L'étonogestrel est un médicament couramment utilisé comme moyen de contraception féminine. Il est disponible sous la forme d'un implant placé sous la peau de la partie supérieure du bras, sous les noms de marque Nexplanon et Implanon, et en association avec l'éthinylestradiol, un œstrogène, sous forme d'anneau vaginal sous les noms de marque NuvaRing et Circlet. L'étonogestrel en implant est efficace comme contraceptif dans les  après insertion pour au moins trois ou quatre ans, certaines données montrant une efficacité pendant cinq ans. Après le retrait, la fertilité revient rapidement.

Les effets secondaires de l'étonogestrel comprennent les irrégularités menstruelles, la sensibilité des seins, les changements d'humeur, l'acné, les maux de tête, la vaginite…. C'est un progestatif de synthèse, qui fonctionne comme agoniste du récepteur de la progestérone. Il agit en bloquant l'ovulation, en épaississant le mucus autour de l'ouverture du col de l'utérus et en modifiant la muqueuse de l'utérus.

Il a une activité androgénique et glucocorticoïde très faible, on ne lui connait aucune autre activité hormonale importante.

L'étonogestrel a été breveté en 1972 et introduit pour un usage médical en 1998. Il est devenu disponible aux États-Unis en 2006. Les implants d'étonogestrel sont approuvés dans plus de 90 pays et utilisés par environ trois millions de femmes dans le monde en 2010.

Un progestatif étroitement apparenté, plus connu et plus utilisé est le désogestrel, un promédicament précurseur de l'étonogestrel dans le corps.

Utilisations médicales
L'étonogestrel est utilisé dans la contraception hormonale sous la forme de l'implant contraceptif étonogestrel> et de l'anneau vaginal contraceptif dans ce dernier cas en association avec l'éthinylestradiol (noms de marque NuvaRing, Circlet).

Les implants contraceptifs à l'étonogestrel sont de type réversible et à longue durée d'action, ils se sont avéré compter parmi les contraceptifs les plus efficaces. Le taux d'échec des implants est de 0,05 % pour une utilisation parfaite et une utilisation typique car la méthode ne nécessite aucune action de l'utilisateur après la pose.

Des études basées sur plus de -années d'exposition, n'ont trouvé aucun cas de grossesse.

D'autres études ont, elles, trouvé des échecs, attribués à des échecs de la méthode elle-même et/ou à un mauvais placement, à des interactions médicamenteuses ou à une conception avant l'insertion de l'implant ou de l'anneau.

En comparaison, la stérilisation tubaire a un taux d'échec de 0,5 % et les DIU ont un taux d'échec de 0,2 à 0,8 %. Un seul implant est approuvé pour trois ans avec des données montrant une efficacité pendant cinq ans.

Contre-indications
Les femmes ne devraient pas utiliser d'implants si elles :

 sont ou pensent être enceinte
 sont allergiques à l'étonogestrel
 ont des saignements vaginaux n'ayant pas été expliqués
 ont certaines formes de maladie hépatique grave

Elles ne doivent pas utiliser de contraceptifs hormonaux combinés (CHC) si elles ont des migraines avec auras.

Une liste complète des contre-indications peut être trouvée dans les Critères d'éligibilité médicale de l'OMS pour l'utilisation de la contraception 2015 et les Critères d'éligibilité médicale du CDC aux États-Unis pour l'utilisation de la contraception 2016.

Effets secondaires
Saignements irréguliers et saignotements : De nombreuses femmes connaîtront un certain type de saignements irréguliers, imprévisibles, prolongés, fréquents ou peu fréquents. Certaines femmes souffrent également d'aménorrhée. Chez certaines femmes, les saignements prolongés diminueront après les trois premiers mois d'utilisation. Mais d'autres pourront voir ce schéma de saignement se prolonger jusqu'à cinq années d'utilisation.

Bien que ces saignements ne soient pas dangereux, ils sont la raison la plus courante invoquée pour interrompre l'utilisation de l'implant. Après le retrait, les périodes de saignement reviennent au rythme antérieur chez la plupart des femmes.

Complications d'insertion : Certains effets secondaires mineurs tels que des ecchymoses, une irritation de la peau ou des douleurs autour du site d'insertion sont courants. Des complications (rares) peuvent survenir ( infection ou expulsion. Parfois, une complication grave survient quand le prestataire ne parvient pas à correctement insérer l'implant (une étude australienne a rapporté 84 grossesses à la suite d'un tel échec).

Migration : Très rarement, le bâtonnet peut se déplacer légèrement à l'intérieur du bras, ce qui peut rendre le retrait plus difficile. Il est possible que l'insertion dans le même site qu'un implant précédent augmente la probabilité de migration. Le bâtonnets implanté ne peut être localisés que par ultrasons à haute fréquence ou imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM). Il peut être localisé à l'aide de rayons X ou de tomodensitométrie traditionnels quand il contient du sulfate de baryum. De rares cas d'implants ayant atteint le poumon via l'artère pulmonaire ont été signalés. Une insertion sous-cutanée correcte sur le muscle triceps réduit le risque de tels événements.

Prise de poids possible : Certaines femmes peuvent légèrement prendre du poids lors de l'utilisation de l'implant mais les études disponibles ne sont pas concluantes car ne comparant pas le poids des femmes utilisant des implants avec un groupe témoin de femmes n'en utilisant pas. L'augmentation moyenne du poids corporel dans les études était inférieure à  (5 livres) sur 2 ans.

Kystes ovariens : Une petite partie des femmes utilisant des implants et d'autres implants contraceptifs développent des kystes ovariens. Ces kystes disparaissent habituellement sans traitement.

Grossesse : il est recommandé de retirer les implants en cas de grossesse. Cependant, il n'y a aucune preuve suggérant que l'implant ait un effet négatif sur la grossesse ou le développement du fœtus.

Acné : L'acné a été auto-déclarée comme un effet secondaire et est répertoriée comme un effet secondaire par la FDA. Mais une étude d'utilisateurs a révélé qu'une majorité d'utilisateurs souffrant d'acné avant leur insertion ont signalé que leur acné avait diminué, et seulement 16 % de ceux qui n'avaient pas d'acné avant l'insertion en ont développé.

Autres symptômes possibles : D'autres symptômes ont été signalés lors d'essais d'implants : maux de tête, labilité émotionnelle, douleurs abdominales, perte de libido et sécheresse vaginale, mais aucune étude n'a déterminé de manière concluante que ces symptômes sont causés par l'implant.

Surdosage
Aucun effet secondaire grave n'est attendu en cas de surdosage de contraceptifs en général.

Interactions
L'éfavirenz, un inducteur de l'enzyme hépatique CYP3A4, semble diminuer les taux d'étonogestrel et augmenter les taux de grossesses non désirées chez les utilisatrices d'implants.

Des effets similaires sont attendus pour d'autres inducteurs du CYP3A4, mais on ne sait pas s'ils sont cliniquement pertinents. L'inverse est vrai des inhibiteurs du CYP3A4 tels que le kétoconazole, l'itraconazole et la clarithromycine : ils pourraient augmenter les concentrations d'étonogestrel dans l'organisme.

Forme implant

Nexplanon/Implanon se compose d'une tige de  de long et  de diamètre, faite d'un copolymère d'éthylène et d'acétate de vinyle (taille d'une allumette). L'implant contient  d'étonogestrel (parfois appelé 3-céto-destrogestrel), un type de progestatif. Les concentrations sériques maximales d'étonogestrel atteignent 781–894 pg/mL au cours des premières semaines, diminuant progressivement jusqu'à 192–261 pg/mL après un an, 154–194 pg/mL après deux ans et 156–177 pg/mL après trois ans, maintenant la suppression de l'ovulation et l'efficacité contraceptive. Les taux sériques restent relativement stables pendant 36 mois, ce qui implique que la méthode peut être efficace pendant plus de trois ans.

Bien que ceci n'ait pas été officiellement reconnu par le fabricant, des études ont montré qu'il reste un contraceptif très efficace pendant cinq années.

Il s'agit d'un type de contraception progestative seule.

Insertion et retrait

Un clinicien expérimenté doit effectuer l'insertion des implants pour assurer une insertion correcte et minimiser le risque de lésions nerveuses ou de mauvais placement, ce qui pourrait entraîner une grossesse. Avant l'insertion, le bras est lavé avec une solution de nettoyage et un anesthésique local est appliqué sur la partie supérieure du bras autour de la zone d'insertion. Un applicateur en forme d'aiguille est utilisé pour insérer la tige sous la peau dans le tissu sous-cutané de la face interne du bras en arrière de la rainure entre les muscles biceps et triceps. Le temps moyen d'insertion est de 0,5 à 1 minute. Un pansement doit ensuite être conservé sur le site d'insertion durant 24 heures. Des ecchymoses et un léger inconfort sont fréquents après l'insertion. Des complications graves au site d'insertion (infection…) peuvent survenir, mais très rarement (chez moins de 1 % des patientes). Si une femme reçoit un implant en dehors des cinq premiers jours de ses règles, elle doit attendre avant d'avoir des rapports sexuels ou utiliser une méthode de contraception d'appoint (comme un préservatif, un préservatif féminin, un diaphragme, une éponge ou une contraception d'urgence ) pendant la semaine suivante après insertion pour prévenir la grossesse. Cependant, si l'implant est inséré pendant les cinq premiers jours de la période d'une femme, elle est protégée pour ce cycle et au-delà.

Les implants peuvent être retirés (toujours par un clinicien expérimenté) à tout moment si une grossesse est souhaité. Lors du retrait, un anesthésique local est à nouveau utilisé autour de la zone de l'implant à l'extrémité distale. Si l'opérateur ne peut sentir l'implant, l'imagerie médicale peut être nécessaires pour localiser la tige avant de pouvoir la retirer. Une petite incision est pratiquée dans la peau à l'extrémité du site de l'implant. Dans certains cas, une gaine fibreuse peut s'être formée autour de l'implant, auquel cas cette gaine doit être incisée. L'implant est retiré à l'aide d'une pince. La procédure de retrait dure en moyenne 3 à 3,5 minutes.

