O Campeonato Mundial de Xadrez de 2023 foi um match do Campeonato Mundial de Xadrez, jogado entre 9 de abril e 30 de abril de 2023, em Astana, no Cazaquistão. Como o campeão mundial anterior, Magnus Carlsen, decidiu não defender seu título, o campeonato foi disputado entre o vencedor do Torneio de Candidatos de 2022, Ian Nepomniachtchi, e o segundo colocado, Ding Liren.

Ding Liren foi o vencedor, derrotando Nepomniachtchi nas partidas rápidas de desempate.

Desistência de Carlsen
Para manter o título de campeão mundial, Magnus Carlsen teria de defendê-lo contra um desafiante pré-determinado. Como ele decidiu não o fazer, o título foi retirado dele, e os dois primeiros colocados nos Candidatos de 2022 – Ian Nepomniachtchi e Ding Liren – disputaram um match pelo Campeonato Mundial para determinar o novo campeão.

Alguns dias após o campeonato anterior em 2021, Carlsen disse que poderia não estar motivado o suficiente para jogar outro match do campeonato mundial, e possivelmente não competiria na edição de 2023, a menos que o desafiante fosse Alireza Firouzja, que subiu para o segundo lugar no ranking mundial em 2021. Em abril de 2022, ele foi mais longe, dizendo que era improvável que jogasse, sem mencionar Firouzja.

Quando o Torneio de Candidatos foi concluído, em julho de 2022, a FIDE e Carlsen estavam dialogando sobre o campeonato e seu formato, com a federação esperando que Carlsen pudesse dar uma resposta até 20 de julho. Neste dia, ele anunciou que não defenderia seu título, o que significa que o oponente de Nepomniachtchi seria o vice-campeão do Torneio de Candidatos, Ding Liren.

A não participação do campeão incumbente é uma situação rara. Em 1993, o incumbente Garry Kasparov teve seu título removido pela FIDE, mas ainda afirmou que era o campeão mundial, levando a uma situação em que houve dois campeonatos mundiais rivais entre 1993 e 2006. Fora deste período, o último campeão incumbente que se recusou a defender seu título foi Bobby Fischer em 1975. Na ocasião, a FIDE deu o título ao desafiante de Fischer, Anatoly Karpov, vencedor do Torneio de Candidatos anterior. A última vez que um campeonato mundial não dividido foi de fato jogado sem o campeão incumbente foi em 1948, devido à morte do campeão anterior, Alexander Alekhine, em 1946.

Torneio de Candidatos

Os desafiantes ao título, Ian Nepomniachtchi e Ding Liren, foram os dois primeiros colocados no Torneio de Candidatos de 2022, um torneio de oito jogadores que ocorreu de 16 de junho a 7 de julho de 2022. Anteriormente, Nepomniachtchi havia desafiado Magnus Carlsen pelo título mundial em 2021.

Os participantes do Torneio de Candidatos foram:

Classificação

 Fonte: Site oficial Chess.comRegras para classificação: 1) pontos; 2) resultado nas partidas de desempate para o primeiro lugar; 3) pontuação Sonnenborn-Berger (SB); 4) pontuação no confronto direto entre jogadores empatados; 5) número total de vitórias; 6) sorteio.Nota: Os números na tabela cruzada em um fundo branco indicam o resultado enfrentando o respectivo oponente com as peças brancas (peças pretas se em um fundo preto).

Match pelo título

Organização
O campeonato foi realizado em Astana, Cazaquistão, de 9 a 30 de abril de 2023, no hotel St Regis Astana.

A premiação em dinheiro foi de 2 milhões de dólares, divididos em 60% para o vencedor e 40% para o perdedor caso o match se encerrasse sem a necessidade de desempate. Como houve um empate nas partidas de ritmo clássico e um desempate foi preciso, a divisão do prêmio foi de 55% para o vencedor e 45% para o perdedor.

O árbitro chefe foi Nebosja Baralic, da Sérvia, e o vice-árbitro chefe foi Gerhard Bertagnolli, da Itália.

O primeiro lance de cada partida foi cerimonialmente realizado por um convidado dos organizadores.

Regulamento
O controle de tempo para cada partida clássica foi de 120 minutos para os primeiros 40 lances, seguidos de 60 minutos para os próximos 20 lances, e então 15 minutos para o resto dos jogos, com um incremento de 30 segundos por movimento a partir do lance 61.

O match consistiu de 14 partidas, e uma pontuação de 7½ venceria o Campeonato Mundial. Como a pontuação seguiu igual após as 14 partidas, jogos de desempate com controles de tempo mais rápidos ocorreram:

 Quatro partidas rápidas com 25 minutos cada + 10 segundos de incremento a partir do lance 1. Se um jogador marcasse 2½ pontos ou mais, ele venceria o campeonato.
 Se a pontuação seguisse igual após as partidas rápidas, um mini-match de duas partidas blitz seria jogado. O controle de tempo seria de 5 minutos + 3 segundos de incremento. Se um jogador vencesse o mini-match, o desempate terminaria e ele venceria o campeonato. Em caso de empate no mini-match, outro seria jogado nas mesmas condições para decidir o campeão.
 Se houvesse empate em ambos os mini-matches de blitz, uma única partida com o controle de tempo de 3 minutos + 2 segundos de incremento seria jogada, e o vencedor conquistaria o campeonato. Um sorteio decidiria qual jogador utilizaria as peças brancas. Em caso de empate, outra partida de blitz seria jogada com o mesmo controle de tempo, e as cores de cada jogador invertidas, com o vencedor se sagrando campeão. O processo se repetiria até um dos jogadores vencer uma partida.

Os jogadores não podiam empatar por comum acordo antes do 40.º lance das peças negras. Um empate só podia ser reivindicado antes disso em caso de repetição tripla de lances ou afogamento.

Confrontos diretos anteriores
O placar das partidas clássicas entre Ian Nepomniachtchi e Ding Liren antes do Campeonato Mundial era de três vitórias para Nepomniachtchi, duas vitórias para Ding, e oito empates. Seus confrontos mais recentes antes do match, no Torneio de Candidatos de 2022, resultaram em uma vitória para Nepomniachtchi e um empate.

Datas e resultados
As partidas começaram às 15h00 no horário local (UTC+6), equivalente a 09h00 UTC.

As cores foram sorteadas na cerimônia de abertura usando inteligência artificial e um robô. Nepomniachtchi recebeu as peças brancas para a primeira partida. A partir de então, as cores dos jogadores se alternaram a cada partida, sem uma inversão da ordem na metade do campeonato. Dias sem jogos estão em tonalidade cinza-escura. Se o match fosse encerrado antes de 14 partidas clássicas (devido a um jogador alcançar 7½ ou mais pontos) a cerimônia de encerramento seria realizada no dia da última partida ou no dia seguinte.

2023 no xadrez
Campeonato Mundial de Xadrez
Eventos esportivos sediados no Cazaquistão

Campeonato Mundial de Xadrez de 2023


Sărutul ucigașului () este un film noir american din 1955. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Jamie Smith, Trene Kane și Frank Silvera.

Distribuție
 Jamie Smith - Davey Gordon
 Irene Kane - Gloria Price
 Frank Silvera - Vincent Rapallo

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme din 1955
Filme în limba engleză
Filme americane
Filme noir
Filme regizate de Stanley Kubrick
Scenarii de Stanley Kubrick
Filme dramatice
Filme dramatice americane

Sărutul ucigașului


Noriyuki Tanaka es un investigador japonés de botánica económica de la Universidad de Teikyo, y su Jardín de Plantas Medicinales de la Facultad de Farmacia.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 1997. Taxonomic Significance of Some Floral Characters in Helonias and Ypsilandra (Liliaceae). En: The J. of Jap. Sci. 72 (2 ): 110-114

 -------------------------. 1981. Studies on chromosome arrangement in some higher plants. I. Interphase chromosomes in three liliaceous plants. Cytologia 46: 343-357

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Japón del siglo XX
Escritores en inglés

Noriyuki Tanaka


À nous l'éternité est un film québécois réalisé par Paul Barbeau sorti en 2018.

Après plusieurs présentations dans des festivals, le film ne sort pas en salle mais directement en vidéo sur demande puis est diffusé sur les ondes de TV5 Monde.

Synopsis
Antoine a 20 ans et veut réaliser son rêve : devenir un grand chef cuisinier. Il quitte son emploi au restaurant de sa mère dans le Vieux-Québec pour aller travailler comme soudeur à Portneuf. Il compte ainsi ramasser assez d'argent pour partir pour Paris où il compte étudier à l'école de cuisine Ferrandi. Il rencontre deux sœurs de Donnacona et commence une relation avec la plus âgée causant une certaine tension chez la plus jeune. Antoine devra prendre plusieurs décisions qui, comme les jeunes de son âge, décideront de son avenir.

Fiche technique

 Titre original : À nous l'éternité
 Titre anglais :
 Réalisation : Paul Barbeau
 Scénario : Paul Barbeau
 Musique : Sacha Daoud
 Direction artistique : Diana Le Nézet
 Costumes : Clara Palardy
 Maquillage : Éloïse Bourbeau
 Photographie : Christophe Dalpé
 Son : Marcel Chouinard, Estelle Abou, Isabelle Lussier
 Montage : Laurent Bernier
 Production : Martin Henri
 Société de production : Fairmount Films
 Sociétés de distribution : Fairmount Films
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur — format d'image : 1,78:1
 Genre : drame
 Durée :
 Tournage : Québec, Donnacona, Neuville, Portneuf, Lachine (Montréal) et Paris
 Dates de sortie :
 Canada :  (première au )
 Allemagne :  (Festival international du film de Mannheim-Heidelberg)
 Canada :  (première québécoise aux  Rendez-vous Québec Cinéma)
 Canada :  (VSD)

Distribution
 Antoine DesRochers : Antoine Despins
 Léa Jaouich : Léa Kayal
 Sarah Mottet : Sara Kayal
 Émile Schneider : Clément Schneider
 Nian Duval : Sylvie Despins, mère d'Antoine
 Steve Berthelotte : père de Léa et Sara
 Joëlle Camille : mère de Léa et Sara
 Stéphane Brulotte : père d'Antoine
 Michel Mpambara : Ismaël
 Joey Macintosh : Joey
 Kevin Bissonnette : délinquant

Distinctions

Récompenses
 2019 :
 Festival du film indépendant de Londres : Meilleur long métrage
 Festival du film de Tallahassee : Prix du choix du meilleur réalisateur
 Festival international du film  du Canada : Prix de l'excellence

Nominations
 2018 :
 Festival international du film de Mannheim-Heidelberg : Grand prix du nouveau venu
  : Meilleur long métrage canadien

Références

Liens externes

Film québécois sorti en 2018
Film dramatique québécois
Film en français québécois
Film tourné à Québec
Film tourné à Montréal
Film se déroulant à Québec
Film sur la restauration
Gastronomie québécoise

À nous l'éternité


سلوى سعيد (8 ديسمبر 1935 - 9 يوليو 2000)، ممثلة سورية عملت في مسلسلات سورية كثيرة أبيض وأسود. سافرت إلى مصر وكانت بداياتها في فيلم الناس اللي تحت
 ومن أشهر أفلامها فيلم عائلة زيزي ومطلوب أرملة ورغم نجاحها في مصر وإجادتها للهجة المصرية إلا أنها فيما يبدو فضّلت العودة إلى بلدها سوريا والاستقرار في دمشق وتزوجت الفنان السوري طلحت حمدي وبعدها مثّلت وشاركت في عدة أفلام سورية ولبنانية وعملت مع شركات إنتاج فنية في سوريا ولها أدوار مميزة في عدد من المسلسلات السورية. وأشهر مسلسل عربي بدوي هو وضحا وابن عجلان .

