosco Corporation from which Strong acquired the  Baca Ranch in Colorado which would house Strong's Manitou Foundation.

Strong later became chairman of the Canada Development Investment Corporation, the holding company for some of Canada's principal government-owned corporations. In 1992, he became Chairman of Ontario Hydro.

Charles Lynch noted that Strong "tended to fare better than the companies and institutions that have used his talents." He was said to have become a billionaire as a result of his several ventures, but in 2010 he said that he had "never been anywhere close to being [so]."

American Water Development
On December 31, 1986, Strong founded American Water Development Incorporated (AWDI) which he controlled along with his associates, William Ruckelshaus, Richard Lamm, Samuel Belzberg, and Alexander Crutchfield Jr. It filed an application with the District Court for Water Division 3 in Alamosa, Colorado  for the right to pump underground water from the lands of the Luis Maria Baca Grant No. 4 and other lands in Saguache County, Colorado in Colorado's San Luis Valley and sell it to water districts in the Front Range Urban Corridor of Colorado. The project was opposed by neighboring water rights owners, local water conservation districts, the Colorado Department of Natural Resources and the National Park Service who alleged the project would affect others' water rights and cause significant environmental damage to nearby wetland and sand dune ecosystems by reducing the flow of surface water.  After a lengthy trial, which ended in 1992, Colorado courts ruled against AWDI and required payment of the portion of the objectors' legal fees, $3.1 million, which were spent fighting AWDI's attempt to appropriate surface water for beneficial use. While this was going on, Strong exited the company.

Molten Metal Technology
Maurice Strong was a director of Molten Metal Technology, Inc., an environmental technology company founded in 1989 that claimed to have innovative technology that could be used to recycle hazardous waste into reusable products.  During the years 1992–1995, this innovation attracted approximately $25 million in research grants from the United States Department of Energy. Throughout the period of March 28, 1995 – October 18, 1996, (known as the "class period"), Molten Metal artificially inflated the price of their stock by materially misrepresenting the capability of its technology, namely through a series of public announcements. As of March 11, 1996 Strong owned approximately 40,000 shares of stock and another 262,000 shares were owned by a company of which Strong was Chairman. The company filed for bankruptcy and the case was settled for $11.8 million, without a ruling of wrongdoing.

United Nations work

Strong first met with a leading UN official in 1947 who arranged for him to have a temporary low-level appointment, to serve as a junior security officer at the UN headquarters in Lake Success, New York. He soon returned to Canada, and with the support of Lester B. Pearson, directed the founding of the Canadian International Development Agency in 1968.

Stockholm Conference

In 1971, Strong commissioned a report on the state of the planet, Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet, co-authored by Barbara Ward and Rene Dubos. The report summarized the findings of 152 leading experts from 58 countries in preparation for the first UN meeting on the environment, held in Stockholm in 1972. This was the world's first "state of the environment" report.

The Stockholm Conference established the environment as part of an international development agenda. It led to the establishment by the UN General Assembly in December 1972 of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), with headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya, and the election of Strong to head it. UNEP was the first UN agency to be headquartered in the third world. As head of UNEP, Strong convened the first international expert group meeting on climate change.

Strong was one of the commissioners of the World Commission on Environment and Development, set up as an independent body by the United Nations in 1983.

Earth Summit
Strong's role in leading the U.N.'s famine relief program in Africa was his first in a series of U.N. advisory assignments, including reform and his appointment as Secretary General of the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, best known as the Earth Summit, and held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to June 14, 1992. According to Strong, participants at the Rio Conference adopted sound principles but did not make a commitment to action sufficient to prevent global environmental tragedy, committing to spend less than 5% of the $125 billion he felt appropriate for environmental projects in developing nations. He was seconded in that opinion by U.N. Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali who stated to the delegates, "The current level of commitment is not comparable to the size and gravity of the problems,"

After the Earth Summit, Strong continued to take a leading role in implementing the results of agreements at the Earth Summit through the establishment of the Earth Council, acting as co-chair of the Earth Charter Commission at the outset of the Earth Charter movement, his chairmanship of the World Resources Institute, membership on the board of the International Institute for Sustainable Development, the Stockholm Environment Institute, The Africa-America Institute, the Institute of Ecology in Indonesia, the Beijer Institute of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and others. Strong was a longtime Foundation Director of the World Economic Forum, a senior advisor to the president of the World Bank, a member of the International Advisory of Toyota Motor Corporation, the Advisory Council for the Center for International Development at Harvard University, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the World Wildlife Fund, Resources for the Future and the Eisenhower Fellowships. His public service activities were carried out on a pro bono basis made possible by his business activities, which included being chairman of the International Advisory Group of CH2M Hill, Strovest Holdings, Technology Development Inc., Zenon Environmental, and most recently, Cosmos International and the China Carbon Corporation.