Fertilité après retrait
Dans la semaine suivant le retrait, les hormones qui avaient été délivrées par l'appareil quittent le corps et l'étonogestrel est indétectable chez la plupart des utilisatrice. La plupart des femmes (re) commenceront à ovuler dans les six semaines suivant le retrait. Les niveaux de fertilité reviendront à ce qu'ils étaient avant l'insertion de l'implant.

Différences
Nexplanon et Implanon NXT sont essentiellement identiques à Implanon sauf que Nexplanon et Implanon NXT ont  de sulfate de baryum ajouté au noyau, ce qui le rend détectable par les rayons X. Nexplanon et Implanon NXT ont également un applicateur préchargé pour une insertion plus facile.

Pharmacologie
Le mécanisme d'action des contraceptifs progestatifs seuls dépend de l'activité et de la dose du progestatif. Les contraceptifs progestatifs à dose intermédiaire comme Nexplanon ou Implanon permettent un certain développement folliculaire mais inhibent l'ovulation dans presque tous les cycles comme principal mécanisme d'action. L'ovulation n'a pas été observée dans les études sur Implanon au cours des deux premières années d'utilisation et seulement rarement au cours de la troisième année sans grossesse. Un mécanisme d'action secondaire est l'augmentation progestative de la viscosité de la glaire cervicale qui inhibe la pénétration des spermatozoïdes.

Les contraceptifs hormonaux ont également des effets sur l'endomètre, qui pourraient théoriquement affecter l'implantation, mais aucune preuve scientifique n'indique que la prévention de l'implantation résulte réellement de cet effet.

Pharmacodynamie
L'étonogestrel est un progestatif ou un agoniste du récepteur de la progestérone. Il est moins androgène que le lévonorgestrel et la noréthistérone et il ne provoque pas de diminution des taux de globuline liant les hormones sexuelles. Cependant, il est toujours associé à l'acné chez jusqu'à 13,5 % des patients lorsqu'il est utilisé comme implant, bien que cet effet secondaire ne représente que 1,3 % des retraits prématurés de l'implant. En plus de son activité progestative et androgénique faible, l'étonogestrel se lie au récepteur des glucocorticoïdes avec environ 14 % de l'affinité de la dexaméthasone (contre 1 % pour le lévonorgestrel) et a une très faible activité glucocorticoïde. L'étonogestrel n'a pas d'autre activité hormonale (par exemple, œstrogénique, antiminéralocorticoïde ). Une certaine inhibition de la 5α-réductase et des enzymes du cytochrome hépatique P450 a été observée avec l'étonogestrel in vitro, comme avec d'autres progestatifs de la 19-nortestostérone.

Pharmacocinétique
La biodisponibilité de l'étonogestrel lorsqu'il est administré sous forme d'implant sous-cutané ou d'anneau vaginal est de 100 %. Les taux d'étonogestrel à l'état d'équilibre sont atteints en une semaine après l'insertion sous forme d'implant ou d'anneau vaginal. Le volume de distribution moyen de l'étonogestrel est de . La liaison aux protéines plasmatiques du médicament est d'au moins 98 %, dont 66 % sont liés à l'albumine et 32 % sont liés à la globuline liant les hormones sexuelles. L'étonogestrel est métabolisé dans le foie par le CYP3A4. L'activité biologique de ses métabolites est inconnue. La demi-vie d'élimination de l'étonogestrel est d'environ 25 à 29 les heures. Après le retrait d'un implant contenant de l'étonogestrel, les niveaux du médicament étaient inférieurs aux limites de détection du test d'une semaine. La majeure partie de l'étonogestrel est éliminée dans les urines et une petite partie est éliminée dans les fèces.

Chimie
L'étonogestrel, également appelé 11-méthylène-17α-éthynyl-18-méthyl-19-nortestostérone ou 11-méthylène-17α-éthynyl-18-méthylestr-4-ène-17β-ol-3-one, est un estrane synthétique stéroïde et un dérivé de la testostérone. Il s'agit plus spécifiquement d'un dérivé de la noréthistérone (17α-éthynyl-19-nortestostérone) et fait partie du sous-groupe des gonanes (18-méthylestrane) de la famille des progestatifs 19-nortestostérone. L'étonogestrel est le dérivé cétone C3 du désogestrel et le dérivé méthylène C11 du lévonorgestrel et est également connu sous le nom de 3-cétodésogestrel et de 11-méthylènelévonorgestrel.

Histoire
La possibilité de créer un 'implant contraceptif sous-cutané a commencé lorsque le silicone a été découvert dans les années 1940 et après qu'il se soit avéré biocompatible avec le corps humain. En 1964, Folkman et Long ont publié la première étude démontrant qu'une telle tige pouvait être utilisée pour administrer des médicaments. En 1966, Dziuk et Cook ont publié une étude qui examinait les taux de libération et suggérait que les bâtonnets pourraient bien convenir à la contraception. Après une étude ayant utilisé des implants contenant des progestatifs pour la contraception, le Population Council a développé et breveté Norplant et Jadelle. Norplant a six bâtonnets et est considéré comme un implant de première génération. Jadelle (Norplant II), un implant à deux tiges, et d'autres implants à tige unique qui ont suivi, ont été développés en raison de complications résultant du système à 6 tiges de Norplant. Le système Jadelle contient deux bâtonnets de silicone mélangés à du lévonorgestrel. En 1990, De Nijs a breveté une technique d'extrusion coaxiale de copolymères d'éthylène vinylacétate et de 3-céto-désogestrel (étonogestrel) pour la préparation de dispositifs contraceptifs à longue durée d'action, tels que Implanon, Nexplanon et Nuvaring. Les bâtonnets simples étaient moins visibles sous la peau et ils utilisaient de l'étonogestrel plutôt que du lévonorgestrel (dans l'espoir d'une réduction des effets secondaires).

Le désogestrel (3-décétoétonogestrel), un promédicament de l'étonogestrel, a été introduit à des fins médicales en 1981.

Norplant a été utilisé dans un nombre croissant de pays à partir de 1983 ; commercialisé aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni en 1993. En raison de nombreuses complications lors du retrait du Norplant aux États-Unis, il a été retiré du marché en 2002. Bien que Jadelle ait été approuvée par la FDA, elle n'a jamais été commercialisée aux États-Unis, mais elle est largement utilisée en Afrique et en Asie.

L'étonogestrel lui-même a été introduit pour la première fois sous le nom d'Implanon en Indonésie en 1998 ; il a été commercialisé au Royaume-Uni peu après et approuvé pour une utilisation aux États-Unis en 2006. Nexplanon a été développé pour éliminer le problème de non-insertion et de localisation d'Implanon en changeant le dispositif d'insertion et en rendant la tige radio-opaque. Depuis janvier 2012, Implanon n'est plus commercialisé et Nexplanon est le seul implant monotige disponible.

Société et culture

Noms génériques
L'étonogestrel est le nom générique du médicament et ses INN, USAN et BAN. Il est aussi connu sous son nom de code de développement ORG-3236.

Noms de marques
L'étonogestrel est commercialisé sous les noms de marque Circlet, Implanon, Nexplanon et NuvaRing.

Disponibilité
L'étonogestrel est largement disponible dans le monde, dont aux États-Unis, au Canada, au Royaume-Uni, en Irlande, ailleurs en Europe, en Afrique du Sud, en Amérique latine, en Asie du Sud, de l'Est et du Sud-Est, et ailleurs dans le monde.

Recherche
Un dispositif intra-utérin libérant de l'étonogestrel était en cours de développement pour être utilisé comme forme de contraception chez les femmes, mais son développement a été interrompu en 2015.

L'étonogestrel a été étudié pour être utilisé comme contraceptif masculin potentiel.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

 Implant d'étonogestrel - AdisInsight
 Anneau vaginal éthinylestradiol/étonogestrel - AdisInsight

Énone
Diène
Médicament essentiel listé par l'OMS
Progestatif
Inhibiteur de la 5-alpha-reductase
Contraception
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Composé vinylidènique

Etonogestrel


Dans les années 1760, Johann Heinrich Lambert a été le premier à prouver que le nombre  est irrationnel, c'est-à-dire qu'il ne peut pas s'écrire sous forme d'une fraction , avec  et  entiers non nuls. Au , Charles Hermite établit une preuve ne reposant sur aucun prérequis au-delà de l'analyse élémentaire. Des versions simplifiées de la preuve de Hermite ont été plus tard trouvées par Mary Cartwright et Ivan Niven. Une autre preuve, une version simplifiée de celle de Lambert, est trouvée par Miklós Laczkovich. La plupart sont des preuves par l'absurde ou par contraposition.

En 1882, Ferdinand von Lindemann établit que  est non seulement irrationnel, mais transcendant.

Preuve de Lambert

En 1761, Lambert prouve que  est irrationnel en établissant dans un premier temps le développement en fraction continue généralisée suivant de la fonction tangente :

en utilisant les développements en série entière des fonctions cosinus et sinus.

Ensuite, Lambert montre que si  est non nul et rationnel alors  est irrationnel. Or, comme , il en déduit que  est irrationnel et donc que  est irrationnel.

Historiquement, cette preuve fut le premier pas vers la démonstration de l'impossibilité de la quadrature du cercle.

Preuve de Hermite
Rédigée en 1873, cette preuve utilise la caractérisation de  comme plus petite solution positive de l'équation  et montre en fait que 2 lui-même est irrationnel. Comme de nombreuses preuves d'irrationalité, c'est une démonstration par l'absurde.

Hermite définit par récurrence une suite de fonctions réelles  :
 .
Des

où  est un polynôme et , il déduit que

où ,  étant un polynôme à coefficients entiers de degré partie entière de .

Il indique également une seconde méthode (moins directe) fournissant la même expression de  :

Il en déduit au passage que les fonctions  vérifient .

