Gudrun Annette Høie (* 13. Juli 1970) ist eine norwegische Ringerin. Sie wurde viermal Weltmeisterin.

Werdegang
Gudrun Annette Høie war eine der ersten Sportlerinnen Norwegens, die mit dem Frauenringen begann. Das war im Jahre 1986. Sie trat dazu dem Kristiansund Atleteklub bei, dem sie noch heute angehört. Ihr erster Trainer war Gabbe Kantor. Im Laufe ihrer langen Karriere wurde sie insgesamt vierzehnmal norwegische Meisterin in verschiedenen Gewichtsklassen. Zeitweise betätigte sie sich auch als Sumokämpferin. In dieser Sportart wurde sie im Jahre 1998 sogar Europameisterin. Die größten Erfolge in ihrer Laufbahn als Ringerin erzielte sie zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre, als sie eine Reihe von internationalen Titeln gewann. In den Jahren 1994 bis 1997 bestritt sie keine internationalen Meisterschaften, weil sie sich in diesen Jahren ihrem Medizinstudium widmete. Heute ist sie Ärztin in einem Krankenhaus in Kristiansund und trainiert die Jugendlichen in ihrem Sportverein.

Ihre internationale Laufbahn begann sie als Siebzehnjährige bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1987 in Lørenskog/Norwegen. Das waren die ersten Weltmeisterschaften für Frauen, die überhaupt stattfanden. Sie belegte dabei in der Gewichtsklasse bis 50 kg den 5. Platz. 1988 wurde sie in Dijon Junioren-Weltmeisterin in der gleichen Gewichtsklasse. 1989 wurde sie dann in Martigny zum ersten Mal Weltmeisterin in der Gewichtsklasse bis 57 kg. Sie verwies dabei Riyoko Sakae aus Japan und Inge Krasser aus der Schweiz auf die nächsten Plätze.

1990 gewann sie auch bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Luleå. In der Gewichtsklasse bis 57 kg siegte sie dort vor Olga Marina Lugo Guardia aus Venezuela, Riyoko Sakae und Tu Chun-Chou aus Taiwan. 1991 musste sich Gudrun Annette Hoie in Tokio bei der Weltmeisterschaft hinter Olga Marina Lugo Guardia mit dem 2. Platz begnügen, den sie vor Marine Roy, Frankreich und Huang Ai-Chin, Taiwan, belegte.

1993 gelang es Gudrun Annette Hoøie in Stavern/Norwegen ihren dritten Weltmeistertitel zu gewinnen. Sie siegte in Stavern in der Gewichtsklasse bis 57 kg vor Olga Marina Lugo Guardia, Huan Ai-Chin und Natalja Winogradowa aus Russland.

Nach dieser Weltmeisterschaft war sie wegen ihres Medizinstudiums bis 1997 inaktiv.

1998 kehrte sie auf die internationale Ringerbühne mit einem Paukenschlag zurück, denn sie wurde in Posen zum viertenmale Weltmeisterin. In der Gewichtsklasse bis 56 kg besiegte sie dabei Tina George aus den Vereinigten Staaten, Tetjana Lasarewa aus der Ukraine und Anna Gomis aus Frankreich.

In den folgenden Jahren konnte sie dann nicht mehr ganz an die großen Erfolge der 1990er Jahre anknüpfen. Sie gewann aber noch bei mehreren internationalen Meisterschaften Medaillen. 1999 gewann sie bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Hildursborg/Schweden eine Bronzemedaille in der Gewichtsklasse bis 56 kg. 2000 wurde sie in Budapest Vize-Europameisterin in der Gewichtsklasse bis 62 kg, wobei sie im Finale gegen Nikola Hartmann-Dünser aus Österreich unterlag. Ihre letzte Medaille bei einer internationalen Meisterschaft gewann sie dann im Jahre 2002, als sie bei der Europameisterschaft 2002 in Seinäjoki/Finnland auf den 3. Platz kam.

2004 und 2008 versuchte sich Gudrun Annette Hoie für die Teilnahme an den Olympischen Spielen in Athen bzw. in Peking zu qualifizieren, beide Male vergebens. 2004 trainierte sie dazu sogar in die olympische Gewichtsklasse bis 48 kg ab. Offensichtlich war dabei aber der Substanzverlust zu groß. 2007 fiel ein Schatten auf die ihre Karriere, denn sie wurde in diesem Jahr des Dopings überführt und ein Jahr lang gesperrt. Die mangelnde Praxis internationaler Turniere fehlte ihr dann bei den Olympia-Qualifikations-Turnieren 2008.

Sie rang trotzdem noch bis 2010 weiter, konnte aber keine großen Erfolge mehr erzielen. Für ihre Verdienste um den Ringersport wurde sie im August 2012 in die FILA International Wrestling Hall of Fame aufgenommen.

Internationale Erfolge

Norwegische Meisterschaften
Gudrun Annette Høie wurde in ihrer Laufbahn insgesamt vierzehnmal norwegische Meisterin in verschiedenen Gewichtsklassen.

Erläuterungen
 alle Wettbewerbe im freien Stil
 WM = Weltmeisterschaft, EM = Europameisterschaft

Quellen
 Fachzeitschrift Der Ringer
 Website "Foeldeak Wrestling Database"
 Website "www.bryting.no"

Einzelnachweise

Weltmeister (Ringen)
Europameister (Sumō)
Sumōringer (Norwegen)
Norwegischer Meister (Ringen)
Dopingfall im Ringen
Doping in Norwegen
Ringer (Norwegen)
Norweger
Geboren 1970
Frau

Gudrun Annette Høie


Tall Poppy Syndrome debitantski je studijski album norveškog progresivnog metal sastava Leprous. Diskografska kuća Sensory Records objavila ga je 5. svibnja 2009.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Alex Henderson, glazbeni recenzent na mrežnom mjestu AllMusic, dodijelio mu je tri i pol zvjezdice od njih pet i izjavio: "Na ovom albumu ima abrazivnih trenutaka, ali općenito je Leprousov rad prilično melodičan – i jasno je da su [grupi] umijeće oblikovanja pjesama, složenost i nijanse najvažniji. Nažalost, albumi ambiciozni poput Tall Poppy Syndromea ne dostignu uvijek svoj potencijal; podosta je albuma snimljeno s najboljim namjerama, ali na koncu jednostavno nisu bili uspješni. Međutim, svi komadići slagalice uredno su složeni na riskantnom, ali ugodno dosljednom Tall Poppy Syndromeu."

Osoblje

Leprous
Tor Oddmund Suhrke – gitara, prateći vokali
Einar Solberg – vokali, klavijature
Øystein Landsverk – gitara, prateći vokali
Tobias Ørnes Andersen – bubnjevi
Halvor Strand – bas-gitara

Ostalo osoblje
Jonas Kjellgren – snimanje, miksanje, masteriranje
Ritxi Ostáriz – ilustracije
Bjørn Tore Moen – fotografija

Izvori

Albumi iz 2009.
Norveški glazbeni albumi

Tall Poppy Syndrome


2. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka u sezoni 2015./16. je predstavljala drugi stupanj županijske lige u Koprivničko-križevačkoj županiji, te ligu šestog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.  Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a ligu je osvojio Tomislav iz Drnja.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

Unutarnje poveznice
 2. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka
 1. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka 2015./16.

Vanjske poveznice
 Nogometni savez Koprivničko-križevačke županije
 2. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka

Izvori
 ns-kckz.hr, 2. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka 2015./16., rezultati i konačna ljestvica, wayback arhiva, arhivirano 20. lipnja 2016.

2015-16
Koprivničko-križevačka-2

2. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka 2015./16.


خان النوري هو مبنى عتيق وتاريخي يوجدُ في مدينة القطيفة بسوريا ويعودُ تاريخ بنائه إلى أواخر القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي حيث قام بتشييده نور الدين محمود زنكي.

يقعُ هذا الخان في الطرف الشرقي لمدينة القطيفة؛ وهو بناءٌ مستطيل الشكل أبعاده هي 58x35 متر وفي وسطه باحة سماوية مساحتها 540 متر مربع رُصّفت أرضها بالحجارة أما مدخله فيبلغُ طوله 8 أمتار وعرضه 3 أمتار كما تسندهُ ثلاث قناطر كان قديمّا قد رُكّب عليه باب خشبي كبير أما الآن فقد أُزيلَ هذا الباب وبُنيت جدران الخان بسماكة 1.5 متر وكل الزوايا والأطراف والمداخل والأبراج الموجودة فيها تم بنائها بحجارة كبيرة أما الجدران الداخلية فقد بنيت بأحجار صغيرة ومصفوفة.

يُوجد من الواجهة الشمالية الداخلية بهوان طويلان أبعادهما 25x4 وفي نهاية كل بهو توجد غرفة بقياس 1.5×2 متر كما يوجد فيه شقوق في الجدران على غرار القلاع لحماية السور والقلاع في منتصف الجدار الغربي. يوجد غرفة بارزة بحجمِ 3.5x1.5 تسمى باكية الزهر يعلوها برج للمراقبة والدفاع عن الخان. يخترقُ الخان أحد القنوات التي تتفرّع على نهر الحجة الذي جفّ حاليا والذي كان يُزوّد الخان بالماء الكافي حتى فترة التسعينات.

قامت وزارة السياحة السورية في وقتٍ متأخرٍ بعمليّة ترميمٍ كبيرةٍ نتيجة تهدم قسم كبير من الواجهة الخارجة والمدخل من هذا البناء التاريحي وأُعيد كما كان تقريبًا.

المراجع

مبان ومنشآت في سوريا
محافظة ريف دمشق

خان النوري


الشارع المستقيم أو الطريق المستقيم هو الطريق أو الشارع الواقع في قلب المدينة القديمة لمدينة دمشق عاصمة الجمهورية العربية السورية، بناه الرومان طوله 1570 متر داخل السور يمتد من غرب المدينة القديمة إلى شرقها قاطعا إياها إلى قسمين وعرضه 26 متر.

الشارع المستقيم

قديما
بناه الرومان في القرن الأول قبل الميلاد وكان الشارع الرئيسي لمدينة دمشق القديمة والتي كان اسمها آنذاك داماسكس، وقد سمى الرومان الشارع باسم فيا ريكتا (باللاتينية:Via Recta) أي الطريق المستقيم أما العرب فسمّته بالشارع المستقيم، والشارع جاء بناءه بما يتناسب وأسلوب بناء المدن اليونانية والرومانية أي أسلوب البناء الشطرنجي الهلنستي والمقسم بالشوارع الصغيرة إلى أحياء صغيرة، بالإضافة إلى الشارعين الرئيسيين واللذان يُدعيان كاردوس (الشارع الشمالي الجنوبي) (باللاتينية:Cardus Maximus) وديكومانوس (الشارع الشرقي الغربي) (باللاتينية:Decumanus Maximus) ومهمتهما قسم المدينة وتسهيل حركة السكان بالاتجاهات الأربعة وصولا إلى أبواب المدينة.

مواصفاته
يمتد الشارع على طول 1570 متر من غرب المدينة القديمة إلى شرقها أي من باب الجابية إلى باب شرقي قاسمًا المدينة القديمة إلى قسمين قسم شمالي وآخر جنوبي، وعرض الشارع 26 متر كان مقسمًا لثلاثة أجزاء (عرضًا) الجزء الأوسط وهو أكبر الأجزاء يشكل تقريبا ثلثي عرض الشارع وكان مخصصا لمرور العربات والحيوانات وكان مكشوفًا، الجزءان الجانبيان أو الرواقان الجانبيان وهي أروقة جانبية مغطاة كان سقفها مرفوعًا على أعمدة تيجانها كورنثية الشكل، وكانت المحلات والحوانيت والأبنية المختلفة تمتد على طول هذا الشارع ويتفرع عن هذا الشارع شوارع صغيرة جانبية تقسم المدينة القديمة إلى رقع شطرنجية أبعادها تقريبًا (100X45) متر.

أما في نقطة التقاء الشارع المستقيم مع شارع الكاردوس الأول (الشارع الشمالي الجنوبي) المندثر حاليًا تحت المدينة القديمة يوجد قوس النصر الذي تم اكتشافه في عام 1947 م وتم رفعه إلى مستوى الشارع الحالي.

ذكر الشارع في الإنجيل
ذُكر الشارع المستقيم في الإنجيل وذلك في سفر أعمال الرسل الإصحاح التاسع الآيات من 10 إلى 11: «وَكَانَ فِي دِمَشْقَ تِلْمِيذٌ اسْمُهُ حَنَانِيَّا، فَقَالَ لَهُ الرَّبُّ فِي رُؤْيَا: «يَا حَنَانِيَّا!». فَقَالَ: «هأَنَذَا يَا رَبُّ». فَقَالَ لَهُ الرَّبُّ: «قُمْ وَاذْهَبْ إِلَى الزُّقَاقِ الَّذِي يُقَالُ لَهُ الْمُسْتَقِيمُ، وَاطْلُبْ فِي بَيْتِ يَهُوذَا رَجُلًا طَرْسُوسِيًّا اسْمُهُ شَاوُلُ. لأَنَّهُ هُوَذَا يُصَلِّي،».

حديثا
بسبب تقادم الزمن والزلازل والحرائق وحروب المغول والتتار فقد انخفض الشارع المستقيم الروماني القديم عن الشارع الظاهر حاليًا، إذ أن الشارع القديم يقبع الآن تحت الشارع الحالي بعمق 5 إلى 10 متر .

