DNase footprinting assay er en DNA footprinting-metode anvendt i biokemi og bioteknologi til at identificere beliggenheden af et bindingssted for en ligand (f.eks. et protein) på et stykke undersøgt DNA. Metoden baserer på elektroforese af et radioaktivt mærket DNA behandlet med deoxyribonuklease (DNase). og er udviklet af David Galas og Albert Schmitz i 1977.

Metode

For at identificere bindingsstedet for en ligand markeres DNA radioaktivt, f.eks. med en 5'-primer indeholdende en radioaktiv isotop af fosfor, 32P. DNA'et kan så amplificeres ved PCR, således at der opnås en mængde DNA, der vil kunne fremkaldes tydeligt på en fotografisk film efter gelelektroforesen.

Disse amplificerede stykker radioaktivt mærket DNA behandles herefter med en DNase, der fragmenterer DNA'et på tilfældige steder på strengen, dog kun dér, hvor der ikke er bundet nogen ligand, idet denne ligand beskytter mod DNasen. Således vil fås forskellige længder DNA, hvoraf det dog kun er de stykker DNA, der indeholder 5'-enden, der vil kunne fremkaldes, fordi det kun er stykkerne indeholdende 5'-enden, der er radioaktivt mærkede. Dette giver mulighed for at køre en gelelektroforese, der sorterer stykkerne efter længde fra 5'-enden til fragmenteringsstedet.

Ved høje koncentrationer af liganden vil det kunne ses, at visse længder af DNA ikke er blevet fremkaldt, idet disse længder var beskyttet af liganden. Ved at sammenligne, hvilke længder der mangler, med en markør på gelen, hvis længde er kendt, kan det afgøres, hvor på det undersøgte DNA liganden er bundet.

Da ligander begynder at binde til DNA ved en given koncentration kan man ved at anvende forskellige koncentrationer af ligand derudover analysere ligandens affinitet til det givne DNA.

Se også
 Elektroforese
 PCR

Referencer

Molekylærbiologi
Bioteknologi

DNase footprinting assay


Get Out est le deuxième album solo du musicien anglais de musique électronique Peter Rehberg, publié sous son nom de scène Pita.

La musique a été créée entre juin 1998 et juin 1999 sur un Apple Powerbook 1400, "à Vienne, Paris, Oxford, Amsterdam, Tokyo et New York".

Get Out est le premier de la série des «Get», et sera suivi au fil des années par quatre autres albums solo intitulés Get Down, Get Off, Get In, Get On.

La pochette, conçue par Tina Frank, existe dans deux déclinaisons: en bleu et en rouge.

Pistes
Piste de l'édition originale:

Réédition de 2008
En 2008, une nouvelle édition est publiée par le label Editions Mego. Cette version comporte trois pistes supplémentaires, provenant d'un 12" split entre Pita et Kevin Drumm sorti en 2001 sur BOXmedia. Cette réédition a fait l'objet d'un remastering au studio Piethopraxis, à Cologne, en juillet 2007.

Réception critique
Pour Ben Beaumont-Thomas, ce deuxième album de Pita poursuit le travail exploratoire du son entamé avec Seven Tons for Free, et s'aventure plus loin dans la musique noise et ambient. Pour Olivier Lamm, la piste 3 de cet album "propulsait une cavalcade d'Ennio Morricone au fond d'un trou noir" et constitue l'un des sommets de l'œuvre de Rehberg.

Le critique musical Peter Margasak a décrit l'album dans les termes suivants:

Références

Liens externes

Album musical sorti en 1999

Get Out (album)


Asa Hoxie Willie (* 11. Oktober 1829 in Washington, Georgia; † 16. März 1899 in Galveston, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Zwischen 1873 und 1875 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Asa Willie erhielt eine gute private Schulausbildung. Im Jahr 1846 kam er nach Brenham in Texas. Nach einem Jurastudium und seiner 1848 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er dort in seinem neuen Beruf zu arbeiten. Zwischen 1852 und 1854 war er Staatsanwalt im dritten Gerichtsbezirk von Texas. Während des Bürgerkrieges diente Willie als Major im Heer der Konföderation. Im Jahr 1866 zog er nach Galveston und 1867 wurde er als Richter an das oberste Gericht von Texas berufen. Allerdings musste er dieses Amt auf Druck des Militärbefehlshabers der Unionstruppen wieder aufgeben.