Strong lobbied to change NGO perspectives on the World Bank.
He is believed by some to have inspired the works of former U.S. Vice President Al Gore on climate change.
In 1999 Strong took on the task of trying to restore the viability of the University for Peace, headquartered in Costa Rica, established under a treaty. The reputation of the University of Peace was at risk because the organization had been subjected to mismanagement, misappropriation of funds and inoperative governance. As chairman of its governing body, the Council, and initially as rector, Strong led the process of revitalizing the University for Peace and helped to rebuild its programs and leadership. He retired from the Council in the spring of 2007.

From 2003 to 2005, Strong served as the personal envoy to U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan to lead support for the international response to the humanitarian and development needs of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

University for Peace
The University for Peace was established in 1980 by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Maurice Strong became director in 1999 where he was at the center of further controversy, particularly in reference to the eviction of the beloved radio station Radio for Peace International (RFPI), the fleeing of the Earth Council in 2003, and the implementation of military training programs on campus. Strong was a board member of the Earth Council, which was created as an international body to promote the environmental policies established at Earth Summit in 1992. The Costa Rican government donated more than 20 acres (8.1 ha) of land to be used by Earth Council, but when plans for building fell through, it was allegedly sold for $1.65 million. Earth Council temporarily moved to the UPEACE campus until December 2003 when it moved to Canada in the midst of government accusations and demands for $1.65 million. RFPI was served with an eviction notice in July 2002, based on claims the station was operating without proper permits, which RFPI refuted. Those close to the situation claim that UPEACE officials didn't approve of the criticism they were receiving from the station and took matters into their own hands when power to the building was cut and a wire fence put up around the perimeter.

2005 Oil-for-Food scandal
In 2005, during investigations into the U.N.'s Oil-for-Food Programme, evidence procured by federal investigators and the U.N.-authorized inquiry of Paul Volcker showed that in 1997, while working for Annan, Strong had endorsed a check for $988,885, made out to "Mr. M. Strong," issued by a Jordanian bank. It was reported that the check was hand-delivered to Mr. Strong by a South Korean businessman, Tongsun Park, who in 2006 was convicted in New York federal court of conspiring to bribe U.N. officials to rig Oil-for-Food in favor of Saddam Hussein. Mr. Strong was never accused of any wrongdoing. During the inquiry, Strong stepped down from his U.N. post, stating that he would "sideline himself until the cloud was removed."

The affair was said to have arisen from "the tangled nest of personal relationships, public-private partnerships, murky trust funds, unaudited funding conduits, and inter-woven enterprises that the modern U.N. has come to embody" in which Strong had a major role. In reply, Strong stated that "everything I did, I checked it out carefully with the U.S."

Shortly after this, Strong moved to an apartment he owned in Beijing, where he appeared to have settled. He said that his departure from the U.N. was motivated not by the Oil-for-Food investigations, but by his sense at the time, as Mr. Annan's special adviser on North Korea, that the U.N. had reached an impasse. "It just happened to coincide with the publicity surrounding my so-called nefarious activities," he insisted. "I had no involvement at all in Oil-for-Food ... I just stayed out of it." In Volcker's September 7 report he concluded, "While there is evidence that Iraqi officials tried to establish a relationship with Mr. Strong, the Committee has found no evidence that Mr. Strong was involved in Iraqi affairs or matters relating to the Programme or took any action at the request of Iraqi officials."

UN Secretary General's tribute
Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, near the end of his term, paid the following tribute to Maurice Strong:

Later involvement
In 2010, Strong described the nature of his activities at that time:

In 2012 for Rio+20 he contributed to a book by Felix Dodds and Michael Strauss titled Only One Earth — the Long Road via Rio to Sustainable Development, which reviewed the last forty years and the challenges for the future. He attended the conference, for which the United Nations Development Program paid all his travel expenses.