مواصفاته

الشارع الحديث مقسم اليوم إلى قسمين القسم الأول يعرف باسم شارع باب شرقي يمتد من قوس النصر وحتى باب شرقي أما القسم الثاني فيعرف باسم شارع سوق مدحت باشا وهو يمتد من باب الجابية وحتى قوس النصر الروماني، بعض أجزاءه مغطاة بسقف حديدي كما هو الحال في شارع سوق الحميدية.

تمت إعادة ترميم الشارع من أوله إلى آخره في العامين 2007 م - 2008 م حيث تمت إعادة رصف الشارع بالبازلت وكذلك الأرصفة المتعلقة به وأُعيدت إليه في بعض أَجزاءه الآثرية وبعضا من قطع الأعمدة القديمة والتيجان الكورنثية التي كانت تزين الشارع المستقيم قديمًا، كما تم ترميم وتجديد كافة العقارات والمباني المطلة على الشارع من الجانبين وتمت الاستعاضة عن أبواب الحوانيت والمحلات الحديدية بأبواب أخرى خشبية، كما تم تأمين بعض المساحات الخضراء وزراعتها ببعض نباتات الزينة وأُضيء الشارع بالأضواء المناسبة لتُظهر جماله أكثر وليغدو معلمًا جميلًا ومتميزًا من معالم المدينة القديمة.

معالمه
على امتداد الشارع تتوضع الأبنية المختلفة من بيوت ومنازل ومحلات وحوانيت صغيرة بالإضافة إلى العديد من المطاعم والمقاهي ودور العبادة سواء الكنائس والكاتدرائيات أو المساجد والجوامع وأيضا بعض المدارس وبعض الفنادق الصغيرة (موتيل)، كما وتتفرع عن الشارع شوارع جانبية كثيرة أهمها شارع الأمين وشارع سوق البزورية وشارع باب توما الأثري وينتهي الشارع من جهة الشرق بباب كبير هو باب شرقي.

معلومات أخرى
 يمكن رؤية أساسات الشارع المستقيم القديم ومستوى عمقه بالإضافة إلى أساسات وقواعد سور المدينة القديمة ذات الاحجار الضخمة عن طريق النزول إلى نفق المشاة الموجود بجانب باب شرقي حيث تم إظهار الأساسات وإضاءتها بالأضواء المناسبة ليتمكن المارة من رؤيتها ومشاهدة جزء من أساسات السور الأثري.

مصادر
 كتاب «سوريا نبع الحضارات - تاريخ وجغرافية أهم الآثار في سورية» تأليف فاطمة جودالله صفحـ470 ـة.

مراجع وهوامش

المسيحية في سوريا
شوارع في دمشق
معالم سوريا
مواقع أثرية

الشارع المستقيم


Payroll taxes are taxes imposed on employers or employees, and are usually calculated as a percentage of the salaries that employers pay their employees. By law, some payroll taxes are the responsibility of the employee and others fall on the employer, but almost all economists agree that the true economic incidence of a payroll tax is unaffected by this distinction, and falls largely or entirely on workers in the form of lower wages. Because payroll taxes fall exclusively on wages and not on returns to financial or physical investments, payroll taxes may contribute to underinvestment in human capital, such as higher education.

National payroll tax systems

Australia

The Australian federal government (ATO) requires withholding tax on employment income (payroll taxes of the first type), under a system known as pay-as-you-go (PAYG).

The individual states impose payroll taxes of the second type.

Austria
All Austrian residents are subjects to Austrian income tax. The tax base consists of their worldwide income, including: trade, business, profession, employment, investments and property. A person is considered a resident after a 6-month stay in Austria.

Non-residents are taxed only on income coming from Austrian source/activity.

The income tax is progressive, the percentage increases with amount of income in Euros.

Tax rates for personal income:

 <11,693: 0%
 11,694 - 19,134: 20%
 19,135 - 32,075: 30%
 32,076 - 62,080: 42%
 62,081 - 93,120: 48%
 93,121 - 1,000,000: 50%
 >1,000,000: 55%

There are no taxes imposed on inheritance, gifts or estate in Austria. Austria has no luxury tax.

Acquisition of a real estate is taxed according to the value of estate. The rates are following:

 <250,000: 0,5%
 250,001 - 400,000: 2,0%
 >400,000: 3,5%

Real estate tax
The real estate tax is paid annually. The rates vary for every municipality.

Social security contribution

Value-added tax
The value-added tax rate is 20% for every supply of goods provided to customers. For special goods listed below the rate is lower - either 13% or 10%. Products with a lower rate value-added tax are for example books, food or cultural events. There are exceptions for certain goods for which the rate is zero.

Value-added tax returns are filed monthly or quarterly by the 15th day of the following month.

Deductions
Employees are provided with a standard allowance of EUR 132 for any work related expenses. Receipts are required.

Expenses related to production or collection of income are usually considered as deductible. The expenses are for example training costs, work equipment and special work clothes, membership fees to certain organisations, etc.

There is a tax relief for homeworking. Employees may receive up to EUR 3 per day spent exclusively working from home and there is an upper limit of EUR 300 per year. If the amount paid by employer is lower than the maximum (EUR 300) then the employee has the right to include the difference as an income related expense.

Expenses for ergonomic office furniture are deductible and taken as income related expensive. This applies even for ergonomic office furniture purchased for home office, only if the employee works at least for 26 days per year at home. The limit is EUR 300 per year.

Special expenses: charitable contributions are deductible up to 10% of the current year's taxable income.

Family bonus plus: reduces the calculated tax, annually EUR 2000 per child up to 18 years old, living in Austria. Can be split between both parents - then they are entitled to 50%. For children between 19 - 24 up to EUR 650 per year.

Bermuda

In Bermuda, payroll tax accounts for over a third of the annual national budget, making it the primary source of government revenue.  The tax is paid by employers based on the total remuneration (salary and benefits) paid to all employees, at a standard rate of 14% (though, under certain circumstances, can be as low as 4.75%). Employers are allowed to deduct a small percentage of an employee's pay (around 4%).  Another tax, social insurance, is withheld by the employer.

Brazil

In Brazil, employers are required to withhold 11% of the employee's wages for Social Security and a certain percentage as Income Tax (according to the applicable tax bracket). The employer is required to contribute an additional 20% of the total payroll value to the Social Security system. Depending on the company's main activity, the employer must also contribute to federally funded insurance and educational programs.

There is also a required deposit of 8% of the employee's wages (not withheld from him) into a bank account that can be withdrawn only when the employee is fired, or under certain other extraordinary circumstances, such as serious illness (called a "Security Fund for Duration of Employment"). All these contributions amount to a total tax burden of almost 40% of the payroll for the employer and 15% of the employee's wages.

Canada

The Northwest Territories in Canada applies a payroll tax of 2% to all employees. It is an example of the second type of payroll tax, but unlike in other jurisdictions, it is paid directly by employees rather than employers. Unlike the first type of payroll tax as it is applied in Canada, though, there is no basic personal exemption below which employees are not required to pay the tax.

Ontario applies a health premium tax to all payrolls on a sliding scale up to $900 per year.

China

In China, the payroll tax is a specific tax that is paid to provinces and territories by employers, not by employees. The tax is deducted from the worker's pay. The Chinese Government itself requires only one tax to be withheld from paychecks: the PAYG (or pay-as-you-go) tax, which includes medicare levies and insurances.

Tax calculations and contributions differ from city to city in China, and each city's data will be updated yearly.

Taxable Income = Gross Salary – Social Benefits – ¥3,500 IIT = Taxable Income x Tax Rate – Quick Deduction Net Salary = Gross Salary – Social Benefits – IIT

Croatia

In Croatia, the payroll tax is composed of several items:
 national income tax on personal income (), which is applied incrementally with rates of 0% (personal exemption = 3800 HRK), 24% (3800-30000 HRK) and 36% (30000 HRK - )
 optional local surcharge on personal income (), which is applied by some cities and municipalities on the amount of national tax, currently up to 18% (in Zagreb)
 pension insurance (), universal 20%, for some people divided into two different funds, one of which is government-managed (15%) and the other is a personal pension fund (5%)
 health insurance (), universal 16.5%
 health insurance exemption exists for the population below 30 years of age as part of government policy to encourage youth employment.

Czech Republic

The income tax in the Czech Republic is progressive. The primary tax rate is 15% of gross income, but for an annual salary that is 48 times bigger than the average monthly salary (38.911 CZK in 2022, around 1.600 EUR), the rate is 23%. That applies only to the difference. The minimum wage to pay income tax is 27.840CZK in 2021 (approx. 1140EUR).

For people with trade certificates, the rate applies only to 40% of their revenue. The remaining 60% can be deducted as a standard expense. Freelancers also have to file an Income tax return every year.

Taxpayers can apply a few tax deductions, such as a deduction for a child (starting at approx. 600EUR annually in 2021), for being a student (approx. 160EUR in 2021), for a dependent spouse (approx. 1000EUR in 2021) and more.

Health and social insurance are mandatory and a part of a payroll tax. The health insurance rate is 13,5%. For employees with a salary higher than the minimum wage (16.200CZK in 2022, approximately 660EUR), 9% pay the employers, and only 4,5% pay the employees. Trade license workers pay it themselves. Categories that do not have to pay health and social insurance are, for example, students or people registered at the unemployment department. The social insurance rate is 31,5% for employees (6,5% paid by the employee and 25% by the employer) and 29,2% for freelancers.

The income tax makes up to half of the national income. The health and social insurance make another 30-40%.

France

In France, statutory payroll tax only covers employee and employer contributions to the social security system. Income tax deductions from the payroll are voluntary and may be requested by the employee, otherwise, employees are billed 2 mandatory income tax prepayments during the year directly by the tax authority (set at 1/3 of the prior year's final tax bill). Employee payroll tax is made up of assigned taxes for the three branches of the social security system and includes both basic and supplementary coverage. Different percentages apply depending on thresholds that are multiples of the social security earnings ceiling (in 2012 = 36,372 euro per year).

Contributions for salaries between the minimum wage and 1.6 times the minimum wage are eligible to relief (known as Fillon relief) of up to 28 percentage points of employer contributions, effectively halving employer non-wage costs.

Germany

German employers are obliged to withhold wage tax on a monthly basis. The wage tax withheld will be qualified as prepayment of the income tax of the employee in case the taxpayer files an annual income tax return. The actual tax rate depends on the personal income of the employee and the tax class the employee (and his/her partner) has chosen. The choice of tax class is only important for withholding tax, and therefore for immediately disposable income. The choice of tax class has no effect on tax refunds.

In addition to income tax withheld, employees and employers in Germany must pay contributions to finance social security benefits. The social security system consists of four insurances, for which the contribution will be (nearly) equally shared between employer and employee (old age insurance, unemployment insurance, health insurance and nursing care insurance). Contributions are payable only on wages up to the social security threshold:

In addition, there are some insurances which are covered by the employee only (accident insurance, insolvency insurance, contribution to the maternity allocation, contribution for sick pay allocation for small companies).
The following table shows employee and employer contributions by category for the year 2015.

Greece

An employer is obligated to deduct tax at source from an employee and to make additional contributions to social security as in many other EU member states. The employer's contribution amounts to 28.06% of the salary. The employee's contribution is 16%.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, salaries tax is capped at 15%. Depending on income, employers fall into different tax brackets.

Sweden

In 2018, the Swedish social security contribution paid by the employer is 31.42 percent, calculated on top of the employee's salary. The percentage is lower for old employees. The other type of Swedish payroll tax is the income tax withheld (PAYE), which consists of municipal, county, and, for higher income brackets, state tax. In most municipalities, the income tax comes to approximately 32 percent, with the two higher income brackets also paying a state tax of 20 or 25 percent respectively. The combination of the two types is a total marginal tax effect of 52 to 60 percent.

According to a 2019 study in the American Economic Review, a large employee payroll tax cut for young workers did not lead to increases in wages for young workers, but it did lead to an increase in employment, capital, sales, and profits of firms with many young workers.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, pay as you earn (PAYE) income tax and Employees' National Insurance contributions are examples of the first kind of payroll tax, while Employers' National Insurance contributions are an example of the second kind of payroll tax. There are currently (February 2022) five PAYE income tax bands in Scotland and four elsewhere; see  for details. Both income tax and National Insurance contributions are paid only on income above a lower threshold. In Scotland this threshold is progressively eliminated for the highest earners, beginning at £100,000 per year.

United States

In the United States, payroll taxes are also called employment taxes by the Internal Revenue Service.

In the United States, payroll taxes are assessed by the federal government, some of the 50 states and numerous cities. These taxes are imposed on employers and employees and on various compensation bases and are collected and paid to the taxing jurisdiction by the employers. Most jurisdictions imposing payroll taxes require reporting quarterly and annually in most cases, and electronic reporting is generally required for all but small employers.

Social Security and Medicare taxes

Federal social insurance taxes are imposed on employers and employees, ordinarily consisting of a tax of 12.4% of wages up to an annual wage maximum ($118,500 in wages, for a maximum contribution of $14,694 in 2016) for Social Security and a tax of 2.9% (half imposed on employer and half withheld from the employee's pay) of all wages for Medicare. The Social Security tax is divided into 6.2% that is visible to employees (the "employee contribution") and 6.2% that is visible only to employers (the "employer's contribution"). For the years 2011 and 2012, the employee's contribution had been temporarily reduced to 4.2%, while the employer's portion remained at 6.2%, but Congress allowed the rate to return to 6.2% for the individual in 2013. To the extent an employee's portion of the 6.2% tax exceeded the maximum by reason of multiple employers, the employee is entitled to a refundable tax credit upon filing an income tax return for the year.

