Cornelius McGillicuddy (December 22, 1862 – February 8, 1956), better known as Connie Mack, was an American professional baseball catcher, manager, and team owner. The longest-serving manager in Major League Baseball history, he holds records for wins (3,731), losses (3,948), and games managed (7,755). Mack's victory total is 829 more than the second highest total, 2,902 wins by Tony La Russa. Mack's lead in career losses is even greater,  1,433 higher than the second highest total, La Russa's 2,515.

Mack managed the Philadelphia Athletics for the club's first 50 seasons of play, starting in 1901, before retiring at age 87 following the 1950 season, and was at least part-owner from 1901 to 1954. He was the first American League manager to lead a team to 100 wins, doing so in 1910, 1911, 1929, 1930, and 1931; his five 100-win seasons are second most in MLB history, with only two other managers surpassing him. He was the first manager to win the World Series three times, and he is the only manager to win consecutive Series on separate occasions (1910–11, 1929–30); his five Series titles remain the third most by any manager, and his nine American League pennants rank second in league history. However, constant financial struggles forced repeated rebuilding of the roster, and Mack's teams also finished in last place 17 times, which included ten seasons in which the Athletics lost 100 games. Mack was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937.

Early life
Mack was born Cornelius McGillicuddy in Brookfield, Massachusetts, in what is now East Brookfield on December 22, 1862. He did not have a middle name, but many accounts erroneously give him the middle name "Alexander"; this error probably arose because his son Cornelius McGillicuddy Jr. took Alexander as his confirmation name. As with many Irish immigrants whose names began with "Mc", the McGillicuddys were often referred to as "Mack", except for official and legal documents. His parents, Michael McGillicuddy and Mary McKillop, were both immigrants from Ireland—Michael from Killarney, County Kerry and Mary from the Catholic section of Belfast. Michael's father was named Cornelius McGillicuddy, and by tradition, the family named at least one son in each generation Cornelius. "Connie" is a common nickname for Cornelius, so Cornelius McGillicuddy was called "Connie Mack" from an early age. Connie Mack never legally changed his name; on the occasion of his second marriage at age 48, he signed the wedding register as "Cornelius McGillicuddy". His nickname on the baseball field was "Slats", for his height of 6 feet 2 inches and thin build.

Mack's father became a wheelwright. During the American Civil War, he served with the 51st Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Michael McGillicuddy suffered from several ailments as the result of his military service; he was able to work only infrequently and drew a disability pension.

Mack was educated in East Brookfield, and began working summers in local cotton mills at age 9 to help support his family. He quit school after completing the eighth grade at age 14, intending to work full-time to contribute to the family's support, as several of his siblings had done. He clerked at a store, worked on local farms, and worked on the production lines of the shoe factories in nearby towns.

Mack was also a good athlete and frequently played baseball and some of its predecessor games with local players in East Brookfield. In 1879 his skills landed him a place on East Brookfield's town team, which played other town teams in the area. Though younger than his teammates by several years, Mack was the team's catcher and de facto captain.

Professional career

Beginning in 1886, Mack played 10 seasons in the National League and one in the Players' League, for a total of 11 seasons in the major leagues, almost entirely as a catcher.

Beginning in 1884, he played on minor league teams in the Connecticut cities of Meriden and Hartford before being sold to the Washington Nationals (sometimes called the Statesmen or the Senators) of the National League in 1886. In the winter of 1889, he jumped to the Buffalo Bisons of the new Players' League, investing his entire life savings of $500 in shares in the club. But the Players' League went out of business after only a year, and Mack lost his job and his whole investment. In December 1890 Mack signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League and remained with them for the rest of his career as a full-time player.

As a player, Mack was "a light-hitting catcher with a reputation as a smart player, but didn't do anything particularly well as a player."

Mack was one of the first catchers to position himself directly behind home plate instead of in front of the backstop. According to Wilbert Robinson, "Mack never was mean ... [but] if you had any soft spot, Connie would find it. He could do and say things that got more under your skin than the cuss words used by other catchers."

In addition to verbally needling batters to distract them, he developed skills such as blocking the plate to prevent base runners from scoring and faking the sound of a foul tip. (He was probably responsible for the 1891 rule change requiring that a batter must have two strikes against him in order to be called out if the catcher caught a foul tip.) Besides tipping bats to fake the sound of a foul tip, Mack became adept at tipping bats to throw off the hitter's swing. ("Tipping" a bat is to brush it with the catcher's mitt as the batter swings, either delaying the swing or putting it off course, so that the batter misses the ball or doesn't hit it solidly. If the umpire is aware that a bat has been tipped, whether intentionally or unintentionally, he calls catcher's interference.) Mack never denied such tricks:

Farmer Weaver was a catcher-outfielder for Louisville. I tipped his bat several times when he had two strikes on him one year, and each time the umpire called him out. He got even, though. One time there were two strikes on him and he swung as the pitch was coming in. But he didn't swing at the ball. He swung right at my wrists. Sometimes I think I can still feel the pain. I'll tell you I didn't tip his bat again. No, sir, not until the last game of the season and Weaver was at bat for the last time. When he had two strikes, I tipped his bat again and got away with it.

Managerial career

Mack's last three seasons in the National League were as a player-manager with the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1894 to 1896, with a 149–134 (.527) record. Fired on September 21, 1896, he retired as a full-time player and accepted a deal from Henry Killilea to act as manager and occasional backup catcher for the minor league Milwaukee Brewers (the modern-day Baltimore Orioles). He agreed to a salary of $3,000 () and 25% of the club. He managed the Brewers for four seasons from 1897 to 1900, their best year coming in 1900, when they finished second, behind the Chicago White Stockings. It was in Milwaukee that he first signed pitcher Rube Waddell, who would follow him to the big leagues.

In 1901 Mack became manager, treasurer and part owner of the new American League's Philadelphia Athletics. He managed the Athletics through the 1950 season, compiling a record of 3,582–3,814 (.484) when he retired at 87. Mack won nine pennants and appeared in eight World Series, winning five.

Mack's 50-year tenure as Athletics manager is the most ever for a coach or manager with the same team in North American professional sports, and has never been seriously threatened. A few college coaches had longer tenures: John Gagliardi was a head football coach from 1949 to 2012, ending with 60 seasons at Saint John's of Minnesota; Eddie Robinson was head football coach at Grambling State for 57 seasons, from 1941 (when it was known as the Louisiana Negro Normal and Industrial Institute) to 1997; and the 2020–21 season would have been the 54th for Herb Magee as head men's basketball coach of the institution now known as Jefferson (1967–present) had the school not canceled that season due to COVID-19 concerns. Joe Paterno, with 62 seasons as a college football coach for the Penn State Nittany Lions also surpassed Mack, although Paterno was head coach in only 46 of those years. College football pioneer Amos Alonzo Stagg also surpassed Mack in overall tenure, though not in tenure for a single employer; he was a head coach for 55 seasons in all (1892–1946), with the first 41 at Chicago (1892–1932).

Mack was widely praised in the newspapers for his intelligent and innovative managing, which earned him the nickname "the Tall Tactician". He valued intelligence and "baseball smarts," always looking for educated players. (He traded away Shoeless Joe Jackson despite his talent because of his bad attitude and unintelligent play.) "Better than any other manager, Mack understood and promoted intelligence as an element of excellence." He wanted men who were self-directed, self-disciplined and self-motivated; his ideal player was Eddie Collins. According to baseball historian Bill James, Mack was well ahead of his time in having numerous college players on his teams. Several of his players went on to become well-respected college coaches. Jack Coombs, the ace of Mack's 1910-11 champions, became the longtime coach at Duke. Andy Coakley, who won 20 games for Mack's 1905 pennant winners, coached for over 30 years at Columbia, where he was the college coach for Lou Gehrig. Dick Siebert, longtime coach at Minnesota, played for Mack from 1938 to 1945. James believed that Mack's influence on the game, as great as it was, would have been even greater had the college game been more popular during the 1920s and 1930s, when Mack was at his peak.

According to James, Mack looked for seven things in his players--"physical ability, intelligence, courage, disposition, will power, general alertness and personal habits."