من أفلامها
 الفيلم السوري حارة العناتر
الفيلم السوري اتفضلوا ممنوع الدخول
الفيلم السوري الحسناء وقاهر الفضاء

المصادر

ممثلات سوريات في القرن 20
مواليد 1354 هـ
وفيات 1416 هـ
وفيات 1421 هـ
ممثلات أفلام سوريات
سلوى سعيد

سلوى سعيد


Reise Brasilien, (abreviado Reise Bras.), es un libro con ilustraciones y descripciones botánicas que fue escrito conjuntamente por Johann Baptist von Spix y Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius. Fue publicado en tres volúmenes en los años 1823-1831, con el nombre de ''Reise Brasilien auf Befehl Sr. Majestat Maximilian Joseph I. Konigs von Baiern in den Jahren 1817 bis 1820... Munchen.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Libros de botánica
Publicaciones científicas

Reise Brasilien


Toponyme

 Le glacier Lamplugh, un glacier américain situé en Alaska.

Patronyme

 Thomas Lamplugh (1615-1691), un prélat de l'Église d'Angleterre.

Autre
 La disparition de Suzy Lamplugh, une affaire criminelle anglaise.

Lamplugh


Soğanlıyürük, Zonguldak ilinin Karadeniz Ereğli ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Yörük olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 40 km, Karadeniz Ereğli ilçe merkezine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Karadeniz Ereğli belde ve köyleri

Soğanlıyürük, Karadeniz Ereğli


جان لويس ايتين  (1946_ ) طبيب و مستكشف فرنسي من انجازاته انه وصل إلى القطب الشمالي مشيا على الاقدام و وحده بعد 63 يوما من انطلاقه في 11 ماي 1986. في 1989-1990 يقوم بقيادة البعثة العالمية عبر القطب الجنوبي في 7 أشهر من المشي لعبور القطب الجنوبي. في هده الايام يقوم بابحاث في القطب الجنوبي دات اهداف علمية.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من تارن (إقليم فرنسي)
أطباء فرنسيون
أطباء فرنسيون في القرن 20
بحارون فرنسيون
بحارة
حائزون على وسام الاستحقاق الوطني الفرنسي من رتبة فارس
ضباط وسام جوقة الشرف
علماء فرنسيون
علماء محيطات فرنسيون
فارس وسام جوقة الشرف
مستكشفو أنتاركتيكا
مستكشفو القطب الشمالي
مستكشفون فرنسيون
مستكشفون في القرن 20
مستكشفون في القرن 21
مواليد 1946

جان لويس ايتين


Charles Burgess Fry (25 April 1872 – 7 September 1956) was an English sportsman, teacher, writer, editor and publisher, who is best remembered for his career as a cricketer. John Arlott described him with the words: "Charles Fry could be autocratic, angry and self-willed: he was also magnanimous, extravagant, generous, elegant, brilliant – and fun ... he was probably the most variously gifted Englishman of any age."

Fry's achievements on the sporting field included representing England at both cricket and football, an FA Cup Final appearance for Southampton and equalling the then-world record for the long jump. He also reputedly turned down the throne of Albania. In later life, he suffered mental health problems, but even well into his seventies he claimed he was still able to perform his party trick: leaping from a stationary position backwards onto a mantelpiece.

Education
C. B. Fry was born in Croydon; the son of a civil servant. Both sides of his family had once been wealthy, but by 1872 were not as prosperous. After winning a scholarship, Fry was educated at Repton School and then at Wadham College, Oxford. His greatest strength academically was in the Classics. At Repton he won the school prizes for Latin Verse, Greek Verse, Latin Prose and French. He was also runner-up in German. His weakest subject was mathematics; he gained the headmaster's permission to study Thucydides instead and dispensed with maths for the rest of his academic career.

Repton has a strong tradition in football and Fry played for the under-16 Repton football side in his first term, aged thirteen. He went on to captain both the school's cricket and football teams, and also won prizes for athletics. At the age of sixteen he played for the Casuals in the F.A. Cup.

Having won a further scholarship to study at Wadham College, Oxford, he won his university Blue in football, cricket and athletics, but narrowly failed to win a Blue in rugby union, because of an injury. Fry's status brought him into the orbit of people whose fame was already spreading far beyond Oxford, such as Max Beerbohm, the writer and caricaturist. He gained a first in classical moderations.

When Fry was only twenty-one, the magazine Vanity Fair published a caricature of him in its issue of 19 April 1894, with the comment: "He is sometimes known as "C.B."; but it has lately been suggested that he should be called 'Charles III'."

In his final term at Oxford Fry experienced his first (but not last) bout of mental illness, suffering a mental breakdown. There were a number of contributing factors to this. During his time at Oxford Fry had accumulated disturbingly large debts. In an attempt to alleviate his financial difficulties, Fry capitalised on his reputation to make some much-needed money. As well as writing articles (including one for Wisden), he did some private tutoring but although such activities reduced his debts they did not clear them and, further increased the intense pressure on his time. Fry's continuing indebtedness provides the most obvious explanation for his acceptance of an offer to do some nude modelling. These financial problems combined with his mother being seriously ill, placed an unbearable strain on him. Although he was able to sit his final exams, he was hardly in any fit state to do so, having hardly read a line for weeks. The result was Fry scraping a Fourth, bringing one of Oxford's most spectacular and successful careers to an inglorious end. So in the summer of 1895, only months after being the toast of Oxford, Fry found himself saddled with mounting debts and no way with which to repay them. In the short term, cricket came to his rescue. He was offered, and accepted, the chance to tour South Africa as a member of Lord Hawke's 1895–96 England touring party.

Personal life
In 1898, Fry married Beatrice Holme Sumner (1862–1946), daughter of Arthur Holme Sumner, of Hatchlands Park, Guildford, Surrey; they had three children. Beatrice was ten years Fry's senior, and known for her 'fiery, strong-willed, aggressive' personality; she was reckoned to be 'a cruel and domineering woman', and Fry 'lived in fear of her for the duration of their marriage', as 'she made him thoroughly miserable and he tried to stay away from her as much as possible'. His unhappy marriage impacted Fry's mental health; his daughter-in-law observed: 'I should think anyone would have a breakdown married to her". At Beatrice's death, they had been married for 48 years; Fry 'adjusted to her death with great equanimity and even her children showed all the freedom of the newly liberated'. Their son Stephen later said: 'My mother ruined my father's life'. He and his son, Charles Fry, also played first-class cricket.

Sporting career
Apart from his other sporting achievements stated below, Fry was also a decent shot putter, hammer thrower and ice skater, representing Wadham in the inter-College races on Blenheim lake in the winter of 1894–95 and coming close to an unofficial Blue as a member of the Oxford team who took on Cambridge on the Fens, as well as being a proficient golfer.

Cricket
Fry played for Surrey in 1891 (but not in any first-class fixtures), Oxford University 1892–1895 (winning Blues in all four years and captaining the university in 1894, meaning that he was simultaneously not only captain of both the university cricket and football teams but president of the varsity athletics club as well) Sussex 1894–1908 (captain 1904–1908), and Hampshire, 1909–1921. First selected by England for the tour of South Africa in 1895–96, he captained England in his final six Test matches in 1912, winning four and drawing two. He twice scored Test centuries: 144 v Australia in 1905 hitting 23 fours in just over  hours, batting at number four, and 129 opening the batting against South Africa in 1907.

As a highly effective right-handed batsman who batted at, or near the top of the order, Fry scored 30,886 first-class runs at an average of 50.22, a particularly high figure for an era when scores were generally lower than today. At the end of his cricketing career in 1921–22, he had the second highest average of any retired player with over 10,000 runs: only his Sussex and England colleague Ranjitsinhji had retired with a better career average. He headed the batting averages (qualification minimum 20 innings) for six English seasons (in 1901, 1903, 1905, 1907, 1911 and 1912). Against Yorkshire, the strongest county bowling attack of Fry's time, he averaged a remarkable 63.60 over the course of his career, including back to back scores of 177 and 229 against them in 1904. GL Jessop said that calmness was at the heart of his batting and that he was a superb judge of a run as well as being fast between the wickets.

In his early career Fry was an enthusiastic and successful right-arm fast-medium bowler. He returned his career best figures of 6–78 in the 1895 Varsity match, and he twice took ten wickets in a match: 5–75 and 5–102 for the Gentlemen of England against I Zingari in 1895, and 5–81 and 5–66 for Sussex against Nottinghamshire in 1896 (a match in which he also scored 89 and 65). The late 1890s saw a re-emergence of the throwing controversy in cricket. Several professional bowlers including Arthur Mold and Ernie Jones were no-balled; Mold was forced to retire. Fry's bowling action was criticised by opponents and teammates, and it was only a matter of time before he too was no-balled by umpire Jim Phillips.

Fry scored 94 first-class centuries, including an unprecedented six consecutive centuries in 1901. No one else has scored more consecutive hundreds. On 12 September 1901, playing for the Rest of England against Yorkshire at Lord's, he scored 105, which was his sixth consecutive first-class century. He made his highest first-class score of 258 not out in 1911, a season which led to his recall to the England Test team as captain in 1912. In 1921 Fry was once again considered for the Test side. The Selection Committee asked him to play in the First Test match at Nottingham under the captaincy of Johnny Douglas, with a view to taking over the captaincy for the remainder of the series if, as they anticipated, things went wrong. Fry declined on the basis that there was no sense in recalling a forty-nine-year-old merely as a player, but stated that he would consider returning as captain. As England were badly beaten at Nottingham the Selection Committee again pressed Fry to return for the Second Test but once again he declined, due to poor form. Following another heavy defeat in the Second Test the Selection Committee made a further attempt to persuade Fry to return for the Third Test as captain, a job he was now keen to accept. He injured a finger taking a catch during Hampshire's match with the Australians. In the short term, the injury did not appear too serious: he scored a half-century in Hampshire's first innings and, when they followed on in reply to the Australians' massive total he top scored with 37. Furthermore, in his next match against Nottinghamshire he scored 61 in the first innings (but registered a duck in the second). It appears however that the injury was affecting his fielding more than his batting and, for last time, C.B. felt obliged to stand down from the side for the next Test. Fry later commentated on cricket matches, being called "one of the most eloquent cricket commentators of all time."