Income tax withholding

Federal, state, and local withholding taxes are required in those jurisdictions imposing an income tax. Employers having contact with the jurisdiction must withhold the tax from wages paid to their employees in those jurisdictions. Computation of the amount of tax to withhold is performed by the employer based on representations by the employee regarding their tax status on IRS Form W-4.

Amounts of income tax so withheld must be paid to the taxing jurisdiction, and are available as refundable tax credits to the employees. Income taxes withheld from payroll are not final taxes, merely prepayments. Employees must still file income tax returns and self assess tax, claiming amounts withheld as payments.

Unemployment taxes

Employers are subject to unemployment taxes by the federal and all state governments. The tax is a percentage of taxable wages with a cap. The tax rate and cap vary by jurisdiction and by employer's industry and experience rating. For 2009, the typical maximum tax per employee was under $1,000. Some states also impose unemployment, disability insurance, or similar taxes on employees.

Reporting and payment
Employers must report payroll taxes to the appropriate taxing jurisdiction in the manner each jurisdiction provides. Quarterly reporting of aggregate income tax withholding and Social Security taxes is required in most jurisdictions. Employers must file reports of aggregate unemployment tax quarterly and annually with each applicable state, and annually at the Federal level.

Each employer is required to provide each employee an annual report on IRS Form W-2 of wages paid and Federal, state and local taxes withheld. A copy must be sent to the IRS, and some state governments also require a copy. These are due by January 31 and February 28 (March 31 if filed electronically), respectively, following the calendar year in which wages are paid. The Form W-2 constitutes proof of payment of tax for the employee.

Employers are required to pay payroll taxes to the taxing jurisdiction under varying rules, in many cases within one banking day. Payment of Federal and many state payroll taxes is required to be made by electronic funds transfer if certain dollar thresholds are met, or by deposit with a bank for the benefit of the taxing jurisdiction.

Penalties
Failure to timely and properly pay federal payroll taxes results in an automatic penalty of 2% to 10%. This is called the Trust Fund Recovery Penalty. Similar state and local penalties apply.  Failure to properly file monthly or quarterly returns may result in additional penalties. Failure to file Forms W-2 results in an automatic penalty of up to $50 per form not timely filed. State and local penalties vary by jurisdiction.

A particularly severe penalty applies where federal income tax withholding and Social Security taxes are not paid to the IRS. The penalty of up to 100% of the amount not paid can be assessed against the employer entity as well as any person (such as a corporate officer) having control or custody of the funds from which payment should have been made.

See also
 List of countries by tax rates

References

External links
Payroll tax in China
Payroll tax (Chinese Tax Office)
US Payroll Tax Tables
US Payroll Tax Tables by ZIP Code
IRS publication 15 - detailed information on federal payroll tax in the U.S.
Trust Fund Recovery Penalty irs.gov

Wages and salaries
Withholding taxes
Taxation-related lists
Payroll

Payroll tax


Saint Carthage de Lismore, ou Carthage le Jeune (en latin : Carthagus),  également appelé Carthach,  ou Mochuda, ou Cuda (mort en 637 ou 638) est un religieux irlandais des  et  s, tour à tour moine, prêtre, ermite, abbé et évêque. Il est connu pour avoir fondé l' (en irlandais : Les Mór ), dans le comté de Waterford. Sa Vie est décrite dans plusieurs recensions irlandaises et latines, qui semblent dériver d'un original latin écrit au  ou au .

Biographie
Originaire du comté de Kerry, né vers 555, Carthage de Lismore est l'un des saints irlandais les plus réputés et charismatiques du début du .

D'abord garçon de ferme et porcher, tandis qu'il s'occupe des bêtes, il est séduit par le chant d'un homme religieux  qui passent accompagné par quelques autres. Il s'agit de saint Carthage l'Ancien qui, comme à son habitude, chante des psaumes quand il se déplace avec des frères. Le jeune homme décide alors de le rencontrer et c'est ainsi qu'il devient moine au monastère voisin faisant de son homonyme son père spirituel, qui le forme, et le fait devenir prêtre.

Puis vers vingt-cinq ans, il se fait ermite à proximité de  y créant un ermitage qui attire de plus en plus de disciples et de pèlerins. Il invite de nombreuses femmes attirées par son physique et son aura à transformer leur attirance en fiancées du Christ, leur construisant des cellules pour la prière.

Sur ce, il décide d'aller rencontrer des homologues et il commence par l'Irlande du Nord, foyer de ses origines, séjournant au monastère réputé de Bangor dirigé par saint Comgall où il reste un an. Il poursuit ses visites auprès d'autres dans divers lieux, et vers 590, sur le conseil de saint , il rejoint le monastère de  fondé au  sur le territoire des Uí Néill.

Bien lui en a pris puisqu'il est devenu son abbé durant une quarantaine d'années en le réorganisant. Il composa une règle pour ses nombreux moines (jusqu'à plus de 800), un poème métrique de 580 lignes, divisé en neuf sections distinctes, un document de référence littéraire et religieux notable de la première Église irlandaise.

Rahan est devenu de plus en plus célèbre en tant qu'école ecclésiastique, avec douze noms se détachant appelés "les douze disciples de Mochuda". Parallèlement à ses fonctions d'abbé, Carthage est également élu évêque de  (en irlandais : Fir ceala, signifiant hommes des Églises).

Après une longue période de prospérité et de calme, Carthage se voit chassé de Rahan avec sa compagnie de moines vers l'an 631 par le roi Blathmac. Les causes semblent être la jalousie d'une certaine partie du clergé, ou la  sur la date correcte de sa célébration qui se poursuivait depuis le .

Après plusieurs mois de pérégrination, un terrain lui est offert en 632 à Lismore où il établit un nouveau monastère. Il y règne à nouveau comme abbé durant quelques années avant de ressentir le poids de l'âge. C'est alors qu'il choisit de se retirer dans une retraite à quelques kilomètres. Au bout d'un an et demi, sentant ses forces s'affaiblir, il demande à être transporté pour se rapprocher de sa dernière fondation, mais sur le chemin il rend son âme à Dieu près d'une fontaine où une croix sera dressée dite de la migration (crux migrationis). Son successeur est saint Catalde de Tarente.

Lismore s'est développé au point de devenir un siècle après la mort de saint Carthage l'une des grandes écoles monastiques d'Irlande, attirant nombre de novices et d'étudiants, et même de l'étranger. Un diocèse s'est également établi portant son nom.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

  Vie de saint Carthage de Lismore (1741), d'après des manuscrits de la bibliothèque de la Royal Irish Academy, CatholicSaints.Info
  Étapes de la vie de saint Carthage de Lismore, CatholicIreland.net
  Diocèse de Lismore et liste des évêques, GCatholic

Décès en 637
Diocèse catholique en Irlande
Carthage de Lismore
Carthage de Lismore
Carthage de Lismore
Carthage de Lismore
Carthage de Lismore
Carthage de Lismore
Christianisme en Irlande
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom
Saint catholique fêté le 14 mai

Carthage de Lismore


රංගනය
විජය කුමාරණතුංග - විජය
සනත් ගුණතිලක - නාථ
ජීවන් කුමාරතුංග - ඉන්ස්පෙක්ටර් මහේෂ්
සබීතා පෙරේරා - වසන්‍ති
මර්වින් ජයතුංග - මර්වින්
විල්සන් රුණාරත්න - විල්සන්
මැණික් කුරුකුලසූරිය
මානෙල් චන්ද්‍රලතා - මානෙල්
ෆ්‍රෙඩී සිල්වා - පොටැටෝ
ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර
කපිල සිගේරා
ගාමිණී කුමාර්
ලාල් කුමාර්
මහේෂ් ජයසිංහ
ආනන්ද බස්නායක
ලක්මාල් ෆොන්සේකා
ශ්‍රීනාත් මල්දෙනිය
ඇලන් බාලසූරිය
දයානන්ද විද්‍යාලංකාර
පී. නිහාල් ප්‍රනාන්දු
කාන්චනා වික්‍රමසේකර
හරින්ද්‍ර සංඛ පීරිස්
රචිත් වරාපිටගේ
රිෂිනි වීරරත්න
ප්‍රීතිරාජ් වීරරත්න
ෆීලික්ස් ඇන්ටන්

සංගීතය
ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය – ආචාර්ය අජන්තා රණසිංහ, හේමසිරි හල්පිට, එච්. එස්. පෙරේරා
සීගිරි ලාලිත ළඳුනේ – විජය කුමාරණතුංග, ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක
පාට සරුංගල් වාගෙයි – විජය කුමාරණතුංග, ෆ්‍රෙඩී සිල්වා
දේවාති දේවා - ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද, ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක සහ පිරිස
මැද සාලේ බන්දන්නේ – විජය කුමාරණතුංග, ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක, ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද
අලිපාටයි කොමලී - ෆ්‍රෙඩී සිල්වා, ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක

නිෂ්පාදනය
සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - ධනේෂ් ලංකා පීරිස්
අංග රචනය - බෙනට් ජයතුංග
කැමරා ක්‍රියාකරවීම – ජී. නන්දසේන
කාර්මික ශිල්පීන් – ලලිත් තෝමස්, ඒ. ඩී. ප්‍රේමදාස, ප්‍රෑන්ක්ලින් රූප්, එම්. අනුර, ඒ. ඩී. නයාර්, එම්. රියාස්
කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ලයනල් සිල්වා
සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර
නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - රොනල්ඩ් ප්‍රනාන්දු
නාමාවලිය හා ප්‍රචාරක කටයුතු - සරත් යටවර
ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය – ආනන්ද බස්නායක - ඩ්‍රෙස් සෙන්ස් - කොල්ලුපිටිය
කැමරා උපකරණ සැපයීම - සමරසිංහ චිත්‍රපට, වාසනා චිත්‍රපට
කොණ්ඩා මෝස්තර – ලලිත් ධර්මවර්ධන, ළසාදා ජයවර්ධන
ගීත පටිගත කිරීම – මර්වින් බෙන්ස්
අතිරේක ශබ්ද - ප්‍රේමසිරි පෙරේරා
දෙබස් පටිගත කිරීම හා ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය – නිමල් වික්‍රමරත්න
ශබ්ද සහාය – මහේන්ද්‍ර මිලන්, මහින්ද සිරිසමන්තිලක, එච්. එම්. ලියනගේ

නොම්මර 17


A studio apartment, or studio condo also known as a studio flat (UK), self-contained apartment (Nigeria), efficiency apartment, bed-sitter (Kenya), or bachelor apartment, is a small dwelling in which the normal functions of a number of rooms – often the living room, bedroom, and kitchen – are combined into a single room.

Some studio apartments still include a private washroom, which may or may not include a bath or shower. Otherwise, washrooms and bathing facilities are often part of a common area accessible by the residents of multiple units, with various arrangements to ensure privacy. Some studio apartments also offer extra storage space which may or may not be attached to the main unit.

For their occupants, studio apartments offer the advantage of being considerably cheaper to rent or buy compared to multi-room dwellings, the resident only having to give up living space as opposed to the level of privacy that is the case when living as a roommate. Studio apartments have historically been offered mainly for rent, however in recent years the units have been increasingly sold as condominiums in response to rising housing costs making larger dwellings unaffordable to many would-be home buyers.

Design

The studio apartment is an apartment with a single room. They are also known as single-room dwelling places or studio flats. A studio apartment typically consists of one large room that serves as the combined living, dining, and bedroom. A variation, sometimes called an "alcove studio", may have a very small separate area; this wing or nook is off the main area, and can be used for dining or sleeping. The apartment's kitchen facilities may be located either in the central room or in a small separate area. The bathroom is usually in its own smaller room, while the toilet can be separated.

Studio apartment sizes vary considerably by country.

A studio apartment differs from a bedsitter in the United Kingdom or single room occupancy (SRO) unit in the United States, in that an SRO does not usually contain a kitchen or bathroom. Bathroom facilities are shared with multiple units on the hall.

Global variations
 Argentina In Argentina, a studio apartment is called "monoambiente" (in Spanish, "mono-" is a prefix for one, and "ambiente" means room).

 Austria In Austria, a studio apartment is traditionally called Garçonnière (derived from French garçon, meaning boy, young man, or bachelor) (commonly spelled Garconniere); the term "Einzimmerwohnung" (literally one-room apartment) is also widely used. Garconnieres are usually between 20 and 40 square meters (215 - 430 ft²), and consist of a combined bathroom and toilet, the main room with a kitchenette, and a small antechamber ("Vorzimmer") connecting the two and leading to the corridor and stairwell outside the apartment. Garconnieres in large tenements were the typical homes of workers, and often their families, during and after the "Gründerzeit" ("founders' period"), the time of industrialization in the 19th century in Austria in Germany. Many pre-WWII Garconnieres even today don't provide bathroom facilities of their own but facilities that are shared by all residents on the floor, whereas more modern Garconnieres are fully equipped.
 Brazil In Brazil, a studio apartment is called "quitinete" (from kitchenette) or "quarto-e-sala" (literally, bedroom and [living] room). It is basically composed of one room, one bathroom, and a kitchen, which is often in the same space as the room. Lately, newly built quitinetes are starting to be called "studios", for the modern appeal English as a foreign language has.

