الزاوية  تكونت في عصور الإسلام المختلفة وهي اشبة بحلقات التعليم واشتهرت بذلك حلقات الصوفية وهو موضع معد للعبادة والإيواء وإطعام الواردين والقاصدين، وتعرف بأنها مدرسة دينية ودار مجانية للضيافة تشبه كثيرا الدير المسيحية في القرون الوسطى وهي، بهذه النعوت، أشبه ما تكون بالخوانق أو الخانقات في المشرق. كثيرا ما يتداخل مدلول اصطلاح ومضمون «الزاوية» مع اصطلاح «الرباط» لتقاطع وتداخل أدوارهما الجهادية والتعبدية والإيوائية.

كما كانت الزاوية عبارة مدرسة قرآنية بلسان المغرب الإسلامي وغرب أفريقيا، عادة ما يكون فيها بركة صغيرة ونافورة ماء. كانت هذه المدارس هي أحد أهم سبل تعليم الأمور الدينية وبعض العلوم الأدبية تنتشر في المغرب العربي. التعليم فيها بطريقة القراءة على الشيخ. واشتهر ببها الصوفية في الكثير من الأحيان غير أنها موجودة لدى غيرهم وذلك لطبيعة العصر الذي كانوا فيه.

تاريخ

في المغرب الأقصى

ظهرت الزوايا في بلاد المغرب بعد القرن الخامس الهجري، وكانت تسمى في البداية بـ«دار الكرامة» كالتي بناها السلطان الموحدي يعقوب المنصور في مراكش، ومن أقدم الزوايا في المغرب التي نعتت بهذا الاسم زوايا الشيخ أبي محمد صالح دفين آسفي (ت.631 هـ / 1234م)، والتي تعددت وتكاثرت وانتشرت على طول الطريق بين المغرب ومصر لإيواء أصحاب الشيخ أبي صالح عند سفرهم للحج، وتشجيعهم على زيارة بيت الله الحرام. اعتنى ملوك المغرب بإنشاء الزوايا، مثل ما أطلق عليه «دار الضيوف» والتي بناها المرينيون، أو «الزاوية العظمى» التي أسسها أبو عنان فارس خارج فاس.

وعرفت انتعاشا وتطورا كبيرين في المدلول والوظائف منذ القرن العاشر الهجري، حيث شهد هذا القرن امتداد أطماع النصارى إلى الثغور المغربية بعد تغلبهم على المسلمين في الأندلس، وإزاء قصور وعجز الدولة الوطاسية عن الدفاع عن حمى المسلمين في المغرب، ستنهض الزوايا للاطلاع بهذا الدور، وبذلك ستعرف تحولا وظيفيا في مسارها لتصبح رقما رئيسا في المعادلة السياسية بالبلاد، تتدخل في الشؤون السياسية وتدعو إلى الجهاد ومقاومة المحتل الأجنبي. وشكلت الزاوية الدلائية صرح ثقافي قوي نافس جامع القرويين في النتاج العلمي، وتحولت إلى قوة سياسية تسيطر على جزء كبير من البلاد وبايع المغاربة شيخها محمد الحاج الدلائي سلطانا على البلاد، وحفّز هذا الازدهار أبو حسون السملالي شيخ زاوية إليغ إلى الالتفات نحو الشرق والتدخل في صراع تافيلالت بين العلويين والدلائيين.

التحولات التاريخية أدت إلى تراجع أدوار الزوايا بعد أن افتقدت كثيرا من الوظائف التي كانت تضطلع بها في المجتمع التقليدي كمؤسسات تأطيرية للمجتمع؛ فالوظائف التعليمية والسياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية والقضائية والجهادية لم تعد من مجال عملها بفعل عملية التحديث التي طالت المجتمع؛ والتي كان من نتائجها توزيع قطاعات العمل هاته على مؤسسات الدولة الحديثة. كاستئثار الأحزاب بالعمل السياسي والمجتمع المدني بالعمل الحقوقي والاجتماعي..إلخ. وهو ما دعا الزوايا إلى إعادة الاعتبار أساسا لوظيفتها التربوية الروحية، والتي تشكل اليوم مدخلها الرئيس للإسهام في نشر القيم الإحسانية التي عمل أربابها على زرعها في النفوس، ومن خلالها الإسهام في التخفيف من غلوائية المادية التي تهيمن على الحياة الحديثة.

انظر أيضا
 تاريخ التصوف
 مدرسة قرآنية
 كتّاب
 خانقاه
 ضريح
 تكية
 وعدة

مراجع

التعليم الإسلامي
التعليم في الصحراء الغربية
التعليم في المغرب
التعليم في تونس
التعليم في موريتانيا
المغرب العربي
تصوف
زوايا في الجزائر
عمارة إسلامية
مصطلحات إسلامية
مصطلحات تعليم
منظمات تعليمية مقرها في تونس
منظمات تعليمية مقرها في موريتانيا

زاوية (مدرسة)


Edmund Aloysius Walsh SJ (* 10. Oktober 1885 in South Boston, Massachusetts; † 31. Oktober 1956) war Professor für Geopolitik und Gründer und erster Regent der Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, die er im Jahre 1919 gründete, sechs Jahre bevor der United States Foreign Service selbst existierte.

Leben
Walsh trat 1902 den Jesuiten bei und wurde am 28. Juni 1916 zum Priester geweiht. Er machte seinen Abschluss am Woodstock College in Maryland.

Er leitete die päpstliche Hungerhilfskomitee-Mission in Russland im Jahr 1922, die auch erfolgreich war bei der Sicherung für den Vatikan der Reliquien Andreas Bobolas  (sie wurden tatsächlich von Walshs Assistentdirektor, Louis J. Gallagher, nach Rom transportiert, der später Bücher über Walsh und Bobola schrieb).

Später arbeitete Walsh im Namen des Vatikans daran, die langjährigen Probleme zwischen Kirche und Staat in Mexiko im Jahre 1929 zu lösen. Er verhandelte später mit der irakischen Regierung, um ein amerikanisches College in Bagdad (im Jahre 1931) zu gründen.

Nach dem Sieg der Alliierten im Zweiten Weltkrieg diente Walsh als Berater der US Chief of Counsel bei den Nürnberger Prozessen. Während dieser Aufgabe verhörte er den deutschen Geopolitiker Karl Haushofer, um festzustellen, ob man diesen wegen Kriegsverbrechen vor Gericht stellen sollte. Schließlich befand er, Generalmajor Haushofer solle nicht vor Gericht kommen.

Walsh war ein entschiedener Antikommunist; es wird behauptet, dass er der erste war, der Senator Joseph McCarthy vorschlug, den Antikommunismus zu schüren, um politische Bedeutung zu erlangen. Walsh förderte während seiner gesamten Karriere kräftig antikommunistisches Gedankengut.

Vermächtnis
Präsident Dwight D. Eisenhower sandte einen Brief an die Georgetown University, als Pater Walsh 1956 starb:

Walshs offensichtlichste Vermächtnis ist die Schule, die er gründete, die zu einem Inkubator der Führung der Vereinigten Staaten und der Welt wurde. Absolventen der Schule waren US-Präsident Bill Clinton und CIA-Direktor George Tenet, AFL-CIO-Präsident Lane Kirkland und der Erzbischof von New York, John Joseph Kardinal O'Connor. Staatsoberhäupter unterrichtete er, inklusive König Abdullah II. von Jordanien und Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo der Philippinen.

Die Schule war auch die Heimat legendärer Mitglieder des Lehrkörpers einschließlich der Historiker Carroll Quigley und Jules Davids, des Politikwissenschaftlers und Helden des Zweiten Weltkrieges Jan Karski, und der Außenministerin Madeleine Albright.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 McNamara, Patrick J.: A Catholic Cold War: Edmund A. Walsh, S.J., and the Politics of American Anticommunism. Fordham University Press 2005. ISBN 0823224597
Walsh, Edmund Aloysius: Total Power: A Footnote to History. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York: 1949, .
Walsh, Edmund Aloysius: The Fall of the Russian Empire
Edmund A. Walsh, S.J.: The Mystery of Haushofer. LIFE Magazine, 16. September 1946,

Politischer Berater
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Georgetown University)
Jesuit
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Theoretiker der Geopolitik
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1885
Gestorben 1956
Mann

Edmund Aloysius Walsh


Kate O'Brien (Limerick, 3 de diciembre de 1897 - Canterbury, 13 de agosto de 1974), escritora irlandesa, autora de novelas, obras de teatro, libros de viaje, y biografías.

Biografía
Kate O'Brien nació en la ciudad de Limerick, Irlanda, en 1897. Tras la muerte de su madre cuando ella tenía cinco años, ingresó como alumna interna en el Laurel Hill, una escuela regida por monjas Francesas. Tras conseguir una beca para estudiar en Dublín, se graduó en la recién creada University College Dublin. Viajó al Reino Unido y trabajó como periodista redactando las páginas internacionales del periódico The Manchester Guardian. Al cierre de la sección del periódico, se trasladó a Londres, donde trabajó como profesora de educación primaria por alrededor de un año. Cuando le ofrecieron un puesto de institutriz en el Bilbao, en País Vasco, en el Norte de España, lo aceptó, viviendo allí en 1922-23, un período decisivo en su formación vital y creativa. La novela autobiográfica Mary Lavelle (1936) está basada en las experiencias de O'Brien en Euskadi.

Kate O'Brien comenzó su carrera como escritora en Bilbao, donde escribió sus primeros relatos cortos para publicación. Se reestableció en Bloomsbury, Londres, en 1923, donde continuó trabajando como periodista. Como consecuencia de una apuesta con una amiga, escribió una obra de teatro en un mes, Distinguished Villa (tr. Villa Distinguida), inspirada por su experiencia como institutriz en Euskadi. La obra, producida en Londres en 1926, fue un éxito. En 1931, publicó su primera novela, Without My Cloak (Sin mi capa), que fue galardonada con el premio James Tait Black Memorial Prize. A partir de entonces, Kate O'Brien se concentró en escribir novelas. Sus obras más conocidas son The Ante-Room (tr. La Antesala), de 1934, The Land of Spices (La Tierra de las Especias), de 1941, y That Lady (tr. Esa Dama), de 1946. Sus libros tratan temas como el deseo de independencia de la mujer, el poder opresivo de la moralidad religiosa, la sexualidad femenina, la identidad 'queer', y la resistencia antifascista. Dos de sus libros fueron prohibidos en Irlanda, y una de sus novelas fue prohibida en España. O'Brien también escribió dos libros de viajes, My Ireland (tr. Mi Irlanda), de 1962, revisitando sus lugares favoritos en su país de origen, y Farewell Spain (tr. Adiós España), de 1937, un libro político diseñado para animar el apoyo de los países anglo-sajones al bando republicano en la Guerra Civil Española. O'Brien también escribió dos biografías, Presentation Parlour (tr. El Recibidor de la Presentación), de 1963, sobre sus tres tías monjas, y Teresa of Avila (tr. Teresa de Ávila), de 1951, sobre la mística y reformadora religiosa.

La primera biografía de O'Brien, Kate O'Brien: A Literary Portrait (tr. Kate O'Brien: Un Retrato Literario), de 1987, escrita por la crítical literaria Lorna Reynolds, sólo cubrió su infancia y su juventud hasta 1923, un extraño silencio, posiblemente un intento de evitar referirse a la homosexualidad de O'Brien. La primera biografía completa de O'Brien, Kate O'Brien: A Writing Life, escrita por Eibhear Walshe, vio la luz en 2003. Durante su etapa como institutriz Kate O'Brien tuvo una relación amorosa con un vasco, y poco después de su regreso a Londres, en 1923, se casó con un periodista Holandés, aunque el matrimonio se disolvió unos meses más tarde. Kate O'Brien orientó el resto de su vida hacia las mujeres. Vivió con la escritora Stephie Stevens, a la que dedicó su primera novela, y con la hija de ésta, en Kent, durante varios años. La poeta Anna Wickham, y la biógrafa de O'Brien Lorna Reynolds, también han sido enlazadas románticamente a O'Brien. Otra mujer importante en su vida, Mary O'Neill, fue designada por O'Brien como su ejecutora literaria.

Tras una considerable popularidad como novelista en los años 1940s y 1950s, las obras de O'Brien poco a poco recibieron menos atención. Su última novela, As Music and Splendour (tr. Como la Música y el Esplendor), de 1958, pasó casi desapercibida. O'Brien continuó publicando reseñas y columnas peridísticas, pero hacia el final de su carrera pasó grandes apuros financieros, agravados por su creciente alcoholismo. O'Brien vivió los últimos años de su vida en el pueblo de Faversham, en Kent, Inglaterra, hasta su muerte en 1974. A principios de los años 1980s, con la explosión de la crítica literaria feminista y la creación de varias editoriales dedicadas a recobrar a escritoras importantes, la obra de Kate O'Brien comenzó a revaluarse, sus novelas se reimprimieron, y varios estudios académicos sobre su trabajo se pusieron en marcha. Hoy en día se la considera una pionera en la representación de personajes femeninos y de identidades 'queer', una valerosa voz a contra-corriente de la censura imperante en la Europa de los años 1930s, una escritora experimental que aunó el modernismo con la literatura popular, una escritora clave en la literatura irlandesa, una importante activista literaria, y una voz única en la literatura del siglo veinte.

