Driving under the influence (DUI) is the offense of driving, operating, or being in control of a vehicle while impaired by alcohol or drugs (including recreational drugs and those prescribed by physicians), to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely. Multiple other terms are used for the offense in various jurisdictions.

Terminology

The name of the offense varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and from legal to colloquial terminology. In various jurisdictions the offense is termed driving while impaired, impaired driving, driving while intoxicated (DWI), drunk driving, operating while intoxicated (OWI), operating under the influence (OUI), operating [a] vehicle under the influence (OVI), and drink-driving (UK/Ireland).

In the United States, the specific criminal offense is usually called driving under the influence, but states may use other names for the offense including "driving while intoxicated" (DWI), "operating while impaired" (OWI) or "operating while ability impaired", and "operating a vehicle under the influence" (OVI). Such laws may also apply to boating or piloting aircraft. Vehicles can include farm machinery and horse-drawn carriages, along with bicycles.  Other commonly used terms to describe these offenses include drinking and driving, drunk driving, drunken driving, impaired driving, operating under the influence, or "over the prescribed limit".

In the United Kingdom, there are two separate offences to do with alcohol and driving. The first is "Driving or attempting to drive with excess alcohol" (legal code DR10), the other is known as "In charge of a vehicle with excess alcohol" (legal code DR40) or "drunk in charge" due to the wording of the Licensing Act 1872. In relation to motor vehicles, the Road Safety Act 1967 created a narrower offense of driving (or being in charge of) a vehicle while having breath, blood, or urine alcohol levels above the prescribed limits (colloquially called "being over the limit"); and a broader offense of "driving while unfit through drink or drugs," (DR20 and DR80 respectively) which can apply even with levels below the limits. These provisions were re-enacted in the Road Traffic Act 1988.  A separate offense in the 1988 Act applies to bicycles. While the 1872 Act is mostly superseded, the offense of being "drunk while in charge ... of any carriage, horse, cattle, or steam engine" is still in force; "carriage" has sometimes been interpreted as including mobility scooters.

Definition
The criminal offense may not involve actual driving of the vehicle, but rather may broadly include being physically "in control" of a car while intoxicated, even if the person charged is not in the act of driving. For example, individuals found in the driver's seat of a car while intoxicated and holding the car keys, even while parked, may be charged with DUI in the majority of U.S. states because they are in control of the vehicle.

In construing the terms DUI, DWI, OWI, and OVI, a few states[which?] such as California therefore make it illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence or driving while intoxicated while the others all indicate that it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle while under the influence. Virtually all of the states permit enforcement of DUI/DWI and OWI/OVI statutes based on "operation and control" of a vehicle, while California and a few others[which?]  require actual "driving". "The distinction between these two terms is material, for it is generally held that the word 'drive,' as used in statutes of this kind, usually denotes movement of the vehicle in some direction, whereas the word 'operate' has a broader meaning so as to include not only the motion of the vehicle but also acts which engage the machinery of the vehicle that, alone or in sequence, will set in motion the motive power of the vehicle." (State v. Graves (1977) 269 S.C. 356 [237 S.E.2d 584, 586–588, 586. fn. 8].)

Merriam Webster's Dictionary defines DUI (in the United States) as "1. the act or crime of driving a vehicle while affected by alcohol or drugs; 2. an arrest or conviction for driving under the influence; 3. a person who is arrested for or convicted of driving under the influence."

In some countries (including Australia and many jurisdictions throughout the United States), a person can be charged with a criminal offense for riding a bicycle, skateboard, or horse while intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol.

Alcohol

With alcohol consumption, a drunk driver's level of intoxication is typically determined by a measurement of blood alcohol content or BAC; but this can also be expressed as a breath test measurement, often referred to as a BrAC. A BAC or BrAC measurement in excess of the specific threshold level, such as 0.08%, defines the criminal offense with no need to prove impairment. In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%, 0.15%, or 0.25%. In many jurisdictions, police officers can conduct field tests of suspects to look for signs of intoxication. The legal limit in Florida is .08% BAC. The US state of Colorado has a maximum blood content of THC for drivers who have consumed cannabis, but it has been difficult to enforce.

In some countries, it is measured and known in gram per blood liter, with 0.5 g/L similar to a 0.05% rate, other use per mille (per thousand sign) with 0.5‰ = 0.05%.

Blood alcohol content

Drinking enough alcohol to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03–0.12% typically causes a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems, and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness, and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting, and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression, and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. There are a number of factors that affect the time in which BAC will reach or exceed 0.08, including weight, the time since one's recent drinking, and whether and what one ate within the time of drinking. A 170lb male can drink more than a 135lb female, before being over the BAC level.

NHTSA reports that the following blood alcohol levels (BAC) in a driver will have the following predictable effects on his or her ability to drive safely: (1) A BAC of .02 will result in a "[d]ecline in visual functions (rapid tracking of a moving target), a decline in the ability to perform two tasks at the same time (divided attention)"; (2) A BAC of .05 will result in "[r]educed coordination, reduced ability to track moving objects, difficulty steering, reduced response to emergency driving situations"; (3) A BAC of .08 will result in "[c]oncentration, short-term memory loss, speed control, reduced information processing capability (e.g., signal detection, visual search), impaired perception"; (4) A BAC of .10 will result in "[r]educed ability to maintain lane position and brake appropriately"; and (5) A BAC of .15 will result in "[s]ubstantial impairment in vehicle control, attention to driving task, and in necessary visual and auditory information processing."

A breathalyzer is a device for estimating BAC from a breath sample. It was developed by inventor Robert Frank Borkenstein and registered as a trademark in 1954, but many people use the term to refer to any generic device for estimating blood alcohol content. With the advent of a scientific test for BAC, law enforcement regimes moved from sobriety tests (e.g., asking the suspect to stand on one leg) to having more than a prescribed amount of blood alcohol content while driving. However, this does not preclude the simultaneous existence and use of the older subjective tests in which police officers measure the intoxication of the suspect by asking them to do certain activities or by examining their eyes and responses.  BAC is most conveniently measured as a simple percent of alcohol in the blood by weight. Research shows an exponential increase of the relative risk for a crash with a linear increase of BAC as shown
(Relative risk of a crash based on blood alcohol levels) BAC does not depend on any units of measurement.  In Europe, it is usually expressed as milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. However, 100 milliliters of blood weighs essentially the same as 100 milliliters of water, which weighs precisely 100 grams. Thus, for all practical purposes, this is the same as the simple dimensionless BAC measured as a percent. The per mille (promille) measurement, which is equal to ten times the percentage value, is used in Denmark, Germany, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.

Depending on the jurisdiction, BAC may be measured by police using three methods: blood, breath, or urine. For law enforcement purposes, breath is the preferred method, since results are available almost instantaneously. The validity of the testing equipment/methods and mathematical relationships for the measurement of breath and blood alcohol have been criticized. Improper testing and equipment calibration is often used in defense of a DUI or DWI. There have been cases in Canada where officers have come upon a suspect who is unconscious after a crash and officers have taken a blood sample.

Driving while consuming alcohol may be illegal within a jurisdiction. In some, it is illegal for an open container of an alcoholic beverage to be in the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle or in some specific area of that compartment. There have been cases of drivers being convicted of a DUI when they were not observed driving after being proven in court they had been driving while under the influence.

In the case of a crash, car insurance may be automatically declared invalid for the intoxicated driver; the drunk driver would be fully responsible for damages. In the American system, a citation for driving under the influence also causes a major increase in car insurance premiums.

The German model serves to reduce the number of crashes by identifying unfit drivers and revoking their licenses until their fitness to drive has been established again. The medical-psychological assessment works for a prognosis of the fitness for drive in future, has an interdisciplinary basic approach, and offers the chance of individual rehabilitation to the offender.

George Smith, a London Taxi cab driver, ended up being the first person to be convicted of driving a motor vehicle while intoxicated, on September 10, 1897, under the "drunk in charge" provision of the 1872 Licensing Act. He was fined 25 shillings, which is .

Risks

Driving under the influence is one of the largest risk factors that contribute to traffic collisions. For people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, driving under the influence is one of the main causes of mortality. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, alcohol-related crashes cause approximately $37 billion in damages annually. DUI and alcohol-related crashes produce an estimated $45 billion in damages every year. The combined costs of  towing/storage fees, attorney fees, bail fees, fines, court fees, ignition interlock devices, traffic school fees and DMV fees mean that a first-time DUI charge could cost thousands to tens of thousands of dollars.

Studies show that a high BAC increases the risk of collisions whereas it is not clear if a BAC of 0.01–0.05% slightly increases or decreases the risk.

Traffic collisions are predominantly caused by driving under the influence for people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, it is one of the main causes of mortality. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, alcohol-related collisions cause approximately $37 billion in damages annually.  Every 51 minutes someone dies from an alcohol-related collision. When it comes to risk-taking there is a larger male to female ratio as personality traits, antisociality, and risk-taking are taken into consideration as they all are involved in DUI's. Over 7.7 million underage people ages 12–20 claim to drink alcohol, and on average, for every 100,000 underage Americans, 1.2 died in drunk-driving traffic crashes.

In the U.S., Southern and Northern Central states have the highest prevalence of fatalities due to DUI collisions. A 2019 study that weighed arrest and census figures with National Highway Traffic Safety Administration stats on fatal crashes found that seven of the 12 states with the highest DUI death rates are Southern, led by the Carolinas, Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas. But the most DUI fatalities per capita are found in the North-Central region, where Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas top the overall ranking as the states with the most acute DUI crises.

Grand Rapids Dip

Some studies suggest that a BAC of 0.01–0.04% is associated with a lower risk of collisions than a BAC of 0%, an observation referred to as the Grand Rapids Effect or Grand Rapids Dip. It was first identified in a 1964 paper by Robert Frank Borkenstein, which studied data from Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Some literature has attributed the Grand Rapids Effect to erroneous data or suggested that it could be due to drivers exerting extra caution at low BAC levels or to "experience" in drinking. Other proposed explanations include the blocking effect of ethanol excitotoxicity and the effect of alcohol in essential tremor and other movement disorders.

Both the study by Borkenstein, et al. and the empirical German data on the 1990s demonstrated that the risk of collisions is lower or the same for drivers with a BAC of 0.04% or less than for drivers with a BAC of 0%. For higher values of BAC, the collision risk increases steeply; for a BAC of 0.15%, the risk is 25 times higher than for zero blood alcohol. The 0.05% BAC limit in Germany (since 1998, 0.08% since 1973) and the limits in many other countries were set based on the study by Borkenstein, et al. Würzburg University researchers showed that all extra collisions caused by alcohol were due to at least 0.06% BAC, 96% of them due to BAC above 0.08%, and 79% due to BAC above 0.12%.

Other drugs
For drivers suspected of drug-impaired driving, drug testing screens are typically performed in scientific laboratories so that the results will be admissible in evidence at trial. Due to the overwhelming number of impairing substances that are not alcohol, drugs are classified into different categories for detection purposes. Drug impaired drivers still show impairment during the battery of standardized field sobriety tests, but there are additional tests to help detect drug impaired driving.

The Drug Evaluation and Classification program is designed to detect a drug impaired driver and classify the categories of drugs present in his or her system. Initially developed by the Los Angeles, California, Police Department in the 1970s, the DEC program breaks down detection into a twelve-step process that a government-certified Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) can use to determine the category or categories of drugs that a suspect is impaired by. The twelve steps are:

Breath Alcohol Test
Interview with arresting officer (who notes slurred speech, alcohol on breath, etc.)
Preliminary evaluation
Evaluation of the eyes
Psychomotor tests
Vital signs
Dark room examinations
Muscle tone
Injection sites (for injection of heroin or other drugs)
Interrogation of suspect
Opinion of the evaluator
Toxicological examination

DREs are qualified to offer expert testimony in court that pertains to impaired driving on drugs.

The DEC program is recognized by all fifty states in the U.S., Canada, and the United Kingdom and DRE training in the use of the twelve-step [MS1] process is scientifically validated by both laboratory and field studies.

