(), ou Décision de partir au Québec, est un film sud-coréen co-écrit, produit et réalisé par Park Chan-wook, sorti en 2022.

Synopsis
Hae-joon, policier travaillant à Busan, mène une enquête sur la mort d'un homme, Ki Do-soo, survenue dans les montagnes alors qu'il faisait de l'escalade. Il rencontre la mystérieuse épouse du défunt, Seo-rae, dont il tombe rapidement amoureux alors que lui-même est marié mais ne voit son épouse que durant les week-ends puisqu'il a été muté loin d'elle.

Seo-rae ne semble ni surprise ni très affectée par la mort de son mari. D'origine chinoise, elle travaille comme aide-soignante auprès de personnes âgées et est beaucoup plus jeune que son époux. Son travail lui fournit d'ailleurs son alibi : elle travaillait au moment du décès, ce qui est confirmé par l'agence qui l'emploie, qui téléphone chaque matin aux personnes âgées pour que soit confirmée la présence de l'aide-soignante. Ki Do-soo travaillait quant à lui pour les services de l'immigration et, d'après des lettres anonymes, faisait manifestement l'objet d'un chantage pour avoir accepté des pots-de-vin. Hae-Joon découvre par ailleurs qu'il était un mari violent. Les pistes du meurtre et du suicide sont toutes deux envisagées, et Seo-rae fait figure de suspecte.

Hae-joon apprend que Seo-rae, lorsqu'elle vivait encore en Chine, a tué sa grand-mère malade, à sa demande selon ses dires, en lui donnant des pilules de fentanyl. Il découvre ensuite que l'alibi de Seo-rae n'est pas aussi solide qu'il paraissait. Sur une application du téléphone portable de la vieille dame dont elle devait s'occuper, il est indiqué que celle-ci aurait gravi l'équivalent de 138 étages le jour de la mort du mari de Seo-rae, ce qui paraît impossible vu l'état de santé de cette dame, laquelle déclare d'ailleurs ne pas être sorti de chez elle depuis des années. Hae-joon soupçonne alors à nouveau Seo-rae : elle a pu prendre le téléphone portable de sa cliente afin de pouvoir répondre à l'appel de l'agence, et se rendre sur la montagne que gravissait son époux ce jour-là, atteignant le sommet par une autre voie avant de le pousser dans le vide. Son soupçon est renforcé par l'état de confusion mentale de la vieille dame, qui n'en fait pas un témoin fiable. Il se rend sur la montagne pour vérifier sa théorie, prend le chemin alternatif et, lorsqu'il parvient au sommet, vérifie grâce à la même application que le dénivelé est bien équivalent à 138 étages.

L'affaire ayant déjà été classée comme accident, Hae-joon achète à la vieille dame un téléphone portable du même modèle, et remet à Seo-rae le téléphone pouvant prouver sa culpabilité, en lui recommandant d'aller le jeter dans la mer, dans un endroit profond pour qu'on ne le retrouve jamais.

Après plus d'un an, alors que Hae-joon a demandé sa mutation à Ipo afin d'y vivre quotidiennement avec son épouse, il retrouve Seo-rae, qui vient également de s'installer dans cette ville avec son nouveau mari, Im Ho-shin, un analyste financier poursuivi par plusieurs personnes voulant se venger des mauvais conseils qu'il leur a donnés. Hae-joon, qui a vécu une dépression et dont les troubles du sommeil se sont aggravés, est bouleversé par ces retrouvailles. Le lendemain de leur rencontre, Im Ho-shin est retrouvé poignardé et Seo-Rae est à nouveau suspecte. Elle admet avoir nettoyé la scène du crime pour ne pas perturber Hae-joon  mais elle nie l'avoir tué. Rapidement, un homme, Sa Cheol-seong dit « Paf », avoue avoir tué Im Ho-shin parce qu'il avait ruiné sa mère, provoquant indirectement sa mort, et il met aussi Seo-rae hors de cause.

Seo-rae fait comprendre à Hae-joon qu'elle n'a cessé de penser à lui et que son amour pour lui a commencé à croitre au moment même où elle a perçu que pour lui, depuis qu'il la savait coupable le meurtre de son premier mari, c'était l'inverse. Elle lui donne aussi le téléphone qu'il lui avait conseillé de faire disparaître et lui dit qu'elle espère devenir son « affaire non élucidée ». Ils s'embrassent et elle part. À son retour chez lui, Hae-joon apprend que sa femme le quitte.

Plus tard, Hae-joon comprend que Seo-rae, qui était au courant des menaces de Sa Cheol-seong, a provoqué la mort de sa mère en lui donnant du fentanyl comme elle l'avait fait pour sa propre grand-mère, et qu'elle a donc indirectement provoqué le meurtre de son mari. À l'aide d'un logiciel de localisation, il tente de rejoindre Seo-rae mais ne retrouve que sa voiture, garée près d'une plage. En creusant un trou dans le sable à la limite de la marée haute, Seo-rae se suicide en se laissant ensevelir. Hae-joon arpente les alentours à sa recherche mais le trou est totalement rempli de sable lorsqu'il parvient au bon endroit. Il lui est ainsi impossible de savoir que Seo-rae est enterrée sous ses pieds.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Titre international et français :
 Titre québécois : Décision de partir
 Réalisation : Park Chan-wook
 Scénario : Jeong Seo-kyeong et Park Chan-wook
 Musique : Jo Yeong-wook

 Décors : Ryoo Seong-hie

 Photographie : Kim Ji-yong
 Montage : Kim Sang-bum
 Production : Park Chan-wook
 Société de production : Moho Film
 Société de distribution : CJ Entertainment
 Pays de production :
 Langues originales : coréen et mandarin
 Format : couleur
 Genre : drame policier, énigme
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 France :  (Festival de Cannes) ;  (sortie nationale)
 Corée du Sud :
 Classification :
 France : tout public lors de sa sortie en salles mais déconseillé aux moins de 12 ans à la télévision

Distribution
Sauf indication contraire ou complémentaire, les informations mentionnées dans cette section peuvent être confirmées par la base de données Hancinema
 Park Hae-il  : Jang Hae-joon
 Tang Wei  : Song Seo-rae (ou Song Sore)
 Lee Jeong-hyeon  : Jeong-an, l'épouse de Jang Hae-joon
 Ko Kyeong-pyo  : Soo-wan, le partenaire de Jang Hae-joon à Busan
   : Im Ho-shin, le deuxième mari de Song Seo-rae
  : Yeon-soo, la collègue de Jang Hae-joon à Ipo
 Jeong Yeong-suk  : Hae-dong, la vieille dame dont Song Seo-rae s'occupe les lundis
 Jung Yi-seo : Yoo Mi-ji
 Yoo Seung-mok  : Ki Do-soo, le premier mari de Song Seo-rae
  : Woo Ga-in
 Park Jung-min  : Hong San-o
  : Sa Cheol-seong, dit « Paf »

Production
Le tournage a lieu entre le  et le , un peu partout à travers le pays, mais surtout à Busan  .

En , dans une interview, Park Chan-wook déclare que le film est toujours profondément en post-production, et qu'il est difficile de prononcer la date de sa sortie.

Accueil

Accueil critique

En France, la presse est très enthousiaste pour ce film de romance policière coréen. Le site Allociné propose une moyenne de 4/5 à partir de l'interprétation de 31 critiques de presse.

Parmi les critiques plus élogieuses, Écran Large écrit : . La Voix du Nord parle d'un film qui . Ouest-France estime que .

Des critiques positives mais plus mesurées ont également été émises. Ainsi, Franceinfo Culture se montre plus circonspect : .

, selon l'opinion des Fiches du cinéma. Libération est un peu plus âpre à l'égard de ce long-métrage : . Quant au Parisien, celui-ci ne semble pas très emballé, peut-être même déçu par cette nouvelle œuvre : .

Box-office

En France, le premier jour de son exploitation, le film coréen engrange  entrées, dont  en avant-première, pour 198 copies. Il se positionne en  place du box-office des nouveautés, derrière Arthur, malédiction () et devant la comédie française En roue libre ().

Au bout d'une première semaine d'exploitation, le film engrange  entrées pour une  place au box-office, toujours derrière Arthur, malédiction () et devant le documentaire sur Diam's Salam (). Sa place reste inchangée pour sa seconde semaine d'exploitation en engrangeant  entrées (), derrière Black Phone () et devant Arthur, malédiction ().

Distinctions

Récompense
 Festival de Cannes 2022 : prix de la mise en scène

Nomination
 Golden Globes 2023 : Meilleur film en langue étrangère

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film sud-coréen sorti en 2022
Film dramatique sud-coréen
Film policier sud-coréen
Film réalisé par Park Chan-wook
Film se déroulant en Corée du Sud
Film se déroulant à Pusan
Film tourné en Corée du Sud
Film tourné à Pusan
Film sur le trouble du sommeil
Film avec un prix de la mise en scène au Festival de Cannes
Film nommé aux Golden Globes
Film nommé aux BAFTA Awards
Film en coréen
Film en mandarin
Film de CJ Entertainment
Film distribué par Bac Films

Decision to Leave


.tz, Tanzanya için internet ülke kodu üst seviye alan adıdır. (CcTLD)

Tanzanya'da iletişim
Tanzanya medyası
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.tz


In der Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Käbschütztal sind die Kulturdenkmale der sächsischen Gemeinde Käbschütztal verzeichnet, die bis Januar 2021 vom Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen erfasst wurden (ohne archäologische Kulturdenkmale). Die Anmerkungen sind zu beachten.

Diese Aufzählung ist eine Teilmenge der Liste der Kulturdenkmale im Landkreis Meißen.

Barnitz

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Deila

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Gasern

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Görna

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Großkagen

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Käbschütz

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Kaisitz

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Krögis

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Leutewitz

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Löbschütz

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Löthain

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Luga

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Mauna

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Mehren

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Mohlis

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Niederjahna

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Nimtitz

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Nössige

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Oberjahna

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Planitz

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Porschnitz

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Priesa

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Pröda

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Schletta

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Schönnewitz

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Sieglitz

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Soppen

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Sornitz

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Stroischen

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Ehemaliges Denkmal (Tronitz)

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Tabellenlegende

Anmerkungen

Ausführliche Denkmaltexte

Quellen

Weblinks

Kabschutztal


A religião (quando discutida como uma virtude) é uma virtude moral distinta cujo propósito é render a Deus a adoração devida a Ele como a fonte de todo ser e o doador de todas as coisas boas. Como tal, faz parte da virtude cardeal da Justiça e obedece ao Primeiro Mandamento.

Uma virtude moral

Segundo Lactâncio e endossado por Santo Agostinho, "religião" vem de religare, para ligar, e assim significaria o vínculo que une o homem a Deus.

Tomás de Aquino discute a virtude da religião em "Summa Theologica", II-II, Q. lxxxi. Visto que a ordem é um aspecto do bem e a Religião ordena o relacionamento do homem com Deus, Tomás de Aquino a considera uma virtude distinta cujo propósito é render a Deus o culto devido a Ele como a fonte de todo ser. Ele vê a virtude da religião como indispensável para atingir o fim para o qual a providência divina ordenou a humanidade - felicidade eterna em comunhão com Deus.

A virtude da Religião se diferencia das outras virtudes por seu objetivo, que é oferecer a Deus a homenagem exigida por Sua excelência inteiramente singular. Não é uma virtude teológica, porque seu objeto imediato não é Deus, mas sim a reverência a ser prestada a Ele. Implica obediência ao primeiro mandamento. Como o sentido do sagrado envolve a virtude da religião, isso também se aplica ao segundo mandamento.

Embora sua prática esteja associada às virtudes da fé e da caridade, os teólogos geralmente seguem Tomás de Aquino ao colocá-la entre as virtudes morais, como parte da virtude cardeal Justiça, pois por ela se dá a Deus o que Lhe é devido. Em Lucas 4: 8 Jesus cita Deuteronômio 6:13: "Está escrito: Adorarás ao Senhor teu Deus, e só a ele servirás."

Tomás de Aquino o classifica em primeiro lugar entre as virtudes morais. Uma atitude religiosa para com Deus é essencialmente o produto do reconhecimento de alguém, não apenas de sua majestade soberana, mas também de uma dependência absoluta dele. Consequentemente, devemos nutrir habitualmente em relação a Ele sentimentos de adoração, louvor, ação de graças, lealdade e amor. Assim como Tomás de Aquino encontra uma distinção entre as virtudes naturalmente adquiridas e as virtudes divinamente infundidas da Temperança, também ele vê uma virtude infusa separada da Religião. A virtude da Religião é aperfeiçoada pelo Dom de Piedade.

Atos da virtude da Religião
Os principais atos dessa virtude são adoração, oração, sacrifício, oblação e votos. Joseph Rickaby descreve "adoração" como o reconhecimento da dependência de Deus.