Novelas
 Without My Cloak (Sin mi capa) (1931)
 The Ante-Room (La antesala) (1934)
 Mary Lavelle (1936)
 Pray for the Wanderer  (1938)
 The Land of Spices (La tierra de las especias) (1941)
 The Last of Summer (El último verano) (1943)
 That Lady (Esa Dama) (1946)
 The Flower of May (La Flor de Mayo) (1953)
 As Music and Splendour (Como música y esplendor) (1958)

Otras obras
 Distinguished Villa: A Play in Three Acts (Distinguida Villa: Una obra en tres actos) (1926)
 Farewell Spain (Adiós España) (1937)
 Teresa de Ávila (1951)
 My Ireland (Mi Irlanda) (1962)
 Presentation Parlour (Presentación Parlour) (1963)

Estudios Críticos sobre Kate O'Brien
 Lorna Reynolds: Kate O'Brien: un retrato literario (1987)
 Adele M. Dalsimer: Kate O'Brien: Un estudio crítico (1990)
 Éibhear Walshe (editor): Danza Gente Corriente: Ensayos sobre Kate O'Brien (1993)
 Éibhear Walshe: Kate O'Brien: A Writing Life (2006)
 A.L. Mentxaka. Kate O'Brien and the Fiction of Identity (2011)
 A.L. Mentxaka. La Viajera Poscolonial: Kate O'Brien y Euskadi (1916)

Ensayos críticos sobre Kate O'Brien
 Joan Ryan: "la clase y el Credo en las novelas de Kate O'Brien" en M. Harmon (editor): El escritor irlandés en Nueva York (1984)
 Lorna Reynolds: "La imagen de España en las novelas de Kate O'Brien", en Zack y W. H Kosok (editores): imágenes y estereotipos Nacional (1988)
 Anne C. Fogarty: "El oído del otro: las voces disidentes en Kate O'Brien, la música y el esplendor y María Dorcey de un ruido de la leñera", en Éibhear Walshe (editor): El sexo, la Nación y la disidencia en la escritura de Irlanda (1997)
 Eamon Maher: "El amor y la pérdida de fe en las novelas de Kate O'Brien" en contracorrientes y Confluencias (2000)
 Angela Ryan: "Una solución franco-irlandés? Francois Mauriac, Brien Kate O 'y la novela intelectual católica ". en Francia e Irlanda: Anatomía de una relación. E. Maher y G. Neville editores. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2004,  97-109.
 A.L. Mentxaka: "La Belle – Kate O'Brien and Female Beauty". Women, Social and Cultural Change in Twentieth Century Ireland. Sarah O'Connor and Christopher C. Shepard editores. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars' Press, 2008, 183- 198.
 A.L. Mentxaka: "Politics and Feminism: The Basque Contexts of Kate O'Brien's Mary Lavelle". Irish University Review, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Spring/Summer 2009): 65-75.
 Marisol Morales Ladrón, "Banned in Spain? Truths, Lies and Censorship in Kate O'brien's Novels" (tr. "¿Prohibida en España?: Verdades, mentiras y censura en la obra de Kate O'Brien"). Atlantis. Vol. 32, No. 1 (junio de 2010): 57-72.
  A.L. Mentxaka: "A 'Catholic Agnostic' – Kate O'Brien". Breaking the Mould: Literary Representations of Irish Catholicism. Imagining Ireland Series, Volume XX. Eamon Maher and Eugene O'Brien editores. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2011, 87-104.
 A.L. Mentxaka: "Film Into Novel: Kate O'Brien's Modernist use of Film Techniques". Viewpoints: Theoretical Perspectives on Irish Visual Texts. Clare Bracken and Emma Radley editores. Cork: Cork University Press, 2013,  124-36.
 A.L. Mentxaka: "Sexuality and Dysfunction in Kate O'Brien". Ireland and Dysfunction: Critical Explorations in Literature and Film. Asier Altuna editor. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2017, 49-70.

Adaptaciones al Cine
 La princesa de Éboli (That Lady, 1955), protagonizada por Olivia de Havilland, Gilbert Roland y Paul Scofield.
 Last of summer (1977), para la televisión.
 Pasiones rotas (Talk of Angels, 1998) protagonizada por Polly Walker, Vincent Pérez, Franco Nero, Frances McDormand, Ruth McCabe y Penélope Cruz.

Véase también
 Literatura de Irlanda.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Litencyc
 Biografía
 Imágenes de Kate O'Brien en la National Portrait Gallery (Londres).

Escritores de Irlanda del siglo XX
Premio Hawthornden

Kate O'Brien


Olaylar
 1817 - Mississippi, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 20. Eyaleti olarak birliğe katıldı.
 1863 - Londra metrosu açıldı.
 1877 - Osmanlı Rus Savaşı: Rus ordusu 5 aydır süren kuşatma sonrası Plevne'yi aldı.
 1898 - İspanyol-Amerikan Savaşı sonrası Küba, İspanya'dan bağımsızlığını kazandı.
 1901 - İlk Nobel ödülleri verildi.
 1902 - Mısır'da Nil nehri üzerinde inşa edilen Aswan Barajı hizmete girdi.
 1906 - Theodore Roosevelt, Rus-Japon Savaşının sona ermesinde oynadığı ara buluculuk rolünden dolayı, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü alan ilk Amerikalı oldu.
 1923 - İrlandalı şair William Butler Yeats, Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1927 - Fransız filozof Henri Bergson, Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1929 - Alman yazar Thomas Mann, Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1937 - "Abdülaziz'in bayındır kıldığı kent" anlamına gelen Ma'muretülaziz ya da kısaca Elaziz şehrinin adı, Elazığ olarak değiştirildi.
 1941 - Malaya açıklarında Prince of Wales ve Repulse olmak üzere Kraliyet Donanmasına ait iki zırhlı, Japon İmparatorluk Deniz Kuvvetleri'ne bağlı torpido bombardıman uçakları tarafından batırıldı.
 1948 - Birleşmiş Milletler Meclisi, İnsan Hakları Bildirgesini kabul etti. Türkiye, İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi'ne kabul oyu verdi. Bugün hâlen İnsan Hakları Günü olarak kutlanmaktadır.
 1956 - Macaristan'da çatışmalar başladı ve sıkıyönetim ilan edildi.
 1963 - Zanzibar Sultanlığı, Birleşik Krallık'tan bağımsızlığını kazandı. 26 Nisan 1964'te Tanzanya ile birleşmiştir.
 1964 - Martin Luther King, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1970 - Rus yazar Aleksandr Soljenitsin, Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1971 - Aralarında Türkiye İşçi Partisi Genel Sekreteri Tarık Ziya Ekinci'nin de bulunduğu, 26 sanıklı Devrimci Doğu Kültür Ocakları davasına Diyarbakır'da başlandı.
 1975 - Rus bilim insanı Andrey Saharov, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1977 - Uluslararası Af Örgütü, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1977 - İstanbul Toptaşı Cezaevi'nden 9 siyasi tutuklu kaçtı.
 1978 - Enver Sedat ve Menahem Begin, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1979 - Rahibe Teresa, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1979 - Daha önce görevden alınan Devlet Opera ve Balesi Genel Müdürü Gürer Aykal'ın yerine, İsmet Kurt'un atanması üzerine, Devlet Opera ve Balesi çalışanları Carmina Burana'nın sahnelenmesine katılmama kararı aldı. Kurt, iki gün sonra istifa etti.
 1983 - Arjantin'de askeri rejim sona erdi; Arjantin'in 8 yıldan sonra ilk sivil Başkanı, Raul Alfonsin oldu.
 1983 - Polonyalı Dayanışma Sendikası lideri Lech Walesa, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1984 - Güney Afrikalı Piskopos Desmond Tutu, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1987 - İnsan Hakları Derneği, "Genel Af ve Ölüm Cezalarının Kaldırılması" talepli 130 bin imzalı dilekçeyi, Meclis Genel Sekreterliği'ne sundu.
 1987 - Sedat Simavi Basın Ödülü, Uğur Mumcu'ya verildi.
 1988 - Türkiye'de ilk karaciğer nakli ameliyatı yapıldı. Ameliyatı, Ankara Hacettepe Üniversitesi'nden Prof.Dr. Mehmet Haberal gerçekleştirdi.
 1988 - Cumhurbaşkanı Kenan Evren'in veto ettiği öğrenci affı yasası, Meclis'te tekrar kabul edildi. Yasa, üniversitelerde baş örtüsüne izin veriyordu.
 1988 - Mısırlı Necip Mahfuz, Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1993 - Güvenlik kuvvetleri Özgür Gündem gazetesinin İstanbul Kadırga'daki merkezini bastı ve tüm çalışanları gözaltına aldı.
 1994 - Yaser Arafat, Şimon Perez ve Yitzhak Rabin, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü aldılar.
 2002 - Stanford Üniversitesi, insan embriyosu klonlayacağını açıkladı.
 2002 - Eski Amerikan Başkanı Jimmy Carter, 1970'lerde Orta Doğu'da sürdürdüğü diplomatik arabuluculuklarından dolayı, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü aldı.
 2002 - Kuzey Kore'den gelen Scud füzeleri taşıyan bir gemi, Umman denizinde İspanyol Donanması tarafından durduruldu.
 2002 - Bangladeş, gözaltına aldığı iki Avrupalı gazeteciyi serbest bıraktı.
 2003 - İranlı Shirin Ebadi, Nobel Barış Ödülü'nü alan ilk müslüman kadın oldu.
 2005 - 10 Aralık Hareketi, ilk toplantısını İstanbul Dedeman Oteli'nde gerçekleştirdi.
 2016 - İstanbul Vodafone Arena yakınlarında saldırılar gerçekleşti. İki patlamada 43 kişi öldü, 155 kişi de yaralandı.
 2018 - Samsung Galaxy A8s Çıktı

Doğumlar
 1783 - María Bibiana Benítez, Porto Rikolu yazar (ö. 1873)
 1804 - Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, Alman matematikçi (ö. 1851)
 1815 - Ada Lovelace, İngiliz matematikçi ve yazar (d. 1852)
 1821 - Nikolay Nekrasov, Rus şair ve gazeteci (ö. 1878)
 1822 - César Franck, Fransız besteci (ö. 1890)
 1824 - George MacDonald, İskoç yazar, şair ve Hristiyan üniversalist vaiz (ö. 1905)
 1830 - Emily Dickinson, Amerikalı şair (ö. 1886)
 1851 - Melvil Dewey, Amerikalı kütüphaneci (ö. 1931)
 1870 - Adolf Loos, Avusturyalı mimar (ö. 1933)
 1870 - Pierre Félix Louis, Fransız şair ve yazar (ö. 1925)
 1882 - Otto Neurath, Avusturyalı bilim filozofu, sosyolog ve siyasi ekonomist (ö. 1945)
 1883 - Giovanni Messe, İtalyan asker ve siyasetçi (ö. 1968)
 1883 - Andrey Vişinski, Sovyet devlet adamı, diplomat ve hukukçu (ö. 1954)
 1890 - László Bárdossy, Macar diplomat ve siyasetçi (d. 1941)
 1891 - Nelly Sachs, Alman yazar, şair ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1970)
 1901 - Franz Fischer, Alman asker ve SS subayı (ö. 1989)
 1903 - Una Merkel, Amerikalı tiyatro, film, radyo ve televizyon oyuncusu (ö. 1986)
 1923 - Jorge Semprun, İspanyol yazar (ö. 2011)
 1923 - Simone Chrisostome, Fransız asker ve Fransız Direnişi üyesi (ö. 2021)
 1927 - Antoni Gausí, İspanyol eski profesyonel futbolcu
 1938 - Faruk el Şara, Suriyeli diplomat ve siyasetçi
 1941 - Burçin Oraloğlu, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1941 - Günter Willumeit, Alman komedyen (ö. 2013)
 1941 - Peter Sarstedt, İngiliz pop-folk şarkıcısı (ö. 2017)
 1944 - Oya İnci, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1948 - Dušan Bajević, Bosnalı futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1948 - Ebu Abbas, Filistin Kurtuluş Cephesi lideri (ö. 2004)
 1953 - Atilla Atasoy, Türk pop müzik sanatçısı
 1957 - Hasan Kaçan, Türk karikatürist, oyuncu ve film yapımcısı
 1957 - Michael Clarke Duncan, Amerikalı oyuncu ve yapımcı (ö. 2012)
 1960 - Kenneth Branagh, İngiliz yönetmen, oyuncu, senarist ve En İyi Özgün Senaryo Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1961 - Nia Peeples, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1961 - İsmet Yılmaz, Türk siyasetçi ve hukukçu
 1964 - Edith González, Meksikalı telenovela ve film aktris (ö. 2019)
 1964 - Abdurrahim Karslı, Türk akademisyen ve siyasetçi
 1964 - José Antonio Pujante, İspanyol siyasetçi ve felsefe profesörü (ö. 2019)
 1965 - J Mascis, Amerikalı müzisyen
 1969 - Ergün Demir, Türk oyuncu, yönetmen ve senarist
 1970 - Kevin Sharp, Amerikalı country müzisyeni ve şarkıcısı (ö. 2014)
 1972 - Brian Molko, Lüksemburglu müzisyen
 1974 - Meg White, Amerikalı baterist
 1978 - Anna Jesień, Polonyalı atlet
 1978 - Željko Vasić, Hırvat şarkıcı
 1980 - Sarah Chang, Amerikalı keman virtüözü
 1982 - Sultan Kösen, Türk çiftçi ve Guinness Rekorlar Kitabı'na göre yeryüzünün yaşayan en uzun insanı
 1983 - Xavier Samuel, Avustralyalı oyuncu
 1985 - Raven-Symoné, Amerikalı oyuncu ve pop şarkıcısı
 1987 - Gonzalo Higuaín, Arjantinli millî futbolcu
 1988 - Wilfried Bony, Fildişi Sahilili millî futbolcu
 1988 - Neven Subotić, Sırp futbolcu
 1995 - Satnam Singh Bhamara, Hint profesyonel güreşçi ve eski profesyonel basketbolcu
 1996 - Kang Daniel, Güney Koreli şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve girişimci