Recreational drugs

Drivers who have smoked or otherwise consumed cannabis products such as marijuana or hashish can be charged and convicted of impaired driving in some jurisdictions. A 2011 study in the B.C. Medical Journal stated that there "...is clear evidence that cannabis, like alcohol, impairs the psychomotor skills required for safe driving." The study stated that while "[c]annabis-impaired drivers tend to drive more slowly and cautiously than drunk drivers,... evidence shows they are also more likely to cause accidents than drug and alcohol-free drivers". In Canada, police forces such as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have "...specially trained drug recognition and evaluation [DRE] officers... [who] can detect whether or not a driver is drug impaired, by putting suspects through physical examinations and co-ordination tests. In 2014, in the Canadian province of Ontario, Bill 31, the Transportation Statute Law Amendment Act, was introduced to the provincial legislature. Bill 31 contains driver's license "...suspensions for those caught driving under the influence of drugs, or a combination of drugs and alcohol. Ontario police officers "...use Standard Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs) and drug recognition evaluations to determine whether the officer believes the driver is under the influence of drugs." In the province of Manitoba, an "...officer can issue a physical coordination test. In B.C., the officer can further order a drug recognition evaluation by an expert, which can be used as evidence of drug use to pursue further charges."

In the US state of Colorado, the state government indicates that "[a]ny amount of marijuana consumption puts you at risk of driving impaired." Colorado law states that "drivers with five nanograms of active tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in their whole blood can be prosecuted for driving under the influence (DUI). However, no matter the level of THC, law enforcement officers base arrests on observed impairment." In Colorado, if consumption of marijuana is impairing your ability to drive, "it is illegal for you to be driving, even if that substance is prescribed [by a doctor] or legally acquired."

Prescription medications
Prescription medications such as opioids and benzodiazepines often cause side effects such as excessive drowsiness, and, in the case of opioids, nausea. Other prescription drugs including antiepileptics and antidepressants are now also believed to have the same effect. In the last ten years, there has been an increase in motor vehicle crashes, and it is believed that the use of impairing prescription drugs has been a major factor. Workers are expected to notify their employer when prescribed such drugs to minimize the risk of motor vehicle crashes while at work.

If a worker who drives has a health condition which can be treated with opioids, then that person's doctor should be told that driving is a part of the worker's duties and the employer should be told that the worker could be treated with opioids. Workers should not use impairing substances while driving or operating heavy machinery like forklifts or cranes. If the worker is to drive, then the health care provider should not give them opioids. If the worker is to take opioids, then their employer should assign them work which is appropriate for their impaired state and not encourage them to use safety sensitive equipment.

Field sobriety testing

To attempt to determine whether a suspect is impaired, police officers in the United States usually will administer field sobriety tests to determine whether the officer has probable cause to arrest an individual for suspicion of driving under the influence (DUI).

A police officer in the United States must have Probable Cause to make an arrest for driving under the influence. In establishing probable cause for a DUI arrest, officers frequently consider the suspect's performance of Standardized Field Sobriety Tests.  The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) developed a system for validating field sobriety tests that led to the creation of the Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) battery of tests.  The NHTSA established a standard battery of three roadside tests that are recommended to be administered in a standardized manner in making this arrest decision. There are Non-Standardized Field Sobriety Tests as well; however, the Non-Standardized Field Sobriety Tests have not received NHTSA Validation. This is the difference between the "Standardized" and the "Non-Standardized" Field Sobriety Tests.  The NHTSA has published numerous training manuals associated with SFSTs. As a result of the NHTSA studies, the Walk-and-Turn test was determined to be 68% accurate in predicting whether a test subject is at or above 0.08%, and the One-Leg Stand Test was determined to be 65% accurate in predicting whether a test subject is at or above 0.08% when the tests are properly administered to people within the study parameters.

The three validated tests by NHTSA are:
 The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test, which involves following an object with the eyes (such as a pen or other stimulus) to determine characteristic eye movement reaction to the stimulus
 The Walk-and-Turn Test (heel-to-toe in a straight line). This test is designed to measure a person's ability to follow directions and remember a series of steps while dividing attention between physical and mental tasks.
 The One-Leg-Stand Test

Alternative tests, which have not been validated by the NHTSA, include the following:
 The Romberg Test, or the Modified-Position-of-Attention Test, (feet together, head back, eyes closed for thirty seconds).
 The Finger-to-Nose Test (tip head back, eyes closed, touch the tip of nose with tip of index finger).
 The Alphabet Test (recite all or part of the alphabet).
 The Finger Count Test (touch each finger of hand to thumb counting with each touch (1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1)).
 The Counting Test (counting backwards from a number ending in a digit other than 5 or 0 and stopping at a number ending in a digit other than 5 or 0. The series of numbers should be more than 15).
 The Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test, PAS Test or PBT, (breathe into a "portable or preliminary breath tester", PAS Test or PBT).

In the US, field sobriety tests are voluntary; however, some states mandate commercial drivers accept preliminary breath tests (PBT).

Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS)

The Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS) is sometimes categorized as part of field sobriety testing, although it is not part of the series of performance tests.  The PBT (or PAS) uses a portable breath tester.   While the tester provides numerical blood alcohol content (BAC) readings, its primary use is for screening and establishing probable cause for arrest, to invoke the implied consent requirements.  In US law, this is necessary to sustain a conviction based on evidential testing (or implied consent refusal).  Regardless of the terminology, in order to sustain a conviction based on evidential tests, probable cause must be shown (or the suspect must volunteer to take the evidential test without implied consent requirements being invoked).

Refusal to take a preliminary breath test (PBT) in Michigan subjects a non-commercial driver to a "civil infraction" penalty, with no violation "points", but is not considered to be a refusal under the general "implied consent" law.  In some states, the state may present evidence of refusal to take a field sobriety test in court, although this is of questionable probative value in a drunk driving prosecution.

Different requirements apply in many states to drivers under DUI probation, in which case participation in a preliminary breath test (PBT) may be a condition of probation.  Some US states, notably California, have statutes on the books penalizing PBT refusal for drivers under 21; however, the Constitutionality of those statutes has not been tested.  (As a practical matter, most criminal lawyers advise not engaging in discussion or "justifying" a refusal with the police.)

Commercial drivers are subject to PBT testing in some US states as a "drug screening" requirement.

Testing for cannabis
U.S. states prohibit the operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of drugs, including marijuana. For example, in Illinois it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle with a THC level of 5 nanograms or more per milliliter of whole blood or 10 nanograms or more per milliliter of other bodily substances. Under that law, an individual can be arrested for driving under influence of cannabis at any THC level, including under the per se legal limits if an Officer believes the individual is impaired by cannabis.

It can be important to perform testing soon after a traffic stop, as THC plasma levels decline significantly after the passage of one or two hours. A number of companies are developing roadside THC breathalyzers that may be used by the police to help identify drivers impaired by the use of marijuana. Some nations use saliva swabs to test for THC levels at roadside, but questions remain about the reliability of saliva testing.

Other charges

Child endangerment
In the US state of Colorado, impaired drivers may be charged with child endangerment if they are arrested for DUI with minor children in the vehicle.

Wet reckless
"Wet reckless" is a term used informally when a driver takes a plea bargain, agreeing to plead guilty to reckless driving in exchange for the elimination of the drunk driving charge. In California, a driver may not be charged or arrested for "wet reckless" driving, and the sole function of the charge is as a possible disposition following a plea bargain for a driver charged with DUI.

Laws by country

The laws relating to drunk driving vary between countries or subnational regions (e.g., states or provinces), and varying blood alcohol content is required before a  charge or conviction can be made.

The specific criminal offense may be called, depending on the jurisdiction, "driving under the influence" [of alcohol or other drugs] (DUI), "driving under the influence of intoxicants" (DUII), "driving while impaired" (DWI), "operating vehicle under the influence of alcohol or other drugs" (OVI), "operating under the influence" (OUI), "operating while intoxicated" (OWI), "operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated" (OMVI), "driving under the combined influence of alcohol or other drugs", "driving under the influence per se" or "drunk in charge" [of a vehicle]. Many such laws apply also to motorcycling, boating, piloting aircraft, use of mobile farm equipment such as tractors and combines, riding horses or driving a horse-drawn vehicle, or bicycling, possibly with different BAC level than driving. In some jurisdictions, there are separate charges depending on the vehicle used. In Washington state, for instance, BUI (bicycling under the influence) laws recognize that intoxicated cyclists are likely to primarily endanger themselves. Accordingly, law enforcement officers are empowered only to protect the cyclist by impounding the bicycle rather than filing DUI charges.

Some jurisdictions have multiple levels of BAC for different categories of drivers; for example, the state of California has a general 0.08% BAC limit, a lower limit of 0.04% for commercial operators, and a limit of 0.01% for drivers who are under 21 or on probation for previous DUI offenses. In some jurisdictions, impaired drivers who injure or kill another person while driving may face heavier penalties.

Some jurisdictions, such as Massachusetts and Texas, have judicial guidelines requiring a mandatory minimum sentence for repeat offenders or for DUI/DWI offences with enhancements like an open container. The strictest states like Washington even have mandatory minimum penalties for first-time offenders

DUI convictions may result in multi-year jail terms and other penalties ranging from fines and other financial penalties to forfeiture of one's license plates and vehicle. In many jurisdictions, a judge may also order the installation of an ignition interlock device. Some jurisdictions require that drivers convicted of DUI offenses use special license plates that are easily distinguishable from regular plates. These plates are known in popular parlance as "party plates" or "whiskey plates".

In many countries, sobriety checkpoints (roadblocks of police cars where drivers are checked), driver's licence suspensions, fines, and prison sentences for DUI offenders are used as part of an effort to deter impaired driving. In addition, many countries have prevention campaigns that use advertising to make people aware of the danger of driving while impaired and the potential fines and criminal charges, discourage impaired driving, and encourage drivers to take taxis or public transport home after using alcohol or other drugs. In some jurisdictions, a bar or restaurant that serves an impaired driver may face civil liability for injuries caused by that driver. In some countries, non-profit advocacy organizations, a well-known example being Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) run their own publicity campaigns against drunk driving.

Argentina
In Argentina, it is a criminal offence to drive if one's level of alcohol is 0.03% or greater at local/municipal jurisdiction, stopped by a municipal police force and 0.04% if driving on a route or highway and stopped by a State Highway Patrol, Argentina Federal Police, or Argentina Gendarmerie. At the Cordoba State highways and routes, a zero-tolerance policy is enforced by Cordoba State Highway Patrol and it is an offence to drive with an alcohol level greater than 0.00%.

Australia
In Australia it is a criminal offence to drive under the influence of alcohol if one's level of alcohol is 0.05% or greater (full licence) or if one's level of alcohol is greater than 0.00% (learner/provisional). Australian police utilise random breath testing stations, and any police vehicle can pull over any vehicle at any time to conduct a random breath or drug test. People found to have excessive alcohol or any banned substances are taken to either a police station or a random breath testing station for further analysis. Those over 0.08% will receive an automatic disqualification of their licence and must appear in court.

Canada

In Canada, refusal to blow into a blood alcohol testing device provided by a police officer carries the same penalties as being found guilty of drunk driving.

The Canadian criminal code was amended on December 18, 2018, to carry more severe immigration-related consequences for both permanent residents and foreign nationals convicted of an impaired driving offence. This has made impaired driving to be considered a serious criminal offence, making an increased maximum sentence from five to ten years.

Commentary varies on taking Standardised Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs) in Canada.  Some sources, especially official ones, indicate that the SFSTs are mandatory, whereas other sources are silent on FST testing.  The assertion regarding mandatory compliance with SFSTs is based on "failure to comply with a demand", as an offence under § 254(5) of the Criminal Code, but it is unclear how refusal of SFSTs are treated (provided the suspect agrees to take a chemical test).  There are some reports that refusal to submit to an SFST can result in the same penalties as impaired driving.