Politisch war Willie Mitglied der  Demokratischen Partei. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1872 wurde er im damals neu eingerichteten sechsten Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1873 sein neues Mandat antrat. Da er im Jahr 1874 auf eine weitere Kandidatur verzichtete, konnte er bis zum 3. März 1875 nur eine Legislaturperiode im Kongress absolvieren.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus praktizierte Asa Willie wieder als Anwalt. Zwischen 1882 und 1888 war er Vorsitzender Richter des Supreme Court of Texas. Anschließend betätigte er sich wieder als Rechtsanwalt. Er starb am 16. März 1899 in Galveston.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (Supreme Court of Texas)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1829
Gestorben 1899
Mann

Asa H. Willie


Barlonyo (also Bar Lonyo, meaning "field of wealth" in Luo) is a village in northern Uganda near Lira town, where a number of internally displaced people (IDPs) from parts of  northern  Uganda lived, as a result of a 20-year LRA insurgency. It is located in Orit Parish, at the North -eastern end of Ogur sub-county in Lira District. It is a 45-minute drive from Lira town. Ironically it is now a field of graves, making it a tourist attraction site. What catches the eye is the v-shaped, 70 meter long grave on which residents of Barlonyo are often seen seated, eating or washing their clothes - or even drinking potent gin.

At the center of this conflict is the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), is a rebel group that had bases in Acholi sub Region of northern Uganda. It was formed in 1987. The rebels have been accused of many atrocities in the area, including kidnapping children to train as soldiers or use as sex slaves. The Ugandan government blamed the LRA for a massacre of over 200 civilians at the IDP camp in Barlonyo on February 21, 2004. Unofficial reports indicate that somewhere between 300 and 500 people were either massacred or went missing that day (according to locals, the government has allegedly tried to abbreviate the toll). The camp has since been disbanded by the government. Plans are in high gear to open a polytechnic school in the area in memory of the killings.

Lira District
Populated places in Uganda

Barlonyo


Aleochara littoralis er bjöllutegund ættuð frá Norður-Ameríku.

Tilvísanir

Jötunuxaætt
Bjöllur

Aleochara littoralis


Kota Minami (født 1. maj 1979) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Mito HollyHock.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kota Minami


EA Sports Ignite (appelé EA SPORTS IGNITE) est un moteur de jeu vidéo construit par Electronic Arts et conçu pour rendre les sports de jeux vidéo "vivants". La technologie a été annoncée lors de l'événement Xbox One de Microsoft en mai 2013 pour trois jeux de franchise EA Sports pour Xbox One et PlayStation 4 : FIFA 14, Madden NFL 25 et NBA Live 14, tous sortis à l'automne 2013.

Ce moteur de jeu n'est cependant plus utilisé depuis 2016 sur la série FIFA et depuis 2021 pour la série NHL pour le passage à la neuvième génération de console de jeu vidéo.

Capacités
Electronic Arts a annoncé plusieurs fonctionnalités dans le moteur. Son cadre d'intelligence humaine permet aux joueurs du jeu de "penser comme de vrais athlètes", avec la possibilité de porter des jugements rapides, de se préparer au choc et de jouer en équipe.  Par exemple, la nouvelle intelligence artificielle crée un sentiment d'urgence pour les bots vers la fin d'un match pour tirer plus au but. La structure True Player Motion fait bouger le corps, les membres et les vêtements des joueurs en fonction de la physique. La structure Living Worlds quant à elle modélise les spectateurs du stade et leurs comportements individuellement. Le public aura des attentes concernant les matchs à enjeu et réagira en conséquence à la progression du match. L'intelligence artificielle d'Ignite est capable d'utiliser les consoles de nouvelle génération pour gérer quatre fois plus de calculs par seconde que les anciens titres EA Sports. Les détails de l'animation devraient être "décuplés".

Electronic Arts prévoit d'utiliser Ignite pour les futurs jeux de sport et Frostbite pour les futurs jeux d'action (à l'exception de Rory McIlroy PGA Tour, qui utilise également Frostbite, et des itérations actuelles des séries Madden NFL, FIFA et NHL, qui utilisent Frostbite au lieu d'Ignite). La société avait auparavant partagé la technologie en interne avant de passer au développement de tous les futurs jeux de sport sur le même moteur.