Il ne prend pas la peine d'expliciter la relation (immédiate d'après son développement en série entière) entre ses suites de fonctions et les fonctions de Bessel de première espèce  :

mais  c'est sans doute cette relation qui lui fournit la formule explicite suivante :
.

Si , avec  et  deux entiers alors pour tout entier pair , le nombre  est égal à  l'entier . Soit :

Cependant, le terme de droite est non nul et tend vers 0 quand  tend vers l'infini. Il y a donc contradiction, montrant que  ne peut pas être rationnel, donc  non plus.

Lien avec la preuve de Lambert
Comme le signale Hermite, sa fonction  est le numérateur de la -ième réduite du développement par Lambert de , le dénominateur étant , car ces deux fonctions vérifient la relation de récurrence découverte par Lambert :
.
Hermite en déduit au passage ce qu'il appelle  , qui équivaut à l'équation différentielle de Bessel usuelle, via le lien avec  signalé ci-dessus.

Hermite ne présente pas sa démonstration comme une fin en soi, mais comme un sous-produit de sa recherche d'une preuve de la transcendance de , comme il le fit la même année dans sa preuve de la transcendance de . Il utilise surtout les relations de récurrence pour motiver et obtenir une représentation intégrale convenable.

Preuve de Cartwright
Cartwright a extrait de la preuve de Hermite un exemple pour un examen de l'université de Cambridge en 1945.

Elle considère directement les variantes suivantes des intégrales  de Hermite :
.

Par une double intégration par parties, elle obtient la relation de récurrence
.

En posant
,
cette relation de récurrence devient celle de Lambert , aux notations près () :

De plus,  et . Donc, pour tout entier  positif,

où  et  sont des polynômes  (sic) à coefficients entiers.

Cette analyse des polynômes qui apparaissent est moins fine que celle de Hermite, mais va suffire pour démontrer l'irrationalité de  (et non celle de ).

On prend maintenant , et l'on suppose donc qu'il existe deux entiers  et  tels que . Alors :

Le terme de droite est entier. Cependant, le terme de gauche est non nul et tend vers 0 quand  tend vers l'infini. Il y a donc contradiction.

Preuve de Niven
Niven suppose que  est rationnel, donc de la forme  avec  et  entiers strictement positifs. Pour un entier positif  , il définit deux polynômes :

et

Il remarque d'abord que  est un entier.
En effet, le polynôme  est à coefficients entiers, et nuls en degrés . Ainsi,  et ses dérivées prennent des valeurs entières en , donc aussi en  puisque .
Il établit ensuite que .
En effet, comme l'avait remarqué Hermite , .
Enfin, pour ,
donc  pour  suffisamment grand, ce qui est impossible.

Lien avec la preuve de Hermite
La preuve de Niven est plus proche de celle de Hermite qu'elle ne le semble de prime abord :
d'une part par sa réutilisation de la « formule élémentaire » de Hermite ;
d'autre part parce qu'un changement de variable  dans la formule explicite  et l'évaluation en  donnent :

Preuve de Laczkovich
La preuve de Laczkovich est à la fois une généralisation et une simplification de celle de Lambert : généralisation parce qu'elle porte (comme celle d'Oskar Perron 90 ans plus tôt) sur une famille de fractions continues de Gauss dont celles de Lambert pour tangente et tangente hyperbolique font partie, et simplification parce qu'elle évite les considérations de convergence.

Laczkovich considère la famille de fonctions hypergéométriques . Ces fonctions entières sont définies pour tout nombre complexe  et l'on a en particulier
.

Ces fonctions sont liées aux fonctions de Bessel de première espèce  par :
 (où  désigne la fonction gamma) donc :
elles vérifient la relation de récurrence :
 ;
 et  ne peuvent pas être simultanément nuls ;
pour  fixé,  quand .

Laczkovich redémontre alors que
pour tout  non nul tel que  est rationnel, on a

En termes des fonctions de Bessel , ce résultat se réécrit :
pour tout  non nul tel que  est rationnel, on a

En particulier (pour ) :
pour tout  non nul tel que  est rationnel,  est non nul et  est irrationnel.

Puisque , ce dernier résultat montre que  est irrationnel et donc que  est irrationnel.

Une autre conséquence est le résultat de Lambert : la tangente de tout rationnel non nul est un irrationnel.

Notes et références

Article connexe
Preuve de l'irrationalité de

Pi
Irrationalité de Pi

Preuve de l'irrationalité de π


Jean-François André Clervoy (born 19 November 1958) is a French engineer and a CNES and ESA astronaut. He is a veteran of three NASA Space Shuttle missions.

Early life and education
Clervoy was born 19 November 1958 in Longeville-lès-Metz, France, the son of Mireille Lemonde and Jean Clervoy, a former French Air Force pilot.

From an early age, he took an interest in space exploration and dreamt of becoming an astronaut:
While born in the French region of Lorraine, Clervoy considers Toulouse to be his adopted hometown. He has a twin brother, Patrick Clervoy, a military psychiatrist.

He received his baccalauréat from Collège Militaire de Saint-Cyr-l'École in 1976; he passed Math. Sup. and Math. Spé. M' at Prytanée Militaire, La Flèche in 1978. He graduated from École Polytechnique, Paris, in 1981. He then became a member of the Corps of Armament. He graduated from École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace, Toulouse, in 1983; he graduated as a Flight Test Engineer from École du personnel navigant d'essais et de réception, Istres, in 1987.

Experience

In 1983 Clervoy was seconded from the Direction générale de l'armement (DGA) to CNES (French Space Agency) where he works on autopilot systems for various projects such as the earth observation satellite SPOT, the optical inter-satellite space link STAR, or the comet probe VEGA. Clervoy is Ingénieur Général de l'Armement in the Corps of Armament at the DGA.

He was selected in the second group of French astronauts in 1985 and started intensive Russian language training. From 1987 until 1992 he directed the parabolic flight program at the Flight Test Center, Brétigny-sur-Orge and provided technical support to the European human space program within the ESA Hermes crew office in Toulouse. From 1983 to 1987, Clervoy was also a lecturer in signal processing and general mechanics at the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace, Toulouse.

In 1991, he trained in Star City, Moscow, on the Soyuz and Mir systems. In 1992, he joined the Astronaut Corps of the European Space Agency (ESA) at the European Astronaut Center EAC in Cologne. In August 1992 Clervoy was detached to the NASA Johnson Space Center/ Houston to gain the Space Shuttle mission specialist qualifications. In between his space flights, Clervoy was assigned as flight software verification lead in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) and as robotics display design lead for Shuttle and ISS. After his third spaceflight, he was assigned as the International Space Station display integration lead in the NASA-JSC Astronaut Office.

He flew twice aboard  and once aboard  or a total of 675 hours in space. Due to the difficulty that American astronauts had in pronouncing his name, Clervoy was nicknamed "Billy Bob."

From 2001 through 2008, he was assigned Senior Advisor Astronaut of the Automated Transfer Vehicle ESA project in Les Mureaux (France). In 2008, he was also appointed member of the selection board for the new ESA astronaut class.

Clervoy holds military and civilian parachuting licenses, military and civilian scuba-diving licenses, and private pilot license.

Spaceflight experience
 STS-66 (November 3 –14, 1994), the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science-3 (ATLAS-3) mission was part of an ongoing program to determine the Earth's energy balance and atmospheric change over an eleven-year solar cycle. Clervoy used the robotic arm to deploy the CRISTA-SPAS atmospheric research satellite 20 hours after lift-off, and logged 262 hours and 34 minutes in space and 175 earth orbits.
 STS-84 (May 15 – 24, 1997) was NASA's sixth Shuttle mission to rendezvous and dock with the Russian Space Station Mir. Assigned as payload commander, Clervoy's primary tasks were the management of more than 20 experiments, the operation of the docking system and the double module SPACEHAB, and the transfer of 4 tons of equipment between Atlantis and Mir. He was also trained as a contingency spacewalker on this mission. He logged 221 hours and 20 minutes in space and 144 earth orbits.
 STS-103 (December 19 – 27, 1999) primary objectives was the repair of the Hubble space telescope, which was put to sleep after successive failures of its gyroscopes, necessary to meet the telescope's very precise pointing requirements. Clervoy was the flight engineer for ascent, space rendezvous and entry. He used the robotic arm to capture and deploy the telescope, and to maneuver his crew mates during each of their three spacewalks each lasting more than eight hours. He logged 191 hours and 11 minutes in space and 120 Earth orbits.

Current assignment
Clervoy is a member of ESA's European Astronaut Corps, based at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany. As part of his ESA collateral duties, Clervoy provides support to the human spaceflight programme, the external relations department and the sustainable development office. He is also Chairman and strategy manager of Novespace, a subsidiary of French space agency CNES in charge of the parabolic flight programme based on the A310 Zero-G aircraft in Bordeaux-Mérignac, France.

Personal life
He is married to Laurence Boulanger and they have two children. Clervoy enjoys racquet sports, skill games, canyoning, skiing, and flying activities such as boomerang, frisbee, kites.

Organisations
Member, Association of Space Explorers (ASE). Distinguished member, French Aeronautics and Astronautics Association (3AF). Member, Air and Space Academy (ANAE). Member, International Academy of Astronautics (IAA). Member, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). Ambassador of the World Ocean Network. Patron of the marine life preservation non-profit association 'Te mana o te moana' in French Polynesia. JF Clervoy is also the ESA representative for the ocean exploration 'SeaOrbiter' project.

Special honours
 Officer of the Legion of Honor
 Knight of the National Order of Merit
 NASA Space Flight Medals (three)
 NASA Exceptional Service Medals (two)
 Medal of Aeronautics
 Komarov and Koroliev Awards from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.

