Die katholische Pfarrkirche Heilig-Kreuz ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Kirchengebäude an der Trierer Straße in Großvernich, einem Ortsteil von Weilerswist im Kreis Euskirchen (Nordrhein-Westfalen).

Geschichte und Architektur
Der Backsteinsaal wurde von 1723 bis 1732 mit dreiseitigem Chorschluss errichtet. Der fünfgeschossige Westturm wurde vorgesetzt. Die Kirche wurde 1934 und von 1951 bis 1953 renoviert. Im Innenraum ruht ein rippenloses Sterngewölbe auf Konsolen.

Ausstattung

Albertus-Magnus-Kreuz
Godefridus Schwingeler war der letzte Abt des 1804 aufgehobenen Benediktinerklosters St. Heribert in Köln-Deutz. Er hinterließ der Gemeinde einen Kruzifixus aus Holz, der sowohl in der Höhe, als auch in der Spannweite der Arme 2,30 m misst. Die Haltung des Christus ist königlich und die Modellierung spricht für eine hohe künstlerische Qualität. Ursprünglich wurde angenommen, der Abt habe den Kruzifixus beim Verlassen des Klosters aus dessen Bestand mitgenommen. Allerdings fehlt jede überlieferte oder belegte Nachricht über das Vorhandensein eines solchen mit Reliquien ausgestatteten Werkes. Vermutlich hat der Abt das Kreuz während seiner letzten sieben Lebensjahre, er starb 1815, erworben. In der Kölner Pfarrei St. Andreas wurde seit der Säkularisation ein solch großartiges Reliquienkreuz als vermisst gemeldet. Die Dominikaner hatten die wertvollen Gegenstände, darunter auch die Gebeine des hl. Albertus Magnus, aus ihrer 1802 abgebrochenen Klosterkirche nach St. Andreas ausgelagert. Albertus Magnus hatte das Kreuz wohl 1248 vom französischen König Ludwig dem Heiligen erhalten und Kreuzpartikel und andere Reliquien in den Hohlraum der Rückenpartie des Korpus gelegt. Von 1979 bis 1985 wurde die Großplastik in der Werkstatt des Rheinischen Amtes für Denkmalpflege von den Fassungen der vergangenen Jahrhunderte befreit. Die älteren Farbschichten aus der Zeit vor 1800, die älteste von vor 1250, wurden belassen. Eine geschlossene Farbfassung fehlt somit. Die Hände wurden 1896 erneuert. Die gesamte Plastik wurde bis auf den Kopf mit einer Leimlösung konserviert. Die Reliquien sind in früherer Zeit aus dem Korpus entnommen worden und gelten als verschollen, die Kreuzreliquie befindet sich seit 1904 in der Dominikanerkirche Heilig Kreuz in Köln. Die frühgotische Arbeit ist im 19. Jahrhundert lange versteckt worden, seine Auffindung nach 1852 hat wohl zur Änderung des Titels der Kirche wesentlich beigetragen. Zunächst hing das Kreuz draußen am Turm und wurde dann 1896 an neuen Eichenbalken als Triumphkreuz am Gewölbe angebracht. 1934 wurde es an der Ostwand des Langhauses angebracht.

Sonstige Ausstattung
 Der Hochaltar, die Seitenaltäre und die Kanzel stammen aus der Erbauungszeit der Kirche. Sie wurden 1959 auf die ursprüngliche Farbfassung freigelegt.
 Ein Epitaph des Feldmarschalls Johann Friedrich von Orsbeck aus weißem und schwarzem Marmor ist eine Arbeit vom Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts mit Wappen und Trophäenaufbau.

Glocken
Im Turm der Hl.-Kreuz-Kirche hängt ein dreistimmiges Geläut unterschiedlicher Gießer. Im Jahr 1921 hatte die renommierte Glockengießerei Otto aus Hemelingen/Bremen zwei Bronzeglocken für die Gemeinde gegossen. Die größere der beiden Glocken wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg zu Kriegszwecken eingeschmolzen. Die kleine c''-Glocke von Otto hängt heute als Glocke 3 im Turm. Nach dem Krieg erhielt die Gemeinde eine Leihglocke aus Oberschlesien, die 1777 gegossen worden war. Die größte Glocke ist heute eine 1954 von den Gießern Petit & Gebr. Edelbrock aus Gescher gegossene Glocke. Die Glocken haben folgende Schlagtöne: e' – h' – cis''.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio, bearbeitet von Claudia Euskirchen, Olaf Gisbertz, Ulrich Schäfer: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen I Rheinland. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München/Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03093-X
 Franz Schorn: Die Katholische Pfarrkirche Weilerswist-Vernich. Neusser Druckereeit u. Verlag, Neuss 1987 (Rheinische Kunststätten 325), ISBN 3-88094-582-9.
 Blühende Gelehrsamkeit: eine Ausstellung zur Gründung des Studium generale der Dominikaner in Köln vor 750 Jahren. Katalog von Walter Senner ..., Kölnisches Stadtmuseum, Köln 1998, S. 18.

Weblinks

 Geschichte

Einzelnachweise

Grossvernich
Grossvernich
Erbaut in den 1720er Jahren
Bauwerk in Weilerswist
Baudenkmal in Weilerswist
Barocke Kirche
Barockbauwerk in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Backsteinkirche

Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche (Großvernich)


Tonara (sardisk: Tonàra) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Nuoro i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 900 meters højde og har 2.019 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 52,02 km² og grænser til kommunerne Belvì, Desulo, Sorgono og Tiana.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Nuoro

Tonara


محمد صلاح الدين المستاوي (مواليد 1952، تطاوين بتونس)، الأمين العام للمجلس الإسلامي الأعلى بتونس، والده الشيخ الحبيب المستاوي من كبار علماء تونس والمغرب العربي، تخرج الشيخ محمد صلاح الدين من كلية الشريعة بجامعة الزيتونة، وهو متحصل على شهادة الدراسات المعمقة في الفقه المالكي، وله نشاط دعوي واسع في مختلف بلدان العالم، كما له العديد من المؤلفات باللغتين العربية والفرنسية تتناول تجديد الخطاب الإسلامي والمحافظة على الثوابت والقيم الإسلامية والقضايا المعاصرة للإسلام.

المؤلفات
 الإسلام في تونس بعد 7 من نوفمبر
 حوار مع شاب يبحث عن الحقيقة
 من توجيهات الإسلام في إصلاح الفرد والمجتمع
 موقف الإسلام من الاستنساخ
 موقف الإسلام من التبرع بالأعضاء
 السماحة في الإسلام
 الوسطية والاعتدال
 الخطاب الديني الموجه إلى المسلمين في الغرب
 الإسلام والغرب
 الإسلام والعولمة
 تراجم لأعلام الثقافة الإسلامية القدامى والمعاصرين
 متابعات لما يكتب عن الإسلام باللغة الفرنسية والرد على ما فيه من شبهات لفترة تقارب ثلاثة عقود

بالفرنسية
 L'islam et l'occident
 L'islam et le don d'organes
 L'islam et le clonage
 L'islam religion de tolérance
 Discourt religieux à l'occident

النشاطات
 عضو اللجنة المركزية للتجمع الدستوري الديمقراطي
 عضو بمجلس المجمع العالمي للتقريب بين المذاهب الإسلامية بطهران
 عضو المجلس العالمي للدعوة الإسلامية طرابلس
 خبير لدى منظمة اليونسكو بباريس.
 إمام خطيب بالجامع الكبير بمقرين العليا منذ سنة 1975.
 عضو المجلس العلمي لمركز الدراسات الإسلامية بالقيروان.
 مدير رئيس تحرير مجلة جوهر الإسلام منذ سنة 1975 إلى 1986.
 عضو رابطة الجمعيات القرآنية بتونس.
 عضو اللجنة الوطنية لمراجعة برامج التربية الإسلامية بتونس.
 المشاركة في المؤتمرات والملتقيات والندوات :

في كل من: الجزائر، المغرب، ليبيا، مصر، المملكة العربية السعودية، سوريا، الإمارات العربية المتحدة، السينغال، مالي، الكاميرون، بنين، إيران، اندونيسيا، فرنسا، بلجيكيا، إسبانيا، انكلترا، البوسنة والهرسك، الدانمارك، إيطاليا، مالطا، روسيا، بولونيا، اليابان.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
موقع الشيخ محمد صلاح الدين المستاوي
العربية نت: المستاوي:الانغلاق على مذهب واحد ضد طبيعة الاختلاف بالإسلام

طالع أيضا
 محمد الطاهر بن عاشور
 محمد متولي الشعراوي
 عبد الله بن بيه
 علي جمعة
 محمد سعيد رمضان البوطي
 عارف النايض
 عمر بن حفيظ
 علي الجفري
 محمد عبد الغفار الشريف
 طه عبد الرحمن
 محمد بسام الزين
 أحمد عمر هاشم
 يوسف الرفاعي
 عبد الله فدعق
 الشيخ محمد مشفر
 خالد عبد الرحمن مكاوي
 عبد الرزاق مقري

أدارسة
أشاعرة
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أكاديميون في الدين
باحثون إسلاميون
زيتونيون
صوفيون تونسيون
علماء دين سنة تونسيون
علماء مسلمون في القرن 15 هـ
كتاب وكاتبات تونسيون
مالكية
مذهبيون
مواليد 1952

محمد صلاح الدين المستاوي


الزي الموحد هو زي يلبسه مجموعة من الناس لإظهار انتمائهم إلى مجموعة أو كيان واحد مثل التلاميذ، وطاقم التمريض، وأفراد الشرطة وأعضاء الفريق الرياضي.

مراجع

أزياء موحدة
موضة

زي موحد


L'épreuve masculine de bob à quatre des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 a lieu le 19 et le , dernière épreuve sur la piste de glace. Deux des trois équipages allemands montent sur le podium avec le pilote Francesco Friedrich qui conserve son titre de 2018, doublant avec l'épreuve de bob à deux.

Déroulement de la compétition
Les coupe du monde 2021-2022 a vu le sacre du pilote allemand Friedrich devant le Canadien Justin Kripps ; Francesco Friedrich reste sur une série de 4 titres de champion du monde.

Dans la première manche, le premier record de piste est à mettre à l'actif des allemands piloté par Lochner en 58 s 13 mais les meilleurs temps des autres manches seront réalisé par l'autre équipage de Friedrich. Les deux équipage allemands se tiennent à trois petits centièmes d'avance .

Pour les deux dernières manches, Friedrich conforte son avance et remporte donc sa quatrième médaille d'or olympique : doublé à PyeongChang 2018 et doublé à Beijing 2022.

Calendrier

Médaillés

Résultats

Notes et références

Bobsleigh aux Jeux olympiques de 2022

Bobsleigh à quatre masculin aux Jeux olympiques de 2022


Slobodan Kaštela (Novigrad, 13. rujna 1941.),  hrvatski stručnjak prometnog prava, član suradnik HAZU od 2016. godine. Znanstveni savjetnik i profesor prometnog prava na Fakultetu prometnih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, u mirovini

Životopis
Rođen je 1941. u Novigradu Dalmatinskom. Od 1946. stalno živi u Zagrebu, gdje je završio osnovnu školu i gimnaziju. Diplomirao je na Pravnom fakultetu 1964. Godine 1967. položio je pravosudni ispit. Magistrirao je 1991. na Ekonomskom fakultetu, a 2000. je doktorirao na Fakultetu prometnih znanosti. Objavio je više od sto znanstvenih i stručnih radova i aktivno sudjelovao na brojnim domaćim i međunarodnim znanstvenim skupovima. Temeljna karakteristika njegova znanstvenog i stručnog interesa elementi su interdisciplinarnosti. U svojim radovima posebnu pažnju posvećuje istraživanjima u području prava i ekonomije. Kao glavni urednik/urednik uredio je 35 knjiga, zbornika i monografija. Autor je ili suautor četiri knjige i dva udžbenika te 17 poglavlja u knjizi. Od knjiga treba izdvojiti Zračno prometno pravo te sveučilišni udžbenik Prometno pravo. Ta je knjiga 2009. dobila Nagradu J. J. Strossmayer kao najuspješnije znanstveno djelo izdano 2008. iz područja društvenih znanosti. Suautor je i redaktor znanstvene monografije Međunarodni i nacionalni izvori hrvatskog prometnog prava. Autor je i Spomenice Zaklade HAZU 1993. – 2013. Znanstveni je voditelj Akademijina Zavoda u Bjelovaru. Bio je voditelj projekta Acquis u području prometa. Za aktivan društveni i znanstveni rad primio je tri odlikovanja i više drugih javnih priznanja i nagrada, od kojih se izdvajaju: Odlikovanje Predsjednika Republike Redom Danice hrvatske s likom Ruđera Boškovića i Nagrada za životno djelo Općine Novigrad (u kojoj je rođen).

