بريدنيزون  يصنف على أنه من الأدوية الستيروئيدية القشرية (كورتيكوستيروئيد) المركبة، فعال بشكل خاص في كبت المناعة، ويشمل تأثيره كامل الجهاز المناعي. يستخدم لعلاج بعض الأمراض الالتهابية و (في جرعات أكبر)السرطان، لكنه يمتلك آثاراً سلبية هامة. عادة ما يؤخذ عن طريق الفم، ولكن يمكن أن يعطى عن طريق الحقن العضلي أو الحقن الوريدي. يمتلك أساساً تأثير السكريات القشرية (غلوكوكورتيكويد). بريدنيزون هو صيغة أولية يتم تحويله في الكبد إلى بريدنيزولون، والذي يعد الدواء الفعال كما أنه ستيروئيد

الاستخدام

يستخدم البريدنيزون في أمراض المناعة الذاتية، الأمراض الالتهابية (مثل الربو الحاد، الحساسية الشديدة، نوبات الوذمات الوعائية، الالتهاب العضلي الجلدي الطفولي، التهاب الجلد الحاد المسبب بالتماس باليوريوشيول، والذئبة الحمامية الجهازية، التهاب القولون التقرحي، التهاب المفاصل الروماتيزمي، داء ستيل، شلل بل، داء كرون، فرفرية نقص الصفيحات مجهولة السبب، الفقاع، والساركوئيد، التهاب العنبية، أمراض الكلى المختلفة بما في ذلك المتلازمة الكلوية، داء وحيدات النوى المسبب بفيروس ابشتاين-بار، منع وعلاج الرفض في زراعة الأعضاء. استخدم بريدنيزون أيضاً في علاج الصداع النصفي والصداع العنقودي ولعلاج القرحات القلاعية الحادة. كما يمكن أن يستخدم لعلاج التهاب البنكرياس المناعي.

يستخدم بريدنيزون كدواء مضاد للأورام. حيث أنه ذو أهمية عالية في علاج ابيضاض الدم الحاد، لمفوما لا-هودجكين، لمفوما هودجكين، الورم النقيوي المتعدد، وغيرها من الأورام مع المشاركة مع أدوية أخرى مضادة للسرطان.

وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن شركات الأدوية تستخدم اقراص بريدنيزون لمعايرة معدات اختبار الانحلال وفقاً للقوانين الدوائية في الولايات المتحدة.
يمكن أن يعطى البرينيزون وريدياً في حالات الالتهاب الدماغي، كما يحدث في النوبات الدورية التي يسببها التصلب اللويحي المتعدد.

يستخدم بريدنيزون أيضاً في علاج ارتكاس هيركسهايمر، والذي يعد شائعاً خلال علاج من مرض الزهري، ولتأخير ظهور أعراض الضمور العضلي لدوتشين. آلية تأخير ظهور الأعراض غير معروفة.

و بما أنه يثبط غدة الكظر، يستخدم أحيانا في علاج تضخم الغدة الكظرية الخلقي.

التاريخ

جرى أول تصنيع تجاري جيد لبريدنيزون عام 1955 في مختبرات شركة شيرينغ، والتي أصبحت فيما بعد شركة شيرينغ بلو، من قبل آرثر نوبيل وزملاءه. اكتشفوا حينها أنه يمكن أكسدة الكورتيزون ميكروبيولوجيا إلى بريدنيزون عن طريق بكتيريا Corynebacterium Simplex. طبقت العملية نفسها لإعداد بريدنيزولون من الهيدروكورتيزون. سجل هذا الاكتشاف وتحميه براءات الاختراع الأمريكية.

تم توضيح الفعالية القشرية الكظرية المطورة لهذه المركبات (أكثر من الكورتيزون والهيدروكورتيزون) على الفئران.

قدمت شيرينغ البريدنيزون والبريدنيزولون للأسواق في منتصف الستينات تحت الأسماء تجارية ميتيكورتين وميتيكورتيلون على الترتيب.

تتوفر وصفة هذه الأدوية حالياً لدى العديد من المصنعين كأدوية عامة.

الاعتماد الدوائي

ينجم تثبيط الكظر عند تعاطي بريدنيزون لمدة تزيد عن 7 أيام. يؤدي هذا الأمر إلى فقدان الجسم القدرة على تصنيع الستيروئيدات القشرية طبيعياً، وبالتالي الاعتماد على بريدنيزون. لهذا السبب، ينبغي أن لا يوقف بريدنيزون فجأة إذا أخذ لأكثر من سبعة أيام، وبدلا من ذلك، ينبغي تخفيض الجرعة تدريجياً. هذه العملية قد تستمر لعدة أيام إذا كانت مدة تعاطي بريدنيزون قصيرة، ولكنها قد تستغرق أسابيعاً أو شهوراً إذا خضع المريض لعلاج طويل الأجل. يؤدي الانقطاع إلى داء أديسون.أما بالنسبة للمرضى ذوي المعالجات المزمنة، فيفضل تناوب الجرعات يومياً، حيث يمكن الحفاظ على وظيفة الغدة الكظرية، مما قد يحد من الآثار الجانبية.

تعمل السكريات القشرية على كبح ردود فعل الوطاء (تخفيض الهرمون المحرض لإفراز الكورتيكوتروبين والكورتيكوفات في الغدة النخامية الأمامية (تخفيض الهرمون الموجه لقشر الكظر). لهذا السبب فإن نظائر السكريات القشرية الخارجية تخفض قدرة الجسم على إنتاج السكريات القشرية بشكل طبيعي. تدفع هذه الآلية إلى الاعتماد في وقت قصير، وقد تكون في غاية الخطورة إذا تم إيقاف الدواء بسرعة كبيرة. يجب أن يعطى الجسم فترة من الزمن ليستعيد القدرة على تصنيع الهرمون المحرض لإفراز الكورتيكوتروبين والهرمون الموجه لقشر الكظر، مما يسمح للغدة الكظرية باستعادة وظيفتها الطبيعية.

آثار جانبية

آثار جانبية قصيرة الأجل، كما هو الحال مع جميع السكريات القشرية، وتشمل ارتفاع مستويات الجلوكوز في الدم، وبخاصة في مرضى داء السكري أو المرضى الذين يتناولون أدوية أخرى ترفع سوية الجلوكوز في الدم (مثل تاكروليموس)، وتأثيرات معدنية قشرية مثل احتباس السوائل (الجدير بالذكر، مع ذلك، أن آثار التأثيرات المعدنية القشرية لبردنيزولون طفيفة جداً، لهذا لا تستخدم في تدبير العوز الكظري، ما لم يعط ستيروئيد قشري معدني أكثر فعالية بصورة متزامنة).

تشمل الآثار الجانبية الإضافية قصيرة الأجل كلا من الأرق، النشوة، ونادراً، الهوس (و خاصة لدى المصابين بثنائي القطبية الأول والثاني).

أما الآثارالجانبية طويلة الأمد فتشمل متلازمة كوشينغ، زيادة الوزن في الجذع، ووهن العظام، الزرق، النوع الثاني من داء السكري، والاكتئاب عند إيقاف الدواء.

رئيسي

 زيادة نسبة السكر في الدم لدى مرضى السكري
 زيادة الوزن
 انتباج الوجه
 الاكتئاب، الهوس، أو غيرها من الأعراض النفسية
 التعب غير العادي أو الضعف
 التشوش الذهني / التردد
 عدم وضوح الرؤية
 تقلصات البطن
 قرحة هضميه
 إنتانات
 ألم الوركين أو الكتفين
 وهن العظام بسبب الستيرويد
 الصداع النصفي طويل الأمد
 الأرق
 ألم مفصلى شديد
 الساد
 قلق
 براز أسود
 ألم في المعدة أو الانتفاخ
 تورم شديد
 تقرحات الفم أو جفاف الفم
 نخر الأوعية الدموية
 تشحم الكبد

ثانوي
 خطوط توسعية
 العصبية
 حب الشباب
 طفح
 زيادة الشهية
 فرط النشاط
 التبول المتكرر
 إسهال
 يزيل الفلورا المعوية
 ألم في الساق
 أسنان حساسة

المراجع

http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/355.html

وصلات خارجية

أدوية أساسية حسب منظمة الصحة العالمية
أدوية علاج الربو
أدوية مساعدة
طليعة الدواء
هرمونات قشرية سكرية
هرمونات قشرية معدنية

بريدنيزون


La  coupe de la Ligue d'Irlande du Nord de football, connue aussi de par son contrat de sponsoring sous le nom de BetMcLean League Cup se dispute entre le  et le . Le Coleraine Football Club remet en jeu son titre acquis en 2020.

La compétition oppose les 35 clubs qui disputent les trois premiers niveaux du championnat d'Irlande du Nord de football : ,  et .

Organisation
La compétition se dispute sur le principe de l'élimination directe jusqu'à la finale. Elle oppose les trente cinq clubs disputant les trois niveaux les plus élevés du championnat d'Irlande du Nord de football, Premiership, Championship 1 et Premier Intermediate League. Les seize clubs les mieux classés au terme de la saison 2019-2020 sont qualifiés directement pour le deuxième tour et y sont tête de série. Ces seize clubs sont les douze participants au Premiership et les clubs ayant terminé dans les quatre premiers du Championship 1. Un tirage au sort est effectué parmi les vingt autres clubs pour déterminer les participants au premier tour.

Premier tour
Le tirage au sort désigne les équipes qui disputent ce premier tour. Les matchs se déroulent le samedi 31 juillet 2021 sur le terrain du premier nommé.

Deuxième tour
Les seize meilleures équipes sont têtes de série. Ces seize équipes ne peuvent se rencontrer lors de ce tour. Ce sont les douze équipes disputant la première division et les quatre meilleures de deuxième division en vertu du classement de la saison 2019-2020 puisque la saison 2020-2021 n'a pas été disputée en raison de la pandémie de covid-19. Les matchs se déroulent les mardi et mercredi 14 et 15 septembre 2021 sur le terrain du premier nommé.

Troisième tour

Quarts de finale

Demi-finales

Finale

Notes et références

Voir aussi
Championnat d'Irlande du Nord de football 2021-2022
Coupe d'Irlande du Nord de football 2021-2022

Source
Site officiel de la compétition sur le site de la Ligue nord-irlandaise

Coupe de la Ligue d'Irlande du Nord de football
Irlande du Nord
2021 en Irlande du Nord
2022 en Irlande du Nord

Coupe de la Ligue d'Irlande du Nord de football 2021-2022


Daliti, ili "nedodirljivi", sloj društva koji je na najnižem nivou u indijskom sustavu kastâ. Kršćanski daliti danas čine 2,3 posto od 1,3 milijardi indijskoga, većinski hinduističkoga, stanovništva. Od toga daliti čine oko 60 posto indijske kršćanske zajednice. Muslimana je oko 14 posto.
Prema vjerovanju nemaju nijednu varnu. To znači da se razlikuju od ostalih kasta što u sebi nemaju nijedan dio božanstva Puruše. Nemaju nikakav status u društvu. Smiju obavljati samo najgore i najteže poslove: čišćenje izmeta, prosjačenje, prostitucija, nošenje leševa. Kaste koje su iznad njih izbjegavaju ih dodirnuti, ne gledaju u njih, ne rukuju se s njima. Drže ih ljudima ispod zakona. Žene iz ove kaste više kaste redovno siluju misleći da na to imaju pravo. Zabranjeno im je ući u ugostiteljske objekte. U trgovačkim radnjama ne dodaje im se hrana u ruke, nego im se baca na pod. Daliti ne smiju ići u škole i hramove. Često nemaju ni pristup izvorima pitke vode. Ekonomski su zakinuti i nemaju osnovnih sredstava za život. Smatraju ih "beskorisnima za društvo", preziru ih, zanemaruju i diskriminiraju.
Rođeni u ovoj kasti zauvijek su zatočeni u njoj i nikad ne mogu izaći iz nje. Zadnjih godina izborili su nekakva prava pa su manje diskriminirani u gradskim sredinama, dok po selima i dalje žive užasnim životom predaka.