Controversy
Maurice Strong was no stranger to skepticism and criticism as a result of his lifelong involvement in the oil industry, juxtaposed with his heavy ties to the environmental issues. Some wonder why an "oilman" would be chosen to take on such coveted and respected environmental positions. One of Strong's companies, Desarrollos Ecológicos (Ecological Development), built a $35 million luxury hotel within the Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge in Costa Rica where development is restricted and must be approved by the Kekoldi Indian Association, which it was not. "He (Strong) is supporting Indians and conservation around the world and here he's doing the complete opposite," lamented Demetrio Myorga, President of the Kekoldi Indian Association. Maurice Strong was a close adviser to former UN Secretary General Koffi Annan and became embroiled in what is now known as the Oil for Food Program Scandal and reportedly received millions of dollars from North Korean and Iraqi lobbyists.

Death, funeral and memorial services
Strong died at the age of 86 on November 27, 2015 in Ottawa, Ontario. A funeral service was held there in early December 2015, with a public memorial service occurring in late January 2016 across from Parliament Hill. The service was broadcast on CPAC, and among those who spoke were James Wolfensohn, Adrienne Clarkson, John Ralston Saul and Achim Steiner. Written tributes from Mikhail Gorbachev, Gro Harlem Brundtland and Kofi Annan were also sent.

Impact
While unremarkable in appearance, Strong was said to have "an astonishing network" that connected diverse interest groups. One observer described his "scarcely-concealed delight in explaining his often Machiavellian political manoeuvrings."

In the environmental movement, he was instrumental in promoting government funding and entry into international meetings for environmental non-governmental organizations.

Honours and awards
Maurice Strong received a number of honours, awards and medals.
He received 53 honorary doctorate degrees and honorary visiting professorships at 7 universities.

Honours appearing in the Canadian order of precedence are:

Other honours and awards include:

 1 July 1992: Sworn in as a Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.
2003: Public Welfare Medal from the US National Academy of Sciences: First non-US citizen to receive the medal, 2007
2002:Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue by the Simon Fraser University Morris J. Wosk Centre for Dialogue
2002: Carriage House Center on Global Issues: Candlelight Award
1995: IKEA Environmental Award
1994: Asahi Glass Foundation Award: Blue Planet Prize
1994: Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding
1993: International St. Francis Prize for the Environment
1993: Alexander Onassis Delphi Prize
1989: Pearson Medal of Peace
1981: Charles A. Lindbergh Award
1977: Henri Pittier Order of Venezuela
1975: National Audubon Society Award
1974: Tyler Environmental Prize
1967: Honorary doctorate from Sir George Williams University, which later became Concordia University.
 International Saint Francis Prize, Fellow
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC)
 Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (FRAIC)
 Honorary board member, David Suzuki Foundation
 Distinguished Fellow, International Institute for Sustainable Development
 Resident member of the American Philosophical Society

John Ralston Saul dedicated his polemic Voltaire's Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason In The West to Strong.

Papers
Strong's papers are archived at the Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives in the Harvard Library.

References and notes

External links

  – Papers, 1948–2000
 Official website of Maurice Strong
 University for Peace
 "The World Mourns One of its Greats: Maurice Strong Dies, His Legacy Lives On"  UNEP news on his death.

1929 births
2015 deaths
Businesspeople in the oil industry
Canadian chief executives
Canadian environmentalists
Canadian socialists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Companions of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of Manitoba
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the United Church of Canada
Order of the Polar Star
People from Westman Region, Manitoba
Power Corporation of Canada
United Nations Environment Programme
Canadian officials of the United Nations
Ontario Hydro
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
YMCA leaders
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Maurice Strong


السيارة الشمسية عبارة عن مركبة مزودة بألواح شمسية على سطحها تقوم باستقبال أشعة الشمس وتحويلها
إلى طاقة كهربائية. تمر هذه الطاقة خلال دوائر تحكم وتنظيم للتيار الكهربائي بما يناسب المحرك أو المحركات التي تدير عجلات هذه العربة، مع الاهتمام أثناء تصميم مثل هذه العربة بمراعاة عدة أمور منها خفة الوزن والمتانة والاعتمادية في اختيار المواد المكونة لمثل هذه العربة. وهذه العربة تعتمد على الشمس فقط في إدارة محركها لذلك تسمي السيارة الشمسية.

المواد

لتصميم هيكل العربة يجب أن يتم البحث عن مواد خفيفة الوزن
وسهلة التشكيل وشديدة المتانة، وأفضل هذه المواد هي الالمونيوم
و الألياف الزجاجية و إلكترونيات خفيفة. وتتم ضبطها بشكل دقيق جدا بحيث يراعى متانة هذه المواد ووزنها وسعرها.