Nevertheless, it is unclear whether there has ever been a prosecution under this interpretation of "failure to comply with a demand" as applied to SFSTs.  Canada Criminal Code § 254(1) and (5) addresses this, but only with respect to chemical testing (breath, blood, etc.)

Many provinces have administrative penalties related to drunk driving. These penalties include immediate driver's licence suspensions and heavy fines. These penalties are often imposed for blood-alcohol concentrations exceeding 50 mg/dL, rather than the Criminal Code of Canada prohibition of 80 mg/dL.

Slovenia
The driver's license of those who reject the sobriety test may be revoked permanently, and their revocation stays in records indefinitely. At the European Court of Human Rights, there is currently a case pending which aims at the ruling that such sanction is excessive.

South Korea
In Republic of Korea, it is a crime to drive if one's level of alcohol is 0.03% or greater. Police often operate sobriety checkpoints without advance notice, and it is a criminal offense to refuse a sobriety test. Driving under the influence of alcohol results in suspension or disqualification of driver's license.

However, in the case of fatal collisions, it is often criticised that the sentence given by courts in South Korea is too low. This is because the sentencing standard for drunk driving fatalities in South Korea is up to 8–10 years in prison. In fact, most of them end up with about 3 years in prison, and even drunk driving repeat offenders are often sentenced to 3 years in prison, the minimum sentence. Because of this, South Korea has the highest risk of drunk driving incidents in the world.

United Kingdom
In United Kingdom law it is a criminal offence to be drunk in charge of a motor vehicle. The determination of being "in charge" depends on such things as being in or near the vehicle, and having access to a means of starting the vehicle's engine and driving it away (e.g. the keys to the vehicle).

In the UK, drunk driving requires an objective measurement of fitness (or otherwise) to drive, however there is also a "prescribed limit" offence of driving a motor vehicle with excess alcohol in the body above the prescribed limit.  There are different prescribed limits in different jurisdictions within the United Kingdom.  In England and Wales, and in Northern Ireland, the prescribed limit is 35 micrograms of alcohol per 100 millilitres of expired alveolar breath (or 80 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood): in Scotland, however, the prescribed limit is only just over half of this, i.e. 22 micrograms of alcohol per 100 millilitres of expired alveolar breath (or 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood). The request to take a screening breath test must be made by a police officer in uniform, but can only be made if one of the following situations apply:

 the police officer has reasonable cause to suspect that the driver has committed, or is committing, a moving traffic offence, or
 if, having stopped, an officer has reasonable cause to suspect that the person driving/attempting to drive/in charge of the vehicle has consumed alcohol, or
 the police officer has reasonable cause to believe that the person is or was driving/attempting to drive/in charge of a motor vehicle when it was involved in an accident.

A person must be disqualified from driving post-conviction for drink driving for a minimum of 12 months, and will usually receive a fine or imprisonment.

The UK's drug driving laws were amended in 2015. The changes included a new roadside testing kit, which could detect the presence of cocaine and cannabis in a suspect's saliva and zero tolerance limits for a number of illegal drugs. Limits were also set for certain prescription medications. The laws, however, did not end the use of the field impairment test, but made them more relevant for determining driver impairment by those drugs that are not now covered by the new legislation, or cannot be identified by the limited use of a device, that currently are only authorised for cannabis and cocaine.

United States

Under the laws of the United States, it is unlawful to drive a motor vehicle when the ability to do so is materially impaired by the consumption of alcohol or other drugs, including prescription medications. For impaired driving charges involving the consumption of alcohol, the blood alcohol level at which impairment is presumed is 0.08, although it is possible to be convicted of impaired driving with a lower blood alcohol level.

For example, the state of California has two basic drunk driving laws with nearly identical criminal penalties:
 V.C. Sec. 23152(a) – it is a misdemeanor to drive under the influence of alcohol or other drugs.
 V.C. Sec. 23152(b) – it is a misdemeanor to drive with .08% or more of alcohol in one's blood.
Under the first law, a driver may be convicted of impaired driving based upon their inability to safely operate a motor vehicle, no matter what their blood alcohol level. Under the second law, it is per se unlawful to drive with a blood alcohol level of .08 or greater.

For commercial drivers, a BAC of 0.04 can result in a DUI or DWI charge. In most states, individuals under 21 years of age are subject to a zero-tolerance limit and even a small amount of alcohol can lead to a DUI arrest.

In some states, an intoxicated person may be convicted of a DUI in a parked car if the  individual is sitting behind the wheel of the car. In some jurisdictions, the occupant of a vehicle might be charged with impaired driving even if sleeping in the back seat based on proof of risk that the occupant would put the vehicle in motion while intoxicated. Some states allow for a charge of attempted DUI if an officer can reasonably infer that the defendant intended to drive a vehicle while impaired.

Repeated impaired driving offenses or an impaired driving incident that results in bodily injury to another may trigger more significant penalties, and potentially trigger a felony charge.

Many states in the US have adopted truth in sentencing laws that enforce strict guidelines on sentencing, differing from previous practice where prison time was reduced or suspended after sentencing had been issued.

Some states allow for conviction for impaired driving based upon a measurement of THC, through blood test or urine testing. For example, in Colorado and Washington, driving with a blood level of THC in excess of 5 nanograms can result in a DUI conviction. In Nevada, the legal THC limit is 2 nanograms. It is also possible for a driver to be convicted of impaired driving based upon the officer's observations of impairment, even if the driver is under the legal limit. In states that have not yet established a THC blood level that triggers a presumption of impaired driving, a driver may similarly be convicted of impaired driving based upon the officer's observations and performance on other sobriety tests.

Prevalence
In the United States, local law enforcement agencies made 1,467,300 arrests nationwide for driving under the influence of alcohol in 1996, compared to 1.9 million such arrests during the peak year in 1983. In 1997 an estimated 513,200 DWI offenders were in prison or jail, down from 593,000 in 1990 and up from 270,100 in 1986. In the United States, DUI and alcohol-related collisions produce an estimated $45 billion in damages every year.
In some US and German studies BAC level 0.01–0.03% predicted a lower collision risk than BAC 0%, possibly due to extra caution, whereas BACs 0.08% or higher seem to be responsible for almost all extra crashes caused by alcohol. For a BAC of 0.15% the risk is 25-fold.

Implied consent
All U.S. states recognize "implied consent", pursuant to which drivers are deemed to have consented to being tested for intoxication as a condition of their operating motor vehicles on public roadways. Implied consent laws may result in punishment for those who refuse to cooperate with blood alcohol testing after an arrest for suspected impaired driving, including civil consequences such as a driver's license suspension. The State of Kansas found unconstitutional a state law that made it an additional crime to refuse such a test when no court-ordered warrant for testing exists.
Under the implied consent law of the State of Michigan, a person who is arrested for drunk driving is required to take a chemical test to determine their blood alcohol content, and refusal will result in six points being added to their driver's license and their driving privileges will be suspended for one year.

Federal regulation

The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) regulates many occupations and industries, and has a zero tolerance policy pertaining to the use of cannabis for any regulated employee whether he or she is on-duty or off-duty. Regardless of any State's DUI Statutes and DMV Administrative Penalties, a Commercial Driver's License "CDL" holder will have his or her CDL suspended for 1-year for a DUI arrest and will have his or her CDL revoked for life if they are subsequently arrested for driving impaired.

The United States Federal Railroad Administration and Federal Aviation Administration, both of which are part of the USDOT, respectively impose a 0.04% BAC limit for train crew and aircrew.

Private employers
Some U.S. employers impose their own rules for drug and alcohol use by employees who operate motor vehicles. For example, the Union Pacific Railroad imposes a BAC limit of 0.02%, that if, after an on-duty traffic crash, the determination that an employee violated that rule may result in termination of employment with no chance of future rehire.

See also

 Alcoholism
 Breathalyzer
 Designated driver
 DR10, UK police code
 Driving laws
 Drug–impaired driving
 Drunk drivers
 Drunk walking
 DUI laws in California
 DWI court
 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
 Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)
 National Motorists Association
 Responsible drug use
 Driver's license: point system
 Zero tolerance

References

Further reading
 Barron H. Lerner (2011). One for the Road: Drunk Driving Since 1900. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

External links

 Impaired driving on MedlinePlus

Alcohol law
Alcohol abuse
Crimes
Traffic law
Social responsibility

Driving under the influence


Kerem Shalom (, Viñedo de la Paz) es un kibutz en el Concejo Regional Eshkol y un cruce fronterizo cerca del encuentro de los límites de Israel, Egipto y la región de la franja de Gaza.

Kibbutz
El kibutz fue fundado en 1966  por los miembros de Hashomer Hatzair, su nombre incluye la palabra shalom ya que sus miembros creen que el lugar tiene un papel en el establecimiento de la paz y poner fin al conflicto árabe-israelí.

Cruce fronterizo
Desde el 20 de marzo de 2006, el cruce fronterizo de Kérem Shalom se ha utilizado para llevar la carga desde Egipto a la franja de Gaza. Los camiones que llegan desde Egipto se descargan en Kerem Shalom, y posteriormente llevados a la Franja de Gaza. El tiempo necesario para el traslado es de unos 45 minutos, lo que permite que entre 15 y 50 camiones diarios circulen por este lugar. El cruce de Kerem Shalom es administrado por la Autoridad Aeroportuaria Israelí. Los observadores europeos de la Unión Europea, utiliza el cruce de Kerem Shalom para llegar a Rafah .

Ataque y secuestro de un soldado
El 25 de junio de  2006 el cabo Gilad Shalit fue secuestrado por militantes palestinos de Hamas cerca de Kerem Shalom después estos cruzaran la frontera desde la Franja de Gaza hacia Israel a través de un túnel. Dos soldados de las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel fueron asesinados y otros tres resultaron heridos, además de Shalit. En respuesta y con la misión de rescatar a Shalit, las FDI entraron a la Franja de Gaza para realizar la Operación Lluvia de Verano.

Ataques desde Gaza

El kibutz fue atacado por el grupo terrorista Hamás durante los ataques procedentes de la Franja de Gaza en 2023. Un equipo de voluntarios defensores del kibutz se enfrentó a los atacantes. Al menos 20 combatientes del grupo terrorista Hamás y dos miembros de la fuerza defensiva israelí murieron en el enfrentamiento.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Kerem Shalom Negev Information Centre

Kibutz

Kerem Shalom


NGC 79 este o galaxie eliptică din constelația Andromeda, membră a grupului NGC 80. Magnitudinea sa aparentă este de 14.9. A fost descoperită în 14 noiembrie 1884 de către Guillaume Bigourdan.

Note

Galaxii eliptice
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Andromeda
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1884
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Guillaume Bigourdan

NGC 79


වෙස්ටර්මාර්ක් ආචරණය, හෝ ප්‍රතිලෝම ලිංගික කාවැදීම යනු, ඔවුන්ගේ ජීවිතයේ මුල් වසර කිහිපය තුලදී කිට්ටු ගෘහාශ්‍රිත සමීපත්වයෙහි ජීවත්වන පුද්ගලයන්, එය නිසාම, පසුකාලීන ලිංගික ආකර්ෂණයක් කෙරෙහි විසංවේදී වන බව පැවසෙන උපකල්පිත මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක ආචරණයකි. ව්‍යාභිචාර තහංචිය සඳහා එක් පැහැදිලිකිරීමක් වන මෙම සංසිද්ධිය, ඔහුගේ ද හිස්ට්‍රි ඔෆ් හියුමන් මැරේජ් (1891) ග්‍රන්ථය වෙතින්, මුලින්ම උපන්‍යාස කලේ, පින්ලන්ත ජාතික මානව විද්‍යාඥ ඒඩ්වර්ඩ් වෙස්ටර්මාර්ක් විසිනි.  වෙස්ටර්මාර්ක් ආචරණය ස්පුඨ කෙරුම සඳහා ඉවහල් වන සාක්ෂ්‍ය වශයෙන් භාවිතා කළ හැකි කරුණු, එතෙක් පටන් බොහෝ ස්ථාන සහ සංස්කෘතීන්හී නිරික්ෂණ කර ඇති අතර, ඒ අතර ඊශ්‍රායෙල කිබුට්ස් ක්‍රමය, සහ චීන  සිම්-පුවා විවාහ චාරිත්‍රයද, එමෙන්ම ජීවවිද්‍යාත්මක ලෙසින් ඥාතිත්වයක් දරන පවුල් ද වෙති.