A Adoração é o primeiro ato da virtude da religião. O Catecismo da Igreja Católica afirma que "Adoração é o reconhecimento de Deus como Deus, criador e salvador, Senhor e mestre de tudo o que existe como amor infinito e misericordioso". Para Aquino, a devoção resulta em alegria espiritual baseada na contemplação da bondade de Deus. Embora uma pessoa possa começar a praticar a Religião por um senso de dever, quanto mais se reverencia a Deus, mais "... nossa mente está sujeita a ele, no qual consiste nossa perfeição, visto que uma coisa é aperfeiçoada por estar sujeita a seu superior."

Como o homem é um ser composto de corpo e alma, sua natureza composta precisa se expressar por atos externos nos quais o corpo, bem como a alma, terão uma parte - isso não apenas para estimular os sentimentos internos, mas também porque Deus nos possui de corpo e alma, e é justo que ambos mostrem sua fidelidade a ele. Esta é a justificativa da religião externa. Rickaby pega emprestado uma linha do serviço de casamento inglês. "Com o meu corpo te adoro", e observa que a adoração é uma função do homem social. "Na ordem da natureza você tem primeiro a congregação, depois o sacerdote e o altar, expressivo do desejo comum de adorar algum poder acima da comunidade, a quem a comunidade deve lealdade, cujo culto pago por todos em comum é o cimento dessa sociedade."  Como outras virtudes morais, a virtude da Religião é adquirida por meio do hábito e da prática. É instilado pelos sacramentos, pela oração e pela companhia de pessoas religiosas, não apenas pelo catecismo.

Os pecados contra a religião são negligência da oração, blasfêmia, tentação de Deus, sacrilégio, perjúrio, simonia, idolatria e superstição. Visto que o ateísmo rejeita ou nega a existência de Deus, é um pecado contra a virtude da religião.

Na cultura popular
Segundo Anne Abbott, filmes clássicos como Os Sinos de Santa Maria, A Canção de Bernadette, O Céu é Testemunha e The Reluctant Saint refletem a virtude da religião, que deriva da dignidade da pessoa humana.

Referências

Fontes

Ligações externas

 Garrigou-Lagrange O.P., Reginald. "Article III - The Moral Virtues", The Three Ages of the Interior Life

Justiça
Ética cristã

Religião (virtude)


Ștefan Stratimirovici (în , ) a fost mitropolitul sârbilor ortodocși din Imperiul Austriac între 1790 și 1836.

A fost numit mitropolit la vârsta de 33 de ani. Ca lider al Bisericii Ortodoxe Sârbe l-a susținut pe Karađorđe Petrović, conducătorul Primei Revoluții Sârbe împotriva Imperiului Otoman, și s-a implicat activ în suprimarea Revoluției lui Tican din 1807 împotriva autorităților austriece.

Note

Nașteri în 1757
Decese în 1836
Mitropoliți sârbi

Ștefan Stratimirovici


Septentrional, meaning "of the north", is a Latinate adjective sometimes used in English. It is a form of the Latin noun septentriones, which refers to the seven stars of the Plough (Big Dipper), occasionally called the Septentrion.

In the 18th century, septentrional languages was a recognised term for the Germanic languages.

Etymology and background
The Oxford English Dictionary gives the etymology of septentrional as:

"Septentrional" is more or less synonymous with the term "boreal", derived from Boreas, a Greek god of the North Wind. The constellation Ursa Major, containing the Big Dipper, or Plough, dominates the skies of the North. The usual antonym for septentrional is the term meridional, which refers to the noonday sun.

Usage

The term septentrional is found on maps, mostly those made before 1700. Early maps of North America often refer to the northern- and northwesternmost unexplored areas of the continent as at the "Septentrional" and as "America Septentrionalis", sometimes with slightly varying spellings. Sometimes abbreviated to "Sep.", it was used in historical astronomy to indicate the northern direction on the celestial globe, together with Meridional ("Mer.") for southern, Oriental ("Ori.") for eastern and Occidental ("Occ.") for western.

The linguistic usage in the 17th and 18th centuries was as an umbrella term. It described "the Germanic languages, usually with particular emphasis on Anglo-Saxon, Old Norse and Gothic." Writing of Johann Georg Keyßler in 1758, Thomas Gray distinguished between "Celtic" and "septentrional" antiquities. Thomas Percy actively criticised the blurring of the Celtic and the Germanic in the name of the "septentrional", while at the same time Ossianism favoured it. James Ingram in his inaugural lecture of 1807 called George Hickes "the first of septentrional scholars" for his pioneering lexicographical work on Anglo-Saxon. In current usage, "septentrional fiction" may refer to a setting in the Canadian North.

In France, the term septentrional refers to the Northern stretch of the Côtes du Rhône AOC winemaking region. The Northern Rhône, or septentrional, runs along the Rhône river from Vienne in the north, to Montélimar in the south. It includes the eight crus: Côte Rôtie, Condrieu, Château-Grillet, Hermitage, Saint-Joseph, Crozes-Hermitage, Cornas and Saint-Péray. The Southern Rhône is referred to as the meridional (Rhône méridionale), and extends from Montélimar in the north, to Avignon in the south.

See also
Septentrionalist
Oriental
Occidental
Boreal
Austral
Myotis septentrionalis, the Northern Long-eared Bat

Notes

References

Geography of the Arctic
Orientation (geometry)

Septentrional


General Erich Georg Sebastian Anton von Falkenhayn (11 September 1861 – 8 April 1922) was the second Chief of the German General Staff of the First World War from September 1914 until 29 August 1916. Falkenhayn was removed on 29 August 1916 after the failure of his offensive strategy in the west at the Battle of Verdun, the opening of the Battle of the Somme, the Brusilov Offensive and the Romanian entry into the war. Having planned to win the war before 1917, the German army was reduced to hanging on.

Falkenhayn was given important field commands in Romania and Syria. His reputation as a war leader was attacked in Germany during and after the war, especially by the faction supporting Paul von Hindenburg. Falkenhayn held that Germany could not win the war by a decisive battle but would have to reach a compromise peace; his enemies said he lacked the resolve necessary to win a decisive victory. Falkenhayn's relations with the Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg were troubled and undercut Falkenhayn's plans.

Early life
Falkenhayn was born in Burg Belchau, a village near Graudenz, now Białochowo in Poland, to Fedor von Falkenhayn (1814–1896) and Franziska von Falkenhayn, née von Rosenberg (1826–1888). His ancestors could be traced to 1504. His brother Arthur (1857–1929) became tutor of Crown Prince Wilhelm and another brother Eugen (1853–1934) became a Prussian General of Cavalry. His only sister Olga von Falkenhayn was the mother of Field Marshal Fedor von Bock.

Military career

Becoming a cadet at the age of 11, Falkenhayn joined the Army in 1880 as Second Lieutenant. He served as an infantry and staff officer. He became First Lieutenant in 1889 and  (captain) in 1893, subsequently transferring to the topographical department of the German General Staff. He was seen as a capable, deliberate officer with an open mind. Between 1896 and 1903 Falkenhayn took a leave of absence and served Qing-Dynasty China as a military consultant and helped to establish some Chinese sea ports. In 1889 he returned to German service in the new Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory in China, serving in a Seebataillon (Marine Battalion) until March 1899, when he became a Major in the Army. He saw action during the Boxer Rebellion as a general staff officer of Alfred von Waldersee and spent time in Manchuria and Korea.

Service in Asia made Falkenhayn to be a favourite of the Kaiser and he became one of the military instructors of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia. After his service in Asia, the army posted him to Brunswick, Metz and Magdeburg as a battalion commander in the posted area. On 10 April 1906, Falkenhayn became a section chief of the German General Staff. In 1907, Falkenhayn became Chief of Staff of the XVI Corps. In 1908, Falkenhayn was promoted to  (colonel). On 27 January 1911, Falkenhayn was appointed as the commander of the 4th Guards Regiment. On 20 February 1913, he became the chief of staff of the IV Corps and  on 22 April 1912. Before becoming Prussian Minister of War, he was posted to the General Staff for a year as the Supply department head of the General Staff. Despite being a department head, Falkenhayn did not play a significant role on the General Staff.

Prussian Minister of War (1913–1915)
On 8 July 1913 Falkenhayn became Prussian Minister of War succeeding Josias von Heeringen, who was considered to be inactive. During the Zabern Affair, Falkenhayn as Minister of War, was part of the conference to end the affair. During the July Crisis, he was at the meeting on 5 July 1914 when Germany announced to Austria-Hungary its support for war. Like most German military leaders, he did not expect a great European war but he soon embraced the idea and joined others pushing for Kaiser Wilhelm II to declare war. Falkenhayn wanted early mobilisation since the Kaiser started to secure his palace; when the war began Falkenhayn viewed this with enthusiasm. He assured the Kaiser that the German Army was ready for the conflict. He told the chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg that "Even if we perish over this, it will still have been worth it".

Chief of Staff (1914–1916)
Falkenhayn succeeded Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, who was considered mentally unstable, as Chief of the  (the German General Staff) on 14 September 1914. Falkenhayn was 53 years old, making him the youngest man to become chief of staff. Falkenhayn continued in office as minister of war for another five months. Falkenhayn recommended Adolf Wild von Hohenborn as the new war minister; the Kaiser agreed with his recommendation, making Hohenborn the next war minister. Falkenhayn moved OHL to Mézières, to put OHL at the centre of the right wing of the German armies in the west and ordered the southern armies to dig in, part of the beginning of trench warfare. The responsibility of Falkenhayn increased when the Kaiser failed to decide a grand strategy. Falkenhayn did not want diplomatic interference in the course of war. For the first few weeks, lack of success led to widespread criticism. Falkenhayn recognized the pending failure of the Schlieffen-Moltke Plan and attempted to outflank the British and French in the Race to the Sea, a series of meeting engagements in northern France and Belgium, in which each side made reciprocal attempts to turn the other's flank, until they reached the North Sea coast and ran out of room for manoeuvre.

In November 1914, Falkenhayn acknowledged that Germany would not be able to gain a decisive victory. He advocated a mild peace with the Russian Empire to Bethmann Hollweg, the better to concentrate against the French and British. Neither Bethmann Hollweg nor the generals on the Eastern Front, such as Paul von Hindenburg, Erich Ludendorff or Max Hoffmann, supported the idea since they believed that negotiation with the Russian Empire was impossible. While Helmuth von Moltke the Younger and Hindenburg were highly critical of Falkenhayn and sought to have him dismissed, the Emperor continued to support him. Falkenhayn did not perceive the need to deploy troops on the Vistula, he favoured sending troops to East Prussia, where the Russians took advantage of the weakening 8th Army. A Breakthrough Army () for an offensive down the Somme river valley, consisting of nine new divisions, was formed in the first quarter of 1915 but three divisions were not ready in time. The new army was transferred to the Eastern Front and was re-named the 11th Army. The army had success during the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes but creating more new divisions was difficult because of the shortage of junior officers and equipment.

Falkenhayn found that the  (Imperial German Flying Corps, ), needed to be expanded. Falkenhayn noticed that the scepticism of the Ministry of War to airships, made by Ferdinand von Zeppelin, was justified. He tried to use the airships and develop rapidly the air force. Wild von Hohenborn was appointed minister of war and on 20 January 1915, Falkenhayn was promoted to . As the chief of staff, Falkenhayn had many enemies because of his strategic thinking but he had Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, chief of staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army, as his uneasy ally. They differed on war aims; Hötzendorf wanting a war against Russia, Falkenhayn against France. Falkenhayn attempted to keep Italy out of the war but failed. Attacks on the Eastern front to support the Austrians, such as the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive, caused the Russians to evacuate Russian Poland and then to retreat deeper into the Russian interior. On 8 September 1915, Falkenhayn signed a military convention with Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, which called for an immediate attack on Serbia. In the fall of 1915, Falkenhayn launched an attack against Serbia. Late in the year the favourable situation gave Falkenhayn hope to achieving peace in the east.

Falkenhayn preferred to conduct an offensive strategy on the Western Front, while conducting a limited campaign in the east; he hoped that Russia could be persuaded to accept a separate peace. Hindenburg and Ludendorff opposed this policy and wanted the main offensive effort to be in the east. Falkenhayn tried to weaken the French and British with renewed attacks and unrestricted submarine warfare. According to Admiral Reinhard Scheer, Falkenhayn was an advocate of submarine warfare because countering Britain was an important war aim but this was opposed by Bethmann Hollweg. Falkenhayn conducted a battle of attrition, as claimed in his post-war memoirs, in the Battle of Verdun in early 1916. Falkenhayn argued to the Kaiser that the war would end by causing many casualties to the French Army using methods that limited German losses.

Falkenhayn hoped that the French would fight for Verdun, the gateway to France from the east. Verdun offered the Germans the advantages of their artillery firing from three sides into a large salient in the German lines, excellent German communications and Verdun being bisected by the Meuse, which made it difficult for the French to defend. He ordered the Crown Prince to feint in Verdun and annihilate French Army, which would try to defend the city by sending more troops. Falkenhayn's strategy backfired, the Crown Prince and his chief of staff, Konstantin Schmidt von Knobelsdorf disobeyed the order and tried to seize the city. French artillery on the west back of the Meuse began to inflict many casualties on the 5th Army. Because more than a quarter of a million soldiers during the battle eventually died, Falkenhayn was sometimes called "the Blood-Miller of Verdun".