Ölümler
 925 - I. Sanço, Orta Çağ Pamplona kralı (905 – 925) (d. 860)
 1041 - IV. Mihail, 11 Nisan 1034 ile 10 Aralık 1041 döneminde Bizans İmparatorluğu İmparatoru olmuştur (d. 1010)
 1081 - III. Nikiforos, 1078 ile 1081 arasında Bizans İmparatoru (d. 1002)
 1113 - Rıdvan, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti hükümdarı Alp Arslan'ın torunu ve Suriye Selçuklu Devleti hükümdarı Tutuş'un oğlu (d. ?)
 1198 - İbn Rüşt, Endülüslü Arap felsefeci ve hekim (d. 1126)
 1475 - Paolo Uccello, İtalyan Rönesansı başlangıcında Floransa ekolünde bulunan ressam (d. 1397)
 1851 - Karl Drais, Alman mucit (d. 1785)
 1865 - I. Léopold, Saksonya Dükü ve Belçika'nın ilk kralı (d. 1790)
 1867 - Sakamoto Ryōma, Japon samuray (d. 1836)
 1896 - Alfred Nobel, İsveçli kimyager ve mühendis (d. 1833)
 1911 - Joseph Dalton Hooker, İngiliz botanikçi ve kâşiflerinden biri (d. 1817)
 1926 - Nikola Pašić, Sırp siyasetçi (d. 1845)
 1936 - Luigi Pirandello, İtalyan yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (d. 1867)
 1966 - Vladimir Bodiansky, Rus inşaat mühendisi (d. 1894)
 1967 - Otis Redding, Amerikalı müzisyen (d. 1941)
 1968 - Karl Barth, Çağdaş İsviçreli protestan teolog (d. 1886)
 1972 - Gyula Moravcsik, Macar bizantolog (d. 1892)
 1974 - Edward William Charles Noel, İngiliz istihbarat subayı (d. 1886)
 1978 - Ed Wood, Amerikalı senarist, yönetmen, yapımcı ve oyuncu (d. 1924)
 1988 - Richard S. Castellano, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1933)
 1993 - Ertuğrul Bilda, Türk oyuncu (d. 1915)
 1994 - Sâdi Yâver Ataman, Türk folklor ve halk müziği uzmanı ve derlemeci (d. 1906)
 1994 - Keith Joseph, İngiliz avukat ve siyasetçi (d. 1918)
 1999 - Franjo Tuđman, Hırvatistan'ın ilk Devlet Başkanı (d. 1922)
 2004 - Eren Uluergüven, Türk tiyatro sanatçısı ve reji asistanı (d. 1983)
 2005 - Eugene McCarthy, Amerikalı politikacı (d. 1916)
 2005 - Richard Pryor, Amerikalı komedyen ve oyuncu (d. 1940)
 2006 - Augusto Pinochet, Şili diktatörü (d. 1915)
 2007 - Sabahattin Zaim, Türk iktisatçı ve akademisyen (d. 1926)
 2007 - Vitali Hakko, Türk iş insanı (d. 1913)
 2010 - John Fenn, Amerikalı analitik kimya profesörü (d. 1917)
 2012 - Antonio Cubillo, İspanyol avukat, politikacı, aktivist ve militan (d. 1930)
 2015 - Arnold Peralta, Honduraslı eski millî futbolcu (d. 1989)
 2015 - Dolph Schayes, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbol oyuncusu (d. 1928)
 2016 - Eric Hilton, Amerikalı otel zinciri sahibi iş insanı ve hayırsever (d. 1933)
 2016 - Alberto Seixas Santos, Portekizli film yönetmeni (d. 1936)
 2017 - Viktor Potapov, Ruz denizci ve yelken sporcusu (d. 1947)
 2017 - Eva Todor, Brezilyalı oyuncu (d. 1919)
 2018 - Xavier Tilliette, Fransız cizvit filozof, tarihçi ve ilahiyatçı (d. 1921)
 2019 - Albert Bertelsen, Danimarkalı ressam ve grafik sanatçısı (d. 1921)
 2019 - Barrie Keeffe, İngiliz oyun yazarı ve senarist (d. 1945)
 2019 - Yuri Lujkov, Rus siyasetçi (d. 1936)
 2019 - Jim Smith, İngiliz futbolcu, futbol antrenörü ve teknik direktör (d. 1940)
 2020 - Tom Lister, Jr., Amerikalı oyuncu ve profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1958)
 2020 - Myriam Sienra, Paraguaylı aktris ve gazeteci (d. 1939)
 2020 - Carol Sutton, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1944)
 2020 - Barbara Windsor, İngiliz tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1937)
 2020 - Rahnaward Zaryab, Afgan romancı, kısa öykü yazarı ve gazeteci (d. 1944)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Dünya İnsan Hakları Günü

1210
10

10 Aralık


Çıldır Gölü, Ardahan ve Kars il sınırları içerisinde kalan göl, 123 km2 alanı ile Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nin en büyük tatlı su ve en büyük ikinci göldür. Deniz seviyesinden 1959 metre yükseklikte bulunan gölün en derin noktası 42 metredir. Çevresi ise yaklaşık 60 kilometredir. Çıldır Gölü, bir lâv akıntısı ile bir moloz mahrutu tarafından müştereken meydana getirilmiş bir doğal set gölüdür. Birçok dere ve pınarlarla beslenmekte olan gölün tek çıktısı kuzey batısında yer alan Ermenistan sınırında bulunan Arpaçay kolu olan Telek Çayı'dır. En büyük olanı Akçakale harabelerinin yanında yer alan adadır. Göl etrafında çok az bitki örtüsü gelişmiştir ancak gölü çevreleyen otlaklarda yoğun hayvancılık yapılmaktadır.

Yılın dört mevsiminde yapılabilen balıkçılık yöre halkı için önemli bir ekonomik gelir kaynağı teşkil etmektedir. Gölde balıkçılık önemli bir insan aktivitesi olup, kışın buz tutan gölde kalın buz tabakası kırılarak balık avlanmaktadır. Gölde yakalanan en önemli balık türü (aynalı) Sazan (Cyprinus carpio). Ancak kurak geçen mevsimlerde, göl seviyesi hızla çekilmekte ve bu nedenle sazan gibi türlerin üremesi için gerekli sazlıklar daralmaktadır. Bununla beraber, birçok balıkçının yasaklara uymayarak kontrolsüz avlanmaları balık stoklarını olumsuz etkilemektedir.

Gölün sadece kuzey batısında seddeyle ayrılmış bataklık ve sulak çayırlar bulunur. Genelde göl çevresi mera vasıflı olup, sert bölge iklimi tarıma olanak vermez. DSI tarafından gölü beslemek amacı ile yapılan derivasyon tünellerinin hem diğer havzalardaki kirlilik yükünü göle taşıması, hem de hayvancılık açısından çok önemli çayırların kurumasına neden olması mümkündür. Ayrıca inşaatı henüz tamamlanmamış olan Kuzey derivasyonunun Çıldır'ın çok önemli çayırlığı olan Karaçay ovasının ot verimini ciddi boyutta etkilemesi söz konusudur.

Göl ve çevresindeki tarım alanlarında kullanılan tarımsal kimyasalların (özellikle de yüksek oranda azot içeren gübrenin) bilinçsizce ve yörenin ekolojik ve iklimsel koşulları göz ardı edilerek kullanılmasının göl üzerindeki kötü etkileri belirtilmektedir.

 Kontrolsüz ve aşırı avlanma,
 Erozyon ve
 Yüksek besin girdisi

Çıldır Gölü için tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Gölde aşırı bir kirlilik gözlenmemesine rağmen yine de artan bir evsel kirlilik göze çarpmaktadır. Adalardaki insan baskısının artması bu alanları kuluçka için kullanan türleri olumsuz etkilemektedir. Yapımı planlanan otel ise yeniden gözden geçirilmelidir. Son yıllarda artan turizmle birlikte insan baskısı artmış ve turistik tesisler inşa edilmeye başlanmıştır.

Galeri

Çıldır Gölü Oluşumu, Jeomorfoloji ve Jeolojisi

Oluşumu
Göl havzası, göl seviyesine nazaran takriben 200 metre alçak olan Çıldır ovasından nispeten dar olan (genişlik: 2–3 km) doğal bir set ile ayrılmıştır. Bu seddin en büyük kısmı, gölün kuzey doğusunda yükselen Papa Dağı'ndan batıya doğru inmiş uzun eski bir lâv akıntısıdır. Batıda, bu set, gölün batısında bulunan Kısır Dağı'nın Kuzeydoğu yamacından gelen bir moloz mahrutu tarafından tamamlanmıştır. Bu mahrut ile lâv akıntısı arasındaki sınır; Arpa çayı-Çıldır yolunun takip ettiği gölün kenarı boyunca yükselen geçitten geçer. Bugünkü göl havzası ile bugünkü Çıldır ovasının eskiden tek bir depresyonu teşkil etmekteydi. Bu depresyonun akıntısı Çıldır çayı vasıtasıyla Kura Nehri'ne doğru gitmiştir. Yukarıda anlatılan lâvların akmasından dolayı, bu havza eskiden (lâv akıntısının cephesi ile Kısır Dağı'nın arasında açık kalmış) dar bir düzlük tarafından iki kısma ayrılmıştır. Kısır Dağı'ndan gelen moloz mahrutunun oluşması ile bu geçit tamamen kapatılarak bugünkü göl havzası Çıldır ovasından izole edilmiş ve böylece bu havza göl haline getirilmiştir. Göl, sonra Arpaçay'ın bir kolu tarafından kapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Çıldır Gölü, bir lâv akıntısı ile bir moloz mahrutu tarafından meydana gelmiş doğal bir baraj gölüdür.

Jeomorfolojik Evrimi
Gölün ve çevresinin şekillenmesi ve bugünkü durumuna gelmesini ana hatları ile ortaya koymak bakımından sahanın geçirdiği evrimi Tersiyer başından itibaren dikkate almak uygun olacaktır. Gölün geçirdiği jeomorfolojik evrim ana hatları ile şöyledir:
 Tersiyer : Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi bütünüyle Tersiyer başlarında, özellikle Oligosen sonlarında şiddetli Alpin tektonik hareketlere uğramıştır. Bu devrede oluşan fay hatlarından çıkan lavlar Pre-Neojen temeli tamamen kaplamıştır.
 Miyosen: Miyosende ise Doğu Anadolu'nun depresyonları daha çok göl rejimine girmiştir ve özellikle büyük bir bölümü göl tarafından işgal edilmiştir. Bu devrede ara ara çıkan lavlar havzalara akmıştır. Bu suretle; Arpaçay, Çıldır, Kura Vadisi boyunca görülen tortularla aratabakalı volkano-sedimanter formasyonlar meydana gelmiştir
 Pliyosen: Pliyosen'de bölge dikey tektonik hareketlere uğramıştır. Bu hareketlerle saha kırık hatlarla parçalanmış, kırık hatlar boyunca da blok halinde yükselmeler ve çökmeler meydana gelmiştir. Özellikle, bu hareketlerle kırık hatların dışında tabakalar kıvrılmadan ziyade çeşitli yönlere eğimlenmişlerdir. Bu durum da temeldeki kütlelerin çok sert olduğunu gösterir. Bu devrede Çıldır Gölü'nün işgal ettiği depresyon ve Çıldır Havzası ana hatları ile oluşmuştur. Sözü edilen depresyon sahalar, göller tarafından işgal edilmiş ve bu göl havzalarına yüksek sahalardan taşınan materyaller birikerek killi, kumlu, çakıllı depolar oluşmuştur.
 Kuvaterner: Bu dönemde ise aşınma, taşınma ve birikme olayları ön plana geçmiştir. Gölle işgal edilen Çıldır Havzasına kavuşan akarsular, eğimin fazla ve taban seviyesinin alçak olmasından dolayı volkanik örtüyü şiddetle kazarak parçalamışlardır. Öte yandan, yine Kuvaterner'de Çıldır Gölü'nün doğu ve batısında merkezi püskürmeler sonucunda batıdaki Kısır Dağı, doğudaki Akbaba Dağı volkanik konileri meydana gelmiştir. Bu konilerden çıkan lavlar ise göl havzasına kadar akmış ve miyosene dahil edilen volkano-laküstür formasyonların üzerini yer yer örtmüşlerdir.

Çıldır gölü, yakın bir zamana kadar zaman zaman kapalı bir havza halinde kalmıştır. Ancak Pleistosen'in plüviyal devrelerinde gölün fazla suları kuzeybatıdaki Gölbelen köyündeki 1970-1975 m. yüksekliğindeki gedikten Çıldır havzasına, oradan da Kura Nehri'ne akmıştır. Öte yandan, gölün kuzey kesiminde 2.000 m. civarında yerli kaya taraçaları ve sahanlıklar bulunmaktadır. Bu sahanlıklarda yassı çakılların varlıkları plüviyal devrede gölün en az 2000 metreye kadar yükseldiğini göstermektedir.

Halihazırda Çıldır Gölü güneyde bazaltlar üzerinde açılmış bir "taşma boğazı" vasıtasıyla Arpaçay'a kavuşmaktadır. Çıldır Gölünün kuzeyindeki Çıldır havzası da Kura'nın kollarından olan Kocaçay tarafından kapılarak Kura Nehri'ne bağlanmıştır.

Jeolojisi
Gölün güneyinde ve kuzeyinde Pre-Neojen temel üzerinde milli, kumlu, çakıllı tabakalarla ardalanmalı olarak istiflenen volkano-sedimanter formasyon uzanmaktadır. Gölün kuzeyinde, bu formasyon batıya doğru eğimlidir. Bu formasyonun üstüne yer yer oturan bazaltların yaşı muhtemelen miyosendir. Göl sahasının doğu ve batısında ise volkano-sedimanter formasyonu örten kalın bazalt kütleleri yer almaktadır. Bunlar kuvarterner başlarında merkezi püskürmelerden meydana gelmiştir. Gölün güneyinde ise, volkanik formasyonu örten ve aşınmadan korunmuş adalar halinde Pliyo Kuvarterner göl çökelleri uzanır. Kuzeyde Çıldır Ovası'nın kenarlarında kumlu, çakıllı, killi, marnlı göl çökelleri yaygındır. Çıldır Ovası'nda ise, kalın bir alüvyal örtü bulunmaktadır.

Gölün bulunduğu bölgenin temeli ise, oligosenden daha genç tüf, bloktüfü, andezitik ve bazaltik akıntılarla marn ve konglomeralardan oluşmaktadır. Bu serinin üstünde, Kuvaterner'e atfedilen bazaltik volkan grupları yükselmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Oluşumlarına göre Türkiye'nin gölleri listesi
 Türkiye'deki göller

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Uzaydan Çıldır Gölü

Ardahan'daki göller
Kars'taki göller
Türkiye'deki Önemli Kuş Alanları
Türkiye'deki Volkanik Set Gölleri
Türkiye'deki göller

Çıldır Gölü


Expoziției este o stație în execuție de metrou din București. Se va afla în Sectorul 1, între Bulevardul Expoziției, Bulevardul Poligrafiei și strada Parcului, lângă complexul expozițional Romexpo. Termenul estimat de punere în funcțiune era a doua jumătate a anului 2021.