Izvori

Promet Hrvatske
Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski pravnici

Slobodan Kaštela


Estévez  es un apellido patronímico de origen gallego.

 Abilio Estévez, escritor cubano, nacionalizado español.
 Antonio Estévez, (1916 -1988)  compositor venezolano.
 Antonio Esteves Vicente (1569-1652), sacerdote, escritor y trinitario portugués.
 Emilio Estévez, actor, director y guionista estadounidense.
 Felipe Estévez, militar venezolano.
 Fernando Estévez de Salas, (1788 - 1854)  escultor, pintor español, máximo representante del Arte Neoclásico en Canarias.
 Francisco José Estévez García, un cineasta español.
 Guillermo Estévez Boero (1930 - 2000) dirigente estudiantil reformista, abogado, político y parlamentario socialista argentino.
 Horacio Estévez (1940 -1996)  atleta venezolano.
 Inés Estévez, actriz argentina casada con el actor Fabián Vena.
 Jackeline Estévez Rodríguez, cantante dominicana.
 Jaime Estévez, político chileno.
 Joaquín Madolell Estévez, espía español.
 Jorge Arturo Agustín Medina Estévez, Cardenal de la Iglesia católica y arzobispo chileno.  Prefecto de la Congregación para el Culto Divino y la Disciplina de los Sacramentos.
 José Estévez Carrera,  abogado y político  español,  diputado.
 Leonardo Estévez es un barítono argentino de destacada trayectoria internacional.
 Maximiliano Estévez, futbolista argentino.
 Maximiliano Estévez, tenista argentino.
 Raúl Enrique Estévez,  futbolista argentino.
 Reyes Estévez López atleta español especialista en pruebas de mediofondo.
 Roberto Néstor Estévez,  oficial del Ejército Argentino, fallecido a los 25 años, en la Batalla de Pradera del Ganso durante la Guerra de Malvinas.
 Sumito Estévez Singh, chef, escritor, empresario, educador y personalidad televisiva venezolana.
 Xavier Estévez Montoto, actor español.

Estévez


Zonska nogometna liga Brčko je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1987./88.  Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bila "Sloga" iz Tolise.

Ljestvica

 Hrvatska Tišina – danas dio Tišine

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Međuopćinska liga Brčko – Zapad 1987./88.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Iljo Dominković: 70 godina NK "Sloga", Tolisa : (1947. – 2017.), Tolisa, 2017.,  (Proventus natura), str. 165-171

1987-88 Brčko
+ Brčko
1987-88 1 zona

Zonska nogometna liga Brčko 1987./88.


المنطقة المضاء تقع مباشرة تحت منطقة البحر المفتوح، و هي الطبقة العليا من المياه التي تدخلها الأشعة الشمسية بتركيزات كافية لأغراض التمثيل الضوئي، حيث تجد سلاسل غذائية مائية مكونة من الهوائم النباتية والحيوانية والأسماك الصغيرة مثل سمك الهيرنج والسردين (Sardiens) وهي تعيش بالقرب من سطح المياه . كما نجد أيضاً الأسماك الأكبر مثل سمك التونا و سمك السيف التي تتغذى على هذه الأسماك الصغيرة.

انظر أيضاً
 منطقة البحر المفتوح
 منطقة متوسطة العمق
 منطقة العمق السحيق
 خندق محيطي

مراجع

علم البيئة المائي
مصطلحات علم المحيطات

منطقة مضاءة


Issu d'une famille d'origine chinoise, Phraya Wichiankhiri () ou Chom Na Songkhla () fut le huitième et dernier gouverneur de la province de Songkhla.

Biographie

Références

Liens externes

Personnalité politique thaïlandaise
Naissance en mars 1854
Naissance dans la province de Songkhla
Décès en novembre 1904
Décès à 50 ans

Phraya Wichiankhiri


Magnus Jernemyr (12 de octubre de 1976, Falun, Suecia) fue un jugador profesional de balonmano que jugó en la posición de pivote. Su último equipo fue el GWD Minden.

Fu un componente de la Selección de balonmano de Suecia. Su especialidad fue la defensa, de ahí que la mayoría de las veces haya jugado con el equipo contrario atacando.

Biografía
Magnus Jernemyr debutó en 1994 para el Redbergslids IK Göteborg, en la primera división de Suecia. Allí ganó en 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001 y 2003, el campeonato liguero sueco. En 2005 Jernemyr buscó un nuevo reto y se trasladó al Club Balonmano Torrevieja en la Liga ASOBAL española. En la temporada 2007/08 jugó para los daneses del GOG Svendborg TGI antes del verano de 2008 fichó por el FC Barcelona. Con el Barcelona ganó el campeonato de 2011 y la Liga de Campeones de la EHF. En junio de 2013 el Barcelona comunicó que no renovaría su contrato.

Equipos
  Redbergslids IK Göteborg (1994-2005)
  BM Torrevieja (2005-2007)
  GOG Svendborg (2007-2009)
  FC Barcelona (2009-2013)
  GWD Minden (2014-2017)
  Handbol Marratxi (2017-2018)

Palmarés

Redbergslids IK
 Liga de Suecia (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001 y 2003)

FC Barcelona
 Liga de Campeones de la EHF (2011)
 Liga ASOBAL (2011 , 2012 y 2013)
 Copa ASOBAL (2010 , 2012 y 2013)
 Supercopa de España (2009, 2010, 2012)
 Copa del Rey (2009, 2010)

Selección nacional

Juegos Olímpicos
  Medalla de plata en los Juegos Olímpicos de 2012

Consideraciones personales
 Mejor defensor de la Liga ASOBAL (2012)

Enlaces externos
 Jernemyr en fcbarcelona.cat

Balonmanistas de Suecia
Balonmanistas del Club Balonmano Torrevieja
Balonmanistas del Fútbol Club Barcelona

Magnus Jernemyr


العلامة الشيخ عبد الكريم بن محمد بن فاتح بن سليمان المدرس المشهور بالشيخ عبد الكريم بيارة مفتي العراق السابق، من أعلام العراق وكردستان، فقيه، ومحدث، ومفسر، وأصولي، ومتكلم، ولغوي، وأديب.

ولادته
ولد في شهر ربيع الأول 1323 هـ/ أيار 1905م. في قرية (بيارة) في شمال العراق.

مسيرته العلمية
 بدأ دراسته عندما بلغ سن التمييز فختم القرآن الكريم وبعض الكتب الدينية الصغيرة.
 تجول في المدارس ووقع تحت رعاية أحد العلماء فقرأ عنده المقدمات في النحو والصرف.
 دخل مدرسة (خانقاه دورود) في إدارة حضرة الشيخ علاء الدين بن الشيخ عمر ضياء الدين بن الشيخ عثمان سراج الدين، ودرس النحو والمنطق وآداب البحث والفقه والفلك.
 من اساتذته كذلك العالم الملا محمود بالك.
 أقام في خانقاه حضرة مولانا خالد حيث درس على يد العلاَّمة الشيخ عمر القرة داغي علوم البرهان والتشريح والحساب والحكمة والاسطرلاب والبلاغة والفقه.
 حصل على الإجازة العلمية من العلاَّمة الشيخ عمر القرة داغي وذلك في محفل كبير حضره كبار العلماء سنة 1344 هـ.
 استلم التدريس في بيارة للأعوام 1347هـ - 1371هـ.
 في سنة 1373 هـ عين مدرسا في مسجد الحاج حان في محلة ملكندي، وبعدها انتقل إلى مدينة كركوك حيث بقي في تكية جميل الطالبان.
 انتقل إلى بغداد في سنة 1379 هـ حيث بقي إماما في جامع الأحمدية ثم عين مدرسا في جامع حضرة الشيخ عبد القادر الجيلاني.
 اجتمع عليه كثير من طلاب العلم الشرعي من مختلف انحاء العالم الإسلامي، من ماليزيا شرقا إلى مملكة المغرب غربا من جاوة وماليزيا وبنغلادش وباكستان وأفغانستان وتركيا ومصر والمغرب والجزائر ومن العراق.

وكانت تزوره البعثات العلمية من الجامعات الإسلامية مثل الجامع الأزهر وجامع الزيتونة وجامعة القرويين وجامعة دار الندوة الهندية وغيرها.
 استمر في التدريس حتى بعد تقاعده في سنة 1393 هـ.
 تكفله أولاد الشيخ عبد القادر الكيلاني بالبقاء في الحضرة القادرية لإفتاء المسلمين في الأحكام الشرعية واستمر في إلقاء الدروس على الطلاب. ومنهم تلميذه الشيخ عفيف الكيلاني.

وفاته
توفي في يوم الاثنين 27 رجب 1426 هـ / 29 آب 2005م.
وتم تشييعه في موكب مهيب ودفن في مقبرة الحضرة القادرية.

بعض مؤلفاته باللغة العربية

 إرشاد الأنام إلى أركان الإسلام.
 إرشاد الناسك إلى المناسك.
 إسناد الأعلام.
 إعلام بالغيب وإلهام بلا ريب.
 الأنوار القدسية في الأحوال الشخصية.
 الفرائد الجديدة.
 القصيدة الوردية في سيرة خير البرية.
 الوردة العنبرية في سيرة خير البرية.
 الوسيلة في شرح الفضيلة.
 جواهر الفتاوى.
 جواهر الكلام في عقايد أهل الإسلام.
 خلاصة جواهر الكلام.
 رسائل الرحمة في المنطق والحكمة.
 رسائل العرفان.
 صفوة اللآلي.
 علماؤنا في خدمة العلم والدين.
 مواهب الرحمن في تفسير القرآن.
 نور الإسلام.
 نور الإيمان.

بعض مؤلفاته باللغة الكردية

 باخچەی گوڵان / حديقة الورود.
 بارانی ڕەحمەت / مطر الرحمة.
 بەهارو گوڵزار / الربيع والرياض.
 بنەماڵەي زانياران / أسرُ العُلماء.
 بهارستان مولانا جامى / عالم ربيع مولانا جامي.
 تەصريفي زنجاني / تصريف الزنجاني.
 تەفسيري نامي / تفسيرُ نامي.
 پەناو سكاڵا / مديحٌ وتضرُّع.
 حەج نامه / رسالة الحج.
 خوڵاصەي تەفسيري نامي / مختصر تفسير نامي.
 دانشمندان كرد - در خدمت علم ودين / علماؤنا في خدمة العلم والدين.
 دوو رشتەي مرواري / حلقتان من اللؤلؤ.
 ديوانی فەقێ قادري هەماوەند / ديوان فقي قادر الهماوندي.
 ديوانی مححوي / ديوان محوي.
 ديوانی مەولەوي / ديوان مولوي.
 ديوانی نالي / ديوان نالي الشهرزوري.
 ڕۆژگاری ژيانم / أيامُ حياتي.
 ڕێگای بەهەشت / طريق الجنة.
 ڕێگای پێغەمبەر صلى الله عليه وسلم / سبيل الرسول.
 سەرچاوەی ئايين / منبع الدين.
 سۆسەنی كۆسار / سَوسَنةُ الجبال.
 شەريعەتي ئيسلام - بة ركى 1,2,3,4 / الشريعة الإسلامية/ أربعة أجزاء.
 شەمامەی بۆندار / الشمامة العطرة.
 شەوچرا / سراجُ الليل.
 شمشێر كاری / السيف البتّـار.
 عەقيدەی مرضية / العقيدة المرضية.
 فوائد الفوائح / فوائد الفوائح.
 كەراماتي حضرة ضياء الدين «قدس سره» / كرامات حضرة عمر ضياء الدين «قدس سره».
 لەپەنای پێغەمبەر صلى الله عليه وسلم / في ظلال الرسول.
 ليمۆی مەزەدار / الليمونة الذيذة.
 مەولود نامەو ميعراج نامه / رسالة المولد النبوي ورسالة المعراج.
 نوسراوەكانی كاك أحمدی شيخ / مكتوبات كاك أحمد الشيخ.
 مناجات (پاڕانەوەكان) / المناجاة.
 نامەی بەختيار / رسالة السعيد.
 نامەي پيرۆز / الرسالة المقدسة.
 نامەي هۆشيار / رسالة النبيه.
 نامەي بۆدار / الرسالة العطرة.
 نوورى ئيسلام / نور الإسلام.
 نووری قورئان / نور القرآن.
 هۆنراوه لەپەناي پێغەمبەر وياوهرانيدا / منظومة شعرية في مدح الرسول والأصحاب.
 وەفات نامه / رسالة الوفاة.
 وهنەوهشەی نازدار / البنفسجة المدللة.
 ووتارى ئايينى / الخطب الدينية.
 يادي مەردان/ دوو بة رك / ذكريات الرجال/ مجلدان.
 ئەساسي سەعادەت (بناغەي بەختەوەري) / أساس السعادة.
 ئيمان وئيسلام / الإيمان والإسلام.