As a result of Mack's striving to have his players become better people as well as baseball players, he created a Code of Conduct following the 1916 season:

I will always play the game to the best of my ability.
I will always play to win, but if I lose, I will not look for an excuse to detract from my opponent's victory.
I will never take an unfair advantage in order to win.
I will always abide by the rules of the game—on the diamond as well as in my daily life.
I will always conduct myself as a true sportsman—on and off the playing field.
I will always strive for the good of the entire team rather than for my own glory.
I will never gloat in victory or pity myself in defeat.
I will do my utmost to keep myself clean—physically, mentally, and morally.
I will always judge a teammate or an opponent as an individual and never on the basis of race or religion.

He also looked for players with quiet and disciplined personal lives, having seen many players in his playing days destroy themselves and their teams through heavy drinking. Mack himself never drank; before the 1910 World Series he asked all his players to "take the pledge" not to drink during the Series. When Topsy Hartsel told Mack he needed a drink the night before the final game, Mack told him to do what he thought best, but in these circumstances "if it was me, I'd die before I took a drink."

In any event, his managerial style was not tyrannical but easygoing. He never imposed curfews or bed checks, and made the best of what he had. Rube Waddell was the best pitcher and biggest gate attraction of Mack's first decade as the A's manager, so he put up with his drinking and general unreliability for years, until it began to bring the team down and the other players asked Mack to get rid of Waddell.

Unlike most other baseball managers, Mack chose to wear a business suit and overcoat in the dugout rather than a team uniform.

Mack's strength as a manager was finding the best players, teaching them well and letting them play. "He did not believe that baseball revolved around managerial strategy." He was "one of the first managers to work on repositioning his fielders" during the game, often directing the outfielders to move left or right, play shallow or deep, by waving his rolled-up scorecard from the bench. After he became well known for doing this, he often passed his instructions to the fielders by way of other players, and simply waved his scorecard as a feint.

James summed up Mack's managerial approach as follows: he favored a set lineup, did not generally platoon hitters; preferred young players to veterans and power hitters to those with high batting averages; did not often pinch-hit, use his bench players or sacrifice much (even so, the A's led the league in sacrifice bunts in 1909, 1911 and 1914); believed in "big-inning" offense rather than small ball; and very rarely issued an intentional walk.

Over the course of his career, he had nine pennant-winning teams spanning three peak periods or "dynasties." His original team, with players such as Rube Waddell, Ossee Schrecongost, and Eddie Plank, won the pennant in 1902 (when there was no World Series) and 1905. They lost the 1905 World Series to the New York Giants (four games to one, all shutouts, with Christy Mathewson hurling three shutouts for a record 27 scoreless innings in one World Series). During that season, Giants manager John McGraw said that Mack had "a big white elephant on his hands" with the Athletics. Mack defiantly adopted the white elephant as the team's logo, which the Athletics still use today.

As that first team aged, Mack acquired a core of young players to form his second great team, which featured Mack's famous "$100,000 infield" of Eddie Collins, Home Run Baker, Jack Barry and Stuffy McInnis. These Athletics, captained by catcher Ira Thomas, won the pennant in 1910, 1911, 1913 and 1914, beating the Cubs in the World Series in 1910 and the Giants in 1911 and 1913, but losing in 1914 in four straight games to the "Miracle" Boston Braves, who had come from last place in late July to win the National League pennant by  games over the Giants.

That team was dispersed due to financial problems, from which Mack did not recover until the 20s, when he built his third great team. The 1927 Athletics featured several future Hall of Fame players including veterans Ty Cobb, Zack Wheat and Eddie Collins as well as young stars like Mickey Cochrane, Lefty Grove, Al Simmons and rookie Jimmie Foxx. That team won the pennant in 1929, 1930 and 1931, beating the Chicago Cubs in the 1929 World Series (when they came from 8–0 behind in Game 4, plating a Series record ten runs in the seventh inning and winning the game, 10–8, and then from two runs down in the bottom of the ninth in Game 5 for a walk-off Series win) and easily defeating the St. Louis Cardinals in 1930. The following year, St. Louis beat the A's in seven games led by Pepper Martin.

That team was dispersed after 1932 when Mack ran into financial difficulty again. By 1934, the A's had fallen into the second division. Although Mack intended to rebuild for a third time, he would never win another pennant. The Athletics' record from 1935 to 1946 was dismal, finishing in the basement of the AL every year except a 5th-place finish in 1944. World War II brought further hardship due to personnel shortages.

In 1938, Mack in his middle seventies successfully battled a blood infection caused when a batted ball injured one of his shinbones. He stopped for treatment at the Medical and Surgical Hospital in San Antonio, Texas, where he was in passage on a train.

In addition, as Mack entered his 80s, his once-keen mind began fading rapidly. Mack would make strange decisions (which his coaches and players usually overruled), make inexplicable outbursts, and call for players from decades earlier to pinch-hit. He spent most games asleep in the dugout, leaving his coaches to run the team most of the time.

According to outfielder Sam Chapman, "He could remember the old-timers, but he had a hard time remembering the names of the current players." Shortstop Eddie Joost said "He wasn't senile, but there were lapses." Despite growing speculation he would step down, Mack brushed it all off and stated simply that he would keep managing as long as he was physically able to do so.

According to Bill James, by the time Mack recovered again financially, he was "old and out of touch with the game, so his career ends with eighteen years of miserable baseball." It was generally agreed that he stayed in the game too long, hurting his legacy. He was unable to handle the post-World War II changes in baseball, including the growing commercialization of the game. His business style was no longer viable in post-World War II America due to various factors, including the increased expense of running a team. For instance, he never installed a telephone line between the bullpen and dugout.

Despite the circumstances, the octogenarian Mack led the team to three winning seasons in 1947–1949 (including a fourth-place finish in 1948). With the A's unexpected resurgence in 1947–1949, there was hope that 1950—Mack's 50th anniversary as A's manager—would bring a pennant at last. However, the A's never recovered from a dreadful May in which they only won five games. By May 26, the A's were 11–21, 12 games out of first, and it was obvious the season was a lost cause. On that date, his sons Earle, Roy and Connie, Jr. persuaded their father to promote Jimmy Dykes, who had been a coach since 1949, to assistant manager for the remainder of the season. Dykes became the team's main operator in the dugout, and would take over the managerial reins in his own right in 1951. At the same time, Cochrane was named general manager—thus stripping Connie, Sr. of his remaining authority. Six weeks after his mid-season retirement, Mack was honored by baseball when he threw out the ceremonial first pitch of the 1950 All-Star Game.

Red Smith wrote about his managerial style at the end of his career:

Toward the end he was old and sick and saddened, a figure of forlorn dignity bewildered by the bickering around him as the baseball monument that he had built crumbled away.

At the time of his retirement, Mack stated:

I'm not quitting because I'm getting old, I'm quitting because I think people want me to."

Managerial record

Owner
The American League's white knight, Charles Somers, provided the seed money to start the Athletics and several other American League teams. However, plans called for local interests to buy out Somers as soon as possible. To that end, Mack persuaded sporting goods manufacturer Ben Shibe, a minority owner of the rival Philadelphia Phillies, to buy a 50 percent stake in the team—an offer sweetened by Mack's promise that Shibe would have the exclusive right to make baseballs for the American League. In return, Mack was allowed to buy a 25 percent stake, and was named secretary and treasurer of the team. Two local sports writers, Frank Hough and Sam Jones, bought the remaining 25 percent, but their involvement was not mentioned in the incorporating papers; in fact, no agreement was put on paper until 1902. Mack and Shibe did business on a handshake.

In 1913, Hough and Jones sold their 25 percent to Mack, making him a full partner in the club with Shibe; Mack actually borrowed the money for the purchase from Shibe. Under their agreement, Mack had full control over baseball matters while Shibe handled the business side. However, Mack had enjoyed more or less a free hand over the baseball side since the team's inception. When Shibe died in 1922, his sons Tom and John took over management of the business side, with Tom as team president and John as vice president. Tom died in 1936, and John resigned shortly thereafter, leaving Mack to take over the presidency. John Shibe died in 1937, and Mack bought 141 shares from his estate, enough to make him majority owner of the A's. However, he had been operating head of the franchise since Ben Shibe's death. Such an arrangement is no longer possible in current times, as major-league rules do not allow a coach or manager to own any financial interest in a club.

Mack's great strength as an owner was his huge network of baseball friends, all of whom acted as scouts and "bird-dogs" for him, finding talented players and alerting Mack. "Mack was better at that game than anybody else in the world. People liked Mack, respected him, and trusted him. ... Mack answered every letter and listened patiently to every sales job, and ... he got players for that reason."