المحرك

المحرك هو الجزء الأهم ويجب أن يحقق هذه المواصفات التي منها خفة الوزن إلى أبعد الحدود، الكفاءة العالية في التحويل من الطاقة الكهربائية إلى الطاقة الحركية جودة عالية للمواد الداخلة في تصنيع وتجميع هذا المحرك ومن الأفضل استخدام أربع محركات للأربع عجلات.

العجلات
العجلات التي تعمل بها مثل هذه العربة يراعى أن تكون خفيفة، ذات سمك رفيع، ومتانتها مرتفعة وهيكليتها سلكية، وأفضل الأنواع ما يستخدم في دراجات السباقات الدولية لأنها تحقق كل المواصفات المذكورة.

سيارات شمسية عربية الصنع
تمت بعض المحاولات الناجحة لصناعة سيارات عربية تعمل بالطاقة الشمسية. إحدى هذه المحاولات كانت سيارة "وهج" من إنتاج فريق "سراج" الطلابي من جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن. حيث حصلت السيارة على لقب أول سيارة سعودية تعمل بالطاقة الشمسية، وأول سيارة تتم صناعتها بالسعودية بشكل عام.

اقرأ أيضا
 سيارة نفاثة
 سيارة
 سيارة كهربائية
 عربية كهربائية
 محرك الاحتراق الداخلي

وصلات خارجية

 Practical Solar Vehicles - open source project
 WorleyParsons AES SolarCar Battery Pack Designers
 Solar Decathlon Web site.
 DOE announced that the third Solar Decathlon competition will be held from 2007-October 12th through the 20th in Washington, D.C.
 Solar cars in inventors.about.com
 American Solar Challenge on solar cars article
 World Solar Challenge website
 North American Solar Challenge 2005
 Philippine President Arroyo Looks at the First Philippine Solar-Powered Car.
 International Solar Car A - Z
 Venturi electro-solar hybrid
 A practical solar vehicle.
 The SunVee neighborhood vehicle.
 The Built-from-Scratch Solar Car Video.
 The Dell-Winston Solar Challenge
 South African Solar Challenge
 Solar Plug-In-Hybrid-Electric Vehicle
 Team Solar Eagle Videos
 The Solartaxi homepage
 Venturi Astrolab Review

المراجع

خلايا كهروضوئية
مركبات كهربائية

سيارة شمسية


Tvornica namještaja Konjuh je poduzeće iz Živinica. Organizirano je kao dioničko društvo.

Povijest
Osnovali su ga 1885. ugarski poduzetnici, kada je započela organizirana sječa šuma i prerada drveta. Sve do početka 1960-ih Konjuh je imao jednostavnu proizvodnju, širok asortiman i niski stupanj prerade. Tad je Konjuh donio stratešku odluku o svojoj programsko-proizvodnom usmjerenju kojom je potpuno stabiliziran proizvodni program i poduzeće kao cjelina. Usmjerili su se na specijaliziranu, industrijsku proizvodnju namještaja, prvenstveno blagovaoničkih stolova i stolica od masivne bukovine. Konjuh je postao renomirani proizvođač. Pred rat je Konjuh bio gospodarski gigant. Velikosrpska agresija na BiH zaustavila je razvoj Konjuha. Preživio je radom na minimumu i unatoč ratnim nevoljama uspio razviti nove programe: školski i uredski namještaj, parketi, poluproizvodi poput bukovog ljuštenog furnira i otpresaka za tapeciranje i lakiranje. Danas po svojim kapacitetima, ostvarenom prometu i broju zaposlenika pripada kategoriji velikih poduzeća.

Izvori

Živinice
Bosanskohercegovačke proizvodne tvrtke

Tvornica namještaja Konjuh


Willian Popp (født 13. april 1994) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller. Han spiller for den Thailandske fodboldklub Muangthong United. Han har tidligere spillet i både den Brasilianske liga og den japanske J1 League.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Willian Popp


Pierre Joseph de Beauchamp (* 28. Juni 1752 in Vesoul; † 18. November 1801 in Nizza) war ein französischer Diplomat und Astronom.

Leben
Er war Sohn des Advokaten Xavier de Beauchamp. Am 7. September 1798 wurde er zum Mitglied des Institut d'Égypte berufen. Dort wurde er an der dritten Tagung Abgeordneter der Sektion Physik.