Histoire
Ignite a été annoncé publiquement lors de l'événement de la révélation de la Xbox One de Microsoft en mai 2013. Quatre prochains jeux de franchise EA Sports pour Xbox One et PlayStation 4 ont été annoncés comme utilisant la technologie : FIFA 14, EA Sports UFC, Madden NFL 25 et NBA Live 14.  Electronic Arts a montré des séquences pré-rendues des jeux lors de l'événement de révélation au lieu d'un gameplay en temps réel.

Jeux utilisant le moteur Ignite

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Liste de moteurs de jeu

Moteur de jeu vidéo

EA Sports Ignite


An Spathiphyllum lechlerianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Spathiphyllum lechlerianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Spathiphyllum, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Spathiphyllum

Spathiphyllum lechlerianum


Bejeweled (veya Diamond Mine), amacı aynı nesneden en az 3 tane dikey veya yatay yan yana gelecek şekilde dizmeye çalışmak olan, ilk olarak PopCap Games tarafından 2001'de geliştirilmiş olan bir oyundur. Windows Live Messenger için oyunlar ve uygulamalar listesinde de var.

Zekâ oyunları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde geliştirilen video oyunları
Microsoft Windows oyunları
Windows Mobile Standard oyunları
Windows Mobile Professional oyunları
Electronic Arts oyunları
İPod oyunları
Palm OS oyunları

Bejeweled


Zgrada Orebić je uglovnica u Splitu. Nalazi se pored Biskupove palače. Projektirao ju je Josip Kodl, češki arhitekt koji je živio u Splitu. Dio njegova arhitektonskog opusa u Splitu.

Izvori

Zgrade u Splitu

Zgrada Orebić u Splitu


The Paris Observatory (; ), a research institution of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world. Its historic building is on the Left Bank of the Seine in central Paris, but most of the staff work on a satellite campus in Meudon, a suburb southwest of Paris.

The Paris Observatory was founded in 1667. Construction was completed by the early 1670s and coincided with a major push for increased science, and the founding of the Royal Academy of Sciences. King Louis XIV's minister of finance organized a "scientific powerhouse" to increase understanding of astronomy, maritime navigation, and science in general.

Through the centuries the Paris Observatory has continued in support of astronomical activities, and in the 21st century connects multiple sites and organizations, supporting astronomy and science, past and present.

Constitution

Administratively, it is a grand établissement of the French Ministry of National Education, with a status close to that of a public university. Its missions include:
 Research in astronomy and astrophysics
 Education (four graduate programs, Ph.D. studies)
 Diffusion of knowledge to the public

It maintains a solar observatory at Meudon () and a radio astronomy observatory at Nançay.
It was also the home to the International Time Bureau until its dissolution in 1987.

The Paris Observatory Library, which was founded in 1785, provides the researchers with documentation and preserves the ancient books, archives, and heritage collections of the institution. Many collections are available online.

History

The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the French Academy of Sciences, which had recently been founded by the Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1666, King Louis XIV authorized the building of the Observatory. On Midsummer's Day 1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with the Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site north–south. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their prime meridian for more than 200 years.

The Paris Observatory predates by a few years the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England, which was founded in 1675. The English philosopher John Locke visited the Paris Observatory on 28 August 1677, which he recorded in his journal: "At the Observatory we saw the Moon in a twenty-two foot glass, and Jupiter, with his satellites, in the same. The most remote was on the east, and the other three on the west. We also saw Saturn and his ring, in a twelve-foot glass, and one of his satellites. Monsieur Cassini told me, that the declination of the needle at Paris is about two and a half degrees to the west."

The architect of the Paris Observatory was Claude Perrault whose brother, Charles, was secretary to Jean-Baptiste Colbert and superintendent of public works.  Optical instruments were supplied by Giuseppe Campani. Construction of the Observatory was completed in 1671, though the buildings were extended in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The last extension incorporates the Meridian Room designed by Jean Prouvé.

Accomplishments
In 1671 Saturn's Moon Iapetus was discovered, and Rhea in 1672, from the Paris Observatory. In 1684 Dione and Tethys were discovered also.

In 1676 the staff concluded that light itself was travelling at a finite speed.