Mack saw baseball as a business, and recognized that economic necessity drove the game. He explained to his cousin, Art Dempsey, that "The best thing for a team financially is to be in the running and finish second. If you win, the players all expect raises." This was one reason he was constantly collecting players, signing almost anyone to a ten-day contract to assess his talent; he was looking ahead to future seasons when his veterans would either retire or hold out for bigger salaries than Mack could give them.

Unlike most baseball owners, Mack had almost no income apart from the A's. Even when he collected rent from the Phillies, he was often in financial difficulties. Money problems—the escalation of his best players' salaries (due both to their success and to competition from a new, well-financed third major league of the Federal League in 1914–1915), combined with a steep drop in attendance due to World War I—led to the gradual dispersal of his second championship team, the 1910–1914 team, who he sold, traded, or released over the years 1915–1917. The war hurt the team badly, leaving Mack without the resources to sign valuable players. His 1916 team, with a 36–117 record, is often considered the worst team in American League history, and its .235 winning percentage is still the lowest ever for a modern-era (since 1900) major league team. The team's 117 losses set a modern era record and at the time was the second most losses behind the Cleveland Spiders' 130 in 1899. As of 2012 that record has been topped only twice, with the 1962 New York Mets breaking that record with 120 losses in their inaugural season and the 2003 Detroit Tigers surpassing it with 119 although those teams played 162 game schedules, not 154 like the Athletics. All told, the A's finished dead last in the AL seven years in a row from 1915 to 1921, and would not reach .500 again until 1925. The rebuilt team won back-to-back championships in 1929–1930 over the Cubs and Cardinals, and then lost a rematch with the latter in 1931. As it turned out, these were the last postseason appearances for the A's not only in Philadelphia, but for another four decades. Unlike with the breakup of his second great team, the A's didn't tumble out of contention right away. They remained fairly competitive for most of the first half of the 1930s. However, after 1933, they would only tally four more winning seasons during their stay in Philadelphia—which would be the franchise's only winning seasons for 35 years.

With the 1929 onset of the Great Depression, Mack struggled financially again, and was forced to sell the best players from his second great championship team, such as Lefty Grove and Jimmie Foxx, to stay in business.

Although Mack wanted to rebuild again and win more championships, he was never able to do so owing to a lack of funds. Even before then, he either did not (or could not) invest in a farm system. Mack celebrated his 70th birthday in 1932, and many began wondering if his best days were behind him. Even as bad as the A's got during the next two decades, he stubbornly retained full control over baseball matters long after most teams had hired a general manager. This continued even after he became majority owner, despite calls both inside and outside Philadelphia to step down. Indeed, one of the few times that Mack considered giving up even some of his duties was in the 1934-35 offseason—when the A's were still not far removed from what would be their last great era. He briefly entertained replacing himself as manager with Babe Ruth, but ruled that idea out, saying that the Babe's wife, Claire, would be running the team inside of a month.

In the early 1940s, Mack gave a minority stake in the team to his three sons, Roy, Earle, and Connie, Jr. Although Roy and Earle had never gotten along with Connie, Jr., who was more than 20 years younger than them, Connie, Sr. intended to have all three of them inherit the team after his death or retirement. This strategy backfired when Roy and Earle refused to consider Connie, Jr.'s demands to end the team's bargain-basement way of doing business. One of the few things on which they agreed was that it was time for their father to step down. Connie, Jr. was only able to force through other minor improvements to the team and the rapidly crumbling Shibe Park through an alliance with the Shibe heirs. When it became apparent that his older brothers weren't willing to go further, Connie, Jr. and the Shibes decided to sell the team. However, Roy and Earle countered by buying out their younger brother, persuading their father to support them. In order to pull off the deal, however, they mortgaged the team to the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company (now part of CIGNA). Yearly payments of $200,000 drained the team of badly needed capital, and ended any realistic chance of the A's winning again under the Macks' stewardship.

When Mack resigned as manager, he largely withdrew from active control of the team. Over the next five years, the team crumbled to the bottom of the American League. Although reduced to a figurehead, Mack continued to be treated with awe and reverence by players who considered him living history. His sons handled his correspondence by 1953 as he had become too frail by that point to do it himself.

As that year ended, the A's were dangerously close to bankruptcy. The other American League owners had been concerned for some time about the situation in Philadelphia, since the crowds at Shibe Park had dwindled to the point that visiting teams couldn't meet their expenses for traveling there. Prior in 1951, Buffalo based businessman and Sportservice owner Louis Jacobs gave Mack a loan of $250,000.00 with no interest to keep the Athletics from having financial difficulty.  The 1954 A's attracted only 304,000 people, nowhere near enough to break even. The other owners, as well as league president Will Harridge, wanted the Athletics sold off to a new owner. The Yankees in particular lobbied for it to be Chicago businessman Arnold Johnson (1906-1960), who had recently bought both Yankee Stadium as well as Blues Stadium in Kansas City, home to the Yankees' top Triple AAA farm team in the second American Association. Roy and Earle Mack did not want to move the team, but pressure from the Yankees and blowback from several bad business decisions finally moved their hand and they agreed to the sale. A final attempt to sell the A's to Philadelphia car dealer John Crisconi briefly gained Mack's support, but collapsed at the eleventh hour—reportedly due to behind-the-scenes intrigue by the Yankees. When that deal collapsed, a bitter Mack wrote a letter blasting his fellow owners for sinking the Crisconi deal. However, he admitted that he didn't have nearly enough money to run the A's in 1955, and conceded that the Johnson deal was the only one with a chance of approval.

In early November, Mack agreed to sell the A's to Johnson for $1.5 million. The aforementioned Louis Jacobs helped broker the deal between the Mack family and Johnson. When the American League owners met in New York to discuss the sale to Johnson, they voted 5–3 to approve the sale. Johnson immediately requested permission to move to Kansas City, which was granted after Detroit's Spike Briggs switched his vote. Although Mack had long since conceded that his 55 years in the American League were over, his doctor reported that the nonagenarian owner suffered a sudden sharp drop in blood pressure and almost expired upon learning that his team was gone.

The A's sold Shibe Park, now renamed Connie Mack Stadium, to the Phillies. Mack was still chauffeured around to games by his caretaker. He attended the 1954 World Series and the occasional regular season game, but in October 1955, he fell and suffered a hip fracture. Mack underwent surgery on October 5, missing the World Series that week for the first time ever. He required the use of a wheelchair after that point, celebrating his 93rd birthday in November. His death came at his daughter's house on the afternoon of February 8, 1956. According to his doctor, he'd been fine until the 7th when he "just started to fade away". Officially, it was announced that he died of "old age and complications from his hip surgery" Mack's funeral was held in his parish church, St. Bridget's, and he was buried in Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Cheltenham Township just outside Philadelphia, with Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick, the AL and NL presidents, and all 16 MLB owners serving as pallbearers.

Personality
Mack was quiet, even-tempered, and gentlemanly, never using profanity. He was generally addressed as "Mr. Mack". He always called his players by their given names. Chief Bender, for instance, was "Albert" to Mack. Perhaps due to his great longevity in the game, he appeared to have a kind of saintly image; his long-time friends objected to the image of him as "the bloodless saint so often painted, a sanctimonious old Puritan patting babies". His friend Red Smith called him "tough and warm and wonderful, kind and stubborn and courtly and unreasonable and generous and calculating and naive and gentle and proud and humorous and demanding and unpredictable".

Beginning as far back as his first managing job in the 19th century, Mack drew criticism from the newspapers for not spending enough money. Some writers called him an outright miser, accusing him of getting rid of star players so he could "line his own pockets" with the money. However, his biographer Norman Macht strongly defends Mack on this question, contending that Mack's spending decisions were forced on him by his financial circumstances, and that nearly all the money he made went back to the team.

Mack himself was upset by these allegations: when some writers accused him of deliberately losing the second game of the 1913 World Series in order to extend the series and make more money in ticket sales, he uncharacteristically wrote an angry letter to the Saturday Evening Post to deny it, saying "I consider playing for the gate receipts ... nothing short of dishonest." With the Athletics leading the Series three games to one, several New York writers predicted that the Athletics would deliberately lose Game Five in New York so that Mack would not have to refund the $50,000 in ticket sales for Game Six in Philadelphia. After reading this, Mack told his players that if they won Game Five he would give them the team's entire share of the Game Five gate receipts — about $34,000. The Athletics won the Game and the series, and Mack gave out the money as promised.