Tributes
 A middle school is named after him in Franconville (Val-d'Oise) where he completed part of his schooling
 A media library is named after him at Longeville-lès-Metz (Moselle)
 The square of Sercy (Saone-et-Loire) is named after him

Publications
Jean-François Clervoy is the author of the book "Histoire(s) d'Espace" relating his third mission towards the Hubble space telescope. He is also the co-author of the works: "Voler en apesanteur" and "Embarquer dès demain pour l'espace" (Ed. Vuibert), "Dans les bars des bouts du monde" and "La Diva, le Président et autres face-à-face" (Ed. L'Elocoquent), "Vox confidential" (Ed. Michel Lafon), "Histoire de la conquête spatiale" (Ed. Vuibert).

Patent
Jean-François filed an international patent for the functions of the wrist watch 'Speedmaster Skywalker X-33' produced by Omega, tested and qualified by ESA.

References

External links

 ESA profile page
 NASA Biography
 Spacefacts biography of Jean-François Clervoy
 Novespace

1958 births
Living people
French spationauts
ESA astronauts
École Polytechnique alumni
French aerospace engineers
Supaéro alumni
Corps de l'armement
French twins
Engineers from Toulouse
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite
Space program of France
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Mir crew members

Jean-François Clervoy


Franz-Xaver Roiner (* 16. Februar 1932 in Pfelling; † 12. Oktober 2022) war ein deutscher Erfinder und Milchwissenschaftler. Roiner gilt als der Erfinder der mildgesäuerten Butter.

Leben
Franz-Xaver Roiner ließ sich nach dem Abitur zunächst zum Molkereifachmann, später zum Molkereimeister ausbilden. Während seines Studiums an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in München von 1953 bis 1958 arbeitete er bereits parallel in der Molkerei seines Onkels, dem Innstolz Käsewerk Roiner. Von 1963 bis 1967 entwickelte er den ersten kontinuierlichen Käsefertiger zusammen mit der Firma Waldner, Wangen im Allgäu, der 1967 erstmals in der Molkerei Erding zum Einsatz kam. Im Rahmen seiner Lehrtätigkeit als Professor an der Fachhochschule Hannover entwickelte er 1982 ein Verfahren zur Herstellung säurehaltiger Flüssigkeiten, das die Produktion mildgesäuerter Butter erst ermöglichte. 1988 wurden 5000 Tonnen mit Caesium-137 kontaminierte Molke, die nach der Reaktorkatastrophe von Tschernobyl in Bayern anfielen, nach dem Roiner-Ionenaustauschverfahren im stillgelegten Kernkraftwerk Lingen dekontaminiert. Es gelang dabei, die Belastung von über 8000 Bq/kg auf ~100 Bq/kg zu senken – unterhalb auch der heutigen EU-Grenzwerte für Lebensmittel. Aufgrund der inzwischen in der medialen Berichterstattung erhitzten Debatte war allerdings ein Einsatz als Lebensmittel kaum vermittelbar, sodass das Molkenpulver letztlich an Nutztiere verfüttert wurde. Ausgehend von den Erfahrungen mit dem selektiven Austausch von Ionen entwickelte Franz-Xaver Roiner verschiedene Verfahren zur Umwandlung und Nutzung von Energie aus wässrigen Flüssigkeiten und zur Aufbereitung salzhaltigen Wassers zu Trinkwasser.

Publikationen

Weblinks
 Herbert Schäfer: Waschsalon im Kernkraftwerk. In: Die Zeit. 6. Januar 1989.
 Saure Briketts. In: Der Spiegel. 11/87.
 Strahlendes Erbe. In: Die Zeit. 33/87.

Einzelnachweise

Hochschullehrer (Hochschule Hannover)
Ingenieur
Erfinder
Deutscher
Geboren 1932
Gestorben 2022
Mann

Franz Roiner


حرف سياد هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء الضنية في محافظة الشمال.
 تقع حرف سياد في شمال لبنان.قضاء المنية –الضنية. تحيط ببلدة حرف سياد بلدات بطرماز شرقا"وبخعون غربا"وجنوبا", كما يفصلها بينها وبين بطرماز علئ طول الحدود الشرقية والشمالية الشرقية نهر البارد.تفتقر بلدة حرف سياد إلى الأراضي الحرجية حيث أن معظم الأراضي زراعية وسكنية. ترتفع عن سطح البحر675 م وعن عاصمة الشمال 30 كلم وعن مدينة بيروت عاصمة لبنان حوالي 120 كلم.
يتميز مناخ حرف سياد كونه مناخ متوسطي معتدل الحرارة صيفا«وشتئا». ويبلغ عدد السكان الاجمالي حوالي 1300 نسمة، يقيم فيها حوالي 1000 نسمة اما عدد المهاجرين فيبلغ 300 نسمة (أستراليا ودول الخليج).

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
مدن لبنان

حرف سياد


Basananthe parvifolia je biljka iz porodice Passifloraceae, roda Basananthe. Sinonim za ovu biljku je Tryphostemma parvifolium Baker f.

Raste na području Gazalanda.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Basananthe na Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , SAD-ov odjel za poljodjelstvo, služba za poljodjelska istraživanja.

Basananthe

Basananthe parvifolia


Praseodim (Kısaltması/sembol Pr), atom numarası 59, atom ağırlığı 140,92 olan, soluk sarı renkli bir element.

 Atomik yığın: 140.90765 amu
 Erime noktası: 935.0 °C (1208.15 °K, 1715.0 °F)
 Kaynama noktası: 3127.0 °C (3400.15 °K, 5660.6 °F)
 Proton ve elektron sayısı: 59
 Nötron sayısı: 82
 Sınıfı:  Lantanitler (Yeryüzünde nadir bulunuyor.)
 Kristal yapısı: Hekzagonal
 Yoğunluk: 6.77 g/cm³
 Bulunuş tarihi: 1885
 Buluşu yapan: C.F. Aver von Welsbach

Lantanitler
Elementler
İndirgeyici maddeler

Praseodim


An Encyclia pyriformis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Encyclia pyriformis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Encyclia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Cuba. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Encyclia

Encyclia pyriformis


I Spy is an American secret-agent adventure television series that ran for three seasons on NBC from September 15, 1965, to April 15, 1968, and teamed US intelligence agents Kelly Robinson (Robert Culp) and Alexander "Scotty" Scott (Bill Cosby), traveling undercover as international "tennis bums." Robinson poses as an amateur with Scott as his trainer, playing against wealthy opponents in return for food and lodging. Their work involved chasing villains, spies, and beautiful women.

The creative forces behind the show were writers David Friedkin and Morton Fine and cinematographer Fouad Said. Together they formed Triple F Productions under the aegis of Desilu Productions where the show was produced. Fine and Friedkin (who previously wrote scripts for radio's Broadway Is My Beat and Crime Classics under producer-director Elliott Lewis) were co-producers and head writers, and wrote the scripts for 16 episodes, one of which Friedkin directed. Friedkin also dabbled in acting and appeared in two episodes in the first season.

Actor-producer Sheldon Leonard, known for playing gangster roles in the 1940s and 1950s, was the executive producer (receiving top billing before the title in the series' opening title sequence). He also played a gangster-villain role in two episodes and appeared in a third show as himself in a humorous cameo. In addition, he directed one episode and served as occasional second-unit director throughout the series.

Background

Characters and settings
I Spy broke ground in that it was the first American television drama to feature a black actor (Cosby) in a lead role. Originally an older actor was slated to play a fatherly mentor to Culp's character. After seeing Cosby performing stand-up comedy on a talk-show, Sheldon Leonard decided to take a chance on hiring him to play opposite Culp. The concept was changed from a mentor-protégé relationship to same-age partners who were equals. It was also notable that Cosby's race was never an issue in any of the stories, though on occasion oblique references surfaced (such as in the second-season episode "One Of Our Bombs Is Missing," in which Scott jokingly said that he would "join the Klan," if it would help them recover a lost atomic bomb). Nor was his character in any way subservient to Culp's, with the exception that Culp's "Kelly Robinson" was a more experienced agent. (Culp revealed in his audio commentary on the DVD release that he and Cosby agreed early on that "Our statement is a non-statement" regarding race, and the subject was never discussed again.) As a strait-laced Rhodes Scholar fluent in many languages, Cosby's "Scotty" was really the brains of the team. His partner was the athlete and playboy who lived by his wits.

I Spy was a trailblazer in its use of exotic international locations in an attempt to emulate the James Bond film series. This was unique for a television show, especially since the series actually filmed its lead actors at locations ranging from Spain to Japan, rather than relying on stock footage. Compare with the more recent series, Alias, which also utilized worldwide settings but rarely filmed outside the Los Angeles region. Contrast the extensive use of location shooting with I Spy's contemporaries on CBS Mission: Impossible and NBC  The Man from U.N.C.L.E., which were mostly filmed on the Desilu and MGM back lots, respectively. Location filming is expensive and requires significantly more planning than studio filming, but the resulting quality was key to I Spy's success. Each season the producers would select four or five scenic locations around the world and create stories that took advantage of the local attractions. Episodes were filmed in Hong Kong, Athens, Rome, Florence, Madrid, Seville, Venice, Tokyo, Mexico City, Acapulco, San Francisco, Las Vegas, and Morocco.

The success of the show is primarily attributed to the chemistry between Culp and Cosby. Fans tuned in more for their hip banter than for the espionage stories, making I Spy a leader in the buddy genre. The two actors quickly developed a close friendship that mirrored their on-screen characters, a friendship that would last until Culp's death in 2010. The show also coined unique phrases that, briefly, became catchphrases, such as "wonderfulness". Wonderfulness was used as the title of one of Cosby's albums of stand-up comedy released concurrently with the series. Cosby also occasionally slipped in bits of his comic routines during his improvised badinage with Culp. (In one episode Scott, being interrogated under the influence of drugs, says his name is Fat Albert.) Many details of Cosby's life were also written into his character. Scott does not drink or smoke—while Kelly Robinson does both. There are frequent references to Scott's childhood in Philadelphia and attending Temple University (Cosby is sometimes seen wearing his own Temple sweatshirt), and in the "Cops and Robbers" episode, Scotty returns home to Philadelphia to revisit his old neighborhood.