For both Sussex and England, he was closely associated with the outstanding cricketer Prince Ranjitsinhji, the future Jam Sahib of Nawanagar. Their contrasting batting styles complemented one another (Fry being an orthodox, technically correct batsman, and Ranji being noted for his innovation, particularly his use of the leg glance). Their friendship lasted well into the 1920s, and when Ranjitsinhji became one of India's three representatives at the League of Nations, he took Fry with him as his assistant.

Athletics
In athletics, Fry won Blues in all four years at Oxford 1892–95, representing the university against Cambridge in the long jump in 1892, 1893, 1894 and 1895; the high jump in 1892 and the 100 yards in 1893 and 1894. In 1892 Fry broke the British long jump record with a jump of  and a year later on 4 March 1893 equalled the world long jump record of  (tied with the American Charles Reber). This is often incorrectly claimed to have stood as a world record for 21 years, but this length of time actually only refers to how long he held the university record, Cambridge's H. S. O. Ashington adding three-quarters of an inch to Fry's distance in 1913. Fry's shared world record was broken on 5 September 1894 by Ireland's J. J. Mooney.

In the first contest between universities from different countries, Oxford v Yale at the Queen's Club, West Kensington, in 1894, Fry came third in the long jump and won the 100 yards. In addition to being an outstanding long jumper, sprinter and high jumper, Fry was also a talented hurdler, once competing against Godfrey Shaw the champion hurdler of the time, who beat him but told him, as Fry later recalled: "He was sure if I took up hurdling seriously I might win the championship." Fry was also president of the Oxford University athletics club in 1894.

Football

Fry's achievements extended to association football.

A defender with exceptional pace, Fry learned his football at Repton School, where he played for and captained the school team. While still at school he also played for the famous amateur club the Casuals, for whom he found himself turning out in an FA Cup tie at the age of sixteen. Fry went on to win Blues in each of his four years at Oxford University captaining the side in his third year. In 1891, he joined another famous amateur club, the Corinthians, going on to make a total of 74 appearances for them between 1891 and 1903 scoring four goals. Although extremely proud of his amateur status, he decided that entering the professional game would enhance his chance of international honours. He chose Southampton F.C. (The Saints), as the leading lights in the Southern League, and also because The Dell was conveniently close to his home. He made his debut for Southampton (as an amateur) on 26 December 1900, against Tottenham Hotspur and went on to help them win the Southern League title during that 1900–01 season.

Fry's game was probably a little too refined for the hurly-burly of professional football, he never relished the aerial challenges that were more prevalent in the professional game, but having worked tirelessly to improve his heading ability he achieved his aim of international honours when (along with Southampton's goalkeeper, Jack Robinson), he was picked to play as a full-back for England in the match against Ireland on 9 March 1901 (played in Southampton).

The following season (1901–02), Southampton reached the FA Cup Final, playing against Sheffield United, which was drawn 1–1, but Southampton lost the replay, 2–1. Although he had moments during the cup run in which he excelled, his positional play was sometimes questioned. Fry played in all eight of the FA Cup games for Southampton that season, but in only nine Southern League matches, with Bill Henderson being forced to give way whenever Fry was available. The following season, he played twice at centre forward, without success, but Southampton released him partly due to his lack of availability. Fry made 25 first-team appearances for Southampton. He then joined Southampton's local rivals Portsmouth, making his debut for them on 21 January 1903. Fry made three appearances for Portsmouth (as an amateur) before retiring from football due to injury.

Rugby union

Fry played rugby union for Oxford University, narrowly missing out on a Blue in his final year due to injury, Blackheath, for whom he made ten appearances, and the Barbarians, for whom he made three appearances. Fry was also chosen, as he later recalled, as the "first reserve for the South against the North" – a match that was, in effect, an England trial. Unfortunately for Fry, no one pulled out before the match and, as there were no substitutions allowed in rugby at the time, he did not get to play.

Acrobatics
Fry's party trick was to leap from a stationary position on the floor backwards onto a mantelpiece; he would face the mantelpiece, crouch down, take a leap upwards, turn in the air, and bow to the gallery with his feet planted on the shelf. Persuasion would occasionally get him to perform this turn at country houses, much to the interest of the guests.

Career outside sport

Teaching
In 1896 Fry took up a teaching position at Charterhouse. Two years later in 1898 he left the profession, moving on to a successful and much more lucrative and less time-consuming career in journalism. He later recalled: "I could earn by journalism three times the income for the expenditure of a tenth of the time." In December 1908 he became the Captain Superintendent of the Training Ship Mercury, a nautical school primarily designed to prepare boys for service in the Royal Navy; this was run by his wife Beatrice from 1885 to 1946, she having founded the school with her lover (and father of her illegitimate children), the rich banker Charles Hoare. She subjected the boys, 'hounded from morn to night', to 'barbarities' including ceremonial floggings of extreme violence and forced boxing matches inflicted as punishment. Fry held this position until he resigned to make way for a younger man in 1950. Eventually he was given the rank of captain in the Royal Naval Reserve (RNR). Alan Gibson wrote: "He ... would stride about in his uniform looking, as I think it was Robertson-Glasgow who said, every inch like six admirals." Interviewed about the Mercury, and his role in its development, he was addressed as 'Commander C. B. Fry'.

Politics

As far back as his time at Wadham College, Fry had been interested in politics, but admitted: "I take a great interest in heaps of things that I know nothing about ... politics for one".

In 1920 when his friend and former Sussex teammate Ranjitsinhji was offered and accepted the chance to become one of India's three representatives at the newly created League of Nations in Geneva he took Fry with him as his assistant. It was whilst working for Ranjitsinhji at the League of Nations, in Geneva, that Fry claimed to have been offered the throne of Albania. Whether this offer genuinely occurred has been questioned, but Fry was definitely approached about the vacant Albanian throne and therefore seems to have been considered a credible candidate for the post.

He stood (unsuccessfully) as a Liberal candidate for parliament for the Brighton constituency in 1922. Fry's presence certainly brought some welcome glamour and excitement to the election, and his campaign was given extra colour by the appearance, at an election meeting, of Dame Clara Butt, the opera singer (and a close personal friend of the Frys). He won 22,059 votes, 4,785 fewer than the Conservative victor.

He later fought the seat of Banbury in 1923, losing by just 219 votes, and the Oxford by-election in 1924, where he was defeated by 1,842 votes.

Writing, editing, publishing and broadcasting

Books by Fry include:
The Book of Cricket: A New Gallery of Famous Players (1899), editor, appeared in 14 weekly parts.
Giants of the Game: Being Reminiscences of the Stars of Cricket from Daft Down to the Present Day (c. 1900), with R. H. Lyttleton, W. J. Ford & George Giffen.
Great Batsmen: Their Methods at a Glance (1905), with George W Beldam, who provided the photographs.
Great Bowlers and Fielders: Their Methods at a Glance (1907), with George W. Beldam
A Mother's Son (1907), a novel written in collaboration with his wife.
Cricket: Batsmanship (1912).
Key-Book of The League of Nations.
Life Worth Living: Some Phases Of An Englishman (1939), his autobiography.
Cricket on the Green For Club And Village Cricketers And For Boys (1947), with R. S. Young.

He is also believed to have written much of The Jubilee Book of Cricket (1897), of which the nominal author was Ranji. He wrote prefaces and introductions for a number of other cricket books, and wrote articles on cricket and football for The Strand Magazine in the early years of the 20th century. In the 1930s, he wrote a column for the London Evening Standard, which covered many topics. The column was credited with a considerable increase in the paper's circulation. He launched and edited C. B. Fry's Magazine.  In his magazine he promoted toys such as the diabolo. A History and Bibliography of Fry's Magazine was published in December 2022 by Sports History Publishing.

His broadcasting career began in 1936 with commentary for the BBC on a match between Middlesex and Surrey. He declined to join the panel on Any Questions but in 1945 began a successful stint on The Brains Trust.
In 1946 he was one of the BBC radio commentary team for the Tests between England and India. In 1953 he gave a 3-hour interview to the BBC which was edited down to 30 minutes for the programme Frankly Speaking. In 1955, he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews for the fifth episode of the new television show This Is Your Life. Amongst the friends gathered to relive his best moments were Jack Hobbs and Sydney Barnes.

Later life
In the 1920s, Fry's mental health started to deteriorate severely. He had encountered mental health problems earlier in his life, experiencing a breakdown during his final year at Oxford, which meant that, although academically brilliant, he achieved a poor degree. In the late 1920s, he had a major breakdown and became deeply paranoid. He reached breaking point in 1928 during a visit to India, becoming convinced that an Indian had cast a spell on him. For the rest of his life, he dressed in bizarrely unconventional clothes. He did recover enough to become a popular writer on cricket and other sports, and even into his sixties he entertained hopes of becoming a Hollywood star. At one point when he was staying in Brighton he was supposed to have gone for a walk along the beach early in the morning and suddenly shed all his clothes, trotting around stark naked.

In 1934, as reported in his 1939 autobiography, Life Worth Living, he visited Germany with the idea of forging stronger links between the uniformed British youth organisations, such as the Boy Scouts, and the Hitler Youth, so that both groups could learn from each other. Fry met Adolf Hitler who greeted him with a Nazi salute which he returned with a Nazi salute of his own. He failed to persuade von Ribbentrop that Nazi Germany should take up cricket to Test level. Some members of the Hitler Youth were welcomed at TS Mercury, and Fry was still enthusiastic about them in 1938, just prior to the outbreak of war. Fry's laudatory statements about Hitler persisted through his autobiography's third impression in July 1941 but appear to have been purged in the fourth impression (1947).

He retired from his position at TS Mercury in 1950, and died in 1956, in Hampstead, London. The English writer and critic Neville Cardus wrote the following words for Fry's obituary: Fry must be counted among the most fully developed and representative Englishmen of his period; and the question arises whether, had fortune allowed him to concentrate on the things of the mind, not distracted by the lure of cricket, a lure intensified by his increasing mastery over the game, he would not have reached a high altitude in politics or critical literature. But he belonged – and it was his glory – to an age not obsessed by specialism; he was one of the last of the English tradition of the amateur, the connoisseur, and, in the most delightful sense of the word, the dilettante.

His ashes were buried in the graveyard of Repton Parish Church, next to Repton School's Priory. In 2008, his grandson, Jonathan Fry (chairman of the governors at Repton), was in attendance at the rededication of Fry's grave, which was inscribed with, "1872 C B Fry 1956. Cricketer, scholar, athlete, Author – The Ultimate All-rounder'.

Honours
Southampton F.C.
 FA Cup finalist: 1902

Two Brighton & Hove buses (429 and 829) were named "C B Fry" in his honour.