Mack supported a large extended family and was generous to players in need, often finding jobs for former players. For instance, he kept Bender on the team payroll as a scout, minor league manager or coach from 1926 until Mack himself retired as owner-manager in 1950. Simmons was a coach for many years after his retirement as a player.

Mack lived through the entire era of racially segregated baseball (the early days of the game in his youth sometimes featured black players, but this ended by the 1890s and the major leagues remained white-only until Jackie Robinson broke down the color barrier in 1947), and even afterwards never displayed any serious interest in signing black players. The Athletics did not have a black player play for the team until Bob Trice in 1953, three years after Mack retired.

Bobby Shantz, a former player of both Mack and Casey Stengel, has stated that the only difference between the two managers was that "One never said anything and the other never shut up!"

Legacy

The Philadelphia stadium, originally called Shibe Park, was renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1953. Starting in 1909, it was home to the Athletics, and starting in 1938, it also was home to the Phillies, then from 1955 to 1970 was home to the Phillies alone, after the Athletics moved to Kansas City.

Mack is mentioned in the 1949 poem "Line-Up for Yesterday" by Ogden Nash:

Family

On November 2, 1887, Mack married Margaret Hogan, whom the Spencer Leader described as having "a sunny and vivacious disposition." They had three children, Earle, Roy, and Marguerite. Margaret died in December 1892 after complications from her third childbirth.

Mack married a second time on October 27, 1910. His second wife was Catherine (or Katharine) Holahan (or Hoolahan) (1879–1966); the census records have various spellings (the wedding register reads "Catarina Hallahan"). The couple had four daughters and a son, Cornelius Jr. A faithful Catholic his entire life, Mack was also a longtime member of the Knights of Columbus (Santa Maria Council 263 in Germantown, which moved to Flourtown, Pennsylvania in the 1980s).

Mack's son Earle Mack played several games for the A's between 1910 and 1914, and also managed the team for parts of the 1937 and 1939 seasons when his father was too ill to do so. In more recent years, his descendants have taken to politics: Mack's grandson Connie Mack III was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (1983–89) and the United States Senate (1989–2001); and great-grandson Connie Mack IV served in the U.S. House of Representatives (2005–13), representing Florida's 14th congressional district.

See also
Major League Baseball all-time managerial wins
List of Major League Baseball player–managers
Connie Mack Stadium (Shibe Park)

References

Sources
Connie Mack and the Early Years of Baseball, by Norman L. Macht (University of Nebraska Press). Nominee for the 2007 CASEY Award (see The Casey Award; Roy Kaplan's Baseball Bookshelf).
 Connie Mack's '29 Triumph: The Rise and Fall of the Philadelphia Athletics Dynasty, by William C. Kashatus (McFarland & Company) 1999.

External links

Connie Mack Stadium information from Retrosheet
Connie Mack at SABR (Baseball Biography Project)
Connie Mack at Baseball Almanac
Connie Mack at Connie Mack Biography at Baseball Biography
Photograph of Benjamin Shibe, Connie Mack, and others at the groundbreaking of Shibe Park (later Connie Mack Stadium), in 1908 courtesy Temple University Libraries

1862 births
1956 deaths
19th-century baseball players
American people of Irish descent
Baseball players from Worcester County, Massachusetts
Buffalo Bisons (PL) players
Burials at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery
Hartford Babies players
Hartford Dark Blues (minor league) players
Mack family
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball owners
Major League Baseball player-managers
Meriden (minor league baseball) players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Milwaukee Creams players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Newark Domestics players
People from Brookfield, Massachusetts
Philadelphia Athletics executives
Philadelphia Athletics managers
Philadelphia Athletics owners
Pittsburgh Pirates managers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Washington Nationals (1886–1889) players
World Series-winning managers
Catholics from Massachusetts

Connie Mack


Alfred Nalepa (-) est un zoologiste autrichien spécialisé dans le domaine de l'acarologie. Il est à la base des connaissances sur les acariens galligènes de la famille des Eriophyidae.

Biographie
Alfred Nalepa étudie les sciences naturelles à l'Université de Vienne à partir de  et devient assistant du professeur Schmarda à la chaire de zoologie en  où ses premiers travaux portent sur l'anatomie et l'histologie des escargots terrestres et des acariens. Ses tentatives pour devenir chercheur professionnel ayant échoué, il devient enseignant d'histoire naturelle dans un collège de Linz en , puis dans un lycée de Vienne à partir de . Il publie de nombreux manuels scolaires portant sur les sciences naturelles salués par ses pairs. Il prend sa retraite à  ans pour raison de santé.

Travaux
C'est en tant qu'amateur qu'Alfred Nalepa étudie la taxonomie, l'anatomie, l'écologie, la géonémie, la chorologie et la phénologie des acariens galligènes et gallicoles de la famille des Eriophyidae, caractérisée par ses deux paires de pattes. À son époque, les connaissances sur ce sujet sont extrêmement pauvres. Ses travaux fondamentaux publiés au sein de l'Académie autrichienne des sciences, permettent de différencier les espèces européennes, de caractériser les sexes, les larves et les nymphes et d'en définir les mœurs. De plus, ses études comparatives aboutissent à la classification moderne de cette famille. Son ouvrage majeur, qui s'intitule  Die Systematik der Eriophyiden, est publié en . Tout au long de ses travaux, Alfred Nalepa décrit plus de  espèces d'Eriophyidae et  genres.

Reconnaissance et postérité

En reconnaissance de ses mérites dans le domaine de l'enseignement et de la recherche scientifique, Alfred Nalepa est décoré de la croix de chevalier de l'ordre de François-Joseph et du titre de Regierungsrat pour service public exceptionnel. Malheureusement, une partie de ses collections ayant été perdues, un grand nombre d'espèces d'Eriophyidae n'ont plus de types. La partie de sa collection préservée du Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Vienne permet de comparer et de caractériser les espèces du monde entier comme en  où son étude aboutit à la détermination de spécimens récoltés aux Japon.

La sous-famille des Nalepellinae et le genre Nalepella ont été nommés en son honneur.

Bibliographie
 Beiträge zur Anatomie der Stylommatophoren, 1883 - Contribution à l'anatomie des Stylommatophora (lire en ligne)
 Die Anatomie der Tyroglyphen, tome I (1885), tome II (1886) - L'anatomie des Tyroglyphes (ancien nom des Acaridae) (lire en ligne : tome I, tome II)
 On the anatomy and classification of the Phytopti, 1887 (lire en ligne)
 Beiträge zur Systematik der Phytopten, 1889 - Contribution à la systématique des Phytoptidae. (lire en ligne)
 Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Phyllocoptiden, 1894 - Contribution à la connaissance du genre Phyllocoptes.
 Die Naturgeschichte der Gallmilben, 1894 - Histoire naturelle des acariens galligènes (lire en ligne)
 Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Gattungen Phytoptus Duj. und Monaulax Nal. (Mit 4 Tafeln.), 1895 - Contribution à la connaissance des genres Phytoptus et Monaulax (lire en ligne)
 Eriophyidae (Phytoptidae), 1898. Eriophyidae (lire en ligne)
 Eriophyiden-Gallenmilben, 1911 - Eriophyidae-Acariens galligènes
 Die Systematik der Eriophyiden, ihre Aufgabe und Arbeits-methode , 1917 - La systématique des Eriophyidae

Références

Liens externes

Arachnologiste
Acarologue
Zoologiste autrichien du XIXe siècle
Zoologiste autrichien du XXe siècle
Naissance en décembre 1856
Décès en décembre 1929
Décès à 73 ans

Alfred Nalepa


En One Day International (ODI) er en form for limited-overs cricket, hvilket er en fællesbetegnelse for Twenty20 og One Day cricket. One Day Internationals (ODIs) spilles mellem to landshold, hvor hvert hold spiller én inning, som højst består af 50 overs. Verdensmesterskabet i cricket spilles i dette format. Den internationale en-dags kamp blev udviklet sent i det 20. århundrede. Den første ODI blev spillet den 5. januar 1971 mellem Australien og England på Melbourne Cricket Ground.

Cricket

One Day International


2 piger 1 kage er en ungdomsfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Jens Dahl efter eget manuskript.