بعض مؤلفاته باللغة الفارسية
 رسالة شمشير كاري في رد من أنكر التقليد والاجتهاد. الفه في الثامنة عشر من عمره رداعلى آية الله الكردستاني -من علماء إيران.

وصلات خارجية
 بعض مؤلفاته باللغة العربية
 بعض مؤلفاته باللغة الكردية
 بعض مخطوطاته باللغة العربية
 بعض مخطوطاته باللغة الكردية
 نماذج من بعض المخطوطات
 سيرته في موقع المكتبة الشاملة
 سيرته في موقع الملتقى الفقهي
 سيرته في موقع ملتقى أهل التفسير

المراجع

 كتاب علماؤنا في خدمة العلم والدين، تأليف الشيخ عبد الكريم المدرس، دار الحرية - بغداد 1983م، الصفحات 324-332.
 daruljailani موقع (دار الجيلاني العالمية) باللغة الإنكليزية - كولالمبور- ماليزيا.

أدب كردي
أشخاص من محافظة السليمانية
أكراد العراق
شعراء سليمانيون
شعراء عراقيون بالكردية
شعراء عراقيون في القرن 20
شعراء مسلمون عراقيون
صوفيون عراقيون
علماء دين سنة عراقيون
مسلمون باحثون عن الإسلام في القرن 20
مفتو العراق
مفسرون
مفسرون في القرن 14 هـ
مواليد 1323 هـ
مواليد 1901
مواليد 1905
مواليد في السليمانية
مئويون عراقيون
وفيات 1426 هـ
وفيات 2005

عبد الكريم المدرس


Dörtler, Adana ilinin Çukurova ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 15 km, Çukurova ilçe merkezine 60 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Çukurova'nın mahalleleri

Dörtler, Çukurova


Jumbo este un retailer grec de jucării și decorațiuni interioare. Compania este prezentă cu magazine in format mare cu reduceri in Grecia, România, Bulgaria, Cipru, Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia, Albania și Bosnia și Herțegovina. Primul magazin din România a fost deschis in 2013 în locul fostului magazin Real din Timișoara. Din cele 10 magazine deschise până in 2018, 5 dintre ele sunt deschise în locul fostelor magazine de bricolaj OBI.

Note

Companii din Grecia
Companii de jucării
Fondări în 1986

Jumbo (magazin)


Rottumerplaat () is one of the three islands that make up Rottum in the West Frisian Islands. The island is located in the North Sea off the Dutch coast. It is situated between the shoal Simonszand and the island Rottumeroog. Rottumerplaat started as a shoal in the 1830. It continued to grow into an island after 1950, when a stuifdijk, a wind-blown dike, was constructed by Rijkswaterstaat, because there were plans to use Rottumerplaat as a work island for the reclamation of the Wadden Sea.

In 1959, the Boschplaat merged with Rottumerplaat. Sediment deposition has caused the island to become significantly larger in recent years. Access to the island is prohibited since Rottumerplaat is a resting and forage area for numerous bird species. Rijkswaterstaat and Staatsbosbeheer are responsible for the administration of the island. Rottumerplaat is the northernmost point of the Netherlands.

Fauna
Rottumerplaat is a resting and forage area for sanderling, dunlin and Kentish plovers. Common eider, common shelduck, Arctic tern, common tern, little tern, Kentish plover, and ringed plover nest on the island. From 1996 the Sandwich tern nested on Rottumerplaat, but has since stopped doing so.

Godfried Bomans and Jan Wolkers
In 1971 writers Jan Wolkers and Godfried Bomans each spent a week on the island. Their only connection with the outside world was a short daily radio relay with VARA radio presenter Willem Ruis, who stayed at a hotel in nearby Warffum. The interviews were broadcast as a radio programme, Alone On An Island. For Godfried Bomans, the stay on the island was a disaster; he could not cope with the noise the many seagulls made and he was troubled by loneliness. Jan Wolkers however experienced his stay on the island as an adventure and kept himself alive by catching shrimps and eel, and boiling sea sandwort. He also rescued a young seal. Both authors published a book about their stay on the island.

References

External links

Het Hogeland
Islands of Groningen (province)
Protected areas of the Netherlands
West Frisian Islands
Uninhabited islands of the Netherlands

Rottumerplaat


43. Šahovska olimpijada održana je 2018. u Gruziji. Grad domaćin bio je Batumi.

Vrijeme i mjesto održavanja
Održan je od 23. rujna do 6. listopada 2018. godine u gruzijskom gradu Batumiju. Domaćinstvo je dobio ispred konkurenta Durbana iz Južne Afrike. U isto vrijeme se održala i ženska Šahovska olimpijada. Gaprindašvili kup za najbolji kombinirani rezultat s obaju turnira osvojila Kina je ispred Rusije i Kine.

Poredak na ljestvici
Turnir se igrao po švicarskom sustavu.
Poredak na ljestvici određivao je u slučaju jednakog broja bodova:
 broj osvojenih bodova u dvobojima reprezentacija: 2 za pobjedu, 1 za neriješeno, 0 za poraz
 Olimpijada-Sonneborn-Bergerov sustav bez najdonjeg rezultata (Hanti-Mansijsk)
 bodovi (bodovi iz dvoboja na pločama)
 zbroj bodova iz dvoboja bez donjeg najdonjeg rezultata  (Hanti-Mansijsk)

Konačni poredak na Šahovskoj olimpijadi 2018. s rezultatima po kolima.

Dodatni kriteriji za poredak
 Bod: broj osvojenih bodova u dvobojima reprezentacija: 2 za pobjedu, 1 za neriješeno, 0 za poraz
 Vr2:Olimpijada-Sonneborn-Bergerov sustav bez najdonjeg rezultata (Hanti-Mansijsk)
 BP: bodovi (bodovi iz dvoboja na pločama)

Sudionici
Turnir su završile 184 reprezentacije. Gruzija je kao domaćin imala pravo na tri sastava. Pakistan se prijavio na turnira ali nije doputovao. Nekoliko je reprezentacija doputovalo prekasno pa nisu smjele sudjelovati. U prvom krugu susrete odigralo je nekoliko reprezentacija koje poslije nisu završile turnir te su protivnici u narednim kolima dobili dvoboje bez borbe. Osim država i nekih poddržavnih saveza sudjelovale su momčadi IBCA, ICCD i IPCA. To su izabrane momčadi međunarodnog saveza slijepih i slabovidnih  (International Braille Chess Association), gluhih (International Chess Committee of the Deaf) i osoba s invaliditetom (International Physically Disabled Chess Association).

Popis sudionika na Šahovskoj olimpijadi 2018.

 Gruzija 2

 Gruzija 3

 IPCA

 IBCA||

 ICCD||

Poredak osvajača odličja

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Chess-results.com 43rd Olympiad Batumi 2018 Open, Schachturnier-Ergebnisserver

2018.
Šah u Gruziji
Međunarodna športska natjecanja u Gruziji

Šahovska olimpijada 2018.


Club de l'Entresol, (oder Mezzanine-Clubs) war ein 1724 gegründeter Gesprächskreis in Paris der bis 1731 bestand. Dessen Ziel bestand in der freien Diskussion politischer und wirtschaftlicher Fragen.

Geschichte

Der Club de l'Entresol (wörtlich übersetzt Klub im Zwischengeschoss oder Hochparterre) war ein Treff oder Salon, welcher von Pierre-Joseph Alary und Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre (Abbé de Saint-Pierre) nach englischem Vorbild für eine freie Diskussion von politischen und wirtschaftlichen Fragen im Jahre 1724 gegründet worden war. Man traf sich samstäglich von siebzehn bis zwanzig Uhr in Räumlichkeiten des Hôtel de Créqui (jetzt Hôtel du Président Hénault de Cantorbe), N° 7 Place Vendôme, 1er arrondissement de Paris, in einer im Hochparterre gelegenen Wohnung des französischen Schriftstellers und Historikers Charles-Jean-François Hénault (1685–1770).

Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre und wahrscheinlich auch die anderen Teilnehmer nutzen den Club um die eigenen Positionen und Vorstellungen in eine diskursive öffentliche Auseinandersetzung zu bringen. So wurden viele seiner Denkschriften und Abhandlungen über politische, edukative und moralphilosophische Themen im Kreise des Club de l'Entresol vorgestellt, so etwa Projet de Taille tarifée (1723), Mémoire pour diminuer le nombre des procès (1725) in welchem ein einheitliches französisches Recht gefordert wurde oder Oeuvres diverses (1733-1?41), Réflexions sur l'Anti machiavel (1740).
Aus der Perspektive von Abbé de Saint-Pierre stellte dieser Gesprächskreis in seiner Organisation, die Verwirklichung einer von ihm geforderten Académie politique dar, welche sich öffentlichkeitswirksam mit allgemeinen sozialpolitischen Fragen befassen sollte.

Die Treffen folgten einem festgelegten Zeitplan. So wurde die erste Stunde der Lesung von Auszügen aus Zeitungen und Publikationen gewidmet, dann Antworten auf noch offene Fragen der Vorwoche gesucht, später widmete man sich den politischen Kommentaren etwa von ehemaligen Botschaftern und ähnlichem mehr.
Jeder Teilnehmer war verantwortlich für ein Thema, das er zuvor ausgewählt hatte, und bearbeitete dieses für das nachfolgende Referat.

Die bis zu zwanzig Teilnehmer der losen Runde von waren bereit zum freien Meinungsaustausch und brachten sich zum Teil mit ihrem Expertenwissen ein.

Anfänglich, in den ersten Regierungsjahren von Ludwig XV., konnte relativ frei über politische und gesellschaftliche Fragen diskutiert werden. Mit zunehmender Aufmerksamkeit, die der Debattierclub in einflussreichen, dem Ancien Régime verpflichteten, Kreisen fand, folgte die Sanktion:
Als vermeintlich staatsgefährdende Inhalte in die Öffentlichkeit gelangten, ließ Ludwig XV., auch auf Druck von Kardinal Fleury, um das Jahr 1731 den Hort der Aufklärung schließen.

Literatur
 Nick Childs: A Political Academy in Paris 1724-1731: The Entresol and Its Members. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2000.
 Lucien Lanier: Le Club de l'entresol, 1723-1731, discours de réception. Académie des sciences, de M. Yvert 1879.
 Peter Hanns Reill, Ellen Judy Wilson: Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. (PDF; 6,8 MB) Facts on File, 2004.
 François Cadilhon: La France d'Ancien Régime: Textes et documents, 1484-1789. PU Bordeaux 2002,  ISBN 2-86781-303-4, S. 331–333.
 Uwe Backes: Politische Extreme (Schriften des Hannah-Arendt-Instituts für Totalitarismusforschung). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006, ISBN 3-525-36908-5, S. 86 ff.
 Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire: La France des Lumières 1715–1789. Histoire de France. Belin 2011, ISBN 978-2-7011-3365-2, S. 112–115.

Weblinks
 Kurze Übersicht in französischer Sprache
 Ausführliche Darstellung des Club de l'Entresol, in französischer Sprache

Einzelnachweise

!
Französische Geschichte (18. Jahrhundert)
Literarische Gruppe
Verein (Paris)
Gegründet 1724
Aufgelöst in den 1730er Jahren

Club de l’Entresol


În matematică, înmulțirea unui vector cu un scalar este una dintre operațiile de bază care definesc un spațiu vectorial în algebra liniară(sau, mai general, a unui  în algebra abstractă). În contexte geometrice comune, înmulțirea unui vector euclidian real cu un scalar, număr real pozitiv, înmulțește modulul vectorului fără a-i schimba direcția. Termenul de "scalar" rezultă el însuși din această utilizare: un scalar este ceva ce scalează vectori. Înmulțirea unui vector cu un scalar (al cărui produs este un vector) nu trebuie confundată cu produsul scalar a doi vectori (al cărui produs este un scalar).