În februarie 2023 lucrările de construcție a stației încă nu începuseră.

Note

Stații ale liniei 6 de metrou din București
Sector 1

Expoziției (stație de metrou)


Daphne Caruana Galizia (Sliema, 26. kolovoza 1964. – Bidnija kod Moste, 16. listopada 2017.), malteška istraživačka novinarka, spisateljica, zviždačica i protukorupcijska aktivistica ubijena zbog otkrića umiješanosti brojnih malteških političkih dužnosnika u organizirani kriminal, koji se očitovao u sudjelovanju brojnih parlamentarnih zastupnika i visokih dužnosnika u pranju novca, utaji poreza, nepotizmu i drugim nezakonitim radnjama.

Otkrila je i poveznicu između malteške industrije mrežnoga kockanja i mreže organizirana kriminala u zemlji koja je prodavala putovnice i druge osobne isprave te za svoje djelovanje primala i novac od azerbajdžanske vlade, uglavnom putem mrežnih uplata. Tijekom 2016. i 2017. godine objavila je nizove prijepiski, zapisnika i dokaza o umiješanosti brojnih malteških političara u kriminalne radnje, a brojna njezina otkrića objavljena su i u sklopu Panamskih dokumenata.

Unatoč brojnim prijetnjama koje je primala desetljećima i dvama policijskim uhićenjima, do smrti je istraživala pronevjere malteških političara. Ubijena je u atentatu izvedenom aktiviranjem auto-bombe u blizini njezine kuće u mjestu Bidnija pokraj Moste 16. listopada 2017. godine. Umorstvo je uzrokovalo političku krizu u zemlji te izazvalo buru u međunarodnoj javnosti. Britanski Financial Times i Guardian prozvali su ubojstvo "udarom na slobodu govora" izvedenim pod pokroviteljstvom "mafijaške države" Malte.

Sredinom travnja 2018., skupina od 45 novinara iz 18 novinskih listova, uključujući britanski Guardian, američki New York Times, francuski Le Monde i Times of Malta, objavio je The Daphne Project, koji predstavlja objavu svih zapisa i otkrića na kojima je Galizia radila netom prije smrti te ih nije uspjela objaviti. Stoga je objava njezinih posljednjih otkrića opisana kao svojevrstan oblik posmrtne zadovoljštine, ali i kao pokušaj podizanja svijesti o daljnjoj prisutnosti kriminala protiv kojega se Galizia borila cijeli život te zbog kojeg je naposljetku i ubijena.

Bila je supruga odvjetnika Petera Caruana Galizie i majke trojice sinova. Najstariji sin Matthew član je Međunarodnog konzorcija istraživačkih novinara.

Zbog sličnih razloga i pod sličnim sumnjivim okolnostima nekoliko mjeseci kasnije ubijen je slovački istraživački novinar Ján Kuciak, te se njegov slučaj zbog brojnih sličnosti povezuje s Galizijinim ubojstvom kao jednim od rijetkih atentata na novinare u povijesti Europske unije.

Izvori

Životopisi, Malta
Novinari
Publicisti
Borci za slobodu medija
Politika Malte

Daphne Caruana Galizia


Thoritul este un mineral de tip silicat (de thoriu) de culoare neagră cu formula chimică idealizată ThSiO4 (deseori conține și uraniu, (Th,U)SiO4) ce cristalizează în sistemul tetragonal. Prezintă dimorfism structural cu mineralul huttonit și izomorfism cu zirconul și hafnonul. Este cel mai comun mineral de thoriu și este aproape întotdeauna puternic radioactiv. Acesta a fost descoperit în 1828 pe insula Løvøya (Norvegia) de către vicarul mineralog Hans Morten Thrane Esmark, care a trimis primele specimene tatălui său Jens Esmark – profesor de mineralogie și geologie.

Note

Vezi și
 Hafnon
 Huttonit
 Mineral
 Sistem cristalin
 Zircon

Silicați
Minerale

Thorit


حي سكني منطقة جغرافية تتواجد ضمن مدينة كبيرة أو بلدية أو حتى معتمدية، ويقتصر استخدام أراضي الحي السكني على السكن الخاص دون الاستخدمات التجارية. وتختلف الأحياء في معيارها الراقي أو المتدني تبعاً لـسكانها أو قيمه أرضها أو جهتها، ويختلف نوع قاطني هذه الأحياء نسبة إلى صنع الإنسان الأحياء والمدن كامتداد لحاجاته الاجتماعية والاقتصادية. وبنظرة سريعة إلى وضع الإنسان الحالي في هذه البيئة، نجد أننا نفتقد لكثير من الحاجات الاجتماعية حتى أننا لا نتيح الفرصة لأنفسنا في التعرف على الأشخاص المحيطين بنا سواء في المساكن التي نقطنها أو في الساحات والحدائق وذلك لإنماء وتفعيل الحس الاجتماعي والذي هو جل أساس تطور الأحياء.

يعطي تخطيط الأحياء الحديثة الأولوية في الحي للمشاة مما يسهل حركتهم إلى دور العبادة والمدرسة والمنتزهات والأسواق في أمان ويسر دون التعرض للتقاطعات الخطرة.
توفر الأحياء الحديثة لكل مجموعة من الأسر لا تزيد عن (15) ملعباً للأطفال على شكل برحة جوار منازلهم وبعيداً عن حركة السيارات والفضوليين مما يشجع على الترابط بين سكانه.
توفر الأحياء الحديثة ملاعب مركزية للسكان بمساحات كبيرة وسطها وبعيداً عن الفضوليين.
تمنع الضرر عن الجار وتحافظ على القيم الدينية وتشجع العلاقات الاجتماعية، من خلال توفير الفراغات والحدائق شبه الخاصة بين المساكن.
التشجير والمساحات الخضراء تشكل محوراً هاماً للسكان يمكن الوصول لها مشياً وبسهولة من أي مكان بالحي وهذا ذو أثر مشجع للسكان على المشي والتعارف فيما بينهم في بيئة آمنة وصحية.

الحي يوفر للمتساكنين كل المرافق الضرورية مثل :
 مركز تسويق رئيسي يخدم المنطقة والمناطق المجاورة.
 مركز تسوق صغير داخل الحي لخدمة سكان الحي فقط.
 مناطق تجارية مصغرة توفر الخدمات الأساسية للحارات الداخلية.
 مناطق تنزه وتسلية.
 حديقة رئيسية متصلة بخطوط المشاة يمكن الوصول إليها بسهولة وأمان من كافة الأحياء.
 حدائق صغيرة وملاعب أطفال موزعة لخدمة الأحياء
 المسجد والخدمات التعليمية والأمنية.
 إحياء الروح الاجتماعية للوحدة والمجموعة السكنية وللمجتمع ككل داخل المنطقة.

تعد جودة البيئة السكنية مؤشراً على مستوى جودة الحياة، وتتطلب تنمية البيئة السكنية وتحسين مستواها ودعم الإحساس بروح المجموعة بين السكان، وتمكينهم من المشاركة في إدارة الحي والعناية به، وتحث السكان على الإستفادة والإفادة والرفع من جودة حيهم من الناحية التنظيمية والإدارية ، وبالتالي المدينة وكذلك الشعور بالمسؤولية واندفاعهم إلى التكامل والتعاون والتآخي والتواصل بين أفراد المجتمع عموماً والجيران خصوصاً، كما أن نقص الحدائق والساحات العامة يقلل من حركة المشاة، ويجعل تواجد السكان في الفراغات العامة والمشتركة نادراً، فتزداد بذلك العزلة بين القاطنين ويقل التعارف فيما بينهم مما يؤدي إلى ضعف العلاقات الاجتماعية.

تقسيم إداري
الحي: يتكون من مجموعة من الحارات المتجاورة التي يختلف عددها من حي إلى آخر ويحيط بالحي مجموعة من الشوارع التي تفصله عن بقية الأحياء الأخرى ويكون جزءاً من المدينة.

اقرأ أيضاً
 حصة حديقة

مراجع

أحياء سكنية
أنواع الأماكن المأهولة
تقسيمات إدارية

حي سكني


An Scleria vichadensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frederick Joseph Hermann. An Scleria vichadensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria vichadensis


Friedrich Erwin Rentschler (* 16. März 1932 in Laupheim; † 19. Juli 2018) war ein deutscher Unternehmer und Kunstsammler.

Leben

Nach seiner pharmazeutischen Prüfung wurde Rentschler 1962 an der Universität München mit einer Arbeit zur Quantitativen Bestimmung von Flavonen und Tanninen mit Hilfe der Titrationsmethoden nach Schwarzenbach promoviert. Von 1959 bis 1999 war er Geschäftsführer und Gesellschafter der Dr.-Rentschler-Gruppe. Während seiner Zeit in der Firma wurde der Unternehmensbereich Biotechnologie ausgebaut. 1983 erhielt die Firma weltweit die erste Zulassung für ein Interferon-Produkt namens Fiblaferon.

Seit 1999 war Friedrich Erwin Rentschler Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrates der Dr. Rentschler Holding GmbH & Co. KG in Laupheim. In diesem Jahr übergab Rentschler die Geschäftsaktivitäten an seinen Sohn Nikolaus F. Rentschler.

Seit 1999 kümmerte sich Rentschler verstärkt um seine Sammlung FER Collection (FER steht für seine Initialen). Seit 2009 befanden sich große Teile der Sammlung im "Ulmer Stadtregal", einem historischen Fabrikgebäude in Ulm, bis sie im Mai 2022 an ihren Ursprungsort Laupheim zurückkehrten.

Friedrich E. Rentschler wurde 1998 mit dem Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande ausgezeichnet.

Mitgliedschaften

 1984–1999: Mitglied des Galerievereins der Staatsgalerie Stuttgart Präsidiumsmitglied
 1989–1996: Kuratoriumsmitglied Akademie Schloss Solitude
 1999–2004: Kuratoriumsmitglied in der Kunststiftung Zeppelinmuseum Friedrichshafen
 seit 1999: Sprecher der Sammler im MNK/ZKM Karlsruhe
 2000–2006: Vorsitzender des Hochschulrats der Staatlichen Akademie der Bildenden Künste Karlsruhe

Weblinks
 Sammlung FER Collection

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmer (20. Jahrhundert)
Unternehmer (Pharmaindustrie)
Kunstsammler
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Deutscher
Person (Laupheim)
Geboren 1932
Gestorben 2018
Mann

Friedrich Erwin Rentschler


جمال على زهران  (2 سبتمبر 1955م -)، كاتب سياسي مصري، أستاذ العلوم السياسية بجامعة بورسعيد،  مكان الميلاد: شبرا الخيمة - القليوبية، مصر.

الدرجات العلمية

 دكتوراه الفلسفة في العلوم السياسية - كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم السياسية. جامعة القاهرة - 1988 مع مرتبة الشرف الأولى.
 ماجستير العلوم السياسية - جامعة القاهرة - 1983 امتياز.
 بكالوريوس العلوم السياسية - جامعة القاهرة - 1977 جيد جدا.

الوظائف

 أستاذ ورئيس قسم العلوم السياسية - كلية التجارة ببورسعيد - جامعة قناة السويس.
 أمين عام الجمعية العربية للعلوم السياسية (ديسمبر 2007).
 أمين عام شعبة العلوم السياسية - نقابة التجاريين.
 عضو اللجنة التنفيذية للجمعية العربية للعلوم السياسية (2000-2007).

العمل خارج مصر
أستاذ زائر بجامعات (جورج ماسون – وميريلاند، وجورج تاون، وجون هوبكنز، وجورج واشنطن خلال الفترة من 1996 -1999 (الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية).

العضويات
العضويات في الجمعيات والنقابات والنوادي

 الجمعية العربية للعلوم السياسية – بيروت.
 الجمعية المصرية للاقتصاد والتشريع - القاهرة.
 الجمعية العلمية للسياسات – القاهرة.
 اتحاد الكتاب – القاهرة.
 جماعة الإدارة العليا – القاهرة.
 جمعية خريجى كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم السياسية – القاهرة.
 نقابة التجاريين.
 الجمعية الأمريكية للعلوم السياسية – واشنطن.
 الجمعية الدولية لدراسات المستقبل – واشنطن.
 المجلس المصري للشئون الخارجية – القاهرة.
 نقابة المعلمين.
 المنتدى الاجتماعى المصري – جاردن سيتى – القاهرة.
 مؤسس ورئيس مجلس إدارة نادى بهتيم بشبرا الخيمة في الفترة من 1980- 1994.
 مؤسس منتدى القليوبية الثقافي والاجتماعي بشبرا الخيمة عام 2004م، وأول رئيس مجلس إدارة له.

المؤلفات العلمية

 قياس قوة الدول واحتمالات تطور الصراع العربي الاسرئيلى، مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية، بيروت، ديسمبر 2006م.
 ثقافة المقاومة والتحرير في إدارة الصراع العربي الصهيونى، دار الشروق الدولية – القاهرة 2005م.
 الأصول الديمقراطية والإصلاح السياسى، دار الشروق الدولية، القاهرة، 2005م.
 الأزمة الكورية: التطور والآفاق، المركز العربي للدراسات، أبوظبي، 2003م.
 أزمات النظام العربي وآليات المواجهة، دار الشروق، القاهرة، 2001م.
 مستقبل المعادلات الصعبة في صراع السلام العربي الإسرائيلي، المحروسة للنشر - 2001م.
 ديناميكية السياسة الخارجية والدور المصري في ظل التحولات الجديدة، المحروسة للنشر -2001م.
 النظام الدولى بين الاستمرارية والتغيير: دراسة في مشكلات معاصرة، المحروسة للنشر،2001م.
 ميلاد عالم جديد (مترجم)، الدار الأكاديمية، القاهرة، 2000م.
 تحديات الممارسة الديموقراطية، المحروسة للنشر القاهرة 2000م.
 تحديات الجمهورية الثالثة، المحروسة للنشر،2000م.
 أمن الخليج: محددات وأنماط تأثير العامل الدولى، المركز العربي للدراسات الإستراتيجية، (فرع الإمارات)، 1998 م.
 العمل العربي الوحدوى وصراع البقاء في نهاية القرن العشرين، المحروسة للنشر- 1997م.
 النظام الدولى والاقليمى بين الاستمرارية والتغيير، المحروسة للنشر،1996م.
 من يحكم مصر؟ دراسة في عملية صنع القرار السياسى في مصر والعالم الثالث، الطوبجى للنشر القاهرة، 1994، وحصل هذا الكتاب على جانزة الدولة التشجيعية 1995م.
 أزمة البحث العلمي في مصر والعالم الثالث، مركز البحوث السياسية، جامعة القاهرة،1991.
 توازن القوى بين العرب وإسرائيل بين حربى يونية 1967 وأكتوبر1973 ، مكتبة مدبولى، القاهرة، 1989م.
 السياسة الخارجية لمصر 1970-1981، مكتبة مدبولى، القاهرة، 1987م.