Contrary to Falkenhayn's expectations, the French were able to limit casualties in the divisions sent to Verdun, General Philippe Pétain kept the divisions in front of Verdun until casualties reached 50 per cent of the infantry and then relieved them. The procession of divisions back and forth was analogous to the operation of a "noria", a type of water-wheel that continuously lifts water and empties it into a trough. On 27 August 1916 Falkenhayn received news that the Kingdom of Romania had declared war on Austria-Hungary. After the relative failure at Verdun, coupled with reverses on the Eastern Front (the Brusilov Offensive and the entry of Romania into the war), the beginning of the Anglo-French offensive on the Somme and the intrigues of Hindenburg and Ludendorff, Falkenhayn was replaced as chief of staff by Hindenburg on 29 August 1916.

Romania (1916–1917)

Falkenhayn then assumed command of the 9th Army in Transylvania (6 September 1916) and in August launched a joint offensive against Romania with August von Mackensen who attacked from Bulgaria, through the Dobruja. As the commander of the 9th Army, Falkenhayn settled his army in Brașov and deceived the Romanians into believing that there would be no offensives in western Romania. The 9th Army fought the Romanian First Army in Hațeg. After the battle, Falkenhayn joined with Austrian forces to surround the Romanian forces. Falkenhayn delayed the offensive against Romanian forces and as a result came into conflict with Archduke Karl of Austria, who would later become the Charles I of Austria. He justified the postponement by pointing to the bad conditions of roads. Even with the conflict with the Austrian Army, in late 1916 and early 1917, Falkenhayn and Mackensen were able to drive the Romanian forces into Russia.

Palestine (1917–1918)

Following his success in Romania in Brașov during mid-July 1917, Falkenhayn went to take military command of the Ottoman Yildirim Army Group ( [Army Group F]), which was being formed in Mesopotamia and at Aleppo. After long discussions with the Ottoman general staff, Falkenhayn was sent on 7 September 1917 as supreme commander of two Ottoman armies in Palestine, with the rank of  (equivalent to field marshal) of the Ottoman Army. In the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Falkenhayn failed to prevent the conquest of Jerusalem by the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (General Edmund Allenby) in December 1917 and was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders. Falkenhayn is credited with avoiding a battle for the Old City of Jerusalem with its many holy sites, as well as with a crucial role in stopping the forced removal of the Jewish population of Palestine, which Governor Djemal Pasha had planned along the lines of the Armenian genocide. The evacuation of the population of Jerusalem during the harsh winter months had also been planned by Djemal Pasha and was thwarted by German officers including Falkenhayn.

Belarus (1918–1919)
In February 1918, Falkenhayn became commander of the 10th Army in Belarus. The unit carried out the occupation tasks in Belarus after Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. As an Army unit commander, he witnessed the end of the war in Belarus. In December 1918 he oversaw the withdrawal of the 10th Army to Germany. The formation disbanded in February 1919 and Falkenhayn retired from the army following the dissolution of his unit.

Retirement
In 1919, Falkenhayn retired from the army and withdrew to his estate, where he wrote his autobiography and several books on war and strategy. His war memoirs were translated into English as The German General staff and Its Critical Decisions, 1914–1916 (1919). With the benefit of hindsight, he remarked that the German declarations of war on Russia and France in 1914 were "justifiable but overly-hasty and unnecessary". Falkenhayn died in 1922, at Schloss Lindstedt, near Potsdam and was buried in Potsdam.

Family life

In 1886, Falkenhayn married Ida Selkmann, with whom he had a son, Fritz Georg Adalbert von Falkenhayn (1890–1973), and a daughter, Erika Karola Olga von Falkenhayn (1904–1975), who married Henning von Tresckow (1901–1944), a general who participated in the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler.

Assessment
Falkenhayn in many ways typified the Prussian generals; a militarist in the literal sense, he had undeniable political and military competence and showed contempt for democracy and the representative Reichstag. He addressed the Reichstag in 1914, saying, "Only through the fact that the Prussian army is removed by the constitution from the party struggle and the influence of ambitious party leaders has it become what it is: the secure defence of peace at home and abroad". Militarily, Falkenhayn had a mixed record. His offensive at Verdun proved a strategic failure. During the campaign against Romania in 1916 Falkenhayn demonstrated considerable skill in command of the German 9th Army, driving the Romanians from Transylvania, breaking through the Southern Carpathians and forcing the shattered Romanian forces north-east into Moldavia.

Winston Churchill considered him to be the ablest of the German generals in World War I. Trevor Dupuy also ranked him near the top of the German commanders, just below Hindenburg and Ludendorff. Robert Foley wrote that Germany's enemies were far more able to apply a strategy of attrition, because they had greater amounts of manpower, industry and economic control over the world, resorting to many of the methods used by Falkenhayn in Russia in 1915 and France in 1916. As the cost of fighting the war increased, the war aims of the Entente expanded, to include the overthrow of the political elites of the Central Powers and the ability to dictate peace to a comprehensively defeated enemy, which was achieved by a strategy of attrition.

During his term as the Chief of the General Staff, one staff officer wrote that Falkenhayn had lacked decisiveness and foresight in the matters of organization and tactics. All sources portray Falkenhayn as a loyal, honest and punctilious friend and superior. His positive legacy is his conduct during the war in Palestine in 1917. As his biographer Holger Afflerbach wrote, "An inhuman excess against the Jews in Palestine was prevented only by Falkenhayn's conduct, which against the background of the German history of the 20th century has a special meaning, and one that distinguishes Falkenhayn".

Honours
He received the following decorations and awards:

See also
 Douaumont Ossuary Verdun

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

1861 births
1922 deaths
People from Grudziądz County
German male non-fiction writers
Military personnel from the Province of Prussia
German military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
German Army generals of World War I
German military writers
German untitled nobility
Generals of Infantry (Prussia)
Prussian politicians
Field marshals of the Ottoman Empire
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Grand Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class

Erich von Falkenhayn


Tione Jayden Merritt (nascido em 30 de abril de 2001), conhecido pelo seu nome artiístico, Lil Tjay, é um rapper e cantor americano. Seu nome artístico deriva da utilização da primeira letra de seu primeiro nome e das três primeiras letras de seu nome do meio.

Em 2018, Lil Tjay assinou contrato com a Columbia Records. O álbum de estreia de Lil Tjay, True 2 Myself, foi lançado em 2019. No ano seguinte, ele lançou a mixtape State of Emergency que apresenta apenas artistas de Drill Music da cidade de Nova York. True 2 Myself estreou na posição de número 5 na Billboard 200, marcando o álbum como seu prmeiro lançamento nas paradas. Seu segundo álbum de estúdio, Destined 2 Win, foi lançado em 2021 e incluiu o single "Calling My Phone", uma colaboração com o cantor americano 6lack, sua canção de maior sucesso até então.

Infância
Merritt nasceu no bairro do Bronx, na cidade de Nova York. Ele foi criado por uma mãe solteira e tinha dois irmãos mais novos no que foi descrito como um apartamento "espaçoso". Merritt se autodenominava a criança mais problemática entre os três, já que costumava se envolver em pequenos roubos e brigas na escola. Aos 15 anos, Merritt foi preso por um de seus roubos e foi condenado por um ano a um centro de detenção de jovens, onde começaria a escrever letras de rap; incluindo uma de suas canções de sucesso, "Resume", que Tjay lançou no SoundCloud.

Carreira

2016–2019: Começo, contrato de gravação e True 2 Myself
Em 2016, Lil Tjay começou a lançar músicas no SoundCloud. "Resume", uma de suas primeiras canções, foi lançada quando Lil Tjay tinha 16 anos e rapidamente começou a se espalhar online.

Em 10 de março de 2018, Lil Tjay competiu e ficou em primeiro lugar no Coast 2 Coast LIVE NYC All Ages Edition, onde sua performance ganhou a atenção de uma gravadora  A&R que estava presente para julgar sua apresentação. Logo depois, Lil Tjay lançou o single "Brothers", que se tornou sua maior música na época e o levou a assinar com a Columbia Records.

Nos primeiros dez meses da carreira musical de Lil Tjay, ele lançou cinco faixas que alcançaram mais de um milhão de reproduções no SoundCloud. "Brothers", "Resume", "Goat" e "Leaked" cada um acumulou dezenas de milhões de streams. Em julho de 2018, Lil Tjay trabalhou com o produtor CashMoneyAP para lançar "None of Your Love", que também reuniu dezenas de milhões plays. Lil Tjay lançou seu primeiro EP No Comparison no final de 2018.

Em janeiro de 2019, Lil Tjay foi destaque no single "Pop Out" do rapper norte-americano Polo G, que alcançou a posição de número 11 na Billboard Hot 100. Em julho, ele foi apresentado na faixa  "Lying" da boy band PrettyMuch. Mais tarde naquele ano, ele lançou um EP intitulado F.N; o primeiro single do projeto, "F.N", alcançou a posição de número 56 na Billboard Hot 100 e se tornou sua primeira música solo. Lil Tjay lançou seu álbum de estreia True 2 Myself em 11 de outubro de 2019. Ele estreou e alcançou a posição número 5 na Billboard 200 dos EUA. Em dezembro, ele participou de um remix da canção "Valentino" de 24kGoldn.

2020–presente: State of Emergency e Destined 2 Win
No início de 2020, Lil Tjay alcançou o Billboard Hot 100 novamente com seu single "20/20", que alcançou a posição de número 94 na parada. Em 8 de maio de 2020, Lil Tjay lançou o EP State of Emergency, que se concentrava fortemente em Drill Music, um subgênero popular na cidade de Nova York. O EP de sete faixas incluiu a faixa "Zoo York", com Fivio Foreign e Pop Smoke, que alcançou a posição de número 65 no Hot 100. Em julho de 2020, Lil Tjay apareceu no álbum de estreia póstumo do Pop Smoke, Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon, na faixa "Mood Swings", que alcançou a posição de número 17 na Billboard Hot 100. Em 11 de agosto, Lil Tjay foi incluído no Freshman Class 2020 da revista XXL. Em outubro, Lil Tjay insinuou o lançamento de um novo projeto no Twitter.

Em 12 de fevereiro de 2021, Lil Tjay lançou seu single "Calling My Phone", uma colaboração com a cantor american 6lack, com um videoclipe dirigido por Cam Busby. A canção estreou no número três na Billboard Hot 100, tornando-se o single de maior sucesso na carreira de Lil Tjay. Em 19 de março, Lil Tjay lançou "Headshot", uma colaboração com Polo G e Fivio Foreign como o segundo single de seu segundo álbum de estúdio, Destined 2 Win, lançado em 2 de abril de 2021. O álbum tem 21 faixas no total.

Arte
Influenciado por sua criação no Bronx, Lil Tjay é um rapper melódico que frequentemente usa Auto-Tune em suas canções. Ele fez comparações com o rapper nova-iorquino A Boogie wit da Hoodie. Em uma entrevista à Rolling Stone, ele revelou que suas maiores influências musicais são Drake, Meek Mill e Usher. Na mesma entrevista, Lil Tjay descreveu sua música como tendo um som melódico ao cantar ou fazer rap sobre suas lutas passadas. Lil Tjay também credita seu sucesso ao ano passado na prisão, onde ele afirma que sua habilidade de escrever canções atingiu o pico. No artigo em destaque da Pitchfork sobre Lil Tjay, ele é referido como um "galã do hip-hop". Mais tarde na entrevista, Lil Tjay explicou que ele é frequentemente chamado de "Justin Bieber do Bronx" por causa de seu sample de "Baby" de Justin Bieber.

Performances ao vivo
Lil Tjay acompanhou o rapper Lil Mosey, de Seattle, em sua turnê nacional ao longo de 2019. Ele também se apresentou no festival de música Rolling Loud Miami, com Migos, Travis Scott e Kid Cudi em Miami Gardens, Flórida, em maio de 2019 e no Festival de Los Angeles em dezembro. Ele frequentemente aparece e se apresenta em shows com o amigo Jay Gwuapo.

Discografia

 True 2 Myself (2019)
 Destined 2 Win (2021)

Rappers afro-americanos
Rappers dos Estados Unidos
Cantores dos Estados Unidos
Naturais de Nova Iorque (cidade)
Afro-americanos
Nascidos em 2001

Lil Tjay


Gara Argestru este o stație de cale ferată care deservește Vatra Dornei, județul Suceava, România.

Argestru

Gara Argestru


Maria Brătianu-Pillat () a fost o doamnă de societate română. Este fiica lui Ion C. Brătianu și a Piei.

Biografie
În anul 1877 familia Brătianu s-a mutat la București deoarece tatăl ei a fost numit prim-ministru al României, iar Maria, împreună cu surorile și frații săi, au urmat un sistem riguros de educație.

Maria Brătianu-Pillat a luat lecții de pictură la Paris și a urmat cursuri de artă la Louvre și la Sorbona în perioada 1863-1944. A devenit apoi doamnă de onoare a Reginei Maria (1875-1938). Pe 20 mai s-a căsătorit cu moșierul moldovean Ion N. Pillat cu care a avut 3 copii: Ion, Pia și Niculae.