Handling
2 piger 1 kage handler om Julie (Sara Hjort), der planlægger en nederdrægtig hævn, som hun skjuler i den fineste fødselsdagskage til sin bedste veninde Amalie (Amalie Lindegaard). Filmen er et kammerspil, der rammer ned i de centrale 10 minutter af 24-årige Julies liv, hvor hun prøver at stille sig ansigt til ansigt med den ubærlige uretfærdighed og modgang, der er er overgået hende. Det er et portræt af en ung kvindes forsøg på at samle stumperne op og komme videre.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Ungdomsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013
Robertprisen for årets korte fiktions- eller animationsfilm
Dansksprogede film

2 piger 1 kage


Michigan City er et kommunefrit område i Benton County, Mississippi, USA.

Historie
Navnet "Michigan City" blev valgt, fordi de fleste af de oprindelige bosættere i området var fra delstaten Michigan.

Geografi
Mississippi Central Railroad går gennem Michigan City.

Bemærkelsesværdige steder
 Davis' Mills Battle Site

Byer i Mississippi

Michigan City (Mississippi)


Henrik Helge (* 1947) ist ein deutscher Schauspieler, Regisseur und Autor.

Leben
Helge wirkte vor allem in Nebenrollen diverser Fernsehserien und Krimireihen mit. Im Jahre 1995 verkörperte Helge die Figur des Klaus Kopp in der ARD-Vorabendserie Verbotene Liebe. Mehrere Gastauftritte in verschiedenen Rollen hatte er auch in der ARD-Serie Lindenstraße. Zudem spielte er in der RTL-Serie Unter uns den Hugo Lamprecht. In der ARD-Serie Abenteuer Airport spielte er den Chef der Flugsicherung. Hauptrollen hatte er bei zwei Folgen der RTL-Serie Die Wache und einer Folge der SAT1-Serie Die Stadtklinik. 1982 wirkte Helge auch in der Folge "Tollwut" der ZDF-Krimireihe Ein Fall für zwei mit.

Auch in Kinofilmen wie Die Sieger (als Kommandochef) und Peanuts – Die Bank zahlt alles war er zu sehen.

1995 sprach er für das Computerspiel Shannara die Rolle des Menion ein.

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
Deutscher
Geboren 1947
Mann

Henrik Helge


Alanya Etnografya Müzesi; Kızılkule, Antalya ili Alanya ilçesinde bulanan bir müzedir.

Limanda 13. yüzyıldan kalma bir Selçuklu eseri olan Kızılkule aynı zamanda Etnografya Müzesi'dir. Beş katlı kulenin giriş ve birinci katı müze olarak düzenlenmiştir. Müzede Alanya yöresine özgü halı, kilim, giysi, mutfak gereçleri, silahlar, tartı aletleri, aydınlatma aletleri, dokuma tezgâhları ile Toroslar'daki yörük Türkmen kültürünü yansıtan çadır gibi etnografya eserleri sergilenmektedir. Tarihi yapıda zaman zaman resim sergisi, klasik müzik konseri gibi kültür ve sanat etkinlikleri de yapılmaktadır. Kulenin en üst katından kentin doğu yakasının panoramik manzarası ile tarihi yarımadanın yerleşim dokusu seyredilmektedir. Ayrıca kuleden surlara geçiş yapılabilmekte ve tarihi dokunun içinde yürünebilmektedir.

Etnografya Müzesi
Antalya'daki etnografya müzeleri
1979'da kurulan müzeler

Kızılkule Etnografya Müzesi


Badende Drenge i Skovshoved Havn er en stumfilm instrueret af Peter Elfelt.

Handling
Drenge tumler sig i vandet i Skovshoved Havn.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1907

Skovshoved
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Badende Drenge i Skovshoved Havn


El churrín plomizo (en Argentina y Paraguay) (Scytalopus speluncae),  también denominado churrín de Misiones, es una especie de ave paseriforme perteneciente al numeroso género Scytalopus de la familia Rhinocryptidae. Es endémica del sureste de Brasil y extremo noreste de Argentina

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye por el este y sureste de Brasil en el interior del sur de Bahía, oeste de Espírito Santo y sur de Minas Gerais hacia el sur hasta Río Grande do Sul, y noreste de Argentina (Misiones); registro visual en el sureste de Paraguay (Caazapá) requiere confirmación. La mayoría de las poblaciones se encuentran en la Serra do Mar, pero también habitan en el interior de Paraná y Santa Catarina.<ref name=Whitney2010> (2010). [http://www.ib.usp.br/~lfsilveira/pdf/a_2010_scytalopuspetrophilus.pdf Scytalopus petrophilus (Rock Tapaculo): a new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil.]  Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 18 (2): 73-88.</ref> Hasta 2005, el Scytalopus pachecoi se incluía en el churrín plomizo.

Es bastante común en el sotobosque y en los bordes de bosques montanos húmedos de la Mata Atlántica, hasta los 2500  de altitud.

 Sistemática
 Descripción original
La especie S. speluncae fue descrita por primera vez por el zoólogo francés Édouard Ménétries en 1835 bajo el nombre científico Malacorhynchus speluncae; localidad tipo «São João del Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil».

 Taxonomía
Es pariente próxima a Scytalopus iraiensis. Las aves del noreste de Argentina (Misiones) tienen el pico más largo y las alas más cortas, pero no hay otras diferencias significativas que justifiquen una separación subespecífica. Es monotípica.

Aquí se sigue el criterio del SACC, pero la taxonomía es extremadamente compleja, y es posible que el nombre científico correcto de la especie relativamente oscura sea S. notorius, en cuyo caso la especie más clara con estrecha relación con la región de la Serra do Espinhaço sea S. speluncae.

En 2005, se descubrió que la muy conocida S. speluncae en realidad constaba de dos especies; a la de la región sur del país se la describió como una nueva especie, S. pachecoi, mientras que la del norte de la región sureste se mantuvo como S. speluncae. Además, se sugirió que S. speluncae incluye otra especie no descrita, pero aún se debe investigar sobre este tema.

Nombre científico: S. speluncae vs. S. notorius

En 2006, la duda sobre el uso del nombre científico de la S. speluncae para el churrín plomizo fue por su superficie. Un examen de tipo nomenclatural de S. speluncae (Ménétriés, 1835) dio lugar a la conclusión de que este nombre pertenecía a una población relativamente pálida de la Serra do Espinhaço que anteriormente se incluía dentro de S. novacapitalis. Esto significa que la población relativamente oscura de la región de la Serra do Mar, –la población que tradicionalmente había sido llamada S. speluncae– tuvo que recibir un nuevo nombre: S. notorius ("notorius" para ilustrar su problemática historia taxonómica). Esta conclusión fue cuestionada en el 2007, que sostiene que la población de la región de la Serra do Mar es S. speluncae, mientras que la población de la zona central y sur de la Serra do Espinhaço se considera no descrita, y la población situada más al norte de la Serra do Espinhaço fue descrita como una nueva especie, S. diamantinensis. Aunque la posibilidad de dos especies en la Serra do Espinhaço no fue cuestionada en un artículo publicado el año siguiente, la conclusión de que el nombre de S. speluncae pertenecía a la especie de la Serra do Mar era principalmente sobre la base de que no hay comparación directa del tipo nomenclatural de S. speluncae que se había hecho en 2007 (a diferencia del artículo de 2006). En 2010, otros autores llegaron a una conclusión diferente, ya que sugieren que la descripción original de Édouard Ménétries en 1835 es más adecuada a la especie relativamente oscura de la región de la Serra do Mar. También concluyeron que la localidad original de São João del-Rei (dentro del rango de la especie relativamente pálida al centro y sur de la Serra do Espinhaço) proporcionado por Ménétries era incorrecta, y que en realidad se recogió en algún lugar del centro de Río de Janeiro (dentro del rango de la especie de la Serra do Mar). Después de esto, la especie relativamente pálida de la parte sur y centro de la región de la Serra do Espinhaço fue descrita como una nueva especie, Scytalopus petrophilus. Esta opinión fue apoyada por el SACC.

La evidencia filogenética sugiere que hay taxones inéditos del género Scytalopus'' que permanecen en el este de Brasil.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Serra do Mar Tapaculo, photos and text. Arthurgrosset.com
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Scytalopus speluncae en The Internet Bird Collection.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Scytalopus speluncae en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de Scytalopus speluncae en Wikiaves.

speluncae
Animales descritos en 1835
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por Édouard Ménétries

Scytalopus speluncae


An Eriocaulon karnatakense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni S.P.Gaikwad, Sardesai, U.S.Yadav ngan Shrirang Ramchandra Yadav. An Eriocaulon karnatakense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon karnatakense


Parchive (a portmanteau of parity archive, and formally known as Parity Volume Set Specification) is an erasure code system that produces par files for checksum verification of data integrity, with the capability to perform data recovery operations that can repair or regenerate corrupted or missing data.