See also
List of English cricket and football players
List of cricket and rugby union players

References

Bibliography

External links

 Charles Fry – biography on the Oxford University Association Football Club web site
 Corinthian Casuals F.C. – Player profiles

1872 births
1956 deaths
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Men's association football fullbacks
Barbarian F.C. players
Blackheath F.C. players
British magazine publishers (people)
British male journalists
British sportsperson-politicians
Burials at St. Wystan's Church, Repton
Corinthian F.C. players
Cricket historians and writers
Cricketers from Greater London
England cricket team selectors
England men's international footballers
England Test cricket captains
England Test cricketers
English cricket commentators
English cricketers of 1890 to 1918
English cricketers
English men's footballers
English male long jumpers
English rugby union players
Europeans cricketers
Footballers from Croydon
Gentlemen cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Gentlemen of the South cricketers
Hampshire cricketers
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
London County cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
Oxford University A.F.C. players
Oxford University cricketers
Oxford University Past and Present cricketers
Oxford University RFC players
People educated at Repton School
People of the Victorian era
Portsmouth F.C. players
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel
Royal Navy officers
Rugby union players from Croydon
Southampton F.C. players
Southern Football League players
Sussex cricket captains
Sussex cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
Royal Naval Reserve personnel

C. B. Fry


Die Staustufe Gundelsheim ist eine Staustufe des Neckars direkt am westlichen Ortseingang von Gundelsheim, einer Stadt im Landkreis Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland). Die Staustufe verbindet die unterschiedlichen Wasserspiegelhöhen des Neckars im Übergangsbereich zwischen dem Neckarbecken bei Heilbronn und dem Odenwald.

Aufbau
Die Schleuse Gundelsheim ist eine Doppelschleuse mit zwei Schleusenbecken am linken Ufer, einer dreifeldrigen Staustufe in der Mitte und einem Wasserkraftwerk auf dem rechten Ufer. Unmittelbar unterhalb der Schleusen wird der Neckar von einer Straßenbrücke der L528 überquert.

Geschichte
Die rechte Schleuse, das Kraftwerk und die Brücke wurden in den Jahren 1935 bis 1937 im Zuge der Neckarkanalisierung erbaut. Gundelsheim befand sich damals innerhalb der 50-km-Sicherheitszone des Versailler Vertrags, innerhalb derer keine Festungsanlagen erbaut werden durften. Trotzdem bezog das Heer 1935 den in Bau befindlichen Bereich um das Kraftwerk am rechten Ufer in ein umfangreiches Bunkersystem ein. Es war Teil der Neckar-Enz-Stellung, umfasste mehrere Hohlgänge und war für eine Besatzung von 26 Mann ausgelegt. Offiziell waren die Bauten als zivile Luftschutzbauten ausgewiesen.

In der Nacht vom 29. auf den 30. März 1945 sprengten deutsche Truppen auf ihrem ostwärtigen Rückzug die Neckarbrücke.

Die linke Schleusenkammer wurde 1958 gebaut.

Im Jahr 1992 wurden technische Renovierungsarbeiten an der Antriebs- und Steuerungstechnik durchgeführt.

Aus der Zeit vor dem Schleusenbau zeugt heute nur das Gebäude der Alten Neckarmühle aus dem Jahr 1604. Der Mühlenbetrieb wurde nach der Neckarregulierung eingestellt; das Gebäude wird heute als Gastronomiebetrieb genutzt.

2012 wurde die Schleuse Gundelsheim vom Deutschen Motoryachtverband in Düsseldorf mit dem Titel "wassersportfreundlichste Schleuse" ausgezeichnet.

Bauvorhaben
Vor der Grundinstandsetzung und Verlängerung der rechten Schleusenkammer, wird die linke Kammer modernisiert, damit ein reibungsloser Schleusenbetrieb gewährleistet werden kann. Die Modernisierung der linken Schleusenkammer umfasst die Erneuerung der Tore sowie der Antriebs- und Steuerungstechnik. In der rechten Schleusenkammer sind altersbedingt die Kammerwände dringend sanierungsbedürftig. Dazu wird der Beton an Kammerwänden, Planien und Molen bis zu einer Tiefe von 40 cm abgebrochen und mit einer in den Bestand verankerten, bewehrten Betonschicht in Form einer Vorsatzschale neu aufgebaut. Im Rahmen der circa 40 m weiten Verlängerung dieser Schleusenkammer nach Unterwasser wird das Tor ausgetauscht und die Antriebs- und Steuerungstechnik auf den heutigen Stand der Technik gebracht. Zur Vermeidung einer späteren Schiffsanfahrung an das Untertor wird eine neue Seilstoßschutzanlage eingebaut. Die Bauarbeiten umfassen ebenso die Anpassung von Antriebshäusern und Kabelkanälen sowie die Erneuerung der Schleusenausrüstung (z. B. Poller, Steigeleitern). Da die Vorhäfen im Ober- und Unterwasser über eine ausreichende Länge verfügen, sind nur geringe Anpassungen erforderlich.

Ursprünglich war geplant, die Bauarbeiten 2014 zu beginnen. Stand 2020 ist das zurückgestellt, zugunsten einer Erreichbarkeit der Werft Neckarsteinach am unteren Neckar mit 135 m langen Schiffen.

Lage
Die Staustufe ist vom Rhein aus gesehen die zehnte Anlage ihrer Art.

Bootsschleppe
Auf der linken Neckarseite steht eine Bootsschleppe zur Verfügung. Das Gleis ist 520 m lang.

Literatur
 Verein für europäische Binnenschifffahrt und Wasserstraßen e.V. (Hrsg.): Westeuropäischer Schifffahrts- und Hafenkalender. Binnenschifffahrts-Verlag GmbH, Duisburg-Ruhrort, ISBN 3-87078-014-2
 Rolf Meurer: Wasserbau und Wasserwirtschaft in Deutschland. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3303-9

Weblinks
 Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Amt für Neckarausbau Heidelberg, Schleuse Gundelsheim
 Rhein Neckar Wiki Artikel zur Geschichte und Technik der Neckarstaustufen und -schleusen
 Neckarstaustufen und Bonatz-Bauten bedroht, Artikel des Schwäbischen Heimatbunds

Einzelnachweise

Gundelsheim
Gundelsheim
Gundelsheim
Gundelsheim
Gundelsheim
Bunker in Baden-Württemberg
Verkehrsbauwerk im Landkreis Heilbronn
Erbaut in den 1930er Jahren
Bauwerk in Gundelsheim (Württemberg)

Staustufe Gundelsheim


A sazonalidade ambiental é um conceito utilizado para ilustrar os efeitos das mudanças climáticas no ambiente de acordo com o período do ano em que se encontra, podendo variar mais ou menos intensamente dependendo de onde o local está situado. Tal influência leva em consideração todas as características que interferem no meio observado, como temperatura, umidade, quantidade de luz recebida, entre outros, e todos esses fatores juntos contribuem para que haja certo dinamismo e renovação. A sazonalidade pode ser prejudicial ou benéfica no âmbito individual, fazendo com que tenha um papel crucial na história natural e de vida das espécies que vivem no local, à medida que quanto mais afetado por ela o ecossistema for, maior será a exposição dos seres vivos a ambientes diferentes e estressantes, além de mudanças que muitas vezes alteram, em menor ou maior escala, toda a dinâmica deste. Com isso, além de aumentar a diversidade de espécies na área devido à diferenciação dos nichos com o passar do tempo e das características do meio, guia a seleção natural de forma relevante, provocando seleção de seres muitas vezes específicos para certos períodos ou seres mais generalistas. Além disso, a variação sazonal pode levar à alteração de compostos biológicos e não biológicos em dimensão considerável no ambiente, causando, fora as mudanças físico-químicas abióticas, uma maior ou menor produção de metabólitos específicos que serão transmitidos para todo o ambiente durante a vida e após a morte dos indivíduos que os sintetizam.
Para que possam conviver bem com a sazonalidade, as espécies se distribuem em três tipos de expectativa de vida: consideravelmente mais longos que o período de sazonalidade do local, comparável ao período de sazonalidade e em períodos bem mais curtos que o da sazonalidade. Isso amplia as possibilidades de estratégias de sobrevivência, com cada espécie tendo às desenvolvido com base nisso, como pode ser visto em animais que migram ou hibernam para suportar períodos de escassez (normalmente de vida mais longa), sofrem mudanças corporais em períodos específicos, ou plantas que produzem bancos de semente no solo e que irão germinar em momentos específicos.

Causas da Sazonalidade Ambiental

Inclinação do eixo da Terra
A distribuição da radiação solar ao longo da extensão da superfície terrestre não é homogênea, ou seja, existe uma distribuição desigual de calor e luz solar nas diferentes partes da Terra. Essa incidência da radiação do Sol sobre os hemisférios também varia no tempo, fazendo com que ao longo de um ano ocorra um período com mais luz e calor, o verão, e um período de menos luz e calor, o inverno.

Essas mudanças sazonais são resultado da inclinação do eixo da Terra. O eixo terrestre se trata da linha imaginária traçada do polo Norte ao polo Sul e a sua inclinação de 66,5º em relação ao plano orbital da Terra proporciona que um hemisfério possa receber radiação solar mais diretamente que o outro hemisfério. À medida que a Terra orbita o Sol ao longo do curso de um ano, a orientação de seu eixo relativo ao Sol também varia, fazendo com que a incidência de luz e calor do Sol sobre os hemisférios varie igualmente neste período de tempo, dessa forma, no Hemisfério Norte, o verão começa em junho, quando o hemisfério está inclinado em direção ao Sol; enquanto isso, o Hemisfério Sul por sua vez está orientado para longe do Sol e inicia-se o inverno. Sendo assim, essas mudanças resultantes da intensidade da radiação solar originam a variação climática sazonal e são a principal causa das estações do ano: inverno, primavera, verão e outono nas altas latitudes e da alternância úmido-seco nas regiões tropicais.
As variações sazonais na incidência de radiação solar são relativamente pequenas nos trópicos e se acentuam em direção às zonas temperadas e polares, dessa forma, as variações climáticas sazonais também se acentuam no mesmo sentido. Como resultado, zonas temperadas e polares experienciam variações pronunciadas na temperatura durante o ano e possuem estações do ano bem definidas, enquanto nos trópicos, a sazonalidade é marcada principalmente por mudanças na precipitação em vez de mudanças de temperatura. A duração do dia também é afetada pelas variações sazonais no ângulo de incidência de luz solar. O verão nas regiões que se encontram acima de 66,5º de latitude Norte e Sul é marcado por um longo dia no qual o Sol não se põe por dias, semanas e até mesmo meses. De forma semelhante, durante o inverno, o ângulo do Sol não atinge altura suficiente para que a superfície dessas regiões se aqueça. Durante os períodos de solstício de verão, a entrada de energia é máxima; enquanto que nos solstícios de inverno, é mínima.

Assim, podemos observar que as variações sazonais se manifestam em diferentes níveis nos diferentes hemisférios, e as variações fazem com que os ecossistemas não sejam estáticos, mas sim dinâmicos e variáveis. Essas variações climáticas são responsáveis por determinar a gama de condições ambientais experimentadas pelos organismos de determinado local, bem como a disponibilidade de recursos e habitats de que eles necessitam para sobreviver.