ඊශ්‍රායෙල කිබුට්ස් ක්‍රමයේදී (සමූහ ගොවිපොළ), දරුවන් ඇති දැඩි කරනුයේ,  ඔවුන්ගේ ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක ඥාතිත්වය පරිදී නොව, ඔවුන්ගේ වයස පදනම් කරගත්, සමපදස්ථ කණ්ඩායම් ලෙසිනි. ජීවිතයේ පසු අවදියකදී සිදුවූ මෙම දරුවන්ගේ විවාහ රටා පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයනයකින් හෙළිවූ පරිදී කිබුට්ස් ක්‍රමය තුල විවාහ 3,000 පමණ සිදුවී ඇතත්, එකම සමපදස්ථ කණ්ඩායම් තුල සිටි දරුවන් අතර සිදුවී ඇත්තේ විවාහ 14 ක් පමණක් බවයි. මෙම දසසතර අතුරින්, කිසිවෙකු හෝ ඔවුන්ගේ දිවියෙහි  පළමු සය වසර තුල එක්ව ඇති දැඩි කර නොමැත. මෙම ප්‍රතිඵලය දක්වනුයේ උපතේ සිට වයස අවුරුදු හයක් වන තුරු වෙස්ටර්මාර්ක් ආචරණය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බවයි.

මෙම අවධි යුගය තුලදී සමීප  ලෙසින් ඇතිදැඩිව නොපැවති කල — නිදසුනක් වශයෙන්, කිසිදා හමු නොවෙමින්, සොහොයුරෙක් හා සොහොයුරියක් වෙන් වශයෙන් ඇති දැඩි කළහොත් — වැඩිහිටියන් ලෙස ඔවුන් එකිනෙකා මුණ ගැසුනු විට, ප්‍රවේණි ලිංගික ආකර්ෂණය යන කල්පිතය මත, ඔවුන් විසින් එකිනෙකා වෙත අධික ලෙසින් ලිංගිකමය ආකර්ෂණීය බවක්  අත්විඳිය හැකි විය හැක. ආචරණය ප්‍රදර්ශනය නොකරන ගහනයන් තුල පවතින සමාභිජනනයේ හානිකර ආචරණ නිසා, වෙස්ටර්මාර්ක් ආචරණය ප්‍රදර්ශනය කරන ගහණයන් අතිප්‍රමුඛ බවක් පෙන්වන්නේය යන සිද්ධාන්තය,  මෙලෙසින් ස්පුඨ වෙයි.

වෙස්ටර්මාර්ක් සහ  ෆ්‍රොයිඩ්
ෆ්‍රොයිඩ් කර්ක කලේ, ළමුන් වශයෙන් සිටියදී, එකම  පවුලේ සාමාජිකයන්  ස්වභාවයෙන්ම එකිනෙකා කෙරෙහි රාගී ලොල් බවෙන් පෙලෙන බැවින් ( ඊඩිපස් සංකීර්ණය බලන්න), සමාජයන් විසින්   ව්‍යාභිචාර තහංචි තනවා පැනවිය යුතුය යයි නමුත්, වෙස්ටර්මාර්ක් කර්ක කලේ ප්‍රතිලෝම ආකාරයෙන් වන අතර, ඔහු කීවේ සහජ ආකල්ප නිසාවෙන් ස්වභාවික වශයෙන් මෙම තහංචි පැන නගින බවයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

ව්‍යාභිචාරය
ලිංගික ආකර්ෂණය

වෙස්ටර්මාර්ක් ආචරණය


Erkan Kaş (* 10. September 1991 in Tokat) ist ein türkischer Fußballspieler. Er spielt auf der Position des Linksverteidigers.

Karriere

Vereinskarriere
Kaş begann mit dem Vereinsfußball in der Jugend von Esenlerspor und wechselte 2008 in die Jugend von Beşiktaş Istanbul. Hier spielte er zwei Spielzeiten lang ausschließlich für die Jugend- bzw. später für die Reservemannschaft. 2010 erhielt er auf Wunsch vom damaligen Trainer Bernd Schuster einen Profivertrag und nahm an dem Vorbereitungscamp für die anstehende Saison teil.

Nach dieser Vorbereitungsphase wurde beschlossen, Kaş auszuleihen. Die Spielzeit 2010/11 verbrachte er als Leihgabe bei Çaykur Rizespor. Am 22. September 2010 debütierte er bei einem Pokalspiel gegen Kayseri Erciyesspor. In der nachfolgenden Saison spielte er auch fast ausschließlich für die Reserve und machte wieder nur ein Spiel für die Profis. Zum Saisonende wurde die Leihzeit um eine weitere Saison verlängert.

Zur Spielzeit 2012/13 kehrte er zu Beşiktaş zurück und nahm hier am Saisonvorbereitungscamp teil. Nach dem Camp wurde er vom Trainer Samet Aybaba in den endgültigen Kader für die anstehende Saison aufgenommen.

Für die Spielzeit 2013/14 wurde Kaş an Kardemir Karabükspor ausgeliehen. Nach dem Saisonende zog der Verein die Kaufoption und verpflichtete ihn für drei Jahre.

Nachdem Karabükspor zum Sommer 2015 den Klassenerhalt in der Süper Lig verfehlt hatte, verließ Kaş nach zwei Jahren diesen Klub und heuerte stattdessen beim Erstligisten Sivasspor an. Kurz vor Beginn der Saison 2018/19 wechselte Kaş zu Yeni Malatyaspor. Dort verbrachte er drei Jahre, bis er sich schließlich 2021 Şanlıurfaspor anschloss, die zu diesem Zeitpunkt in der dritten türkischen Liga spielten. 2022 wechselte er schließlich zum Ligarivalen Çorum FK, mit dem er die 2. Lig Beyaz in der Saison 2022/23 gewinnen konnte.

Nationalmannschaft
Kaş spielte elfmal für die türkische U-19-Nationalmannschaft.

Im Rahmen des Turniers von Toulon 2012 wurde Kaş im Mai 2012 für die zweite Auswahl der türkischen Nationalmannschaft berufen. Die türkische A2 nominierte hierfür Spieler, die jünger als 23 Jahre waren, um die Altersbedingungen für das Turnier zu erfüllen. Die Mannschaft schaffte es bis ins Finale und unterlag dort der Auswahl Mexikos.

Erfolge
 Zweite Auswahl der Türkischen Nationalmannschaft
 Vizemeister im Turnier von Toulon: 2012

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Beşiktaş Istanbul)
Fußballspieler (Çaykur Rizespor)
Fußballspieler (Kardemir Karabükspor)
Fußballspieler (Kayserispor)
Fußballspieler (Sivasspor)
Fußballspieler (Yeni Malatyaspor)
Geboren 1991
Mann
Türke

Erkan Kaş


Um tanque balão é um estilo de tanque de propelente usado no míssil balístico intercontinental SM-65 Atlas (ICBM) e no estágio superior Centaur que não usa uma estrutura interna, mas depende de uma pressurização interna positiva para manter sua forma.

Os tanques balão são muito leves e isso permite uma boa fração de massa propelente. Uma desvantagem dos tanques balão é que, se a pressurização falhar, o vaso entrará em colapso.

Projeto
Os tanques balão recebem esse nome inspirados nos balões de festa cilíndricos que inspiraram Karel Bossart, que projetou os foguetes Atlas e Centaur para a Força Aérea dos EUA e a NASA. Construído em aço inoxidável extra duro 301 muito fino com 0,014–0,037 polegadas (0,3556–0,9398 mm) de espessura, antes da integração no corpo do foguete Atlas ou Centaur, os tanques são inflados com nitrogênio para dar a eles sua forma e resistência. Como tal, os tanques balão devem permanecer sempre pressurizados, pois qualquer queda apreciável na pressurização resultará em falha. No entanto, as fuselagens podiam ser manuseadas sem pressurização do tanque por meio do uso de um mecanismo de "stretch" (que basicamente ajudava a suportar o peso do veículo e evitava o colapso). Por outro lado, os tanques não-balão em outros foguetes de propulsão líquida permanecem rígidos enquanto vazios devido a uma estrutura interna, embora também dependam da pressurização interna para suportar o empuxo e as cargas de lançamento.

Histórico
O uso de tanques de balão no Atlas ICBM foi ideia do projetista de foguetes Karel Bossart. Em vez da estrutura interna tradicional usada nos foguetes disponíveis na época, especialmente o míssil balístico de curto alcance (SRBM) Redstone, um descendente direto do foguete V-2, os projetistas do Atlas ICBM usaram o conceito de tanque balão para tornar o foguete mais leve, o suficiente para lançar uma ogiva termonuclear de até 3,75 megatons contra um alvo na União Soviética de uma plataforma de lançamento nos Estados Unidos contíguos. Esta tecnologia de tanque tornou viável um projeto relativamente simples de "estágio e meio" para o Atlas, em vez do esquema de estágios mais complicado usado nos ICBM LGM-25 Titan posteriores.

Após seu desenvolvimento inicial no foguete Atlas, Bossart usou a mesma tecnologia com o estágio superior Centaur de alta energia. O foguete Centaur, abastecido com hidrogênio líquido e movido por um motor RL10, foi originalmente planejado para ser usado com o foguete Saturno V para missões de alta energia no Sistema Solar, mas foi posteriormente adaptado para uso como parte dos foguetes Atlas e Titan. .

Em maio de 1963, na "Vandenberg Space Force Base", um veículo Atlas-Agena sob teste estático sofreu uma falha de pressurização, levando ao colapso total do veículo que estava programado para transportar um satélite espião KH-7. O estágio superior do Agena foi reparado e usado para voos posteriores. Um artigo de 2009 menciona uma revisão dos números de série do hardware que levam à conclusão de que a carga útil do satélite ainda não havia sido montada no foguete durante o teste que falhou. Uma história do programa, no entanto, escrita em 1973 (desclassificada em 2011) afirma que o satélite foi danificado além da possibilidade de reparo.

Com a introdução do Atlas V "Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle" (EELV), tanques balão e meio estágio não são mais usados no foguete Atlas. O Centaur, no entanto, mantém esse recurso, mas não sofreu uma única falha catastrófica desde o primeiro vôo do Atlas V.

Foguetes e mísseis

Tanque balão


Katikati est une localité de l'île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation
Elle située sur le trajet de la rivière « Uretara Stream » près d'une crique soumise à la marée, située à l'extrémité nord du mouillage de Tauranga Harbour et à  au sud de la ville de Waihi et à  au nord-ouest de la ville de plus importante de Tauranga.

Accès
La route  passe à travers la ville mais une déviation programmée a commencé à être construite en 2008 .

Histoire
Le secteur de Katikati fut colonisé en 1875 par une population de 'scot' venant d'Irlande et, plus particulièrement, venant du Comté de Tyrone, par le biais de l'.
Le village fut établi par l'Irlandais: , qui fit débarquer
des colons amenés à bord des bateaux nommés: «Carisbrook Castle» (1875) et «Lady Jocelyn»' (1878) .
Les terres sur lesquelles la ville fut construite avaient été confisquées aux Māoris locaux à la suite des  et furent données aux colons par le Gouvernement central.
La ville fut formée à partir de :" la partie utilitaire et la partie dite ornamentale" faisant référence aux défenseurs des fermiers et ceux qui avaient déjà une certaine richesse .
L'installation tentait de résoudre les premiers problèmes économiques et se développer dans une  ville, saine, basée autour de l'activité d'élevage et d'agriculture.