Parchive was originally written to solve the problem of reliable file sharing on Usenet, but it can be used for protecting any kind of data from data corruption, disc rot, bit rot, and accidental or malicious damage. Despite the name, Parchive uses more advanced techniques (specifically error correction codes) than simplistic parity methods of error detection.

As of 2014, PAR1 is obsolete, PAR2 is mature for widespread use, and PAR3 is a discontinued experimental version developed by MultiPar author Yutaka Sawada.  The original SourceForge Parchive project has been inactive since April 30, 2015. A new PAR3 specification has been worked on since April 28, 2019 by PAR2 specification author Michael Nahas. An alpha version of the PAR3 specification has been published on January 29, 2022 while the program itself is being developed.

History
Parchive was intended to increase the reliability of transferring files via Usenet newsgroups. Usenet was originally designed for informal conversations, and the underlying protocol, NNTP was not designed to transmit arbitrary binary data. Another limitation, which was acceptable for conversations but not for files, was that messages were normally fairly short in length and limited to 7-bit ASCII text.

Various techniques were devised to send files over Usenet, such as uuencoding and Base64. Later Usenet software allowed  8 bit Extended ASCII, which permitted new techniques like yEnc. Large files were broken up to reduce the effect of a corrupted download, but the unreliable nature of Usenet remained.

With the introduction of Parchive, parity files could be created that were then uploaded along with the original data files. If any of the data files were damaged or lost while being propagated between Usenet servers, users could download parity files and use them to reconstruct the damaged or missing files. Parchive included the construction of small index files (*.par in version 1 and *.par2 in version 2) that do not contain any recovery data. These indexes contain file hashes that can be used to quickly identify the target files and verify their integrity.

Because the index files were so small, they minimized the amount of extra data that had to be downloaded from Usenet to verify that the data files were all present and undamaged, or to determine how many parity volumes were required to repair any damage or reconstruct any missing files. They were most useful in version 1 where the parity volumes were much larger than the short index files. These larger parity volumes contain the actual recovery data along with a duplicate copy of the information in the index files (which allows them to be used on their own to verify the integrity of the data files if there is no small index file available).

In July 2001, Tobias Rieper and Stefan Wehlus proposed the Parity Volume Set specification, and with the assistance of other project members, version 1.0 of the specification was published in October 2001. Par1 used Reed–Solomon error correction to create new recovery files. Any of the recovery files can be used to rebuild a missing file from an incomplete download.

Version 1 became widely used on Usenet, but it did suffer some limitations:
 It was restricted to handle at most 255 files.
 The recovery files had to be the size of the largest input file, so it did not work well when the input files were of various sizes. (This limited its usefulness when not paired with the proprietary RAR compression tool.)
 The recovery algorithm had a bug, due to a flaw in the academic paper on which it was based.
 It was strongly tied to Usenet and it was felt that a more general tool might have a wider audience.

In January 2002, Howard Fukada proposed that a new Par2 specification should be devised with the significant changes that data verification and repair should work on blocks of data rather than whole files, and that the algorithm should switch to using 16 bit numbers rather than the 8 bit numbers that PAR1 used. Michael Nahas and Peter Clements took up these ideas in July 2002, with additional input from Paul Nettle and Ryan Gallagher (who both wrote Par1 clients). Version 2.0 of the Parchive specification was published by Michael Nahas in September 2002.

Peter Clements then went on to write the first two Par2 implementations, QuickPar and par2cmdline. Abandoned since 2004, Paul Houle created phpar2 to supersede par2cmdline. Yutaka Sawada created MultiPar to supersede QuickPar. MultiPar uses par2j.exe (which is partially based on par2cmdline's optimization techniques) to use as MultiPar's backend engine.

Versions
Versions 1 and 2 of the file format are incompatible. (However, many clients support both.)

Par1
For Par1, the files f1, f2, ..., fn, the Parchive consists of an index file (f.par), which is CRC type file with no recovery blocks, and a number of "parity volumes" (f.p01, f.p02, etc.). Given all of the original files except for one (for example, f2), it is possible to create the missing f2 given all of the other original files and any one of the parity volumes. Alternatively, it is possible to recreate two missing files from any two of the parity volumes and so forth.

Par1 supports up to a total of 256 source and recovery files.

Par2
Par2 files generally use this naming/extension system: filename.vol000+01.PAR2, filename.vol001+02.PAR2, filename.vol003+04.PAR2, filename.vol007+06.PAR2, etc. The number after the "+" in the filename indicates how many blocks it contains, and the number after "vol" indicates the number of the first recovery block within the PAR2 file. If an index file of a download states that 4 blocks are missing, the easiest way to repair the files would be by downloading filename.vol003+04.PAR2. However, due to the redundancy, filename.vol007+06.PAR2 is also acceptable. There is also an index file filename.PAR2, it is identical in function to the small index file used in PAR1.

Par2 specification supports up to 32,768 source blocks and up to 65,535 recovery blocks. Input files are split into multiple equal-sized blocks so that recovery files do not need to be the size of the largest input file.

Although Unicode is mentioned in the PAR2 specification as an option, most PAR2 implementations do not support Unicode.

Directory support is included in the PAR2 specification, but most or all implementations do not support it.

Par3
The Par3 specification was originally planned to be published as an enhancement over the Par2 specification. However, to date, it has remained closed source by specification owner Yutaka Sawada.

A discussion on a new format started in the GitHub issue section of the maintained fork par2cmdline on January 29, 2019. The discussion led to a new format which is also named as Par3. The new Par3 format's specification is published on GitHub, but remains being an alpha draft as of January 28, 2022. The specification is written by Michael Nahas, the author of Par2 specification, with the help from Yutaka Sawada, animetosho and malaire.

The new format claims to have multiple advantages over the Par2 format, including:

 Supports more than 216 files and more than 216 blocks.
 Supports packing small files into one block, as well as deduplication when a block appears in multiple files.
 Supports UTF-8 file names, file permissions, hard links and soft links.
 Supports embedding PAR data inside other formats, like ZIP archives or ISO disk images.
 Supports "incremental backups", where a user creates recovery files for some file or folder, change some data, and create new recovery files reusing some of the older files.
 Supports more error correction code algorithms (such as LDPC and sparse random matrix).
 Replaced the MD5 hash function in Par2 with BLAKE3.
 Supports empty directories.
 Supports file permissions.
 Supports hard links and symbolic links.

Software

Multi-Platform
 par2+tbb (GPLv2) — a concurrent (multithreaded) version of par2cmdline 0.4 using TBB. Only compatible with x86 based CPUs. It is available in the FreeBSD Ports system as par2cmdline-tbb.
 Original par2cmdline — (obsolete). Available in the FreeBSD Ports system as par2cmdline.
 par2cmdline maintained fork by BlackIkeEagle.
 par2cmdline-mt is another multithreaded version of par2cmdline using OpenMP, GPLv2, or later. Currently merged into BlackIkeEagle's fork and maintained there.
 ParPar (CC0) is a high performance, multithreaded PAR2 client and Node.js library. Does not support verifying or repair, it can currently only create PAR2 archives.
 par2deep (LGPL-3.0) — Produce, verify and repair par2 files recursively, both on the command line as well as with the aid of a graphical user interface. It is available in the Python Package Index system as par2deep.

Windows
 MultiPar (freeware)  — Builds upon QuickPar's features and GUI, and uses Yutaka Sawada's par2j.exe as the PAR2 backend. MultiPar supports multiple languages by Unicode. The name of MultiPar was derived from "multi-lingual PAR client". MultiPar is also verified to work with Wine under TrueOS and Ubuntu, and may work with other operating systems too. Although the Par2 components are (or will be) open source, the MultiPar GUI on top of them is currently not open source.
 QuickPar (freeware) — unmaintained since 2004, superseded by MultiPar.
 phpar2  — advanced par2cmdline with multithreading and highly optimized assemblercode (about 66% faster than QuickPar 0.9.1)
 Mirror — First PAR implementation, unmaintained since 2001.

Mac OS X
 MacPAR deLuxe 4.2
 UnRarX

POSIX
Software for POSIX conforming operating systems:
 Par2 for KDE 4
 PyPar2 1.4, a frontend for par2.
 GPar2 2.03

See also
 Comparison of file archivers – Some file archivers are capable of integrating parity data into their formats for error detection and correction:
 RAID – RAID levels at and above RAID 5 make use of parity data to detect and repair errors.