 Canada In Canada, a bachelor apartment, or simply "bachelor," is the common term in Canadian English for any single room dwelling unit which is not a shared accommodation. A shared room, or particularly small bachelor, is sometimes referred to as a "bachelorette." Residents of the province of Quebec (most in French) widely use the term "studio" or "one and a half".
 Czech Republic In the Czech Republic, garsoniéra, often referred to as garsonka, (from French "garçon", meaning boy, young man, bachelor) is a one room apartment with separate bathroom and WC, abbreviated as 1+0, sometimes it is 1 room with separate bathroom and WC and kitchenette, abbreviated 1+KK.
Denmark In Denmark, they refer to a studio apartment as a "one room apartment" (1 værelses lejlighed). A studio apartment is not to be confused with a study apartment in Danish, which is accommodations that you are only allowed to rent if you are a student. These are often very cheap but in a rather good condition, close to a higher education facility and very small. Rarely larger than 40 square meters.
 Finland In Finland, a studio apartment is called yksiö (from the word yksi meaning "one"), and are advertised as one-room apartments (a one-bedroom apartment is referred to as "two rooms"). The building of such apartments is a growing trend throughout Finland; 55% of new homes in the city of Turku are studio apartments with total areas of under 37 square metres. Between 1970 and 2020, the percentage of one-person households in Finland has almost tripled, from 15.7% to 45.3%.

 Germany In Germany, studio apartments are called Einzimmerwohnungen ("Ein" means one, "Zimmer" means room, and "Wohnung" means apartment).
 Hong Kong In Hong Kong, studio apartment is a mini apartment around  in addition of bathroom and kitchen can cost up to 20 thousand USD. The size of the living area could be just around a car park size.
 India In India, studio apartments in general are called one room kitchen (1RK) apartment featuring a hallway with a bedroom with a bathroom and attached kitchenette to the hall mostly used by one or two people or a small family ranging from  .
 Italy In Italy, Italians call them "monolocale", meaning "one room". There is only one room with a kitchenette, and a separate bathroom.
 Jamaica In Jamaica, studio apartments are commonly referred to as quads, and are a common feature in Eastern Kingston. They generally consist of one main room, acting as the living room, dining room and bedroom. The kitchen exists within the same room, with partitioning wall. The bathroom is in a smaller room, by itself. These studio apartments generally come with adequate yard space and washing facilities (on the outdoors). They have a bed, a stove and a TV too.
 Japan Japan has an even smaller variation of the studio apartment known as the one room mansion.
 Kenya In Kenya, they are commonly known as a bed-sitter. Rent varies from KSh.5,000 – 10,000/=, the equivalent of US$48.61 – 97.22. They are common places for young people to live when they start working.
 New Zealand In New Zealand, studio apartments are known as studio rooms, and they frequently feature a bedroom with study area and an en-suite bathroom. Spaces such as kitchen, lounge and dining area are communal between other people staying in that apartment.
 Nigeria In Nigeria, Studio apartments are known as "room self-contain apartments". These apartments typically have a single room, which serves as the living room and bedroom, a kitchen, a bathroom and a toilet (which is often merged with the bathroom). This form of housing is quite different from Face to Face housing, which are normally built facing each other, and with shared toilet(s), bathroom(s) and kitchen space.
 North Macedonia In North Macedonia, garsonjera (Гарсоњера) derived from the French "garçonnière". Normally a one room plus separate bathroom, sometimes with a very small, separate kitchen.
 Norway In Norway, studio apartments in are called "1-romsleilighet", "one-room-apartment" in English, because they count both the living room and the bedrooms. Hence an apartment with one bedroom is called a "two-room-apartment" (2-romsleilighet).
 Portugal In Portugal, studio apartments are designated T0 (T-Zero). This designation follows the Portuguese house classification system, where apartments are classified by their typology as Tx, with the "x" representing the number of independent bedrooms. In the case of the T0, the "0" means that the apartment has no independent bedrooms.
 Poland In Poland, studio apartments are called "kawalerka" (from the word "kawaler" – a bachelor).
 Romania In Romania, studio apartment is known as "garsonieră", a word derived from the French "garçonnière". They are usually one room plus a separate bathroom, often with a small, separate kitchen.
 Russia In the building codes and regulations and standards of the Russian Federation, the concept of "studio apartment" is not defined, therefore it is not possible to give an exact definition of this concept. In colloquial Russian, there is a word "studiya", which means apartments with a combined bedroom and kitchen area. Russian studio apartments are represented in different segments of real estate. In economy class, these are flats of small square footage. But studio apartments also exist on a large area, and even in elite flats. In the secondary housing market, there are studios obtained by redevelopment of apartments such as Khrushchyovka and Brezhnevkas, in which the partitions between the living room and the small kitchen and hallway are removed.
 Singapore In Singapore, studio apartments, in the context of Singapore's public housing, are flats that are specifically built by the Housing and Development Board to cater to the growing senior citizen population. One must be at least 55 years old to purchase these studio apartments. Since August 2015, the scheme was replaced by 2-room Flexi flats, which gives seniors the flexibility to select a lease period that suits them best.
 SlovakiaIn Slovakia, studio apartments are called garsoniéra, often referred to as garzónka or sometimes garzónka, a word from French "garçon", meaning boy. This type of studio apartment is usually a one room apartment where living room and kitchenette is combined into one room. Bathroom and toilet are usually separated. If the kitchen is separated by a wall or doors, it's called 1+1. Studio apartments in Slovakia can usually be found in Slovak housing estates (sídlisko), but they might also be in other places.
 South Korea In South Korea, studio apartments are called officetels or one rooms.
 Sweden In Sweden, studio apartments are called an etta, "a one". Usually between 20–40 m².

 United Kingdom In the United Kingdom (British), a studio flat is usually a single room with cooking facilities which has its own bathroom attached. Traditionally, if a dwelling has a shared bathroom, it is known as a bedsit. This distinction is encountered less frequently, as are bedsits themselves (especially in large cities) due to the consequences of the Housing Act 1989 discouraging landlords from offering this once widespread type of accommodation.
 United States In the United States, the average size is 500 to 600 sq ft (46–56 square meters). In general in the US, the term "studio apartment" denotes a slightly larger apartment, typically with a separate kitchen, dining area, bathroom, and often an alcove and/or walk-in closet(s), whereas "efficiency apartment" indicates a one-room apartment with a kitchenette built into one of the walls, but typically still with a private bathroom (as opposed to one shared with other tenants, which would be an SRO). A variation common in New York City is the "L-shaped" or "alcove" studio, in which the central room branches off into a small alcove that can be used for sleeping or dining.

See also

Bachelor pad
The L-Shaped Room (novel)

References

Apartment types

Studio apartment


Clara Schroth () a fost o gimnastă artistică americană, medaliată cu bronz olimpic în 1948, în competiția pe echipe.

Carieră
La Jocurile Olimpice de la Londra 1948 câștigă medalia de bronz în competiția pe echipe, americancele situându-se pe podium în spatele cehoslovacelor și a maghiarelor. A fost într-o echipă cu Marian Barone, Consetta Lenz, Dorothy Dalton, Meta Elste, Helen Schifano, Ladislava Bakanic și Anita Simonis.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1920
Decese în 2014
Gimnaști în gimnastica artistică
Sportive americane
Nașteri pe 5 octombrie
Decese pe 7 iunie
Sportivi din statul Pennsylvania
Gimnaști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1948
Gimnaști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1952

Clara Schroth


Haruo Arima var en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

 Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Haruo Arima


Støttrup har flere betydninger:

 Støttrup (Hvilsom Sogn) – en bebyggelse i Viborg Kommune
 Støttrup (Farsø Sogn) – en bebyggelse i Vesthimmerlands Kommune
 Støttrup (gravhøj) – en rundhøj i Hvilsom Sogn
 Morten Jensen Støttrup – en dansk pietist

Se også
 Spøttrup (flertydig)

Støttrup


Paradas, İspanya'nın güneybatı köşesinde bulunan özerk bölge Endülüs'ün, Sevil eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2002 yılındaki sayıma göre nüfusu, 7,034'dür.

Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yerleşim yerleri

Paradas, Sevil


الألف الخنجرِية أو الألف المحذوفة ( ـٰ ) شكلة عربية تفيد إثبات نطق الألف الممدودة مع الحلول محلها، كما في كلمة . الألف الخنجرية تفيد الاستمرار وعدم الانقطاع، وكذلك تفيد التجانس بين طرفين أو أكثر (أي ان هذه الاطراف ذات نفس المكنون). أما عند استبدالها بالألف الاعتيادية فإن ذلك يعني عكس ما ورد أعلاه .

مثال: الآية ﴿يَا صَاحِبَيِ السِّجْنِ أَأَرْبَابٌ مُّتَفَرِّقُونَ خَيْرٌ أَمِ اللَّهُ الْوَاحِدُ الْقَهَّارُ﴾، الرسم القرآني مهم جدا، لإننا في هذه الآية لا نجد الألف الاعتيادية مرتين، الأولى في كلمة (صحبي) فلو وجدت الألف المحذوفة لكان المعنى أن صاحبيه ليسا مسلمين، و عندما حُذفت وجاءت الألف الخنجرية دلَّ ذلك على أن الصاحبين كانا على دين يوسف، و الثانية، كلمة (الوحد) حيث تعني أن وحدانية الله مستمرة بلا انقطاع.

مثال آخر: الآية ﴿وَاعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ وَلَا تُشْرِكُوا بِهِ شَيْئًا ۖ وَبِالْوَلِدَيْنِ إِحْسَنًا وَبِذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْيَتَمَىٰ وَالْمَسَكِينِ وَالْجَارِ ذِي الْقُرْبَىٰ وَالْجَارِ الْجُنُبِ وَالصَّاحِبِ بِالْجَنبِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ وَمَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَنُكُمْ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ مَن كَانَ مُخْتَالًا فَخُورًا﴾، في هذه الآية نجد الألف الخنجرية في خمس مواضع هي (بالولدين، إحسنا، اليتمى، المسكين، أيمنكم) و كلها تعني الاستمرارية وأن الأمر يغطي جميع الوالدين، وإحسانا غير منقطع، وجميع اليتامى، وجميع المساكين، وكل ما ملكت أيمانكم) ... و لكننا نجد الألف الاعتيادية في كلمة (الصاحب بالجنب) وهنا أفاد وجود هذه الألف الاعتيادية بأن هذا الصاحب ليس على ديننا فلو كان على ديننا لكُتبت الكلمة بالألف الخنجرية التي تفيد الاستمرارية والتجانس ,, فهنا يأمرنا الله تعالى بالإحسان للصاحب بالجنب حتى لو كان على دين آخر أو على معتقد مغاير لنا ..

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 منفصل حكمي

شكلات عربية
مصطلحات عربية

ألف خنجرية


Tetsuhiro Kina (født 10. december 1976) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Nagoya Grampus Eight og FC Tokyo.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tetsuhiro Kina


Invasionen af Danmark i 1700 var en del af indledningen til den store nordiske krig. Den skete om aftenen den 25. juli 1700, hvor omkring 2.500 svenske soldater gik i land ved Humlebæk syd for Helsingør. Senere blev der landsat yderligere svenske soldater, mens danskerne trak sig tilbage til København. Grundet dårlig vejr kom resten af den svenske hær først to uger senere med cirka 10.000 mænd. Derefter begyndte svenskerne, ledet af Karl XII af Sverige, at marchere mod København. Truslen mod København tvang den danske konge Fredrik IV til at bøje af. Den 8. august 1700 blev freden i Traventhal sluttet med hertug Frederik IV af Holsten-Gottorp, hvor han forpligtede sig til at opgive forbundet med Sveriges fjender.

Baggrund

Baggrunden til invasionen og den store nordiske krig havde hovedsagelig sin årsag i, at Sverige under flere tiår havde udvidet sit rige på bekostning af nabolandene. Fredrik IV af Danmark, August II af Polen og Peter den Store af Rusland havde indgået i en alliance for at angribe Sverige i den hensigt at tilbagevinde det, som Sverige havde erobret. Sommeren 1699 besluttede ledelsen i Sverige at forstærke de tropper, som fandtes i Wismar og Bremen-Verden samt at hjælpe hertugen af Holsten-Gottorp med at genopbygge de fæstninger, som danskerne tidligere havde ødelagt.

Angrebet
Den 20. marts, kort tid efter nyheden om Sachsens angreb mod Livland, fik Sverige informartion om, at Danmark havde angrebet Slesvig og Holsten. Danmark havde indsat omkring 20.000 mand mod Holsten. Kun cirka 5.000 mand var forlagt til forsvaret af området og danskerne kunne erobre næsten hele Holsten. De fæstninger, som hertugen havde fået bygget op, blev ødelagte igen. De svenske og holstenske tropper, ledet af Johan Gabriel Banér, trak sig ned til fæstningen i Tønning i Nordfrisland. Danskerne kom hurtigt i gang med belejringen, men den blev ophævet i maj ved, at der kom svenske tropper fra de svenske provinser i nordlige Tyskland samt fra Lüneburg.