Massas de água e ar
Além das diferenças na incidência e distribuição da radiação solar, outro fator que contribui para que o Hemisfério Norte apresente variações sazonais bem delimitadas é o efeito que as massas de água exercem sobre o clima. A água tem uma capacidade térmica maior que o solo, isso significa que a água absorve e armazena mais energia que o solo sem sofrer alterações expressivas de temperatura. Essa propriedade física da água garante que a radiação solar possa aquecer a superfície do solo mais do que a da água durante o verão, e pelo mesmo motivo, durante o inverno o mar se mantém mais aquecido que as massas de terra continentais que se encontram na mesma latitude. Dessa forma, as variações sazonais na temperatura são menos acentuadas sobre os oceanos do que sobre os continentes, e por conta disso, as massas d'água oceânicas exercem efeito moderador nas variações de temperatura terrestre. Uma vez que o Hemisfério Norte possui uma proporção de massas de água muito menor, o efeito moderador das massas oceânicas também é menor nesse hemisfério, permitindo maior variação de temperatura em comparação aos trópicos, onde a temperatura se estabiliza em torno dos 20ºC.

Além de possuir variações sazonais de temperaturas menores que o continente, os oceanos também proporcionam uma maior fonte de umidade para a formação de nuvens e precipitação. Esses fatores somados fazem com que a proximidade dos oceanos seja outro fator determinante nas variações sazonais, em outras palavras, as regiões terrestres litorâneas são influenciadas pelo oceano adjacente e experimentam menor variação na temperatura diária e sazonal quando comparadas a  regiões continentais mais distantes da costa de latitudes similares.
A radiação solar incidente na zona equatorial (23,45° S, 23,45° N) atua de forma a promover a transpiração e a evaporação, fazendo com que o ar quente e úmido ascenda. Mesmo que este ar ascendente perca parte de sua umidade na zona tropical, ele ainda contribui para a formação de um ciclo onde o ar mais seco desce na faixa dos 30° da latitude norte e sul, se aquecendo à medida que a pressão aumenta, contribuindo para a estabilização da atmosfera.

Sazonalidade em Ambientes Aquáticos
Nas zonas temperadas e polares os ambientes aquáticos também experimentam transformações em decorrência das mudanças climáticas das estações do ano, mas como vimos, devido às propriedades caloríficas da água elas não são tão acentuadas como as que ocorrem sobre a terra. Como o gelo tem uma densidade menor do que a água em estado líquido ele se forma na superfície dos corpos hídricos no inverno, o gelo também apresenta um albedo maior que o da água, isto é, um maior poder de refletir a radiação, fazendo com que o gelo na superfície de um lago ou de oceanos polares efetivamente impeça o aquecimento da água que se encontra níveis abaixo. As diferenças na temperatura e consequentemente na densidade da água com a profundidade impedem que as camadas de água superficiais se misturem livremente com as camadas mais frias e densas que se encontram abaixo e isso resulta na estratificação dos corpos d'água. Essa estratificação é determinante no movimento de nutrientes e oxigênio de lagos e oceanos e dessa forma ela tem grandes implicações na dinâmica dos organismos aquáticos. Como consequência, em lagos de zonas temperadas, as variações sazonais na temperatura e na densidade da água resultam em variações sazonais na estratificação da água. Dessa forma, no verão, a camada superficial, chamada epilímnio, é a mais quente e exibe a atividade de populações de fitoplâncton e zooplâncton, abaixo da superfície está uma zona de rápido declínio da temperatura, chamada de termoclina e abaixo da zona termoclina está uma camada estável de água, mais fria e mais densa, chamada hipolímnio. No verão, os organismos mortos na superfície afundam para as zonas ao fundo do lago, carregando nutrientes e energia para longe das águas superficiais. Nas estações mais frias a camada superficial da água se esfria, por conseguinte a sua densidade aumenta até que ela tenha a mesma densidade das camadas abaixo, isso somado aos ventos que sopram na superfície permite que a água das diferentes camadas se misturem livremente, o que ocasiona a reciclagem de nutriente perdidos pela camada superficial durante o verão e também move o oxigênio da superfície para o fundo, o que aumenta a atividade biológica em todo o lago, esse fenômeno é conhecido como turnover ou a renovação do lago.

Relações Interespecíficas
Além da análise das adaptações de cada espécie individualmente, é necessário entender como é a dinâmica de interação entre as espécies que compartilham o mesmo ecossistema para que se possa entender o quadro geral e a influência da sazonalidade ambiental sobre a vida. Essa influência muitas vezes não é levada em consideração em diversos estudos sobre a ecologia de organismos, porém vem ganhando mais destaque devido a seu papel de promotora de diversos mecanismos de coexistência, já que permite uma desvinculação ou vinculação de comportamento de maneira mais precisa e uma maior especialização e aproveitamento das condições, mecanismos eficientes de diferenciação de nicho ecológico e consequentemente maior riqueza de espécies. Tal fato pode ser explicitado em casos do chamado efeito do armazenamento, onde há certa intercalação de períodos de sucesso e fracasso alimentar e reprodutivo entre as espécies de maneira que cada espécie consiga compensar períodos não tão positivos com o excedente anterior, levando a um equilíbrio com o passar dos ciclos de sazonalidade.

Fotoperiodismo
Durante a década de 1920, dois pesquisadores americanos chamados Garner e Allard observaram que dois mutantes da soja e do fumo só floresciam quando eram expostos a uma quantidade de incidência solar menor que um valor crítico de horas. Este fenômeno foi denominado de fotoperiodismo. Quanto mais este fenômeno foi estudado, mais se descobriu sobre ele, inclusive que existem plantas que exibem um mecanismo inverso: só florescem se forem expostas a uma quantidade de luz maior que um valor crítico. Por exemplo, o Xanthium strumarium só floresce se for exposto a 14 horas de luz contínuas, sendo considerado uma planta de dia longo (florescendo no verão). Em cidades de latitude mais baixa, onde há uma incidência prolongada de luz solar, ou seja, um dia mais longo, essa planta mantém sua capacidade de florescimento. Já em localidades com latitude mais elevada, o dia acaba por ser mais curto e essas plantas não são expostas suficientemente à luz solar para que possam completar seu processo de florescimento. Desta forma, as mudanças de estações bem como a latitude relativa modificam consideravelmente o tempo de exposição dos ambientes naturais à luz solar, impactando de forma direta, as capacidades reprodutivas de várias espécies vegetais..

Bibliografia
CAIN, M. L.; BOWMAN,W. D.; HACKER, S. D. Ecologia. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2018.

Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F. & Eichhorn, S.E. 2014. Biologia Vegetal, 8ª ed.

"Sazonalidade ambiental no teor de fenólicos e atividade antioxidante de própolis em áreas de florestas e savanas em Roraima". Disponível em: <http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=377>

"Sazonalidade ambiental". Disponível em: <https://meioambiente.culturamix.com/natureza/sazonalidade-ambiental#:~:text=%C3%89%20chamado%20de%20sazonalidade%20ambiental,clim%C3%A1ticas%20das%20esta%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20do%20ano.&text=As%20varia%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20sazonais%20acontecem%20com,umidade%2C%20temperatura%20entre%20outros%20fatores.>

"A sazonalidade ambiental afeta a composição faunística de Ephemeroptera e Trichoptera em um riacho de Cerrado do Sudeste do Brasil?". Disponível em: <https://repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle/11449/126815/ISSN1808-0251-2012-08-01-73-84.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>

"INFLUÊNCIA DA SAZONALIDADE NOS PROCESSOS DE REGENERAÇÃO ESPONT NEA NA SERRA MADUREIRAMENDANHA, RJ. ". Disponível em: <http://r1.ufrrj.br/lmbh/pdf/Resumoexpandido/resumo_expandido31.pdf>

"Seasonality in ecology: Progress and prospects in theory". Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1476945X20301471#:~:text=Seasonality%20can%20be%20defined%20as,1972%2C%20Holt%2C%202008).>

https://www.scarsdaleschools.k12.ny.us/cms/lib/NY01001205/Centricity/Domain/214/Ecology_1527862406420_tc.pdf

"Seasonality and predictability shape temporal species diversity". Disponivel em <https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.1761>

Density Stratification, parte do website educacional Water on the Web.

O Oceano e a Regulação do Clima

Ambientalismo

Sazonalidade ambiental


La raza mediterránea (también raza mediterránida) era un concepto histórico de raza que constituía una subraza de la raza caucásica, tal y como la clasificaron los antropólogos entre finales del  y mediados del . Según diversas definiciones, se decía que predominaba en la cuenca mediterránea y en las zonas cercanas al Mediterráneo, especialmente en el sur de Europa, el norte de África, la mayor parte de Asia occidental, Oriente Próximo u Oriente Medio; el oeste de Asia central, partes del sur de Asia y partes del Cuerno de África. En menor medida, se pensaba que ciertas poblaciones de Irlanda, partes occidentales de Gran Bretaña y el sur de Alemania, a pesar de vivir lejos del Mediterráneo, tenían algunos elementos mediterráneos minoritarios en su población, como Baviera, Gales y Cornualles.

Carleton S. Coon caracterizó a este subgrupo por tener una estatura baja o media (no alta), un cráneo largo (dolicocéfalo) o moderadamente largo (mesocéfalo), una nariz estrecha y a menudo ligeramente aguileña, predominio de pelo y ojos oscuros, y un tono de piel entre crema y moreno o castaño oscuro; la tez aceitunada era especialmente común y personificaba a la supuesta raza mediterránea.

Teorías raciales

Primeros debates

Las diferenciaciones raciales se produjeron a raíz de antiguas afirmaciones sobre las supuestas diferencias entre los nórdicos y los mediterráneos. Dichos debates surgieron como respuesta a las declaraciones de escritores antiguos que habían comentado las diferencias entre los europeos del norte y del sur. Los griegos y los romanos consideraban a los pueblos germánicos y celtas como bárbaros salvajes y pelirrojos. Aristóteles sostenía que los griegos eran un pueblo ideal porque poseían un tono de piel medio, en contraste con los norteños pálidos. En el , las antiguas diferencias culturales y religiosas entre la Europa noroccidental protestante y el sur católico se reinterpretaban en términos raciales.

En el , la división de la humanidad en razas distintas se convirtió en objeto de debate científico. En 1870, Thomas Huxley argumentó que existían cuatro categorías raciales básicas (xantocroica, mongoloide, australioide y negroide). La raza xantocroica eran los "blancos justos" del norte y centro de Europa. Según Huxley,

A finales del , el grupo Xanthochroi de Huxley se había redefinido como la raza "nórdica", mientras que su Melanochroi se convirtió en la raza mediterránea. Como tal, los melanochroi de Huxley acabaron comprendiendo también a varias otras poblaciones caucasoides oscuras, incluidos los hamitas (por ejemplo, bereberes, somalíes, sudaneses del norte, antiguos egipcios) y los moros.