نشاطات فكرية أخرى

 شارك بالعديد من الأبحاث والدراسات العلمية في منتديات (داخل مصر وخارجها)، وقدم فيها أكثر من (100) بحث علمى.
 كاتب دائم في جريدة الأهرام، والأهرام المسائي، ومجلة الأهرام الاقتصادى، والسياسة الدولية، والعديد من الصحف المصرية المستقلة والمعارضة.
 كاتب دائم في صحف عربية منها عكاظ (السعودية)، والاتحاد (الإمارات) وأخرى.
 كاتب دائم في صحف دولية منها الحياة (لندن)، العالم اليوم (لندن).
 خبير بمركز الدراسات السياسية والإستراتيجية - الأهرام.
 أستاذ زائر بأكاديمية ناصر العسكرية.
 خبير لدى العديد من مراكز البحث الإستراتيجية في مصر والعالم العربي.
 أستاذ محاضر بمعهد العلوم الإستراتيجية - القاهرة.
 محلل سياسى بالعديد من القنوات الفضائية عديدة منها: (الجزيرة – أبوظبي – المنار – العربية – الاخبارية – ANN ، ودريم، والمحور، (B.B.C)، بالإضافة إلى التليفزيون المصري في بعض الأحيان، وغيرهم.
 كاتب دائم في جريدة الكرامة المستقلة (مصرية) منذ بدء إصدارها عام 2005م، بعمود تحت عنوان (ضوء أحمر).

الإشراف العلمي
الإشراف العلمي على رسائل الماجستير والدكتوراة والاشتراك في مناقشتها:

1. الإشراف على عدد (25) رسالة ماجستير حتى نهاية عام 2007م.

2. الإشراف على عدد (25) رسالة دكتواره حتى نهاية عام 2007م.

3. افاشتراك في مناقشة العديد من رسائل الماجستير والدكتوراه في العديد من الجامعات المصرية منها، جامعة القاهرة، عين شمس، وأسيوط، والزقازيق، والإسكندرية.

4. الإشراف على العديد من رسائل الماجستير والدكتوراة بأكاديمية ناصر العسكرية وكذا بكلية الدفاع الوطنى، فضلاً عن الاشتراك في مناقشة والحكم على العديد من الرسائل الأخرى بالأكاديمية.

5. الاشتراك في مناقشة رسائل الماجستير والدكتوراه بمعهد الدراسات العربية، جامعة الدول العربية، القاهرة.

الجوائز

 جائزة الدولة التشجيعية في العلوم السياسية عن كتاب: من يحكم مصر ؟ : دراسة في صنع القرار السياسى في مصر والعالم الثالث لعام 1995/1996م.
 جائزة المركز الأول في ´´المقال السياسى´´ _ المجلس الأعلى للشباب والرياضة، عام 1978م .
 درع نقابة التجاريين تقديرا للمركز القيادى في خدمة المجتمع، عام 1985م .
 جائزة التفوق (المركز الأول) على مستوى الجمهورية في المسابقة الثقافية الفكرية بعنوان «التكامل المصري السودانى»، المجلس الأعلى للشباب والرياضة، مايو 1984م.
 شهادة التفوق في مسابقة شباب الجامعات في موضوع «السادس من أكتوبر نقطة انطلاق في حياة الأمة العربية»، وزارة التعليم العالي، يوليو 1975م.
 جائزة الأهرام لنادى الكتاب لعام 2003م عن كتاب «أزمات النظام العربى وآليات المواجهة»، الصادر عام 2002م عن دار الشروق (يناير 2003م).
 جائزة التميز (الأستاذ الجامعى المثالى) لعام 2004م من نقابة المعلمين (ديسمبر 2004م).
 جائزة التميز (الأستاذ الجامعى المثالى) لعام 2006، والتميز في الأداء البرلمانى الرفيع كعضو مجلس الشعب وفي مقدمة الداعمين لقضايا المعلمين خاصة (كادر المعلمين وتكليف خريجى كليات التربية بالتعيين في وظائف التعليم (المختلفة)، نقابة المعلمين، القاهرة، (3 ديسمبر 2006م).

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي للنائب.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء مجلس الشعب المصري 2005
أكاديميون مصريون
مواليد 1375 هـ
مواليد 1966

جمال زهران


LAHA Foundation est une association à but non lucratif pour la défense des droits des femmes. Fondée en 2007 par Ayaan Hirsi Ali, l'association est basée à New York. Formée à l'origine pour soutenir les opposants à l'islam, apostats, victimes de persécution dans leurs convictions religieuses ou politiques, AHA Foundation a élargi son champ d'action en septembre 2008 et se mobilise pour les droits des femmes.

L'association vise à lutter contre des atteintes qui frappent les femmes, comme le mariage d'enfant, le mariage forcé, les mutilations génitales féminines et les crimes d'honneur. Son action consiste principalement à éduquer, diffuser les connaissances et militer pour des changements législatifs.

Notes et références

Association ou organisme pour la défense des droits et des libertés aux États-Unis
Droit des femmes

AHA Foundation


කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස ගණන 13කි එනම්.

 කොළඹ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 දෙහිවල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 හෝමාගම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 කඩුවෙල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 කැස්බෑව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 කොලොන්නාව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 කෝට්ටේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 මහරගම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 මොරටුව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 පාදුක්ක ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 රත්මලාන ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 සීතාවක ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය
 තිඹිරිගස්යාය ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභා
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත් සභා

බාහිර සබැදි
 Divisional Secretariats Portal
 Statoids: Divisions of Sri Lanka


The fishing industry includes any industry or activity that takes, cultures, processes, preserves, stores, transports, markets or sells fish or fish products. It is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, as well as the related harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or as input factors in other industrial processes. The livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends directly or indirectly on fisheries and aquaculture.

The fishing industry is struggling with environmental and welfare issues, including overfishing and occupational safety. Additionally, the combined pressures of climate change, biodiversity loss and overfishing endanger the livelihoods and food security of a substantial portion of the global population.

Sectors

The industry has three principal sectors that include recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing.

Other slightly different definitions exist, for example the Australian government uses:

 The commercial sector: comprises enterprises and individuals associated with wild-catch or aquaculture resources and the various transformations of those resources into products for sale. It is also referred to as the seafood industry, although non-food items such as pearls are included among its products.
 The traditional sector: comprises enterprises and individuals associated with fisheries resources from which aboriginal people derive products in accordance with their traditions.
 The recreational sector: comprises enterprises and individuals associated for the purpose of recreation, sport or sustenance with fisheries resources from which products are derived that are not for sale.

Traditional

Recreational

Commercial sector

World production

Fish are harvested by commercial fishing and aquaculture.

The world harvest increased over the 20th century and, by 1986, had stabilized around  per year. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world harvest in 2005 consisted of  captured by commercial fishing in wild fisheries, plus  produced by fish farms. In addition,  of aquatic plants (seaweed etc.) were captured in wild fisheries and  were produced by aquaculture. The number of individual fish caught in the wild has been estimated at 0.97–2.7 trillion per year (not counting fish farms or marine invertebrates).

Following is a table of the 2011 world fishing industry harvest in tonnes (metric tons) by capture and by aquaculture.

Related industries
Once fish is caught, especially in commercial sectors, bringing the fish to consumers require a complex series of related industries.

Fish farming

Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms. Unlike fishing, aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments. Particular kinds of aquaculture include algaculture (the production of kelp/seaweed and other algae); fish farming; shrimp farming, shellfish farming, and the growing of cultured pearls.

Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosed pools, usually for food. Fish species raised by fish farms include carp, salmon, tilapia, catfish and cod. Increasing demands on wild fisheries by commercial fishing operations have caused widespread overfishing. Fish farming offers an alternative solution to the increasing market demand for fish and fish protein.

Fish processing

Fish processing is the processing of fish delivered by commercial fisheries and fish farms. The larger fish processing companies have their own fishing fleets and independent fisheries. The products of the industry are usually sold wholesale to grocery chains or to intermediaries.

Fish processing can be subdivided into two categories: fish handling (the initial processing of raw fish) and fish products manufacturing. Aspects of fish processing occur on fishing vessels, fish processing vessels, and at fish processing plants.

Another natural subdivision is into primary processing involved in the filleting and freezing of fresh fish for onward distribution to fresh fish retail and catering outlets, and the secondary processing that produces chilled, frozen and canned products for the retail and catering trades.

Fish products

Fisheries are estimated to currently provide 16% of the world population's protein. The flesh of many fish are primarily valued as a source of food; there are many edible species of fish. Other marine life taken as food includes shellfish, crustaceans, sea cucumber, jellyfish and roe.

Fish and other marine life can also be used for many other uses:  pearls and mother-of-pearl, sharkskin and rayskin. Sea horses, star fish, sea urchins and sea cucumber are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Tyrian purple is a pigment made from marine snails, and sepia is a pigment made from the inky secretions of cuttlefish. Fish glue has long been valued for its use in all manner of products. Isinglass is used for the clarification of wine and beer. Fish emulsion is a fertilizer emulsion that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal.

Fish derived protein hydrolysates have been identified to exhibit a wide range of bioactivities making them important to food and health care industries. Hydrolysates derived from fish processing by-products like swim bladder, skin, scale, bones and fins display blood pressure regulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activity. Fish hydrolysates are also on the rise for commercial purposes in food industries due to their lipid peroxidation inhibition, high emulsification activity and large water retention capacity making them effective food matrix stabilization and shelf life enhancement agents.

In the industry, the term seafood products is often used instead of fish products.

Fish marketing

Fish markets are marketplace used for the trade in and sale of fish and other seafood. They can be dedicated to wholesale trade between fishermen and fish merchants, or to the sale of seafood to individual consumers, or to both. Retail fish markets, a type of wet market, often sell street food as well.

Most shrimp are sold frozen and are marketed in different categories. The live food fish trade is a global system that links fishing communities with markets.

Environmental impact

Sustainable fishery

International disputes

The ocean covers 71% of the earth's surface and 80% of the value of exploited marine resources are attributed to the fishing industry. The fishing industry has provoked various international disputes as wild fish capture rose to a peak about the end of the 20th century, and has since started a gradual decline. Iceland, Japan, and Portugal are the greatest consumers of seafood per capita in the world.

Disputes in the Americas
Chile and Peru are countries with high fish consumption, and therefore had troubles regarding their fish industries. In 1947, Chile and Peru first adopted the 200 nautical mile standard as their exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and in 1982, the UN formally adopted this term. In the 2000s, Chile and Peru suffered a serious fish crisis because of excessive fishing and lack of proper regulations, and now . From the late 1950s, offshore bottom trawlers began exploiting the deeper part, leading to a large catch increase and a strong decline in the underlying biomass. The stock collapsed to extremely low levels in the early 1990s and this is a well-known example of non-excludable, non-rivalrous public good in economics, causing free-rider problems.

Following the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery in 1992, a dispute arose between Canada and the European Union over the right to fish Greenland halibut (also known as turbot) just outside of Canada's exclusive economic zone in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The dispute became known as the Turbot War. On 9 March 1995, in response to observations of foreign vessels fishing illegally in Canadian waters and using illegal equipment outside of Canada's EEZ, Canadian officials boarded and seized the Spanish trawler Estai in international waters on the Grand Banks. Throughout March, the Spanish Navy deployed patrol ships to protect fishing boats in the area, and Canadian forces were authorized to open fire on any Spanish vessel showing its guns. Canada and the European Union reached a settlement on 15 April which led to significant reforms in international fishing agreements.

Disputes in Europe
Iceland is one of the largest consumers in the world and in 1972, a dispute occurred between UK and Iceland because of Iceland's announcement of an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to reduce overfishing. This dispute is called the Cod Wars, direct confrontations between Icelandic patrol vessels and British warships.

Nowadays in Europe in general, countries are searching for a way to recover their fishing industries. Overfishing of EU fisheries is costing 3.2 billion euros a year and 100,000 jobs according to a report. So Europe is constantly looking for some collective actions that could be taken to prevent overfishing.

Disputes in Asia
Japan, China and Korea are some of the greatest consumers of fish, and have some disputes over Exclusive Economic Zone.
In 2011, due to a serious earthquake, the nuclear power facility in Fukushima was damaged. Ever since, huge amount of contaminated water leaked and is entering the oceans. Tokyo Electric Power Company (Tepco) admitted that around 300 tonnes of highly radioactive water had leaked from a storage tank on the site. In the Kuroshio Current, the sea near Fukushima, about 11 countries catch fish. Not only the surrounding countries such as Japan, Korea and China, but also the countries like Ukraine, Spain and Russia have boats in the Kuroshio Current. In September 2013, South Korea banned all fish imports from eight Japanese prefectures, due to the radioactive water leaks from the Fukushima nuclear plant.

The North_Pacific_Anadromous_Fish_Commission: NPFC was established in 2015 to manage fish stocks against increasing demand.
Members are Canada, Japan, Russia, the United States, and South Korea. China, Taiwan, and Vanuatu also participated in the meeting.
The NPFC imposes catch limits on member countries and countries participating in the conference. A crackdown on  Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing(IUU) vendors was also requested.

Society and culture

Global goals
International policy to attempt to address these issues is captured in Sustainable Development Goal 14 ("Life below water") and its Target 14.4 on "Sustainable fishing": "By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics".