Det svenske inddelingsværk blev sammenkaldt. Karl XII forlod Stockholm natten mellem den 13. april og den 14. april for at rejse til Karlskrona og påskynde flådens oprustning. Flåden kunne dog ført i juni forlade Karlskrona. Selv engelske og nederlandske skibe sluttede sig til den svenske flåde for at bidrag til at ændre magtforholdene i Norden.

I Skåne blev der samlet henved 16.000 mand for at angribe Danmark og ved grænsen mod Norge blev der opsamlet omkring 10.000 mand. Fra Karlskrona gik flåden mod Øresund. Men den svenske generaladmiral Hans Wachtmeister fik problemer, da de skulle sejle ind i det sydlige Øresund. Den danske flåde havde blokeret den vestlige indfart ved Drogden. Den eneste vej var gennem den østlige ved Flinterenden, som han vurderede for grundt for de store skibe. Karl XII gav ordre om, at han alligevel skulle forsøge. Den 3. juli sejlede flåden gennem Flinterenden. Fem skibe gik på grund, men kunne blive trukket fri igen. Flåden blev forenet med de engelske og nederlandske ved øen Ven. Derefter kunne de bombardere den danske flåde, som trak sig til København.

I stedet for at undsætte Holsten besluttede den svenske, engelske og nederlandske krigsledelse at gøre landgang på Sjælland ved Humlebæk syd for Helsingør. Ved sekstiden om aftenen den 25. juli blev der landsat henved 2.500 svenske soldater som mødte svag modstand fra cirka 700 danske soldater. Danskerne formåede dog at stoppe angrebet efter en kort strid. Senere samme dag blev der sat yderligere tropper i land, hvorefter den svenske hær i Danmark udgjorde henved 4.900 mand. Danskerne valgte at trække sig tilbage til København. Resten af den svenske hær kunne ikke landsættes før efter to uger grundet dårlig vejr. Med omtrent 10.000 mand begyndte Karl XII at marchere mod København.

Freden
Danmarks kong Fredrik IV var, efter at have fået kendskab til landgangen af Karl XII og den svenske hær, begyndt at forhandle om fred med Holsten og Lüneburg. Den 8. august 1700 blev en fredsaftale i Traventhal indgået. Både Englands, Nederlandenes og Lüneburgs respektive flåder vendte hjem. Karl XIIs plan om at ødelægge den danske flåde var da umulig eftersom den danske var langt kraftigere end den svenske. Svenskerne begyndte i stedet at fragte sine tropper tilbage over Øresund. Danmark formåede på denne måde at undgå et totalt nederlag.

Noter

Litteratur
 Bjerg, Hans Christian og Frantzen, Ole L. (2005): Danmark i krig,
 Liljegren, Bengt (2000): Karl XII: En biografi. Lund: Historiska media
 Laidre, Margus (1996): Segern vid Narva. Stockholm: Bokförlaget Natur och Kultur
 Sundberg, Ulf (1998): Svenska krig 1521-1814,

Danmark i 1700-tallet
Sverige i 1700-tallet
Begivenheder i 1700

Krigen i 1700


Plast, de son nom complet Organisation scoute nationale Plast d'Ukraine (en ) est la plus grande organisation scoute d'Ukraine.

Liens externes

Organisme fondé en 1911
Scoutisme par pays
Association ou organisme ayant son siège en Ukraine

Plast (organisation)


Marina Ovsyannikova (; née Tkachuk) é uma produtora de TV russa que trabalhou no canal de TV Channel One Russia.

Vida e carreira
Seus pais são russos e ucranianos. Ovsyannikova formou-se na Universidade Estatal de Kuban e mais tarde na Academia Presidencial Russa de Economia Nacional e Administração Pública. Ela trabalhou para a All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. Em 2002, ela deu uma entrevista ao site de notícias Yuga.ru.

Protesto contra a guerra
Em 14 de março de 2022, durante um noticiário noturno relacionado à invasão russa da Ucrânia, ela apareceu atrás da âncora de notícias, Ekaterina Andreeva, carregando um cartaz dizendo "(em inglês) No war. (Em russo) Pare a guerra. Não acredite na propaganda. Aqui eles estão mentindo para você. (em inglês) Russians against war". A transmissão foi interrompida e Ovsyannikova foi detido pela polícia. A gravação não ficou disponível para download, o que é incomum para este canal de TV. Ela também postou um vídeo pré-gravado no Telegram dizendo que estava "envergonhada de trabalhar para a propaganda do Kremlin":

"O que está acontecendo na Ucrânia é um crime. A Rússia é um país agressor e a responsabilidade por essa agressão recai sobre a consciência de apenas uma pessoa. Essa pessoa é Vladimir Putin. Meu pai é ucraniano, minha mãe é russa e eles nunca foram inimigos. Este colar que estou usando é um símbolo desse fato de que a Rússia deve acabar imediatamente com essa guerra fratricida. E nossos povos irmãos ainda poderão trazer a paz. Infelizmente, passei os últimos anos trabalhando para o Piervy Kanal, fazendo propaganda do Kremlin, e tenho muita vergonha disso. Vergonha por ter permitido que mentiras fossem transmitidas de telas de TV. Vergonha por permitir que outros zumbissem russos. Ficamos em silêncio em 2014 quando tudo isso começou. Não protestamos quando o Kremlin envenenou Navalny. Nós apenas observamos silenciosamente esse regime desumano em ação. E agora o mundo inteiro virou as costas para nós. E as próximas 10 gerações não vão lavar a mancha desta guerra fratricida. Nós, russos, somos pessoas pensantes e inteligentes. Está em nosso poder parar toda essa loucura. Vá protestar. Não tenha medo de nada. Eles não podem trancar todos nós."

Ovsyannikova foi detida pela polícia russa logo em seguida, sendo levada a estação da polícia de Ostankino. Seu advogado não conseguiu contatá-la ou mesmo localizá-la por mais de 12 horas. Na manhã seguinte à transmissão, seu paradeiro ainda era desconhecido. É relatado que Ovsyannikova pode enfrentar até 15 anos de prisão sob a "lei de desinformação russa" sobre a invasão da Ucrânia.<

Nascidos em 1978
Russos de ascendência ucraniana
Pacifistas da Rússia
Produtoras de televisão
Jornalistas da Rússia

Marina Ovsyannikova


සටහන්: මෙම ලිපිය,  වසර 40 වෙතින් ඇරඹුනු දශකය පිළිබඳ වෙයි.  සමහරවිට,  1940ගණන්, 1840ගණන්, හෝ බොහෝ සියවස්හී අනෙකුත් එවැනි දශක සඳහා කෙටිනමක් ලෙසින්,  '40ගණන් යන්න භාවිතා වෙයි – දශක ලැයිස්තුව බලන්න. ඇමරිකානු ස්වභාෂාවෙහි, '40ගණන්' යන්නෙන් සමහරවිට අදහස්වන්නේ,  මෝල්ට් මධ්‍යසාරයෙහි  අවුන්ස සතලිසෙහි බෝතල විය හැක

40ගණන්


الجمعية الأمريكية للأطباء النفسيين  هي المنظمة المختصة الرئيسية لـ(الأطباء النفسيين) والمتدربين في الطب النفسي في الولايات المتحدة وهي الأشهر عالمياً. يبلغ عدد أعضائها 38,000 عضو من أنحاء العالم لكن معظمهم أمريكيون.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 دليل تشخيصي إحصائي للاضطرابات النفسية
 تصنيف الاضطرابات العقلية
 طب نفسي مقوم للجزيئات

وصلات خارجية

 الجمعية الأمريكية للأطباء النفسيين
 The American Psychological Association
 MindFreedom International

طب نفسي
منظمات أسست في 1844
منظمات علم النفس

الجمعية الأمريكية للأطباء النفسيين


الإسكوريال  هو متحف هام يقع على بعد حوالي 45 كم (28 ميل) شمال غرب العاصمة الإسبانية مدريد. يعود فضل بناء الإسكوريال إلى فيليب الثاني ملك إسبانيا، وتعدّ من أهم منجزاته الحضارية. وقد أستوحى بناء الإسكوريال من هيكل سليمان.

تتألف مجموعة مباني الإسكوريال من القصر الملكي، والدير، والكنيسة، والمعهد الديني، والمتحف، وعدد من الأبنية الصغيرة وتعدّ من أهم الصروح الملكية في أوروبا لضخامتها ومحتوياتها الفنية ومكتبتها الشهيرة. وتشتهر بمقتنياتها من العديد من الكتب والمخطوطات القديمة وأعمال علمية وأدبية لعلماء عرب في القرون الوسطى إضافة إلى زخارف الفنان تيباليدي وهي صور تمثل الفنون السبعة الحرة.

أصل التسمية
اشتق الاسم من اللفظ الإسباني إسكورياس  (مخلفات المعدن المصهور-Scoria) الدال على الحديد لوجود المتحف في موقع أقدم مناجم الحديد في إسبانيا.

مكتبة الإسكوريال

تشتهر مكتبة الإسكوريال بما تحويه من كتب ومخطوطات قديمة وأعمال علمية وأدبية لعلماء عرب في القرون الوسطى، وزخارف الفنان تيباليدي وهي زخارف على قبة المكتبة عبارة عن صور تمثل الفنون السبعة الحرة. وظهر أول كاتب إسباني حاول أن يقدم عرضاً متكاملاً لتاريخ المسلمين في الأندلس وهو خوسيه كوندي صاحب كتاب (تاريخ الحكم العربي لإسبانيا) وهو كتاب له فضل الريادة، إذ هو أول مؤلف أوروبي يقدم عرضاً متكاملاً لتاريخ الأندلس الإسلامية، يعتمد فيه صاحبه علي مصادر أصيلة مما أطلع عليه من مخطوطات مكتبة الإسكوريال، ومن أشهر تلك المخطوطات الخزانة الزيدانية.

موقع تراث عالمي
أعلن الإسكوريال موقع تراث عالمي من قبل اليونسكو في 2 تشرين الثاني / نوفمبر 1984، ومن غاية الجذب السياحي الشعبي، كثيراً ما يزوره يومياً المتنزهون من مدريد.

مراجع

انظر أيضاً
 متحف البرادو
 وادي الشهداء
 الخزانة الزيدانية
 ميخائيل الغزيري
 مواقع التراث العالمي في إسبانيا
 موقع أتابويركا التاريخي

أديرة بندكتية في إسبانيا
تأسيسات سنة 1584 في إسبانيا
حدائق في إسبانيا
حدائق في منطقة مدريد
عمارة عصر النهضة في إسبانيا
قصور في منطقة مدريد
كنائس في منطقة مدريد
مبان ومنشآت في منطقة مدريد
متاحف فنية ومعارض في منطقة مدريد
متاحف في بيوت تاريخية في إسبانيا
متاحف في منطقة مدريد
مساكن ملكية في إسبانيا
مكتبات في إسبانيا
منازل اكتملت في 1584
مواقع التراث العالمي في إسبانيا
مواقع جذب سياحي في منطقة مدريد
مواقع دفن بيت هابسبورغ
مواقع دفن في بيت بوربون (إسبانيا)

الإسكوريال


Günter Tinnefeld (* 28. Juli 1957) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler, der von 1978 bis 1986 in der 2. Fußball-Bundesliga für die SG Wattenscheid 09 274 Spiele absolvierte und dabei sieben Tore erzielte. Damit liegt Tinnefeld in der Wattenscheider Einsatzliste für die 2. Liga auf Platz drei hinter Gerhard Drews (314) und Peter Kunkel (310).

Karriere
Günter Tinnefeld kam 1978 vom Dinslakener Vorortverein VfB Lohberg an die Wattenscheider Lohrheide und eroberte sich unter Trainer Hubert Schieth sogleich einen Stammplatz. In seiner ersten Zweitligasaison 1978/79 bestritt "Tinne" 35 Spiele und gehörte damit neben Torhüter Manfred Behrendt, Peter Wloka, Detlev Kudella und Michael Jakobs zum festen Kern der 09er-Mannschaft. 1979/80 gelang ihm mit Wattenscheid mit Tabellenrang fünf die bislang beste Platzierung und ein Jahr darauf schaffte man die Qualifikation für die neue eingleisige 2. Bundesliga. Auch unter Neu-Trainer Fahrudin Jusufi hatte Günter Tinnefeld einen Stammplatz im Mittelfeld sicher, wo er als lauffreudiger Malocher wie eine Klette an den gegnerischen Spielmachern hing. Für den Verein aus der Lohrheide war er noch bis zur Saison 1985/86 aktiv, zum Abschied landete er mit seinem Klub auf dem neunten Platz.

Nach Beendigung seiner Spielerkarriere wurde Günter Tinnefeld zunächst Co-Trainer der SG Wattenscheid 09. Nach einem Engagement beim SV Rotthausen übernahm er 1993 den Verbandsligisten SuS 09 Dinslaken und führte ihn 1994 in die Oberliga Nordrhein. 2001 stieg er mit Hamborn 07 ebenfalls in die Oberliga auf.

Weblinks

 Spielerarchiv der SG Wattenscheid 09

Fußballspieler (SG Wattenscheid 09)
Fußballtrainer (Hamborn 07)
Deutscher
Geboren 1957
Mann

Günter Tinnefeld


Georges Goursat (* 22. November 1863 in Périgueux; † 26. November 1934 in Paris) war ein französischer Karikaturist. Er signierte seine Zeichnungen, mit denen er zum Gesellschaftschronisten der Belle Epoque wurde, mit dem Pseudonym "Sem". Die Karikaturen erschienen in "Alben", Mappen mit großformatigen Lithografien, mit Auflagen von nur einigen hundert Exemplaren, weswegen seine Werke heute kaum mehr greifbar sind.