Activitate
A ramas în București în timpul Primului Război Mondial și a amenajat împreună cu alte doamne de societate un spital pentru îngrijirea răniților în incinta Azilului de Bătrâni din capitală. După război a făcut parte din Societatea Doamnelor Române și a fost președinta Societatății Muzicale "Cântarea României".

Note

Bibliografie

Nașteri în 1868
Nașteri în octombrie
Femei din România

Maria Brătianu-Pillat


14015 Senancour este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
14015 Senancour este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Caussols de Eric Walter Elst și Christian Pollas. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,15 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 6,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 14001-15000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

14015 Senancour


Gustav Kiepenheuer () a fost un editor german.

Biografie
Gustav Kiepenheuer a urmat o ucenicie de librar la Bremen. El a fost coleg cu Ernst Rowohlt și Kurt Wolff. În anul 1908 a preluat magazinul de cărți, obiecte muzicale și de artă al lui Ludwig Thelemann din Weimar și a fondat un an mai târziu Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag. A început să-i publice pe clasicii de la Weimar, iar apoi pe unii dintre cei mai prestigioși autori germani contemporani precum Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger, Ivan Goll, Hans Henny Jahnn, Anna Seghers sau Stefan Zweig.

După Primul Război Mondial, s-a mutat în 1919 de la Weimar la Potsdam și de acolo, în 1929, la Berlin. După aceea a devenit unul dintre cei mai importanți editori germani. Regimul național-socialist, instaurat în Germania în 1933, le-a interzis majorității autorilor săi să publice opere noi, astfel încât Kiepenheuer a trebuit să se limiteze la reeditarea unor opere mai vechi și a traducerilor. După cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, el s-a întors în 1945 la Weimar și a decis, în 1947, împreună cu Joseph Caspar Witsch, să fondeze o nouă editură. Mai întâi, l-a luat pe Witsch ca partener și director general, dar a murit în 1949, după o boală îndelungată, înainte de a-și realiza planurile.

Înmormântarea lui a avut loc într-un mormânt din cimitirul istoric din Weimar. Văduva lui, Noa (a treia soție, cu care se căsătorise în 1925), a continuat activitatea editorială în RDG, iar Witsch a fondat în 1951 o nouă editură cu numele Kiepenheuer & Witsch în Germania de Vest.

Kiepenheuer Verlag a continuat să funcționeze sub acest nume în RDG și, după achiziționarea sa în numele Partidului Socialist Unit din Germania (SED), a făcut parte din 1977 până în 1990 din Kiepenheuer-Verlagsgruppe și a fuzionat cu editurile Insel, Paul List și Dieterich'scge Verlagsbuchhandlung.

Fiica lui Kiepenheuer, Bettina Hürlimann (1909-1983), s-a născut în 1909 și a fost editoare și specialistă în cărțile pentru copii. Fiul lui, Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer (1910-1975), a fost un binecunoscut astronom și astrofizician.

Note

Bibliografie

 Ernst Fischer: Verlegen à fonds perdu: Gustav Kiepenheuer als Unternehmerpersönlichkeit. In: Günther Schulz (Hrsg.): Geschäft mit Wort und Meinung. Medienunternehmer seit dem 18. Jahrhundert (Büdinger Forschungen zur Sozialgeschichte). Boldt/Oldenbourg, München 1999, S. 129–145.
 Cornelia C. Funke: Im Verleger verkörpert sich das Gesicht seiner Zeit. Unternehmensführung und Programmgestaltung im Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag 1909 bis 1944 (= Veröffentlichungen des Leipziger Arbeitskreises zur Geschichte des Buchwesens 11). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 978-3-447-04167-6.
 Siegfried Lokatis, Ingrid Sonntag (Hrsg.): 100 Jahre Kiepenheuer Verlage. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86153-635-2.

Legături externe
 Zum 125. Geburtstag (Landesfachstelle für das öffentliche Bibliothekswesen Bayern)

Nașteri în 1880
Decese în 1949
Editori germani
Oameni din Weimar

Gustav Kiepenheuer


Schoonrewoerd es una aldea en el oeste de los Países Bajos. Está ubicada en el municipio de Vijfheerenlanden, provincia de Utrecht, a unos 25 kilómetros al sur de Utrecht.

El queso Leerdammer es producido en Schoonrewoerd.

Fue un municipio independiente hasta 1986, cuando se convirtió en parte de Leerdam.

Referencias

Vijfheerenlanden
Antiguos municipios de la provincia de Holanda Meridional
Localidades de Utrecht

Schoonrewoerd


Apostasia nuda ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Apostasia in der Familie der Orchideen (Orchidaceae). Sie wächst in Südostasien im Schatten feuchter Wälder. Es kommen Pflanzen mit weißen sowie mit gelben Blüten vor.

Beschreibung
Apostasia nuda wächst als ausdauernde krautige Pflanzen, die Wuchshöhen von 40 bis 60 cm, selten bis 70 cm erreicht. Sie bildet ein Rhizom von 2 bis 3 mm Durchmesser, das mit 5 mm langen Niederblättern besetzt ist. Die Wurzeln entspringen den Achseln der Niederblätter und der untersten Laubblätter, sie weisen einen Durchmesser von 2 bis 3 mm auf. Die Laubblätter können dicht beieinander oder in relativ großen Abständen an der Sprossachse stehen, sie werden 17 bis 27 cm lang (selten beträgt die Länge nur 13 cm bzw. bis zu 45 cm) bei einer Breite von 0,6 bis 1,3 cm (selten nur 0,45 bzw. bis 1,5 cm). Die Blattbasis formt eine undeutlich abgesetzte Scheide, die den Stängel umfasst, die Blattspreite ist linealisch-lanzettlich, sie endet spitz mit einer fadenförmigen, 6 bis 13 mm langen Spitze. Von den 18 bis 80 Längsadern treten meist fünf, gelegentlich nur drei, deutlich hervor.

Blühende und fruchtende Pflanzen wurden zu allen Jahreszeiten gefunden. Für Vietnam gibt Averyanov eine Blütezeit im Januar und Februar an.
Am Ende des Stängels befinden sich zahlreiche dicht gedrängte, bis 20 mm lange und 4 mm breite Hochblätter, aus denen der rispige, übergeneigte Blütenstand entspringt. Er setzt sich aus zwei bis zwölf traubigen Teilblütenständen zusammen, von denen jeder 15 bis 25, gelegentlich bis 32 Blüten trägt. Die Tragblätter der Blüten sind schmal dreieckig bis lanzettlich geformt, 2 bis 10 mm lang bei 1 bis 1,5 mm Breite, sie enden spitz. Hochblätter und Tragblätter besitzen wie die Laubblätter eine winzige fadenförmig ausgezogene Spitze. Die Blüten sind weiß oder gelb, wobei die weißen häufiger vorkommen. Beim Aufblühen rollen sich die Blütenblätter nach hinten zurück. Die Blüten sind 1,2 bis 1,4, selten bis 1,9 cm groß, die sechs Blütenblätter messen 3,3 bis 4,5 mm in der Länge. Die drei äußeren Blütenblätter (Sepalen) sind mit 0,6 bis 1 mm Breite etwas breiter als die Tepalen, die 0,5 bis 0,6 mm, selten bis 1 mm breit werden. Alle Blütenblätter besitzen eine kleine aufgesetzte Spitze (etwa 0,3 mm lang und 0,1 mm breit). Die drei inneren Blütenblätter sind gleich gestaltet, eine Lippe ist nicht zu unterscheiden. Der Fruchtknoten ist 8 bis 11 mm lang und misst 0,8 bis 1 mm im Durchmesser. Die Säule besteht aus zwei fruchtbaren Staubblättern und dem Griffel, die alle am Grund miteinander verwachsen sind. Die Säule wird 0,5 bis 1,1 mm lang und ist zumeist deutlich gebogen. Die Staubblätter sind 3,2 bis 3,5 mm lang und 0,7 bis 1,2 mm breit, im Querschnitt eine breite halbe Ellipse formend, an der Basis zweilappig, an der Spitze ragt das Konnektiv etwas über den Staubbeutel hinaus. Die Staubfäden sind nur für ein kurzes Stück frei, die Staubbeutel haften aneinander. Der Griffel ist 3,6 bis 4 mm lang und überragt damit die Staubbeutel für ein kleines Stück, er ist längs undeutlich mit zwei Riefen versehen. Die Narbe kann unterschiedliche Formen besitzen, abgeflacht, kugelig, unregelmäßig viereckig, kegelförmig oder dreilappig. Die Frucht ist grün, 12 bis 15 mm lang bei 1 mm Durchmesser. Sie enthält die Samen, deren Oberfläche gleichmäßig eingebuchtet bis fast glatt ist.

Chromosomenzahl
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 48.

Vorkommen
Apostasia nuda hat ein großes Verbreitungsgebiet, das von Myanmar über Thailand, die malaiische Halbinsel bis zu den Inseln Borneo, Sumatra und Java reicht. Die Standorte liegen in Wäldern in einer Höhenlage von 100 bis 1300 m.
Averyanov gibt für Vietnam Standorte in Nadel- und Laubwäldern über Schiefergestein an. Die Höhenlagen der gefundenen Pflanzen reicht von 320 bis 1400 m.
Auf Java wurde Apostasia nuda nur im Westen der Insel gefunden, wo sie in feuchten Wäldern in Höhenlagen zwischen 800 und 1000 m vorkommt.

Verwendung
De Vogel berichtet von einer medizinischen Verwendung der gekochten Wurzeln auf der malaiischen Halbinsel.

Systematik
Die Erstbeschreibung von Apostasia nuda erfolgte 1830 von Robert Brown in Nathaniel Wallichs Werk Plantae Asiaticae Rariores. Innerhalb der Gattung Apostasia ordnet de Vogel 1969 Apostasia nuda in die Sektion Adactylus ein; in dieser Sektion sind im Gegensatz zur zweiten Sektion Apostasia zwei fruchtbare Staubblätter und kein Staminodium vorhanden.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Apostasioideae (Orchideen)
Apostasioideae

Apostasia nuda


Crkva sv. Klementa nalazi se u napuštenom selu Straževnik kod Pražnice, općina Pučišća, otok Brač.

Opis dobra
Crkva sv. Klementa istočno od Pražnica bila je grobišna crkva srednjovjekovnog naselja Straževnika. Jednobrodna predromanička crkvica s četvrtastom apsidom pokrivena je krovom od kamenih ploča. Presvođena je bačvastim svodom s pojasnicama, a bočni zidovi su raščlanjeni s po tri slijepa luka. Na oltaru je renesansni reljef pape Klementa I. iz 1535.. Nad ulazom je viseći luk s dvostrešnim kamenim krovom.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4573 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Klement
Klement, Straževnik

Crkva sv. Klementa u Straževniku


Las Tablas Internacionales de Cristalografía conforman una serie de volúmenes publicados por la Unión Internacional de Cristalografía (IUCr) en los cuales se oficializan y se explican con detalle los estándares internacionales en cristalografía como las diferentes notaciones de los grupos puntuales de simetría, etc.

En 2010, los siguientes volúmenes estaban publicados:
 Volumen A: Simetría de los grupos espaciales ;
 Volumen A1: Relaciones de simetría entre los grupos espaciales ;
 Volumen B: Espacio Recíproco ;
 Volumen C: Tablas matemáticas, físicas y químicas ;
 Volumen D : Propiedades físicas de los cristales  ;
 Volumen E : Grupos subperiódicos  ;
 Volumen F : Cristalografía de las macromoléculas biológicas  ;
 Volumen G : Definición e intercambio de datos cristalográfícos .

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) Sitio web de la IUCr
 (en inglés) Sitio web de las Tablas Internacionales de Cristalografía

Referencias

Cristalografía

Tablas internacionales de cristalografía


En stressbold er et formbart stykke legetøj, normalt ikke større end 7cm i diameter, som bliver klemt sammen med hånden eller manipuleret med fingerne, angivelig for at afhjælpe stress og muskelspændingerne, eller for at træner musklerne i hånden.

På trods af navne er mange stresbolde ikke sfæriske. Nogle bliver støbt i underholdende former og malet i forskellige farver eller med virksomhedslogoer på. De bliver herefter givet til firmaets medarbejdere eller kunder som tilgift. Stressbolde er den tredje mest populære tilgift i Storbritannien. Da mange stressbolde er ikke-sfæriske bliver de også omtalt som stressaflastere (stress relievers).

De fremstilles normalt i småcellet polyurethan skumgummi.

Se også
 Fidget spinner

Referencer

Legetøj

Stressbold


The Return of the King (also known as The Return of the King: A Story of the Hobbits) is a 1980 animated musical fantasy television film created by Rankin/Bass and Topcraft. It is an adaptation of part of J. R. R. Tolkien 1955 high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. It takes its name from The Return of the King, the third and final volume of the novel, and is a sequel to the 1977 film The Hobbit.