10. kolovoza 1950. indijski predsjednik Rajendra Prasad potpisao je ustavnu uredbu koja u 3. članku isključuje sve ne-hinduse iz privilegija pridržanima bivšim "nedodirljivima". Sikhi su pripušteni u više kaste 1956. godine. Budistima je to omogućeno 1990. godine. Kršćanski i muslimanski daliti i dalje su ostali marginalizirani. Današnji indijski ustav takvu diskriminaciju kvalificira zločinom protiv zakona, no nastavlja se u društvu. 10. kolovoza 2009. Indijska biskupska konferencija u suradnji s Nacionalnim vijećem Crkava i Nacionalnim vijećem dalitskih kršćana "Crni dan" prvi put je obilježila Crni dan, na obljetnicu potpisivanja Prasadove uredbe.

Vidi
Parija
Parijska država

Izvori

Indija
Hinduizam

Dalit


Anthochortus, biljni rod od nekoliko vrsta južnoafričkih endema iz porodice Restionaceae. Postoji sedam priznatih vrsta koji rastu samo po Kapskim provincijama

Vrste
 Anthochortus capensis Esterh.
 Anthochortus crinalis (Mast.) H.P.Linder
 Anthochortus ecklonii Nees
 Anthochortus graminifolius (Kunth) H.P.Linder
 Anthochortus insignis (Mast.) H.P.Linder
 Anthochortus laxiflorus (Nees) H.P.Linder
 Anthochortus singularis Esterh.

Sinonimi
 Antochortus Nees
 Phyllocomos Mast.

Izvori

Restionaceae

Anthochortus


Gül hastalığı (Pityriasis rosea), nedeni belirlenemeyen ve stres ile semptomları artış gösteren bir hastalıktır.

Başlangıcında öncelikle sivilceye benzeyen bir doku çıkar, sonra bu doku döküntü haline dönüşür ve kırmızı bir halka halini alır. Bu hastalığın görülmesi durumunda tahriş edici kıyafetler giyilmez ve cilde kese uygulanmaz. Hastalığın geçiş süresi bünyeden bünyeye değişiklik gösterir. Geçtiğindede hiçbir iz kalmaz. Sıcaklayıp terlemeden kaçınılmalı, ıslak tutulmamalı temiz tutulup doktora başvurulmalıdır. Ortalama 20-25 gün süren bir cilt hastalığıdır.

Pityriasis rosea (Gül hastalığı) her yaşta görülebilen, fakat sıklıkla 10-35 yaşlara arasında rastlanılan döküntülü bir deri hastalığıdır. Döküntü birkaç hafta veya yıl sürebilir. Genellikle hastalık kalıcı bir iz bırakmaz, fakat esmer kişilerde zaman içinde gerileyen kahve renkli lekeler kalabilir.

Hastalığın diğer bulguları nelerdir?

Bu hastalık göğüs veya sırtta geniş pembe bir leke şeklinde başlar. Bu lekeye madalyon belirtisi denir. Sıklıkla bu leke halka şeklini alıp orta kısmı solar, bu nedenle de mantar sanılıp mantar ilaçları uygulanabilir. Bu döküntü mantar enfeksiyonu olmadığı için bu kremler faydalı olmaz. Birkaç hafta içinde çok sayıda pembe döküntü meydana gelir, hatta bazen yüzlerce döküntü gövde kollar ve bacaklarda görülür. Döküntü boyunda, nadiren yüzde görülebilir. Bu döküntüler madalyon döküntüsünden daha küçüktür ve yine mantar hastalığı ile karıştırılabilirler. Döküntüler ovaldir ve sırtta çam ağacına benzer şekilde dağılırlar. Bazen hastalık çok şiddetli ve yaygın olabilir. Hastaların yarısında kaşıntı vardır, özellikle sıcakta kaşıntı artar.

Ara sıra halsizlik ve ağrı gibi diğer bulgular görülebilir. Bu döküntü genellikle 6-8 haftada geriler. Fakat bazen daha uzun da sürebilir. Fiziksel aktiviteler ve sıcak banyo döküntüyü arttırabilir. Bazı olgularda döküntü geriledikten birkaç ay sonra tekrarlayarak birkaç ay sürebilir.

Hastalığın nedeni nedir?

Hastalığın nedeni belli değildir. Sebebi bir bakteri veya mantar enfeksiyonu değildir. Ayrıca bir alerjik reaksiyon da değildir. Herhangi bir iç hastalıkla ilişkisi yoktur.

Bir virüsün bu döküntüye neden olabileceği düşünülebilir. Diğer viral enfeksiyonlardaki gibi hastada halsizlik ve yorgunluk bulunabilir. Fakat hastalığın virüs enfeksiyonu sonucunda oluştuğu ispatlanmamıştır. Diğer virüs enfeksiyonlarının aksine Pitriasis rozasea kişiden kişiye bulaşmaz.

Tanı nasıl konulur?

Tanı dermatolojik muayene ile konulur. Pitriasis rosea genellikle sırtı, boynu, göğsü, karnı ve kol ve bacakların üst bölümünü etkiler. Döküntü farklı kişilerde farklı biçimlerde görülebildiğinden bazen tanıda zorluk çekilebilir. Döküntünün sayısı ve boyutları kişiden kişiye değişir, ara sıra döküntü vücudun farklı alanlarında, örneğin vücudun alt kısmı ve yüzde görülebilir. Gövdedeki mantar enfeksiyonu ile karıştırılabilir. Bazı ilaçlara karşı olan döküntülerde pitriasis roseaya benzeyebilir. Dermatoloji Uzmanınız tanı koymak için bazı kan testleri isteyebilir, gerekirse biyopsi yapabilir.

Tedavi nasıl yapılır?

Kaşıntıyı gidermek için ağızdan alınan veya sürülebilen bir takım ilaçlar kullanılabilir. Nemlendirici losyonlar yazılabilir. Sıcak olmayan ılık banyolar yapılması tavsiye edilir. Döküntüyü arttıracak fiziksel aktivitelerden kaçınılması ve strese sebep olabilecek etkenlere tanı konarak bunlara yönelik çalışılmalar önerilir.

Bazen kortizon gibi antienflamatuar tedaviler kaşıntıyı baskılamak için verilebilirler. Hastalar bu hastalığın önemli bir hastalık olmadığı konusunda bilgilendirilmelidir.

Unutulmamalıdır ki pitriasis rosea sık rastlanılan bir hastalıktır ve genellikle hafif geçirilir. Birçok hasta tedavi ihtiyacı duymaz.

Kaynakça

İnsan hastalıkları

Pityriasis rosea


نهر الكلير ووتر هو نهر في كندا يمر بمقاطعتي ساسكاتشوان وألبرتا في كندا.

مجراه

طول نهر الكلير ووتر 295 كلم وينبع من شمالي غربي ساسكاتشوان في الغابات الشمالية لدرع بريكامبريان. ثم ينحدر جنوبا-شرقا في ساسكاتشوان قبل أن يتجه جنوبي غربا في بحيرة كارين. ثم يتابع مجراه لمافة 108 كلم في البرتا ليلتقي نهر اتاباسكا في مدينة فورت ماكموراي.

معرض صور

مراجع

أنهار ألبرتا
أنهار كندا

نهر كلير ووتر (كندا)


La Libertad (oficialmente Ciudadela La Libertad) es el nombre que recibe en conjunto las comunas 3 (Sur oriental) y 4 (Oriental) de la ciudad de colombiana de Cúcuta. Se ubica en gran parte en el cerro la libertad de 400 metros sobre el nivel del mar, al sureste de la ciudad, haciendo frontera con  Villa del Rosario. Se ubica entre el río Pamplonita y el río Táchira, cerca de la desembocadura.

La Libertad actualmente es uno de los sectores más populares de la ciudad, donde habitan 95 400 personas en un área netamente rural de 12 km². Al sur de la comuna está la vía hacia Villa del Rosario y al norte la vía al municipio de Ureña, Venezuela. La comuna mide 5.7 km de norte a sur y 3 de oeste a este (aproximado y en línea recta).

Subdivisión
La ciudadela de La Libertad se divide en 36 barrios, entre los que se destacan:

Toponimia
Esta comuna recibe este nombre debido a que fue invadido y las autoridades locales no lo permitían, gracias a la acción de la iglesia por medio de Luis Pérez Hernández que fue el primer obispo de Cúcuta, logró la condición de área libre, así el primer habitante nacido allí se llamó María Libertad, posteriormente el barrio se conoció como La Libertad.

Galería

Referencias

l

Comuna La Libertad (Cúcuta)


Nikola Ivanišin (Trebinje, 18. rujna 1923. – Zadar, 5. lipnja 2013.), hrvatski književni povjesničar i kritičar

Životopis

Srednju školu (gimnaziju) završio je u Dubrovniku 1943. godine.
U važne događaje svog života spomenuo sjećanje na profesora Hallera od kojeg se nauči dignuti sa svoje stolice svaki put kad bi mu studenti ulazili u radnu sobu, te svakoga studenta pozdraviti na ulici. Profesorov vrlo kritičan stav poslije je razumio tako što je shvatio Hallerovu opsjednutost velikom talijanskom književnošću prema kojoj je vrlo kritički sudio hrvatsku književnost.

U Zagrebu je studirao slavistiku (jugoslavistiku, rusistiku) i talijanistiku, a diplomirao je 1951. godine. Već 1952. objavljuje prvi članak u Slobodnoj Dalmaciji. Doktorirao tezom Časopis Slovinac i slovinstvo u Dubrovniku 1878–1884 koju je obranio 1957. godine. Predavao noviju hrvatsku književnost na Odsjeku za kroatistiku zadarskoga Filozofskog fakulteta od 1959. do 1994. godine.
Stipendist Herderova instituta u Marburgu an der Lahn 1958. – 1959. godine. Direktor Jugoslavenskog seminara za strane slaviste od 1982. do 1984. i glavni urednik njihovih dviju publikacija. Predavao je i u Puli na Filozofskom fakultetu od 1997. do 2002. godine. Gostujući profesor u Marburgu, Münchenu i Krakovu.

Uređivao je časopis Matice hrvatske Dubrovnik, Zadarsku reviju i Radove Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Pisao o dubrovačkoj i zadarskoj književnosti te o književnosti u dalmatinskoj periodici.  Proučavao suvremenu hrvatsku liriku, osobito fenomen hrvatskoga književnog ekspresionizma.

Osobitu pozornost posvetio je djelima Vojnovića, Krleže i Antuna Barca. Sljedbenik Barčeva pristupa književnom djelu,te proučavao njegov književno-povijesni rad. Ivanišinov prinos u proučavanju moderne hrvatske književnosti vrlo je velik, a zanimanje za djela Iva Vojnovića i hrvatskog ekspresionizma može se nazvati opsjednutošću. Prvi poslije drugoga svjetskog rata pisao o književnom kritičaru Albertu Haleru.