Definiție
În general, dacă K este un corp și V este un spațiu vectorial peste K, atunci înmulțirea cu un scalar este o funcție definită pe K × V cu valori în V. Rezultatul aplicării acestei funcții asupra lui c din K și a lui v în V se notează cu cv.

Proprietăți
Înmulțirea cu un scalar are următoarele proprietăți (vectorul este trecut cu ):

 Distributivitatea față de adunarea scalarilor: (c + d)v = cv + dv;
 Distributivitatea față de compunerea vectorilor: c(v + w) = cv + cw;
 Compatibilitatea produsului scalarilor cu înmulțirea scalarilor cu vectorii: (cd)v = c(dv);
 Înmulțirea cu 1 nu modifică vectorul: 1v = v ;
 Înmulțirea cu 0 dă vectorul zero: 0v = 0;
 Înmulțirea cu -1 dă vectorul invers: (-1 v = -v.

Aici + este considerat fie adunarea din corp, fie cea din spațiul vectorial, după caz; iar 0 este elementul neutru la adunare în oricare dintre ele. Juxtapunerea indică, în funcție de operanzi, o înmulțire cu un scalar sau o operație de înmulțire în interiorul corpului.

Interpretare
Înmulțirea cu un scalar poate fi privită ca o operație binară  sau ca o  a corpului asupra spațiului vectorial. O interpretare geometrică a înmulțirii cu un scalar este aceea a întinderii sau contracției vectorilor cu un factor constant.

Ca un caz special, V poate fi considerat a fi K însuși și înmulțirea scalară poate fi considerată pur și simplu înmulțirea din corp.

Când V este Kn, înmulțirea cu un scalar este echivalentă cu înmulțirea fiecărei componente a vectorului cu scalarul și poate fi definită ca atare.

Aceeași idee se aplică și dacă K este un inel comutativ și V este un  peste K. K poate fi chiar un , dar atunci nu există nici inversul aditiv. Dacă K nu este comutativ, pot fi definite operațiile distincte de înmulțire cu un scalar la stânga cv și înmulțire cu un scalar la dreapta vc.

Înmulțirea matricelor cu scalari
Înmulțirea la stânga cu un scalar a unei matrice  cu un scalar  dă o altă matrice  de aceleași dimensiuni ca și  Elementele lui  sunt definite prin

explicit:

În mod similar, se definește înmulțirea la dreapta cu un scalar a unei matrice  cu un scalar

explicit:

Atunci când inelul de definiție este comutativ, de exemplu, corpul numerelor reale sau complexe, aceste două înmulțiri sunt aceeași și se numesc simplu înmulțire cu un scalar.  Cu toate acestea, pentru matricele peste un inel mai general care nu este comutativ, cum ar fi cuaternionii, ele pot să nu fie egale.

Pentru un scalar real și o matrice:

Pentru scalari și matrici de cuaternioni:

unde  sunt unitățile cuaternion.  Necomutativitatea înmulțirii cuaternionilor împiedică trecerea dintr-o parte în alta, deoarece  și  .

Note

Scalar
Algebră abstractă
Algebră liniară
Pages with unreviewed translations

Înmulțirea cu un scalar


4. etape af Giro d'Italia 2018 gik fra Catania på Sicilien til Caltagirone 8. maj 2018.

Tim Wellens vandt etapen.

Etaperesultater

Samlet

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

04

4. etape af Giro d'Italia 2018


This is a list of characters who appeared on Seinfeld. This list features only characters who appeared in main roles or multiple episodes; those that appeared in only one are not included here.

Overview
Overview
 = Main cast (credited)
 = Recurring cast (3+)
 = Guest cast (1-2)

Jerry Seinfeld

George Costanza

Elaine Benes

Cosmo Kramer

Secondary characters

Characters appearing in five or more episodes

Other characters
 Ada (played by Vicki Lewis) – George's secretary at the New York Yankees. In the episode "The Secretary", George does not want to hire an attractive secretary so he could focus on his work, and in the interview process turned down a few women because they were so attractive. George ultimately hired Ada, whose efficiency impressed him. One day at work together, George becomes attracted to Ada, and the two make love. While having sex George blurts out that he's giving Ada a raise. Ada receives the raise, but it turns out that her new salary is higher than George's, much to his annoyance. In "The Race", Ada overhears George on the phone with a woman he met through The Daily Worker, and believes George is a communist. She tells Steinbrenner about this but instead of reprimanding him, Steinbrenner sends George to Cuba to recruit Cuban baseball players.
 Allison (played by Kari Coleman) – George's ex-girlfriend who he claims is obsessed with him, proven by the fact that she threatened to kill herself if George broke up with her. In the end of the episode "The Smelly Car," Allison compliments the vest of George's other ex-girlfriend, Susan, with whom she is seen watching the pilot program in a later episode, "The Pilot."

 Babu Bhatt (played by Brian George) – An immigrant from Pakistan who owns the nearby "Dream Café." Jerry seems to mess up his life at every turn, by giving bad business advice on his restaurant and by not passing on his immigration notice that is accidentally delivered to Jerry's mailbox. Babu thinks that Jerry is a "very, very bad man" (wagging his finger).

 Barbara "Babs" Kramer (played by Sheree North) – Cosmo Kramer's mother. She used to be a matron in the women's restroom at a restaurant, but was persuaded by Kramer to resign from that job and pursue an undefined venture with him. Although mentioned in "The Nose Job," her first on-screen appearance is in "The Switch" where she unintentionally reveals Kramer's first name to be Cosmo and has a sexual encounter with Newman. Babs was once addicted to alcohol and drugs, claiming to have been "clean" for two years.
 Beth Luchner (played by Debra Messing) – A physician who appears in "The Wait Out." Married first to David Luchner. Later appears in "The Yada Yada" with her new husband, Arnie.
 Bob and Ray/Cedric (played by Yul Vazquez and John Paragon) – A hostile gay couple who accost Cosmo Kramer in "The Soup Nazi," "The Sponge" and "The Puerto Rican Day." They are widely known as "street toughs." They steal Elaine's armoire that Kramer is guarding in "The Soup Nazi," verbally and physically attack him for not wearing an AIDS walk ribbon in "The Sponge," and attack him when he accidentally sets fire to a Puerto Rican flag. John Paragon's character is credited as "Ray" in "The Soup Nazi," but is addressed and credited as "Cedric" in "The Sponge."

 Bob Cobb (played by Mark Metcalf) – A conductor who prefers to be called "Maestro" and has a villa in Tuscany. Cobb introduced Kramer and Frank Costanza to the trick of taking their pants off before sitting so the pants will "keep the crease." The character is named after the inventor of the Cobb Salad.
 Carol (played by Lisa Mende) – Mutual friend of the main characters. Carol and her husband, Michael, lived in the Hamptons, and she kept insisting that the group come out to see their baby. She had two babies, an unnamed daughter that was dropped by Kramer in "The Boyfriend," and a son named Adam (although unseen) that was introduced in "The Hamptons". Kramer once likened the cute baby to Lyndon Johnson while Elaine compared the ugly one to a Pekingese. Carol is notable for her nasal voice and her memorable quote: "You gotta see the baby!" or "You gotta have a baby!" in "The Soul Mate." Her final appearance was in "The English Patient," when she and her friends shunned Elaine after she showed her dislike for the film of the same name.
 Conrad: (played by Stephen Lee) – Also known as Connie or Con.  Appears in "The Nap" as an indecisive contractor hired by Jerry to update the kitchen in his apartment. He also helped George sleep under his desk at Yankee Stadium.
 Counter Woman: (played by Kathryn Kates) – In the episodes "The Dinner Party" from season 5 and "The Rye" from season 7, the Counter Woman works at Schnitzer's Bakery. In season 5, the Counter Woman ignores the fact that Jerry and Elaine came in ahead of David and Barbara Benedict, a couple on their way to the same dinner party who purchase the last chocolate babka. The Counter Woman makes another appearance and is seemingly happy to give her last marble rye bread to Mabel Choate (a woman who was ahead of Jerry).
 Dana Foley: (played by Gina Hecht) – A friend of Elaine's who works as a therapist, and gives George several therapy sessions. She appears in "The Pick," "The Shoes" and "The Pilot." George walks out on her after she modestly criticizes the script of "Jerry."
 Deena: (played by Mary Jo Keenen) – A childhood friend of George who thinks that he is mentally unstable after she repeatedly catches him in bizarre situations. First, in "The Gum", she notices striking similarities between George's behavior and that of her mentally unstable father (affectionately known by all as 'Pop'), that being "nervousness, irritability, and paranoia". Her suspicions are heightened when she sees him walking down the street in a King Henry VIII costume telling people he just left the "institution." Then in "The Doll" she catches him in the coffee shop, alone and screaming at a doll that looks like his mother. Finally in "The Bottle Deposit," she is visiting her father at the mental asylum when she runs into a hysterical George (who was mistakenly sent there by Mr. Steinbrenner). She ignores his pleas to help him escape believing that he is finally getting the help he needs.
 Dolores (played by Susan Walters) – One of Jerry's many girlfriends; he can't remember her name, only that it rhymes with a female body part ("clitoris" doesn't occur to him and his best guess is "Mulva"). ("The Junior Mint"). Jerry reunites with her in "The Foundation."
 Donald Sanger, aka The Bubble Boy (voiced by Jon Hayman) – Jerry agrees to visit a bubble boy, who lives in a hermetically sealed bubble due to a compromised immune system. Jerry gets lost on the way and George and Susan end up meeting the bubble boy but find he is a bratty spoiled kid. George and Donald fight over a typographical error on a Trivial Pursuit card, which says the Moops (rather than the Moors) invaded Spain. The fight results in the boy's bubble being popped.
 Dr. Reston (played by Stephen McHattie) – Elaine and Crazy Joe Davola's therapist. Elaine dated him and went on a trip to Europe with him ("The Pitch" and "The Ticket").
 Earl Haffler (portrayed by O'Neal Compton) – Appeared in "The Diplomat's Club." He made bets with Kramer on which planes coming to the airport would arrive later than scheduled. Earl appears again in "The English Patient," where his deal with Kramer to buy "Cubans" falls through and he orders Cosmo out of his office.
 Father Curtis: (played by Henry Woronicz) – A priest who consults with Elaine and Puddy on their relationship in "The Burning," and with Jerry on his encounter with Tim Whatley in "The Yada Yada."
 Franklin Delano Romanowski (played by Mike McShane) – Also known as "FDR," Franklin is another of Kramer's eccentric friends. In "The Betrayal," he uses his birthday wish against Kramer as the result of a grudge held after Kramer struck him in the back of the head with a snowball. The same actor also appears briefly in "The Wizard" as the hot dog vendor talking with George. Although his character's name is not revealed, he is presumably the same character because he was seen selling hot dogs in "The Betrayal" also. He is mentioned by Kramer in several episodes, usually in some outrageous anecdote.
 Fred Yerkes: (played by Fred Stoller) – Elaine had met him at a party some time before, but his lack of recall for the meeting mesmerizes her. He appears in "The Secret Code" in Season 7.
Gary Fogel (played by Jon Lovitz) made his only appearance in "The Scofflaw," although he is mentioned again in "The Face Painter."