Standards and labelling
The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an independent non-profit organization which sets a standard for sustainable fishing. Fisheries that wish to demonstrate they are well-managed and sustainable compared to the MSC's standards are assessed by a team of experts or Conformity Assessment Bodies (CABs) who are independent of both the fishery and the MSC.

By country

See also
Fishery
Fishing industry by country
Fishing industry in the Caribbean
List of countries by fish and seafood consumption
Sustainable fishing

References

External links
 FAO Fisheries Information
  NOAA Fisheries Service

Industries (economics)

Fishing industry


Hirano Ken (; * 30. Oktober 1907 in Kyōto; † 3. April 1978) war ein japanischer Schriftsteller und Literaturkritiker.

Leben
Hirano besuchte die Schule gemeinsam mit dem späteren Schriftsteller Honda Shūgo. Er studierte Literatur an der Universität Tokio und schloss sich in dieser Zeit der proletarischen Literaturbewegung an. Er wurde auf Empfehlung Hondas Mitglied des Proletarischen Forschungsinstituts und wurde nach dem Studienabschluss Mitherausgeber der Zeitschrift Puroretaria bunka (Proletarische Kultur). Der Fall eines Mordes an einem Mitglied des Zentralkomitees der Kommunistischen Partei Japans als angeblicher Polizeispitzel 1933 schockierte Hirano und brachte ihn auf Distanz zu der Partei und der mit ihr verbundenen proletarischen Literaturbewegung.

Ende der 1930er Jahre gründete Hirano mit Honda Shūgo und Yamamuro Shizuo die Zeitschrift Hihyō. Nach dem Ausbruch des Krieges mit den USA 1941 wurde er Mitarbeiter des japanischen Geheimdienstes, für den er bis 1943 arbeitete und Mitglied der patriotischen Literaturgesellschaft Bungaku Hōkokukai. Nach dem Krieg wurde er Mitbegründer der Zeitschrift Kindai Bungaku sowie des Zentralkomitees der Literaturgesellschaft Neues Japan. Von 1958 bis zu seinem Tod war er Professor für Literatur an der Meiji-Universität. 1963 wurde er mit dem Mainichi-Kunstpreis ausgezeichnet. Er gilt als der Entdecker von Schriftstellern wie Ōe Kenzaburō und Kurahashi Yumiko. 1975 erhielt er den Noma-Literaturpreis.

Werke
 Hirano Ken et al.: Nihon puroretaria bungaku taikei, 1954
 Hirano Ken, Odagiri Hideo, Yamamoto Kenkichi: Gendai Nihon bungaku ronsōshi, 1956
 Shōwa bungaku oboegaki, 1956
 Shimazaki Tōson, 1956
 Nakamura Mitsuo, Usui Yoshimi, Hirano Ken (Hrsg.): Gendai Nihon bungakushi, 1959
 Hirano Ken (Hrsg.): Mayama Seika, Chikamatsu Shūkō shuu, 1973
 Hirano Ken zenshū, 1974
 Shōwa bungaku shiron, 1977
 Shimazaki Tōson; Sengo bungei hyōron, 1979

Quellen
 J. Victor Koschmann: "Revolution and Subjectivity in Postwar Japan", University of Chicago Press, 1996, ISBN 9780226451213, S. 69 ff
 Rebecca L. Copeland: "Woman Critiqued: Translated Essays on Japanese Women's Writing", University of Hawaii Press, 2006, ISBN 9780824829582, S. 238
 Johns Hopkins University Libraries - Hirano, Ken
 S. Noma (Hrsg.): Hirano Ken. In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993. ISBN 4-06-205938-X, S. 537.

Autor
Roman, Epik
Literaturkritiker
Literatur (Japanisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Japaner
Geboren 1907
Gestorben 1978
Mann

Hirano Ken


Havnespidsen (dansk) eller Hafenspitze (tysk) er en centralt beliggende plads ved enden af fjorden i Flensborg.

Den oprindelige havnespids lå i middelalderen cirka 500 meter længere mod syd ved Angelbogaden og Sankt Hans Kirken, som var centrum for bebyggelsen i Flensborg i 1100-tallet. På grund af sedimentaflejringer blev efterhånden dele af den indre havn lavvandet, så de ikke kunne anløbes af skibe med større dybgang. De lossede i stedet varerne ved Skibbroen ved fjordens vestlige bred.

I 1854 blev en over 200 meter lang skinnebelagt træbro (Den Engelske Bro) opført ved Havnespidsen, så godsvognene fra den nærliggende engelske banegård kunne blive omladet i skibene uden mellemtrin. Efter fjernelsen af broen blev den indre havnebassin opfylt omtrent til den nuværende vandkant. Pladsen omkring havnespidsen indgår nu i byens havnepromenade.

Galleri

Lokaliteter i Flensborg
Torve og pladser i Flensborg

Havnespidsen


La 11-cetotestosterona es una forma oxidada de la testosterona que contiene un grupo cetona en la posición-11. Está relacionada con la adrenosterona, un andrógeno encontrado en pequeñas cantidades en los seres humanos. En los peces, la 11-cetotestosterona funciona como la hormona sexual androgénica endógena.

Es una variación de la testosterona que producen los mamíferos y los humanos.

Referencias

Andrógenos

11-cetotestosterona


"Life Among the Gorillas" es el episodio #17 de la primera temporada de How I Met Your Mother. Se estrenó el 20 de marzo de 2006.

Trama
Marshall comienza su trabajo en la oficina de Barney y odia a sus compañeros de trabajo en el departamento legal. Lo embroman sobre Lily haciendo su almuerzo y Marshall está incómodo con los escenarios ficticios que construyen que hacen elegir a Marshall entre dos mujeres. Al final del primer día, Marshall está listo para renunciar, pero Barney lo manipula para quedarse. Barney convence a Marshall que él sería más feliz al saber que le puede dar una mejor vida a Lily. Marshall le pide a Barney consejos en cómo tratar con sus compañeros de trabajo, y Barney sugiere que se comporte como sus compañeros y así haga amigos. Cuando Marshall le cuenta a Lily sobre su plan, Lily no piensa que es una buena idea, pero Marshall piensa que él puede mantener su personalidad en el trabajo de su personalidad real. Barney le muestra a Marshall como actuar con los hombres del trabajo y Marshall tiene su aceptación. La personalidad de trabajo de Marshall también está presente en su vida. Marshall le pide a Lily que le de una oportunidad a sus compañeros de trabajo y van a un bar karaoke. Lily no la está pasando bien y cuando Marshall acepta una oferta de trabajo en la compañía de Barney, Lily se va de la mesa. Lily le pregunta a Marshall cuando abandonó sus valores pero él quiere hacer dinero por un par de años así le puede dar a Lily una vida mejor. Lily le dice que él puede darle una vida mejor con lo que él ya es. Los dos se arreglan al presentar su canción favorita en el karaoke.

Mientras tanto, Ted lucha con su relación a larga distancia con Victoria. Él se siente culpable que Victoria le ha enviado tres paquetes y él no le ha enviado ninguno. Cuando él llama para agradecerle su paquete más reciente, él dice que le envió un paquete hace unos días. Ted le pide a Robin un consejo sobre como cubrir su mentira. Robin sugiere que le de un paquete con cosas relacionadas con Nueva York y un diario de New York Times de hace tres días. Cuando Victoria llama a Ted para agradecerle por el paquete, él accidentalmente se duerme en el teléfono. Sintiéndose culpable y frustrado, Ted planea volar a Alemania para visitar a Victoria. Pero cuando él está comprando su ticket, Victoria le envía un mensaje de correo electrónico diciéndole que necesitan hablar esa tarde. Ted se preocupa que Victoria terminará con él, pero Robin le asegura que está preocupado por ninguna razón. La llamada de Victoria tiene cuatro horas de retraso. El Ted del futuro termina el episodio al usar el juego Bilson, y dice, "Aquí está la pregunta real, son las dos de la madrugada, tus amigos todavía están cantando en el karaoke, pero tú estás en casa temprano porque estás esperando una llamada de tu novia en Alemania quién debió llamar hace cuatro horas. Y entonces... suena el teléfono." Ted responde, y Robin está en la otra línea, preguntando si quiere venir. El Ted del futuro luego dice, "¿Qué haces? Vas".

Música
 AC/DC - "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap"
 Elton John & Kiki Dee - "Don't Go Breaking My Heart"

Continuidad
 El póster mencionado es mostrado en "Wait for It".

Referencias culturales
 El "guardia de seguridad" llama a Marshall Pie Grande.
 Los compañeros de trabajo de Marshall le pide que elija entre Jessica Alba y Jessica Simpson, The Golden Girls (él elige a Beatrice Arthur; su compañero de trabajo elige a Betty White), y Angelina Jolie en una silla de ruedas y Scarlett Johansson sin brazos.
 Marshall sugiere que puede cantar "Iron Man" por Black Sabbath.
Marshal cuenta una historia con sus compañeros de trabajo, que se parece a la historia que Tim Roth ensaya y le cuenta a Joe Cabot en Reservoir Dogs.

Referencias

Episodios de How I Met Your Mother

Life Among the Gorillas


Maret Vaher (* 12. Januar 1973 in Saverna, Landgemeinde Valgjärve) ist eine estnische Orientierungs- und Ski-Orientierungsläuferin sowie Mountainbike-Orienteer.

Karriere
Maret Vaher bestritt ihre erste Weltmeisterschaft 1990 im Ski-Orientierungslauf noch im Trikot der Sowjetunion, als sie in den Einzelwettbewerben Achte und Siebte wurde, sowie in der Staffel mit Swetlana Beresin und Jekaterina Petrowa Vierte wurde. Ihren größten Erfolg bei einer Ski-Orientierungslauf-Weltmeisterschaft gelang ihr 1994 im Nonstal in Italien, als sie auf der Langdistanz hinter Pepa Miluschewa aus Bulgarien und Virpi Juutilainen aus Finnland die Bronzemedaille gewann. Sie startete noch bei den Ski-Orientierungslauf-Weltmeisterschaften 1996 und 1998 und belegte dabei jeweils den fünften Platz mit der estnischen Staffel, die 1992 mit Maret Vaher Platz vier erreicht hatte. Danach konzentrierte sich Vaher mehr auf das Orientierungslaufen im Sommer. Sie startete bei den Weltmeisterschaften 1997, 1999, 2001 und 2006, kam aber nicht über einen 25. Platz in einem Einzelwettbewerb hinaus. Bei der Europameisterschaft 2000 in der Ukraine wurde sie Sechste auf der Langdistanz. Ab 2006 startete sie vermehrt bei Mountainbikerennen im Orientieren. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2007 erreichte sie Platz zehn auf der Mitteldistanz. 2009 wurde sie Fünfte bei der Europameisterschaft auf der Langdistanz.

Sie gehört dem Verein OK Põlva Kobras an. Sie ist 68-fache estnische Meisterin und gewann außerdem 33 Silber- und 17 Bronzemedaillen. Die Orientierungssportlerin Ruth Vaher ist ihre Schwester.

Platzierungen

Orientierungslauf
Weltmeisterschaften:

 1997: 40. Platz Mittel, 45. Platz Lang, 7. Platz Staffel
 1999: 25. Platz Lang, 15. Platz Staffel
 2001: 54. Platz Mittel, 28. Platz Lang, 8. Platz Staffel
 2006: 42. Platz Mittel, 32. Platz Lang, 15. Platz Staffel

Europameisterschaften:

 2000: 6. Platz Lang
 2002: 29. Platz Mittel, 23. Platz Lang, 16. Platz Staffel
 2006: 13. Platz Mittel, 28. Platz Lang, 7. Platz Staffel

Gesamt-Weltcup:

 2000: 63. Platz
 2002: 62. Platz
 2006: 46. Platz

Ski-Orientierungslauf
Weltmeisterschaften:

 1990: 8. Platz Kurz, 7. Platz Lang, 4. Platz Staffel
 1992: 10. Platz Kurz, 5. Platz Lang, 4. Platz Staffel
 1994: 16. Platz Kurz, 3. Platz Lang, 7. Platz Staffel
 1996: 22. Platz Kurz, 17. Platz Lang, 5. Platz Staffel
 1998: 16. Platz Kurz, 17. Platz Lang, 5. Platz Staffel

Mountainbike-Orienteering
Weltmeisterschaften:

 2006: 11. Platz Kurz, 24. Platz Lang
 2007: 21. Platz Sprint, 10. Platz Mittel, 36. Platz Lang
 2009: 42. Platz Sprint, 19. Platz Mittel
 2010: 21. Platz Sprint, 32. Platz Mittel, 26. Platz Lang

Europameisterschaften:

 2006: Kurz dsq., 13. Platz Lang, 5. Platz Staffel
 2009: 22. Platz Kurz, 20. Platz Mittel, 5. Platz Lang

Weblinks
 Maret Vaher World of O Runners
 Ergebnisse der Ski-OL-Weltmeisterschaften
 Maret Vaher World O Ranking
 Maret Vaher Kurze Biographie und Resultate

Einzelnachweise

Estnischer Meister (Mountainbike-Orienteering)
Mountainbike-Orienteer (Estland)
Orientierungsläufer (Estland)
Estnischer Meister (Orientierungslauf)
Ski-Orientierungsläufer (Estland)
Ski-Orientierungsläufer (Sowjetunion)
Estnischer Meister (Ski-Orientierungslauf)
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1973
Frau
Este

Maret Vaher


ටීනා දත්තා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට සහ රූපවාහිනී නිළියකි. ඇය කලර්ස් ටීවී නාළිකාව ඔස්සේ විකාශය වූ සුප්‍රකට දිනපතා හින්දි සෝප් ඔපෙරාවක් වූ උත්තරන් කතාමාලාවේ ඉච්ඡා වීර් සිං බුන්දේලාගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කළා ය. මෙම කතාමාලාව වර්ෂ 6කට අධික කාලයක් (2008-2015) විකාශය විය. 2010 වර්ෂයේ ඉච්ඡා වීර් සිං බුන්දේලා චරිතය නිරූපණය වෙනුවෙන් ටීනා දත්තා මාලා නාට්‍යයක හොඳම නිළිය සඳහා ප්‍රොඩියුසර්ස් ගිල්ඩ් චිත්‍රපට සම්මානය ද හිමි කරගත්තා ය.