La obra de William Z. Ripley The Races of Europe (1899) creó un modelo tripartito, que posteriormente popularizó Madison Grant. Dividía a los europeos en tres subcategorías principales: Teutónicos, alpinos y mediterráneos. Ripley señaló que, aunque las poblaciones caucasoides europeas hablaban mayoritariamente lenguas (indoeuropeas), la lengua más antigua que existía en Europa era el vasco. También reconoció la existencia de caucasoides no europeos, incluidas varias poblaciones que no hablaban lenguas indoeuropeas o indoiranias, como los grupos hamito-semitas y turcos.

Durante el , los supremacistas blancos y los nordicistas de Europa y Estados Unidos promovieron los méritos de la raza nórdica como la más "avanzada" de todos los grupos de población humana, designándola como la "raza superior". Se consideraba que los europeos del sur y del este eran inferiores, un argumento que se remontaba a las afirmaciones de Arthur de Gobineau de que la mezcla racial era responsable del declive del Imperio Romano.

El muy debatido libro de Giuseppe Sergi La raza mediterránea (1901) sostenía que la raza mediterránea se había originado probablemente a partir de un tronco ancestral común que evolucionó en la región del Sáhara o en la parte oriental de África, en la región de los grandes lagos, cerca de las fuentes del Nilo, incluida Somalilandia, y que posteriormente se extendió desde allí para poblar el norte de África y la región circunmediterránea. Sergi añadió que la raza mediterránea "en sus caracteres externos es una variedad humana parda, ni blanca ni negroide, sino pura en sus elementos, es decir, no producto de la mezcla de blancos con negros o pueblos negroides". Explicó que esta taxonomía se inspiraba en una comprensión de "la morfología del cráneo como reveladora de aquellos caracteres físicos internos de las poblaciones humanas que permanecen constantes a través de largas edades y en lugares muy remotos [...] Al igual que un zoólogo puede reconocer el carácter de una especie o variedad animal perteneciente a cualquier región del globo o a cualquier época, también debería hacerlo un antropólogo si sigue el mismo método de investigación de los caracteres morfológicos del cráneo [...] Este método me ha guiado en mis investigaciones sobre el presente problema y me ha proporcionado resultados inesperados que a menudo fueron confirmados posteriormente por la arqueología o la historia".

Según Sergi, la raza mediterránea era la "raza más grande del mundo" y fue singularmente responsable de las civilizaciones más logradas de la antigüedad, incluidas las del Antiguo Egipto, la Antigua Grecia, la Antigua Persia, la Antigua Roma, Cartago, la Anatolia hitita, la Tierra de Punt, Mesopotamia y Fenicia. Las cuatro grandes ramas del tronco mediterráneo eran los libios, los ligures, los pelasgos y los íberos. Los antiguos egipcios, etíopes y somalíes eran considerados por Sergi como hamitas, constituyendo ellos mismos una variedad mediterránea y situada cerca de la cuna del tronco. Para Sergi, los semitas eran una rama de los eurafricanos, estrechamente emparentados con los mediterráneos. También afirmaba que la raza nórdica de piel clara descendía de los eurafricanos.

Según Robert Ranulph Marett, "es en el norte de África donde probablemente debemos situar el semillero original de esa raza mediterránea".

Más avanzado el , el concepto de una raza mediterránea distintiva seguía siendo considerado útil por teóricos como Earnest Hooton en Up From the Ape (1931) y Carleton S. Coon en su edición revisada de la obra de Ripley Races of Europe (1939). Estos escritores suscribieron la teoría de la despigmentación de Sergi, según la cual la raza nórdica era la variedad septentrional de los mediterráneos que perdieron la pigmentación por selección natural debida al medio ambiente.

Según Coon, la "patria y cuna" de la raza mediterránea se encontraba en el norte de África y el suroeste de Asia, en la zona comprendida entre Marruecos y Afganistán. Afirmó además que los mediterráneos constituían el principal elemento de población en Pakistán y el norte de la India. Coon también sostenía que los mediterráneos más pequeños habían viajado por tierra desde la cuenca mediterránea hacia el norte hasta Europa en el Mesolítico. Los mediterráneos más altos (atlanto-mediterráneos) eran marinos neolíticos que navegaban en embarcaciones tipo junco y colonizaron la cuenca mediterránea desde un origen en Oriente Próximo. Sostuvo que también colonizaron Gran Bretaña e Irlanda, donde hoy pueden verse sus descendientes, caracterizados por un cabello castaño oscuro, ojos oscuros y rasgos robustos. Destacó el papel central de los mediterráneos en sus obras, afirmando: "Los mediterráneos ocupan el centro del escenario; sus zonas de mayor concentración son precisamente aquellas en las que la civilización es más antigua. Esto es de esperar, ya que fueron ellos quienes la produjeron y ella, en cierto sentido, quien los produjo a ellos".

C. G. Seligman también afirmó que "debe reconocerse, creo yo, que la raza mediterránea tiene en realidad más logros en su haber que ninguna otra, ya que es responsable con diferencia de la mayor parte de la civilización mediterránea, ciertamente antes del año 1000 a.C. (y probablemente mucho después), y así dio forma no solo a las culturas egeas, sino a las de las tierras mediterráneas occidentales, así como a la mayor parte de las orientales, mientras que la cultura de sus parientes cercanos, los egipcios predinásticos hamitas, formó la base de la de Egipto".

En EE. UU., la idea de que la raza mediterránea incluía a ciertas poblaciones del continente africano fue retomada a principios del  por escritores afroamericanos como W. E. B. Du Bois, que la utilizaron para atacar las ideas supremacistas blancas sobre la "pureza" racial. Publicaciones como el Journal of Negro History hicieron hincapié en la fertilización cruzada de culturas entre África y Europa, y adoptaron la opinión de Sergi de que la raza "civilizadora" se había originado en la propia África.

H. G. Wells se refirió a la raza mediterránea como la raza ibérica.

Aunque la estrecha relación entre los pueblos que vivían a ambos lados del Mediterráneo ha sido confirmada por la genética moderna, el concepto de razas humanas distintas en un sentido biológico es rechazado por el consenso científico moderno. En 2019, la Asociación estadounidense de antropólogos físicos declaró: "La creencia en las 'razas' como aspectos naturales de la biología humana, y las estructuras de desigualdad (racismo) que surgen de tales creencias, se encuentran entre los elementos más dañinos de la experiencia humana tanto hoy como en el pasado".

Rasgos físicos

La primera descripción física y social de la raza mediterránea (entonces denominada "raza celta") fue realizada por el científico escocés William Rhind en 1851:

Según William Z. Ripley, los rasgos marcados de la raza mediterránea eran el pelo oscuro, los ojos oscuros, la cara alargada, el cráneo dolicocéfalo y la nariz estrecha y variable.

C. S. Coon escribió que los rasgos mediterráneos marcados incluían un color de piel que iba "del rosa o melocotón con nata a un marrón claro", una nariz relativamente prominente y aguileña, un vello corporal considerable y un cabello entre castaño oscuro y negro.

Según Renato Biasutti, los rasgos mediterráneos frecuentes incluían "color de piel 'blanco mate' o blanco bronceado, ojos y pelo castaño o castaño oscuro, pilosidad no excesiva; estatura media-baja (162), cuerpo de formas moderadamente longilíneas; cráneo dolicomorfo (78) con occipucio redondeado; cara ovalada; nariz leptorrinea (68) con espina recta, base del tabique horizontal o inclinada hacia abajo; ojos grandes y abiertos". Coincidiendo con la clasificación de Cipriani, Biasutti también adoptó una categoría de "iberoinsular" para un tipo más arcaico y aislado observado en Cerdeña, y especialmente entre los sardos del sureste, que recibió el nombre específico de paleosardo. Según Giuseppe Sergi, los primeros habitantes conocidos de Cerdeña pertenecían, a tenor de los esqueletos desenterrados, a la raza mediterránea y estaban emparentados con los norteafricanos; eran de piel relativamente oscura, pelo entre negro y castaño y baja estatura.

Véase también
 Antropometría
 Tez aceitunada

Bibliografía
 Giuseppe Sergi. The Mediterranean Race: a Study of the Origins of European Peoples. London: Walter Scott.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
''The Mediterranean Race por Giuseppe Sergi

Etnias de Europa

Raza mediterránea


Sámuel Jósika peut correspondre à :
 Sámuel Jósika (chancellier) (1805-1860), homme politique hongrois,
 Sámuel Jósika (politicien) (1848-1923), homme politique hongrois.

Sámuel Jósika


Genet d'Espagne es una raza de caballo usualmente utilizada como palafrén o haquenée en la Edad Media, cuando tenía gran reputación. Se le considera extinto, y sus características se pretenden recuperar a través del breed registry (pedigrí) denominado Spanish Jennet Horse.

Su nombre, traducido literalmente del francés, significa "genista (o ginesta, o retama, o esparto -o, en otros contextos, gineta o Ginés-) de España". La Encyclopaedia Britannica considera que su etimología proviene del español "jinete". Según el DRAE, esta palabra a su vez proviene del árabe hispánico zanáti, gentilicio de la tribu berebere de los Zenata, reputada por sus caballos.

Se le supone origen de muchas otras razas de caballos, como la pura raza española, el caballo lusitano y el caballo frisón.

Se le describe como un pequeño caballo, "entero, bien hecho y hermoso" (entier, bien fait et beau).

Fitónimos
En francés, genêt d'Espagne también es el nombre vulgar de dos plantas: Genista hispanica -olaguina o aliaga negral- y Spartium junceum.

FilmografíaGenêt d'Espagne (película), francesa, de Gérard Ortvin (1927).

Sobrenombre
El literato francés Jean Genet cuenta que "el mismo día que me conoció, Jean Cocteau me llamó su «genêt d'Espagne»". Según Juan Goytisolo, "su tumba tiene vista al mar y se halla significativamente en medio de la de nuestros olvidados compatriotas, de nuevo y para siempre ese Genet d'Espagne que, como el fulgor de un incendio, aparece en las páginas de Diario del ladrón''".

Véase también
 Genet
 Caballo en la Edad Media

Notas

Razas de caballo
Historia y evolución del caballo
Razas equinas originarias de España

Genêt d'Espagne


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja
 Od 26. svibnja do 4. lipnja – Europsko prvenstvo u košarci u Francuskoj: prvak Italija
 Od 20. do 27. kolovoza – Europsko prvenstvo u vaterpolu u Rimu u Italiji: prvak SSSR

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti
 6. veljače – Veljko Narančić, hrvatski atletičar (* 1898.)
 1. listopada – Stjepan Prauhardt, hrvatski športski strijelac (* 1904.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1983.


Le ganglion inférieur du nerf vague (ou ganglion plexiforme ou ganglion nodosum) est un ganglion sensitif du système nerveux périphérique.

Description
Le ganglion inférieur du nerf vague est situé dans le foramen jugulaire à la sortie du crâne du nerf vague et au-dessous du ganglion supérieur du nerf vague. Il est plus grand que celui-ci.