The two main characters are Kelly Robinson and Alexander Scott.   They have been operating together as a two man team for a couple of years when the series begins. It is indicated that Robinson is a few years older and has been in the Department longer than Scott (however a third season flashback episode shows them going through initial training together, so that aspect of the backstory changed a little).

Robinson is an internationally ranked and modestly well known tennis player, but not a professional player.  this was in the pre-Open era of international tennis and the major championships were for amateur players only, so Robinson ostensibly travels the world as a "tennis bum", playing tournaments and hobnobbing with celebrities and politicians.  It is his cover for his espionage activities.  He is a graduate of Princeton University and a veteran of the Korean war where he was an infantry platoon leader as a lieutenant.  He was a track and field athlete as well as a tennis player in his school years.  Kelly's age and childhood background are inconsistently dealt with during the series.  If a Korean War veteran, he'd be about 35-37 during the run of the series.  In one episode he is said to be originally from Ohio, but in others he calls "the West Coast" his original home.  In one episode he states that his father was a military lawyer and was involved in prosecuting German war criminals after World War II.  In another episode it is indicated that he was orphaned before he was an adult and spent time with an aunt and uncle living on a farm in an unspecified location, possibly the Central Valley of California.  He runs into a former love interest from time to time, and states that he ended the most serious romantic relationship of his life in order to enter into his intelligence career.  He can be emotional and hot-headed at times, but can also be cold and ruthless when needed.

Scott is an intellectual, a graduate of Temple University, where he starred on the football team, and is a Rhodes Scholar.  He is a linguist who seems to have studied multiple foreign languages in his educational years.  He is approximately 29 year old during the series and was recruited into the intelligence community by a college professor.  He grew up in urban Philadelphia where his mother and sister still live and he writes to or calls his mother frequently.  He is usually the more level headed of the two agents and less emotional, but when he does become emotional he can be very despondent or display a violent temper.  He is proud of his accomplishments and acknowledges the fact that the US has issues it could improve upon, but is a very loyal and patriotic American.

Both agents often question the morality of their profession and ponder the impact the life they lead has on their psyche and their soul. The two me are very close, often referring to one another as being like a brother.  Yet they both seem to wonder what kind of life and family they would have had if they had not gone into the espionage world.

Robinson is usually called by his first name, Kelly, by his friends, while Alexander Scott is most often called "Scottie" by his friends.

Comedy and drama

I Spy was a fixture in the popular secret agent genre of the 1960s—a trend that began with the James Bond films. By 1965, virtually every studio was producing secret agent TV shows, films, and spin-off merchandise.  What set I Spy apart from contemporary programs such as The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Avengers, and The Wild Wild West was its emphasis on realism. There were no fanciful 007-style gadgets, outlandish villains or campy, tongue-in-cheek humor. Although Culp and Cosby frequently exchanged breezy, lighthearted dialog, the stories invariably focused on the gritty, ugly side of the espionage business.

Occasionally the series produced purely comedic episodes such as "Chrysanthemum," inspired by The Pink Panther, and "Mainly on the Plains" with Boris Karloff as an eccentric scientist who thinks he's Don Quixote. However, most episodes dealt with more serious subjects (e.g., heroin addiction in "The Loser") and did not shy away from ending on a somber note.  It was also one of the very few American dramatic television series of the 1960s (The Twilight Zone was another) to set an episode in the then-taboo region of Vietnam.  The 1966 episode was "The Tiger," written by Robert Culp, and during filming a romance ensued between Culp and Vietnamese–French guest star France Nuyen.  The two were married the following year, and Nuyen went on to appear in several more episodes.

Plotlines and stories

The espionage plots were, with a few exceptions, realistically set in the Cold War and the real life geopolitics of the mid-1960's.  They often specifically referred to their opponents as "the Russians", or "the Chinese", or other Communist Bloc countries of the time.  Only rarely was a fictitious city or country used as a plot device.  The espionage plots were almost always plausible – with a couple of comedic exceptions – and actual Cold War events were frequently alluded to or used as the basis for a plot.  Other contemporary geopolitical factors that appeared in certain episodes were Arab nationalism and the idea of a potential Jihad, domestic terrorism within the United States itself, Neofascist organizations, and escaped war criminals from World War II.

The name of the espionage unit they worked for was never specified.  In one flashback episode, it is established that all agents took their original training at The Presidio Army post in San Francisco, and that the agency was NOT the CIA but was in fact "more military than the CIA".  At least two episodes begin with them receiving a briefing at the Pentagon, they frequently refer to the Pentagon as the ultimate headquarters of their organization, and they are often seen receiving their instructions from uniformed, high ranking, military officers - with all branches of the military - Army, Navy, Marines and Air Force - showing up in such a role.  In one episode, they are being briefed at the beginning by British military officers.  However, they also seem to be answerable to the State Department as well, frequently getting instructions from civilian administrators at or from the local American Embassy in the nation they are operating in.  In at least one episode they directly refer to the American ambassador as someone who can assist them. The fictional agency they work for is usually called "The Department", and while it seems to be sort of a cross between the Defense Intelligence Agency and the CIA, its actual identity is left to the imagination of the viewer.

The two agents sometimes engage in standard espionage activities like interrogation of defectors and assisting friendly agents returning from enemy territory.  However, the two main characters themselves are only twice shown operating behind the Iron or Bamboo Curtain and once in Viet Cong controlled territory.  They spend all other episodes operating in the US itself or, more often, a country allied to the U.S. NATO allies Greece, Italy and British Hong Kong; U.S. ally Japan; OAS member Mexico; and U.S. unofficial (at the time) ally Spain are all locations where a storyline is set.  Likewise Morocco, which was a technically neutral, but pro-West country at the time, is the setting for a few episodes. They cooperate with British, Japanese and Greek intelligence officers in various episodes and with local police officials in others, but largely their activities are unknown to the local authorities.  The two agents are often seen uncovering and eliminating Soviet Bloc or Chinese espionage activities in Western nations, or uncovering a traitor in their own organization.  Such activities would technically make them Counter-Intelligence agents.  Occasionally they are involved in fighting against narcotic smuggling or thwarting a coup attempt against a friendly ruler.  In a few episodes they are not actually on an assignment at all but have an adventure related to their personal lives, such as helping keep Scotty's foster-daughter's boyfriend out of trouble with the Italian police, or dealing with the angry family of a soldier who had served under Kelly in the Korean War years before and had been killed in action.  While the two agents are frequently involved with attractive women who factor into their assignment, they rarely become involved with an innocent bystander who is accidentally swept up into the situation as was the usual plotline of The Man From U.N.C.L.E.

Episodes

Season 1: 1965–66

Season 2: 1966–67

Season 3: 1967–68

Culp as writer
Top-billed series star Culp wrote the scripts for seven episodes (one of which he also directed), including the show's first broadcast episode, "So Long, Patrick Henry."  Prior to joining I Spy, Culp wrote a pilot script for a proposed series in which he would have played an American character like James Bond. He took the script to his friend Carl Reiner, who recommended he meet with Sheldon Leonard, who was in the midst of creating I Spy. This script was eventually rewritten by Culp and produced as the episode "The Tiger." In the DVD audio commentary for the "Home to Judgment" episode, Culp reveals that his seven episodes were the only ones filmed exactly as written.  He wrote them to establish a specific dramatic tone and level of quality for the other writers to follow. Nevertheless, Culp and Cosby were often dissatisfied with the frivolous and formulaic scripts they received and rewrote most of their dialog and improvised a great deal during filming.

Awards and nominations
 First-time actor Bill Cosby won three consecutive Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1966, 1967 and 1968 (becoming the first African-American male actor to do so). Robert Culp was also nominated in the same category for all three seasons of I Spy.
 Eartha Kitt, who played a drug-addicted cabaret singer in "The Loser" (written by Culp), was nominated in 1966 for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Drama.
 In 1967 Culp was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Writing Achievement in a Drama for his third-season script "Home to Judgment."
 In addition to writing the theme music, Earle Hagen composed an original musical score for many episodes of the series, often flavored with the ethnic music of the Far East, Mexico or the Caribbean. Hagen received Emmy nominations for all three seasons of the show and won for the "Laya" episode in 1968.
 I Spy won as "Best Dramatic Series" at the 1967 Golden Globe Awards for its 1966–1967 season.

Remakes
In I Spy Returns (1994), a nostalgic television movie (and unsold pilot episode for a new series), Culp and Cosby reprised their roles as Robinson and Scott for the first time since 1968. The original opening title sequence is reused with no changes other than the addition of the word 'Returns' beneath 'I Spy' and a new arrangement of the theme music. Cosby was the executive producer. Unlike the original series, the TV-movie was shot on videotape instead of film. Here, Robinson has become director of the agency, while Scott has left the business.  However, the aging agents have to leap into action once again, this time to keep an eye on their children, Bennett Robinson (George Newbern) and Nicole Scott (Salli Richardson-Whitfield) who are now operatives. This was shown as a "CBS Movie Special" on February 3, 1994.

Culp again reprised the role of Kelly Robinson during a dream sequence in a 1999 episode of Bill Cosby's series Cosby titled "My Spy." Cosby's character falls asleep while watching I Spy on television and dreams he's caught up in an espionage adventure. With Cosby's name replaced with that of his character here, Hilton Lucas, the old title sequence was again faithfully recreated. (Culp had earlier appeared with Cosby in 1987 on The Cosby Show episode "Bald and Beautiful" as Cliff Huxtable's old friend "Scott Kelly", a merger of their I Spy characters' names.)

A movie remake, also titled I Spy, followed in 2002 with Eddie Murphy and Owen Wilson. In this iteration, the character names are reversed, so Alexander Scott (Wilson) is now the white secret agent and Kelly Robinson (Murphy) the black athlete, now a boxer (It also changed the original premise of them both being agents, with Robinson being a civilian boxer who is essentially brought in to act as Scott's cover story while he carries out his mission). The film was initially a commercial and critical failure. In his 2009 Movie Guide, film critic Leonard Maltin describes the film as an "In-name-only reincarnation of the smart 1960s TV show.... An object lesson in bad screenwriting, with an incoherent story, and characters that make no sense."