Bio je oduševljen hrvatskom književnošću, a oduševljenje je prenosio na svoje studente, među kojima su bili i brojni kasniji književnici, među kojima i Ivan Aralica i Luko Paljetak.
U više od dvjesta bibliografskih jedinica očitovao se kao zagovornik književnosti Detalj kao organskog fenomena i stava da je književnost sam život.

Umro je u zadarskom Domu umirovljenika.

Djela
Glavna djela:
 Dubrovačke književne studije
 Tradicija, eksperiment, avangarda
 Ljudi, djela, uspomene
 Grada Dubrovnika pjesnik
 Fenomen književnog ekspresionizma
 Književnopovijesno djelo Antuna Barca
 Od Dživa Gundulića do Miroslava Krleže
 Profesorovi književni zapisi
 Post scriptum

 Izabrana djela, Pet stoljeća hrvatske književnosti, sv. 162., Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske, Zagreb, 1984. (suautori Franjo Švelec, Miroslav Vaupotić, Nedjeljko Mihanović i Dubravko Jelčić)
 O hrvatskoj književnosti NOB, antologija

Nagrade
Dobitnik nagrade Slobodne Dalmacije za znanost.

Izvori

Hrvatski književni kritičari iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Životopisi, Trebinje
Životopisi, Zadar
Hrvatski književni povjesničari

Nikola Ivanišin


An Ophrys kelleri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Masters John Godfery. An Ophrys kelleri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ophrys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ophrys

Ophrys kelleri


Magda Oranich i Solagran (Barcelona, 11 de diciembre de 1945) es una abogada y política española. Licenciada en Derecho y en Periodismo, fue detenida por participar en reuniones de la Asamblea de Cataluña. Dedicada al Derecho penal, defendió a Salvador Puig Antich y formó parte del equipo defensor de una de las últimas personas fusiladas por el franquismo, el militante de ETA Jon Paredes Manot Txiki en el consejo de guerra sumarísimo celebrado el 19 de septiembre de 1975. Tras el fin del franquismo militó en Nacionalistes d'Esquerra y después en Iniciativa per Catalunya, en cuyas listas fue elegida diputada por Barcelona en las elecciones al Parlamento de Cataluña de 1992.

En las Elecciones al Parlamento de Cataluña de 2017, Oranich aparece en las listas de Junts per Catalunya.

También ha sido miembro de la Comisión de los Derechos Humanos del Colegio de Abogados de Barcelona y de la Comisión de Reforma de los Estatutos del Fútbol Club Barcelona. En 1995 abandonó IC y fue concejala independiente en las listas de CiU para el Ayuntamiento de Barcelona desde 1999, donde quedó adscrita al Distrito de Gràcia, miembro de la Comisión de Sostenibilitad, Servicios Urbanos y Medio Ambiente, miembro de la Comisión de Seguridad y Movilidad. También es Secretaria del Comité catalán de ACNUR desde el 2001, año de su fundación, y miembro de la Fundación Ramon Trías Fargas. Ha sido también vicepresidenta del Consejo Nacional de Mujeres de Cataluña y ha representado a multitud de mujeres víctimas de violencia y a víctimas de malos tratos en orfanatos franquistas.

Es autora de varios libros, entre ellos Qué es el feminismo, Què pensa Magda Oranich, junto con la periodista Mayka Navarro, y Ganes de viure: la meva lluita contra el càncer.

Desde el 23 de abril de 2009 forma parte de la junta directiva del Fútbol Club Barcelona, presidida por aquel entonces por Joan Laporta.

Fue una de las personas conocidas que pusieron su imagen para apoyar la ILP contra la tauromaquia en Cataluña y es presidenta de la Comisión de Protección de los Derechos de los Animales del Colegio de Abogados de Barcelona.

Principales premios y distinciones
 Premio Ramon Trias Fargas de las Juventudes Nacionalistas de Cataluña
 Premio de la Fundación FEFOC
 2009: Premio 1978 de la Coordinadora Gay-Lesbiana de Cataluña
 2013: Premio APDDA 2012, concedido por la Asociación Parlamentaria en Defensa de los Animales (APDDA)
 2017: Premio Valores a la Abogacía Comprometida, concedido por el Consejo de la Abogacía Catalana
 2022: Medalla del Colegio de Abogados de Barcelona.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 <Els altres veïns>, Magda Oranich, Barcelona Metròpolis, marzo de 2009.
 Entrevista publicada en el libro Abogados de Cataluña

Nacidos en Barcelona
Alumnado de Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad de Barcelona
Alumnado de Derecho de la Universidad de Barcelona
Abogados de Barcelona
Directivos del Fútbol Club Barcelona
Feministas de Cataluña
Activistas feministas
Activistas por los derechos de los animales
Políticos de Barcelona
Políticos de Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds
Diputados del Parlamento de Cataluña por la circunscripción electoral de Barcelona
Diputados de la IV Legislatura del Parlamento de Cataluña
Miembros de la candidatura Juntos por Cataluña
Concejales del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona de la corporación 1999-2003
Concejales del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona de la corporación 2003-2007

Magda Oranich Solagran


Knattspyrnufélagið Valur (bliver også kaldt for Valur Reykjavik) er en islandsk sportsklub, baseret i Reykjavík, Island. Klubben spiller sine hjemmekampe på Hlíðarendi. Klubben blev oprindelig etableret som en del af YMCA for at spille fodbold, men fik senere også andre sportsgrene som håndbold og basketball. Klubben har vundet flere mesterskaber og cuptitler båbe for mænd og kvinder i de tre største lokale boldsportsgrene: fodbold, håndbold og basketball. Valurs håndboldafdeling nåede til EHF Champions League finalen i 1980. Håndboldholdet har vundet den islandske liga 22 gange, mere end noget andet hold fra N1 deildin.

Trænere

  Guðmundur H. Pétursson (1930)
  Reidar Sörensen (1933–35)
  Murdo MacDougall (1935–37)
  Murdo MacDougall &  Robert Jack (1937–38)
  Murdo MacDougall (1938)
  Joe Devine (1939), (1948)
  Hermann Hermannsson (1955)
  Óli B. Jónsson (1967–31. dec 1968)
  Yuri Illichev (1. juli 1973 – 30. juni 1974), (1. juli 1976 – 30. juni 1978)
  Gyula Nemes (1978–79)
  Volker Hofferbert (1980)
  Klaus-Jürgen Hilpert (1982)
  Claus Peter (1982–83)
  Ian Ross (Jan 1, 1984 – 31. dec. 1987)
  Hörður Helgason (1. jan. 1988 – 1. aug. 1989)

  Guðmundur Þorbjörnsson (1989)
  Ingi Björn Albertsson (1990–91)
  Kristinn Björnsson (1992–93)
  Sigurður Dagsson (1996)
  Sigurður Grétarsson (1996)
  Kristinn Björnsson (1997–99)
   Ejub Purišević (2000–01)
  Þorlákur Árnason (2002–03)
  Njáll Eiðsson (2004)
  Willum Þór Þórsson (1. aug. 2005 – juli 2009)
  Atli Eðvaldsson (4. juli 2009 – sept 2009)
  Gunnlaugur Jónsson (Okt 2009 – 31. dec. 2010)
  Kristján Guðmundsson (1. jan. 2011 – 31. dec. 2012)
  Magnús Gylfason (1. jan. 2013– 31. okt. 2014)
  Ólafur Jóhannesson (31. okt. 2014–?)

Håndbold

Noter

Fodboldklubber i Island
Etableret i 1911

Valur


كينغ كونغ  هو اسم لغوريلا خيالية ضخمة جداً، وقد تم عمل عدة أفلام خيالية تحمل نفس الاسم والفكرة منذ عام 1933 وظهرت أيضا في سلسلة من الرسوم المتحركة وألعاب الفيديو.

تاريخ أفلام كينغ كونغ
 1933: فيلم «كينغ كونغ»
 1933: فيلم «ابن كونغ»
 1962: فيلم «كينغ كونغ ضد غودزيلا»
 1967: فيلم «نجاة كينغ كونغ»
 1976: فيلم «كينغ كونغ»
 1986: فيلم «حياة كينج كونج»
 2005: فيلم «كينغ كونغ»
 2017: فيلم «كونغ: جزيرة الجمجمة»
 2020: فيلم «غودزيلا ضد كونغ»

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 King Kong (1933)
 King Kong: An Entertaining Monster
 King Kong on Laser Disc
 King Kong 2-disc DVD edition review
 King Kong (2005)
 Official King Kong Movie Website

 Rottentomatoes.com reviews, trailers, posters, and forum.
 أخرى
 Planet Nintendo's King Kong 2 video game page
 Article on Kong's history in print
 Kong is King.net
 "The Kong Files", a series of columns about Kong
 A TIME Archives Collection of King Kong's progression

أفلام كينغ كونغ
حيوانات أبطال خارقة
شخصيات أفلام الخيال العلمي
شخصيات أفلام خيالية
شخصيات أفلام رعب
شخصيات خيالية ذات قوة خارقة
شخصيات رسوم متحركة
عمالقة خياليون
غوريلا خيالي
قرود خيالية
كايجو
ملوك خياليون

كينغ كونغ


Manganese Bronze Holdings plc (MBH) was the holding company of LTI Limited. The firm's sole business in its final years as a company was London black taxicab manufacturing through the LTI subsidiary.

The Manganese Bronze and Brass Co was founded in 1881, incorporated in 1882 and originally made ship propellers, operating from factories in London. By World War II, it was also extruding and rolling specialised alloys, and in the 1950s expanded into light alloy product manufacturing. In the early 1960s, it shortened its name to Manganese Bronze and became an important conglomerator of British motorcycle marques. The company acquired the subsidiary Carbodies in 1973, which was involved in the design, development and production of taxicabs. This subsidiary eventually became LTI Limited, and traded first as London Taxis International and then as The London Taxi Company. The sale of its components division in 2003 left the company with LTI Limited as its only operating division.

In October 2012, MBH entered administration, having not made a profit since 2007. The Chinese automotive manufacturer Geely, which already owned 20% of the shares in LTI Limited, the company's only business, agreed to purchase LTI's principal assets and trade from the administrator to save the business and continue the production of taxis in Coventry. The new holding company was named The London Taxi Corporation, and it traded as The London Taxi Company (as LTI had done). This successor company was renamed to London EV Company in 2017.

Company history

Propeller and light alloy product manufacture
What became the Manganese, Bronze and Brass Co was founded in 1876 as P.M. Parsons, incorporated in 1882 and originally made Parsons Alloy (copper and manganese) ship propellers, operating from Thames-side factories in Deptford and, later, Millwall, London. It expanded into alloy products, and in World War I was contracted by the Ministry of Munitions to produce shell cases. As its London location put it at risk of enemy air-raids, the shell case factory was moved to Ipswich. During World War II, its propeller works was moved to Birkenhead. A takeover of Redro Ltd in 1959 gave the firm a presence in Beverley and new light alloy product capabilities. In 1962, it shortened its name to Manganese Bronze. In 1963 Stone-Platt took over the marine division based at Birkenhead, and the company converted into a holding company, Manganese Bronze Holdings Ltd, with two operating subsidiaries: Manganese Bronze Ltd at Ipswich and Alpax Ltd at Willesden and Beverley.