Structure
Les neurones du ganglion inférieur du nerf vague sont pseudo-unipolaires. Les axones des neurones qui innervent les papilles gustatives de l'épiglotte se synapsent dans la partie rostrale du noyau du faisceau solitaire. Les axones des neurones qui fournissent des informations sensorielles générales se synapsent dans le noyau spinal du trijumeau. Les axones des neurones qui innervent les corps aortiques, l'arc aortique, le tractus respiratoire et gastro-intestinal se synapsent dans la partie caudale du noyau solitaire.

Zone d'innervation
Les neurones du ganglion inférieur du nerf vague innervent les papilles gustatives de l'épiglotte, les chimiorécepteurs des corps para-aortiques et les barorécepteurs de l'arc aortique. Et leur majorité assurent l'innervation sensorielle du cœur, des voies respiratoires, des voies gastro-intestinales et d'autres organes abdominaux comme la vessie.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Nerf crânien

Ganglion inférieur du nerf vague


Documentația reprezintă un set de documente furnizate în format tipărit pe hârtie, online sau pe suporturi analogice sau digitale, cum ar fi banda magnetică sau CD-urile. Exemple de documentație sunt manualele de utilizare, rapoartele oficiale (en. white papers), ajutorul online ("help") sau ghidurile rapide de utilizare. Devine din ce în ce mai rar să întâlnim documentație în formă tipărită pe hârtie. Documentația digitală (în formă electronică) este oferită prin intermediul siturilor web, produselor software sau altor aplicații online.

Persoanele specializate în știința întocmirii și prelucrării documentației se numesc "documentariști". Acest domeniu și-a schimbat denumirea în "știința informației" (":en: Information science" ) în 1968, dar unele utilizări ale termenului "documentație" se mențin încă și chiar au existat tentative de a reintroduce termenul "documentație" ca domeniu de studiu.

Documentație

Știința informației
Comunicații

Documentație


Brynseng Station (Brynseng stasjon) er en metrostation på Fellesstrekningen i øst på T-banen i Oslo. Stationen ligger ved den østlige ende af Fellesstrekningen, hvor den deler sig i  Lambertseterbanen og Østensjøbanen med Furusetbanen. Stationen har fire spor: to for tog på Lambertseterbanen og to for Østensjøbanen og Furusetbanen, der deler spor til nabostationen Hellerud.

Eksterne henvisninger

T-banestationer i Oslo
Etableret i 1966

Brynseng Station


Felipe Félix (født 20. april 1985) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Felipe Félix


1790 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy was formed on 1 January 1945 at RNAS Burscough as a night fighter squadron. It was initially equipped with the Fairey Firefly I, replaced in May 1945 by the Firefly INF, which was fitted with a US-derived ASV radar. The squadron joined HMS Vindex on 24 June, bound for Australia, with the ship arriving at HMS Nabthorpe (the Mobile Naval Air Base at RAAF Station Schofields) 2 days before the war in the Far East ended. The squadron was disbanded on 3 June 1946 at Devonport.

References

1700 series Fleet Air Arm squadrons
Military units and formations established in 1945

1790 Naval Air Squadron


An Sarcoglottis rosulata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni P.N.Don. An Sarcoglottis rosulata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sarcoglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sarcoglottis

Sarcoglottis rosulata


Joey DeFrancesco, né le  à Springfield Township (Pennsylvanie) et mort le , est un organiste mais également trompettiste, saxophoniste et chanteur de jazz américain.

Il a sorti plus de trente albums parmi lesquels deux préstigieux enregistrements avec Miles Davis et Jimmy Smith.

DeFrancesco a signé son premier contrat d'enregistrement à l'âge de seulement seize ans et a joué à l'international avec des musiciens tels que David Sanborn, Arturo Sandoval, Larry Coryell, Frank Wess, John McLaughlin, Benny Golson, James Moody, Steve Gadd, Danny Gatton, Elvin Jones, Jimmy Cobb, George Benson, Pat Martino, John Scofield, Joe Lovano. Il a également enregistré avec Ray Charles, Bette Midler et Van Morrison.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Joey DeFrancesco est né en 1971 à Springfield (Pennsylvanie). Il est né dans une famille de musiciens qui comprend trois générations de musiciens de jazz.

Il porte le nom de son grand-père paternel, Joseph DeFrancesco, un musicien de jazz qui jouait du saxophone et de la clarinette.

Son père, "Papa" John DeFrancesco, fut comme lui un organiste ayant joué au niveau national et ayant reçu le Living Legend Award de l'Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame en 2013.

DeFrancesco a commencé à jouer de l'orgue à l'âge de quatre ans, et jouait textuellement des chansons de Jimmy Smith à l'âge de cinq ans. Son père John a commencé à l'emmener à des concerts dès l'âge de cinq ans, le laissant s'asseoir sur les plateaux.

À l'âge de dix ans, Joey DeFrancesco a rejoint un groupe à Philadelphie qui comprenait des musiciens de jazz Hank Mobley et Philly Joe Jones. Il était considéré comme un incontournable des clubs de jazz locaux, ouvrant des spectacles pour Wynton Marsalis et B. B. King.

Joey DeFrancesco a fréquenté la Philadelphia High School for the Creative and Performing Arts.

Au cours des années de lycée, Joey DeFrancesco a remporté de nombreux prix, dont la bourse McCoy Tyner de la Philadelphia Jazz Society. Il a été finaliste du premier concours international de piano jazz Thelonious Monk.

Carrière
Joey DeFrancesco avait seize ans lorsqu'il a signé un contrat d'enregistrement exclusif avec Columbia Records. L'année suivante, il sort son premier disque, intitulé All of Me. Sa performance sur All of Me a été considérée comme ayant contribué à ramener l'orgue à la musique jazz dans les années 1980. Cette même année, DeFrancesco rejoint Miles Davis et son groupe pour une tournée de concerts de cinq semaines en Europe. Il a ensuite joué du clavier sur l'album Amandla de Davis, qui a atteint la première place du palmarès des albums de jazz contemporain en 1989. DeFrancesco a commencé à jouer de la trompette à peu près au même moment, inspiré par le son de Davis. DeFrancesco a été repéré à l'origine par Davis lors d'une performance dans l'émission télévisée Time Out. Il se produisait sur le plateau avec son camarade de classe Christian McBride lorsque Miles Davis a demandé à l'animateur de l'émission, "quel est le nom de votre joueur d'orgue", faisant référence à DeFrancesco. Le contrat d'enregistrement de DeFrancesco avec Columbia comprenait la sortie de 5 albums. En plus de All of Me, il a sorti Where Were You en 1990, Part III en 1991, Reboppin en 1992 et Live at the 5 Spot en 1993.

Joey DeFrancesco a commencé à tourner avec son propre quatuor à l'âge de 18 ans. Au début des années 1990, il commence à collaborer avec John McLaughlin, ancien guitariste de Miles Davis et Mahavishnu. À vingt-deux ans, il devient membre fondateur du groupe The Free Spirits, aux côtés de McLaughlin et du batteur Dennis Chambers. Il tourne avec le groupe pendant quatre ans et fait partie de plusieurs enregistrements, dont les albums Tokyo Live et After the Rain. DeFrancesco est également crédité d'avoir joué de la trompette sur l'album Tokyo Live.

En 1999, DeFrancesco enregistre son album Incredible! Live au Festival de Jazz de San Francisco. L'album comportait une performance de son idole Jimmy Smith, qui a rejoint DeFrancesco pour deux chansons. En 2004, DeFrancesco enregistre Legacy, un album qui met également en vedette Jimmy Smith. L'album était le dernier enregistrement de Smith ; il est mort la même année.

DeFrancesco a été nominé pour un Grammy Award en 2004 pour son disque Falling in Love Again . La carrière de DeFrancesco a légèrement changé en 2009 avec le film Moonlight Serenade, mettant en vedette Amy Adams et Alec Newman. Il a joué le rôle de "Frank D" dans le film et a également été crédité en tant que compositeur et producteur du film. DeFrancesco a été nominé pour un autre Grammy Award en 2011 pour le meilleur album de jazz contemporain pour Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson. L'enregistrement est sorti en 2010 en hommage à Michael Jackson, un autre album hommage à DeFrancesco. DeFranccesco a également eu 40 ans en 2011, célébrant la sortie de son  enregistrement intitulé 40, qui a eu du succès à la fois sur les charts de jazz au pays et en Europe.

Le style de musique de DeFrancesco a été qualifié de son swing de Philadelphie qu'il "embellit avec sa propre férocité et son improvisation". Il a joué plus de 200 nuits par an tout au long de sa carrière, un exploit qu'il a réduit à partir de 2013. Il a reçu de nombreuses distinctions pour ses performances, notamment en étant qualifié de meilleur joueur de B3 de la planète par JazzTimes.

Le New York Times a décrit DeFrancesco comme un « musicien profondément autoritaire, un maître de la poche rythmique et de la coutume d'écraser les lignes de basse sous les accords et les riffs ».

DeFrancesco a également été impliqué dans la conception de produits et les avenants liés à la technologie des orgues numériques aux États-Unis et à l'étranger.

Famille
En plus de son père et de son grand-père, le frère de Joey DeFrancesco, Johnny, est également musicien.

Récompenses et honneurs
En plus des nominations aux Grammy Awards en 2004, 2010 et 2020, Joey DeFrancesco est neuf fois lauréat du DownBeat Critics Poll (orgue) et remporte le Down Beat Readers Poll chaque année depuis 2005. Il a remporté plusieurs prix JazzTimes. DeFrancesco est un membre inaugural du Hammond Hall of Fame, intronisé en 2013 avec d'autres musiciens dont Brian Auger, Billy Preston, Steve Winwood et son mentor Jimmy Smith.

Discographie
La discographie de Joey DeFrancesco se compose d'albums sortis sur Columbia, Muse, Highnote, Big Mo Records, Concord Jazz, Doodlin' Records et Mack Avenue.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
  Ian Carr, Digby Fairweather et Brian Priestley, Jazz : le guide approximatif, Londres : guides approximatifs.
  Richard Cook et Brian Morton, The Penguin Guide to Jazz sur CD  édition.

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1971
Naissance dans le comté de Delaware (Pennsylvanie)
Artiste de Concord Records
Artiste de Muse Records
Musicien américain de jazz
Trompettiste américain de jazz
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Décès à 51 ans
Décès en août 2022
Décès à Phoenix (Arizona)

Joey DeFrancesco


Renate Franz (18. november 1954) en tysk journalist og forfatter.