The original television series and the 1994 reunion movie are both available on DVD.  Episodes 1–25 of the first season of the television series are also available on Joost and all 82 episodes are available on Videosurf, from the DMGI Classics channel, and can be streamed on Hulu.

Get Smart, the spy-spoof television series, did a parody of the show in the 1968 episode titled "Die Spy".  In this, agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) pretends to be an international table-tennis champion.  The episode faithfully recreates the theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott—with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. Robert Culp makes an uncredited cameo appearance as an inebriated Turkish waiter.

Merchandising

Original novels, comic books, and reference books

A number of original novels based upon the series were published, most written in the mid-to-late 1960s by Walter Wager under the pseudonym "John Tiger."  The I Spy novels were published by Popular Library:

 I Spy (1965, no book series number on cover)
 I SPY #2: Masterstroke (1966)
 I SPY #3: Superkill (1967)
 I SPY #4: Wipeout (1967)
 I SPY #5: Countertrap (1967)
 I SPY #6: Doomdate (1967)
 I SPY #7: Death-Twist (1968)

The following tie-ins, not by Wager, were also published.

 Message From Moscow (1966) by Brandon Keith. This was a hardcover novel published for young readers by Whitman.
 I Spy (2002) by Max Allan Collins – novelization of the motion picture remake

Gold Key Comics also published six issues of an I Spy comic book between 1966 and 1968.

 I Spy: A History and Episode Guide to the Groundbreaking Television Series by Marc Cushman and Linda J. LaRosa

Soundtracks
Unlike many television series of the time, every episode of I Spy received an original score – as was the case with the other shows from Sheldon Leonard, like The Andy Griffith Show and The Dick Van Dyke Show. Earle Hagen, Leonard's regular composer, wrote the main theme and scored most of the episodes (collaborating on three with Carl Brandt; Hugo Friedhofer, Nathan Van Cleave, Robert Drasnin and Shorty Rogers also wrote music for the series).  During the show's run, two albums of re-recorded music composed (except where indicated) and conducted by Hagen were released.

Music from the Television Series I Spy (Warner Bros. WS-1637):
 I Spy (1:57)
 Tatia (3:00)
 Hi Yo Scotty (2:42)
 Angel (2:44)
 Away We Go To Tokyo (2:25)
 Rickshaw Ride (2:50)
 Away We Go To Mexico (2:18)
 Ah So! (2:16)
 The International Set (2:23)
 Another Kind Of Blues (2:46)
 Fiesta Del Sol (2:05)
 The Wonderfulness of You (2:23)
 Made In Hong Kong (2:17)

I Spy (Capitol ST-2839):
 I Spy (2:10)
 Over The Wall (2:15)
 Montezuma's Revenge (2:25)
 Islands In The Sea (3:06)
 The Golden Age (2:08)
 The Voice In The Wind (Earle Hagen and Gene Lees) (2:58)
 To Florence With Love (Hugo Friedhofer) (2:20)
 Sophia (2:40)
 Rots Of Ruck (2:20)
 There's No Escape (3:40)
 Domingo (2:25)
 The International Set (2:21)

In 2002 Film Score Monthly released a limited-edition disc of original soundtrack music from the series.

 "So Long Patrick Henry": The Defector/Main Title (1:05)
 Hong Kong/Elroy (1:25)
 What's the Trouble? (1:05)
 Keep Running/You Lose (4:10)
 That's My Man (1:27)
 Stop That Plane (2:25)
 The Whistle Blows (2:14)
 "007" (:45)
 End Title (:52)
 "The Time Of The Knife": Tokyo/Jean and Kelly/Jean's Pad/Trailing (6:19)
 Oops, the Troops!/Away We Go/Shiftycraft/Dead for Real (3:32)
 "Turkish Delight": Away We Go to Mexico/Bye Bye Scotty/Rapido/On the Road Again/Trunk Store/Chicken Hearts/Lt Hernandez (5:14)
 Taxi Tour (2:01)
 Japanese Trick/Parting Is Such Sweet Sorrow/How About That/Babe, With Rocks (5:15)
 End Title (:38)
 "The Warlord": Burma/The Chase/And On and On/Of Some Value (9:14)
 My Lord/She Is Chinese (4:47)
 Prelude to Dreamsville/The General Dies (4:12)
 Down the River (1:55)
 "Mainly On The Plains": The Plaza/Main Title (3:19)
 Don Silvando/Blonde Gothic/Travelin'/Sighted (3:37)
 Don Quixote II/Attack/Upsy Daisy (4:45)
 My Professor, the Nut/Wild Stuff/Goodbye Crooks (3:55)
 Don Strikes/So Long, Don (2:41)
 End Title (:38)

Home media
The underlying rights to the original series are now owned by independent film company Peter Rodgers Organization, Ltd. (PRO), but original production company Triple F Productions remains the copyright holder.

Selected episodes of the series were made available on VHS in North America in the early 1990s.

Image Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 in 2002, initially in a series of single-disc volumes (each with four episodes), which were later compiled into three box sets. The episodes were not presented in any particular order.  In addition, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the 1994 reunion made-for-TV film on DVD in Region 1 on October 8, 2002.

In April 2008, Image/PRO reissued the series, this time organized in order of original broadcast, in three box sets, one for each season. This includes Robert Culp's bonus audio commentary on four episodes that he wrote (originally issued in 2002 on a single DVD called The Robert Culp Collection).

On March 7, 2014, it was announced that Timeless Media Group had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1 and will be releasing a complete series set on June 24, 2014.

In Region 4, Umbrella Entertainment has released all 3 seasons on DVD in Australia.

Syndication
In September 1982 the religious cable channel Christian Broadcasting Network began airing I Spy nationwide on weeknights at 8:00 PM, and continued to do so for the next 2+ years.  In 1986, Nick at Nite added I Spy to its evening lineup at 9:00 and continued to air the program until the Fall of 1987  In 2011, I Spy aired twice a day, six days a week, on FamilyNet. The series also airs in the United States on broadcast television channels Retro Television Network and the Soul of the South Network. In 2015, reruns of I Spy were pulled by the Aspire and Cozi TV networks as a result of allegations of sexual assault by Cosby.

References

External links

  I SPY: A History to the Groundreaking Television Series, info on 2007 book
 Sound samples of the TV series score

1960s American comedy-drama television series
1965 American television series debuts
1968 American television series endings
American action television series
American adventure television series
English-language television shows
American spy television series
Gold Key Comics titles
NBC original programming
Television shows adapted into films
Television shows adapted into comics
Television series by CBS Studios
Television shows set in Washington, D.C.
Tennis culture
Espionage television series

I Spy (1965 TV series)


An Eleocharis testui in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henri Chermezon. An Eleocharis testui in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Gabon. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis testui


Keith Matthew Tkachuk (; born March 28, 1972) is an American former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) in a 18-year career with the Winnipeg Jets, Phoenix Coyotes, St. Louis Blues and Atlanta Thrashers, retiring in 2010. His sons Matthew and Brady play for the Florida Panthers and the Ottawa Senators, respectively. He is one of five American-born players to score 500 goals, and is the sixth American player to score 1,000 points. He is considered to be one of the greatest U.S.-born players in NHL history. He is one of 47 players to have scored 500 goals, but he is one of four eligible players to not be a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Playing career

Early career/background
Tkachuk was born at the Melrose/Wakefield Hospital in Melrose, Massachusetts, grew up in Charlestown, Massachusetts and played high school hockey at Malden Catholic High School in Malden, Massachusetts. Tkachuk played one season of collegiate hockey at Boston University, was a member of the United States national junior team in 1991 and 1992 and a member of Team USA in 1992. He was drafted in the first round, 19th overall, in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft by the Winnipeg Jets, who acquired the pick from the Buffalo Sabres in the deal that sent Dale Hawerchuk to Buffalo. Tkachuk played as a center, left winger and right winger in his career.

Tkachuk has earned the nickname "Walt" (given to him by Eddie Olczyk), possibly in reference to Walter Tkaczuk, a star center who played for the New York Rangers from 1967 to 1981. The two players' last names are pronounced similarly but spelled differently (being the Polish and English transliterations, respectively, of the Ukrainian "Ткачук"), and the two men are not related to each other. With his strong play in front of the net, using his size and strength to battle opposing defensemen, St. Louis Blues broadcasters and fans dubbed Tkachuk "Big Walt."

Winnipeg Jets (1992–1996)
Only days after the end of the 1992 Winter Olympics, Tkachuk made his NHL debut on February 28, 1992, against the Vancouver Canucks, where he tallied an assist. He would finish the season playing with the Jets, scoring eight points in 17 games. In the Stanley Cup playoffs that year, he scored three goals in seven games. The following season, 1992–93, was Tkachuk's official rookie year. He appeared in 83 games and ended the season with 28 goals and 51 points, including a 12–game scoring streak from March 9 to April 3, 1993.

Tkachuk became the team captain the next season on November 3, 1993, two weeks after recording his first hat-trick, against the Philadelphia Flyers. Some of his accomplishments from that season include leading the Jets in goals (41), points (81) and power-play goals (22). The 1994–95 season, which was shortened by a labor lockout, saw Tkachuk earn all-star second-team honors, as well as being second on the Jets in points scored.

1995-96 season

By the end of the 1994-95 season, it was clear that the Jets were in a dire financial situation. While this eventually resulted in the franchise being sold to Minnesota-based interests, serious efforts to keep the team in Winnipeg were still ongoing during the 1995 off-season. Tkachuk, a restricted free agent at the time, requested a trade and made it clear he would not re-sign with Winnipeg under any circumstances. While the Jets attempted to negotiate a deal with several teams, a trade could not be finalized.

While the then-new collective bargaining agreement allowed restricted free agents to negotiate directly with other teams, Tkachuk was initially reluctant to sign an offer sheet since Winnipeg would have the right to match it. Eventually however, frustrated by the lack of progress in negotiations, the Chicago Blackhawks persuaded Tkachuk to sign a front-loaded five-year offer sheet worth $17 million, with $6 million due in the first season. However, to the disappointment of both the Blackhawks and Tkachuk, any assumption that the organization's poor financial situation would preclude them from meeting such obligations quickly proved incorrect as the Jets matched the offer-sheet within six hours.