 Izzy Mandelbaum (played by Lloyd Bridges) – Fellow resident of Jerry's parents in Del Boca Vista in Florida; head of family-owned Magic Pan crepe restaurants. His favorite saying is "It's go time!" He is obsessed with his physical fitness. In "The English Patient", he throws his back out twice after being "challenged" by Jerry. Izzy also appears in "The Blood".
 Jake Jarmel (played by Marty Rackham) – An author that Elaine dated for a period. Dislikes using exclamation marks in "The Sniffing Accountant." Broke up with Elaine after she bought Jujyfruits immediately after hearing he was in a car accident ("The Opposite"). Bought his glasses in Malaysia so no one else would have a pair like them ("The Scofflaw"). He started a fight with Mr. Lippman when he noticed that Lippman had the same "unique" frames as himself. The actor who plays Jake Jarmel also appears as an LAPD officer in the episode "The Trip."
 Jenna (played by Kristin Davis) – Jerry's girlfriend on Season's 8 "The Pothole." She later dates Kenny Bania, as shown in Season 9's "The Butter Shave."
 Jiffy Park Guy/Jiffy Dump Guy (played by Chaim Girafi) – An attendant at Jiffy Park who may or may not be utilizing George's car, along with other cars parked on the lot, as a den of iniquity for prostitutes to conduct their business in the episode "The Wig Master." His second appearance was in "The Muffin Tops" where he portrayed the late-night operator of sister-company Jiffy Dump who steadfastly refuses to accept trash bags of discarded muffin stumps.
 Joe Temple (played by Robert Hooks) – A family man with whom George watches Breakfast at Tiffany's in the episode "The Couch." Joe dislikes George after he spills grape juice on his couch. Joe also appears in "The Diplomat's Club," in which George tries to watch another film with him.
 Joey Zanfino (played by Todd Bosley) – A 9-year-old boy who lives in the same apartment building as Jerry, Kramer and Newman. Joey's mother asks Kramer to babysit him but due to his staggering walk (caused by his ultra-tight jeans), Joey mistakes him for Frankenstein's monster and runs away. By his second appearance, they are friends and go to the same karate class, despite Kramer being many years older. Joey and his friends later beat up Kramer because he beat them up in karate. He appears in both Season 7's "The Wait Out" and Season 8's "The Foundation". Joey is also mentioned in Season 9's "The Serenity Now," as he and his friends fight with Kramer.
 Karen (played by Lisa Edelstein) – George's girlfriend in "The Mango" and "The Masseuse."
 Karl (played by Ellis Williams) – A professional exterminator that Jerry hires to rid his apartment of fleas in "The Doodle." In "The Diplomat's Club," George befriends Karl in an attempt to prove to co-worker Mr. Morgan that he is not a racist.
 Katie (played by Debra Jo Rupp) – Jerry's annoying agent. First in "The Diplomat's Club," she invites the pilot of the plane to Jerry's comedy routine and tells Jerry not to be nervous, which makes Jerry extremely nervous and causes him to "bomb." Next in "The Abstinence," Katie gets Jerry an entire assembly at his former junior high school after Jerry is "bumped" at Career Day by a zoo worker. Jerry is unprepared for the assembly, and after he tells his first joke, he is met with boos. Consequently, David Letterman cancels Jerry's appearance on his talk show after hearing about his poor performance at the assembly.
 Keith Hernandez (played by Keith Hernandez) – fictionalized version of the baseball player, who befriends Jerry and later dates Elaine in "The Boyfriend".
 Kevin (played by Tim DeKay) – Elaine's one-time boyfriend, most notable for being "The Bizarro Jerry." He dates Elaine in two Season 8 episodes, "The Soul Mate" and "The Bizarro Jerry."
 Leslie (played by Wendel Meldrum) – Kramer's "low-talking" girlfriend, a clothing designer who designed the new puffy shirt featured in "The Puffy Shirt" episode. She also appeared in "The Finale" as a witness in the trial, but her testimony is not accepted because no one in the courtroom can hear her. Jackie Chiles tells Judge Arthur Vandelay to either get Leslie a microphone or they should move on with the trial.
 Lindsay Enright (played by Jessica Hecht) – An ex-girlfriend of George's who was in a book club in "The Couch." They were supposed to read Breakfast at Tiffany's, but George watched the film instead and made incorrect statements about the book. She then appears in "The Gymnast."

 Lloyd Braun (played first by Peter Keleghan, then by Matt McCoy) – A childhood friend of George. Estelle Costanza used to badger George with questions such as, "Why can't you be more like Lloyd Braun?" In "The Non-Fat Yogurt," Lloyd works for New York City mayor David Dinkins. After Lloyd passes along Elaine's suggestion that everyone in the city wear name tags, he is ridiculed, fired, and has a nervous breakdown. (Two versions of the episode, which aired two days after the real mayoral election, were shot. If Dinkins were to have won the race, Lloyd would have been depicted working for mayoral candidate Rudy Giuliani.) After spending time in a mental institution, Lloyd helps Kramer gain historical status for a movie theater in "The Gum." In "The Serenity Now," Lloyd works for a short time for Frank Costanza as a computer salesman. In an attempt to outsell Lloyd, George purchases a large number of computers with the intent to return them once Lloyd has been fired for poor performance. It is later revealed that all of Lloyd's sales were fabricated and that Frank complied with the ruse in order to give George someone to compete against. Larry David named the Lloyd Braun character after the real-life Lloyd Braun, who was David's lawyer and manager.
 Lt. Joe Bookman (played by Philip Baker Hall) – A library cop who pursues Jerry because of an overdue copy of Tropic of Cancer, which Jerry had borrowed in 1971. Bookman's dedication to his job and coincidental surname are cause for Jerry's dismissive attitude toward him. Bookman's character is defined by his deadpan delivery (a parody of Sgt. Joe Friday in Dragnet), and his tendency to flip his trench coat dramatically during interrogations. Appears in "The Library" and "The Finale, Part 2."
 Mabel Choate (played by Frances Bay) – The old woman at Schnitzer's bakery who bought the infamous last marble rye, which Jerry went on to steal from her on the street in order to give to George to carry out one of his numerous idiotic schemes. She reappeared in a later episode at Phase Two of the Pines of Mar Gables to cast the deciding vote in Morty's impeachment, when she recognized Jerry as the thief of her rye. She also appears in the final episode of the series as a witness testifying against Jerry, again bringing up the marble rye.
 Marcelino (played by Miguel Sandoval) – The owner of the bodega on Jerry's block. In Season 8 "The Little Jerry," he runs an illegal cockfighting ring in the back of his store. In "The Millennium," Kramer mentions that Marcelino is 1/64 Mayan. Marcelino also appears in "The Finale" where he testifies about the cockfighting ring where he only quoted "cockfighting".
 Marla Penny aka "The Virgin" (played by Jane Leeves) – A professional closet organizer whom Jerry dates. She eventually loses her virginity to John F. Kennedy, Jr. She appears in "The Virgin", "The Contest", Part Two of "The Pilot" and "The Finale".
 Matthew (played by John Christian Graas) – Son of the purveyor of the "fat-free" yogurt, Matthew is a 10-year-old boy who idolizes Jerry. In "The Non-Fat Yogurt" he overhears Jerry swearing, and, following his idol's lead, refers to Jerry as a "funny fucker". He ruins an audiocassette of Jerry's comedy. When the yogurt is revealed to have fat, Matthew cusses out Jerry. Matthew first appears in "The Parking Space" in season 3 and puts in his two cents over whether George has a parking space.
 Mel Sanger (played by Brian Doyle-Murray) – A Yoo-Hoo truck driver who is the father of Donald Sanger. Mel appears to be very loving, but is frustrated about several things, including when people believe the bubble is like an igloo and the fact that his son Donald has the TV remote constantly. He appeared in "The Bubble Boy", "The Pilot" Pt. 2, and "The Finale" Pt. 2.
 Mike Moffit (played by Lee Arenberg) – Calls Jerry a "phony" behind his back and gets into an argument with George over a parking space in front of Jerry's apartment ("The Parking Space"). He also appears as Kramer's bookie in "The Susie," in which Jerry accidentally breaks his thumbs and traps him in the trunk of Jerry's car.

 Mr. Kruger (played by Daniel von Bargen) – President of Kruger Industrial Smoothing, for which George Costanza works during most of the ninth and final season. Kruger is noted for his total apathy towards his job and the success of his company. George's description of the company is "Kruger Industrial Smoothing: 'We don't care, and it shows'" ("The Strike"). George is often forced to push Kruger to do his work, to which Kruger usually responds, "I'm not too worried about it." He also attends the Festivus dinner. Kruger's company "botched the Statue of Liberty" job as they "couldn't get the green stuff off" and is infamous for losing money (when viewing the company financial reports Kruger nonchalantly exclaimed, "wow, we really took it on the chin last year"). Kruger appears in four episodes: "The Slicer," "The Strike," "The Burning" and "The Maid."
 Mr. Morgan (played by Tom Wright) – A co-worker of George's at Yankee Stadium. He appears in four episodes, "The Pledge Drive," where George convinces Mr. Morgan that the Yankees should send a player to a PBS fundraiser after he sees George eating a candy bar with a knife and fork; "The Diplomat's Club," where he hints that George had a racial bias after George said that he looked like Sugar Ray Leonard; "The Mom and Pop Store," where George calls a meeting to convince the Yankees to have a "Jon Voight Day," and Mr. Morgan proposes they have no more meetings called by George; and "The Wink," where George causes a dispute with Mr. Morgan, his wife, and Mr. Steinbrenner by winking involuntarily, ultimately leading to Mr. Morgan's termination, and George being promoted to his position. Despite their adverse relationship in earlier episodes, in "The Wink" he tells George that he is his only friend at the Yankees office.
 Mr. Tomasulo (played by Gordon Jump) – George's boss at "Play Now" in episodes 1 and 2 of Season 9, "The Butter Shave" and "The Voice."
 Mrs. Landis (played by Gail Strickland) – A boss at Doubleday. She appeared twice in Season Six, in the episodes "The Chaperone" and "The Switch". She interviews Elaine for a job but thinks that she does not have enough grace.
 Mrs. Zanfino (played by Diana Castle) – A woman who lives with her son Joey in the same apartment building as Jerry, Kramer and Newman. She asks Kramer to babysit Joey in Season 7's "The Wait Out," and appears again in Season 8's "The Foundation," when she drives Kramer, Joey and a few other kids from the Karate class. Mrs. Zanfino is also mentioned in Season 8's "The Fatigues," when Kramer is cooking food for a Jewish singles night, and uses her kitchen to make Kugel.
 Nana (played by Billye Ree Wallace) – Nana is Jerry's grandmother and the mother of Helen Seinfeld and Uncle Leo. When her mind starts to mix up the present and the past, she reveals that Uncle Leo owes his sister, Jerry's mom, $50 from a racetrack bet their father won when they were kids.
 Noreen (played by Kelly Coffield) – A former US Army soldier and friend of Elaine's who dated Dan, the high talker. Elaine continually destroyed Noreen's life until Kramer intervened and urged her to return to the military. She attempted to commit suicide, but Frank Costanza's cape-wearing lawyer (played by Larry David) stopped her.
 Peggy (played by Megan Cole) – She appeared in season 8 "The Susie" as Elaine's coworker at J. Peterman Catalog who mistakes Elaine for someone named Susie. She also appears in a season 9 episode "The Apology" and revealed to be a germophobe.
 Ping (played by Ping Wu) – A Chinese food delivery boy, who sues Elaine after hitting a car while trying to avoid colliding with her as she is jaywalking as mentioned in "The Visa." In "The Tape," when George calls a Chinese company to order hair growth cream, Ping acts as the interpreter.
 Poppie (played by Reni Santoni) – The owner of an Italian restaurant who disapproves of abortion, tells traumatizing stories of his mother's life under Communist rule, is very strict on his idea of what pizza is, and developed stress-activated incontinence because of Elaine, which further causes him to stain Jerry's couch ("The Couch"). The "Poppie couch" turns up in "The Doorman". First appeared in "The Pie," in which Jerry, visiting Poppie's restaurant while dating his daughter Audrey, is disgusted by Poppie's neglecting to wash his hands in the bathroom. Also appears in "The Finale."
 Rabbi Glickman (played by Bruce Mahler) – A rabbi who befriends Elaine, makes a clumsy play for her at one point, and is a terrible secret keeper. He appears in "The Postponement" (in which he is instead called Rabbi Kirschbaum), "The Serenity Now", "The Finale" and a deleted scene in "The Hot Tub".
 Rachel Goldstein (played by Melanie Smith) – Jerry's most dated girlfriend in the series, having appeared in four episodes (counting a two-part episode as two episodes). In "The Raincoats," she and Jerry make out while watching Schindler's List and are seen by Newman, who informs Jerry's and Rachel's parents of the incident. Her father tells Jerry she won't be seeing him again, but forgives him after Jerry gives him kishka. In "The Hamptons," Rachel accidentally walks in on George naked while he is a victim of "shrinkage," having just gotten out of the pool. She tells George's girlfriend, who immediately returns home. In "The Opposite", she breaks up with Jerry.
 Ramon (played by Carlos Jacott) – A creepy pool guy at Jerry's health club who tries to become friends with Jerry. He later becomes friends with Newman. He is fired from the health club for using too much chlorine but gets his job back. He is nearly killed when Jerry pulls him into the pool and Newman dives in. Jerry and Newman don't give him CPR and have their gym memberships terminated for their behavior ("The Pool Guy"). He also appears in the courtroom in "The Finale." A deleted scene has him mentioning how Jerry and Newman argued over who would perform CPR on him.
 Rebecca DeMornay (played by Sonya Eddy) – A thrift store clerk and former book store clerk who is in a constant state of agitation and is prone to violence. In another episode she works with the homeless. She once threatened to jump over the counter and punch George "in the brain" after he brought in a used book that had been in the toilet. In one episode she confronted Elaine in an enraged manner over Muffin bottoms that had been left behind the homeless shelter she worked at. Appears in "The Bookstore" and "The Muffin Tops."
 Remy Temple (played by Diana Theodore) – Joe Temple's daughter. She is a great fan of Audrey Hepburn and watched Breakfast at Tiffany's with her father and George in "The Couch." She appears again in "The Diplomat's Club" when George brings another Audrey Hepburn film, but her father tells her to get up to the apartment instantly before George came up.
 Ricky (played by Sam Lloyd) – The man who takes Frank Constanza's TV Guide from Elaine in the subway and later turns it into a bouquet to declare his affection for her during "The Cigar Store Indian." He briefly appears in a later episode "The Pie", where it is revealed he designed a mannequin which looks like Elaine.
 Robin (played by Melanie Chartoff) – A waitress at the comedy club. She is George's girlfriend in "The Fire", but breaks up with him for his cowardice over a small kitchen fire at her son's birthday party. She appears in "The Finale" Pt. 2, where she recaps the incident at her son's birthday party.
 Rusty (played by Jon Gries) – A homeless man who falsely identifies Kramer in a police lineup and is hired by Kramer and Newman as labor for their short-lived rickshaw venture. During his trial run, Rusty stole the rickshaw. He appears in "The Beard" and "The Bookstore."
 Sal Bass (played by Tony Amendola): Kramer meets him at the health club and thinks he is Salman Rushdie. In "The Pilot," Sal Bass is shown watching Jerry's pilot program with Sidra. Out of the blue, Bass remarks, "You know, that Kim Novak had some really large breasts."