The special aired on ABC on Sunday, May 11, 1980 after a legal challenge filed by the Tolkien Estate and Fantasy Films was settled. Critical and fan reaction to The Return of the King was lukewarm.

Plot

At Bilbo Baggins's 129th birthday party in Rivendell, his nephew Frodo explains why he is missing a finger from his hand while the Minstrel of Gondor sings a ballad that tells the story of the quest to destroy the One Ring and defeat the Dark Lord Sauron.

In Mordor, Frodo's friend and companion Samwise Gamgee bears the Ring in Frodo's absence as he ventures to rescue Frodo from the Orc fortress of Cirith Ungol. During his journey, Sam is tempted to claim the Ring for himself, but ultimately resists its power. He rescues Frodo, and the two Hobbits head out for Mount Doom to destroy the Ring.

Meanwhile, the wizard Gandalf the White and the Hobbit Pippin arrive at Minas Tirith to warn Denethor, the Steward of Gondor, about the upcoming war—only to discover that the Steward has gone insane and means to take his own life. Frodo and Samwise continue toward Mount Doom (eluding Ringwraiths and infiltrating a battalion of Orcs in the process) only to be attacked by Gollum, the creature from whom Bilbo took the Ring decades before. Frodo casts Gollum down, however, and goes to the Crack of Doom. Sam prepares to kill Gollum, but is overcome with pity and allows him to flee.

At the same time, Gondor's neighbouring country, Rohan, battles Sauron's forces in the Battle of Pelennor Fields, but its King, Theoden, is killed by the Witch-king of Angmar. Theoden's niece Eowyn, who had disguised herself as a man to take part in the battle, kills the Witch-king with help from Merry, momentarily defeating Sauron's armies. Those forces momentarily rally upon the arrival of the black fleet coming from the west, the despairing vision of which drove Denethor to his suicide, but their morale shatters upon realizing that fleet is under the command of Prince Aragorn of Gondor. Upon his own arrival, Aragorn, heir to the throne of Gondor, plans to confront Sauron at the Black Gate. Here, he quarrels with the Mouth of Sauron and the two armies prepare for battle.

On Mount Doom, Frodo succumbs to the Ring's power and puts it on, becoming invisible. Sam discovers Gollum and Frodo fighting over the Ring, which results in Gollum's biting off Frodo's finger to claim it. While dancing with joy at the retrieval of his "precious", Gollum falls into the lava of Mount Doom, taking the Ring with him. The Ring is destroyed, and Sauron perishes. Sam and Frodo are rescued by the Eagles from the erupting Mount Doom. A few months later, Aragorn is crowned King of Gondor.

The story concludes with Frodo accompanying Bilbo, Gandalf, and Elrond as they leave Middle-earth. He gives the Red Book of Westmarch (consisting of Bilbo's memoirs with some spare pages) to Sam, assuring him that a good life is still in store for him. Gandalf assures them that Hobbits will someday have descendants among humans, to preserve their own existence; and the film ends with Frodo's departure from the Grey Havens.

Cast

The voice cast is as follows:

 Aragorn – Theodore Bikel
 Bilbo – Orson Bean
 Denethor – William Conrad
 Elrond – Paul Frees
 Éowyn – Nellie Bellflower
 Frodo – Orson Bean
 Gandalf – John Huston
 Gollum – Brother Theodore (credited under Theodore)
 Merry – Casey Kasem
 Pippin – Sonny Melendrez
 The Mouth of Sauron – Don Messick
 Sam – Roddy McDowall
 Théoden – Don Messick
 Easterling – Don Messick
 Orc – Paul Frees
 Uruk-hai – Paul Frees
 Lord of the Nazgul – John Stephenson
 Gondorian Guard – John Stephenson
 The Minstrel – Glenn Yarbrough

Production

After the 1977 broadcast of The Hobbit on NBC, development and production began on The Return of the King at Rankin/Bass Productions in New York City under supervision of Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass. The film's original working title was Frodo, The Hobbit II. It was written by Romeo Muller with Rankin doing the script, designs for the characters and storyboards. The original cast from the previous film returned to reprise the voices of the characters with new actors joining them.

Orson Bean returned as the voice of the older Bilbo Baggins, as well as that of the story's hero, Frodo Baggins. John Huston came back as well, as the wizard Gandalf, and co-starring with them were: William Conrad as Denethor, Roddy McDowall as Samwise Gamgee, Theodore Bikel as Aragorn, and reprising his role of Gollum, Brother Theodore. Rankin/Bass stalwart Paul Frees replaced the late Cyril Ritchard as the voice of Elrond; Casey Kasem was Merry, with Sonny Melendrez as Pippin; Nellie Bellflower as Éowyn; and Glenn Yarbrough returned as principal vocalist, billed here as simply "the Minstrel of Gondor". Thurl Ravenscroft served in the chorus. Once the character voices were recorded, along with background music by Maury Laws, with Jules Bass writing songs and lyrics for the film, the animation production was done by Topcraft in Japan under supervision of Toru Hara, Tsuguyuki Kubo, Kazuyuki Kobayashi and others.

The release was threatened by a lawsuit filed by the Tolkien Estate and Fantasy Films on the basis that Rankin/Bass had not secured the U.S. and Canadian television rights to the book. The lawsuit was settled "amicably", allowing it to proceed with a May 1980 release.

The film is often mistaken for a sequel to Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings. After Rankin/Bass became defunct in 1987, Warner Bros. acquired the rights to the special for home video distribution and chose to market the film, along with The Hobbit, as instalments of an animated Tolkien trilogy, with Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings (by then also owned by Warner Bros., from United Artists) acting as the middle chapter. This false promotion led to rumours that Rankin/Bass had originally decided to produce The Return of the King upon hearing that Bakshi's sequel to The Lord of the Rings had been cancelled. However, Rankin/Bass had always planned on making The Return of the King as a follow-up to their production of The Hobbit, even before the release of Bakshi's film.

Reception

The film has garnered mixed reviews from modern sources. Charles Cassidy of Common Sense Media gave it a score of 3/5, and said, "Cartoon tale is darker, more complex than others in series". Steven D. Greydanus of Decent Films Guide gave it a C, and said, "Works even less well than The Hobbit, which really is a children's story… overbearing folk-ballad soundtrack doesn't even gesture lyrically to Tolkien's poetry".

Director Arthur Rankin Jr. later stated, "We tried to do Return of the King... but it is an awful lot to put into it. I think [Peter] Jackson is having the same problem in his films. You can't deviate from these books, or somebody'll wait on the street for you! ...[In] The Return of the King, we had to summarize what had happened before, and then put it all together in 2 hours. It's not a very good film." Asked why he chose only to make The Return of the King, instead of making the entire Lord of the Rings trilogy, Rankin admitted, "I didn't know that the audience would sit still for it. I was wrong."

Home media
The Return of the King was first released on VHS by Warner Home Video in 1991, and for the second time as part of the "Warner Bros. Classic Tales" video collection in 1996. The film has been available on DVD since 2001, both individually and as a "boxed trilogy" with Rankin/Bass's The Hobbit and Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings.

References

External links

 Screen captures from the CED edition. Also features links to galleries of screen captures from other Tolkien animated films.

1980 films
1980 animated films
1980 television films
1980s American animated films
1980 fantasy films
1980 in American television
1980 television specials
American animated fantasy films
American Broadcasting Company television specials
American fantasy adventure films
1980s animated television specials
1980s children's fantasy films
Films scored by Maury Laws
Films based on British novels
Films based on fantasy novels
Films based on multiple works of a series
Television shows directed by Jules Bass
Films directed by Arthur Rankin Jr.
Musical theatre television specials
Television shows based on British novels
Topcraft
Rankin/Bass Productions films
Television shows written by Romeo Muller
Films based on The Lord of the Rings
1980s British films

The Return of the King (1980 film)


Stenella yunusgiller (Delphinidae) familyasından bir yunus cinsidir ve beş yunus türü barındırır:
 Atlantik benekli yunusu (Stenella frontalis)
 Atlantik dönücü yunusu (Stenella clymene)
 Çizgili yunus (Stenella coeruleoalba)
 Dönücü yunus (Stenella longirostris)
 Pantropik benekli yunusu (Stenella attenuata)

Bu cinsteki yunus türleri dünya üstündeki tüm ılıman ve tropikal denizlerde bulunur. Çeşitli türlerdeki bireyler yaşamlarına beneksiz olarak başlar ve yaşlandıkça daha koyu beneklerle kaplanırlar.

Bu cinsin adı Yunanca "dar" anlamına gelen "stenos" kelimesinden gelir. 1866 yılından John Gray tarafından uydurulmuştur. Gray bu adı "Steno" cinsinin alttürü olarak önermişti ancak günümüz taksonomistleri iki ayrı cinsin varlığını tanımaktadır.

Stenella


Dixanadu ~Fated "Raison d'être"~ Europe Tour 2007 Es el quinto tour de la banda Japonesa Moi dix Mois, también el tercero grabado en DVD. Estuvieron en 6 países de Europa.

Fechas de Conciertos
 11 de octubre de 2007, Helsinki, Finlandia.
 13 de octubre de 2007, Estocolmo, Suecia.
 18 de octubre de 2007, Krefeld, Alemania.
 21 de octubre de 2007, Múnich, Alemania.
 22 de octubre de 2007, Milán, Italia.
 24 de octubre de 2007, Barcelona, España.
 25 de octubre de 2007, Madrid, España.
 27 de octubre de 2007, París, Francia.

Listado de canciones

 Sacred Lake (SE)
 Metaphysical
 Exclude
 Night Breed
 Vain
 A Lapis Night's Dream (SE)
 Lamentful Miss
 Last Temptation
 Perish
 Dispell Bound
 Angelica
 Immortal Madness
 Unmoved
 Neo Pessimist
 Vizard
 Forbidden
 Xanadu
 Lilac Of Damnation
 Deus Ex Machina
 Sacred Lake (SE)

Moi dix Mois ~ Europe Tour 2007 ~ Documentary

 DIXANADU ~ Fated "raison d'être"~ Europe Tour 2007 Documentary & Audio Commentary
 DIXANADU ~ Fated "raison d'être"~ Europe Tour 2007 Live in Paris Documentary

Referencias

Giras musicales de Moi dix Mois

Giras musicales de 2007


An Arthraxon inermis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Arthraxon inermis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arthraxon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Arthraxon

Arthraxon inermis


Miloš Bajalica (født 15. december 1981) er en serbisk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Serbien

Miloš Bajalica


Brigada 27 Infanterie a fost o mare unitate de nivel tactic, care s-a constituit la 14/27 august 1916 prin mobilizarea unor unități și subunități de rezervă, din compunerea Comandamentului IV Teritorial: Regimentul 55 Infanterie - (Piatra Neamț) și Regimentul 67 Infanterie - (Bacău). Brigada a făcut parte din organica  Diviziei 14 Infanterie.
La intrarea în război, Brigada 27 Infanterie a fost comandată de generalul de brigadă Luca Vlădoianu. Brigada 27 Infanterie a participat la acțiunile militare pe frontul românesc, pe toată perioada războiului, între 14/27 august 1916 - 28 octombrie/11 noiembrie 1918.

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1916

În campania anului 1916 Brigada 27 Infanterie a participat la acțiunile militare în dispozitivul de luptă al Diviziei 14 Infanterie participând la Ofensiva în Transilvania, Operația de apărare a trecătorilor și Bătălia de pe Valea Oltului.

Campania anului 1917

În campania anului 1917 Brigada 27 Infanterie a participat la acțiunile militare în dispozitivul de luptă al Diviziei 14 Infanterie , participând la Bătălia de la Mărășești . În această campanie, brigada a fost comandată de colonelul Ioan Anastasiu.

Campania anului 1918

Ordinea de bătaie

La mobilizarea din 1916

La declararea mobilizării, la 27 august 1916, Brigada 27 Infanterie a făcut parte din compunerea de luptă a Diviziei 14 Infanterie, alături de Brigada 28 Infanterie și Regimentul 24 Artilerie. Ordinea de bătaie a brigăzii era următoarea:

Brigada 27 Infanterie
Regimentul 55 Infanterie
Regimentul 67 Infanterie

Reorganizări pe perioada războiului
În prima jumătate a anului 1917, Brigada 27 Infanterie s-a reorganizat în spatele frontului. Brigada a fost inclusă în compunerea de luptă a Diviziei 14 Infanterie, alături de Brigada 28 Infanterie și Brigada 14 Artilerie. Ordinea de bătaie a brigăzii era următoarea:
Brigada 27 Infanterie
Regimentul 69/77 Infanterie
Regimentul 53/65 Infanterie

Comandanți
 General de brigadă Luca Vlădoianu
 Colonel Ioan Anastasiu

Note

Bibliografie

 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Campania Armatei a 9-a împotriva românilor și a rușilor, Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co S.A., București, 1937
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 ***, România în anii primului Război Mondial, Editura Militară, București, 1987
 ***, România în primul război mondial'', Editura Militară, 1979

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1916)
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1917)
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1918)

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Brigada 27 Infanterie (1916-1918)


A dharmapāla (, , , , ) is a type of wrathful god in Buddhism. The name means "dharma protector" in Sanskrit, and the dharmapālas are also known as the Defenders of the Justice (Dharma), or the Guardians of the Law. There are two kinds of dharmapala, Worldly Guardians (lokapala) and Wisdom Protectors (jnanapala). Only Wisdom Protectors are enlightened beings.