References

External links
 Parchive project - full specifications and math behind it
 Introduction to PAR and PAR2
 Slyck's Guide To The Usenet Newsgroups: PAR & PAR2 Files
 Guide to repair files using PAR2
 UsenetReviewz's guide to opening par files

Archive formats
Data management
Usenet

Parchive


Brande kan henvise til flere stednavne i Danmark:
 Brande (Silkeborg Kommune) – en bebyggelse og et ejerlav i Them Sogn, Silkeborg Kommune
 Brande (Brande Sogn) – en bebyggelse og et ejerlav i Brande Sogn, Ikast-Brande Kommune

 se også
 Brand (flertydig)

Brande (flertydig)


Vivaldo Nascimento Barreto (* 14. März 1980) ist ein ehemaliger brasilianischer Fußballspieler, der im Lauf seiner Karriere in Deutschland beim FC St. Pauli, Eintracht Frankfurt, Rot-Weiss Essen und dem SV Wilhelmshaven spielte.

Karriere
Nascimento kam Anfang 2003 vom Prudentópolis EC zum damals zweitklassigen FC St. Pauli. In seiner ersten Halbserie in Deutschland wurde er in 14 Partien eingesetzt, konnte jedoch den Abstieg seines Clubs nicht verhindern. Für St. Pauli spielte er daher in der folgenden Saison in der Regionalliga Nord, ehe er im Januar 2004 zum Erstligaverein Eintracht Frankfurt wechselte. Dort kam er aber nur zu zwei Bundesligaeinsätzen als Einwechselspieler und zog bereits nach einem halben Jahr zum Zweitligisten Rot-Weiss Essen weiter. Dort schoss er am 28. November 2004 bei einer 2:3-Niederlage gegen die SpVgg Greuther Fürth sein einziges Tor im deutschen Profifußball. Nach einem Jahr in Essen wechselte er zurück zum FC St. Pauli, kam dort aber in der kompletten Saison 2005/06 nur zu einem einzigen Einsatz. Im Jahr 2007 absolvierte Nascimento noch einmal zwei Spiele in der Regionalliga Nord für den SV Wilhelmshaven.

Weblinks

 Vivaldo Nascimento bei eintracht-archiv.de

Fußballspieler (Brasilien)
Fußballspieler (Eintracht Frankfurt)
Fußballspieler (FC St. Pauli)
Fußballspieler (Rot-Weiss Essen)
Fußballspieler (SV Wilhelmshaven)
Brasilianer
Geboren 1980
Mann

Vivaldo Nascimento


An Potamogeton semifructus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni A. Benn., Paul Friedrich August Ascherson ngan Karl Otto Robert Peter Paul Graebner. An Potamogeton semifructus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Potamogeton, ngan familia nga Potamogetonaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Potamogeton

Potamogeton semifructus


Grand prix Osijek, odnosno Velika nagrada Osijeka je međunarodno natjecanje u športskoj gimnastici koje se održava u Osijeku.

Lista pobjednika

Natjecanje
2009.-danas FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup

Rang natjecanja
2011.-'19. World Challenge Cup
2010. ??
2009. World Cup Category A
- kvalifikacije po spravama održane su na svakom izdanju

Vrsta natjecanja
2009.-danas C III

Naziv natjecanja
2018.-'19. DOBRO World Cup
2011.-'17. Grand prix Osijek - Žito Challenge Cup
2010. Žito Grand prix Osijek
2009. Osijek Grand prix

Legenda
= (uz ocjenu); ukoliko je drugoplasirani imao istu ocjenu kao i pobjednik

Muškarci

Žene

Statistika (2019.)

Ostalo
Ovo nije prvo natjecanje Svjetskog gimnastičkog kupa koje se održava u Hrvatskoj. Još 1982. u Zagrebu odvilo se natjecanje Svjetskog kupa u športskoj gimnastici, koje je tada bilo pozivno natjecanje.

Na ručama je Li Ning bio treći.

Na dvovisinskim ručama Bicherova i Yurchenko podijelile su drugo mjesto.

Vidi
 Hrvatski gimnastički savez

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice
Službena stranica natjecanja

Izvori

https://gymnasticsresults.com/archive/
https://gymnasticsresults.com/archive/worldcup.html

Gimnastika u Hrvatskoj
Šport u Osijeku
Svjetska gimnastička natjecanja
Međunarodna športska natjecanja u Hrvatskoj

Grand prix Osijek


Amerika ıhlamuru (Tilia americana), ebegümecigiller (eskiden Tiliaceae) (Malvaceae) familyasından anavatanı kuzey Amerika olan ıhlamur türü.

Sonunda yaklaşık 30 m maksimum yüksekliğe ulaşan gevşek bir taç ile oldukça hızlı yetişen bir ıhlamur türüdür. Genç ağaçların pürüzsüz, gri kabuğu vardır, ancak yaşlı ağaçların düzenli, sığ olukları vardır. Genç dallar pürüzsüz ve zeytin yeşili olup, genellikle güneşe bakan üst ve yan kısımları kırmızımsı kahverengidir. Yapraklar dikkat çekici derecede büyüktür ve tepede ani bir noktaya kadar incelir. Yaprağın tabanı eğimli bir kalp şeklindedir ve kenarı keskin ve kabaca tırtıklıdır. Yaprağın üst tarafı koyu yeşil, alt tarafı ise açık yeşildir. Temmuz ayından itibaren, aromatik, soluk sarı çiçeklerin şemsiyeleri belirir. Bireysel çiçekler yaklaşık. 1,2 cm çapında, brakte açık sarı ve yaklaşık 11 cm uzunluğundadır. Amerika ıhlamurunun çok sayıda derin yan kökleri vardır ve geniş tacı nedeniyle nadiren cadde veya sokak ağacı olarak kullanılır.

Amerika ıhlamuru, doğu Kanada, doğu ve güney Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Meksika'ya özgü büyük bir ağaç türüdür. Tür, tehdit altındaki bir kategori sınırlarını aşan geniş bir doğal dağılıma sahiptir ve dağılımın bazı bölümlerinde baskın veya eş baskın olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle, türün büyük ve istikrarlı bir popülasyona sahip olduğu varsayılmaktadır. Türün şu anda tehdit altında olduğu düşünülmemektedir, ancak gelecekte iklim değişikliğinden olumsuz etkilenebilir ancak bunun için daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu tür küresel olarak En Az Endişe olarak değerlendirilmektedir.

Tür, Minnesota ve Wisconsin'de en üretken olan şeker akçaağacı-Ihlamur ormanlarında baskın veya eş baskın olabilir (Crow 1990). Aynı zamanda Kuzey Amerika Yaprak Döken Orman Bölgesi'nin önemli bir bileşeni olarak kabul edilir (Crow 1990). Türler de oldukça yaygındır. Bu nedenle, türlerin büyük bir yerli popülasyona sahip olması muhtemeldir. Potter ve Hargrove (2013) tarafından yapılan bir araştırma, modelleme ve emisyon verilerine dayalı olarak önümüzdeki 50 yıl içinde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki uygun habitat alanında %56,24'lük bir düşüş olduğunu öne sürdü. Bu, gelecekte Amerika ıhlamurunun iklim değişikliğinin bir sonucu olarak nüfus azalması yaşayabileceğini gösteriyor. Potter ve diğerleri tarafından üretilen başka bir modelde (2017), türleri iklim değişikliğine maruz kalan türlere, değişime duyarlılık ve iklim değişikliğine uyum kapasitesine ilişkin risk faktörlerine göre kategorize etmiştir. Bunu takiben Amerika ıhlamuru, Kırılganlık Sınıfı 'C'de yer aldı, bu da türün iklim değişikliğine karşı yüksek hassasiyet gösterdiği, ancak iyi bir potansiyel kalıcılık gösterdiği anlamına gelir; İklim değişikliğinin bir sonucu olarak potansiyel nüfus düşüşünün altını çizmektedir. Buna rağmen, türün azalmakta olduğu alanından herhangi bir kanıt bulunmadığından ve iklim değişikliğinin şu anda hangi modeli izleyeceğini bilmediğimizden, türün yaşayacağı düşüşün tam boyutunu tahmin etmek mümkün değildir. Tür ayrıca çok büyük üç ülkede bulunur, bu nedenle düşüşün çok şiddetli olmayacağı muhtemeldir.