Automotive engineering

In the early 1960s Manganese Bronze Bearings Ltd (as it was then known) was taken over by a Dennis Poore investment vehicle, Villiers Engineering Ltd, a motorcycle company chiefly known for its range of engines, creating Manganese Bronze Holdings Ltd. This company subsequently bought Associated Motor Cycles Ltd, owners of the Norton, AJS and Matchless motorcycle brands in 1964.

Manganese absorbed part of the Birmingham Small Arms Company in 1973 - which included Carbodies, the Coventry-based London taxicab maker, under chairman Dennis Poore, as part of a rescue plan initiated by the British government. BSA Motorcycles interests trading as Triumph were combined with Manganese motorcycle production to form Norton Villiers Triumph. BSA Guns was liquidated in 1986. BSA's components businesses became Manganese Bronze Components Division, comprising sintering, precision casting and metal powders; this division was sold in 2003 and went bankrupt a short period later.

In 1984, the London taxicab dealer Mann & Overton was bought by Manganese. In 1992 the name Carbodies Limited was dropped and the company was renamed LTI Limited, comprising three divisions: LTI Carbodies, LTI Mann and Overton and London Taxi Finance. The trading name was London Taxis International.

In January 2003 Manganese launched Zingo Taxi, an innovative taxi hailing system using mobile location technology. This was sold to Computer Cab in November 2004 for £1. This was to stem large losses because only 1,100 of London's approximately 21,000 taxi drivers subscribed. Between July 2003 and November 2004 Manganese also sold its property portfolio, including the land under its Coventry manufacturing facility.

Partnership with Geely
In October 2006 Manganese and the Chinese automaker Geely announced the creation of a China-based taxicab manufacturing joint venture. An extraordinary general meeting held in January 2007 of Manganese's shareholders approved the formation of the joint venture. In June 2008 Manganese announced the production of the first prototype TX4 taxi at its Chinese joint venture, LTI Shanghai.

In July 2008 Manganese announced that it would be making redundant 40 employees as a result of the global economic downturn.

On 29 June 2009 the company advised that Geely had a notifiable interest in 6,085,000 of the company's ordinary shares, representing 19.971% of the issued ordinary share capital.

In March 2010 it was announced that Manganese would move the production of all taxicab bodies and chassis to Shanghai, but TX4 cabs for the UK market would continue to be assembled in Coventry. In the same month it was reported that Geely would increase its shareholding in Manganese to 51% through participation in a placing of new shares. In August 2010 it was announced that Geely had decided not to proceed with the share placement and its shareholding in Manganeze would remain at just under 20%. In November 2010, LTI changed their trading name to "The London Taxi Company" to reflect the company's core business.

Administration
Manganese entered administration on 22 October 2012 after failing to secure additional funding; PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) were appointed as the administrator. On 31 October PwC announced that 156 Manganese staff in the UK were to be made redundant with immediate effect, out of the company's then total of 274 employees in the country, with the losses spread across its manufacturing facility, head office and dealerships.

Rescue of the taxicab business

In January 2013, it was reported that Geely was in negotiations to buy the remaining shares of the company from PwC to save the business. A press statement in February 2013 announced that an agreement had been reached for Geely to purchase the remainder of the London Taxi Company's assets, manufacturing rights, unsold stock and dealerships. Geely set up a new company, The London Taxi Corporation Ltd. under its British subsidiary Geely UK Ltd to resume assembly of the London black cab in Coventry.

References

Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Motorcycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
1899 establishments in the United Kingdom
2013 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Foundries in the United Kingdom

Manganese Bronze Holdings


نافتا (NAFTA) أو اتفاقية التجارة الحرة لأمريكا الشمالية ، (بالأسبانية: TLCAN)؛ هي معاهدة لإنشاء منطقة تجارية حرة ما بين الولايات المتحدة وكندا والمكسيك. وقعت اتفاقية التبادل الحر لأمريكا الشمالية في ديسمبر 1992 وأصبحت سارية المفعول في يناير سنة 1994

تعتبر مصادقة الكونغرس الأمريكي في 17 تشرين الثاني عام 1993 على اتفاقية منطقة التجارة الحرة لأمريكا الشمالية هي البداية لإنشاء هذا التكتل -مع أن سريان الاتفاقية لم يبدأ إلا في أول يناير 1994- الذي يضم كلا من الولايات المتحدة وكندا والمكسيك، وهو كما يفهم من الاتفاقية المنشئة له مفتوح أمام باقي الدول الأمريكية بما في ذلك بعض دول أمريكا اللاتينية التي قد تنضم إليه في المستقبل.
وإذا تفحصنا أهداف هذا الاتحاد نجدها لا تختلف كثيراً عن أهداف الاتحاد الأوروبي، فهي بعد تحقيق اقتصاد قوي للدول الأعضاء تعطي كل أولوياتها للقدرة على منافسة التكتلات الاقتصادية الأخرى الصاعدة على المستوى العالمي وبالخصوص الاتحاد الأوروبي، محاولة حجز مكان اقتصادي يناسب المكان المعتبر لهذه الكتلة وبالخصوص أمريكا.

المفاوضات على الاتفاقية، والتوقيع عليها، والمصادقة عليها، ومراجعتها (1988–1994)

المفاوضات على الاتفاقية
بدأت فكرة إنشاء منطقة تجارة حرة في أمريكا الشمالية مع الرئيس الأمريكي رونالد ريغان، والذي تبنّى الفكرة خلال حملته عند إعلان ترشحه للرئاسة في نوفمبر 1979. وقعت كندا والولايات المتحدة على اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين كندا والولايات المتحدة في العام 1988، وبعدها بفترة وجيزة قرر الرئيس المكسيكي كارلوس ساليناس دي غورتاري تقديم مقترَحٍ للرئيس الأمريكي جورج بوش الأب لعقْد اتفاقية مماثلة في محاولة منه لاستجلاب الاستثمار الأجنبي على إثر أزمة ديون أمريكا اللاتينية. مع بدء الرئيسين بالمفاوضات، خشيت الحكومة الكندية بقيادة رئيس الوزراء مارتن مولروني من خسارتها المزايا التي اكتسبتها كندا عبر اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين كندا والولايات المتحدة في حال عُقدت اتفاقية ثنائية أمريكية مكسيكية، وطلبت أن تدخلَ طرفًا في المحادثات الجارية بين الولايات المتحدة والمكسيك.

التوقيع على الاتفاقية
بعد مفاوضات دبلوماسية بدأت في العام 1990، وقع زعماء الدول الثلاث الاتفاقية في عواصم بلادهم في 17 ديسمبر من العام 1992. وتطلّبت الاتفاقية الموقعةُ المصادقةَ عليها من الجهات التشريعية أو البرلمانية في كل دولة.

المصادقة على الاتفاقية

كندا
تسبّبت الاتفاقية السابقة للتجارة الحرة بين كندا والولايات المتحدة بالكثير من الجدل والانقسام في كندا، وبرزت كقضية في الانتخابات الكندية للعام 1988. في تلك الانتخابات، صوّت الكثير من الكنديين للأحزاب المناهضة للتجارة الحرة (الليبراليون والديمقراطيون الجدد)، لكن انقسام الأصوات بين الحزبين مهّد الطريق لحزب المحافظين التقدميين المؤيدين للتجارة الحرة بالفوز في الانتخابات بمعظم المقاعد، وهكذا استلموا السلطة. شكّل مولروني والمحافظون التقدميون حكومة الأغلبية، وتمكنوا بسهولة من تمرير مشاريع قانون اتفاقية التجارة الحرة بين كندا والولايات المتحدة للعام 1987 واتفاقية التجارة الحرة لأمريكا الشمالية، نافتا.

بالرغم من ذلك، حلّت كيم كامبل محلّ مولروني زعيمةً للمحافظين ورئيسةً للوزراء. قادت كامبل حزب المحافظين التقدميين في انتخابات العام 1993 حيث اكتسحهم الحزب الليبرالي بقيادة جان كريتيان، الذي أطلقَ حملته الانتخابية على وعدٍ بإعادة التفاوض بخصوص اتفاقية نافتا أو إلغائها. تفاوض كريتيان لاحقًا على اتفاقيتين إضافيتين مع جورج بوش الأب، الذي قوّض عملية لجنة العمل الاستشارية للمفاوضات التجارية والسياسة التجارية، وتبنّى سياسة «المسار السريع» للتوقيع قبل انتهاء ولايته الرئاسية، إنما انقضى الوقت، واضطر إلى ترك التصديق المطلوب للاتفاقية والتوقيع على قانون تنفيذها للرئيس بعده بيل كلينتون.

الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
قبل إرسال الاتفاقية إلى مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي، أرفق كلينتون اتفاقيتين إضافيتين، اتفاقية أمريكا الشمالية للتعاون العمالي، واتفاقية أمريكا الشمالية للتعاون البيئي، لحماية العمال والبيئة، وكذلك لتبديد مخاوف العديد من أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ. طلبت الولايات المتحدة من شركائها الالتزام بالممارسات والقوانين البيئية المماثلة لما تتّبعه نفسها. بعد الكثير من المداولات والنقاشات المحمومة، أقر مجلس النواب الأمريكي قانون تنفيذ اتفاقية التجارة الحرة لأمريكا الشمالية في 17 نوفمبر 1993، 200 – 204. وضمّت نسبة مؤيدي الاتفاقية 132 نائبًا جمهوريًا و102 نائبًا ديمقراطيًا. أُقرّ مشروع القانون في مجلس الشيوخ في 20 نوفمبر 1993، 61 – 38. وكان من بين مؤيدي الاتفاقية في مجلس الشيوخ 34 عضوًا جمهوريًا و27 عضوًا ديمقراطيا. أدّى النائب الجمهوري عن ولاية كاليفورنيا دايفيد درير، الذي كان من أشد المؤيدين لاتفاقية التجارة الحرة لأميركا الشمالية منذ رئاسة رونالد ريغان، أدّى دورًا بارزًا في تعبئة التأييد للاتفاقية في أوساط الجمهوريين في الكونغرس وفي سائر أنحاء البلاد.

وقع كلينتون على الاتفاقية لتصبح قانونًا في 8 ديسمبر 1993؛ ودخلت الاتفاقية حيز التنفيذ في 1 يناير 1994. في حفل التوقيع، كرّم كلينتون أربعة أشخاص لجهودهم في إنجاز صفقة التجارة التاريخية: نائب الرئيس آل جور، ورئيسة مجلس المستشارين الاقتصاديين لورا تايسون، ومدير مجلس الاقتصاد الوطني روبرت روبين، والنائب الجمهوري في الكونغرس ديفيد درير. وأفاد كلينتون أن: «اتفاقية التجارة الحرة لأمريكا الشمالية تعني توفير الوظائف: الوظائف الأمريكية، والوظائف الأمريكية ذات الرواتب الجيدة. إذا لم تكن هذه قناعتي، فلَم أكُن لِأؤيد هذه الاتفاقية». حلت نافتا محل الاتفاقية السابقة للتجارة الحرة بين كندا والولايات المتحدة.

المكسيك
في 22 نوفمبر 1993، وافق مجلس شيوخ المكسيك على اتفاقية التجارة الحرة لأميركا الشمالية، ونُشرت بنودها في الجريدة الرسمية للاتحاد في 8 ديسمبر 1993.

وفي 14 ديسمبر 1993، صدر مرسوم تنفيذ اتفاقية التجارة الحرة لأميركا الشمالية والتغييرات المختلفة لمواءَمة الاتفاقية مع قانون المكسيك، ودخلت حيز التنفيذ في 1 يناير 1994.