Description
A protector of Buddhist dharma is called a dharmapala. They are typically wrathful deities, depicted with terrifying iconography in the Mahayana and tantric traditions of Buddhism. The wrathfulness is intended to depict their willingness to defend and guard Buddhist followers from dangers and enemies. The Aṣṭagatyaḥ (the eight kinds of nonhuman beings) is one category of dharmapālas, which includes the Garuda, Deva, Naga, Yaksha, Gandharva, Asura, Kinnara and Mahoraga.

In Vajrayana iconography and thangka depictions, dharmapala are fearsome beings, often with many heads, many hands, or many feet. Dharmapala often have blue, black or red skin, and a fierce expression with protruding fangs. Although dharmapala have a terrifying appearance, they only act in a wrathful way for the benefit of sentient beings.

The devotional worship of dharmapālas in the Tibetan tradition is traceable to early 8th-century.

Tibetan Buddhism

There are many different dharmapalas in Tibetan Buddhism. Each school has its own principle dharmapalas and most monasteries have a dedicated dharmapāla which was originally comparable to a genius loci. The many forms of Mahakala are emanations of Avalokiteshvara. Kalarupa and Yamantaka are considered by practitioners to be emanations of Manjushri the Bodhisattva of Wisdom.

Principal wisdom protector dharmapalas include:
 Prana Atma (Tib. Begtse)
 Ekajaṭī (Tib. ral chig ma)
 Mahakala (Tib. Nagpo Chenpo)
 Shri Devi (Tib. Palden Lhamo)
 Yamaraja/Dharmaraja/Kalarupa (Tib. Shinje)

Other dharmapalas include:
 Citipati
 Mahakali
 Yamantaka (Tib. Shinje Shed)
 Hayagriva (Tib. Tamdrin)
 Vaisravana (Tib. Kubera)
 Rāhula (Tib. gza)
 Vajrasādhu (Tib. Dorje Legpa)
 Brahma (Tib. "Tshangs Pa")
 Maharakta (Tib. tsog gi dag po, mar chen)
 Kurukulla (Tib.  rig che ma)
 Vajrayaksa  (Takkiraja) (Tib. du pai gyal po)

The main functions of a dharmapāla are said to be to avert the inner and outer obstacles that prevent spiritual practitioners from attaining spiritual realizations, as well as to foster the necessary conditions for their practice.

Chinese Buddhism
In Chinese Buddhism, the Twenty-Four Protective Deities or the Twenty-Four Devas (Chinese: 二十四諸天; pinyin: Èrshísì Zhūtiān) are a group of gods who are venerated as dharmapālas. In addition, Wisdom Kings such as Acala, Ucchusma, Mahamayuri and Hayagriva are venerated as dharmapālas as well.

Shingon Buddhism
In Japanese Shingon Buddhism, a descendant of Tangmi, or Chinese Esoteric Buddhism, dharmapālas such as Acala and Yamantaka are classified as Wisdom Kings. Other dharmapālas, notably Mahakala, belong to the Deva realm, the fourth and lowest class in the hierarchy of honorable beings.

Related deities
In Tibetan Buddhism, there are two other classes of defender, the lokapālas and Kshetrapala Papiya, Guan Yu and Hachiman are also known as defenders.

See also
 Asian witchcraft
 Begtse
 Door gods, for similar protective East Asian deities
 Gyalpo spirits
 Heng and Ha
 Nio - wrathful guardians of Japanese Buddhist temples
 Palden Lhamo
 Skanda (Buddhism)
 Snow Lion
 Vajrapani and Skanda

References

Bibliography
 Kalsang, Ladrang (1996). The Guardian Deities of Tibet Delhi: Winsome Books. (Third Reprint 2003) .
 Linrothe, Rob (1999). Ruthless Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art London: Serindia Publications. .
 De Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Rene (1956). Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Oxford University Press. Reprint Delhi: Books Faith, 1996 - . Reprint Delhi: Paljor Publications, 2002 - .

External links

Buddhist Protectors - outline page at Himalayan Art Resources
Citipati Buddhist Protector - Citipati Ritual Mask

Dharmapala


Le No. 74 Squadron RAF, également connu sous le nom de "Tiger Squadron" en raison de son motif en forme de tête de tigre, est un squadron de la Royal Air Force. Il a exploité des avions de chasse de 1917 aux années 1990, puis des avions d'entraînement jusqu'à sa dissolution en 2000. Il a été le membre de la Royal Air Force au sein de l'Association des Tigres de l'OTAN de 1961 jusqu'à sa dissolution et a depuis été remplacé par le No. 230 Squadron.

Formée en 1917 sous le nom de No. 74 (Training Depot) Squadron, l'unité commence sa vie comme escadron d'entraînement. Envoyé sur le front occidental en 1918 sous le nom de No. 74 (Fighter) Squadron, l'unité se forge rapidement une réputation féroce en raison de l'agressivité de ses pilotes, qui ressemblent à des " tigres ". Avec de nombreux as dans ses rangs (tels que Mick Mannock, Taffy Jones et Sydney Carlin), le No. 74 (F) Squadron remporte 225 victoires en seulement 7 mois sur le front. Les Tigres continuent à servir durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, participant à la bataille d'Angleterre. Après la guerre, ils forment le premier escadron de chasseurs à réaction avec le No. 616 Squadron et le No. 504 Squadron, volant sur le Gloster Meteor F.3. En 1960, il devient la première unité de la RAF à utiliser l'English Electric Lightning F.1. Entre 1962 et 1963, le No. 74 (F) Squadron exploite une équipe de voltige aérienne appelée "The Tigers", composée de neuf Lightning - c'est la première équipe de voltige au monde à piloter des avions capables d'atteindre Mach 2.

À partir d'octobre 1984, les Tigres opèrent depuis RAF Wattisham, dans le Suffolk, avec uniquement des McDonnell Douglas F-4J(UK) Phantom. Ces appareils sont conservés jusqu'en janvier 1991, date à laquelle ils sont remplacés par des Phantom FGR.2 équipés de moteur Spey. Dans le cadre la restructuration de la défense britannique en 1990, il est décidé de retirer les escadrons de Phantom restants (le No. 74 (F) Squadron et le No. 56 (F) Squadron), ce qui se concrétise en octobre 1992. Les Tigres passent leurs huit dernières années en tant que No. 74 (Reserve) Squadron, exploitant les BAe Hawk T.1/T.1A depuis RAF Valley pour former les futurs pilotes. Le No. 74 (R) Squadron est dissous pour la dernière fois le 22 septembre 2000.

Notes et références

Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1917
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 2000

No. 74 Squadron RAF


Pertev Naili Boratav (asıl adı Mustafa Pertev, d. 2 Eylül 1907, Darıdere [bugün Zlatograd, Bulgaristan] - ö. 16 Mart 1998, Paris, Fransa), Türk halkbilimcisi, halk edebiyatı ve folklor araştırmacısı.

Hayatı
Boratav, 1907 yılında Gümülcine'nin Darıdere ilçesinde doğmuştur. Babası kaymakam olduğu için çok yer değiştirirler. İlkokulu Bolu'nun ilçesi Mudurnu'da bitirir. Bu süre içinde en fazla Mudurnu'da hayatı geçtiği için kendini Mudurnulu olarak tanımlamıştır. Annesiyle olan ilişki yapısının daha sonra yapacağı çalışmaların ilk adımını oluşturduğu görülür. Bu dönemde annesi anlattığı masallarla Boratav'ın folklora yönelmesinde etkili olduğu gibi, sonraları masallar üzerine çalışırken onun özel öneme sahip masal kaynağını oluşturur. İlkokulu bitirdikten sonra 1919 yılında İstanbul'a giden Boratav, orta öğrenimini Kumkapı Fransız Koleji'nde (1919-1924) Gelenbevi ve İstanbul Lisesi'ni (1924-1927) tamamlar. 1926-27 yılında İstanbul Lisesi'nde sosyoloji dersinde Hilmi Ziya Ülken'in öğrencisi olmasının, kendisinin hem sonra edebiyat Fakültesine gitmesinde hem de Halkbilimi araştırmalarına ilgi duymasında etkili olduğunu ifade eder. Nitekim, bu konudaki kararını hocası Ülken ile konuşması, onun ilk araştırmasını gerçekleştirmesine yol açar. Söz konusu çalışmayı, her yıl tatilini geçirdiği babasının kaymakamlık yaptığı Mudurnu'da, yerlilerin ağzından çeşitli halk edebiyatı metinleri derleyerek gerçekleştirir.

Boratav, 1930'da Dârülfünûn İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi ile Yüksek Muallim Mektebi'ni bitirerek Fuad Köprülü'nün asistanı olarak çalışmaya başladı.

1941'de Halk Hikâyeleri ve Halk Hikâyeciliği teziyle doçent oldu, 1948'de profesörlüğe yükseldi. 1948'de başkanı olduğu Halk Edebiyatı Kürsüsü CHP iktidarınca komünizmi yaydığı gerekçesiyle kapatıldıktan sonra yurt dışına gitti.

ABD, Almanya ve Fransa'da çalıştı. 1940'lı yıllarda Behice Boran'ın Yurt ve Dünya dergisini yönetti. Stanford Üniversitesi Türkiye bölümünü kurdu. Paris'te ölümüne kadar CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)'de çalıştı. 1998'de Paris'te öldü.

Türk halk edebiyatı araştırmaları öncüsü Pertev Naili Boratav 2000 masal, 40 halk hikâyesi, çocuk oyunları, türküler, tiyatrolar, şarkılar, fıkralar, şiirlerden meydana gelen zengin bir arşiv kurdu. CNRS, Sedat Simavi, TC Kültür Bakanlığı ödülleri almıştır.

Pertev Naili Boratav, Türk kültürünün kaynakları arasında en başta halk edebiyatının geldiğine inanıyordu. Anadolu halk kültürü araştırmalarına, aşık geleneğine yöneldi. Babasının kaymakam olması sebebiyle çocukluk ve gençlik dönemi Mudurnu'da geçmiştir. İlk edebi çalışmalarına da burada başlamıştır. Bolu Mudurnu'da Köroğlu destanı gibi konularda araştırmalar yapmış tez vermiştir. Nerelisin diye soranlara 'insanın memleketi doğduğu yer değil çocukluğunun geçtiği yerdir' diyerek Mudurnu'yu memleketi olarak saymıştır. Halihazırda Mudurnu'da Pertev Naili Boratav kültür evi varlığını korumaktadır.

Eserleri
 Gökoğlu Destanı, 1931, 2003
 Folklor ve Edebiyat I, 1939, 1991
 Bey Böyrek Hikâyesine Ait Metinler, 1939
 Halk Edebiyatı Dersleri, 1943, 2000
 İzahlı Halk Şiiri antolojisi, 1946, 2000
 Folklor ve Edebiyat II, 1954, 1991
 Halk Hikâyeleri ve Halk Hikâyeciliği,1946, 2002
 Typen Türkischer Volsmarchen, 1953
 Zaman Zaman İçinde, 1958, 1992
 Le Tekerleme, 1963, 2000
 Az Gittik, Uz Gittik, 1969, 1992
 100 Soruda Türk Folkloru, 1973, 2003
 Nasreddin Hoca, 1996
 Pertev Naili Boratav, 100 Soruda Türk Folkloru'', K Kitaplığı, İstanbul 2003

Ayrıca bakınız
 DTCF Olayları

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Halkbiliminin Babası: Pertev Naili Boratav - Yusuf Çotuksöken, Sözelti dergisi
 Türk Halk Edebiyatının Ve Halk Biliminin Koca Çınarı Pertev Naili Boratav - Esin Alçıoğlu, Akademik Bakış Dergisi

Türk halkbilimcileri
1907 doğumlular
1998 yılında ölenler
Sedat Simavi Ödülü sahipleri
Resim aranan yazarlar
Bulgaristan doğumlular
Paris'te ölenler
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Pertev Naili Boratav


This Is the Army is a 1943 American wartime musical comedy film produced by Jack L. Warner and Hal B. Wallis and directed by Michael Curtiz, adapted from a wartime stage musical with the same name, designed to boost morale in the U.S. during World War II, directed by Ezra Stone. The screenplay by Casey Robinson and Claude Binyon was based on the 1942 Broadway musical written by James McColl and Irving Berlin, with music and lyrics by Berlin.  Berlin composed the film's 19 songs, and sang one of them.

The movie stars George Murphy, Joan Leslie, George Tobias, Ronald Reagan and Alan Hale, and features a large ensemble cast including Charles Butterworth, Dolores Costello, Una Merkel, Stanley Ridges, Rosemary de Camp, Ruth Donnelly, Dorothy Peterson, Frances Langford, Gertrude Niesen, Kate Smith, and Joe Louis. The cast of both the film, and the stage play on which it was based, included soldiers of the U.S. Army who were actors and performers in civilian life, including Reagan and Louis.