Jugend

Georges Goursat war das dritte von neun Kindern und der älteste Sohn von André Goursat (1830–1884) und seiner Frau Louise Saint Martin (1836–1906). Der Vater war Großhändler für Kolonialwaren, die Mutter brachte ein beträchtliches Vermögen mit in die Ehe. Mehr als für die damalige Zeit üblich scheint sich der Vater an der Kindererziehung beteiligt zu haben.

Die Jahre von 1876 bis 1880 verbrachte Georges auf einem Internat der Jesuiten in Sarlat, woran er sich später gerne erinnerte. Dann holte ihn sein Vater nach Périgueux zurück, um die Schulbildung auf dem dortigen Lycée zu beenden. 1883 übertrug André Goursat, wohl weil er Herzprobleme hatte, sein Geschäft an den ältesten Sohn sowie einen Kompagnon. Er starb am 14. Februar 1884. Georges Goursat interessierte sich nie fürs Geschäft, das er bald gegen eine Leibrente komplett dem Partner überließ. Bis er von seinen eigenen Werken leben konnte, musste er deswegen nie unter Geldsorgen leiden.

In Périgueux richtete er sich ein kleines Atelier ein, nahm bei einem Lehrer Zeichenunterricht und blieb zunächst bei seiner Mutter wohnen. Erste Karikaturen veröffentlichte er in kleinen Zeitschriften seiner Heimatstadt sowie in einem Album mit "Charakteren". Zunächst kopierte er den damals üblichen Karikaturen-Stil der portraits-charges, in denen ein grotesk großer Kopf auf einem kleinen Körper sitzt. Diesen Stil gab er jedoch schnell auf und in seinen reifen Karikaturen fallen die Köpfe im Verhältnis zum Körper eher klein aus. Ein weiterer Zeichenstil, den er ausprobierte, waren wie Scherenschnitte wirkende "Silhouetten". Die Karikaturen signierte er schon häufig mit dem Pseudonym "Sem", das er aus Bewunderung für "Cham" gewählt hatte, aber viele Jahre lang auch noch mit den Initialen "G. G." oder seinem vollen Namen.

Lehrjahre in der Provinz
1889 zog Sem in das Zentrum der Region nach Bordeaux, wo er Karikaturist der beiden Zeitungen La Petite Gironde und La Gironde wurde. Bereits im Januar 1890 brachte er auch ein erstes Album mit Lithografien heraus, die typische Gestalten aus dem Leben der Stadt zeigten. Sein Stil wurde ökonomischer. Bereits dieses erste Album wurde zu einem lokalen Ereignis und war schnell ausverkauft. In seiner Zeit in Bordeaux fertigte Sem noch zwei weitere Alben an, in denen wichtige Persönlichkeiten der Stadt immer größeren Raum einnahmen. Außerdem stammen große Teile der ab 1895 jährlich zu Weihnachten erscheinenden Zeitschrift Tourny-Noël von ihm. Von Bordeaux aus scheint er mehrfach nach London gefahren zu sein und möglicherweise datiert seine Bekanntschaft mit dem Prinzen von Wales aus dieser Zeit, doch ist aus seinem Privatleben kaum etwas bekannt.

Die Gründe für Sems Umzug nach Marseille, wo er die Jahre von 1898 bis 1900 verbrachte, sind ebenfalls unbekannt. In einer Zeit, in der zahlreiche Maler in den Midi kamen, um die Landschaft zu malen, blieb er bei seinen Themen: bekannte Persönlichkeiten der Stadt, die er bei Pferderennen, im Theater und in Salons beobachtete. Sein Atelier befand sich in der obersten Etage der Präfektur. In der kurzen Zeit veröffentlichte er zwei Alben und eine Weihnachtszeitschrift mit insgesamt über 100 Porträts. Manchmal jagte er sein Opfer wie später die Paparazzi. Sems Arbeitsweise war aufwändig, denn er fertigte unzählige Skizzen einer Figur an, bis er ihre Haltung und Gesichtszüge auswendig zeichnen konnte. Die endgültige Karikatur war dann die Quintessenz ihrer Persönlichkeit. Sem hatte seinen endgültigen Stil gefunden.

Einer der Karikierten fühlte sich derartig beleidigt, dass er Sem zum Duell forderte, welches Sem annahm und gewann. Möglicherweise war dieses Duell der Anlass, Marseille im März 1900 zu verlassen; ein weiterer Grund war das Drängen des Schriftstellers und Journalisten Jean Lorrain, der auf Sems Talent aufmerksam geworden war, nach Paris zu kommen.

Sem erobert Paris

Im März 1900, kurz bevor die Weltausstellung öffnete, ging Sem nach Paris. Die führenden Karikaturisten der Stadt waren zu dieser Zeit Jean-Louis Forain und Abel Faivre, die sich ihre Themen jedoch in der Politik suchten. Sem verbrachte seine Zeit auf Pferderennen und veröffentlichte bereits nach drei Monaten das Album Le Turf. Praktisch die gesamte gehobene Gesellschaft – Tout-Paris –, soweit sie sich auf Rennbahnen herumtrieb, fand sich hier karikiert. Sem hatte den Druck selbst finanziert und das Album selbst in die Buchhandlungen gebracht, wo es zum Preis von 1 Louis (20 Francs) verkauft wurde. Le Turf war sofort ein Erfolg und wurde enthusiastisch in der Presse gefeiert; sein Name war seitdem stadtbekannt. Wer noch nicht von Sem karikiert worden war, konnte sich nicht wirklich zu Tout-Paris zählen. In den folgenden 14 Jahren bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg brachte er regelmäßig pro Jahr ein Album heraus.

Sem verstand sich nie als politischer Karikaturist oder auch nur als Kommentator des Tagesgeschehens. Staatsoberhäupter tauchen in seinen Zeichnungen auf, soweit sie Tout-Paris angehörten, wie Ferdinand von Bulgarien oder Edward VII. von Großbritannien. Zu diesem Milieu gehörten Geschäftsleute wie Alphonse de Rothschild oder André Citroën, Schauspieler, Schriftsteller und die großen Kokotten. Ihre Bühne war der Bois de Boulogne, die Oper und das Restaurant Maxim's. Daneben existierten weitere Zirkel wie die Faubourgs Saint-Germain und Saint-Honoré sowie verschiedene literarische Salons, die Sem unzugänglich blieben.

Gesellschaftschronist der Belle Epoque

Neben seinen Alben erschienen Sems Karikaturen im Journal, mit dessen Eigentümer Henri Letellier er befreundet war. Gelegentlich veröffentlichte er hier auch Texte in Form so genannter "Chroniken". Sem war ein langsamer Arbeiter, der die Redaktion häufig warten ließ. Seine Karikaturen von Köpfen aus Theater, Sport oder Politik erschienen jedoch auf der ersten Seite und galten als verkaufsfördernd. Daneben erschienen seine Zeichnungen und auch Texte in Le Gaulois und im Figaro. Die Haupteinnahmequelle blieben jedoch seine Alben sowie das Zeichnen von Werbung. Die Einnahmen waren so gut, dass er sich einen aufwändigen Lebensstil leisten konnte. Seine Kleidung besorgte er sich in London, wo er sogar seine Hemden bügeln ließ.

1904 wurde Sem in die Ehrenlegion aufgenommen, eine Ehrung, die nur selten an Künstler vergeben wurde und nach nur vier Jahren Aufenthalt in der Hauptstadt absolut ungewöhnlich war (1923 wurde er zum Offizier der Ehrenlegion befördert). 1909 veranstaltete er zusammen mit dem Zeichner Auguste Roubille eine Ausstellung über die Grande Semaine, das heißt über das Défilé eleganter Kutschen, Pferde und erster Automobile im Bois de Boulogne anlässlich der Pferderennen. Roubille zeichnete dazu in Form eines Dioramas die Pferde, Sem die dargestellten Personen.

Mit seinen Karikaturen wurde Sem auch zu einem einflussreichen Modekritiker. Die Damenmode seiner Zeit, die Frauen in so umständliche Gewänder kleidete, dass sie zur Bewegung auf die Hilfe ihrer Begleiter angewiesen waren, geißelte er als "Museum der Irrtümer". 1913 brachte er das Album Le Vrai et le Faux Chic mit kurzen Texten und Illustrationen heraus. Sem war auch ein enthusiastischer Verehrer der einfachen, von unabhängigen Frauen tragbaren Mode, die Coco Chanel in den Kriegsjahren populär machte.

Stilwandel im Ersten Weltkrieg

Mit dem Ersten Weltkrieg stellte Sem seine Kunst in den Dienst des Vaterlandes. Obwohl er bereits über 50 Jahre alt war, wagte er sich als Kriegsberichterstatter für den Journal – im Gegensatz zu vielen Kollegen – bis in die Schützengräben vor. Eine Flut von Leserbriefen bezeugt, dass seine Artikel von den Frontsoldaten als besonders wahrhaftig empfunden wurden. Zehn von ihnen sind 1917 in dem Buch Un pékin sur le front zusammengefasst worden, weitere Artikel finden sich in La Ronde de Nuit von 1923. Sein Stil war vom zeittypischen Deutschenhass geprägt, Deutsche bezeichnete er nie als allemands, sondern immer nur als boches. Seine Zeichnungen aus dem Krieg, die er in zwei Croquis-de-guerre-Alben veröffentlichte, waren in verschiedenen Grautönen gehalten. Auch in ihnen stellte Sem nur dar, was er selbst gesehen hatte. Allerdings zeichnete er auch pompöse Plakate, die für Kriegsanleihen werben sollten.

Nach dem Krieg fesselte ihn in den années folles (Goldene Zwanziger) besonders der Jazz und die Modetänze Shimmy und Charleston, die aus den USA nach Frankreich gelangt waren. Sem hat nie geheiratet. Hatte er in seinen Anfangsjahren fast nur Männer karikiert, so dominierten jetzt in seinen Karikaturen starke Frauenfiguren. Besonders verehrte er die Schriftstellerin Colette, die Modemacherin Coco Chanel und die Tänzerin Léonora Hughes. Zu seinen engsten Freunden zählten die Maler Paul Helleu und Giovanni Boldini und seine Kollegen beim Journal Jean-Louis Forain und Abel Faivre.

1933 erlitt Sem einen Herzanfall, wahrscheinlich einen Herzinfarkt. Er erholte sich, starb aber plötzlich am 26. November 1934 in Paris in seinem Lesesessel mit einem Buch in der Hand.

Nachlass

Die Werke Sems werden vom Musée Carnavalet und vom Cabinet des Estampes in Paris, vom Musée du Périgord in Périgueux und vom Musée Paul Dupuy in Toulouse aufbewahrt. Im Schloss Monbazillac ist ein Saal "Sem" gewidmet. Die Association Sem kümmert sich um sein Andenken.

Sem ist vor allem durch seine 30 Alben bekannt. Es handelt sich um je 15 bis 45 Blätter in großem Format, etwa 30 × 60 cm. Die Auflage betrug einige hundert Stück, bestimmte Alben sind auch nachgedruckt worden. Keines der Alben ist datiert. Die vorbereitenden Skizzen zu seinen Karikaturen hat Sem systematisch vernichtet. Sem hat außerdem viel für die Werbung gearbeitet, sei es für Music-Halls, Kriegsanleihen oder Füllfederhalter.

Literatur

Literatur von Sem
Einige seiner journalistischen Arbeiten hat Sem in zwei Büchern zusammengefasst:

 Un pékin sur le front. Pierre Lafitte, 1917 (mit 150 Zeichnungen des Autors).
 La Ronde de Nuit. Arthème Fayard et Cie, 1923 (mit 120 Zeichnungen des Autors).
 Bei La Cathédrale de Reims. Plon, 1926, handelt es sich um den Nachdruck eines Kapitels aus La Ronde de Nuit in einer bibliophilen Ausgabe.
Gelegentlich, wenn auch selten, hat Sem außerdem die Bücher von Freunden illustriert.

Literatur über Sem
 Madeleine Bonnelle und Marie-José Meneret: Sem. Pierre Fanlac, Périgueux 1979, ISBN 2-86577-144-X.

Weblinks

Dem Andenken Sems gewidmete Webseite (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Karikaturist (Frankreich)
Person (Paris)
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Offizier)
Franzose
Geboren 1863
Gestorben 1934
Mann

Georges Goursat


الفرقاطة الفرنسية-الإيطالية متعددة المهام فريم أو FREMM Class Frigate, ترمز FREMM إلى عبارة الفرقاطة الأوروبية متعددة المهام (بالفرنسية: Frégate Européenne Multi-Mission) (بالإيطالية: Fregata Europea Multi-Missione), هي مشروع مشترك بين فرنسا وإيطاليا. وهي من الجيل الجديد من الفرقاطة أهم ما يميز هذه الفرقاطة أنها تتمتع باستقلالية كبيرة في قطع المسافات تجعلها من الفرقاطات التي تصل إلي ما يسمي عسكريا المياه الزرقاء، وفي الوقت نفسه قدرتها الفائقة علي حمل صواريخ ذات فعالية عالية جدا مثل صواريح استر لدفاع الجوي وصواريخ ايكزوسيت الفرنسية ذات مدى كبير وهي صواريخ شهيرة استعملت في تدمير سفينة حربية بريطانية من طرف الأرجنتين في حرب المالوين إلى جانب طربيدات لحرب الغواصات.