වෘත්තිය
සිය පස් හැවිරිදි වියේ දී දත්තා සිස්ටර් නිවේදිතා නැමැති රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවට රංගනයෙන් දායක වූවා ය. මෙය 1992 වර්ෂයේ විකාශය විය. අනතුරුව චිත්‍රපටවල චරිත නිරූපණය ඇරඹි ඇය පිතා මාතාර් මන්තාන් චිත්‍රපටයේ වීරවරියගේ දියණියගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කළා ය. එසේම දස් නම්බර් බාරි, සාගර්කන්‍යා ඇතුළු චිත්‍රපට ගණනාවක් සඳහා ඇය දායක වූවා ය. මීට අමතරව ඇය ඛේලා නැමැති බෙංගාලි රූපවාහිනී සෝප් ඔපෙරාවේ ද චරිත නිරූපණය කළා යත මෙහි ඇය විසින් නිරූපණය කරන ලද්දේ දාමරික කාන්තාවකගේ චරිතයක් වන අතර, දීපංකර් දේ විසින් ඇයව සිය ලේලියන් වන සුදීප්තා සහ දුර්ගා පිළිබඳ ඔත්තු බැලීමට යොදවනු ලැබෙයි.

දත්තා රිතුපර්නෝ ඝෝෂ්ගේ 2003 චිත්‍රපටයක් වූ චෝඛේර් බාලිහි රංගනයේ යෙදන විට ඇගේ වයස අවුරුදු 16කි. මෙහි ඇය රංගනයේ යෙදුණේ ඓශ්වර්යා රායි සමග ය. පසුව ඇය 2005 හින්දි චිත්‍රපටයක් වූ පරිනීතා තුළ ලාබාල ලලිතාගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කළා ය. 2008 වර්ෂයේ දී ඇය චිරෝදිනි තුමි ජේ අමර් නැමැති බෙංගාලි චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා ද සිය රංගන දායකත්වය සැපයූවා ය.

කලර්ස් ටීවී නාළිකාව ඔස්සේ විකාශය වූ කොයි ආනේ කෝ හේ නැමැති රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවේ එක් කථාංගයක කළු මායාවන්ගේ ගහණයට නතු වන තරුණියකගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කළා ය. පසුව දත්තා කලර්ස් ටීවී නාළිකාවෙන් විකාශය වූ අතිශය ජනප්‍රිය කතාමාලාවක් වන උත්තරන්හි ප්‍රධාන චරිතය වූ ඉච්ඡා වීර් සිං බුන්දේලාගේ චරිතය මෙන්ම ඇගේ දියණියගේ චරිතය ද නිරූපණය කළා ය.

මීට අමතරව ඇය 2009දී කොමඩි සර්කස්, 2013දී කොමඩි නයිට්ස් විත් කපිල් සහ 2014දී ජලක් දිඛ්ලා ජා 7 වැනි රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් සඳවා විශේෂ නිරූපණයන් සිදුකළා ය. 2014දී ඇය බොක්ස් ක්‍රිකට් ලීගය වෙනුවෙන් අහමදාබාද් එක්ස්ප්‍රස් කණ්ඩායම සඳහා තරගවැදුණා ය. එසේම 2016දී ඇය පෙස්බකර්ස්, සුපර් ෆැමිලි 100 සහ ඉච්ඡා දන් තපස්‍යා යන ඉන්දුනීසියානු රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් සමග ද සම්බන්ධ වූවා ය.

චිත්‍රපට දායකත්වය

රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන්

සම්මාන

මේවාත් බලන්න
 ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නිළියන් ලැයිස්තුව

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

ජීවත්වන්නෝ
උපන් ස්ථානය දක්නට නොමැති ලිපි (ජීවත්වන්නෝ)
21 වන සියවස තුළ ඉන්දියානු නිළියෝ
හින්දි සිනමාවේ නිළියෝ
ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී නිළියෝ
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට නිළියෝ
ඉන්දියානු සෝප් ඔපෙරා නිළියෝ
1986 උපත්

ටීනා දත්තා


La Harina Mezcla Tradicional Zamorana (abeviado como HMTZ) es una mezcla de harinas de seis fábricas zamoranas (de variedades de trigo procedente de triticum aestivum y triticum durum), al que se incluye harina molturada en molino de piedra (en proporción de 10%). Moler el trigo con este tipo de molinos proporciona un sabor final a los productos de harina que recuerda a antaño. Se emplea fundamentalmente en la elaboración de pan artesanal así como otros productos de la repostería tradicional zamorana.

Harineras zamoranas
Las seis harineras aceptadas por la marca de calidad son: Carbajo Hermanos, Hijos de Emilio Colino, hijo de Miguel Carbajo, Gabino bobo y Marcelino Zarzuelo Casas.

Referencias

Véase también
 Ternera de Aliste

Marcas de garantía
Alimentos protegidos de la provincia de Zamora
Economía de la provincia de Zamora

Harina Mezcla Tradicional Zamorana


This article describes the composition and actions of the Argentine air forces in the Falklands War (), which comprised units of the Air Force, Army, Navy and other services.

For a description of air forces of the United Kingdom, see British air services in the Falklands War.

Background
Despite initiating the war, Argentina had not prepared a plan for the subsequent defence of the islands. The military dictatorship that governed the country at the time regarded the seizure of the Falklands as a political act to obtain a diplomatic bargaining position, and not as an act of war. Consequently they were taken by surprise when the British responded with a large-scale mobilization, and a task force to retake the islands.

The Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Argentina; FAA), which had never fought against an external enemy since its establishment in 1912, had never considered the possibility of waging a long-range naval air campaign against a major NATO power. It was not trained or equipped for such a mission. The FAA had only two tanker aircraft to serve the whole air force and navy, and its fighter-bomber Mirage IIIs and IAI Daggers were not equipped for aerial refuelling. The FAA's training, tactics and equipment were focused on a possible war against Chile, resulting from disputes such as the Beagle conflict.

The option to attack Chile was a cause of great concern to the Argentina military during the war. The Chilean armed forces had deployed a significant force to Chile's common border with Argentina, and the FAA was forced to reinstate their retired F-86 Sabres to bolster Argentina's air defences. In Argentina's favour, Peru immediately offered its support to the Argentine cause, with the Peruvian Air Force even offering to fly combat missions. This was politely declined by the Argentine government. As the war progressed, Peru and Venezuela sent critical aircraft spare parts to Argentina, urgently needed by the FAA and the Brazilian Air Force leased two EMB111 Bandeirantes maritime patrol aircraft to the Argentine Navy. Finally on June 4, ten Peruvian Mirage 5 with AS-30 missiles arrived to Tandil but the war ended before they could be used. Israel Aircraft Industries technicians that were in the country under the 1979 IAI Daggers contract continued their work during the conflict.

By the best estimates, Argentina had about 240 planes when the war broke out. About half of those were posted in the interior and along the Chilean border. The long distances from their bases prevented them from using their top speed or they risked running out of fuel. Although the Argentines had more aeroplanes than the British Task force, a good number of them were Pucara turboprops. Also, the A-4 Skyhawk force were dependent on the two available KC-130 tankers, limiting the number of aeroplanes which could attack simultaneously.

Argentina's fleet of A-4 Skyhawk attack jets was in very poor condition. The arms embargo placed by the United States in 1976, due to the "Dirty War", had made most airframes unusable. The involvement of Israel in helping to return the A-4 to full operational status has been alleged, but has never been confirmed.

The small air arm of the Argentine Navy (Armada Republica Argentina; ARA) was in the middle of the transition from the A-4Q Skyhawk to the new Super Etendard. Only five of the Etendard's anti-ship Exocet missiles had been delivered at the time of the conflict, at which point an arms embargo prevented the delivery of further shipments. Additionally, the required programming for the missiles to interact with the Etendard's computers had not been completed by French engineers when the conflict broke out. France, being an ally of the United Kingdom, recalled all technicians, which left Argentine scientists and electronic engineers to figure out a way to make the missiles take input from the plane's computers. Navy pilots, particularly those of the 3rd Naval Fighters Squadron flying A-4Qs, were the only personnel trained in bombing warships. Air Force pilots trained during April against the two Argentine Type 42 destroyers, similar to those of the British Fleet, and according to the Naval officers all the sorties were shot down, causing great concern to the High Command until the successful May 1 strikes which proved that aircraft could survive.

Finally, Argentine military aviation had never been involved in an international conflict, indeed the last time the Argentine military had been involved in an international conflict was the War of the Triple Alliance more than a century before.

In spite of these disadvantages, Argentine air units bore the brunt of the battle during the six-week war, and inflicted serious damage and losses to the naval forces of the United Kingdom. Low-flying jets attacking British ships provided some of the most sobering and dramatic images of the war. By the end of the conflict, the British forces had come to admire the FAA's spirited conduct in the face of an effective air defence network.  Admiral Sandy Woodward, the British Task Force commander said: "[t]he Argentine Air Force fought extremely well and we felt a great admiration for what they did."

The British Operational Research Branch Report declassified and released to the public in February 2013 states:

Organisation
The air units involved in the Falklands War were under the following chain of command:
  Military junta – Brigadier General (Lieutenant General) Basilio Lami Dozo
 Air Defence Command () – Brigadier Jorge Hughes was in charge of the radar network, Mirage IIIEA interceptors and anti-aircraft defences on the mainland.
 Strategic Air Command () - Brigadier Helmuth Weber. Coordinated air assets through all the country. The CAE also had the main role of long range maritime surveillance with Boeing 707s and C-130 Hercules.
 Southern Air Force () – Brigadier Ernesto Crespo.  The FAS was the main organisation involved in combat over the conflict zone.
 South Atlantic Military Theatre () - Vice Admiral Juan Lombardo. Basically a naval command with the role of coordinating the air, surface and submarine assets in the South Atlantic area. Initially, during the invasion of the islands on 2 April and before hostilities broke out, the islands were supposedly to be under their command and was considered as the only organisation needed to manage the crisis.
 Falklands Military Garrison () - Brigade General Mario Menéndez (Army)
 Air Component () - Brigadier Luis Castellano

Deployment

Air units moved from home bases to southern facilities. Amid fears about British/Chilean air strikes and/or SAS raids, Argentine aircraft were dispersed in the surrounding areas of their southern airfields, e.g., several parts of the national route #3 were used for this purpose.

 Ezeiza International Airport, Buenos Aires
Boeing 707
 NAS Almirante Zar, Trelew, Chubut Province
B.Mk62 Canberra
 AFB Comodoro Rivadavia, IX Air Brigade, Chubut Province ( FAS command site )  map
KC/C-130 Hercules
Fokker F28
Escuadron Fenix
Mirage IIIEA
FMA IA 58 Pucará
CIC Comodoro, air traffic control center
 Airfield Puerto San Julián, Santa Cruz Province
IAI Dagger - La Marinete Squadron
A-4C Skyhawk
Cardion AN/TPS-44 radar w/ GADA 601 Army
 Airfield Puerto Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Province
A-4P Skyhawk
 AFB Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz Province
Mirage IIIEA
A-4P Skyhawk
FMA IA 58 Pucará
Navy Exploration Squadron after 13 May: S-2E Trackers and 2 leased Brazilian Air Force EMB111 Bandeirantes (2-P-201 & 2-P-202)
CIC Gallegos, air traffic control center
 NAS Almirante Quijada, Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego
IAI Dagger - Las Avutardas Salvajes Squadron
A-4Q Skyhawk
Super Étendard
SP-2H Neptune
 AFB Puerto Argentino, Port Stanley Airport, Falkland Islands
FMA IA 58 Pucará Air Force
Aermacchi MB.339A Navy
T-34 Mentor Navy
Helicopters from all services
CIC Malvinas, AN/TPS-43 radar and anti-aircraft defences from all services
 AFB Condor, Goose Green grass airfield, Falkland Islands
FMA IA 58 Pucará Air Force
Anti-aircraft cannons Air Force
 NAS Calderon, Pebble Island grass airfield, Falkland Islands
FMA IA 58 Pucará Air Force
T-34 Mentor Navy
Short Skyvan Coast Guard
 Aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo, April 2 to May 3
McDonnell Douglas A-4Q Skyhawk
Grumman S-2E Tracker
Sikorsky S-61D-4

Units
The numbers in bold are the number of aircraft engaged in combat without counting those in reserve, the numbers in brackets are the number of aircraft lost during the war.