Plot

In World War I, song-and-dance man Jerry Jones is drafted into the US Army, where he stages a revue called Yip Yip Yaphank. It is a rousing success, but one night during the show orders are received to leave immediately for France: instead of the finale, the troops march up the aisles through the audience, out the theater's main entrance and into a convoy of waiting trucks. Among the teary, last-minute goodbyes Jones kisses his newlywed bride Ethel farewell.

In the trenches of France, several of the soldiers in the production are killed or wounded by shrapnel from a German artillery barrage. Jones is wounded in the leg and must walk with a cane, ending his career as a dancer. Nevertheless, he is resolved to find something useful to do, especially now that he is the father of a son. Sgt. McGee and Pvt. Eddie Dibble, the troop bugler, also survive.

Twenty-five years later World War II is raging in Europe. Jerry's son Johnny enlists in the Army shortly after Pearl Harbor. He tells his sweetheart Eileen Dibble that they cannot marry until he returns, since he doesn't want to make her a widow.

Johnny reluctantly accepts an order to stage another musical, following in his father's footsteps. The show goes on tour throughout the United States and eventually plays Washington, D.C., in front of President Roosevelt. During the show it is announced that this is the last performance: the soldiers in the production have been ordered back to their combat units.

Eileen, who has joined the Red Cross auxiliary, appears backstage. During a break in the show she brings a minister and persuades Johnny that they should marry now – which they do, in the alley behind the theater, with their fathers acting as witnesses.

Cast

Production
Some location shooting for the film took place at Camp Cooke in central California. The Warner Ranch in Calabasas, California was used for the World War I battle scenes.

The title of the movie is the same as the title of the stage version of the show. The movie features star appearances by Irving Berlin, Kate Smith, Frances Langford and Joe Louis as themselves. Smith's full-length rendition of Berlin's "God Bless America" is arguably the most famous cinematic rendition of the piece. Louis appears in a revue piece called "What the Well-Dressed Man in Harlem Will Wear", with James Cross (lead singer and dancer), William Wycoff (dancer in drag), Marion Brown (heavyset dancer), and a chorus of perhaps a dozen, the only spoken/sung scene that includes African-Americans. Louis appears in two other scenes, one in a boxing match, and the second being the stage door canteen number. He did not speak in either scene.

George Murphy was not the first actor considered for the role of Jerry. Fred Astaire, Joseph Cotten and Walter Huston were all considered first. George Brent was also offered the role of Major (then Colonel) Davidson, which was played in the film by Stanley Ridges, but Brent refused to work without being paid. Ginger Rogers was considered for the role of Eileen, played in the film by Joan Leslie. Frances Langford sings the song "What Does He Look Like?", but it was originally offered to Dinah Shore, who turned it down because she felt the lyrics made it more appropriate for a man to sing it.

One of the film's highlights is Irving Berlin himself singing his song "Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning", a scene borrowed from Yip! Yip! Yaphank!.

The celebrity impersonation "hamburger" sequence includes accurate spoofs of Broadway stars Jane Cowl, Lynn Fontanne, Alfred Lunt and Ethel Barrymore, and film stars Charles Boyer and Herbert Marshall. The revue pieces also include acrobat routines, several comedy pieces, including one with Hale in drag, a magic skit, a minstrel show sketch (often removed from consumer videos and television broadcasts), and tributes to the Navy and the Air Corps.

Although the core of the movie consists of the musical numbers, the movie contains a veneer of a plot involving the wartime love interests of both the father and the son.

Producers Jack Warner and Hal Wallis, director Michael Curtiz and screenwriter Casey Robinson all donated their salaries to the Army Emergency Relief Fund.

Many of the soldiers who had participated in the show held reunions every five years after the end of World War II. Their tenth and final reunion (1992) was held in New York's Theater District. Five hundred men were used in the final number "This Will Be the Last Time".

Release and reception

The movie premiered at the Warner's Earle Theater on August 12, 1943.

Box office
The film grossed $9,555,586 (equal to $ today), which was donated to Army Emergency Relief. It produced rental revenue of $8,301,000 in the United States and Canada, and $2,144,000 overseas, for a total of $10,445,000. It was the highest-grossing musical film of all-time until it was surpassed by White Christmas in 1954. The receipts from This Is the Army place it among the top 40 movies of all time in U.S. box office popularity, which considers both inflation and the size of the population when the movie was released.

By the mid-1970s, the movie fell into the public domain, occasionally airing on television to a new generation of viewers. Renewed interest in some of the actors helped some actors that might have been considered down-and-out, most notably Stump and Stumpy's Jimmy Cross and Harold Cromer.

Awards and honors
The film received several Academy Award nominations, including Ray Heindorf for his musical score, Best Art Direction-Interior Decoration in a Color Film, and Bes/t Sound Recording.  Heindorf was the only winner for the film.

Musical numbers (film)

 "It's Your Country and My Country"
 "My Sweetie"
 "Poor Little Me"
 "We're On Our Way to France"
 "Goodbye, France"
 "God Bless America"
 "What Does He Look Like"
 "This Is The Army, Mr. Jones"
 "I'm Getting Tired So I Can Sleep"
 "Mandy"
 "Ladies of the Chorus"
 "That's What the Well Dressed Man in Harlem Will Wear"
 "How About a Cheer for the Navy"
 "I Left My Heart at the Stage Door Canteen"
 "With My Head in the Clouds/American Eagles"
 "Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning"
 "This Time"

"My British Buddy", also sung by Irving Berlin, was cut from the film, but was released on DVD. It was originally added to the British production of the stage musical.

Award and honors
The musical score was nominated for and won the Oscar for Music (Scoring of a Musical Picture) (Ray Heindorf) at the 16th Annual Academy Awards. The film was also nominated in the category Best Sound (Nathan Levinson), but lost to This Land Is Mine.

Adaptations
Lux Radio Theatre presented a broadcast of the show on February 22, 1943, featuring 200 soldiers and a chorus of professional singers.

See also
Call Me Mister
Winged Victory

References

External links

This Is the Army is available for free viewing on YouTube
 Prologue Magazine story "Irving Berlin This Is the Army" by Laurence Bergreen

1943 films
1943 musical comedy films
American musical comedy films
Articles containing video clips
Films based on musicals
Films directed by Michael Curtiz
Films produced by Hal B. Wallis
Films scored by Irving Berlin
Films scored by Ray Heindorf
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
Jukebox musical films
Pearl Harbor films
Warner Bros. films
Western Front (World War I) films
World War II films made in wartime

This Is the Army


L'église Notre-Dame est une église située à Authon-Ébéon, dans le département français de la Charente-Maritime en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Historique

L'église est classée au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Architecture

Intérieur

Extérieur

Galerie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Charente-Maritime
 Églises de la Charente-Maritime

Liens externes

Authon-Ébéon
Monument historique classé en 1907
Authon-Ébéon
Authon-Ébéon
Authon-Ébéon

Église Notre-Dame d'Authon-Ébéon


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පොල් පර්යේෂණ ආයතන
ලුණුවිල
පොල් පර්යේෂණ ආයතනය මේ දක්වා වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද පොල් විශේෂ 2 ක් ව්‍යාපාරික වගාව සඳහා හදුන්වා දී තිබේ. ඒවා නම්
CRIC 60
CRISL98 ය.
පොල් පර්යේෂණ ආයතනය මේ දක්වා වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද පොල් විශේෂ 5 ක් ගෙවතු වගා සඳහා හඳුන්වා දී ඇත.
CRIC 65
කප්රුවන
කප්සෙක
කප්සුවය
CRISL2020

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පොල් නිෂ්පාදනය හා වෙළඳාම

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කෘෂි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 28% ක් පමණ පොල් වගාව සඳහා යොදා ගෙන ඇත. එම භූමි ප්‍රමාණය හෙක්ටාර 439000 කි. (1988 මහ බැංකු වාර්තා අනුව) පොල් පැළ සිටුවා අවුරුදු පහකින් පමණ අස්වැන්න ලබා ගත හැකිය. එමෙන්ම අවුරුදු පනහත් හැටත් අතර දිගු කාලයක් වුවද පොල් ගසකින් ඵල නෙළා ගැනීමට හැකි වේ. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පොල්  නිෂ්පාදනයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් දේශීය පරිභෝජනය සඳහා යොදා ගැනේ. ජන සංඛ්‍යාවේ වර්ධනයත් සමඟ ම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගෘහස්ථව කෙරෙන පොල් පරිභෝජනය දිනෙන් දින වැඩි වීමේ ප්‍රවණතාවක් දක්වයි. පොල් ආශ්‍රිතව විවිධ නිෂ්පාදනයන් සිදු කරනු ලබන අතර ඒ සඳහා හොඳ වෙළඳපොළක් ද දක්නට ලැබේ. පොල් වගාව නිසියාකාරව කරගෙන ගියහොත් හොඳ ලාභයක් ලැබිය හැකි අතර අපනයන කටයුතු සඳහා ද යෙදිය හැකිය.

ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ පොල් නිෂ්පාදන අපනයන තත්ත්වය

මූලය- (ශ්‍රී ලංකා මහ බැංකුව 1998)

පොල් ආශ්‍රිත නිෂ්පාදන

පොල් ආශ්‍රිත නිෂ්පාදනවල දී පොල් ගසේ විවිධ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය යොදා ගෙන විවිධ නිෂ්පාදනයන් සිදු කරනු ලබයි.

පොල් මදය ආශ්‍රිත
කොප්පරා
පුන්නක්කු
පිසීමට ගන්නා පොල් තෙල්
හිස තෙල්
සුවඳ සබන්
ෂැම්පු
බිස්කට්
කේක්
නැවුම් පොල් තෙල් (Virgin Coconut Oil)

පොල් කටුව ආශ්‍රිත
හැදි
බොත්තම්
සක්‍රීය කාබන්
මදුරු දඟර

කෙඳි ආශ්‍රිත
ලණු
කඹ
බුරුසු වර්ග
කොසු
ලණු පැදුරු
විසිතුරු භාණ්ඩ

පොල් කඳ	ආශ්‍රිත
ලී කර්මාන්තය සඳහා

පොල් අතු	ආශ්‍රිත
පොල් අතු විවීම සඳහා

පොල් ඉරට ආශ්‍රිත
ඉදල් නිෂ්පාදනය සඳහා
විසිතුරු භාණ්ඩ නිෂ්පාදනය සඳහා

පොල් මල ආශ්‍රිත
විනාකිරි
පැණි
හකුරු

නිෂ්පාදන ආශ්‍රිත පින්තූර ගැලරිය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පොල් අපනයනය කරන රටවල්

ජර්මනිය
ජපානය
පාකිස්ථානය
සයිප්‍රසය

පොල් වගාවේ අභියෝග හා අනාගත විභවය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පොල් නිෂ්පාදනයෙන් 70% පමණ භාවිත වනුයේ දේශීය පරිභෝජනය සඳහාය. එබැවින් පොල් ආශ්‍රිත කර්මාන්ත සඳහා අවශ්‍යවන පොල් ගෙඩි ප්‍රමාණයේ විශාල අඩුවක් පවතී මෙම ගැටලූව විසදීමය සඳහා

 පොල් ඉඩම් වල ඵලදායිතාව ඉහල නැංවීම.
 ඉහල නිෂ්පාදන විභවයක් ඇති දෙමුහුන් පොල් ප්‍රභේද හදුන්වා දීම.
 පාංශූ සංරක්ෂණ ක්‍රම භාවිතයෙන් පස සෝදා පාළුවට යාම වැලක් වීමට කටයුතු කිරීම.
 පසට කාබනික ද්‍රවය යෙදීම.
 කෘමී හා පළිහෝද මර්දනය කිරීම සිදුකල යුතුය.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පොල් කර්මාන්තය මුහුණ දෙන ගැටළු

හෙක්ටයාරයක්න් ලැබෙන ආදායම අඩු වීම.
සංකීර්ණ මිනිස් අවශ්‍යතා ඉටු කර ගැනීම සඳහා පොල් වගා කළ බිම් යොදා ගැනීම.
පොහොර භාවිතය අඩු වීම.
දේශීය පරිභෝජනයට ගන්නා පොල් ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි නිසා අපනයනය සඳහා ඉතිර ිවන පොල්  ප්‍රමාණය අඩු වීම.
පළිබෝධ හා කෘමි උවදුරු නිසා පොල් වගාවට හානි පැමිණීම.
*පොල් වගා කර ඇති ඉඩම්වලින් අමතර ආදායමක්ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ නො දැරීම.
වෙනත් ආදේශක නිසා විදේශ වෙළඳ පොළේ හොඳ මිළක් නො ලැබීම.
කටුු පොල් වගාකරුවන්ගේ්ගේ වෙළඳ මාාෆිියා

පොල් ඉඩම් අඩු වීමට හේතු

නිවාස ඉදිකිරීම.
කර්මාන්තශලා ඉදිවීම.
නිදහස් වෙළඳ කලාප ඇති වීම.
ක්‍රීඩාංගන ඉදි කිරීම.
මහා මාර්ග ඉදි කිරීම.