نظرة عامة
الفريم فرقاطة متعددة مهام شبحية التصميم من إنتاج مجموعة DCNS Direction des Constructions Navales الفرنسية للصناعات البحرية. كما تشارك مجموعة Fincantieri الايطالية لبناء السفن في تصنيع هذه الفرقاطة لصالح البحرية الايطالية. ظهرت الفرقاطة لأول مرة عام 2007 ودخلت الخدمة الرسمية لدى البحرية الفرنسية عام 2012 ولدى البحرية الايطالية عام 2013. الفرقاطة توجد منها 3 فئات منها نسخة مكافحة الغواصات ونسخة الدفاع الجوي ونسخة الاغراض العامة الخاصة بالبحرية الايطالية.

التجهيز الإلكتروني
 منظومة SENIT لإدارة المعارك Combat Management System المسؤول عن إدارة كافة انظمة الرصد والقتال في السفينة للتعامل مع كافة الاهداف والتهديدات والرد عليها في وقت قياسي.
 نظام المعلومات SIC 21 للقيادة والتحكم Command & Control Information System
 الرادار الفرنسي Héraklès البالغ مداه 250 كم ولكن بحلول عام 2018 سيدخل الرادار Thales Sea Fire 500 الخدمة الرسمية ويبلغ مداه 400 كم (شبيه للرادار الأمريكي AN/SPY-1 العامل لدى البحرية الأمريكية) ذات نطاق الكشف الدائري البالغ 360 درجة وتقنية مصفوفة المسح الإلكتروني الإيجابي النشط AESA Active Electronically Scanned Array والذي يتيح قدرة اطلاق صواريخ استر-30 بكامل مداها الفعّال البالغ 100 كم حيث ان الرادار الحالي لا يمكنه اطلاقها بكامل مداها بخلاف أنه يُطلق صواريخ استر-15 البالغ مداها 30 كم.
 رادارين TERMA SCANTER 2001 للملاحة البحرية
 منظومة SAGEM -VIGY للمراقبة والتهديف والتحكم في الاسلحة كهروبصريا Electro-Optical Fire Control System في مختلف الظروف.
 منظومة ARTEMIS للرصد والتتبع الحراري بالاشعة تحت الحمراء IRST Infrared Search & Track.
 نظام الإنذار المبكر ALTESSE -C المسؤول عن اعتراض الاتصالات COMINT Communication Intelligence وتحديد موقعها واتجاهها وخطورتها.
 نظام الإنذار المبكر VAGILE المسؤول عن اعتراض اشارات الرادار ELINT Electronic Intelligence وتحديد موقعها واتجاهها وخطورتها.
 سونار Thales UMS 4110 CL مثبّت في هيكل السفينة يعمل بنمط سلبي وايجابي للكشف بعيد المدى في مختلف الظروف حتى السيئة.
 سونار CAPTAS 4 / UMS 4249 مجرور يعمل بنمط سلبي وايجابي يتم انزاله لكشف الغواصات حتى الاعماق الكبيرة وذات السرعات البطيئة والبصمة الشبحية.
 منظومة Sagem NGDS شديدة التطور للدفاع الذاتي ضد مختلف التهديدات سواء الطوربيدات أو الصواريخ المضادة للسفن حيث تطلق التدابير الواقية والوسائل الخداعية المضللة للصواريخ والطوربيدات حيث تطلق الشراك الخداعية المُضللة للرادار RF Decoy والأشعة تحت الحمراء IR Decoy والليزر Laser Decoy بخلاف الشراك الصوتية المُضللة والمُغرية للطوربيدات Active Seduction, Confusion, Delusion or Distraction.
 نظام NETTUNO 4100 للتشويش الإلكتروني النشط ضد مختلف الرادارات ووسائل التوجيه للصواريخ.

التجهيز القتالي
 مدفع OTO Melara 76 Rapid Fire إيطالي عيار 76 مم يبلغ مداه 20 كم وتبلغ كثافته النيرانية 120 طلقة / دقيقة ويطلق قذائف DART الذكية الموجهة فائقة السرعة المضادة للاهداف الجوية حيث تبلغ سرعة اطلاقها 1200 متر / ثانية ويمكنها الوصول إلى مسافة 5 كم في خلال 5 ثواني فقط ويمكنها التصدي لأهداف جوية شديدة الانخفاض يصل ارتفاعها إلى 2 متر فقط فوق سطح البحر بخلاف قذائف Vulcano الذكية الموجهة بمنظومة GPS مع منظومة توجيه بالاشعة تحت الحمراء أو الليزر للمرحلة النهائية قبل اصابة الهدف وبلغ مداها 40 كم (القذيفة قيد التطوير للعمل على المدفع).
 منظومة الإطلاق الرأسي VLS Vertical Launching System من النوع A43 تمتلك 16 خلية لاطلاق صواريخ Aster-15 للدفاع الجوي يبلغ مداها 30 كم وتصل إلى ارتفاع 13 كم ويحتوي على باحث راداري نشط مع رأس حربي ذات نمط قتل الهدف بالتصادم المباشر Hit-to-Kill ويمتلك فوهات الدفع الموجه TVC Thrust Vectoring Control لزيادة القدرة على المناورة ويمنكه اسقاط كافة الاهداف الجوية شاملة المقاتلات والطائرات بدون طيار والصواريخ الجوالة والذخائر الذكية والصواريخ المضادة للرادار حتى الاهداف الشبحية.
 منظومة الإطلاق الرأسي من النوع A70 تمتلك 16 خلية لاطلاق صواريخ Naval SCALP النسخة البحرية من الصاروخ الجوال المُطلق جوا SCALP EG ويبلغ مداها 1000 كم (خاصة بالبحرية الفرنسية فقط ولكن طبقا لعدة مصادر فإن هذه الصواريخ تدخل في تسليح النسخة المصرية وغير معروف هل تم تعديل مداها أو كيف تم التحايل على اتفاقة MTCR التي تمنع تصدير صواريخ مداها أكبر من 300 كم وننتظر مزيدا من المعلومات بهذا الخصوص) ويمتلك هذا الصاروخ قدرة هائلة على اختراق التحصينات تصل إلى 10 متر في الخرسانة و45 متر في التراب والصخور.
 نسخة الدفاع الجوي FREMM FREDA ستُستبدل فيها منظومة A70 الخاصة بصواريخ Naval SCALP بمنظونة A50 ذات الـ16 خلية لاطلاق صواريخ Aster-30 للدفاع الجوي بعيد المدى يبلغ مداها 100 كلم وتصل إلى ارتفاع 20 كلم ليصبح المجموع 32 خلية اطلاق لصواريخ الدفاع الجوي (بإضافة الـ16 خلية الخاصة بمنظومة A43 المذكورة اعلاه).
 8 صواريخ اكسوسيت الفرنسية الجوالة مضادة للسفن من الجيل الثالث MM-40 Exocet Block III مع قدرة الهجوم ضد الاهداف البرية الساحلية ويبلغ مداها 180 كلم.
 مدفعين Nexter Narwhal عيار 20 ملم يعملان بالتحكم عن بعد للقتال ضد الاهداف الجوية والبحرية المقتربة.
 قاذفين للطوربيدات مزودين بعدد 19 طوربيد مضاد للغواصات من النسخة إم يو 90 إمباكت MU-90 يبلغ مداه 23 كلم ويصل إلى عمق 1000 متر.
 رشاشين ثقيلين عيار 12.7 ملم.
 مروحية NH-90 فرنسية مضادة للغواصات.

النسخ

نسخة الدفاع الجوي
نسخة الدفاع الجوي تحمل اسم " فريم فريدا FREMM FREDA " حيث تشير " FREDA " إلى العبارة " فرقاطة الدفاع الجوي Fregates de Défense Aériennes وتعرف أيضا باسم المدى الموسَع ER Extended Range حيث تمتلك صواريخ دفاع جوي طويلة المدى.

البحرية الفرنسية
طلبت البحرية الفرنسية 8 فرقاطات لأغراض مكافحة الغواصات (6 فرقاطات) والدفاع الجوي (فرقاطتين) وقد استلمت 3 قطع حتى الآن اولها الفرقاطة «أكيتين Aquitaine» ودخلت الخدمة الرسمية في 23 نوفمبر 2012 والثانية الفرقاطة «نورماندي Normandie» وكانت قيد التجارب البحرية استعدادا لدخولها الخدمة الرسمية ولكن تعاقدت عليها البحرية المصرية وجارى تعديلها وتجهيزها طبقا للمواصفات المصرية وأما الثالثة الفرقاطة «بروفونس Provence» وهي قيد التجارب البحرية وستدخل الخدمة الرسمية في 2015 والرابعة والخامسة قيد البناء الآن. كان طموح البحرية الفرنسية يصل العدد إلى 17 فرقاطة ثم مالبث ان انخفض العدد إلى 11 فرقاطة ولكن انخفض العدد مرة أخرى إلى 8 فرقاطات بسبب الازمة الاقتصادية والتكاليف المتزايدة على الميزانية الدفاعية.

انظر أيضاً
أوتوبريدا 127/64

مراجع

سفن شبحية
طرازات الفرقاطات
طرازات سفن البحرية الفرنسية
فرقاطات البحرية الإيطالية
فرقاطات البحرية الفرنسية
فرقاطات البحرية المصرية
فرقاطات القوات البحرية الملكية المغربية

فرقاطة فريم


An Habenaria concinna in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Habenaria concinna in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Assam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Habenaria

Habenaria concinna


Jorge Semprun (10 Aralık 1923, Madrid - 7 Haziran 2011), İspanyol militan ve yazardır.

Semprun kitaplarını hem Castila dilinde hem de Fransızca dilinde yazmaktadır. 1939'da Paris'te sürgün yaşamına başladıktan sonra Fransız Komünist Partisi üyesi oldu, direniş hareketinde yer aldı. Ülkesine döndükten sonra İspanyol Komünist Partisi'nde militan oldu, ancak 1964'te partiden çıkarıldı.

Semprun'un kitapları ağırlıklı olarak kendi ideolojik bağlanmışlık ve militanlık dönemlerini anlatır. Felsefi ve politik iç hesaplaşmalarının bilançoları onun romanlarında sergilenir. Bu bakımdan Semprun'ün romanları biyografik nitelikte olmalarının yanı sıra önemli politik/teorik tartışmaları da içerir. Çağdaş edebiyatın en önemli isimleri arasında sayılır. Kitaplarının belirgin özelliği hızlı tempolu, gerilimli olmalarının yanı sıra, devrimci kimliğin felsefi, özellikle etik sorgulanmasını da içeriyor olmasıdır. Beyaz perdeye de aktarılmış olan Neçayev Dönüyor adlı kitabında bu özelliklerin hepsini en yetkin şekilde sergiler. Bir kısmı tanınmış olan birçok filmin senaryosunu da yazmıştır.

Senaryoları
 Z, 1968, Costa Gavras.
 İtiraf, 1969, Costa Gavraz

Kitapları
 Le Grand Voyage, 1963
 Montand:La vie continue,
 La Deuxiéme Mort de Ramón Mercader, 1969
 Autobiographie de Frederico Sánchez, 1978
 l´Algarabie, 1981
 Netchaiev est de retour,1985

Türkçedeki kitapları
 Büyük Yolculuk, çeviren:Nedim Gürsel, Can Yayınları, 1985
 Neçayev Dönüyor, çeviren:Mustafa Balel, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 1988
 Yves Montand ve Hayat devam Ediyor, çeviren:İlkay Kurdak, Afa yayınları, 1989
 "Beyaz Dağ", çeviren:Ela Güntekin, Can Yayınları
 Hesaplaşma, çeviren:Mustafa Balel, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2016

Dış bağlantılar
 Semprun ve Filmografi
 Can yayınlarının yazar için hazırladığı sayfa

20. yüzyıl İspanyol yazarları
21. yüzyıl İspanyol yazarları
20. yüzyıl İspanyol siyasetçileri
21. yüzyıl İspanyol siyasetçileri
1923 doğumlular
Edgar Ödülü sahipleri
2011 yılında ölenler
Madrid doğumlular
İspanya kültür bakanları

Jorge Semprún


"Y.M.C.A." is a song by American disco group Village People. It was released in October 1978 as the only single from their third studio album, Cruisin' (1978). The song was written by Jacques Morali (also the record's producer) and singer Victor Willis. A medley with "Hot Cop" reached No. 2 on Billboard Dance Music/Club Play Singles chart, while the song reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in early 1979, placing behind both "Le Freak" by Chic and "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" by Rod Stewart. Outside the US, "Y.M.C.A." reached No. 1 in the UK around the same time, becoming the group's biggest hit. It has sold 12 million copies worldwide.

The song remains popular and is played at many sporting events in the US and Europe, with crowds joining in on the dance in which arm movements are used to spell out the four letters of the song's title. In September 2000 "Y.M.C.A." was used as the Space Shuttle wake-up call on day 11 of STS-106. In 2009, "Y.M.C.A." set a Guinness World Record when over 44,000 people danced to Village People's live performance of the song at the 2008 Sun Bowl game in El Paso, Texas.