المصادر

السياسة الأمريكية في 1994
المكسيك في 1994
كندا في 1994
أحداث يناير 1994 في أمريكا الشمالية
اتفاقيات المكسيك للتجارة الحرة
اتفاقيات الولايات المتحدة للتجارة الحرة
معاهدات دخلت حيز التنفيذ في 1994
اتفاقيات كندا للتجارة الحرة
اقتصاد أمريكا الشمالية
الاقتصاد في 1994
العلاقات الكندية الأمريكية التجارية
القانون التجاري الدولي
المكسيك الحديثة
تأسيسات سنة 1994 في أمريكا الشمالية
تاريخ الولايات المتحدة (1991–الحاضر)
رئاسة بيل كلينتون
كتل تجارية
كيانات إقليمية إدارية في أمريكا الشمالية
معاهدات
معاهدات أبرمت في 1992
منظمات دولية في الأمريكتين

نافتا


6598 Modugno este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6598 Modugno este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul San Vittore din Bologna. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,70 ua, o excentricitate de 0,24 și o înclinație de 10,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1988
Centura de asteroizi

6598 Modugno


Daniel "Danny" Jacobs () este un boxer profesionist american. Jacobs este de douo ori campion mondial middleweight, deținând în prezent titlul IBF din 2018, iar anterior titlul WBA (Regular) din 2014 până în 2017. Poreclit "Miracle Man", cariera lui Jacobs a fost aproape tăiată în 2011 din cauza osteosarcomului, o formă rară de cancer osos. A făcut o recuperare completă după ce a petrecut 19 luni în afara sportului.

Biografie
Jacobs s-a născut și a crescut în cartierul rezidențial Brooklyn din Brownsville. A fost crescut de mama sa, Yvette Jacobs, bunica sa, Cordelia Jacobs, și mătușile sale. Jacobs a absolvit la Liceul Erasmus.

Carieră ca amator
Ca boxer amator, Jacobs a înregistrat 137 de victorii și 7 înfrângeri. În 2003, Jacobs a câștigat campionatul național de juniori la Jocurile Olimpice. În 2004, Jacobs a câștigat campionul național al Statelor Unite în divizia sub 19, un campionat național PAL și un campionat național de mănuși de primăvară. În 2005, a câștigat cel de-al doilea campionat național PAL și a câștigat, de asemenea, campionatul național la categoria "Mănuși de aur". În 2006, Jacobs a câștigat campionatul american Amateur middleweight. În timpul carierei sale de amatori, Jacobs a câștigat patru campionate de mănuși de aur din New York.

Carieră ca profesionist
Jacobs și-a făcut debutul profesionist în box la evenimentul Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Ricky Hatton, care a avut loc pe 8 decembrie 2007 la MGM Grand din Las Vegas, Nevada. În acea luptă, l-a învins pe Jose Jesus Hurtado prin TKO în doar 29 de secunde. Jacobs a semnat cu Golden Boy Promotions.

Luptă cu Pirog pentru titlul WBO
Pe 31 iulie 2010, Jacobs sa confruntat cu boxerul neînvins rus Dmitri Pirog pentru campionatul vacant al WBO. Cureaua a aparținut ultima dată lui Sergio Martínez, care a fost deposedat din cauza nerespectării regulilor WBO. Lupta a avut loc la Centrul de Evenimente Mandalay Bay. Pirog a fost un adversar 3-1 care a intrat în luptă. Jacobs a fost făcut KO în runda a 5, însemnând prima sa înfrângere din carieră. După luptă, Pirog a spus: "După a doua rundă, am știut că am fost bun, l-am rănit și am știut că mă pot întoarce și o voi face din nou".

Jacobs a câștigat următoarele două lupte înainte de a fi diagnosticat cu osteosarcom.

Întoarcere după tratamentul cancerului
Pe 20 octombrie 2012, după ce sa recuperat pe deplin din cauza cancerului, Jacobs a reușit să se întoarcă cu succes la boxul profesionist, cu o victorie în primă rundă în fața lui Josh Luteran.

Pe 19 august 2013, Jacobs a capturat titlul WBC Continental Americas mijlociu prin intermediul unui KO în a treia rundă împotriva lui Giovanni Lorenzo în timpul premierii Golden Boy Live! pe Fox Sports 1.

Campion WBA (Regular)
Pe 9 august 2014, Jacobs a câștigat titlul vacant WBA (Regular) la categoria mijlocie, cu un TKO în 5 runde împotriva lui Jarrod Fletcher, la Barclays Center din Brooklyn, New York. Jacobs la doborât pe Fletcher în runda 1 cu un cârlig stâng și în runda 5 cu o cruce dreaptă. Cu victoria, Jacobs a devenit campion mondial. "Se simte atât de grozav să câștigi această centură", a spus Jacobs. "Este cel mai mare moment din viața mea". Jacobs a declarat că dorește să lupte în continuare cu Peter Quillin.

Campion IBF
După ce Gennady Golovkin a fost deposedat de titlul IBF pentru nerespectarea regulilor IBF, Jacobs a luptat cu ucrainianul Serhiy Derevianchenko pentru titlul vacant. Jacobs a câștigat luptă prin decizie în 12 runde, devenind 2 ori campion mondial.

Record în box

Note

Legături externe

Daniel Jacobs profile at Premier Boxing Champions

Nașteri în 1987
Americani în viață
Boxeri americani
Campioni mondiali la box
Oameni din Brooklyn
Afro-americani
Supraviețuitori ai bolilor canceroase

Daniel Jacobs


La Copa América de Futsal 2003 fue la VIII edición del certamen desde que este se celebra bajo el reglamento de la FIFA. Esta versión del torneo se realizó en Asunción (Paraguay), siendo la primera vez que se desarrolló este evento en dicho país; los partidos se disputaron entre el 26 de agosto y 1 de septiembre de 2003.

El torneo fue organizado por la Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL). Para esta edición participaron las 10 selecciones de futsal de la confederación. El certamen concedió 3 cupos para el Mundial de Futsal de 2004 a disputarse en China Taipéi.

El torneo fue ganado por Argentina que logró vencer a Brasil y Paraguay en la disputa por el título.

Equipos participantes
Las diez selecciones de futsal miembros de la CONMEBOL participaron en este torneo.
  Argentina
  Bolivia
  Brasil
  Chile
  Colombia
  Ecuador
  Paraguay
  Perú
  Uruguay
  Venezuela

Primera fase

Grupo A

Grupo B

Grupo C

Fase final

Tabla general

Notas'''

Clasificados al Mundial de Futsal 2004

Referencias

2003
Competiciones de fútbol en Paraguay
Fútbol sala en Paraguay
Paraguay en 2003
Fútbol sala en 2003

Copa América de Futsal 2003


The British Rail Class 08 is a class of diesel-electric shunting locomotives built by British Railways (BR). As the standard BR general-purpose diesel shunter, the class became a familiar sight at major stations and freight yards. Since their introduction in 1952, however, the nature of rail traffic in Britain has changed considerably. Freight trains are now mostly fixed rakes of wagons, and passenger trains are mostly multiple units or have Driving Van Trailers, neither requiring the attention of a shunting locomotive. Consequently, a large proportion of the class has been withdrawn from mainline use and stored, scrapped, exported or sold to industrial or heritage railways.

As of 2020, around 100 locomotives remained working on industrial sidings and on the main British railway network. On heritage railways, they have become particularly common, appearing on many of the preserved standard-gauge lines in Britain, with over 80 preserved, including the first one built.

History

The Class 08 design was based on the LMS 12033 series (later TOPS Class 11) design. There were also 26 of the near-identical but higher-geared Class 09, and 171 similar locomotives fitted with different engines and transmissions (some of which became Class 10), which together brought the total number of outwardly-similar machines to 1,193.

The pioneer locomotive, number 13000, was built in 1952 although it did not enter service until 1953. Production continued until 1962 with 996 locomotives produced, making it the most numerous of any British shunting locomotive class, and indeed, the most numerous of any British locomotive class overall.

The locomotives were built at the BR's Crewe, Darlington, Derby, Doncaster and Horwich works.

In 1985, three locomotives were reduced in height for use on the Burry Port and Gwendraeth Valley Railway in southwest Wales, and became Class 08/9. The remainder of the class were reclassified as sub-class 08/0. A further two were converted to 08/9s in 1987.

The first locomotive to be withdrawn was D3193 in 1967. Four other 08s were withdrawn before TOPS reclassification in 1973. Withdrawals continued in subsequent decades until by the beginning of the 1990s most of the class had been withdrawn. As part of the privatisation of British Rail in the mid-1990s most of the survivors passed to EWS with some going to passenger operators for use as depot shunters. At the same time as the withdrawals, many were purchased by heritage railways.

In mid-2008, EWS had over 40 class 08s in operation, with a greater number stored. Freightliner also had about five in operation, as did the locomotive company Wabtec. FirstGroup operated fewer than five; additionally, some work at industrial sidings – two for Foster Yeoman, one for Mendip Rail, one for Corus, one at ICI Wilton, two for English China Clays, amongst others. A few other businesses in the rail industry operated single examples.

Exported locomotives
Sixteen English Electric 0-6-0DE 350 hp locomotives, based on the Class 11/Class 08 design but modified for 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) gauge, were built new and exported 1951–53 to Australia, entering service on the Victorian Railways as the F class.

Five Class 08s were exported to Liberia, numbers 3047, 3092, 3094, 3098 and 3100. All five locos remain in Liberia and have been considerably robbed of parts in the intervening years.

In 2007, 08 738 and 08 939 were equipped for multiple operation at Toton TMD and repainted in Euro Cargo Rail livery before being sent to France in April 2009.

Operations

As the standard general-purpose diesel shunter on BR, almost any duty requiring shunting would involve a Class 08; thus the many locations where two portions of a train were merged, or where additional stock was added to a train, were hauled (briefly) by a Class 08, thus the class was a familiar sight at many major stations and terminals.

Technical description
The Class 08 design was based on the LMS 12033 series (later TOPS Class 11) design.

The engine is an English Electric (EE) 6 cylinder, 4-stroke, 6KT. Traction motors are two EE 506 motors with double reduction gear drive. The main generator is an EE 801.

Design variations
There were variations on the basic design, which were given the following TOPS design codes:

Class 08/9

Class 08/9 locomotives were modified from the standard class by being given headlights and cut-down bodywork in which the overall height was reduced to 11' 10" (3.61 m), for use on the Burry Port and Gwendraeth Valley Railway up to Cwm Mawr. In 2007, three were used on infrastructure trains on the Manchester Metrolink.

BR Class 13

Six Class 08 units were adapted for a specialist role at Tinsley Marshalling Yard, where there was a requirement for more powerful shunters. These locomotives were permanently coupled together in pairs as a 'master and slave' (the slave unit with its cab removed) and reclassified as Class 13. All were withdrawn by 1985.

Fleet

Preservation

Continuing in its designed-for role as a shunter, the Class 08 has been found useful by numerous heritage railways in the UK. With over 70 examples preserved, they are the second most numerous class of preserved locomotive in the UK.

Models

Several manufacturers have produced models of Class 08 shunters. In OO scale, Wrenn, Tri-ang, Hornby Railways and Bachmann Branchline all produced models. Lima also produced a model in several different liveries, but it was of the near-identical Class 09.

Since 2000, both Bachmann Branchline and Hornby have released much more detailed models, in a variety of liveries and with a variety of appropriate detail variations.