Due to the contract dispute,  Tkachuk was stripped of the captaincy and replaced by Kris King; nonetheless, he set a career-high 50 goals and 98 points, the closest he ever came to reaching the 100-point plateau. Tkachuk also led the Jets in power play goals (20), game-winning goals (6), shots (249) and plus-minus rating (+11).

Going up against the Presidents' Trophy-winning Detroit Red Wings, the Jets lost in six games, with Tkachuk scoring a goal and two assists in the series. After losing Game 6 by a score of 4–1, the final Jets game in the city of Winnipeg before relocating to Phoenix, Tkachuk led the Jets in a final skate around Winnipeg Arena in appreciation of the fans.

Phoenix Coyotes (1996–2001)

After negotiations to move to Minnesota collapsed, the Jets relocated to Phoenix, Arizona, in 1996. Tkachuk moved with the team, remaining a member of the newly named Phoenix Coyotes. He was also re-appointed captain, replacing Kris King. It was with Phoenix during the 1996–97 season that he had his career-best 52 goals, and made his first appearance in the NHL All-Star Game. He also led the team in goals, points, power-play goals, game-winning goals and shots for the 1997–98 season, earning him his second-straight All-Star appearance. For the 1998–99 season, Tkachuk led the team in goals, power-play goals, game-winning goals, shots and plus-minus, and again was named to the All-Star Game. In 1997, Tkachuk appeared on the front cover of the video game NHL Breakaway '98. He is also a superstar in Gretzky '98 winning 2 BOARDS with Phoenix. During the 1998 Nagano Olympics, Tkachuk was also a central figure in the trashing of hotel rooms.

After struggling with injuries for the next two seasons, the Coyotes traded Tkachuk to the St. Louis Blues in 2001 in exchange for Ladislav Nagy, Michal Handzuš, Jeff Taffe and a first-round draft pick (Ben Eager), where he was re-united with former teammate Dallas Drake, who had signed a free agent deal with the Blues in the summer of 2000. Tkachuk would leave the Coyotes ranking second in all-time goals (323) and first in penalty minutes (1,508), among other records.

St. Louis Blues (2001–2007)

Tkachuk made an immediate impact on the Blues, scoring six goals and eight points in the final 12 games of the 2000–01 season. The Blues made it to the Western Conference Final in the playoffs that season, ultimately losing to the Colorado Avalanche, the eventual 2001 Stanley Cup champions. Tkachuk experienced several injuries while playing with the Blues, and was briefly suspended by the team when he reported to training camp overweight, failing his physical at the beginning of the 2005–06 season.

Atlanta Thrashers (2007)
On February 25, 2007, Tkachuk was traded to the Atlanta Thrashers in exchange for Glen Metropolit, a first-round pick in 2007, a third-round pick in 2007 and a second-round pick in 2008.

Return to St. Louis (2007–2010)

On June 26 of the same year, St. Louis reacquired Tkachuk, along with a conditional fourth-round draft pick, in exchange for a conditional first-round pick in 2008. (If Tkachuk had re-signed with the Thrashers, the Blues would have acquired Atlanta's first-round pick in 2008.) Since the Blues acquired exclusive negotiating rights with Tkachuk and re-signed him to a two-year deal, Atlanta received a conditional fourth-round pick in 2008.
Tkachuk signed a new, two-year contract with the Blues for $8 million on June 30. Upon re-signing, Tkachuk said of the Blues, "I see a lot of good things happening... They're going to be very active in making this a better hockey team." To help prove the Blues would be better, after signing Tkachuk, they signed left winger Paul Kariya. Blues Head Coach Andy Murray announced that he would try a line where Tkachuk would be centering Kariya on left wing and Brad Boyes on the right.

On the last day of the 2007–08 regular season, April 6, Tkachuk scored his 500th NHL goal, a milestone only three other American-born players have achieved, as well as the 41st player to reach the milestone in NHL history.

On November 30, 2008, Tkachuk scored goal number 511, giving him 1,000 NHL points for his career. He became only the sixth American, and 72nd overall, to achieve that milestone; it came in his 1,077th NHL game. He signed a one-year contract extension with the Blues on June 19, 2009. On April 7, 2010, Tkachuk announced that he would be retiring from hockey at the conclusion of the 2009–10 season. He played his final NHL game two nights later on April 9, 2010.

Style of play

One of the elite power forwards of his era, Tkachuk was known for his aggressive, physical style while consistently scoring points. Tkachuk had more than 100 penalty minutes in 10 of his 19 NHL seasons, including three seasons with over 200 penalty minutes. Tkachuk was known for his goal-scoring prowess, scoring 30 goals eight times, including two 40-goal seasons and two back-to-back 50 goal seasons, the latter of which he led the NHL in goals, with 52.

Personal life
Tkachuk has been married to Chantal Oster, whom he met in Winnipeg, since February 28, 1997, and has three children — Matthew, Brady, and Taryn. He is still a fan favorite in St. Louis and is an investor in sports talk radio station KFNS (590 AM, St. Louis MO). He is an assistant coach with the St. Louis Blues Peewee AAA hockey team.

Tkachuk is Irish on his mother's side, and is cousin to New Jersey Devils general manager Tom Fitzgerald, with whom he grew up. When asked about the derivation of his Ukrainian surname, Tkachuk was unsure, suggesting it could either be "Polish, Russian, [or] Ukrainian, one of those." He is also cousins with brothers Jimmy and Kevin Hayes, the latter being a player for the St. Louis Blues, and the former, an NHL player who died on August 23, 2021.

Select milestones
 1,000 games played — December 1, 2007, against the Chicago Blackhawks
 700 career points — April 5, 2002, against the Chicago Blackhawks
 400 career goals — October 12, 2003, against the Colorado Avalanche
 500 career goals — April 6, 2008, against the Columbus Blue Jackets
 1,000 career points — November 30, 2008, against the Atlanta Thrashers

Records
Tkachuk led the NHL in goals during the 1996–97 season with 52, the first American-born player to do so. That season he was also only the fourth player in NHL history to record 50 goals and 200 penalty minutes in a single season.

Other records:
 Arizona Coyotes #2 franchise record for career game-winning goals (40)
 Arizona Coyotes franchise record for career penalty minutes (1,508)

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

See also

 Power forward (ice hockey)
 List of NHL players with 50 goal seasons
 List of NHL players with 500 goals
 List of NHL players with 1,000 points
 List of NHL players with 2,000 career penalty minutes
 List of NHL players with 1,000 games played

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey left wingers
American people of Irish descent
American people of Ukrainian descent
American people of German descent
Atlanta Thrashers players
Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey players
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts
Ice hockey players at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Malden Catholic High School alumni
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in ice hockey
Sportspeople from Melrose, Massachusetts
Phoenix Coyotes players
Ice hockey people from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
St. Louis Blues players
St. Louis Blues scouts
United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996) captains
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) draft picks
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players
American expatriate ice hockey players in Canada

Keith Tkachuk


19620 Auckland este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
19620 Auckland este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Auckland la Observatorul Auckland. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,69 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 14,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 19001-20000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi
Objet céleste nommé d'après un lieu de Nouvelle-Zélande

19620 Auckland


Comayagua () is one of the 18 departments (departamentos) into which Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is Comayagua.

Geography
The department covers a total surface area of 5,124 km² and, in 2015, had an estimated population of 511,943 people.

Economy

Historically, the department produced gold, copper, cinnabar, asbestos, and silver. Gems were also mined, including opal and emerald. The area was also known for "fine" cattle.

Municipalities

 Ajuterique
 Comayagua
 El Rosario
 Esquías
 Humuya
 La Libertad
 Lamaní
 Las Lajas
 La Trinidad
 Lejamaní
 Meámbar
 Minas de Oro
 Ojos de Agua
 San Jerónimo
 San José de Comayagua
 San José del Potrero
 San Luis
 San Sebastián
 Siguatepeque
 Taulabé
 Villa de San Antonio

Notes

References

Departments of Honduras

eo:Comayagua

Comayagua Department


Karlo Feliks (tal. Carlo Felice) (Torino, 6. travnja 1765. – Torino, 27. travnja 1831.), sardinski kralj od 1821. do 1831. godine. Kao najmlađi od sinova Viktora Amadea III., naslijedio je svoga brata Viktora Emanuela I.  koji je abdicirao s prijestolja. Kao ni njegova braća, ni on nije ostavio muškog potomka zbog čega je kraljevska kruna prešla na dinastiju Savoja-Carignano, mlađi ogranak Savojske dinastije.

Životopis

Preuzeo je prijestolje u vrijeme revolucionarnih nemira tijekom kojih je građanstvo zahtijevalo novi ustav. Revolucija je ugušena intervencijom austrijske vojske, nakon čega je Karlo Feliks vladao apsolutistički sljedećih deset godina.

Budući da ni on, ni njegova braća nisu ostavili muško potomstvo, bio je posljednji vladar iz glavne loze Savojske dinastije. Poslije smrti, naslijedio ga je rođak, Karlo Albert, iz bočne grane dinastije.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Karlo Feliks - Proleksis enciklopedija
 Karlo Feliks Sardinijski - Britannica Online
 Viktor Emanuel I. - kralj Sardinije i osnivač karabinjera (1759.) - povijest.hr

Savojci
Vitezovi Zlatnoga runa
Povijest Italije do 1815.

Karlo Feliks


Magda Logomer (Križevci, 18. svibnja 1706.), poznata i kao Herucina, bila je travarka iz grada Križevaca, koju je njezina susjeda optužila da se bavi čaranjem i trovanjem.

Mučena je i osuđena na smrt 1758. godine, prije intervencije Marije Terezije. Napisala je pismo 23. studenoga 1758. kojim je potvrdila svoju oslobađajuću presudu i osigurala je da se pod posebnom zaštitom vrati u svoj dom u Križevce.