Caractéristiques
Katikati est connue pour ses nombreuses peintures murales s'étendant sur les murs des constructions commerciales, qui ont débuté dans les années 1990 par projet pour générer l'intérêt touristique pour la ville et le district, bien que les efforts fussent reconnus par l'octroi d'une contribution par la Nouvelle-Zélande : pour la «Most Beautiful Small Town», qui récompense les villes de moins de  en 2005 par la «Keep New Zealand Beautiful Society».

Par ailleurs, il y a des  sources chaudes à  au sud de la ville de Katikati, au niveau de «Sapphire Springs».

Education
Le fonctionnement l'école de «Middle school » est assurée par le «Katikati College », allant de l'année 7 à 13 .
L'école primaire de «Katikati school» (allant de l'année 1 à 6)
 et l'école de « Matahui Road school» (allant de l'année 1 à 8), fournissent l'éducation primaire .

L'école de Matahui Road est une école primaire privée, qui fut établie en 1988 .
Elle est gérée par le «Matahui Road School Charitable Trust».

Personnalités notables
 , journaliste, écrivain, et homme de radio
 , chanteur
  Richard O'Brien : acteur, directeur, et producteur

Voir aussi

Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Katikati History Website
Katikati Website
Katikati College
Katikati Primary
http://www.matahui.school.nz/
 Katikati Website and Mobile App

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Baie de l'Abondance

Katikati


Hovvejen er en to sporet omfartsvej der går igennem det østlige del af Kalundborg. Vejen er en del af primærrute 23 der går mellem Roskilde og Kalundborg.
Omfartsvejen blev lavet for at få den tunge trafik, der skal til Kalundborg Havn og Containerhavn, samt til de store virksomheder Novo Nordisk, Novozymes, Statoil Refining Denmark Raffinaderiet og Asnæsværket uden om Kalundborg Centrum, så byen ikke blev belastet af for meget tung trafik.

Vejen forbinder Holbækvej i nord med Hareskovvej i syd, og har forbindelse til Holbækvej , Hallas Alle, Slagelsevej og Hareskovvej.

Kilder

Gader i Kalundborg
Omfartsveje i Danmark

Hovvejen (Kalundborg)


Hüseyin Siret Özsever (1872, İstanbul; 27 Şubat 1959), Türk şair.

Mülkiye Mektebi'ni bitirdi. Hariciye Mektebi kaleminde ve Nafia Tercüme kaleminde çalıştı. II. Abdülhamid'in siyasetine karşı olduğu için Hısnımansur'a (Adıyaman) tahrirat katibi tayin edildi (1897); fakat bir İngiliz gemisiyle Kahire'ye, Mahmud Celaleddin Paşa'nın daveti üzerine oradan Paris'e gitti. Paris'teyken İstanbul hükümeti tarafından idama mahkûm edildi.

1896-1898 yılları arasında Edebiyat-ı Cedide topluluğunda yer alan şair, bu dönemde dil, şekil, tema ve sanat anlayışı bakımından Edebiyât-ı Cedîde'nin ortak özelliklerini sürdürür. Şiirlerinin çoğunda aşk, kadın, tabiat ve özlem gibi bireysel temaları işler.

Meşrutiyet'in ilanından (1908) sonra Türkiye'ye döndü. Vilayet mektupçuluğuna ve Hazinei Evrak Müdürlüğü'ne tayin edildi; İsviçre'ye gitti. Mütarekeden sonra İstanbul'a döndü; edebiyat öğretmenliği ve Hariciye nezareti mektupçuluğu yaptı. Edebiyatı Cedide topluluğu içinde Tevfik Fikret'in etkisi altında kalarak yazdığı şiirlerinden nazım tekniğine ve dile önem verdi. 1900'de Adıyaman'a sürüldükten sonraki şiirlerinde Ömer Senih takma adını kullandı. Son şiirlerinde hece ölçüsünü denedi, dilde sadeliği benimsedi.

Bibliyografi
 Leyâl-i Girizan (Kaçan Geceler) (1910)
 Bağbozumu (1928)
 Kargalar (manzum yergiler, 1932)
 Kıvılcımlı Kül (1937)

Kaynakça

1872 doğumlular
1959 yılında ölenler
Servet-i Fünûn şairleri
İstanbul doğumlu şairler
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri

Hüseyin Siret Özsever


Yasmin Williams est une guitariste américaine.

Biographie

Yasmin Williams découvre la guitare avec le jeu vidéo Guitar Hero II.

Style et technique

Yasmin Williams se distingue par sa grande variété de techniques de jeux. Elle utilise notamment la méthode du tapping sur une guitare acoustique posée sur ses jambes.

Discographie
 2018 : Unwind
 2021 : Urban Driftwood

Notes et références

Liens externes

Guitariste américain

Yasmin Williams


(43813) Kuhner, denumire internațională (43813) Kühner, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
43813 Kühner este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Lutz Dieter Schmadel și Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,42 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 2,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 43001-44000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

43813 Kühner


Super Bowl XIII je bio završna utakmica 59. po redu sezone nacionalne lige američkog nogometa. U njoj su se sastali pobjednici NFC konferencije Dallas Cowboysi i pobjednici AFC konferencije Pittsburgh Steelersi. Pobijedili su Steelersi rezultatom 35:31, te tako osvojili svoj treći naslov prvaka.

Utakmica je odigrana na stadionu Orange Bowl u Miamiju u Floridi, kojem je to bilo peto domaćinstvo Super Bowla, prvo nakon Super Bowla X 1976. godine.

Tijek utakmice

Statistika utakmice

Statistika po momčadima

Statistika po igračima

Napomena: * - broj kompletiranih dodavanja/ukupno dodavanja, ** - ukupno jardi dodavanja, *** - broj touchdownova (polaganja), **** - broj izgubljenih lopti

Izvori

1978

Super Bowl XIII


Singrauli (en hindi: सिंगरौली ) es una localidad de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de Singrauli en el estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 380  a 756 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 356 245 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Singrauli


Chinelo Okparanta (nascida em 1981) é uma romancista e contista nigeriano-americana. Ela nasceu em Port Harcourt, Nigéria, onde foi criada  até os 10 anos, quando emigrou para os Estados Unidos com sua família.

Biografia
Chinelo Okparanta nasceu em Port Harcourt, Nigéria, e aos 10 anos emigrou com sua família para os Estados Unidos. Ela foi educada na Pennsylvania State University ( Schreyer Honors College ), na Rutgers University e no Iowa Writers' Workshop.

Carreira
Okparanta publicou contos em publicações como Granta. The New Yorker, Tin House, The Kenyon Review, The Southern Review, TriQuarterly, Conjunctions, Subtropics e The Coffin Factory.Seus ensaios apareceram no AGNI, no blog The Story Prize, e no blog International Writing Program da Universidade de Iowa. Okparanta foi bolsista/professor visitante na Universidade de Iowa, Colgate University, Purdue University, City College de Nova York e Columbia University. Ela foi professora associada de Inglês e Escrita Criativa (Ficção) na Bucknell University, onde também foi Faculty Research Fellow na C. Graydon & Mary E. Rogers, bem como Margaret Hollinshead Ley Professora de Poesia e Escrita Criativa até 2021. Atualmente é professora associada de Inglês e Diretora do Programa de Escrita Criativa do Swarthmore College.

Sua primeira coleção de contos, Happiness, Like Water (Granta Books e Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ), foi indicada para o Prêmio Internacional de Contos Frank O'Connor de 2013. finalista do Prêmio de Ficção Young Lions da Biblioteca Pública de Nova York de 2014, e ganhou o Prêmio Literário Lambda de 2014 para Ficção Lésbica. Ela foi indicada para um United States Artists Fellowship  e foi finalista do Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative in Literature de 2014. Outras honrarias incluem o Prêmio de Autores da Sociedade de Midland de 2013 (finalista). o Prêmio Caine de 2013 para Escrita Africana (finalista) e muito mais.

Seu conto "Fairness" foi incluído em 2014 no The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories, entre os 20 contos daquele ano.

Felicidade, como a água foi uma escolha dos editores para The New York Times Book Review em 20 de setembro de 2013. A coleção também foi listada como uma das Melhores Ficções Africanas do The Guardian de 2013. e em dezembro de 2014 foi anunciada como finalista do Prêmio Etisalat nigeriano de Literatura.

Seu primeiro romance, Under the Udala Trees, foi publicado em 2015. O revisor do New York Times chamou Okparanta de "uma escritora graciosa e precisa". e o The Guardian (Reino Unido) descreve o livro como "um romance emocionante sobre o amadurecimento de uma jovem gay na Nigéria durante a guerra civil nigeriana... " no qual "... Okparanta habilmente negocia um equilíbrio entre uma história de amor e uma história de guerra."

Under the Udala Trees foi uma escolha dos editores de resenhas de livros do New York Times , bem como um indicado para o Kirkus Reviews Prize in Fiction de 2015. Um dos "Melhores Livros de 2015" da NPR, também fez parte das listas BuzzFeed, The Wall Street Journal, The Millions, Bustle, Shelf Awareness e Publishers Lunch "Best of"  e "Most Anticipated", entre outras. Foi listado para o Center for Fiction First Novel Prize de 2015,  nomeado para o NAACP Image Award de 2016 para Outstanding Literary Work of Fiction,  nomeado para o Hurston-Wright Legacy Award in Fiction de 2016,  um finalista para o Publishing Triangle Literary Awards de 2016 (o Prêmio Ferro-Grumley ), um semifinalista para o VCU Cabell First Novelist Award de 2016,  listado para o Prêmio Chautauqua de 2016,  e ganhou o Lambda Literary Award 2016 na categoria General Lesbian Fiction.

Under the Udala Trees também ganhou o Jessie Redmon Fauset Book Award de 2016 em ficção e foi uma seleção de projeto de Amelia Bloomer de 2017 da American Library Association. Também foi finalista do Prêmio Literário Internacional de Dublin de 2017.

Em 2017, Okparanta ganhou o prêmio inaugural de 2016 Betty Berzon Emerging Writer Award do Publishing Triangle.

Pulse Nigeria nomeou Under the Udala Trees um de seus 10 livros nigerianos de destaque para 2015. YNaija o listou como um dos dez livros mais notáveis de 2015. Afridiaspora o listou como um dos melhores romances africanos de 2015.

Em abril de 2017, Okparanta foi selecionada pela Granta para sua lista de Melhores de Jovens Romancistas Americanos.

Seu ensaio "Trump in the Classroom" está incluído na antologia de 2019 New Daughters of Africa, editada por Margaret Busby.

Bibliografia

 Happiness, like Water  (coleção de contos), 2013
 Under the Udala Trees (romance), 2015
 Harry Sylvester Bird (romance), 2022

Referências

Leitura adicional

  by Christopher Mari,  pp. 73–77

Links externos
 Website oficial
 Boen Wang, "Penn State alumna Okparanta lê contos em Foster", Daily Collegian, 7 de novembro de 2014.

 "'Todo mundo deveria ser um artista, eu acho.' Uma entrevista com Chinelo Okparanta", Short Story Day Africa, 23 de março de 2016.
 Sarah Ládípọ̀ Manyika, "The Nigerian-American Writer Who Takes On Taboos", OZY.com, 19 de dezembro de 2017.
 "Entrevista Emmanuel Sigauke Chinelo Okparanta", Revista Literária Munyori, 2013
 Sob as árvores Udala, resumo, Publishers Weekly, 2015
 Melissa Mordi, "Chinelo Okparanta - o poder das mulheres, escrevendo e escrevendo mulheres" (entrevista), The Guardian (Nigéria), 11 de março de 2019.

Alunos da Universidade Rutgers
Alunos da Universidade Estadual da Pensilvânia
Pessoas vivas
Mulheres romancistas dos Estados Unidos
Nascidos em 1981
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Chinelo Okparanta


Máni (Old Norse: ; "Moon") is the Moon personified in Germanic mythology. Máni, personified, is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Both sources state that he is the brother of the personified sun, Sól, and the son of Mundilfari, while the Prose Edda adds that he is followed by the children Hjúki and Bil through the heavens. As a proper noun, Máni appears throughout Old Norse literature. Scholars have proposed theories about Máni's potential connection to the Northern European notion of the Man in the Moon, and a potentially otherwise unattested story regarding Máni through skaldic kennings.