In British N Gauge, Graham Farish produced a relatively crude all-metal version, made in England, lacking outside frames and with a too-wide bonnet that was discontinued in 2007.  A more detailed version with outside frames and a scale-width diecast bonnet was unveiled 2008 under the brand Graham Farish by Bachmann following the sale of the company.

Notes and references

Further reading

External links

 Restoration work on Class 08 – 08220

08
English Electric locomotives
C locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1953
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
Diesel-electric locomotives of Great Britain
Diesel-electric locomotives of Liberia
Shunting locomotives

British Rail Class 08


Westminster é uma comunidade não incorporada no oeste de Auglaize Township, Allen County, Ohio, Estados Unidos. Encontra-se ao longo da State Route 117 ao norte de sua interseção com a State Route 196, 6½ milhas (10½ km) ao norte de Waynesfield e  a sudeste da parte central da cidade de Lima,  a sede do condado de Allen County. O curso superior do rio Auglaize passa pela comunidade.

Westminster faz parte da Área Estatística Metropolitana de Lima.

Westminster é o lar da Rudolph Foods, um grande produtor de torresmo.

História
Westminster foi banhado em 1834. Um correio chamado Westminster foi estabelecido em 1837 e permaneceu em operação até 1944.

Referências

Comunidades não incorporadas de Ohio
Localidades do condado de Allen (Ohio)

Westminster (Ohio)


Victor Bérard, nacido en 1864 en Morez (Jura) y fallecido en 1931, fue un helenista, diplomático y político  francés. Es sobre todo conocido por su traducción al francés de la Odisea de Homero, así como por sus intentos de reconstruir los viajes de Ulises.

Biografía
Era hijo de Jean Baptiste Bérard, farmacéutico en Morez. Su hermano menor,  Léon Bérard, profesor de la Facultad de Medicina de Lyon, fue un conocido oncólogo.

Victor Bérard era estudiante en la École normale supérieure (1884-1887) y se convirtió en miembro de la École française d'Athènes (1887-1890). Como tal, hizo muchas visitas al entonces Imperio Otomano y se preocupó por el genocidio armenio así como por las minorías del estado encabezado por el sultán Abdul Hamid II. Su tesis doctoral versó sobre el culto a Arcadia y su génesis. Enseñó geografía desde 1896 hasta 1914 en la École supérieure de marine y en la École Pratique des Hautes Études.

Su famosa traducción en prosa rítmica de la Odisea supuso una importante contribución a la reactivación de la filología en Francia en el seno de la Association Guillaume Budé.

Inspirado por el éxito excepcional de Heinrich Schliemann en el terreno de la arqueología tras descubrir Troya, y queriendo dar realidad a la Odisea, se propuso visitar, a partir de una reconstrucción de las condiciones de navegación de la época, las orillas del  Mediterráneo frecuentadas por Ulises, el héroe de Homero. Para ello, utilizó su propio barco y siguió las instrucciones de la misma Odisea. Realmente, como historiador y geógrafo, se había inspirado en Estrabón y sus libros de geografía, y en Tucídides, pues dado el descubrimiento de Troya habían sido validados por consiguiente.

Fue el senador de  Jura 1920 a 1931 y presidente de la Comisión de Asuntos Exteriores del Senado hasta 1929.

Obra

Ensayos
 Victor Bérard y Martin Melkonian: La Politique du Sultan - Les massacres des Arméniens: 1894-1896 (1897), col. Les Marches du Temps.
 Victor Bérard: Révolutions de la Perse: les provinces, les peuples et le gouvernement du roi des rois. París: Librairie Armand Colin, 1910.
 Victor Bérard: La France d'Afrique. Vers Le Sahara (1911), en La Revue de Paris.
 Victor Bérard: La Mort de Stamboul (1913).
 Victor Bérard: Un mensonge de la science allemande. Les « Prolégomènes à Homère » de Frédéric-Auguste Wolf (1917, 2ª edición), ed. Hachette et Cie, París, In-12 broché, 288 p.
 Victor Bérard: Les Phéniciens et l'Odyssée (1902-1903, reeditado en 1927), ed. Armand Colin, París.
 Victor Bérard: Les navigations d'Ulysse en 4 vol.: I. Ithaque et la Grèce des Achéens ; II. Pénélope et les barons des îles ; III. Calypso et la mer de l'Atlantide ; IV. Nausicaa et le retour d'Ulysse (1927-1929, reeditado en 1971), ed. Armand Colin, París.
 Victor Bérard: L'Odyssée d'Homère. Etude et analyse. (1931), Paul Mellotée Editeur, París.
 Victor Bérard: La Résurrection d'Homère en 2 volúmenes I. Au temps des héros, II. Le drame épique  (1930), ed. Bernard Grasset, París.
 Victor Bérard: Dans le sillage d'Ulysse, album odysséen avec des photos de Frédéric Boissonnas (1933, posth.), ed. Armand Colin, París.

Traducciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial sobre Victor Bérard

Arqueólogos de Francia del siglo XIX
Arqueólogos de Francia del siglo XX
Diplomáticos de Francia
Helenistas de Francia del siglo XIX
Helenistas de Francia del siglo XX
Traductores de obras atribuidas a Homero
Miembros de la Real Academia Serbia
Fallecidos en París
Nacidos en Morez

Victor Bérard


ලොව පුරා ශාක හා සත්ත්ව ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් භාගයකට වඩා වැඩි කොටසක් වැසි වනාන්තර වල දක්න‍ට ඇත. වැසි වනාන්තර මගින් ක්ෂීරපායීන්, උරගයින්, පක්ෂීන් සහ අපෘෂ්ඨ වංශිකයින් වැනි වඩාත් පුළුල් සත්ත්ව ප්‍රජාවක් සදහා වාසස්ථාන සපයයි. ක්ෂිරපායින් සදහා ප්‍රිමාටාවන් සහ වෙනත් පවුල අයත්වේ. උරගයින් සඳහා සර්පයින්, ඉබ්බන්, කටුස්සන් අයත් වන අතර පක්ෂීන් සදහා Vangidae සහ Cuculidae යන පවුල් වල ජීවින් අයත්වේ. වැසිවනාන්තර වල අපෘෂ්ඨ වංශිකයින්ගේ පවුල් වලට අයත් ජීවින් දුසිම් ගණන් ජීවත් වේ. දිලීර වර්ගද වැසි වනාන්තර වල බහුලවම දක්න‍ට ලැබෙන අතර ඒවාට ශාක හා සතුන් මරනයෙන් පසු ඒවායෙහි කාබනික දේහ මත වර්ධනය විය හැකිය. මෙලෙස  වනාන්තර වල භූමියෙහි ඇති සියළුම කාබනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය නිසා ඒවායේ පස කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය වලින් සරුවන අතර ඒවා ශාක සහ සත්ත්ව ජීවිත සඳහා ඉතාමත් සරු ප්‍රභවයක් සපයයි. මෙලෙස ඇති වන හියුමස් තට්ටුව නිසා මෙකි වැසි වනාන්තර ඉහළ වශයෙන් සක්‍රීයව පවතින ජෛව පද්ධතියක් බවට පත්ව ඇත. මෙකී හේතුන් නිසා පෘතුවිය මතු පිට ඇති ජීවි විශේෂ අතරින් 2/3 කට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයකට වැසි වනාන්තර නිජබිම් වී ඇත. මෙම ප්‍රමාණය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව මිලියන 5 කට වඩා අධිකය.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest#Flora_and_Fauna

වැසි වනාන්තර වල ශාක සහ සත්ත්ව සංහතිය


Warren Minor Christopher (October 27, 1925March 18, 2011) was an American lawyer, diplomat and politician. During Bill Clinton's first term as president, he served as the 63rd United States Secretary of State.

Born in Scranton, North Dakota, Christopher clerked for Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas after graduating from Stanford Law School. He became a partner in the firm of O'Melveny & Myers and served as Deputy Attorney General from 1967 to 1969 under President Lyndon B. Johnson. He served as Deputy Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter, holding that position from 1977 to 1981. In 1991, he chaired the Christopher Commission, which investigated the Los Angeles Police Department in the wake of the Rodney King incident.

During the 1992 presidential election, Christopher headed Bill Clinton's search for a running mate, and Clinton chose Senator Al Gore. After Clinton won the 1992 election, Christopher led the Clinton administration's transition process, and he took office as Secretary of State in 1993. As Secretary of State, Christopher sought to expand NATO, broker peace in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and pressure China regarding its human rights practices. He also helped negotiate the Dayton Agreement, which ended the Bosnian War. He left office in 1997, and was succeeded by Madeleine Albright.

Christopher oversaw the Gore campaign's Florida recount effort in the aftermath of the disputed 2000 presidential election. At the time of his death in 2011, he was a senior partner at O'Melveny & Myers in the firm's Century City, California, office. He also served as a professor at the University of California at Los Angeles.

Early life
Warren Minor Christopher was born in Scranton, North Dakota, the son of Catherine Anne (née Lemen) and Ernest William Christopher, a bank manager. He was of part Norwegian descent.

Christopher graduated from Hollywood High School in Los Angeles, and attended the University of Redlands, before transferring to the University of Southern California (USC). He was a member of the college fraternity Kappa Sigma Sigma. He graduated magna cum laude from USC in February 1945. From July 1943 to September 1946, he served in the United States Naval Reserve, with active duty as an ensign in the Pacific Theater.  He entered Stanford Law School in September 1946, where he founded and became the first editor of the new Stanford Law Review. While there, he was also elected to the Order of the Coif.

Legal career and Deputy Attorney General for Johnson
Christopher became the first graduate of Stanford Law School to become a U.S. Supreme Court law clerk when he clerked for Justice William O. Douglas from October 1949 to September 1950. He practiced law with the firm of O'Melveny & Myers from October 1950 to June 1967, becoming a partner in 1958 and serving as special counsel to Governor Pat Brown. Christopher served as United States Deputy Attorney General from June 1967 until January 20, 1969, after which he rejoined O'Melveny & Myers. President Lyndon B. Johnson selected him to assist federal efforts to combat the urban riots in Detroit during July 1967 and in Chicago during April 1968.  In 1974, Christopher served as the president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association. Attorney General Elliot Richardson considered appointing Christopher as the special counsel to investigate the Watergate scandal, but he declined.

Deputy Secretary of State for Carter

Christopher was sworn in on February 26, 1977, as the Deputy Secretary of State and served in that position until January 20, 1981. As Deputy Secretary, he was involved in the successful Iran hostage crisis negotiations, and the resulting Algiers Accords securing the safe release of 52 American hostages in Iran. He also spearheaded the Sino-American relations with the People's Republic of China, helped to win ratification of the Panama Canal treaties, and headed the first interagency group on human rights. President Jimmy Carter awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, on January 16, 1981.

Professional work and achievements
Christopher's professional activities included service as president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association, 1974–1975; chairman of the Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary of the American Bar Association, 1975–1976; member of the board of governors of the State Bar of California 1975–1976; and special counsel to California governor Edmund G. Brown in 1959.

Christopher's civic activities included the following: member and president of the board of trustees of Stanford University; chairman, Carnegie Corporation of New York board of trustees; director and vice chairman, Council on Foreign Relations; director, Trilateral Commission, Bilderberg Group, Los Angeles World Affairs Council; vice chairman of the Governor's Commission on the Watts riots (The McCone Commission) in 1965–1966; president, Coordinating Council for Higher Education in the State of California; Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; member of the American Philosophical Society; and chairman emeritus, Pacific Council on International Policy.

In 1981, Christopher received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.