 Sally Weaver (played by Kathy Griffin) – Susan Ross's roommate in college, originally from Memphis, Tennessee, she appears in "The Cartoon" and "The Doll" as an aspiring actress and comedian. In "The Doll," she was directly responsible for ruining Jerry's bit for The Charles Grodin Show, not once but twice. In "The Cartoon" she becomes famous and even gets a cable special for her one-woman show, titled "Jerry Seinfeld is the Devil". In "The Doll," it is revealed that Sally was an executive at Federal Express.
 Scott Drake (played by Rick Overton): A mutual friend of the main characters, often referred to as "the Drake." Jerry, George, Elaine and Kramer give him and his fiancée a big screen TV as a wedding gift. They break up and his ex-fiancée, the "Drakette," gives it away to charity. In "The Pilot, Part 2," the Drake and Drakette have gotten back together and watch Jerry's pilot program on a small, handheld black and white television. In "The Label Maker," he is engaged to marry the Drakette again, but they break up after he learns that the wedding is on the same day as the Super Bowl and tries to postpone it.
 Shlomo: (played by Reuven Bar-Yotam): Appears in Season's 8 "The Muffin Tops" as a foreign guy on Kramer's "Peterman Reality Tour" bus, who questions the pizza-pound cake. In Season's 9 "The Frogger," he appears again as Shlomo the truck driver, who George hires to help him move the Frogger machine.
 Sid (played by Jay Brooks): Professional car parker. George fills in for him briefly in "The Alternate Side" and fails miserably, causing Sid's nephew to lose his foot to amputation because George's incompetence caused several of Sid's regular customers to quit. This created a significant loss of income to Sid, thereby rendering him unable to finance his nephew's operation. Sid appears again in "The Parking Space."
 Sid Farkus (played by Patrick Cronin): Middle-manager of a women's underwear manufacturing company and friend of Frank Costanza. Interviews George for a bra salesman position and ends up hiring him, only to reverse his decision after George hits on Sid's boss Ellen De Granmont (Christa Miller) ("The Sniffing Accountant"). Later meets with Frank and Kramer to discuss manufacturing the bro/manssiere in "The Doorman". Wears Ban-Lon. He dates Estelle Costanza briefly while she and Frank are separated.
 Sidra Holland (played by Teri Hatcher): Jerry's date in "The Implant." Known for her breasts and catch phrase "They're real and they're spectacular." She also appears in "The Pilot," watching Jerry's pilot program with Sal Bass, and in "The Finale," sleeping with Jackie Chiles.

 Sue Ellen Mischke (played by Brenda Strong): Known as the "bra-less wonder," heiress to the Oh Henry! candy bar fortune, and nemesis of Elaine, whom she has known since they attended high school in Maryland together. In "The Caddy", Elaine is so incensed that Sue Ellen doesn't wear a bra that she gives her a bra as a gift, which Sue Ellen then wears as a top. That causes Kramer to crash George's car when he and Jerry see her walking down the street. In "The Betrayal," Sue Ellen invites Elaine to India for her wedding. Elaine and Sue Ellen briefly reconcile before it is revealed that Elaine once had a relationship with Sue Ellen's groom. She also appears in "The Bottle Deposit, Part 1" and "The Abstinence."
 The Doctor (Siegel/Wexler) (played by Victor Raider-Wexler): The doctor who performed the surgery in "The Junior Mint," he was also the doctor who broke the news of Susan's death in "The Invitations" and who diagnosed George's atrophied condition in "The Summer of George." Also testified in "The Finale" about George's reaction to the news of Susan's death, which he described as "restrained jubilation" which caused Susan's parents to be angry with him.
 The Soup Nazi (played by Larry Thomas): Based on a real person (Al Yeganeh), the Soup Nazi is a soup chef who often denied customers his delicious soup for the slightest misbehavior with the admonition, "NO soup for you!" The character's name, revealed in "The Finale," is Yev Kassem.
 Tia Van Camp (played by Jennifer Campbell): Blonde supermodel whom Jerry is seated next to on an airplane flight back to New York ("The Airport"). Jerry gets a date with Tia. Tia eventually dumps Jerry in "The Pick" when she notices him in his car, appearing to pick his nose.
 Tina Robbins: (played by Siobhan Fallon Hogan): A "waitress/actress" (although she considers herself an "actress/waitress") who is Elaine's roommate in her original apartment, later moving out and sub-letting it to her. She is introduced in "The Deal" and dates Kramer in "The Truth," much to the dismay of Elaine, who complains about the loud tribal music and sexual noises in her apartment. Elaine describes her acting as "Ethel Merman, but without the talent." She makes a brief appearance in "The Opposite," kicking Elaine out of her apartment for, among other things, buzzing up a jewel thief and using Canadian quarters in the washing machine.
 Vanessa (played by Lynn Clark): An attractive woman whom Jerry meets at a birthday party in "The Stake Out" (Season 1, Episode 2). They date once in "The Stock Tip" (Season 1, Episode 5).
 Walter: (played by Wayne Wilderson): Co-worker of Elaine at J. Peterman. He appears in four episodes: "The Summer of George," "The Merv Griffin Show," "The Apology" and "The Frogger."
 Wyck Thayer (played by Bruce Davison): Chairman of the Susan Ross Foundation, who assumes that George actually killed Susan. Appeared in the first two episodes of the eighth season, as well as "The Van Buren Boys" later in the same season. George consistently calls Wyck "Wink."
Lannet (played by Amanda Peet)* : Waitress Jerry dates in "The Summer of George" episode. She lives with a man which confounds Jerry as to her relationship with him.

Unseen characters
Bob Sacamano – One of Kramer's best friends, who is often referred to as the source of nutty ideas or inaccurate information (his initials, perhaps coincidentally, are "B.S."). He is from New Jersey. In "The Heart Attack," Kramer explains how Bob had a botched hernia operation, so that now he has a high-pitched voice and spends his days in a wheelchair. He also had rabies at some point. Bob worked, for a time, in a condom factory and provided a bag of defective condoms to Kramer in "The Fix-Up," which George then used with Elaine's friend, briefly thinking he had impregnated her as a result. Bob once stayed at Kramer's apartment as a guest for a year and a half. Larry Charles created Sacamano, naming him after a real-life friend. Bob also befriended Jerry when Jerry and Kramer switch apartments; Jerry adds that Bob sells Russian hats in Battery Park for $40: the hats are made from nutria, a type of rat, instead of sable. In the ninth season episode "The Wizard," Kramer states that Bob Sacamano's father (Bob Sacamano Sr.) lives in Florida; he's the source of faulty electronic organizers known as "Willards" (instead of the more expensive "Wizards") that foil Kramer's run for condo board president. Although Sacamano himself is never seen, Sacamano Sr. appears in a deleted scene.
 Cousin Jeffrey – Jerry's horse-faced cousin, about whom Uncle Leo always raves. He worked for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Jeffrey once got Jerry tickets to a Paul Simon concert, and George, sans eyeglasses, once claimed to see Jeffrey kissing Jerry's girlfriend in the street (it turned out to be a policewoman patting a horse). According to Uncle Leo, Jeffrey's favorite animal is the leopard because he likes the spots, and he keeps in close contact with his college botany professor, a friendship which Leo thinks is rare. Jeffrey received a citation from the city for his edible foliage tour through Central Park. The back of Cousin Jeffrey's head can be seen in the deleted scenes for "The Glasses" episode on the season DVD.
Lomez – An unseen friend of Kramer's. He is an Orthodox Jew, "old school," according to Kramer in "The Fatigues." In The Betrayal, Kramer bangs on the door of a portable toilet yelling "Come on Lomez, we're going to miss the movie!" When Kramer starts the Peterman Reality Bus Tour in "The Muffin Tops," he notes Lomez's place of worship on the tour. Kramer purchases a hot tub from Lomez and speaks on the phone to him while taking a shower in "The Apology." In "The Package," Kramer tells Jerry that he traded his stereo to Lomez for some steaks. In "The Voice," Kramer's intern Darren tells Jerry and George that "Mr. Kramer's in a meeting with Mr. Lomez." And in "The Van Buren Boys," one of the Susan Ross Scholarship interviewees is credited, although not mentioned, as Lomez Junior. His relation, if any, to Lomez remains unknown as his only line is "You like that, don't you?" when George mentions that he has a 4.0 GPA. In "The Slicer," Kramer tells Elaine that Lomez blew his neighbor's circuit to stop an incessant alarm, prompting her to do the same. Later in the same episode, Kramer tells Elaine that, in blowing his neighbor's circuit, Lomez caused the automatic cat feeder to stop functioning, resulting in incessant meowing from the neighbor's cat. When Elaine asks Kramer what Lomez did about it, he replies that "He moved to a motel and the cat eventually died."

Imaginary characters and pseudonyms
 Art Vandelay – George's imaginary alter-ego, which is referenced in many episodes. In "The Finale", the name of the judge is coincidentally Arthur Vandelay.
 Kel Varnsen – An alias used by Jerry in "The Boyfriend", in order to help George with his Vandelay Industries. He also uses this alias in "The Puerto Rican Day".
 H. E. Pennypacker – Kramer appears as H. E. Pennypacker, "a wealthy industrialist". In order to help Elaine get revenge on Putumayo in "The Millennium", Kramer (as "Pennypacker") attempts to use his pricing gun to greatly reduce the prices of the store's clothing. When Kramer inadvertently crushes the pricing gun, he removes the desiccants from some of the clothes (which will make clothes noticeably musty in five years), and tells Gladys Mayo, "I think I'm going to build a roller coaster instead." He also uses the alias in "The Puerto Rican Day" where he poses as a buyer interested in an apartment in order to use its bathroom.
 Martin van Nostrand or Peter von Nostrand – As Dr. Martin von Nostrand, Kramer tried to get Elaine's medical chart in "The Package". He also used the von Nostrand alias in "The Slicer", posing as a Juilliard-trained dermatologist, and is recognized as Dr. von Nostrand in "The Strike". Kramer used the name Martin von Nostrand (without the "doctor" prefix) while auditioning for the role of himself on the show Jerry in "The Pilot, Part 1". Kramer posed as Professor Peter von Nostrand in "The Nose Job" in order to retrieve a jacket from another man's apartment.