Attestations

Poetic Edda

In the poem Völuspá, a dead völva recounts the history of the universe and foretells the future to the disguised god Odin. In doing so, the völva recounts the early days of the universe:

In stanza 23 of the poem Vafþrúðnismál, the god Odin (disguised as "Gagnráðr") tasks the jötunn Vafþrúðnir with a question about the origins of the Sun and the Moon, whom he describes as journeying over mankind. Vafþrúðnir responds that Mundilfari is the father of both Sól and Máni, and that they must pass through the heavens every day to count the years for mankind:

In stanza 39 of the poem Grímnismál, Odin (disguised as Grímnir) says that both the Sun and the Moon are pursued through the heavens by wolves; the Sun, referred to as the "shining god" is pursued by Sköll to the "protecting woods", while the moon is pursued by Hati Hróðvitnisson. In stanza 13 of the poem Alvíssmál, the god Thor questions the dwarf Alvíss about the Moon, asking him what the Moon is called in each of the worlds. Alvíss responds that it is called "moon" by mankind, "fiery one" by the gods, "the whirling wheel" in Hel, "the hastener" by the jötnar, "the shiner" by the dwarves, and "the counter of years" by the elves.

Prose Edda

In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, Máni is referenced in three chapters. In chapter 8, the enthroned figure of High quotes stanza 5 of Völuspá, and the figure of Third, also enthroned, adds that this occurred prior to the creation of the Earth. In chapter 11, High says that Máni and his sister Sól are the children of a man by the name of Mundilfari. The children were so fair that Mundilfari named them "moon" and "sun". Perceiving this as arrogance, the gods were so angered that they placed the brother and sister in the heavens. There, Máni "guides the path of the moon and controls its waxing and waning."

Additionally, Máni is followed through the heavens by the brother and sister children Hjúki and Bil "as can be seen from the earth", whom he took from the Earth while they fetched water from a well. In chapter 51, High foretells the events of Ragnarök, including that Máni will be consumed by one of two wolves chasing the heavenly bodies.

In the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, Sól is referred to in chapter 26 as "sister of Máni", and in chapter 55 names are given for the Moon: "lune", "waxer", "waner", "year-counter", "clipped", "shiner", "gloam", "hastener", "squinter" and "gleamer".

Theories

Kennings in the skaldic corpus for female jötnar have been identified (such as "desired woman of Máni" used by the 10th century skald Guthormr sindri) as pointing to a potential marriage or sexual union between Máni and a female jötunn. John Lindow states that if a story about Máni having such a relationship with a female jötunn existed, then "it has left no other trace in the extant mythology. Rudolf Simek states that in two skaldic kennings "Máni is apparently a gigantic being in a myth of which we otherwise know nothing".

John Lindow theorizes on Máni's fate at Ragnarök in that "as part of the creation of the æsir, that is, the cosmos, Máni must be destroyed at Ragnarök, but this is not explicitly stated, except perhaps by Snorri, who tells about Mánagarm, who will swallow a heavenly body that may be the moon".

Rudolf Simek connects the account of Máni, and Hjúki and Bil (featuring, as Simek states, "a man with a pole and a woman with a bushel") found in chapter 11 of Gylfaginning with modern accounts of the Man in the Moon found in modern folklore in Scandinavia, England, and North Germany. Simek additionally points out that a stanza appearing early in the poem Völuspá states that the Æsir had set up the Moon "in order to be able to reckon the year", which Simek connects with Germanic computation of time having been directed towards the Moon rather than the Sun, and that shorter amounts of time were given in nights rather than days.

See also
Germanic calendar, the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples
Monday, the day of the week named after the Moon
Nótt, goddess of night
Sunna, the Sun personified as a goddess in Old High German
List of lunar deities

Notes

References

 Bellows, Henry Adams (1923). The Poetic Edda. The American-Scandinavian Foundation
 Byock, Jesse (Trans.) (2005). The Prose Edda. Penguin Classics.
 Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda. Everyman.
 Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). The Poetic Edda. Oxford World's Classics.
 Lindow, John (2001). Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press.
 Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell.
 Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer.
 Thorpe, Benjamin (Trans.) (1907). The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson. Norrœna Society.

Æsir
Germanic gods
Lunar gods
Norse gods
Personifications in Norse mythology
Personifications

Máni


Antun Bukovec (Vratišinec, 17. travnja 1948. – Vratišinec, 15. studenoga 2017.), hrvatski športaš, prosvjetni, športski, kulturni i društveno-politički djelatnik

Životopis
Rodio se je u Vratišincu. Osnovnu školu završio je u rodnom mjestu, a srednje obrazovanje stekao u Gimnaziji Josipa Slavenskog u Čakovcu. Diplomirao je na Višoj pedagoškoj akademiji u Čakovcu te 1971. godine stekao zvanje nastavnika fizičke kulture.Cijeli radni i športski vijek bio je vezan za rodno mjesto.
Bio je osnivač Hrvatske narodne stranke u Vratišincu i među prvim osnivačima te stranke u Međimurju. U politici je bio predsjednik ondašnje mjesne zajednice i poslije u općinskom vijeću Vratišinca i jedno vrijeme mu predsjedavao, sve dok se zbog bolesti nije povukao iz javnog života. Funkciju predsjednika mjesne zajednice obavljao je u četiri uzastopna četverogodišnja mandata. Bio je predsjednik Općinskoga vijeća, načelnik Općine, vijećnik i predsjednik Kluba vijećnika HNS-a Općine Vratišinec. Osnivač je KUD-a Dr. Vinko Žganec Vratišinec gdje je 30 godina obavljao funkciju predsjednika ili tajnika. U dva uzastupna mandata bio je predsjednik Skupštine i Savjeta bivše Mjesne zajednice Vratišinec. Kroz taj vremenski period izvršene su mnoge značajne akcije za ovo mjesto. U športu je bio aktivan. Osobito je bio aktivan u rukometu. U rukometnom klubu Sokolu bio je igrač, trener, sudac, organizator mnogih aktivnosti. Budući da je bio vrstan igrač, igrao je za čakovečke klubove te u susjednoj Sloveniji. Radio je kao nastavnik tjelesno-zdravstvene kulture te je odgojio brojne športaše-rukometaše. U nogometu je zapamćen kao igrač, trener i sudac. Jedno je vrijeme bio predsjednik i tajnik ondašnjega nogometnoga Centra Mursko Središće.
Aktivan također u kulturi. Mnoge aktivnosti i akcije u Vratišincu u svezi su s Bukovcem. Bio je velikim poznavateljem i promicateljem djela i lika Vinka Žganca. Suosnivač je KUD-a "Dr. Vinko Žganec" gdje je 30 godina bio na vodećim dužnostima tajnika ili predsjednika.

Umro je 15. studenoga 2017. i pokopan je na mjesnom groblju u rodnom Vratišincu.

Nagrade i priznanja
Dobitnik je brojnih priznanja. Ističe se županijsko sportsko priznanje Franjo Punčec koje je dobio 1998. godine te 2011. godine i priznanje za životno djelo. Država Hrvatska mu je dodijelila Red hrvatskog pletera u znak priznanja za 30 godina rada u športu.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši
Hrvatski nogometaši
Hrvatski rukometni treneri
Hrvatski nogometni treneri
Hrvatski športski djelatnici
Hrvatski rukometni suci
Hrvatski nogometni suci
Odgoj i obrazovanje u Hrvatskoj
Hrvatski političari od 1989.
Vratišinec
Nositelji Reda hrvatskog pletera

Antun Bukovec


Pâques schtroumpfantes est la vingt-deuxième histoire de la série Les Schtroumpfs de Peyo. Un autre épisode de la série porte le même titre.

Résumé
Le jour de Pâques, le Schtroumpf à lunettes cherche à offrir un œuf au Grand Schtroumpf. Mais il n'est pas le seul et des œufs vont être échangés, occasionnant quelques surprises...

Personnages
 Le Schtroumpf à lunettes
 Le Schtroumpf farceur
 Le Schtroumpf pâtissier
 Le Grand Schtroumpf

Publication
Cet épisode est publié pour la première fois dans le journal Spirou no 2245 (1981). Il paraît ensuite, en 1983, dans le onzième album des Schtroumpfs, Les Schtroumpfs olympiques aux éditions Dupuis. Il s'agit d'une version étoffée et redessinée d'un gag de 3 pages paru dans le journal Spirou no 1565 (1968) et no 1983 (1976).

Liens externes

Histoire des Schtroumpfs
Histoire publiée dans Spirou
Histoire publiée pour la première fois en 1972
Album Dupuis
Album des Schtroumpfs
Album de bande dessinée sorti en 1976
Alimentation et gastronomie dans la bande dessinée

Pâques schtroumpfantes (2)


Cerit, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Aşağı Cerid olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 26 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Cerit, Çorum


هندسة إنشاء الطرق هي فرع من علوم الهندسة المدنية المختص بتصميم وتنفيذ الطرق وتجهيزها بحيث تكون مريحة وأمنة للكل مستخدمي الطريق.

مراحل إنشاء الطرق
يمر أي طريق بثلاث مراحل رئيسية لانشائه وهي:
 دراسة الجدوى "موضحة في صفحة هندسة المرور"
 تصميم طبقات الرصف
 تنفيذ العلامات الأرضية واللوحات المرورية والإشارات الضوئية

انظر أيضا
 هندسة النقل
 هندسة المرور

مراجع

طرق
هندسة مدنية

إنشاء الطرق


Mirko Šarović (; born 16 September 1956) is a Bosnian Serb politician who served as the 3rd Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2002 to 2003. From 2000 to 2002, he also served as the 4th president of Republika Srpska and was Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations on two occasions as well.

Šarović graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Sarajevo in 1979. Following the Bosnian War in the 1990s, he was elected to the National Assembly of Republika Srpska. In 2000, he became president of Republika Srpska, serving until 2002.

At the 2002 general election, Šarović was elected as Serb member of the Bosnian Presidency, serving in office only until 2003, when he resigned amid allegations of his involvement in organising illegal military trading with Iraq. From 2012 to 2013 and again from 2015 to 2019, he served as Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations.

In 2019, Šarović became the new president of the Serb Democratic Party (SDS). At the 2022 general election, he once again ran for a seat in the Presidency as a Serb member, but was not elected. Following the election, Šarović resigned as president of the SDS.

Early life and education
Šarović was born in Rogatica, PR Bosnia and Herzegovina, FPR Yugoslavia on 16 September 1956. He graduated from the Faculty of Law in Sarajevo in 1979. During the 1980s, Šarović was employed in the Engine Factory Sarajevo (Famos) and Unis Sarajevo.

Career
Šarović entered politics before the Bosnian War, as secretary of the municipality of Novo Sarajevo. In one term, he was president of the Executive Board and mayor of East Sarajevo. Šarović was a member of the National Assembly of Republika Srpska for two terms.

As president of Republika Srpska, he signed the historic Agreement on Special Parallel Relations between FR Yugoslavia and Republika Srpska on 5 March 2001 in Banja Luka, together with FR Yugoslavia President Vojislav Koštunica. The Assembly of FR Yugoslavia ratified the signed agreement 10 May 2001. From 28 October 2002 until 2 April 2003, Šarović served as the 3rd Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He resigned from the Presidency on 2 April 2003 amid allegations of his involvement in organising illegal military trading with Iraq.

Šarović was Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina on two occasions. On 30 June 2019, he became the new president of the Serb Democratic Party (SDS), succeeding Vukota Govedarica. As president of the SDS, the major opposition party in Republika Srpska, Šarović has been a fierce opponent and critic of Bosnian Serb leader and current Bosnian Presidency member Milorad Dodik, having clashes with him on numerous occasions.