Amerika ıhlamuru karışık yaprak döken ormanlarda yetişir ve nadiren saf meşcereler oluşturur. Ayrıca Michigan Gölü'nün kum tepeleri gibi kumlu kuru alanlarda ve ayrıca Kanada dağılımındaki kayalık çıkıntılarda da bulunabilir. ABD içinde Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra, Ostrya virginiana, Acer rubrum ve Ulmus americana ile birlikte büyür. Çiçeklenme Mayıs ve Temmuz ayları arasında gerçekleşir. Türlerin hızlı büyüdüğü kabul edilir ve 15 yaşında tohum üretmeye başlar. Bu 100 yaşına kadar devam eder. Tohum, rüzgarda, yerçekimi veya hayvanlar tarafından kısa menzilli bir dağılıma sahiptir. Fideler en iyi gölgede büyür, ancak ilk büyümeden sonra daha yüksek ışık yoğunluğu gerekir. Genel tohum çimlenmesi zayıf olarak kabul edilir. Tür, üretken bir filizleyicidir (Crow 1990). Ağaç, kuşlar ve geyikler tarafından gezilebilir ve tohumları daha küçük otoburlar tarafından tüketilir (Nesom 2003). Çiçekler arılar için önemli bir nektar kaynağıdır.

Gelecekte bu tür iklim değişikliği nedeniyle tehdit altında olabilir (Potter ve Hargrove 2013). Türler ayrıca birkaç küçük zararlı ve hastalıktan etkilenir. Bunlar genellikle sadece yerel ölçekte hareket eder, örneğin Quebec'teki çingene güvesi bazı yerel popülasyonların yaprak dökmesine neden olmuştur (Crow 1990). Bu, türün geri kalanında görülmedi. Türler için önemli bir tehdit bilinmemektedir.

Bu türün çok çeşitli kullanım alanları vardır. Yumuşak ahşabı oymacılıkta kullanılan önemli bir kereste türüdür (Crow 1990). Kereste, Meksika'da yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır (E. Martinez-Salas pers. comm. 2017). Ayrıca süs olarak ve koşullar restorasyon için uygun olduğunda dikilebilir. Ağaçtan da lif üretilebilir ve ip, sepet hasırı yapmak ve dokuma için kullanılabilir (Crow 1990). Yerli Amerikalılar kambiyum ve yaprakları yerler ve bir içecek üretmek için özsuyu seyreltirler. Yaprakları da tıbbi bir çare olarak kullanırlar (Nesom 2003).

Bu tür 160 ex situ koleksiyondan rapor edilmiştir (BGCI PlantSearch 2017). Bu türün 1984 yılında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde NatureServe tarafından tehdit edilmediği kabul edilmektedir (BGCI ThreatSearch 2017). Nüfusun gelecekte istikrarlı kalmasını sağlamak için iklim değişikliğinin türler üzerindeki etkisinin daha fazla araştırılması ve izlenmesi yapılmalıdır. Özellikle Meksika'da kereste türlerinin sürdürülebilir yönetiminin daha iyi anlaşılması sağlanmalıdır.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Tilia
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ağaçları
Kanada ağaçları
Kuzeydoğu Amerika Birleşik Devletleri florası
Güneydoğu Amerika Birleşik Devletleri florası
Kuzeyorta Amerika Birleşik Devletleri florası
Güneyorta Amerika Birleşik Devletleri florası
Manitoba
New Brunswick florası
Ontario florası
Quebec florası
Saskatchewan
Apalaş Dağları
Büyük Göller
Büyük Smoky Dağları
1753'te tanımlanan bitkiler
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Amerika ıhlamuru


Beuel-Mitte, Almanya'nın batısında Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaleti Bonn kentine bağlı bölge. Batısında Ren nehri, doğusunda demiryolu hattı uzanır. Bölgede çok sayıda tarihi eser bulunmaktadır.

Bonn'un ilçe ve semtleri

Beuel-Mitte


Yuya Sano (født 22. april 1982) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Tokyo Verdy, Shonan Bellmare, V-Varen Nagasaki, Giravanz Kitakyushu og SC Sagamihara.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yuya Sano


Len (rijeka), pritoka rijeke Medway, Engleska
 Len (glazbeni sastav), alternative rock, Toronto

Len


Partier og Folketyper er en film med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Partier og folketyper fra Nordsjællands kyst. Skrænter ned til Kattegat. Hellebæk , Ålsgårde. Folk i landsby. Kvinde med stor læs kvas på trillebør og dreng på cykel. Mand saver brænde. Strand med Kronborg i baggrund. Øresund. Høfter og badebroer. Fiskere. Net og garn bødes og ordnes. To gamle taler sammen. Skonnert med sejl ved kysten. Flere kystmotiver. Landgangsbro og skonnert. Natur.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1917
Dokumentariske optagelser
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Sjælland

Partier og Folketyper


The J. B. Speed School of Engineering was founded in 1924 as part of the University of Louisville in the U.S. state of Kentucky with money from the James Breckenridge Speed Foundation which was created by his children William S. Speed and Olive Speed Sackett to honor J. B. Speed. Until 2003, it was known as the J. B. Speed Scientific School.

The school is colloquially referred to as Speed School or just Speed by students and locals.

Degree programs
The school offers Bachelor of Science, Master of Engineering, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in seven fields:
Chemical Engineering (ChE)
Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE)
Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
Engineering Management (EM)
Industrial Engineering (IE)
Mechanical Engineering (ME)
Biomedical Engineering (BE)
The school offers Bachelor of Arts degrees in one field:
Computer Science (CS)

Student life
In Fall 2018, the student body consists of 2,546 students (2,038 undergraduate and 508 graduate). The largest departments are ME and CECS, with a little more than 485 and 380 students respectively. In student and faculty opinion, the Speed School is considered to be one of the most rigorous and prestigious programs at the university.

When undergraduate students enter the school, they enter into a 5-year combined Bachelors and Masters program. Most students go to school year-round, in Fall, Spring, and Summer semesters, for a total of 14 semesters. Three of the 14 semesters are for co-op internships, to be done at industry locations, three of the 14 semesters are for the graduate (Masters) program, and the other eight semesters are for the undergraduate (Bachelors) program.

Accreditation
Seven programs in the J. B. Speed School of Engineering at the University of Louisville are accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of ABET. These programs result in the award of Master of Engineering degrees in the following disciplines:
Chemical Engineering (ChE)
Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE)
Computer Engineering and Computer Science (CECS)
Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
Industrial Engineering (IE)
Biomedical Engineering (BE)
Mechanical Engineering (ME)

In addition, the J. B. Speed School of Engineering also offers a B. S. degree in Computer Science that is accredited by the Computer Accreditation Commission (CAC) of ABET.

As of November 2010, all bachelor's degree-level engineering majors are also accredited by ABET.

Facilities
The campus lies almost entirely south of Eastern Parkway on the Belknap Campus (main campus) of the University of Louisville and consists of the following buildings:
 Engineering Graphics building — for the Engineering Graphics department- Demolished in 2013 since the integration of the Engineering Graphics department and the Engineering Fundamentals Department led to the only graphics class offered to be taught in the Duthie Center for Engineering.
 Henry Vogt building — attached to Sackett Hall, used by several departments
Sackett Hall — attached to the Henry Vogt building, used by the Mechanical Engineering department
 J. B. Speed building — houses the Dean's office, Academic Affairs, Admissions, Departments of Engineering Fundamentals, advising offices, and Industrial Engineering departments
 W. S. Speed building — used by Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering departments
 R. C. Ernst Hall — used by the Chemical Engineering department
 Lutz Hall — used by Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Computer Science and Engineering Departments
 John W. Shumaker Research Building - contains a  cleanroom core facility, and nanotechnology and bioengineering research laboratories
 Duthie Center for Engineering - used by the Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) department, along with the Center for Cooperative Education, and a number of classroom facilities used by the Engineering Fundamentals Department.

References

External links
Speed School website
Speed School Student Council
Speed School of Engineering annual Engineering Exposition
Speed School of Engineering - ACM Student Chapter

Educational institutions established in 1924
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
Engineering universities and colleges in Kentucky
University of Louisville
1924 establishments in Kentucky

J. B. Speed School of Engineering


An Habenaria bicolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Paul Conrath ngan Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Habenaria bicolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria bicolor


Baloň este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Dunajská Streda din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 753 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Baloň este atestată documentar din 1252.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Baloň