The world's first national almanac, the Connaissance des temps, was published by the Observatory in 1679, using eclipses in Jupiter's satellites to aid sea-farers in establishing longitude. In 1863, the observatory published the first modern weather maps. In 1882, a  astrographic lens was constructed, an instrument that catalysed what proved to be the over-ambitious international Carte du Ciel project.

In November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions.

Heritage
The Paris Observatory library preserves a great number of original works and letters of the Observatory and well known astronomers. The entire collection has been inventoried in an online archive called Alidade - Accès en Ligne aux Instruments, Documents et Archives De l'astronomiE (Online Access to Instruments, Documents and Archives of Astronomy). Some of the work is now digitized on the digital library such as those of Johannes Hevelius, Jérôme Lalande and Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.

Directors and staff
The title of Director of the Observatory was officially given for the first time to César-François Cassini de Thury by a Royal brevet dated November 12, 1771. However, the important role played by his grandfather and father in this institution during its first century actually gave them somewhat the role of Director.

The observatory did not have a recognised Director until 1771, before that each member could do as they pleased. Sometimes Giovanni Cassini (1671–1712) and  Jacques Cassini (1712–1756) are listed as "Directors" retrospectively. The same goes for Francois Arago, who also was not actually a Director although he did have a de facto position of leadership and is often credited as such.

The current President of the Observatory is Fabienne Casoli.

 César-François Cassini de Thury (1756–1784)
 Dominique, comte de Cassini (1784–1793)
 Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande (1795–1800)
 Pierre Méchain (1800–1804)
 Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre (1804–1822)
 Alexis Bouvard (1822–1843)
 François Arago (1843–1853)
 Urbain Le Verrier (1854–1870)
 Charles-Eugène Delaunay (1870–1873)
 Urbain Le Verrier (1873–1877)
 Amédée Mouchez (1878–1892)
 Félix Tisserand (1892–1896)
 Maurice Loewy (1896–1907)
 Benjamin Baillaud (1908–1926)

 Henri-Alexandre Deslandres (1926–1929)
 Ernest Esclangon (1929–1944)
 André Danjon (1945–1963)
 Jean-François Denisse (1963–1967)
 Jean Delhaye (1967–1971)
 Raymond Michard (1971–1976)
 Jacques Boulon (1976–1981)
 Pierre Charvin (1981–1991)
 Michel Combes (1991–1999)
 Pierre Couturier (1999–2003)
 Daniel Egret (2003-2011)
 Claude Catala (2011–2020)
 Fabienne Casoli (2020–present)

Facilities

The first site was the Paris headquarters established in 1667 by King Louis XIV of France. This facility had various work done on it over the centuries, and in 1927 the Meudon Observatory was added, which included a new site and facilities. It was built in 1891.

In addition to these sites, the Marseilles Observatory became a branch of the Paris Observatory in 1863. In 1873, Marseilles Observatory detached from Paris Observatory.

Paris

King Louis XIV purchased the land for his new observatory in March 1667. This provided a site for the activities of the Academy of Sciences near to the city of Paris. The original buildings was designed by Claude Perrault. A dome and terrace was added in 1847.

Meudon

The Meudon site was constructed in the late 19th century by Jules Janssen, one of the discoverers of helium. With a million francs and permission to build on the ruins of the old royal palace, he constructed one of the grandest observatories of its day, with a focus on astronomy and solar physics. After World War I, the observatory was integrated with the nearby Paris Observatory and  became an important campus for that observatory. Even into the 21st century solar observations are conducted at the Meudon site, and the preserved Great Refractor (Grande lunette) and astronomical gardens overlooking the city of Paris have delighted visitors for decades. The site includes:
 Solar Observatory Tower Meudon
 Chateau de Meudon
 LESIA space and astrophysics instrumentation research laboratory

Nançay

After the Second World War, French astronomers began designing and building instruments for radio astronomy. A field station was established in 1953, and by the late 1950s several radio instruments were established.
In 1965 the Nançay radio telescope was established, a design equivalent to an almost 100-metre dish.

Saint-Véran
Also known as the Observatoire du Pic de Château Renard, the Observatoire de Saint-Véran was built in 1974 on top of the Pic de Château Renard (), in the commune of Saint-Véran in the Haut Queyras (Hautes Alpes département). A coronograph was in operation there for ten years; the dome was moved there from the Perrault building of the Observatoire de Paris.

Nowadays, the AstroQueyras amateur astronomy association operates the facility, using a  telescope on loan from the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Numerous asteroids have been discovered there.