Bibliografi
 Der vergessene Weltmeister. Das rätselhafte Schicksal des Radrennfahrers Albert Richter. 1998 (Emons Verlag) og 2007 (Covadonga Verlag),
 Fredy Budzinski. Radsport-Journalist, Sammler und Chronist. Sportverlag Strauß, Köln 2007,
 Deutsche Übersetzung von: Peter Zheutlin: Mit dem Fahrrad um die Welt. Die außergewöhnliche Reise der Annie Londonderry anno 1895. Maxime Verlag, Leipzig, 2014,
 The 'Black Sunday' of Berlin, or Death on the Cycle Track. In: Cycle History 19. Proceedings of the 19th International Cycling History Conference, hrsg. vom Musée d'Art et d'Industrie de Saint Etienne und der Fédération Française de Cyclotourisme, Cheltenham 2010
 Verbot – ja oder nein? Das Ende der Sechstagerennen im Dritten Reich (i Zusammenarbeit med Jan Eric Schwarzer). I: Der Knochenschüttler. Zeitschrift für Liebhaber historischer Fahrräder, Heft 46, 2/2009, S. 4–9. Der Beitrag in englisch: Did the Nazis Prohibit Six-Day Races in 1934? I: Gary Sanderson (Hrsg.): Cycle History 20. Proceedings of the 20th International Cycling History Conference. Cheltenham 2010, S. 108–115
 Nick Kaufmann – Meisterfahrer der Welt (med Michael Mertins). I: Der Knochenschüttler. Zeitschrift für Liebhaber historischer Fahrräder, Heft 50, 3/2010, S. 4–11
 Die Weltmeisterschaften in Köln. I: Sport für Köln – gestern, heute, morgen, Köln 2009, S. 117–131.
 Gregers Nissen – Der Prophet des Radwanderns. I: Michael Bollschweiler, Michael Mertins, Gerhard Renda (Hrsg.): Rückenwind. Ein Streifzug durch die Fahrradgeschichte. Bielefeld 2011, S. 64–69
 Biographie des Rennradfahrers Max Hahn. I: Der Knochenschüttler. Zeitschrift für Liebhaber historischer Fahrräder, Heft 52, 2/2011, S. 4–10 (mit Michael Mertins)
 Der schrullige Herr von Zois – Ein Pionier des österreichischen Radsports. I: Der Knochenschüttler. Zeitschrift für Liebhaber Historischer Fahrräder. Heft 55. 1/2013. S. 15–18

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Journalister fra Tyskland
Forfattere fra Tyskland

Renate Franz


Ryszard Jerzy Kukliński (June 13, 1930February 11, 2004) was a Polish colonel and Cold War spy for NATO. He was posthumously promoted to the rank of brigadier general by Polish President Andrzej Duda. Kukliński passed top secret Soviet  documents to the CIA between 1972 and 1981, including the Soviet plans for the invasion of Western Europe. The former United States National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzeziński described him as "the first Polish officer in NATO."

Biography

Kukliński was born in Warsaw to a working-class family with strong Catholic and socialist traditions. During World War II, his father became a member of the Polish resistance movement; he was captured by the Gestapo, and subsequently died in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. After the war, Kukliński began a successful career in the Polish People's Army. In 1968, he took part in preparations for the Warsaw Pact's invasion of Czechoslovakia. Disturbed by the invasion, and by the brutal crushing of the parallel Polish 1970 protests, in 1972, Kukliński sent a letter to the US embassy in Bonn describing himself as an army officer from a Communist country, and requested a secret meeting.

In 1994, Kukliński said that his awareness of the "unambiguously offensive" nature of Soviet military plans was an important factor in his decision to communicate the details of those plans to the United States, adding that "Our front could only be a sacrifice of Polish blood at the altar of the Red Empire".  Kukliński was also concerned that his homeland would be turned into a nuclear wasteland as the Warsaw Pact's superiority in conventional forces would mean NATO would respond to military action with tactical nuclear weapons.

Between 1972 and 1981, he passed 35,000 pages of mostly Soviet secret documents to the CIA. The documents described Moscow's strategic plans regarding the use of nuclear weapons, technical data about the T-72 tank and 9K31 Strela-1 missiles, the whereabouts of Soviet anti-aircraft bases in Poland and East Germany, the methods used by the Soviets to avoid spy satellite detection of their military hardware, plans for the imposition of martial law in Poland, and many other matters.

He was the first foreign recipient of the Distinguished Intelligence Medal.

Escape to the United States
Facing imminent danger of discovery from a denunciation by a secret Communist collaborator known only by his alias "Prorok", Kukliński, his wife and two sons were spirited out of Poland by the CIA shortly before the imposition of martial law in December 1981. Though Kukliński and his family successfully defected, his past may have followed him to the United States as both of his sons later died in separate incidents. The older, Waldemar, was run over by a truck without a licence plate in August 1994 on the grounds of an American university. His younger son, Bogdan Kukliński, drowned on December 31, 1993, when his yacht capsized on a quiet sea. Ryszard Kukliński did not claim that they were assassinated, but never rejected such a possibility either.

On May 23, 1984, Kukliński was sentenced to death, in absentia, by a military court in Warsaw. After the fall of communism, the sentence was changed to 25 years. In 1995, the court revoked the sentence and said that Kukliński was acting under special circumstances and Kukliński visited Poland again in April 1998.

Death
He died from a stroke at the age of 73 in Tampa, Florida, February 11, 2004. The funeral Mass for Kukliński was held at Fort Myer with CIA honors on March 30, 2004. His remains were transported to Poland and on June 19, 2004, Kukliński was buried in the row of honour in the Powązki military cemetery in Warsaw, Poland, along with the remains of his son Waldemar.

Legacy
In June 1986, a spokesman for the Soviet-backed Jaruzelski regime, Jerzy Urban, revealed Kukliński's existence to the world in order to make the argument that the Reagan administration had been informed by Kukliński of the plans to install martial law but had betrayed the Solidarity movement by not passing that information on to its "friends" in Solidarity.  When the journal Kultura interviewed Kukliński, he said that planning for martial law had begun in late 1980 and that the Jaruzelski group planned to crush Solidarity regardless of the outcome of negotiations with the trade union and the Polish church. He also rejected the regime's claim that declaring martial law was an internal decision by describing how the Soviets had applied pressure on Polish authorities to impose martial law. When asked whether Jaruzelski was a hero or a traitor, Kukliński replied:

My view has been consistently that in Poland there existed a real chance to avoid both Soviet intervention and martial law. Had he, together with Stanislaw Kania, proved capable of greater dignity and strength, had they honestly adhered to the existing social agreements, instead of knuckling under to Moscow, present-day Poland would undoubtedly look completely different.

Kukliński was the chief of a military strategic command planning division of the Polish army. He was very familiar with the layout of the Polish forces within the Warsaw Pact. While details of the general plans for the Warsaw Pact forces were known only in Moscow, Kukliński could infer much from his contacts at the Moscow high command headquarters.

According to President Carter's NSA, Zbigniew Brzeziński, "Kukliński's information permitted us to make counterplans to disrupt command-and-control facilities rather than only relying on a massive counterattack on forward positions, which would have hit Poland."

In January 2013, Władysław Pasikowski began shooting a movie about Ryszard Kukliński. With Marcin Dorociński in the lead role, the script for Jack Strong (title taken from Kukliński's CIA secret-agent pseudonym), written by director Pasikowski, is based on new material from the Polish Institute of National Remembrance archives, CIA operating documents and statements by eyewitnesses including David Forden, the former CIA operations officer who was the liaison with Colonel Kukliński.

Opinions in Poland

During his term as Poland's first freely elected president, a Solidarity leader, Lech Wałęsa, refused to pardon Kukliński and a poll taken in 1998 found that more Poles (34%) considered Kukliński a traitor than a hero (29%), with many undecided.  The administration of US President Clinton nonetheless took the stance that it would oppose Polish membership in NATO unless Kukliński were exonerated.

When all charges were dropped against Kukliński in 1997, the left leaning Trybuna lamented that "Colonel Ryszard Kukliński—a spy, deserter, and traitor—has been turned into a model of virtue and a national hero of the rightists." In a 1997 survey conducted by the CBOS, 27 percent of Poles considered Kukliński a hero and 24 percent a traitor (compared to 12 and 24 percent, respectively, in 1992).

According to some historians, it was possible that Kukliński was a double agent, of the Soviet GRU, used in an operational game with the CIA. A Polish Minister of Internal Affairs during communist times, Czesław Kiszczak revealed such a theory in a later interview, while a former Soviet military attaché, Yuriy Rylyov, claimed so directly in an interview. Historians, like Paweł Wieczorkiewicz and Franciszek Puchała (a general in the Polish Army during communist times) suggest, that the knowledge Kukliński had was exaggerated, and while he had a lot of information about the Polish Army and the organization of the Warsaw Pact in general, he could not have had detailed information on Soviet plans, since no one in Poland had it. Puchała supported his opinion in official hearings of Kukliński by Polish prosecutors during his revised trial. Revealing plans about the enforcement of martial law in Poland, which would make a Soviet invasion unnecessary, could have been profitable for the Soviet side, ensuring that the US would not be surprised by martial law and would not undertake unpredictable actions against the Soviets. It is noteworthy, that despite Kukliński's revelations, the US did not warn Solidarity about martial law. The Soviets took the escape of such an important spy nonchalantly and did not demand any consequences from the Polish politician responsible for intelligence, namely Czesław Kiszczak. Also, the matter of Kukliński's sons' deaths is unclear and they may have been part of a protection program; besides, according to Wieczorkiewicz, such revenge on a defector's family would be quite unusual for Soviet intelligence.

Kukliński is buried in the row of honour in the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, and he has been given honorary citizenship of several Polish cities, including Kraków and Gdańsk. The Polish political group Centrum (at the time headed by Zbigniew Religa) requested in 2004 that the President of Poland posthumously promote Kukliński to the rank of general.

Since its unveiling in 2006, his monument in Kraków had been vandalized three times by 2014: first on December 13, 2011, (the anniversary of martial law in Poland) and then on February 11, 2012 (the anniversary of Kukliński's death). In both cases, the terms such as: "Traitor", the crossed CIA name and "Death to the USA" were sprayed. On February 11, 2014, his statue was found splashed with brown paint or oil.

See also
 List of Eastern Bloc defectors

References

External links

 The Political and Moral Dilemma by Jolanta JABŁOŃSKA-GRUCA -, Oslo, Norway, in (polish) Dylemat polityczny i moralny.
 Documents pertaining to Wojciech Jaruzelski and his collaborators
 Wojciech Jaruzelski and consisting of 20 other high-ranking military officers – WRON declared Martial Law *Cause of death of Colonel Kukliński (polish)
 CIA Release of 83 Documents on Kuklinski and Martial Law in Poland 1981–82, from the Cold War International History Project
 A Secret Life By Benjamin Weiser (Reviewed by Thomas M. Troy, Jr.) from the Central Intelligence Agency
 Statement by George J. Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, on the Death of Colonel Ryszard Kuklinski from the Central Intelligence Agency
 A SECRET LIFE: The Polish Officer, His Covert Mission, and the Price He Paid to Save His Country
 The Spy Who Really Came in From the Cold by David R. Stokes
SPY, podcast from Culture.pl's Stories From The Eastern West about Kukliński.
Jack Strong (film), Polish political thriller. Also available in French

1930 births
2004 deaths
American spies
Cold War spies
Defectors to the United States
Military personnel from Warsaw
People sentenced to death in absentia
Polish Army officers
Polish defectors
Polish spies
Polish People's Army personnel
Eastern Bloc spies for the West
Burials at Powązki Military Cemetery

Ryszard Kukliński