References

External links

Minor
Seinfeld, minor
Lists of minor fictional characters

List of Seinfeld characters


بلدية ناروس ديل بويرتو (بالإسبانية: Narros del Puerto) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية ناروس ديل بويرتو 44 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية ناروس ديل بويرتو

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

ناروس ديل بويرتو


Maliyet yönetimi, kurumsal düzeydeki projelerin tüm yaşam döngüsü boyunca maliyet ve verimliliği ölçmek için teknolojiyi kullanan bir yöntemdir.

Maliyet yönetimi; tahmin, iş kontrolleri, saha verilerinin toplanması, çizelgeleme, muhasebe ve tasarım dâhil olmak üzere proje yönetiminin bazı özel işlevlerini kapsar. Maliyet yönetiminin ana hedefi onaylanmış bir bütçe dâhilinde bir projeyi tamamlamaktır.

Maliyet Yönetimi'nde hayatî bir araç olan tahminle başlayarak, gerçek tarihsel veriler projenin tüm yönlerini doğru bir şekilde planlamak için kullanılır. Proje devam ederken, iş kontrolü projedeki maliyeti ve üretimi ölçmek için sahadan raporlanan bilgilerle tahminden elde edilen verileri kullanır. Proje başlangıcından tamamlanmasına kadar, proje maliyet yönetiminin proje deneyimini basitleştirmek ve ucuzlaştırmak gibi bir hedefi vardır.

Bu teknolojik yaklaşım, yazılım ve proje yönetimi endüstrilerini tahmin etmek için büyük bir meydan okuma olmuştur.

Kaynakça

Proje yönetimi

Maliyet yönetimi


Ebrahim Buzhu, né le  à Utrecht (Pays-Bas) et assassiné le  à Cadix (Espagne), est un trafiquant de cocaïne néerlandais d'origine marocaine actif dans le conflit Mocro-oorlog.

Figurant sur la liste noire de Ridouan Taghi, Ebrahim Buzhu quitte les Pays-Bas en fin 2016 pour un pays à l'étranger. Le 2, il est abattu à Cadix en Espagne.

Biographie

Enfance (1969-1990)
Le père de Ebrahim Buzhu émigre aux Pays-Bas dans les années 1950, en provenance de Melilla pour travailler dans les mines néerlandaises. Sa mère rejoint plus tard le mari. Le couple s'installe à Utrecht et fonde une famille. Son père ouvre à Amsterdam, la première boucherie halal des Pays-Bas. Mohammed Nouri (père du footballeur Abdelhak Nouri) est le copropriétaire. Avec cette entreprise, la famille Buzhu de huit enfants s'en sort financièrement sans problèmes.

Ebrahim Buzhu naît le  à Utrecht. Lors de son enfance, Ebrahim travaille souvent à la boucherie et a un avenir tracé à succéder son père dans la boucherie, d'où son surnom 'De Slager' (en français : le boucher). Comme prévu, Ebrahim succède son père qui décède, lorsqu'il a seulement dix-sept ans. Lors de cette époque, Ebrahim fait face à une immigration massive de Marocains qui s'installent aux Pays-Bas, mais qui sombrent en même temps dans un milieu criminel dans la ville d'Utrecht. L'un d'entre eux est Bagdad El H. (surnommé 'Le Grand Bagdad'). En manque de présence paternelle en fin d'adolescence, Ebrahim suit les traces de ses amis criminels et y met un pied définitif.

Approche avec la Mocro Maffia (1990-2008)
Dans sa vie hors criminelle, Ebrahim Buzhu camoufle sa richesse en faisant croire qu'il s'agit de l'argent qu'il gagne grâce à de l'investissement immobilier. Il forme rapidement son cercle criminel en intégrant dans ses rangs des hommes yougoslaves. Dans le circuit criminel, il se fait une réputation d'homme dangereux et toujours menaçant quand il s'agit d'être remboursé.

Dans les années 1990, le nom d'Ebrahim Buzhu apparaît pour la première fois au sein de la justice néerlandaise. Sa famille découvre à ce moment, la provenance financière du gentil garçon de famille. Il est condamné pour possession d'armes à feu et de participation à de la torture. Une chose que les autorités ignorent encore, c'est ses importations de grande quantité de haschich en provenance du Maroc.

Mocro-oorlog (2008-2022)
Le , un ami d'Ebrahim se rend à la police de Driebergen et raconte qu'il a trouvé une balise de localisation sous son véhicule. La police estime que son ami est suivi par un groupe de criminels, avec l'intention d'une liquidation. Quelques jours plus tard, le samedi , son ami retourne au poste de police, accompagné de Buzhu, et raconte que le problème est bien plus grand que ça. Ebrahim raconte qu'il serait suivi par un groupe de criminels pour une affaire qui date du , lorsque Saïd Faggous, un propriétaire du coffee-shop GoedGoed d'Amsterdam, fut kidnappé. La police, en manque de preuves, classe le dossier sans suites.

Quelques jours plus tard, Ebrahim Buzhu retourne au poste de police et porte plainte contre Ridouan Taghi et son bras droit Saïd Razzouki pour menaces de mort. Il déclare également que Ridouan Taghi serait un grand parrain de la cocaïne aux Pays-Bas et qu'il serait actuellement caché dans un endroit en Belgique. Dans les semaines qui suivent, il est de nouveau entendu, avec l'absence d'un avocat. Lorsqu'il est entendu pour la première fois, la police démontre à Ebrahim Buzhu des photos de criminels actifs dans le milieu criminel à Utrecht. Ebrahim Buzhu lance alors de multiples déclarations  sur plusieurs des criminels qu'il reconnait. Lorsqu'il est entendu pour la troisième fois, il déclare à la police avoir du mal à dormir le soir, par le fait qu'il est régulièrement suivi par des inconnus et qu'ils veulent sa peau. Il décrit également "trois Surinamais ou Antillais" qu'il aurait aperçu à sa poursuite, dont un, originaire de Nieuwegein et qui travaillerait pour Ridouan Taghi en tant que tueur à gages, ayant abbatu quelques mois auparavant Jaouad W. à Fuengirola. Ses déclarations ont donné naissance à l'enquête 26Koper.

A côté des noms tel que Ridouan Taghi ou Saïd Razzouki, Ebrahim Buzhu fait également des déclarations sur son ancien ami Bagdad El H.. Ce dernier déclare à la police qu'Ebrahim raconte des mensonges.

Peu de temps après, Ebrahim Buzhu raconte à son entourage regretter son action d'avoir porté plainte et que la police lui ait joué un mauvais tour, après que le fait d'avoir parlé à la police, ait été relayé par la presse. Quant à la police, elle explique que Buzhu n'a signé aucun contrat de convention sur quelconque loi du silence.

Le , Samir Erraghib, le voisin et ami d'Ebrahim Buzhu, également actif dans le trafic international de cocaïne, est abattu à quelques rues du domicile des parents d'Ebrahim.

Le , Bagdad El H. et Ranko Scekic marchent saouls dans le quartier de Kanaleneiland à Utrecht. Des tueurs à gages de Ridouan Taghi rodent dans le quartier, cherchant à commettre un double assassinat pour leur alliance avec Ebrahim Buzhu. Des messages PGP déchiffrés par les autorités néerlandaises révèlent que les tueurs à gages ont annulé l'assassinat en raison des nombreuses patrouilles de police présentes dans le quartier.

Le , Ranko Scekic est abattu à Utrecht. La justice estime que l'homme aurait été abattu pour avoir été un très bon ami d'Ebrahim Buzhu. Dans le procès Marengo, Ebrahim Buzhu est confronté à une affaire qui déduit qu'il aurait planifié avec son groupe, le kidnapping du bras droit de Taghi, Saïd Razzouki, et que ce serait la raison de l'assassinat de Ranko Scekic, chose que Buzhu ne reconnait pas. Parmi la liste noire de Ridouan Taghi, deux noms proches d'Ebrahim Buzhu y figurent également, ceux des frères Mohamed et Abdelhamid El M..

Après cet assassinat, à la suite de nombreuses tentatives d'assassinats, il quitte les Pays-Bas pour s'installer en Espagne. De retour aux Pays-Bas en , le , il loue une voiture et retourne en Espagne, accompagné d'un homme de confiance. Ebrahim Buzhu n'a pas pu prendre l'avion à la suite d'un test de coronavirus positif.

Assassinat
Le , il est abattu d'une balle à la tête sur la route de Chiclana de la Frontera dans la région de Cadix en Espagne, avant d'être mis dans le coffre d'une voiture que les tueurs à gages mettront en feu. Son corps est remarqué par une passante dans le quartier Pago del Humo, qui a directement alerté la Garde civile. La police espagnole estime que le corps de Bouzhou a gravement été torturé avant qu'il ne soit abattu. Elle estime également qu'Ebrahim Buzhu aurait été kidnappé.

Voir aussi

Ouvrages
Cette bibliographie est indicative.

Références bibliographiques
Mocro Maffia

Wraak

Liens externes

 Actualités de Ebrahim Buzhu sur Het Parool
 Actualités de Ebrahim Buzhu sur De Volkskrant

Notes et références

Naissance à Utrecht
Naissance en décembre 1969
Personnalité néerlandaise condamnée pour crime
Personnalité marocaine condamnée pour crime
Crime organisé aux Pays-Bas
Mocro Maffia
Personnalité néerlandaise née d'un parent marocain
Décès à 52 ans
Décès en janvier 2022
Mort assassiné en Espagne
Décès à Cadix
Assassinat par arme à feu

Ebrahim Buzhu


عقد 1760 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 1760 و31 ديسمبر 1769 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 1750 ولحقه عقد 1770.

أحداث

 عبور الزهرة (1761)
 معركة العرائش (1765)
 معركة بوكسار (1764)

مواليد

 شارلوتا سيدستروم (1760)
 كامي ديمولان (1760)
 فريدريش ألبرخت كارل جرين (1760)
 كلود جوزيف روجيه دي ليزلي (1760)
 هاينريش بيك (1760)
 أكبر شاه الثاني (1760)
 جورج فرانز هوفمان (1760)
 ريتشارد ألن (1760)
 فرديناند باور (1760)
 أوليفر ولكت (1760)
 يوهان بيتر هيبل (1760)

وفيات

 ألاونغبايا (1760)
 جورج كليفورد (1760)
 جورج ماتياس بوس (1761)
 نيكولاوس زايزندورف (1760)
 بعل شيم توف (1760)
 يعقوب بنيجنوس وينسلو (1760)
 آنا باش (1760)
 جوزيبي مونتي (1760)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 1760 ابتداءً من

عقد 1760


Mom Rajawongse (หม่อมราชวงศ์, abreviado en idioma tailandés ม.ร.ว. y transliterado a nuestro alfabeto M.R. y traducido como El/La Honorable) es el título nobiliario por el que se llama a los hijos de quienes llevan el título Mom Chao en la casa real en Tailandia. Al igual que su padre Mom Chao, los Mom Rajawongse usan su verdadero apellido.

Aunque por la distancia generacional del rey del que descienden, ya no son considerados parte de la realeza sino ciudadanos comunes, todavía pueden usar este título especialmente dedicado para ellos.

En el trato informal se les suele llamar Khun Chai(m) /Khunying(f) (คุณชาย.../คุณหญิง...).

Cultura de Tailandia

de:Thailändische Adelstitel #Bürgerliche Titel
en:Thai royal and noble titles #Mom Rajawongse

Mom Rajawongse


Cintheaux () is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is located between Caen and Falaise and is the home to the Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War Cemetery.

Gaumesnil was originally a separate village, now attached to Cintheaux; it has fewer than 19 residents.

Sights
The main town is situated around the church of Saint-Germain, classified as an official French historic monument.  It was built around 1150 by the Marmion family; Robert Marmion offered it in patronage to the Barbery Abbey, subject to the Bayeux diocese, in 1181. The main (north) chapel and the cross tower, dating to the 16th century, was destroyed in 1688.  The north bell tower was added in the 18th century.  The church was restored between 1857 and 1902.

History

World War II
Cintheaux was devastated by Allied artillery, which sought to annihilate the 12th SS Panzer Division in 1944, during Operation Totalize.

Population

See also
Communes of the Calvados department

References

Communes of Calvados (department)

Cintheaux


Myndmál er partur af bragfræði sem skiptist í beina og óbeina mynd. Myndmál tengist líkingum sem skiptast í viðlíkingar, myndhverfingar og persónugervingar

Bein Mynd
Bein mynd er þegar skáldið bregður upp mynd líkt og um málverk af tilteknu fyrirbæri sé að ræða. Það lýsir yrkisefninu nákvæmlega eins og það blasir við því.