"Y.M.C.A." is No. 7 on VH1's list of The 100 Greatest Dance Songs of the 20th Century. In 2020, "Y.M.C.A" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In its official press release, the Library noted that "back in its heyday, 'Y.M.C.A.' was a hit around the world, going to No. 1 on the charts in over 15 countries, and its ongoing popularity is evidence that, despite the naysayers, disco has never truly died."

History
In the US, the YMCA began building single room occupancy (SRO) facilities in the 1880s to house people from rural areas who moved into cities to look for work. By the 1970s, the typical YMCA tenants were more likely to be homeless people and youth facing life issues, rather than people migrating from rural areas.

Victor Willis, lead singer and lyricist, recalls that while in the studio, producer Jacques Morali asked him, "What exactly is the YMCA?" After Willis explained it to him, he saw the expression on Morali's face and said, "Don't tell me, Jacques, you want to write a song about it?" and they quickly wrote the track for the album Cruisin'.  Upon the song's release, YMCA threatened to sue the band over trademark infringement. The organization ultimately settled with the composers out of court and later expressed pride regarding the song saluting the organization.

In 2015, Willis won a legal case against Can't Stop Productions, successfully claiming that he and Morali had written this and other Village People songs together, without any involvement from executive producer Henri Belolo, who was credited on the song's original release.  The production company claimed that Belolo had written French lyrics that were then adapted by Willis, but this claim was rejected by the court which ruled that Belolo's name as co-writer should be removed.

Composition and background

Lyrical content
Taken at face value, the song's lyrics extol the virtues of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). However, in the gay culture from which the image and music of the Village People came, the song was implicitly understood as celebrating YMCA's reputation as a popular cruising and hookup spot, particularly for the younger men to whom it was addressed. The initial goal of Village People producers Morali and Belolo was to attract disco's gay audience by featuring popular gay fantasy in their music. Although co-creator Morali was gay and the group was initially intended to target gay men, the group became more popular and more mainstream over time.

Conversely, Willis had said that he wrote the song in Vancouver, British Columbia and, through his publicist, that he did not write "Y.M.C.A." as a gay anthem, but rather as a reflection of the fun activities that young urban black youth experienced at YMCA, such as basketball and swimming. However, Willis has often acknowledged his fondness for double entendre.

In an article for Gothamist, writer Abbey White states the atmosphere of YMCA was "more complicated than the lyrics portray, with gay culture and working-class workouts coexisting in a single communal space", creating "a mix of white-collar and blue-collar residents, along with retired seniors and veterans", with about half of the residents being gay. While the song gives the impression that YMCA SROs in the 1970s had a party atmosphere, Paul Groth states that YMCA SRO units actually had "more supervision of your social life — a kind of management as to how you behaved...[than] in a commercial rooming house, which mostly wanted to make sure the rooms were rented", without monitoring who you brought to your room.

Song structure
The song, played in the key of G♭ major, begins with 8 bars of a Db suspended chord over a bare disco drum beat. This is followed by a brass riff, backed by the constant pulse that typified disco. Many different instruments are used throughout for an overall orchestral feel, another disco convention, but it is brass that stands out.

As with other Village People hits, the lead vocals are handled by Willis and the background vocals are supplied by Willis and professional background singers. The distinctive vocal line features the repeated "Young man!" ecphonesis, followed by Willis singing the verse lines. The background vocals join in throughout the song.

Willis' version of the song is used in the Village People film Can't Stop the Music, though by that time Ray Simpson had replaced him as the policeman.

Reception
Billboard stated that "Y.M.C.A." is "another example of [the Village People's] droll humor, playing off its gayness with hard hat themes."  Billboard also called "Y.M.C.A." (and its B-side, "The Women") one of the best cuts on the Cruisin album.  Cash Box said that "Y.M.C.A." has "layered horn work and strings and a bright, soaring chorus" and that "Willis' lead vocals are commanding."  Record World said that it "has the same foot-stomping bass line and tongue-in-cheek lyrics" as previous Village People hit "Macho Man" and that "the vocals are strong and the production thunderous."

Although the song did not reach No. 1 in the United States, it became a No. 1 hit throughout the world and has remained popular at parties, sporting events, weddings and functions ever since.

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Y.M.C.A." was filmed in New York City in July 1978. The video features the band singing the song and dancing all over the city. The location shown the most is the original site of YMCA, McBurney, 213 West 23rd Street. Other filming locations included 395 West Street, the West Side Piers and Hudson River Park. It ends with the camera zooming in on the Empire State Building.

Origin of dance and hand movement

YMCA is also the name of a group dance with cheerleader Y-M-C-A choreography invented to fit the song. One of the phases involves moving arms to form the letters Y-M-C-A as they are sung in the chorus:

Y  arms outstretched and raised upwards
M  made by bending the elbows from the 'Y' pose so the fingertips meet in front of the chest
C  arms extended to the left
A  hands held together above head

The dance originated on Dick Clark's American Bandstand. The group performed the song during the January 6, 1979, episode. Clark then said to Willis that he would like to show him something, playing the song again with the audience doing YMCA hand gestures. Willis immediately picked up on the dance and mimicked the hand movements back at the audience as other Village People members stared at him with puzzled looks. Clark then turned to Willis and said, "Victor, think you can work this dance into your routine?"  Willis responded, "I think we're gonna have to." In a 2008 retrospective article for Spin, Randy Jones has opined that the dance may have originated as a misunderstanding: the group's original choreographed dance had the group clapping above their heads during the chorus and he believes that the audience, believing them to be making the letter "Y", began following suit.

Following the sixth inning of New York Yankees baseball games at Yankee Stadium, the grounds crew traditionally grooms the infield while leading the crowd in the dance.

Impact and legacy
VH1 placed "Y.M.C.A." at #7 on their list of 100 Greatest Dance Songs in 2000, while Paste Magazine ranked the song #1 on their list of The 60 Best Dancefloor Classics in February 2017. In 2022, Rolling Stone ranked it #139 in their list of 200 Greatest Dance Songs of All Time.

The Village People recorded a version of the song for Pepsi in 1997 for a commercial featuring a group of dancing bears, changing the lyrics to match the drink and spelling out P-E-P-S-I. A few months afterwards, Pepsi used the song again as part of its new blue-themed imaging for the Pepsi Globe.

During the 2008 Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, in a half time performance with The Village People, it became the largest Y.M.C.A dance ever, with over 40,000 people in attendance dancing and singing to the song.

In 2012, in a landmark ruling in accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976, Willis terminated his copyrights granted to the publishers Can't Stop Productions and Scorpio Music.
In March 2015, it was determined that the sole writers of the song were Morali and Willis.

In March 2020, the US Library of Congress added the song to its National Recording Registry, which preserves for posterity audio that is "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".  In December 2020, "Y.M.C.A." was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

President Donald Trump began using the song (as well as another Village People song, "Macho Man") to close out his rallies during his 2020 re-election campaign.  Willis initially approved its use but after several incidents involving the Black Lives Matter protests, he demanded Trump stop. Saturday Night Live parodied the song and the group's reaction with "Cease and desist" on the October 24, 2020, segment of Weekend Update. As a result, the song was back in the Top 20 on iTunes in November 2020 and hit the #2 spot on the Billboard Dance Digital Song Sales chart.  On November 6, following the media's declaration that Joe Biden had taken the lead in Pennsylvania over then President Trump in the 2020 US presidential election, Biden supporters celebrated by dancing in the streets and singing the song across the city of Philadelphia. The song was played over loudspeakers as Donald Trump boarded Air Force One for the last time on January 20, 2021, en route to Florida before the inauguration of Joe Biden.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications and sales

Hideki Saijo version

In 1979, Japanese singer Hideki Saijo covered the song for his compilation album Young Man/Hideki Flying Up as "Young Man (Y.M.C.A.)". In Japan, the cover topped on the Oricon chart for five consecutive weeks and became the seventh best-selling single of 1979 in Japan. For the cover, the lyrics were re-written in Japanese by Saijo's manager, Ryuji Amagai. This version is also notable for having a call-and-response in the middle where Saijo and a group of child singers chant the letters "Y M C A" back and forth.

Commercial performance
"Young Man (Y.M.C.A.)" debuted at number two on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, and in the following week, it reached number one, where it stayed for five consecutive weeks. The song finally became the seventh best-selling single of 1979 in Japan and Saijo's best-selling single to date, with the sales of 808,000 copies.

Following the death of Saijo on 16 May 2018, the song re-entered the chart, peaking at number fifteen on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.

Accolades
"Young Man (Y.M.C.A.)" won the Grand Prix at the FNS Music Festival '79 and the 10th Japan Music Awards. Despite the hit, the song was disqualified for the 21st Japan Record Awards due to the competition's guideline that requires the songs to be original work. At the award, Saijo instead won the golden award for his single, "Yuki ga Areba" (1979).

Cover versions
"Young Man (Y.M.C.A.)" has been covered by multiple other Asian musicians, including Keisuke Kuwata, Aska, George Lam, Yang Kun, and E-girls.
It was covered by the Minions in the 2013 animated comedy Despicable Me 2.

Track listing
7-inch single
 "Young Man (Y.M.C.A.)" – 4:43
 "Hideki Disco Special" (Medley)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Touché version

In 1998, Touché covered the hit for their album Kids in America with Krayzee. In this version Touche take over the vocal parts and only the rap contributes to Krayzee. In Belgium, this cover version was a top ten hit, while the success in the German-speaking countries, however, was rather modest.

Music video
In the music video Touche and Krayzee perform the song in a city area, accompanied by elaborate effects.

Track listing
CD maxi

 "YMCA" (Rap Version) – 3:09
 "YMCA" (Vocal Version) – 3:14
 "Promise To Believe" (Touché) – 3:57
 "I Want Your Body" (Touché) – 3:19

Charts

References

External links

1978 singles
1978 songs
1979 singles
1998 singles
Bertelsmann Music Group singles
Casablanca Records singles
Christianity in popular culture
Disco songs
Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign
Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Hansa Records singles
LGBT-related songs
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Austria
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Italy
Number-one singles in Sweden
Number-one singles in Switzerland
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
RCA Records singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Jacques Morali
Songs written by Jacques Morali
Songs written by Victor Willis
Sony Music Entertainment Japan singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
United States National Recording Registry recordings
Village People songs
Song
Memes

Y.M.C.A. (song)


La vida de Castruccio Castracani (en italiano: Vita di Castruccio Castracani) es una obra sobre la vida del condotiero Castruccio Castracani, escrita durante una embajada en la ciudad de Lucca, de la que procedía Castruccio, por Nicolás Maquiavelo en 1520 y dedicada a sus amigos Zanobi Boundelmonte y Luigi Alamanni.

Dualidad en el contenido de la obra
Existe una discusión entre si la obra es de carácter historio-biográfico o una novela que difiere de la realidad histórica en la que Maquiavelo pretende a través de los hechos narrados dejar una enseñanza.

De cualquier forma, alterando tanto los hechos sobre una figura reconocida por sus contemporáneos, Maquiavelo querría que su obra fuese leída como una novela ejemplar de las virtudes necesarias en un príncipe para gobernar.

Historia
Castruccio Castracani nació en Lucca, en el seno de la familia Antelminelli; por su filiación gibelina debió exiliarse de Lucca. Residió en Inglaterra, de donde tuvo que exiliarse nuevamente (esta vez a Francia) por haber matado a un cortesano durante un duelo.

Retorna a Italia en 1304 y vuelve a involucrarse en las luchas políticas de dicho país. Se alinea con la familia Visconti de Milán y participa en la victoria gibelina de  Montecatini en 1315.

El condotiero  Uguccione, señor de Pisa recela del poder de Castracani y lo encarcela; sin embargo -tras una revuelta popular- es liberado y nombrado señor de la ciudad. A partir de este ascenso, comienza a conquistar varias ciudades de la Toscana y a alcanzar la hegemonía en la región al destruir al ejército florentino en 1325.

Tres años después (en la cúspide de su poderío) falleció repentinamente en su ciudad natal, víctima de la malaria.

Comparativa con El príncipe
La vida de Castruccio Castracani es una personificación del ideal descrito por Maquiavelo en su obra más importante, El príncipe; a su vez, las campañas militares emprendidas por Castruccio evocan la política militar que Maquiavelo describe en su obra Del arte de la guerra.

Castruccio Castracani es quizás el primer ejemplo del príncipe renacentista que Maquiavelo aspiraba para evitar que Italia fuese dominada por extranjeros. Dice Maquiavelo sobre él:

Bibliografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Texto español en PDF.
 Texto italiano en Wikisource.

Libros de 1520
Libros de Nicolás Maquiavelo
Literatura de Italia del siglo XVI

La vida de Castruccio Castracani


Den Provisoriske regering for den franske republik ( eller GPRF) var en provisorisk regering for det Frie Frankrig mellem 1944 og 1946 efter Befrielsen af Frankrig i kølvandet på Operation Overlord og Operation Dragoon. Den provisoriske regering bestod indtil udråbelsen af den Fjerde Franske Republik. Regeringens etablering markerede den officielle restaurering og genetablering af en provisorisk fransk republik efter den opløste Tredje Franske Republik.

Frankrig under 2. verdenskrig
Forhenværende europæiske lande
Etableret i 1944
Ophørt i 1946
Politik i 1944
Franske Rep