On 23 June 2022, Šarović announced his candidacy in the Bosnian general election, running again for Bosnia and Herzegovina's three-person Presidency member, representing the Serbs. At the general election however, held on 2 October 2022, he was not elected, obtaining 35.45% of the vote, with Alliance of Independent Social Democrats candidate Željka Cvijanović getting elected with 51.65% of the vote. Following his defeat and a poor showing of the SDS in the election as well, Šarović announced his resignation as president of the party in November 2022.

Personal life
Mirko is married to Stojanka Šarović and together they have two children. They live in East Sarajevo.

Orders
 Order of the Republika Srpska: 2012

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
People from Rogatica
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Academic staff of the University of Sarajevo
Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina) politicians
Presidents of Republika Srpska
Vice presidents of Republika Srpska
Members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Chairmen of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Government ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Mirko Šarović


إن عربية نيجيريا لهجة ملسنة في شمال الغرب النيجيري، مشابهة لشوا البقارة؛ ومكتوبة بالأبجدية العربية.

ر أيضا
 هَوْسَ

وصلات خارجية
 المركز النيجيري للبحوث العربية

لغات السودان
لغات الكاميرون
لغات النيجر
لغات تشاد
لغات نيجيريا
لهجات عربية

عربية نيجيرية


Köprüköy, Erzurum merkeze 58, Pasinler'e 18, Horasan'a 25 km. uzaklıkta, Aras Nehri kenarında yer alan ilçedir.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Pasinler ilçesine bağlı Çobandede bucağının merkezi olan Köprüköy, 29 Şubat 1972'de belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüştü.

Coğrafya
İlçenin kaymakamlık binası E-80 kara yolu kenarında olup İlçe Emniyet Amirliği kaymakamlık binasının ikinci katında faaliyet göstermektedir. İlçenin 3 km kadar kuzeyinde çamurlu kaplıca olarak bilinen Deli Çermik bulunmakta ve yaz aylarında mesire alanı olarak da hizmet vermektedir. Şehir nüfusu adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sisteminin  Şehir merkezi Şehitler, Ziyaret ve Camiikebir Mahallelerinden ibarettir.

İlçe, Erzurum - Kars (E-80 kara yolu) yolu üzerinde kurulu olup Pasinler ile Horasan arasındadır. İlçeye de adını veren tarihi Çobandede Köprüsü bu yol kenarında Aras Nehri üzerinde yer almaktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Köprüköy Kaymakamlığı
 Köprüköy Belediyesi

Köprüköy


James McAtee, né le  à Salford en Angleterre, est un footballeur anglais qui évolue au poste de milieu offensif à Sheffield United, en prêt de Manchester City.

Biographie

En club
Né à Salford en Angleterre, James McAtee est formé par Manchester City. En  il remporte la FA Youth Cup contre les jeunes du Chelsea FC, en étant notamment l'auteur d'un but, permettant à son équipe de l'emporter (3-2 score final).

Le , James McAtee joue son premier match en professionnel lors d'une rencontre de coupe de la Ligue anglaise face au Wycome Wanderers FC. Il entre en jeu lors de cette rencontre remportée par son équipe sur le score large de six buts à zéro.

Le , James McAtee prolonge son contrat avec Manchester City jusqu'en .

Il joue son premier match de Ligue des champions le  face au Sporting CP (0-0 score final).

Le , James McAtee est prêté pour une saison à Sheffield United.

Le , McAtee est de nouveau prêté à Sheffield United pour la durée d'une saison.

En sélection
James McAtee compte trois sélections avec l'équipe d'Angleterre des moins de 18 ans et réalise notamment un doublé lors de sa deuxième apparition, le 16 novembre 2019 contre la Norvège (4-4 score final).

Le 6 juin 2022, McAtee est appelé pour la première fois avec l'équipe d'Angleterre espoirs.

Palmarès

En club
  Sheffield United
 Vice-champion de Championship en 2023.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur anglais
Joueur du Manchester City FC
Joueur du Sheffield United FC
Naissance en octobre 2002
Naissance à Salford

James McAtee


كومنلاكسو  ، إقليم فنلندي، عاصمته مدينة كوفولا. يحده أقاليم أوسيما الشرقية وبايات هامي، سافو الجنوبية، وكاريليا الجنوبية.

مراجع

كومنلاكسو
أقاليم فنلندا
فنلندا الجنوبية

كومنلاكسو


Inti Podestá Mezzetta (født 23. april 1978 i Montevideo, Uruguay) er en uruguayansk tidligere fodboldspiller (midtbane).

Podestá startede sin karriere hos Danubio i sin fødeby, hvor han spillede frem til 1999. Her skiftede han til spanske Sevilla. Han måtte stoppe sin karriere allerede som 26-årig grundet en knæskade.

For Uruguays landshold spillede Podestá én kamp, en venskabskamp mod Paraguay op til Copa América i 1999. Han blev efterfølgende udtaget til turneringen, hvor han dog ikke kom på banen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Uruguay
Fodboldspillere fra Danubio F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Sevilla FC
Personer fra Montevideo

Inti Podestá


Westmorland var et grevskab i det nordvestlige del af England, med et indbyggertal (pr. 1961) på 67.180..

Referencer

Historiske grevskaber i England
Cumbria

Westmorland


සතර ක්ෂේත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශය ("four field" approach)

ප‍්‍රධාන වශයෙන් එක්සත් ජනපදය තුල මානව විද්‍යාව 'සාකල්‍ය' ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කරනු ලබන අතර 'සතර ක්ෂේත‍්‍ර ප‍්‍රවේශයක්' මත පදනම් වෙයි. මෙය න්‍යායාත්මකව හෝ ප‍්‍රයෝජ්‍යතාවාදී ලෙස හෝ ඇමරිකානු ශ‍්‍රාස්ත‍්‍රාලීය ආයතනයන්හි ව්‍යුහයන්ට වැදගත් වනනේද යන්න පිලිබඳව වන සංවාදය වර්තමානයේදීද පවතී. ඊට සහාය දක්වන්නෝ මානව විද්‍යාව හේතු දෙකක් නිසා සාකල්‍ය වන බව කියා සිටිති. එනම් එය  ඕනෑම කාලයක  ඕනෑම ස්ථානයක වෙසෙන මිනිස් වර්ගයා සහ මානුෂිකත්වයේ සියලූම පැතිමානයන් (පරිමාණාමණීය, ජීව භෞතිකමය, සමාජ දේශපාලනික, ආර්ථික, සංස්කෘතික, භාෂාමය, මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක ආදී) සම්බන්ධයෙන් අදාලවීමයි.  එමෙන්ම මෙම ප‍්‍රවේශය අනුගමනය කරන ශාස්ත‍්‍රාලීය වැඩසටහන් මානව විද්‍යාව වෙත 'සතර ක්ෂේත‍්‍ර ප‍්‍රවේශයක්' අනුගමනය කරනු ලබන අතර එහිදී ඊට භෞතික විද්‍යාව, මානව විද්‍යාව, පුරාවිද්‍යාව, භාෂාවිද්‍යාව සහ සංස්කෘතික මානව විද්‍යාව හෝ සමාජීය මානව විද්‍යාව ඇතුලත් වෙයි. සාකල්‍ය සහ 'සතර ක්ෂේත‍්‍ර' ලෙස මානව විද්‍යාවේ අර්ථකථනය සමහර ප‍්‍රධාන පෙළේ මානව විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් අභියෝගයට ලක්කරනු ලැබ ඇත. ඔවුහු කියා සිටින්නේ ඒවා 19 වන සියවසේ සමාජ පරිණාමීය සිතීමේ නිර්මාණයන් වන බවත් විශේෂයෙන්ම ඒවා විසින් සංස්කෘතික මානව විද්‍යාව (මානව ශාස්ත‍්‍රය මත නෛසර්ගික ලෙස බැඳී පවතින) මත විද්‍යාත්මක ඉන්ද්‍රයානුභූතිවාදය වගවිභාගයකින් තොරව පැටවීමට උත්සාහ කරන බවත්ය. සමාජ –සංස්කෘතික මානව විද්‍යා 'ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක, භෞතික විද්‍යාත්මක මානව විද්‍යාව' සමඟ 'අනුකලනය' අඳහා වන පීඩනය ඉන්දි‍්‍රයානුභූතිවාදය (නිවැරදි දැනුම සොයාගත හැක්කේ විද්‍යාත්මක ක‍්‍රමය අනුගමනය කිරීමෙන් පමණක් බවට වන විශ්වාසය) වගවිභාගයකින් තොරව සංස්කෘතික මානව විද්‍යාව මත පැටවීමට දරන උත්සාහයක් ලෙසින් විවේචනයට ලක්ව ඇත. මෙම විවේචනය 1960 දශකයේදී සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පැවැති සමාජීය ජීවවිද්‍යාවේ සහ ඇමරිකානු මානව විද්‍යාවේ 'සතර ක්ෂේත‍්‍ර ප‍්‍රවේශය' වෙත එල්ල විය (මාර්ෂල් ෂිලිංග්ස් වැනි සමාජීය මානව විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින්). එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සම්භවය ලැබූවද සතර ක්ෂේත‍්‍ර ප‍්‍රවේශය සහ එය අරබයා ඇතිවූ සංවාදය ඇමරිකානු ශාස්ත‍්‍රාලීය බලපෑම හේතුකොටගෙන ලෝකය පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත විය.

 මානව විද්‍යාව
ජීව විද්‍යාව

මානව විද්‍යාව වෙත ප‍්‍රවේශයන්


James Brown Clay (* 9. November 1817 in Washington, D.C.; † 26. Januar 1864 in Montreal, Kanada) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1857 und 1859 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
James Clay war ein Sohn von US-Senator Henry Clay. Nach der Grundschule besuchte er die Transylvania University in Lexington und danach das Kenyon College in Gambier (Ohio). Zwischen 1832 und 1834 war er in Boston als Buchhalter tätig. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an der Lexington Law School und seiner Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Lexington zusammen mit seinem Vater in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten.

Wie sein Vater war James Clay Mitglied der Whig Party. In den Jahren 1849 und 1850 war er Diplomat an der amerikanischen Botschaft in Portugal. Nach seiner Rückkehr betätigte er sich von 1851 bis 1852 als Farmer in Missouri, ehe er nach Lexington zurückkehrte. Nach der Auflösung der Whigs schloss sich Clay den Demokraten an. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1856 wurde er im achten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1857 die Nachfolge von Alexander Keith Marshall antrat. Da er im Jahr 1858 eine erneute Kandidatur ablehnte, konnte er bis zum 3. März 1859 nur eine Legislaturperiode im Kongress absolvieren. Diese war von den Diskussionen im Vorfeld des Bürgerkrieges geprägt.

Nach seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus lehnte Clay ein Angebot von Präsident James Buchanan ab, der ihn auf eine diplomatische Mission nach Deutschland schicken wollte. Im Frühjahr 1861 gehörte er einer Verhandlungskommission an, die in der Bundeshauptstadt Washington erfolglos den Bürgerkrieg zu verhindern suchte. Als der Krieg dann ausbrach, unterstützte Clay die Konföderation. Er wurde mit der Aufstellung eines Regiments beauftragt. Aufgrund seines inzwischen schlechten Gesundheitszustandes nach einer Tuberkuloseerkrankung kam es aber nicht mehr dazu. Clay ging zur Erholung nach Montreal, wo er im Januar 1864 verstarb. Er war seit 1843 mit Susan Maria Jacob verheiratet, mit der er zehn Kinder hatte.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied der United States Whig Party
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1817
Gestorben 1864
Mann
Henry Clay
Botschafter der Vereinigten Staaten in Portugal

James Brown Clay


Gilze en Rijen  er en kommune og en by i den sydlige provins Noord-Brabant i Nederlandene.

Referencer

Byer i Nord-Brabant
Kommuner i Nord-Brabant

Gilze en Rijen


Der Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit (Großraumtransportstrecke) ist eine zusammenhängende Kette französischer Nationalstraßen, die 2004 als Straße für die Schwertransporte von Bordeaux über den Hafen von Langon zum Airbuswerk in Blagnac bei Toulouse führt. Sie wurde für die sperrigen Bauteile des Airbus A380 angelegt. Als Streckenverlauf dienen die Straßenabschnitte der Nationalstraßen N 124, N 224, N 524 und N 542.