Instruments past and present

Early telescopes were supplied by the famed craftsman Giuseppe Campani. Cassini, an astronomer who worked in the early days of the Observatory, had used Campani's telescopes in the 1660s, and continued to do so when he moved to the Paris Observatory.

The Marly tower, moved to the observatory in 1685 for mounting telescopes, was demolished in 1705. The Marly tower was originally made for the Versailles water supply system (see Machine de Marly), but was moved to the southern gardens area near the Paris Observatory. The tower could hold the objective lens for extremely long focal length aerial telescopes.

In 1732 a quadrant instrument made by Langlois was established at the Observatory.

In 1804 a telescope of 8.4 cm aperture, made by Bellet, was established on the roof of the observatory. In 1807 a Short reflector telescope was acquired, and there were several instruments available including a 9 cm aperture Dollond telescope, and a telescope by Lerebours.

One of the special telescopes in the collection of the observatory, was the Passy telescope of King Louis XV. This telescope was built by Dom Noel in the late 18th century, and was a reflecting telescope with a 61 cm aperture bronze mirror. In 1805 the mirror was re-polished, but it was tarnished again within two years; it remained at the Observatory until it was dismantled in 1841.

A Lerebours telescope of 24.4 cm aperture was installed in 1823, at a cost of 14,500 Francs. In 1835 Arago used this telescope to observe the return of Halley's Comet that year.

In 1837 the Gambey mural circle was installed, and also a transit instrument, also by Gambey.

In 1857 a refracting telescope of  aperture objective, the Arago equatorial telescope, was completed. This telescope was proposed by director François Arago in 1846. It was installed in the east tower and was made by Lerebours. This instrument is known to have conducted photometry measurements of Jupiter's moons (there were only four known at that time) in the late 1880s.

In 1863 a large transit circle was installed, and in 1878 a meridian instrument. The transit circle of 1863 was made by Secretan and Eichens.

In 1875 a 120 cm aperture silver-on-glass reflecting telescope was built, for 400,000 francs (the French unit of currency at that time).

This 120 cm diameter aperture telescope was a silvered glass mirror polished by Martin. However, when it was mounted it was realized the gravity altered its shape because of the mirror's weight, thus causing an image quality issue.

In 1886 a Henry astrograph with 13-inch objective was acquired.

For the 1907 Transit of Mercury, some of the telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:

 Foucault-Eichens reflector ( aperture)
 Foucault-Eichens reflector ( aperture)
 Martin-Eichens reflector ( aperture)
 Several small refractors

The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the observations.

Meudon 83-cm Great Refractor

The Meudon great refractor (Meudon 83-cm) is an  aperture refractor, which, with September 20, 1909 observations by E. M. Antoniadi, helped disprove the Mars canals theory. It is a double telescope completed in 1891, with a secondary  aperture lens for photography. It was of the largest refracting telescopes in Europe and was active for a century until 1991. In the 21st century, it was renovated and supports public education and visitation.

The Meudon refractor was built at Meudon Observatory. It is one of three sites of the Paris Observatory; Meudon Observatory became part of the Paris Observatory in 1926. The Meudon Great refractor is the third largest astronomical refractor of its type in the world. The Meudon refractor is located in the Grande Coupole building, which was renovated in the early 2000s.

See also
 Bureau des Longitudes
 List of astronomical observatories
 List of largest optical refracting telescopes

References

Bibliography
 [Anon.] (2001) "Paris Observatory", Encyclopædia Britannica, Deluxe CDROM edition

External links

 Paris Observatory (official site, in English)
 Location in Paris
 Inventory of astronomy heritage
 Digital library for astronomy archives
 Publications of the Observatoire de Paris in Gallica, the digital library of the BnF (in French)

Grands établissements
Astronomical observatories in France
Buildings and structures in the 14th arrondissement of Paris
1671 establishments in France

Paris Observatory


Sovyet, Çarlık Rusyası'nda 1905 Devrimi sırasında kurulan ve Ekim Devrimi'nden sonra Sovyetler Birliği'nin siyasal temelini oluşturan konseyler.