Als ehemaliger Konsul in Maskat wurde er von Napoleon Bonaparte mit einem Schlichtungsverfahren in der Handelsstadt Maskat beauftragt. Als er am 13. Februar 1799 Alexandria verließ, wurde sein Schiff auf dem Meer von den Engländern gekapert. Inzwischen hatte das Osmanische Reich unter dem Druck der britischen Flotte vor Konstantinopel Frankreich den Krieg erklärt. De Beauchamp wurde mit den französischen Botschaftsangehörigen in Konstantinopel in der Burg der Sieben Türme inhaftiert.

Später freigelassen, starb er kurz nach seiner Ankunft in Frankreich.

Seit 1785 war er Mitglied der Académie des sciences.

Literatur
 Édouard de Villiers du Terrage: Journal et souvenirs sur l'expédition d'Égypte. E. Plon, Nourrit, Paris, 1899.
 Édouard de Villiers du Terrage: L'expédition d'Égypte 1798–1801 – Journal et souvenirs d'un jeune savant. Cosmopole, Paris, 2001 und 2003,
 Yves Laissus: L'Égypte, une aventure savante 1798–1801. Fayard, Paris, 1998.
 Archives Nationales, AF IV 1687, dossier 2: Pièces concernant le décès et le testament de l'astronome-diplomate Beauchamp, membre de l'Institut d'Égypte. November, 1801.
 Bibliothèque Nationale: Manuscrits, Fr. n.a. 10157 – Papiers de Beauchamp.
 Jean-Joseph Marcel: Supplément à toutes les biographies – Souvenirs de quelques amis d'Égypte [Sulkowski, Venture de Paradis, Gloutier, Ch. Magallon, Beauchamp, Belletête, Raige]. H. Dupuy impr., Paris, 1834.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Astronom (18. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Académie des sciences
Franzose
Geboren 1752
Gestorben 1801
Mann

Pierre Joseph Beauchamp


La place Surlet de Chokier est située à Bruxelles, capitale de la Belgique. Elle porte le nom du premier Régent de Belgique et est dédiée à la glorification de la révolution belge et des libertés constitutionnelles.

Contexte historique
La place Surlet de Chokier a été construite lors des travaux de restructuration du quartier Notre-Dame-aux-Neiges, devenu Quartier des Libertés, en 1874, près de 40 ans après les travaux des boulevards. La restructuration de la place a été menée par Antoine Mennessier. Par rapport au bâti d'origine ne subsistent que les numéros 3 et 4-5.

À partir de 1874, la population du quartier Notre-Dame-aux-Neiges est expulsée, il y avait une volonté de ramener en ville des populations plus aisées financièrement ainsi que plus dignes de côtoyer les institutions présentes à Bruxelles. C'est pourquoi tout le quartier a été remis à neuf à partir de 1960. Le but de ces travaux était de faire disparaitre les nombreuses ruelles et impasses de l'ancien quartier ouvrier afin de l'épurer. Cependant, la société organisant ces travaux a fait faillite en 1885, à la suite de cela, c'est la Régie foncière de la ville de Bruxelles qui rachète la majorité de leurs biens. Cela explique par ailleurs la présence de beaucoup de locataires dans ce quartier.

En 2006, 1 737 habitants étaient comptés dans le quartier, ce nombre n'a pas beaucoup augmenté. À présent, le quartier est davantage exploité par les entreprises qui y ont leurs bureaux.

Le nom de cette place honore le baron Érasme Surlet de Chokier. Celui-ci avait été Régent de Belgique en 1831. En effet, l'occupation de Bruxelles par l'armée hollandaise en septembre 1830 provoque la création d'un comité révolutionnaire qui se transformera en un gouvernement provisoire après le départ des hollandais. Après la proclamation de l'indépendance des 9 provinces de Belgique par ce comité, celui-ci voulait créer une nouvelle constitution. Pour ce faire, il charge une commission. Le congrès national présidé par Surlet de Chokier est donc élu au suffrage direct et se réunit pour la première fois le 10 novembre 1830. La nouvelle constitution est adoptée le 7 février 1831. De plus, ce congrès se charge de la désignation d'un nouveau roi. Cependant, le prince français, duc de Nemours renoncera au trône à la suite du refus de son père de le laisser régner à cause des pressions étrangères. Le gouvernement provisoire est dissous et le congrès l'élit alors comme Régent du royaume de Belgique le 24 février 1831, il restera en place jusqu'au 21 juillet, date à laquelle Léopold 1er accède au trône.