Die Strecke zum Airbuswerk bei Toulouse ist so entworfen, dass ein Paket mit einer Größe bis zu 14 Metern Höhe, 8 Metern Breite und 50 Metern Länge transportiert werden kann.

Transporte

Die Flugzeugteile, die in verschiedenen Airbus-Werken hergestellt werden, werden zunächst über das Meer zum Appontement de Trompeloup, danach mit einem Spezial-Binnenschiff bis Langon über die Garonne verschifft. Dort werden sie auf sechs Lastwagen verladen (je einer für die beiden Flügel, die drei Teile des Rumpfs und das Höhenleitwerk)
und entlang des Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit zum A380-Werk in Blagnac gefahren.

Der Transport findet in der Regel auf drei Nächte verteilt statt, tagsüber werden die Lastwagen auf speziell gebauten und eingezäunten Rastplätzen in Eauze und L'Isle Jourdain abgestellt. Während der Transporte wird die Straße abschnittsweise gesperrt, es gibt fest ausgeschilderte Ausweichrouten sowie fest installierte Informationsbildschirme, auf denen über den aktuellen Zustand informiert wird.

Straßenverlauf
Der Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit besteht zum überwiegenden Teil aus bereits existierenden Straßen, jedoch waren zahlreiche kleinere Umbauten nötig, beispielsweise wurden Kurvenradien vergrößert und Umfahrungsmöglichkeiten um die Strecke kreuzende Brücken gebaut.

N 524
Die heutige Route nationale 524, kurz N 524, bildet den ersten Teil des "Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit".

Die Nationalstraße wurde 2004 aus verschiedenen Départementstraßen zusammengesetzt, um als Teil der Transportroute von Bauteilen für den Airbus A380 zwischen dem Hafen von Langon und dem Airbuswerk in Toulouse zu dienen. Sie verläuft vom Hafen von Langon bis südlich von Eauze, wo die Transportroute auf der Nationalstraße 124 weiterläuft. Ein Teil der Départementstraßen waren bis 1973 Nationalstraßen. Die Abschnitte der N 524 wurde aus den folgenden Straßen zusammengesetzt:

  (D 932) Hafen von Langon – Captieux
  Captieux – Départementgrenze Gironde
  Départementgrenze Landes – Kreuzung mit der ehemaligen N 133
  Kreuzung mit der ehemaligen N 133 – Gabarret
  (D 656) Gabarret – Cazaubon
  (D 626) Cazaubon – westlich von Eauze
 Umgehung von Eauze
  (D 931) südlich von Eauze für wenige Kilometer
  Kreuzung mit der ehemaligen N 131 – Kreuzung mit der N 124

N 124
Ein Abschnitt der heute noch existierenden Route nationale 124, kurz N 124, bildet den zweiten Teil des "Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit".

Dieser Teil wird für die Schwertransporte zum Airbuswerk genutzt. Es handelt sich dabei um die seit 1824 festgelegte Führung der Straße, die abschnittsweise zu einer Schnellstraße ausgebaut wurde und dabei auch Orte umgeht. Der Schwertransportabschnitt beginnt südlich von Eauze, wo die Nationalstraße 524 auf die Nationalstraße 124 einmündet und bis zum Beginn der Westumgehung von L'Isle-Jourdain mit der Nationalstraße 224 als Fortsetzung verläuft.

N 224
Die heutige Route nationale 224, kurz N 224, bildet den letzten Teil des "Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit".

Die Nationalstraße beginnt bei L'Isle-Jourdain. Von dort läuft sie über die westliche Umgehung von L'Isle-Jourdain Richtung Sainte-Livrade.

Während die Nationalstraße 224 durch den Ortskern verläuft, fahren die Schwertransporte über eine südliche Umgehung, die als Nationalstraße 542 ausgewiesen ist, bei der es um eine ausgebaute Kommunalstraße und Feldweg handelt. Bei der Innerortsstraße handelt es sich um die ehemalige Départementstraße 42B.

Die Nationalstraße 224 verläuft dann weiter nordöstlich bis Montaigut-sur-Save und von dort ostsüdöstlich bis Mondonville. Ab dort beginnt eine Neubaustraße, die zum Nordrand des Werksgeländes führt. Die Schwertransporte zweigen von der N 224 zwischen Lévignac und Montaigut-sur-Save auf die ausgebauten Kommunalsstraßen ab und treffen östlich von Mondonville wieder auf die N 224, um die letzten beiden Orte zu umfahren. Die Umgehungsstraße ist für motorisierten Verkehr gesperrt und kann mit Fahrrädern benutzt werden.

Von 1978 bis 2001 gab es eine weitere Nationalstraße 224. Dabei handelte es sich um die Ostumgehung von Le Mans. Diese Straße wurde mit der Eröffnung der Autobahn 28 abgestuft und wird heute als Départementstraße 20Bis ausgewiesen.

N 542
Bei der Route nationale 542 handelt es sich um einen kurzen Abschnitt des "Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit", der den Ort Sainte-Livrade südlich umgeht und von den Schwertransporten befahren wird, während die Nationalstraße 224, an der die N 542 an beiden Enden anschließt, durch den Ort verläuft.

Logistik

Der Transport von Großteilen für den Airbus erfolgt über verschiedene Wege, unter anderem mit dem Airbus Beluga als Lufttransport. Viele Teile werden jedoch verschifft, wobei auch in anderen Ländern der Transport vom und zum Hafen über die Straße abgewickelt wird. Diese Großraum- und Schwertransporte erreichen jedoch nicht die Ausmaße der Strecke zur Endmontage in Südfrankreich.

Die Fertigung und Logistik des A380 umfasst Teilkomponenten von anderen Standorten von Airbus. Aus Broughton (GB) kommen die Flügel, Rumpfsektion 18 sowie die Bugsektion 13 und ein Teil der Sektion 15 aus Hamburg-Finkenwerder (D), die Cockpitsektion 11 aus Nantes (F), die Rumpfmittelsektion 15 aus Saint-Nazaire (F), das Seitenleitwerk aus Stade (D), das Höhenleitwerk aus Getafe (E), die Flugsteuerung aus Toulouse (F). In Bremen (D) und Nordenham (D) werden unter anderem Glare-Bauteile der Außenhaut gefertigt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Weitere Informationen auf WikiSara (französisch)

!X Itineraire a Grand Gabarit
Straße in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Straße in Okzitanien
Straße in Europa

Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit


La partida de ajedrez es un cuadro del pintor Johann Erdmann Hummel, realizado en 1818, que se encuentra en el Antigua Galería Nacional de Berlín de Berlín, Alemania.

La obra representa una partida de ajedrez en el Club de Ajedrez de Schadow. El ajedrez es un tema extensamente representado en la pintura, por ejemplo en una obra de Johamm Hamza denominada The Chess Players.

En ella, el pintor muestra su dominio de la perspectiva y la óptica, por ejemplo en las imágenes reflejadas en el espejo.

Véase también
Pintura romántica

Referencias

Ajedrez
Colecciones de la Antigua Galería Nacional de Berlín
Cuadros de 1818

La partida de ajedrez (Hummel)


Cuneipectus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos perteneciente a la familia Carabidae.  Es el único género de la tribu Cuneipectini.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Cuneipectus foveatus Sloane, 1915
 Cuneipectus frenchi Sloane, 1907

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Cuneipectus en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Harpalinae

Cuneipectus


Auto klub Grobnik, hrvatski automobilistički klub iz Dražica. Uspješni vozači iz ovog kluba su Damir Juretić, Mauro Hlača, Siniša Filčić, Daniel Čotra. Klub je uspješan u autocrossu. Suorganizira međunarodnu Autocross Nagradu Hrvatske na stazi Kućanu Gornjem.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
AK Grobnik
Racing.hr

Hrvatski automobilistički klubovi

AK Grobnik


Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Kara Harp Okulu (West Point Askerî Akademisi)

Yerleşim yerleri

ABD
 West Point, Alabama
 West Point, Arkansas
 West Point, Georgia
 West Point, Illinois
 West Point, Indiana
 West Point, Iowa
 West Point, Kaliforniya
 West Point, Kentucky
 West Point, Minnesota
 West Point, Mississippi
 West Point, Nebraska
 West Point, New York
 Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Kara Harp Okulu(West Point Askerî Akademisi)
 West Point Mezarlığı (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Askeri Akademisi Mezarlığı)

 West Point, Ohio
 West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio
 West Point, Morrow County, Ohio
 West Point, Pennsylvania
 çok West Point, Teksas
West Point, Fayette County, Teksas
West Point, Lynn County, Teksas
 Westpoint, Tennessee
 West Point, Utah
 West Point, Virginia
 West Point (Seattle), Washington
 West Point, Wisconsin, bir kasaba

West Point


Angus Wilton McLean (April 20, 1870June 21, 1935) was an American lawyer and banker who was the 56th governor of North Carolina, serving from 1925 to 1929.  McLean also served as Assistant Secretary of the United States Department of the Treasury from 1920 to 1921.

Biography
He was born in Maxton, North Carolina and educated at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he earned a law degree in 1892. McLean first entered politics in 1892, serving as the chairman of the Robeson County Democratic Executive Committee. A supporter of Woodrow Wilson, he was a delegate to Democratic National Conventions and sat on the Democratic National Committee. From 1918 to 1922 he served on the War Finance Corporation board, and from 1920 to 1921 he was the assistant secretary of the Treasury.

McLean secured the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1924 by defeating Josiah W. Bailey. During his tenure, an executive budget system was initiated; a department of conservation and development was established; and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was formed. Governor McLean also helped streamlined North Carolina's economy, which led to a $2.5 million state budget surplus that his successor Oliver Gardner claimed later helped the state survive the Great Depression. After completing his term, McLean retired from political life.

He died on June 21, 1935, in Washington, D.C. Death was attributed to a blood clot in his right lung. He had been ill for several weeks.

Legacy
His son, Hector (1920–2012), became a bank president and state senator.

The McLean family of Robeson county, origins are well documented and integrated in the larger narrative of the region. Through marriage and direct relations Angus Wilton McLean is related to the following individuals:

 Malcom McLean, Trucking Tycoon and "Father of the Intermodal Shipping container"
 Flora MacDonald, "Scottish Heroine"
"Devil John" Bethea, "South Carolina Revolutionary War Hero"
 Virgil Goode, Member of US House of Representatives from Virginia's 5th District

References

1870 births
1935 deaths
Democratic Party governors of North Carolina
United States Assistant Secretaries of the Treasury
People from Robeson County, North Carolina
Woodrow Wilson administration personnel
University of North Carolina School of Law alumni

Angus Wilton McLean


Pristupanje Bosne i Hercegovine Europskoj uniji jest proces kojim Bosna i Hercegovina nastoji pristupiti Europskoj uniji kao punopravna članica.

Bosna i Hercegovina dobila je status potencijalnog kandidata 2003. i obuhvaćena je trenutačnom politikom proširenja unije. Zahtjev za članstvo u Europskoj uniji službeno je podnesen 15. veljače 2016. Službeni status kandidata BIH je dobila 15. prosinca 2022. godine.

Ključni datumi

Vidi još

 Proširenje Europske unije
 Sporazum o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju
 Srednjoeuropski ugovor o slobodnoj trgovini

Izvori

Proširenje Europske unije

Pristupanje BiH Europskoj uniji


Adi Rocha (født 15. december 1985) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Adi Rocha


Beas, Huelva, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden en çok nüfusa sahip olan, ülkenin güneybatı köşesindeki Endülüs otonom bölgesinin 8 ilinden Portekiz ve Atlas Okyanusu'na kıyısı bulunan Huelva eyaletine bağlı belediyesi. Beas, Huelva belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 4.162 kişidir.

Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yerleşim yerleri

Beas, Huelva