Suđenje Magdi Logomer smatra se okončanjem masovnih progona vještica u Hrvatskoj. Njezin je slučaj poznat po objavljivanju izvješća liječnika Gerarda van Swietena krajem 1913. godine. Liječnik je pregledao i liječio Magdu Logomer na kraljičin zahtjev nakon mučenja kojima je bila podvrgnuta, te putem korespondencije između visokih dužnosnika Kraljevine Hrvatske i Bečkog dvora.

Svoju priču ispričala je i Marija Jurić Zagorka u svom popularnom romanu o zagrebačkim vješticama.

Biografija

Magda Logomer rođena je 18. svibnja 1706. u Podgajcu, u Kraljevini Hrvatskoj Austro-Ugarskog Carstva. Roditelji su joj prema krštenici Štefan Logomer i Anastazija Janković.

Podrijetlo imena Herucina
Nadimak Herucina vjerojatno potječe iz izvornog prebivališta njezina muža. Udala se 1727. za Franju Heruca. Stoga se ime Herucina može protumačiti kao da samo ukazuje na ime njezina muža. No, ostaje moguće i drugo objašnjenje: na katastru iz 1857. godine; između Podgajca i zaseoka Brckovčine nalazi se mjesto pod imenom "Heruc". Franjo Heruc imao je prijavljeno prebivalište u Brckovčini, a dodatak Heruc mogao bi samo značiti da je Magda Logomer došla "iz Heruca".

Lokalni povijesni kontekst u Križevcima

Život Magde Logomer odvijao se u turbulentnom okruženju. 1735. godine požar je uništio trećinu grada. Oko 1740./41., suđenja vješticama dovela su do pogubljenja 13 žena. 1752. Marija Terezija ujedinila je Gornji i Donji grad, koji su ponijeli ime Križevci. 1755. godine novi požar poharao je posjede između Križevaca, Vrbovca i Bisaga, a izbila je i seljačka buna. U tom razdoblju grade se nove crkve. Nikola Benger, koji je rođen 1695. u Križevcima i umro 1766. godine u Lepoglavi bio je povijesničar i pavlinski redovnik. Pružio je povijesne prikaze tog vremena i mjesta.

Postoje dvije povijesne kronike iz tog vremena od različitih osoba koje uopće ne spominju slučaj Herucine. Jedan izvještaj potječe od križevačkog župnika Ivana Josipovića, koji se uglavnom bavio međuseoskim poslovima, a drugi je izvještaj od Baltazara Adama Krčelića, koji uključuje bilješke o hrvatskim prilikama. Opseg slučaja je stoga prije pitanje miješanja Marije Terezije od Austrije u lokalne poslove.

Rješavanje slučajeva navodnih vještičarenja
U to vrijeme mnogi su intelektualci poricali postojanje vještica, a iako je Marija Terezija Austrijska osobno vjerovala u njihovo postojanje, bila je sumnjičava prema načinu na koji su se sudila. Od 1740. do 1752. godine u Zagrebačkoj, Varaždinskoj i Križevačkoj županiji, u vrijeme kada je progon bio na vrhuncu progona u ovim krajevima, procesuirane su 63 vještice prema vještičjim zakonima. U susjednoj Mađarskoj val progona dogodio se između 1720. i 1730. godine, a ponovno je 1740. godine procesuirano 450 navodnih vještica. Sva ta suđenja vođena su okrutnim metodama ispitivanja temeljenim na mučenju, koje je bilo legalno pod Habsburškom monarhijom u Hrvatskoj, ali kodificirano strogim pravnim pravilima prema Ferdinandovu zakoniku.

Dopuštena su najviše tri uzastopna mučenja, a redoslijed korištenih instrumenata je strogo kodificiran. Pravila također zahtijevaju strogo vođenje evidencije s detaljima o korištenim instrumentima i metodama mučenja, te točnim datumima i vremenima. Ta su pravila osigurala dokumentaciju za ispitivanje slučaja Magde Logomer. Primjeri instrumenata korištenih za mučenje uključivali su kotač i komadanje, te podvezu, koja se sastojala od zatezanja vrata vijkom i postupnog povećanja pritiska.

Brak
Magda se udala za Franju Heruca, (rođen oko 1700., umro 9. veljače 1727.). Imala je 21 godinu. Imali su 6 djece: Margaretu rođenu 1727., Jakoba 1733., Barbaru 1735., Emerika 1740., Katarinu 1743. i Matiju 1746. godine. Ne zna se koliko ih je doživjelo punoljetnost, iako se zna da je njihova kći Barbara preživjela, jer je svjedočila na suđenju svojoj majci.

Magda Logomer bavila se travarstvom i pripremala lijekove za svoje pacijente, koji su uglavnom bili zadovoljni. Dok bavljenje travarstvom nije bilo zabranjeno, bilo je zabranjeno praviti otrove, a kada se sumnjalo da je osoba vještica, to što je travar često je bio čimbenik koji dovodi do sumnje i otegotan faktor.

Optužnica i suđenje za vještičarenje

Biti travar u praksi je značilo sakupljati trave i praviti lijekove, ali nije poznato kako je osposobljena za to zanimanje koje je zahtijevalo dobro poznavanje biljaka. Znalo se, međutim, da klijenti cijene njezino znanje i preporučuju je, a svoje znanje prenosi i na kćer Barbaru, koja joj ponekad pomaže u poslu.

Nekoliko izvještaja iz prethodnih sudskih procesa istaknulo je njezinu osobnost. Jednom je bila zatvorena nakon fizičkog obračuna s drugom ženom koju je udarila, a pobjegla je uz opomenu. Magda je tijekom suđenja priznala da je drugu ženu, Evu Oblačić, udarila toliko jako da je izgubila svijest. Prethodno se posvađala i s kumom Matijom Sunsićem koji je bio bačvar oko drvene kace. Imala je problematičan odnos i sa sucem Stjepanom Švagelom. Matija Sunsić, svjedok na suđenju, izjavio je da mu je Magda priznala da ju je samo strah od Švagela spriječio da upotrijebi svoje iscjeliteljske vještine. Prosječni životni vijek tada je u Križevcima bio 40 do 50 godina, a Magda je u vrijeme suđenja imala 51 godinu, posljednje dijete rodila je u 40. godini, tako da je bila dobrog zdravlja.

Još jedan aspekt koji treba uzeti u obzir jest činjenica da je kao svjedokinja pogubljenja vještica u gradu između 1740. i 1741. možda bila svjesna opasnosti svoje profesije. Također je mogla biti svjesna straha koji je ukorijenjen u praznovjerju koje su ljudi imali o sumnjičenim vješticama. Stoga je mogla iskoristiti ovaj strah za vlastiti interes, ali i pokušati riješiti sporove plaćanjem naknade kako bi izbjegla da bude optužena za vještičarenje, elemente koji su pronađeni u nekoliko njezinih fizičkih obračuna.

Magdu Logomer jedna od susjeda Eva Oblačić optužila je da se bavi crnom magijom. Eva Oblačić bila je uvjerena da ju je Magda otrovala, a opisala je kako ju je Magda gnjavila dok je bila u krevetu s temperaturom, a Magda Logomer se pretvarala u muhu i vrtjela joj se oko glave. Tijekom suđenja provedena je istraga, a mnogi su potvrdili da su svjedočili navodno dijaboličnim radnjama Magde Logomer. Magdini odvjetnici istaknuli su da carica Marija Terezija nije bila obaviještena o suđenju kako to nalažu nova pravila koja je Marija Terezija nametnula svojim stupanjem na prijestolje, no sve je to bilo uzalud. Magda Logomer je mučena i priznala je seksualni odnos s vragom. Na njenom su tijelu pronađeni tragovi đavla, te je 22. travnja 1758. osuđena na smrt

Magda Logomer poslana je u kliniku, a pregledao ju je Gerard van Swieten, osobni liječnik Marije Terezije Austrijske. Izvijestio je kraljicu o mučenju koje je pretrpjela i kasnije objavio. Dana 9. lipnja 1758. Marija Terezija je obaviještena o slučaju i naređuje grofu Franji Nadaždiju, tada banu kraljevstva, da joj pošalje Magdu kako bi je osobno upoznala. Magdu su pregledali De Haen, profesor medicine, i Gerard Van Swieten, koji je bio i sudski vještak za vještičarenje, osim što je bio caričin osobni liječnik. Pregledom su otkriveni mnogi detalji o kojima carica nije bila obaviještena, kao ni podvrgnuta tortura od koje je Magda zadobila brojne ozljede. Dvojica vještaka prijavila su svoj pregled Mariji Tereziji i izjavila da je magistrat križevačkog suda praznovjeran. George Van Swieten vjerovao je u čarobnjaštvo, ali je sumnjao da vještice mogu letjeti s metlama i uzrokovati loše vrijeme, te je bio posvećen uvjeravanju Marije Terezije u nužnost ukidanja suđenja vješticama koja su dovela do pogubljenja.

Dana 23. studenoga 1758. carica je pismom upućenom hrvatskom banu Magdu oslobodila krivnje i pod posebnom je zaštitom poslala kući u Križevce.

Taj je zaključak bio dio općenitije borbe protiv praznovjerja i afirmacije središnje vlasti Marije Terezije. Pismo je zaustavilo suđenja vješticama jer je to značilo da će lokalni sud morati trošiti novac i energiju da obrani svoju presudu u Beču s malim izgledima da presudu potvrdi carica Marija Terezija.

Kraj života
Malo je podataka o kraju života Magde Logomer, a datum njezine smrti nije poznat. Međutim, zapisi pokazuju da je njezin muž umro dvije godine nakon njezina povratka, kao i dvoje ljudi koji su je optužili, što nije nimalo olakšalo njezinu društvenu integraciju, s obzirom na lokalne glasine i sumnje na vještičarstvo protiv nje.

Izvori

Životopisi, Križevci

Magda Logomer