In 1991, Christopher served as chairman of the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department, which came to be known as the Christopher Commission. The Commission proposed significant reforms of the Los Angeles Police Department in the aftermath of the Rodney King incident (see 1992 Los Angeles riots), which were approved overwhelmingly at the ballot box. In 1992, Christopher headed the vice presidential search for Governor Bill Clinton's presidential campaign and served as the Director of his presidential Transition.

Secretary of State for Clinton

Serving as Secretary of State from January 20, 1993 until January 17, 1997, Christopher's main goals were the enlargement of NATO, establishing peace between Israel and its neighbors, and using economic pressure to force China's hand on human rights practices. The major events transpiring during his tenure included the Oslo Accords, the Dayton Agreement, normalization of United States–Vietnam relations, the Rwandan genocide, Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti, and the Khobar Towers bombing.

Assassination attempt on George H. W. Bush, April 1993
On April 13, 1993, eleven Iraqi Intelligence Service agents smuggled a car bomb into Kuwait City in an attempt to assassinate former President George H. W. Bush as he spoke at Kuwait University. Secretary Christopher, among others, urged President Clinton to make a retaliatory strike against Iraq. On June 26, 1993, the United States launched 23 Tomahawk missiles against the Baghdad intelligence headquarters.

Oslo Accords, September 1993
In August 1993, Israeli and Palestinian negotiators meeting in Norway drew up the Oslo Accords, which created the Palestinian Authority in exchange for Palestinian recognition of Israel's right to exist. Secretary Christopher accepted Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres's offer to host the signing ceremony. The ceremony took place in Washington D.C. on 13 September 1993, with Mahmoud Abbas signing for the Palestine Liberation Organization, Peres signing for the State of Israel, Secretary Christopher signing for the United States and Andrei Kozyrev signing for Russia, in the presence of President Clinton. Christopher was one of the main visionaries and proponent of an integrated Middle East.

Partnership for Peace NATO expansion, January 1994
In order to initiate further enlargement of NATO with minimal backlash from Russia, Secretary Christopher promoted the Partnership for Peace program as a stepping-stone into full NATO membership. This was against protests from the Pentagon.

Rwandan Genocide, 1994
In what has been considered a terrible failure of the international community, the US and UN failed to intervene to stop the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Over the course of a hundred days, some 800,000 Tutsis were massacred by Hutu militia.

China: Delinking human rights and trade status, May 1994
During the 1992 presidential campaign, then-candidate Clinton blasted President George H. W. Bush for giving China low-tariff trading privileges despite its human rights abuses. Secretary Christopher agreed with this view and believed that the US should use economic pressure to force China to improve its human rights record. However, on May 26, 1994, President Clinton renewed China's low-tariff trading privileges, effectively delinking the human rights issue from China's trade relations with the US. U.S.-Sino relations improved as a result, with President Jiang Zemin visiting the U.S. in November 1997 and President Clinton visiting China in June 1998.

Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti, September 1994
On September 19, 1994, a US-led coalition returned Haiti's popularly elected President Jean-Bertrande Aristide to power after a 1991 coup by the Haitian Armed Forces under Raoul Cédras had unseated him. The US military effort, known as Operation Uphold Democracy, was largely the product of Colin Powell's diplomatic efforts, with little role played by Christopher.

Israel-Jordan peace treaty, October 1994
In the wake of the 1993 Oslo Accords, Secretary Christopher encouraged Jordan's King Hussein to make a peace treaty with Israel. Christopher eventually offered Hussein $200 million in military equipment and $700 million in debt forgiveness to sweeten the deal. On October 27, 1994, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzchak Rabin and Jordanian Prime Minister Abdelsalam al-Majali signed the Israel–Jordan peace treaty. The signing was witnessed by President Clinton and Secretary Christopher. Christopher sought to obtain a similar treaty between Rabin and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad, but to no avail.

Vietnam: Normalizing relations, July 1995
Working with Senator John McCain, in 1994, Secretary Christopher began actively promoting the normalization of United States–Vietnam relations. At the time, the U.S. had not had an embassy in Vietnam since 1975. The main obstacle to normalization came from Vietnam veterans and POW/MIA support groups who were convinced that Hanoi was not fully cooperating in the search for the remains of US soldiers in Vietnam. However, after Secretary Christopher convinced President Clinton that the Vietnamese government was fully cooperating in these searches, the President announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam on July 11, 1995.

Dayton Agreement, November 1995
In Dayton, Ohio, Secretary Christopher—working with Assistant Secretary Richard Holbrooke—negotiated peace talks between President of Serbia Slobodan Milošević, President of Croatia Franjo Tuđman, and President of Bosnia Alija Izetbegović. The result was the November 1995 Dayton Agreement, which put an end to the Bosnian War.

Khobar Towers bombing, June 1996
In the wake of the Khobar Towers bombing, Secretary Christopher traveled to Saudi Arabia to witness the site of the attack. In Dhahran (the home of the Khobar Towers), Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal allegedly promised Christopher that the FBI would have the full cooperation of the Saudi government. Eventually, however, the Saudi government and the FBI repeatedly conflicted during the course of the investigation resulting in many arguments and fights, especially over the role of female FBI agents.

Retirement

In addition to several honorary degrees, Christopher received the following awards: the Jefferson Award from the American Institute for Public Service for the Greatest Public Service Performed by an Elected or Appointed Official; the UCLA Medal; the Harold Weill Medal from New York University; the James A. Garfield Baller Award; the Thomas Jefferson Award in Law from the University of Virginia Law School; and the Louis Stein Award from Fordham Law School.

Christopher's picture hangs in the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City, near pictures of John Kerry, Robert McNamara, Elmo Zumwalt, and other American dignitaries, in commemoration of his visit to Vietnam, after normalization of relations between the two countries.

At the 1999 unveiling of his portrait at the Department of State, attended by President Clinton, Christopher remarked: "To anyone who has served in Washington, there is something oddly familiar about [having your portrait painted]. First, you're painted into a corner, then you're hung out to dry and, finally, you're framed."

He was sent to supervise the contested Florida recount for Al Gore's campaign in the 2000 United States presidential election. In the 2008 film Recount, which covers the days following the controversial election, Christopher was portrayed by British actor John Hurt. He was a member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors.

He was an Advisory Board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy.

Former Secretaries of State James Baker and Christopher served as Co-Chairs of the Miller Center's National War Powers Commission. Baker and Christopher testified on March 5 before the House Foreign Affairs Committee about the War Powers Consultation Act of 2009 – the statute that the Commission unanimously recommended in its July 2008 report. The statute is designed to replace the War Powers Resolution of 1973 and provide for more meaningful consultation between the President and Congress on matters of war.

From 2003 until his death, Christopher taught a small seminar course on international affairs as part of the Honors Program at UCLA.

Family
Warren Christopher married twice. He married Joan Southgate Workman
on June 14, 1949, in San Diego, California; the couple had a daughter, Lynn (born May 30, 1952). They divorced in 1955.

He was married to Marie Wyllis from 1956 until his death; the couple had two sons: Scott (born December 27, 1957) and Thomas (born July 24, 1959), and a daughter, Kristen (born March 26, 1963).

Christopher had five grandchildren: Andrew, Lauren, Warren, and Chloe Christopher, and Christopher Henderson.

He wrote In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era (1998) and Chances of a Lifetime (2001).

Other
Christopher was a recipient of the state of North Dakota's Roughrider Award.

He was a senior partner at O'Melveny & Myers.

World Justice Project

Christopher served as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.

Death
Christopher died at his home in Los Angeles on March 18, 2011, from kidney and bladder cancer. He was 85 years old. He was survived by his wife and four children from two marriages. He is interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills.

President Obama described Christopher as a "resolute pursuer of peace" for his work in the Middle East and the Balkans. Hillary Clinton described Christopher as a "diplomat's diplomat – talented, dedicated and exceptionally wise". He was described as "the best public servant I ever knew" by President Jimmy Carter in his memoirs. On March 19, 2011, Carter stated that "[America] has lost a great and revered leader".

See also
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)
 Timeline of United States and China relations 1995–1997
 Recount

References

Further reading
 Cameron, Fraser. US foreign policy after the cold war: global hegemon or reluctant sheriff? (Routledge, 2006).
 Chollet, Derek.  The Road to the Dayton Accords (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005). excerpt
 Dumbrell, John. "President Clinton's Secretaries of State: Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright". Journal of transatlantic studies 6.3 (2008): 217–227.
 Girard, Philippe. Clinton in Haiti: the 1994 US invasion of Haiti. (Springer, 2004).
 Hamilton, Nigel. Bill Clinton: Mastering the Presidency (Public Affairs,  2007), with numerous chapters on foreign-policy; excerpt
 Hyland, William G. Clinton's World: Remaking American Foreign Policy (1999)  excerpt; also online
 Larres, Klaus.  "'Bloody as Hell' Bush, Clinton and the Abdication of American Leadership in the Former Yugoslavia, 1990–1995".  Journal Of European Integration History 10 (2004): 179–202.  [https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2013/6/17/454ffc3e-05f7-4357-a721-c695b0ac9157/publishable_en.pdf  online pp 179–202.
 Levy, Peter B. Encyclopedia of the Clinton presidency (Greenwood, 2002)
 Maney, Patrick J. Bill Clinton: New Gilded Age President (2016). Scholarly survey; Christopher's foreign policy on pages 116–40.
 Murray, Leonie. Clinton, peacekeeping and humanitarian interventionism: rise and fall of a policy (Routledge, 2007).
 Power, Samantha. "A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide (2002) covers Bosnia, Kosovo, Srebenica, and Rwanda; Pulitzer Prize.online free to borrow

Primary sources
 Christopher, Warren. Chances of a Lifetime: A Memoir (2001) online
 Christopher, Warren. In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era (1998) 37 episodes as Secretary of State, with commentary and speeches online
 Nelson, Michael,  et al. eds. 42: Inside the Presidency of Bill Clinton (Miller Center of Public Affairs Books, 2016)  excerpt pp 193–233, analysis of interviews with insiders on Bosnia, Kosovo, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East.

External links

1925 births
2011 deaths
American diplomats
American lawyers
American Methodists
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
California Democrats
Deaths from cancer in California
Clinton administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from kidney cancer
United States Deputy Attorneys General
United States Deputy Secretaries of State
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
People from Bowman County, North Dakota
Politicians from Los Angeles
Military personnel from North Dakota
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Stanford Law School alumni
Stanford University trustees
United States Navy officers
United States Secretaries of State
University of Redlands alumni
University of Southern California alumni
Writers from California
Writers from North Dakota
People from Carpinteria, California
The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
Acting United States Secretaries of State
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Warren Christopher


Heteroscyphus, rod jetrenjarki u porodici Lophocoleaceae, dio podreda Lophocoleineae. Rod jer raširen po svim kontinentima.

Vrste

Vrste priznate po Tropicos-u
 Heteroscyphus ammophilus (Colenso) R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus assurgentifolius J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus assurgentissimus J.J. Engel, Thouvenot & Frank Müll.
 Heteroscyphus chishuinensis Y.X. Xiong & Wen Zhang
 Heteroscyphus deceptifrons J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus dentammophilus J.J. Engel & G.L. Merr.
 Heteroscyphus denticulatus (Mitt.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus dubius (Gottsche) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus echinellus (Lindenb. & Gottsche) J.J. Engel & X.L. He
 Heteroscyphus fissistipus (Hook. f. & Taylor) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus fleischeri (Steph.) D.G. Long & Rubas.
 Heteroscyphus integerrimus (Schiffn.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus kanakensis Thouvenot & J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus menziesii (Mitt.) J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus parallelifolius J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus spinifer C. Gao, T. Cao & Y.Huan Wu
 Heteroscyphus splendens (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Grolle
 Heteroscyphus stolonifer J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus supinopsis J.J. Engel, Thouvenot & Frank Müll.
 Heteroscyphus triacanthus (Hook. f. & Taylor) Schiffn.