Anecdotiquement, les souterrains situés en dessous du bâtiment numéro 15-17 (siège du gouvernement de la FWB) servaient de glacières, les brasseurs et bouchers de Bruxelles y mettaient leurs bières et viandes afin de les garder au frais.

Situation géographique
La place Surlet de Chokier, se trouve à la périphérie du Quartier des Libertés, redessiné et reconstruit à partir de 1874. La place Surlet de Chokier fut bordée d'immeubles de prestige avant les démolitions au 20ème siècle. Celui-ci se trouve dans le pentagone de Bruxelles, qui regroupe le centre de Bruxelles.

Afin de se positionner géographiquement :
 La place se trouve non loin de la station de métro Madou et est bien desservie par les transports en commun bruxellois.
 Les rues suivantes donnent accès à la place : La rue du Congrès, la rue de la Croix de Fer, la rue de Louvain, le boulevard du Régent. Elle est encadrée par la petite ceinture, la rue de la Loi, la rue Royale, la place Madou ainsi que son tunnel et le carrefour botanique.
 On trouve notamment dans le quartier : la rue de la Révolution, la place des Barricades et la rue du Gouvernement Provisoire, sans oublier la place de la Liberté, d'où rayonnent quatre rues consacrées aux quatre libertés constitutionnelles (liberté de la Presse, des Cultes, d'Association et de l'Enseignement). D'autres monuments sont aussi présents tels que la colonne du Congrès, le monument Charles Rogier, la statue de la Brabançonne.
 Elle se trouve également à proximité de certaines ambassades, de consulats, du Cirque Royal, le gouvernement de la fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles et est non loin du parlement flamand.

L'intérieur du quartier est principalement occupé par des immeubles vides ou occupés servant de bureaux, le nombre de ceux-ci est le plus important après ceux implantés dans le quartier européen, cela participe à la réduction du nombre d'habitations dans une grande partie de la ville.

Description de la place
On trouve au centre de la place, le célèbre monument de la statue de la Brabançonne, celle-ci fait partie des cinq monuments commémoratifs emblématiques de la première guerre mondiale à Bruxelles. Elle est en bronze et est l'œuvre du sculpteur Charles Samuel, elle a été érigée par souscription publique en 1930. On trouve sur le monument les paroles de la troisième version de l'hymne national gravée en néerlandais et en français. Cette statue est une façon de rendre hommage à la partie victorieuse de la révolution belge. Elle est classée depuis 2015 au patrimoine des monuments.

La place abrite également le siège du gouvernement de la fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles aux numéros 15-17. Celui-ci est compétent dans une multitude de domaines, tels que l'enseignement supérieur, l'enseignement obligatoire, les relations internationales, le droit des femmes, l'égalité des chances, ainsi que pour le budget. Celui-ci est facilement reconnaissable grâce aux drapeaux dressés sur le bâtiment, au-dessus de l'entrée. En effet, 4 drapeaux s'y trouvent, celui de la communauté française, le drapeau européen, le drapeau belge et celui de la fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles. C'était également le cabinet du ministre Simonet. Le bâtiment est un immeuble de bureau contemporain avec une façade très foncée et un hall central circulaire qui en fait sa spécificité.

La place est bornée de restaurants, de magasins, de nouveaux immeubles à appartements ou servant de bureaux. Quelques arbres font le tour de la place et des cubes en béton permettent de s'y asseoir.

Actualité
La place Surlet de Chokier est, encore aujourd'hui, le lieu de plusieurs évènements. En effet, elle est le lieu de rendez-vous pour le départ de nombreuses manifestations. Notamment une manifestation pour la précarité étudiante qui a eu lieu dans le hall du gouvernement de la fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles le 5 mai 2021. De plus, la place a fait l'objet du point de départ de la manifestation pour une revalorisation de l'enseignement et de son personnel datant du 10 février 2022. La commémoration de la catastrophe Rana Plaza en 2013 a aussi eu lieu à la place Surlet de Chokier afin de dénoncer des violations restant impunies de long des chaînes d'approvisionnement de certaines entreprises internationales, ceci a eu lieu le 21 avril 2022. Cette place est donc un point politique stratégique.

Étant donné que le gouvernement de la fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles siège sur la place, de nombreux communiqués de presse y sont organisés.

Références

Place à Bruxelles

Place Surlet de Chokier