Argentine Air Force

 1st Air Brigade -
Lockheed C-130H Hercules, 7 (1)
Lockheed KC-130H Hercules Tanker 2
Boeing 707-320C、 3
Fokker F-28-1000C 、6
 Fokker F-27-400M、 12
 2nd Air Brigade - English Electric B.62 Canberra、 8 (2)
 Grupo Aérofotográfico - Learjet 35A 2 (1)
 3rd Air Brigade -
 Falkland Islands - FMA IA 58A Pucará 24 (13)
 Comodoro Rivadavia - FMA IA 58A Pucará 1 (1)
 4th Air Brigade - McDonnell Douglas A-4C Skyhawk 16 (9)
 5th Air Brigade - McDonnell Douglas A-4B Skyhawk 30 (10)
 6th Air Brigade - Israel Aircraft Industries Dagger 27 (11)
 7th Air Brigade -
Lockheed C-130E Hercules, 3
Boeing CH-47C Chinook 2
Bell 212 2
8th Air Brigade
Dassault Mirage IIIEA 16 (2)
DHC-6-200 1

Argentine Navy

 (Argentine Naval Aviation)

 1st Naval Air Attack Squadron - Aermacchi MB.339A 6 (2)
 2nd Naval Air Fighter/Attack Squadron - Dassault Super Étendard 4 (sn. 3-A-201 was cannibalized for spare parts)
 3rd Naval Air Fighter/Attack Squadron - McDonnell Douglas A-4Q Skyhawk 8 (3)
 Naval Air Antisubmarine Squadron - Grumman S-2E Tracker 6
 Naval Air Training Squadron - Beechcraft T-34C-1 Turbo Mentor 4 (4)
 Naval Air Exploration Squadron - Lockheed SP-2H Neptune 2 (both retired by end of May due to airframe attrition)
 1st Naval Air Helicopter Squadron -
Aérospatiale Alouette AI03 SA361B 10 (1)
Lynx Mk.23 2 (1)
Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander 1
 2nd Naval Air Helicopter Squadron - Sikorsky S-61D-4 5
 Naval Air Transport Squadrons -
Lockheed L-188PF Electra 3
Fokker F-28-3000C 3
P-95 Bandeirulha 2

Argentine Army

 ( Argentine Army Aviation )

 601 Army Aviation Battalion -
Boeing CH-47C Chinook 2 (1)
Agusta A109A 3 (1)
Bell UH-1H Iroquois 9
Aérospatiale Puma SA330L 5 (5).
 South Georgia April 3 - Aérospatiale Puma SA330L 1 (1)

Argentine Coast Guard

 Aviation Service -
Aérospatiale Puma SA330L 1
Short Skyvan 3M-200 5 (2)

Argentine auxiliary aircraft
Escuadrón Fénix — 77 civilian business planes:
Agusta 109C 1
Aero Commander 500B 2
Aero Commander 500S/Shrike Commander 1
Aero Commander 680FL  Grand Commander 1
Aero Commander AC690A 2
Aero Commander AC690B 2
Aero Commander AC690C 1
Bell 205A-1 1
Bell 206 1
Bell 212 1
MBB Bo 105A 4
Cessna500 Citation I 4
Cessna501 Citation I 1
Cessna550 Citation II 1
C-47B-15-DK 2
DC-3 2
Gates Learjet24 1
Gates Learjet24A 2
Gates Learjet24D 1
Gates Learjet25D 3
Gates Learjet35 4
Gates Learjet35A 1
Gates Learjet36A 1
Gates Learjet36C 1
Hawker Siddeley HS.125-700B 1
IA50G2 Guaraní II 1
Mitsubishi MU-2B-26A 4
MD 500C 3
Piper Aerostar600A 11
Piper Aerostar TS600 5
Piper Aerostar TS601A 1
Piper Aerostar TS601B 1
Piper Aerostar TS601P 1
SA226-T Merlin IIIB 1
Sikorsky S-61N 2
Sikorsky S-58T 2

Aerolíneas Argentinas and Austral airlines:
Boeing 737-200 2
BAC 1-11-515FB 1  (airlift to Patagonia and Port Stanley).

Armament

Machine guns and autocannons:
 7.62 mm FM M2-20: Pucaras
 20 mm Colt Mk.12 Cannon: A-4s
 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.804 Cannon: Pucaras
 30 mm DEFA cannon: IAI Daggers and Mirage IIIEA
Unguided rockets:
 ZUNI 127 mm: MB.339s
 70 mm: MB339s
 105 mm: Pucaras
Missiles:
 Air-to-Air:
 AIM-9B Sidewinder short-range IR: only Navy A-4Q Skyhawks up to May 1
 Rafael Shafrir 2 short-range IR: IAI Daggers and A-4C on May 1
 Matra R550 Magic short-range IR: received April 15 for Mirage IIIEA
 Matra R530 short-range semi-active radar and IR: Mirage IIIEA
 Air-to-Surface:
 Aérospatiale AM.39 Exocet  Anti-Ship Missile: 5 units on Super Etendards
 AS 30 air-surface missiles.  Supplied by the Peruvian Air Force and arriving at the Tandil AFB (home base of the FAA Dagger) at the end of May, the war ended before they could be used.
Unguided retarded Gravity bomb: Thirteen bombs hit British ships without detonating as they were dropped from very low altitude and there was insufficient time in the air for them to arm themselves. The problem was solved by June with new fuzes (Kappa) bought in Spain .
 US built Mark 82 Snake Eye (500 lb / 227 kg) : A-4Q
 British built "1000 lb" (450 kg) : A-4B/C, IAI Daggers and Canberras
 Spain built Expal BR/BRP 250 kg : A-4B/C and IAI Daggers
 Argentine built PG 125 kg : Pucaras
 Napalm : Pucaras

Air campaign

Battle of San Carlos (1982)
Bluff Cove Air Attacks

Missions
Attack Missions:

Other Missions:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:150px;"|System
! style="width:600px;"|Obs
|-
| Mirage IIIEA
| Argentine sources indicate that a number were withdrawn from operations over the islands to protect the mainland against Vulcan strikes,
 however, they made 58 sorties providing decoys for the strike units with particular success on the June 8 attacks against the British landings ships. Their lesser internal fuel capacity, compared to the Daggers, prevented them from being used in their escort role.
|-
| Boeing 707
| The unarmed airliner made 54 cargo flights and other 61 for reconnaissance and surveillance duties against the British Task Force heading southFAA map locating the fleet for the first time on April 21 when a Sea Harrier attempted to intercept the 707 on May 22 causing it to retreat. Another 707 managed to evade 4 Sea Dart missiles launched against it but the risk of further sorties was too great and from that point on the 707's made no further attempt to find the Task Force. On another occasion they made a casual encounter with a British Nimrod both unarmed aircraft looked each other over and continued their missions.
|-
| Embraer P-95 Bandeirulha
| Two aircraft were incorporated into the naval aviation on May 21. They flew 39 maritime patrol sorties from Rio Gallegos airbase. They were returned to the Brazilian air force on June 24
|-
| IA 58 Pucará
| They performed reconnaissance and ground attack missions from the Falklands airfields and surveillance of the Patagonian coast from bases in Southern Argentina. Most of the island-based Pucarás were destroyed on the ground, due to special forces actions. They shot down a Royal Marines Westland Scout during the battle of Goose Green.
|-
| Fenix Squadron
| 126 decoying plus 52 reconnaissance sorties. They were also extensively used as communications relay and pathfinder flights to guide the combat jets with the Learjets' superior navigation systems.
|-
| C-130 Hercules
| 33 night flights to BAM Puerto Argentino in May/June (Blockade runner). Among the cargo transported in those flight were the 602 Army Commandos Coy, 155 mm CITEFA cannons, an improvised land based Exocet launcher, the Roland SAM system and a RASIT radar replacement. They evacuated 263 wounded and a British PoW in their returning flights. Starting 15 May, they also took over the dangerous task of searching for naval targets for the strike units, after the retirement of the last SP-2H Neptune available. On one of these daylight missions, a Hercules was intercepted and shot down by a Sea Harrier.29 May, the British tanker British Wye was hit by bombs dropped by a Hercules, north of South Georgia (Not officially recognized by the FAA)
|-
| KC-130 Hercules
| Refueling sorties for A-4s and Super Étendards, also for battle damaged fighters.
|-
| Fokker F-28 Navy
| 15 night flights to BAM Puerto Argentino in May/June (Blockade runner)
|-
| Army Aviation
| 796 helicopter flights on the islands
|-
| 1st Air Brigade Construction Group Air Force
| In charge of maintaining Port Stanley airbase operable. Throughout the conflict, the airport installations were attacked with 237 bombs, 1,200 shells from the Royal Navy gunline and 16 missiles, however, it was never out of action entirely. Many sources claim that the runway was covered with piles of dirt during the day causing British intelligence to surmise that repairs were still in progress. Craters were in fact heaps of earth placed there to make it look as though the runway was damaged.  In fact, the British were well aware that the runway was still in use by C-130 and attempted to interdict these flights leading to the loss of a C-130 on June 1.<ref>Ward, Sharkey,'Sea Harrier Over The Falklands: A Maverick at War, Phoenix; New Ed edition, London, 2007, </ref>
|}

Successes

Casualties and aircraft losses

Human losses

 6 Army aviation
 4 Naval aviation
 55 Argentine Air Force members
 29 pilots
 12 air crew (6 on C-130H shot down June 1,  4 on Learjet LJ-35A shot down June 7, and 2 Canberra navigators)
 14 Ground crew

Aircraft losses

Aircraft lost in the air in combat

Argentine strike aircraft did not carry air-to-air missiles, with the exception of 8th Air Brigade Mirage IIIEA fighters and 6th Air Brigade Daggers on May 1. All retained a secondary armament of either 20 mm or 30 mm cannon.

Total destroyed in the air: 45 (Sea Harrier 21, Sea Dart 7, Sea Wolf 4, Stinger 2, Sea Cat 1, Rapier 1,  Blowpipe 1, Combination/Gunfire 6, Friendly fire 2)

Aircraft lost by other causes

 Destroyed on the ground
 9 FMA IA 58 Pucará
 1 Agusta A109 Army 1 Boeing Ch-47C Chinook Army 2 Aérospatiale Puma SA330L Army 4 Beechcraft T-34 Mentor Navy 2 Skyvan 3-M Coast Guard 2 Bell UH-1H Iroquois Army Captured after the war
 11 FMA IA 58 Pucará
 2 Agusta A109 Army 7 Bell UH-1H Iroquois Army 1 Boeing CH-47C Chinook Army 1 Aérospatiale Puma SA330L Coast Guard 3 Aermacchi MB.339A Navy 2 Bell 212
 Lost with ARA General Belgrano
 1 Aérospatiale Alouette AI03 Navy Flying accident in the war zone
 1 Westland Lynx HAS.Mk.23 Navy — 2 May, hit ARA Santísima Trinidad 2 FMA IA 58 Pucará — 28 May, hit ground, recovered in 1986, 24 May.According to www.naval-history.net/F64argaircraftlost.htm a Pucará was lost over the Atlantic on a reconnaissance mission from Comodoro Rivadavia
 1 Aermacchi MB.339A Navy — 3 May, bad weather crash
 2 McDonnell Douglas A-4C Skyhawk — 9 May, South Jason Island

Total lost by other causes: 55.

Total aircraft losses
75 fixed-wing aircraft and 25 helicopters.

See also

Argentine ground forces in the Falklands War
Argentine naval forces in the Falklands War
British air services in the Falklands War
Pablo Carballo
Raid on Pebble Island
Roberto Curilovic

 Footnotes

References

 Notes

 Bibliography
  FAA Commodore Ruben Oscar Moro  La Guerra Inaudita, 2000
  Dagger & Finger en Argentina  book link
  Frédéric Marsaly: Super Étendard au Combat: la saga d'un guerrier, Aviation Française Magazine, Jan/Feb 2007, ISSN 1951-9583.

 Online sources
British site about Argentine Aircraft lost
Britains Small Wars.com

 Further reading
 Online material

 Printed material
 Chant, C.: Air War in the Falklands 1982, 2001, Osprey Publishing,
 Gunston, B.: Aviation Fact File (Modern Fighting Aircraft) - Harrier, 1984, Salamander Books Ltd.,

 Shields, J.: Air Power in the Falklands Conflict - An Operational Level Insight into Air Warfare in the South Atlantic, 2021, Pen & Sword, Great Britain,

External links

Foreign Studies
 Argentine Airpower in the Falklands War - Analysis and Conclusions
 Argentina's Tactical Aircraft Employment in the Falklands Islands War  - Air Command and Staff College, Air University, USAF

Official Sites
  Argentine Air Force (FAA) official site about the Malvinas/Falklands Air War
  Argentine Coast Guard (PNA) official site about the Malvinas/Falklands War

 Other sites
 YouTube video Argentine Air Force on the Falklands War
  "Historia de la Aviación Naval Argentina Tomo III (Conflicto del Atlántico Sur)" Full book content at "Radar Malvinas" website (accessed 2016-07-14'')

Military units and formations of Argentina in the Falklands War
Argentine Air Force
Argentine Naval Aviation
Argentine Army
Falklands War orders of battle
Aerial operations and battles of the Falklands War

1982 in the Falkland Islands
20th-century military history of the United Kingdom


An Stuckenia suecica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Karl Carl Richter, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John T. Kartesz. An Stuckenia suecica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stuckenia, ngan familia nga Potamogetonaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stuckenia

Stuckenia suecica


Alain Cuerrier, né à Valleyfield en 1962, est un ethnobotaniste, poète, traducteur et professeur québécois.

Biographie
Alain Cuerrier détient un doctorat en classification des plantes de l'Université de Montréal, avec un an à Harvard.

Il occupe le poste de botaniste au Jardin botanique de Montréal en plus d'être professeur au Département de sciences biologiques de l'Université de Montréal.

Ses recherches portent sur les relations entre les hommes et les plantes. Il s'intéresse notamment à la biologie végétale de la région de l'Arctique canadien, et plus spécifiquement, aux plantes des communautés inuites et cries du Grand Nord.

Il travaille avec l'équipe de recherche sur les médecines autochtones antidiabétiques des Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada.

Depuis 2013, Cuerrier collabore également à la création d'un jardin ethnobotanique dans un couvent au Maroc.

En plus de publier des ouvrages scientifiques, il fait paraître des recueils de poésie aux Éditions du Noroît, soit Le rêveur d'ombres (1992), La table partagée (1994), Premières heures (1999), Ritournelle (2005), Fragments échappés du froid  (2006) ainsi que Tout repose (2015).

Comme traducteur, il publie Neiges de Carolyn Marie Souaid (Éditions Triptyque, 2006).

Il traduit en français, en collaboration avec Hildegund Janzing et Denis Barabé, l'ouvrage Philosophie de la botanique de Johannes Reinke (les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 2019).

Œuvres

Poésie
Le rêveur d'ombres, avec des dessins de Pierre Malboeuf, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 1992, 71 p.
La table partagée, avec des photographies de Pierre Malboeuf, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 1994, 88 p.
Premières heures, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 1999, 78 p.
Ritournelle, avec des œuvres de Jean-Claude Pirotte, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 2005, 74 p.
Fragments échappés du froid, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 2006, 39 p.
Tout repose, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 2015, 85 p.

Traduction
Neiges, de Carolyn Marie Souaid, traduit de l'anglais par Alain Cuerrier, Montréal, Triptyque, 2006, 116 p.
Philosophie de la botanique, Johannes Reinke, traduit de l'anglais par Alain Cuerrier, Hildegund Janzing et Denis Barabé, Montréal, les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 2019, 286 p.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Johannes Reinke
 Ethnobotanique
Éditions du Noroît
Éditions Triptyque

Liens externes

Écrivain québécois
Poète québécois
Ethnobotaniste
Professeur québécois
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Alain Cuerrier