Priznate vrste prema ITIS-u
 Heteroscyphus acutangulus (Schiffn.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus allodontus (Hook.f. & Taylor) J.J. Engel & R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus amboinensis (Schiffn.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus ammophilus (Colenso) R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus argutus (Reinw., Blume & Nees) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus aselliformis (Reinw., Blume & Nees) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus assurgentifolius J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus baduinus (Nees) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus balnetii (Herzog) Grolle
 Heteroscyphus billardierei (Schwägr.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus brassii (Grolle) Grolle
 Heteroscyphus caesius (Schiffn.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus caledonicus (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus chlorophyllus (Hook.f. & Taylor) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus ciliatus (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus coalitus (Hook.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus combinatus (Nees) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus conjugatus (Mitt.) J.J. Engel & R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus contortuplicatus (Nees & Mont.) Grolle
 Heteroscyphus cuneistipulus (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus darjeelingensis A. Srivast. & S.C. Srivast.
 Heteroscyphus deceptifrons J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus dentammophilus J.J. Engel & G.L. Merr.
 Heteroscyphus denticulatus (Mitt.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus deplanchei (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus diestianus (Sande Lac.) Piippo
 Heteroscyphus divergenticiliatus (Steph.) Fulford
 Heteroscyphus dubius (Gottsche) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus echinellus (Lindenb. & Gottsche) J.J. Engel & Xiao L. He
 Heteroscyphus elliottii (Steph.) Pagán
 Heteroscyphus falcifolius (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus fissistipus (Hook.f. & Taylor) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus flaccidus (Mitt.) A. Srivast. & S.C. Srivast.
 Heteroscyphus fleischeri (Steph.) D.G. Long & Rubas.
 Heteroscyphus fragilicilius (Schiffn.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus furcistipulus (E.A. Hodgs.) J.J. Engel & R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus giganteus (Steph.) Hürl.
 Heteroscyphus graeffei (J.B. Jack & Steph.) Grolle
 Heteroscyphus grandiflorus (Steph.) Hürl.
 Heteroscyphus grandistipus (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus gunnianus (Mitt.) J.J. Engel & R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus hastatus (E.A. Hodgs.) J.J. Engel & R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus hebridensis (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus hyalinus (Steph.) A. Srivast. & S.C. Srivast.
 Heteroscyphus integrifolius (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Fulford
 Heteroscyphus iwatsukii (S. Hatt.) Piippo
 Heteroscyphus jackii (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus knightii (Steph.) Grolle
 Heteroscyphus levieri (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus limosus (Carrington & Pearson) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus lingulatus (Colenso) J.J. Engel & R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus lophocoleoides S. Hatt.
 Heteroscyphus lyallii (Mitt.) R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus magellanicus (Steph.) J.J. Engel & R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus mamillatus Piippo
 Heteroscyphus marginatus (Steph.) Fulford
 Heteroscyphus menziesii (Mitt.) J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus merapiensis (Steph.) Piippo
 Heteroscyphus miradorensis (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus mononuculus J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus montagnei (Steph.) Fulford
 Heteroscyphus multifidus (Steph.) J.J. Engel & R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus nadeaudii (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus oblongifolius (Hook.f. & Taylor) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus orbiculatus A. Srivast. & S.C. Srivast.
 Heteroscyphus palniensis A. Srivast. & S.C. Srivast.
 Heteroscyphus pandei S.C. Srivast. & A. Srivast.
 Heteroscyphus parallelifolius J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus parvulus (Schiffn.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus parvus A. Srivast. & S.C. Srivast.
 Heteroscyphus perfoliatus (Mont.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus pertusus (Lehm.) Fulford
 Heteroscyphus planiusculus (Hook.f. & Taylor) J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus planus (Mitt.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus polyblepharis (Spruce) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus polychaetus (Spruce) Hentschel & Heinrichs
 Heteroscyphus polycladus (Hook.f. & Lév.) R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus rectangulatus (Herzog) Piippo
 Heteroscyphus saccogynoides Herzog
 Heteroscyphus sarawaketanus Piippo
 Heteroscyphus sinuosus (Hook.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus spectabilis (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus spinifer C. Gao, T. Cao & Y.H. Wu
 Heteroscyphus splendens (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Grolle
 Heteroscyphus splendidus (E.A. Hodgs.) J.J. Engel & R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus stolonifer J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus succulentus (Gottsche) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus supinus (Hook.f. & Taylor) R.M. Schust.
 Heteroscyphus tener (Steph.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus thraustus (Spruce) Fulford
 Heteroscyphus timppae Piippo
 Heteroscyphus triacanthus (Hook.f. & Lév.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus tridentatus (Sande Lac.) Grolle
 Heteroscyphus turgidus (Schiffn.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus valdiviensis (Mont.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus varians (Steph.) J.J. Engel
 Heteroscyphus wettsteinii (Schiffn.) Schiffn.
 Heteroscyphus zollingeri (Gottsche) Schiffn.

Izvori

Lophocoleineae

Heteroscyphus


Kean er en dansk stumfilm fra 1910, der er instrueret af Holger Rasmussen.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Martinius Nielsen - Kean
 Einar Zangenberg - Prinsen af Wales
 August Blom - Grev Kofeld
 Agnes Nyrop Christensen - Grevinden
 Thilda Fønss - Anna Damby
 Oscar Stribolt - Kroværten
 Christian Schrøder - Regissør
 Otto Lagoni
 Paul Welander
 Axel Boesen
 Valdemar Schiøler Linck
 Lauritz Olsen
 Svend Cathala
 Alfi Zangenberg
 Edmund Østerby
 Charlotte Sannom
 Edvard Jacobsen
 Rigmor Jerichau
 Anton Seitzberg
 Gustav Lund
 Victor Fabian

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1910

Kean


Ingeborg Magnusdatter af Sverige, (født tidligst 1277, død 1319), var en svensk prinsesse og dansk dronning. Hun var datter af Magnus Ladulås og Helvig af Holstein af Sverige.

Ingeborg var omkring 10 år gammel, da hun blev trolovet med den danske barnekonge Erik Menved. Parret blev gift i Helsingborg i 1296. Efter som de var i nær slægt, måtte der indhentes pavelig dispensation, men denne fik de ikke før efter ægteskabsindgåelsen.

Parret fik mellem otte og fjorten børn, og samtlige døde som små. I 1318 fik hun en søn, som overlevede. Ifølge en legende skulle hun vise frem barnet til almenheden fra sin vogn og mistede i det samme taget, hvorved det faldt i bakken og døde.

Ingeborg gik i kloster i Roskilde året før hun døde. Hun ligger begravet i Skt. Bendts Kirke i Ringsted ved siden af sin mand.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Salomonsen
 Dansk biografisk leksikon

Ikke-regerende dronninger af Danmark

Ingeborg Magnusdatter af Sverige


Iams () is an American brand of dog food and cat food manufactured by Spectrum Brands in Europe and Mars, Incorporated worldwide. The food is formulated for the puppy/kitten, adult and mature stages of life. Veterinary formulas for pets with special dietary requirements are also produced.

According to Iams, since 2006, studies have been conducted in pet owners' homes, P&G Pet Care's Pet Health & Nutrition Center and locations where dogs and cats are already living such as assistance dog organizations.

History
During the 1940s, because pet food was not available in stores, animals were predominantly fed homemade food, usually table scraps. Paul Iams, an animal nutritionist who graduated from The Ohio State University in 1937, founded the Iams Company in 1946 in a small feed mill near Dayton, Ohio. In 1950, he developed the world's first animal-based protein dry dog food and called it Iams 999. In 1969, Iams formulated a new dog food and named it Eukanuba after a dog breed of the same name.

In 1973 during the Arab oil embargo, the costs for meat and bone meal tripled. Sale prices in the U.S. were frozen by a nationwide wage and price control was issued by ex-president Richard Nixon. Iams did not change the product formula during the price-freeze mandate and the company nearly went bankrupt. Clay Mathile, who had joined Iams in 1970, purchased half of the company in 1975. By 1982, he became its sole owner and president. After expanding the company from $100,000 revenue in 1970 to $900 million in 1999, Mathile sold it to Procter & Gamble (P&G) in September 1999. In July 2006, P&G reorganized the Pet Health & Nutrition division into P&G Pet Care (consisting of the Iams and Eukanuba brands).

In its largest divestiture in five years, Procter & Gamble announced in April 2014 that it would sell its Iams, Eukanuba and Natura pet-food brands in all markets except Europe to Mars, Incorporated for $2.9 billion in cash. P&G said that the deal would allow it to lose a slow performer and generate cash to grow core businesses. The deal for P&G Pet Care's operations in North America and Latin America was completed in August 2014. Mars, Inc. also exercised options to acquire P&G's pet-food business in some parts of Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa, including Australia, Japan and Singapore. P&G sold its European pet-care business to Spectrum Brands in December 2014.

References

External links

Cat food brands
Dog food brands
Companies based in Dayton, Ohio
American companies established in 1946
Food and drink companies established in 1946
1946 establishments in Ohio
Mars brands
Former Procter & Gamble brands

Iams


Dumosh (; , ) er en landsby 7 km syd for Podujevos kommune i det nordøstlige Kosovo. Landsbyen har i alt 1207 (2011) indbyggere.

Demografi
Landsbyen er opdelt i flere "mahalla" (kvarterer) såsom Podvorica, Kutleshi, Visoka etc.

Referencer

Kosovo

Dumosh


Zhang Wenjing (en ), née le  dans la province du Hebei, est une skieuse alpine handisport chinoise concourant en LW12 pour les athlètes concourant assisses.

Carrière

Lors des Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 2022, elle part à la faute lors de sa première course, la descente assise. Le lendemain, elle remporte la médaille de bronze sur Super G assis derrière Momoka Muraoka et Anna-Lena Forster en 1 min 24 s 31. Sur sa troisième course, le Super combiné, elle part une nouvelle fois à la faute et ne finit pas la course.

Palmarès

Jeux paralympiques

Références

Skieuse alpine handisport chinoise
Médaillée d'argent paralympique chinoise
Médaillée de bronze paralympique chinoise
Skieuse alpine aux Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 2022
Naissance en août 2002
Naissance dans la province du Hebei

Zhang Wenjing


بريفيدزا  مدينة في غرب المنطقة الوسطى لسلوفاكيا وتتبع أقليم ترنشين.
و تعتبر المدينة واحدة من أكبر مدن أقليم ترنشين.

توأمة
لبريفيدزا اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 فاليفو
 شومبيرك
 يزتشمبية ازدرويي (15 مايو 2009 - )

أعلام

 مارتين بيتراش
 لاديسلاف بيتراس

مراجع

مدن سلوفاكيا

بريفيدزا


Mulatta is a feminine-inflected latin term indicating "dark". It appears in at least two contexts:

Rhesus macaque, whose scientific name is macaca mulatta, is an Old World monkey native to Asia
Mulatta (feminine form) is a human racial classification which refers to people of mixed African and European ancestry

Mulatta