İlk Sovyet, 1905 yazında Rus Devrimi sırasında İvanovo – Voznozensk'de 70.000 grevci işçi tarafından seçilen temsilcilerden oluştu. Ekim – Aralık 1905 arasında Çarlığın baskılarına karşın, Çarlıkla savaşmak üzere büyük kentlerde işçi sovyetleri oluşturuldu ve yönetimi büyük ölçüde ele aldı. Bolşevikler, dünyada ilk örnek olan sovyetleri, devrimci erkin çekirdeği olarak değerlendirdiler. Menşevikler'in görüşleriyse, bunları yerel yönetim organları sayma doğrultusundaydı. 1905 sonunda ezilen hareket 1917 Şubat Devrimi sırasında yeniden canlandı. Devrimi izleyen günlerde köylülerin ve askerlerinde katılmasıyla işçi, köylü, asker sovyetleri kuruldu. Burjuva geçici hükûmeti karşısınnda sovyetlerin varlığı ülkede ikili erk yarattı. 25 Ekim (7 Kasım) 1917'de geçici hükûmetin devrilmesiyle tüm ülkede devlet erki, İşçi, Asker ve Köylü temsilcileri Sovyetleri'ne geçti.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İkili iktidar
 Erzincan Sovyeti

Kaynakça

Sovyetler Birliği tarihi
Rusya tarihi
Sovyet

Sol komünizm
Sosyalizm
Rusça deyişler

Sovyet (konsey)


برج الملوك هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء مرجعيون في محافظة النبطية.

التسمية
برج الملوك، كانت تسمى بالأصل «الخربة» وفي العام 1964 أعيدت تسميتها الأصلية وهي «برج الملوك».
القرية كانت ملجأ للعائلات التي انتقلت من جبل لبنان هربا من الجوع والحروب. بعض هذه العائلات بقي في القرية وصار جزءا منها.

المناخ
القرية معروفة بطقسها المعتدل، إذ ان درجات الحرارة تسجل بحدها الأدنى في فصل الشتاء 10 درجات، وترتفع بحد أقصى في فصل الصيف إلى 31 درجة.

المساحة
تبلغ مساحة برج الملوك 625 هكتار، وتبعد 95 كيلومتر عن العاصمة بيروت.

الطرقات
يمكن الوصول إليها من بيروت عبر صيدا - النبطية - كفرتبنيت - برج الملوك. ومن الجنوب عبر الناقورة - رميش - بنت جبيل - تل النحاس - برج الملوك. ومن البقاع عبر شتورة - المصنع - راشيا الوادي - حاصبيا - جديدة مرجعيون - برج الملوك.

الموقع والجغرافيا
تعود برج الملوك إلى منطقة مرجعيون مع ارتفاع 625 متر عن مستوى سطح البحر، وتسقط على تلة تشرف على جبل الشيخ (جبل حرمون وسهل مرجعيون مِنْ الشرقِ، نهر الليطاني وقلعة أرنون مِنْ الغربِ، جبل عامل وفلسطين من الجنوب، منطقة جزين وجبل الريحان من الشمال).

الزراعة
تشتهر برج الملوك بحقول الزيتون، التين والكرمة. تعتمد القرية على إنتاج زيت الزيتون، فهناك مساحات شاسعة من حقول الزيتون، وهي تنتج سنويا ما يقارب الـ200 طن من الزيت.

المراجع

قرى جبل عامل
مدن لبنان

برج الملوك


André Commard de Puylorson, né à Noirmoutier-en-l'Île le , mort à Guérande le , est un historien et ecclésiastique français, ayant basé ses études sur l'île de Noirmoutier.

Biographie

Fils d'André Commard de Puylorson (c. 1669-1719) et de Marie Françoise Maublanc (1687-?), il est aussi le petit-fils d'Urbain Commard, riche marchand de l'île ayant fait construire, en 1683, en l'actuelle commune de L'Épine, une chapelle afin de faire du village une paroisse indépendante. Aussi, et plus généralement, les Commard seraient issus d'une vieille famille de la noblesse des Côtes-d'Armor, ayant résidé dans l'ancien manoir de Launay-Commart, à Ploubalay. Le complément du nom de Puylorson, quant à lui, fait référence à un nom de domaine de l'Est de L'Épine, comprenant des marais salants.