Dæmi: Vopnaður friður

Óbein Mynd
Óbein mynd er þegar hlutum eða fyrirbærum eru líkt við eitthvað sem þau eru ekki.

Myndmál


The Reggio Emilia approach is an educational philosophy and pedagogy focused on preschool and primary education.  This approach is a student-centered and constructivist self-guided curriculum that uses self-directed, experiential learning in relationship-driven environments. The programme is based on the principles of respect, responsibility and community through exploration, discovery and play.

At the core of this philosophy is an assumption that children form their own personality during the early years of development and that they are endowed with "a hundred languages", through which they can express their ideas. The aim of the Reggio approach is to teach children how to use these symbolic languages (e.g. painting, sculpting, drama) in everyday life. This approach was developed after World War II by pedagogist Loris Malaguzzi and parents in the villages around Reggio Emilia, Italy; the approach derives its name from the city.

History
During the post-World War II era in Italy, the country was overcome with a "…desire to bring change and create anew", brought on by significant economic and social development, including in education. An account described how a 1976 opposition to the primary education policy of the municipality of Reggio Emilia opened up the preschools to public scrutiny. This resulted in the introduction of the Reggio approach to early education, which was supported by parents and the community.

The approach was based on Malaguzzi's method, which became known to and appreciated by many educators thanks to a touring exhibition titled, "A Child has 100 Languages. On Creative Pedagogy at Public Kindergartens in Reggio Emilia, Italy", which opened in 1981 at the Modern Museet in Stockholm, Sweden. As a result, the National Group for Work and Study on Infant Toddler Centers was formed. By 1991, Newsweek reported that the schools at Reggio Emilia were among the top school systems in the world.

On May 24, 1994, the nonprofit organization Friends of Reggio Children International Association was founded to promote the work of Loris Malaguzzi and to organize professional development and cultural events around the approach. In November 2002, during the annual conference of the National Association for the Education of Young Children in Chicago, the North American Reggio Emilia Alliance was formally established.

In 2003, the municipality of Reggio Emilia chose to manage the system and the network of school services and toddler centres by forming the Istituzione Scuole e Nidi d'Infanzia. This enabled municipal schools and preschools to have independent Reggio-inspired programmes and activities with support from the Italian government.

In February 2006, the Loris Malaguzzi International Centre was established in Reggio Emilia, Italy, as a meeting place for professional development and a  research hub for the Reggio philosophy.  On September 29, 2011, the nonprofit Reggio Children-Loris Malaguzzi Centre Foundation was  established at the Loris Malaguzzi International Centre to foster "education and research to improve the lives of people and communities, in Reggio Emilia and in the world".

Philosophy
The Reggio Emilia philosophy is based upon the following set of principles:
Children must have some control over the direction of their learning;
Children must be able to learn through experiences of touching, moving, listening, and observing;
Children have a relationship with other children and with material items in the world that they must be allowed to explore;
Children must have endless ways and opportunities to express themselves.

The Reggio Emilia approach to teaching young children puts the natural development of children as well as the close relationships that they share with their environment at the center of its philosophy. The foundation of the Reggio Emilia approach lies in its unique view of the child: to foster education in the youngest learners to promote the best possible integration among children's "100 languages". In this approach, there is a belief that children have rights and should be given opportunities to develop their potential. Children are considered to be "knowledge bearers", so they are encouraged to share their thoughts and ideas about everything they could meet or do during the day.
"Influenced by this belief, the child is beheld as beautiful, powerful, competent, creative, curious, and full of potential and ambitious desires." The child is viewed as being an active constructor of knowledge.  Rather than being seen as the target of instruction, children are seen as having the active role of an apprentice. This role also extends to that of a researcher.  Much of the instruction at Reggio Emilia schools takes place in the form of projects where they have opportunities to explore, observe, hypothesize, question, and discuss to clarify their understanding.    Children are also viewed as social beings and a focus is made on the child in relation to other children, the family, the teachers, and the community rather than on each child in isolation. They are taught that respect for everyone else is important because everyone is a "subjective agency " while existing as part of a group.

The Reggio Emilia approach to early education reflects a theoretical kinship with John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and Jerome Bruner, among others. Much of what occurs in the class reflects a constructivist approach to early education. Reggio Emilia's approach does challenge some conceptions of teacher competence and developmentally appropriate practice. For example, teachers in Reggio Emilia assert the importance of being confused as a contributor to learning; thus a major teaching strategy is purposely to allow mistakes to happen, or to begin a project with no clear sense of where it might end. Another characteristic that is counter to the beliefs of many Western educators is the importance of the child's ability to negotiate in the peer group.

One of the most challenging aspects of the Reggio Emilia approach is the solicitation of multiple points of view regarding children's needs, interests, and abilities, and the concurrent faith in parents, teachers, and children to contribute in meaningful ways to the determination of school experiences. Teachers trust themselves to respond appropriately to children's ideas and interests, they trust children to be interested in things worth knowing about, and they trust parents to be informed and productive members of a cooperative educational team. The result is an atmosphere of community and collaboration that is developmentally appropriate for adults and children alike.

Community support and parental involvement
Reggio Emilia's tradition of community support for families with young children expands on a view, more strongly held in Emilia Romagna and Tuscany, of children as the collective responsibility of the local community. In Reggio Emilia, the infant/toddler and pre-primary program is a vital part of the community, as reflected in the high level of financial support. Community involvement is also apparent in citizen membership in La Consulta, a school committee that exerts significant influence over local government policy.

Parents are a vital component to the Reggio Emilia philosophy; they are viewed as partners, collaborators, and advocates for their children. Teachers respect parents as each child's first teacher and involve parents in every aspect of the curriculum. It is not uncommon to see parents volunteering within Reggio Emilia classrooms throughout the school. This philosophy does not end when the child leaves the classroom. Some parents who choose to send their children to a Reggio Emilia program incorporate many of the principles within their parenting and home life. The parents' role mirrors the community's, at both the school-wide and the classroom level. Parents are expected to take part in discussions about school policy, child development concerns, and curriculum planning and evaluation.

Role of teachers

In the Reggio approach, the teacher is considered a co-learner and collaborator with the child and not just an instructor.  Teachers are encouraged to facilitate the child's learning by planning activities and lessons based on the child's interests, asking questions to further understanding, and actively engaging in the activities alongside the child, instead of passively observing the child learning.  "As partner to the child, the teacher is inside the learning situation" (Hewett, 2001).

Some implementations of the Reggio Emilia approach self-consciously juxtapose their conception of the teacher as autonomous co-learner with other approaches. For example:

Teachers' long-term commitment to enhancing their understanding of children is at the crux of the Reggio Emilia approach. They compensate for the meagre pre-service training of Italian early childhood teachers by providing extensive staff development opportunities, with goals determined by the teachers themselves. Teacher autonomy is evident in the absence of teacher manuals, curriculum guides, or achievement tests. The lack of externally imposed mandates is joined by the imperative that teachers become skilled observers of children in order to inform their curriculum planning and implementation.

While working on projects with the child, the teacher can also expand the child's learning by collecting data that can be reviewed at a later time. The teacher needs to maintain an active, mutual participation in the activity to help ensure that the child clearly understands what is being "taught". Teachers partner with colleagues, students, and parents in the learning process. They discuss their observations with them, as part of an ongoing dialogue and continuing evolution of their ideas and practices. This allows them to be flexible in their plans, preparations, and teaching approaches.

Often, teachers listen to and observe children in the classroom and record their observations to help plan the curriculum and prepare the environment and teaching tools to support the student's interests.

Documentation
Using a variety of media, teachers give careful attention to the documentation and presentation of the thinking of the students.  Rather than following standardized assessments, the teacher inquires and listens closely to the children.  An example of documentation might be a book or panel with the student's words, drawings, and photographs.  By making learning visible, the student's thinking and feeling can be studied while the documentation serves to help with evaluation of the educators' work and refinement of the curriculum.  It provides parents information regarding their child's learning experience while creating an archive for the class and school.

Role of the environment
Malaguzzi believed the physical environment to be of fundamental importance to the early childhood program; he referred to it as the "third teacher", alongside adults and other students. One of the aims in the design of new spaces - and the redesign of existing ones - is integration of the classroom space with the surrounding environment: the rest of the school, and community the school is a part of. The importance of the environment lies in the belief that children can best create meaning and make sense of their world through environments which support "complex, varied, sustained, and changing relationships between people, the world of experience, ideas and the many ways of expressing ideas."

Physically, the preschools generally incorporate natural light and indoor plants.  Classrooms open to a center piazza, kitchens are open to view, and access to the outside and surrounding community is provided through courtyards, large windows, and exterior doors in each classroom. Entries capture the attention of both children and adults through the use of mirrors (on the walls, floors, and ceilings), photographs, and children's work accompanied by transcriptions of their discussions. These same features characterize classroom interiors, where displays of project work are interspersed with arrays of found objects and classroom materials. In each case, the environment informs and engages the viewer.

Other supportive elements of the environment include ample space for supplies, frequently rearranged to draw attention to their aesthetic features. In each classroom there are studio spaces in the form of a large, centrally located atelier and a smaller mini-atelier, and clearly designated spaces for large- and small-group activities. Throughout the school, there is an effort to create opportunities for children to interact. The single dress-up area is in the center piazza; classrooms are connected with telephones, passageways or windows; and lunchrooms and bathrooms are designed to encourage community.

Cohorts or groups of students stay with one teacher for a three-year period, creating consistency in environment and relationships.

Long-term projects as vehicles for learning
The curriculum is characterized by many features advocated by contemporary research on young children, including real-life problem-solving among peers, with numerous opportunities for creative thinking and exploration. Teachers often work on projects with small groups of children, while the rest of the class engages in a wide variety of self-selected activities typical of preschool classrooms.

The projects that teachers and children engage in are different in a number of ways from those that characterize American teachers' conceptions of unit or thematic studies. The topic of investigation may derive directly from teacher observations of children's spontaneous play and exploration. Project topics are also selected on the basis of an academic curiosity or social concern on the part of teachers or parents, or serendipitous events that direct the attention of the children and teachers. Reggio teachers place a high value on their ability to improvise and respond to children's predisposition to enjoy the unexpected. Regardless of their origins, successful projects are those that generate a sufficient amount of interest and uncertainty to provoke children's creative thinking and problem-solving and are open to different avenues of exploration. Because curriculum decisions are based on developmental and sociocultural concerns, small groups of children of varying abilities and interests, including those with special needs, work together on projects.

Projects begin with teachers observing and questioning children about the topic of interest. Based on children's responses, teachers introduce materials, questions, and opportunities that provoke children to further explore the topic. While some of these teacher provocations are anticipated, projects often move in unanticipated directions as a result of problems children identify. Thus, curriculum planning and implementation revolve around open-ended and often long-term projects that are based on the reciprocal nature of teacher-directed and child-initiated activity. All of the topics of interest are given by the children. Within the project approach, children are given opportunities to make connections between prior and new knowledge while engaging in authentic tasks.

The hundred languages of children
The term "hundred languages of children" refers to the many ways that children have of expressing themselves. Reggio teachers provide children different avenues for thinking, revising, constructing, negotiating, developing and symbolically expressing their thoughts and feelings. The goal is for the adults and children to better understand one another.

As children proceed in an investigation, generating and testing their hypotheses, they are encouraged to depict their understanding through one of many symbolic languages, including drawing, sculpture, dramatic play, and writing. They work together toward the resolution of problems that arise. Teachers facilitate and then observe debates regarding the extent to which a child's drawing or other form of representation lives up to the expressed intent. Revision of drawings (and ideas) is encouraged, and teachers allow children to repeat activities and modify each other's work in the collective aim of better understanding the topic. Teachers foster children's involvement in the processes of exploration and evaluation, acknowledging the importance of their evolving products as vehicles for exchange.

See also
Alternative education
Project-based learning
Kindergarten
Montessori education
Waldorf education
Sudbury school
Summerhill School
Charlotte Mason
Friedrich Fröbel
Reggio Children - Loris Malaguzzi Centre Foundation
Social constructivism

References

External links
Reggio Children home page

Alternative education
Philosophy of education
Reggio Emilia
Education in Emilia-Romagna
Pedagogy

Reggio Emilia approach