යනාදිය සඳහා බිම් යොදා ගැනීම.

ගැටළු විසඳීමට රජය ගෙන ඇති ක්‍රියාමාර්ග

පොල් වගාව සංවර්ධන කිරීම සඳහා ලුණුවිල පොල් පර්යේෂණ ආයතනය පිහිටුවීම.
පොල් වගාකිරීමේ මණ්ඩලය මඟින් නැවත පොල් වගා කිරීම, අලුතින් පොල් වගා කිරීම, ගෙවතු වගා ආධාර දීම යනුවෙන් සහනාධාර ක්‍රම ඇරඹීම
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පොල් පර්යේෂණ ආයතනය මඟින් යෝග්‍ය පොහොර වර්ග හදුන්වා දීම.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පොල් පර්යේෂණ ආයතනය මඟින් වැඩි අස්වැන්නක් ලබා දෙන බීජ පොල් හඳුන්වා දීම.
කෘමි උවදුරු සහ පළිබෝධ මර්දනයට අවශ්‍ය උපදෙස් ලබා දීම සහ පොල් කර්මාන්තය දිරි ගැන්වීමට අවශ්‍ය ආධාර ලබා දීම.
පොහොර ලබා දී ඇති ඉඩම්වලින් අමතර ආදායමක් ලබා ගැනීමට උපදෙස් ලබා දීම.
එනම් කෙසෙල්, අන්නාසි, ගම්මිරිස්, කෝපි වැනි අතුරු බෝග වගාව හා සත්ත්ව පාලනය සඳහා යොදා ගැනීම.
පොල් වගා කරන ආසියානු රටවල් පැසිෆික් රටවල් විසින් පිහිටුවා ගනු ලැබූ ආසියානු පැසිෆික් පොල් සංවිධානය පිහිටවීම.

ලෝකයේ පොල් වගා කරන වෙනත් ප්‍රදේශ කිහිපයක්

ආසියාව
ඉන්දියාව
බුරුමය
තායිලන්තය
ඕස්ටේලියාව
කාම්බෝජය
මැඩගස්කරය
ජැමෙයිකා
ටැන්සානියා
පිලිපීනය
මලයාව

පින්තූර ගැලරිය

මුලාශ්‍ර
 අධ්‍යාපන දෙපාර්තුමේන්තුව - 9 ශ්‍රේණිය - සමාජ අධ්‍යයනය පෙළ පොත

අඩවියෙන් පි‍ටත පිටු
 පොල් වගාකිරීමේ මණඩලය - ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

පොල්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පොල් වගාව හා ආශ්‍රිත කර්මාන්ත


La seconde campagne d'hiver entre novembre et décembre 1921 est une offensive des troupes ukrainiennes dans le contexte de la guerre civile russe.

Contexte

Les trois troupes ukrainiennes reprennent l'offensive après l'opération Kiev pour tenter d'unifier l'Ukraine.
"Podonie" de quatre cent hommes ;
"Volonie" du Général Iouriy Tioutiounnyk de huit cents volontaires et
"Bessarabie" de trois cent cinquante hommes. C'est la dernière action de l'Armée populaire ukrainienne.

Notes et références

Bataille ou opération de la guerre civile russe
1921 en Ukraine
Bataille impliquant la Russie
Bataille impliquant l'Ukraine
Guerre soviéto-ukrainienne

Seconde campagne d'hiver


This article  lists the heads of state of Sudan since the country's independence in 1956.

History of the office
Since independence was proclaimed on 1 January 1956, six individuals (and three multi-member sovereignty councils) have served as head of state of Sudan, currently under the title President of the Republic of the Sudan. Prior to independence, Sudan was governed as a condominium by Egypt and the United Kingdom, under the name Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. As such, executive power was vested in a dyarchy consisting of both countries' heads of state – at the time of independence, the Queen of the United Kingdom (Elizabeth II) and the Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council (headed by Gamal Abdel Nasser). Immediately following independence, the role of head of state was filled by a five-member Sovereignty Council, with rival nationalist factions unable to agree on a single candidate. In November 1958, General Ibrahim Abboud led a military coup d'état, assuming the role of head of state as Chairman of the Supreme Council. Assuming the title of president in 1964, he resigned later that year due to general discontent around the rule of the military regime. Abboud was succeeded by a senior civil servant, Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, who served as acting president for 18 days before transferring executive authority to a Committee of Sovereignty.

Ismail al-Azhari, the leader of the National Unionist Party, was made president in July 1965; he ruled with limited power until he was deposed in a 1969 military coup. The military officers responsible for the coup established the National Revolutionary Command Council, chaired by Jaafar Nimeiry. Nimeiry, the leader of the newly formed Sudanese Socialist Union, assumed the position of president in 1971, and subsequently established a one-party state, which existed until 1985, when a group of military officers overthrew his government and established the 1985 Transitional Military Council, led by Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. Ahmed al-Mirghani succeeded to the relatively powerless position of Chairman of the Supreme Council in 1986, after multi-party election held that year. He was deposed in a 1989 military coup led by Lieutenant-General Omar al-Bashir. Al-Bashir served as head of state, under the title of Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation from 1989 to 1993 and as president from 1993 to 2019 (and from 1996 as the leader of the National Congress Party).

Al-Bashir was removed from power by the Sudanese Armed Forces on 11 April 2019, amid the Sudanese Revolution after holding the office for nearly 30 years. Lieutenant-General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf took control of Sudan without becoming head of state, established the 2019 Transitional Military Council, but resigned the following day in favor of Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan. The Transitional Military Council was replaced with the Transitional Sovereignty Council on 20 August 2019, under the chairmanship of al-Burhan. The Sovereignty Council, an 11-member civilian-military collective head of state, is designed to lead the country for 39 months in the transition to democracy, which is supposed to end with the next general election. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was dissolved by al-Burhan on 25 October 2021, following a coup d'état. Al-Burhan reinstated it on 11 November 2021, with some members replaced.

Term limits
As of 2021, there is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Sudan. The term limit has not been met by any president yet.

Titles of heads of state
 1956–1958: Sovereignty Council
 1958–1964: Chairman of the Supreme Council
 1964: President
 1964–1965: Committees of Sovereignty
 1965–1969: Chairman of the Sovereignty Council
 1969–1971: Chairman of the National Revolutionary Command Council
 1971–1985: President
 1985: Commander-in-Chief
 1985–1986: Chairman of the Transitional Military Council
 1986–1989: Chairman of the Supreme Council
 1989–1993: Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation
 1993–2019: President
 2019: Chairman of the Transitional Military Council
 2019–2021: Transitional Sovereignty Council
 2021: Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
 2021–present: Transitional Sovereignty Council

Heads of state of Sudan (1956–present)

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

Timeline

Incoming election

Notes

See also
 Politics of Sudan
 List of governors of pre-independence Sudan
 Vice President of Sudan
 List of heads of government of Sudan
 Lists of office-holders
 List of current heads of state and government

References

External links
 Official website of the President of Sudan
 World Statesmen – Sudan

Government of Sudan
History of Sudan
Sudan

1956 establishments in Sudan
Heads of state
Heads of state

List of heads of state of Sudan


Balonmano Bera Bera er en spansk kvindehåndboldklub i San Sebastián i Spanien. Klubben spiller for tiden i División de Honor. Klubben blev grundlagt i 1983 og har hjemmebane i Polideportivo Bidebieta, der har plads 1.000 tilskuere. Klubben har aldrig deltaget ved EHF Champions League, men har vundet det spanske mesterskab fem gange og den spanske pokalturnering 6 gange. Holdets træner er Imanol Álvarez.

Spillertruppen 2019-20

Målvogtere
 38  Mercedes Castellanos
 87  Renata Arruda
Fløjspillere
RW
 15  Maitane Etxeberria
 21  Adriana Cardoso de Castro
LW
 7  Sara Gil de la Vega
 63  Mirene Moreno
Stregspillere
 6  Nekane Terés
 18  Elisabet Cesáreo

Bagspillere
LB
 4  Mariane Fernandes
 5  Manuela Pizzo
 8  Alba Menéndez
 44  Ainhoa Etxeberria
CB
 3  Esther Arrojeria
 9  Emma Boada
 27  Silvia Arderíus
RB
 20  Maria Prieto O'Mullony

Medarbejdere
  Cheftræner:  Imanol Álvarez
  Assistenttræner: Eider Rubio

Tidligere spillere

  Nely Carla Alberto
  Azenaide Carlos
  Mihaela Ciobanu
  Lígia Costa
  Verónica Cuadrado
  Fabiana Diniz
  Patricia Elorza
  Beatriz Fernández
  Alicia Fernández
  Tatiana Garmendia
  Amélie Goudjo
  Anette Hoffmann
  Janne Kolling
  Alexandra Lacrabère
  Marta López
  Ana Martínez
  Antonela Mena
  Wendy Obein
  Svetlana Obucina
  Darly Zoqbi de Paula
  Elisabeth Pinedo
  Montserrat Puche
  Anna Punko
  Fernanda da Silva
  Ana Temprano
  Raphaëlle Tervel
  Katarina Tomašević
  Tania Yáñez

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldklubber fra Spanien
San Sebastián
Etableret i 1983

BM Bera Bera


التجارة متعددة القنوات  مصطلح ظهر مع انتشار الإنترنت في بدايات التسعينات لها مسميات أخرى وهي طوب ونقرات (Click And Mortar).

ماهية التجارة متعددة القنوات

هي إحدى أنواع بيع التجزئة الإلكتروني الأكثر نموا حياليا، حيث تقوم الشركة التي تستخدم هذا النوع بتحويل بعض من نشاطاتها على الإنترنت مع وجود أصولها ونشاطاتها الأساسية على أرض الواقع.ونعني بذلك ان الشركة تحتوي على شبكة من المتاجر كقناة أساسيه لبيع التجزئة بالإضافة إلى استخدامها لشبكة الإنترنت لخدمة المستهلك، مثلا قد يتيح متجر إلإلكترونيات للزبون الطلب من الإنترنت لكن استلام البضاعة يكون من المتاجر المتوفره في منطقته، ومثال اخر لمتجر اثاث في منطقه معينه يتيح لمستخدم موقعه الإلكتروني طلب البضائع ويقوم بتوصيلها لزبون.

نشأتها

لقد بدأ استخدام هذا النوع منذ عام 1990 فظهور شبكة الإنترنت في ذلك الوقت سمح للكثير من الشركات باستخدام الإنترنت للمتاجرة.وقد بدأ تبني هذا النوع من التجارة من قبل المتاجر الكبيرة supermarkets حيث كانت تتيح لزبائنها الطلب من مواقعها المتواجده على الإنترنت والحصول على البضائع من مخازنها الاصلية.

مميزات التجارة متعددة القنوات
عندما تقرر الشركة استخدام قناة الإنترنت كقناة تدعم المتاجر الحالية للشركة فإن ذلك يؤدي إلى إعطاء مميزات عديده منها:

1- وجود الاسم التجاري لدى الشركة يسهل الاستثمار على شبكة الإنترنت.

2- وجود البنية الأساسية والاستراتيجيات مسبقا لدى الشركة فلاتحتاج للبدأ من الصفر.

3- توسع نطاق الشركة إلى نطاق دولي وعالمي مع سهولة الاتصال بعملائها المحليين والدوليين.

4- تخفض تكاليف إنشاء ومعالجة وتوزيع وحفظ واسترجاع المعلومات الورقية. فايجاد دائرة مشتريات إلكترونية تساعد الشركة على تقليص التكاليف الإدارية للشراء بنسبة 85%.

5- تعطي الخيار للمستهلك بأن يتسوق أو ينهي معاملاته في أي وقت ومن أي مكان في العالم.

6-أفضل طريقة لجذب عملاء جدد فلا يوجد نطاق جغرافي لشبكة الإنترنت ممايقلل من تكلفة توظيف متخصصين لجذب الزبائن وتحقيق نتائج أكبر من خلال سهولة الاتصال وا التسويق.

الصعوبات التي تواجه التجارة متعددة القنوات

تواجه الشركات من هذا النوع تحدي من أن تكون عناصر قوتهم وممتلكاتهم تتجه كلها نحو مصب واحد بناء موقع على شبكة الإنترنت ودعمه بالتكنولوجيا التي يحتاجها مع إغفال نشاطاتها على ارض الواقع
و أيضا توا جه هذه الشركات تحدي أكبر في تنسيق أسعار البضائع بين هاتين القناتين وأيضا في التعامل مع عوائد مبيعات مواقعها على شبكة الإنترنت
بالإضافة إلى ذلك إذا ما اعتبرنا الإنترنت قناة أخرى للشركة لا بد أن توفر هذه القناة خدمات أخرى للمستهلك تميزها عن غيرها من القنوات إضافة إلى عنصر الثقة الذي يكون قليلا لدى بعض الزبناء في استعمال بطائق الائتمان ومد الشركة بعلوماتهم البنكية

الشركات الرائدة في هذا المجال

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المصادر

e-commerce,kenneth c.laudon,pearson

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