André Commard de Puylorson vit donc son enfance dans l'une des familles les plus influentes de l'île et c'est aux environs de ses quatorze ans qu'il entama le premier contact avec les ordres catholiques. En effet, entre 1722 et 1725, il est approché par le futur cardinal Federico Marcello Lante Montefeltro della Rovere. Cette relation entre les deux hommes durera au moins jusqu'en 1742, date à laquelle André Commard de Puylorson prédit la nomination en tant que cardinal de Federico Lante della Rovere, cette dernière se déroulant effectivement l'année suivante.

Selon l'historien spécialiste de Noirmoutier Claude Bouhier, l'entrée dans les ordres d'André Commard de Puylorson aurait été favorisée par l'intervention de Federico Lante della Rovere, prieur de l'abbaye Saint-Philibert.

C'est donc à ses 26 ans, alors qu'il est déjà maître ès Arts et diacre de Luçon, qu'André Commard de Puylorson est nommé docteur en théologie par la faculté de théologie de Nantes, avec sa thèse Quæ est Dei sapientia in mysterio ? (Quelle est la sagesse de Dieu dans les mystères ?). Séjournant à Noirmoutier quelque temps après l'obtention de ce diplôme, il s'immisce alors dans les affaires judiciaires locales en critiquant, notamment, le trafic de tabac qui s'est répandu par les arrivées de navires et qui fait rage sur l'île. C'est par la rédaction d'un libelle daté de 1740 qu'André Commard de Puylorson nous livre un de ses premiers témoignages servant à raconter l'histoire de Noirmoutier, par le biais de quelques exemples d'affaires rapportées mêlant tentatives de corruption et usages d'influences.

Par la suite, il part à Troyes pour rejoindre la collégiale de Saint-Urbain mais n'y restera qu'un peu moins d'une dizaine d'années, car rapidement nommé par le roi Louis XV à la collégiale Saint-Aubin de Guérande, le .

Alors que la guerre de Sept Ans éclate en 1756, André Commard de Puylorson s'engage dans la milice de Fontenay-le-Comte pour aller livrer bataille en Bretagne. C'est probablement à la suite de sa participation, le , à la bataille de Saint-Cast, éclatante victoire française, qu'il se fait remettre une médaille de bronze de la part de Louis XV.

C'est enfin à partir de 1761, et jusqu'en 1768, qu'André Commard de Puylorson s'affirme comme le « premier historien de Noirmoutier », selon les mots d'Ambroise Viaud-Grand-Marais. En effet, le noirmoutrin rédige une première version de son Histoire de Noirmoutier, en 1761. L'historien s'appuie alors sur ses nombreuses années passées à sillonner l'île en compagnie d'un « homme de lettres », en essayant les bains de mer, en se baladant sur les chemins traversés « par des lapins, des lièvres et des perdrix qui concourent à procurer du plaisir que ne réunissent pas ensemble les belles campagnes qu'on appelle dans le voisinage de Paris les plaisirs du Roy… »

Il commence par rédiger son ouvrage en insérant, au début, une épître de quatorze pages dédiée à Louis V Joseph de Bourbon-Condé dont il semble admirer les aptitudes militaires qu'il a déployé lors de la guerre de Sept ans précédemment citée. Une autre épître entame l'ouvrage, cette fois-ci dédiée à son vieil ami et cardinal Federico Marcello Lante Montefeltro della Rovere. Une deuxième version de ce même livre est rédigée en 1767 et, cette fois, l'épître dédiée au cardinal a disparu et celle à l'adresse du prince de Condé est remplacée par une dédiée au roi Louis XV. Dans cette dernière, André Commard de Puylorson se réjouit de la domination directe du roi de France sur Noirmoutier, tout en faisant allusion aux privilèges royaux qu'il faudrait maintenir sur l'île. Enfin, un dernier exemplaire est rédigé entre 1767 et 1768, moins complet par rapport au précédent, semble avoir été offert soit à Louis XV, soit à un membre important de la région en lien avec l'administration royale.

Concernant le contenu historique de ces ouvrages, André Commard de Puylorson dédie une partie de son développement à la géographie et à l'anthropisation. Il énonce ainsi que le bois de la Chaise est né à partir d'un ancien volcan et que les sauniers ont développé un « savoir comme infusé de plusieurs parties des mathématiques. » Mais ses études permettent aussi de révéler la vision d'un noirmoutrin sur ses compatriotes ; il s'exprime ainsi :

André Commard de Puylorson s'attache aussi à donner une origine à la toponymie de Noirmoutier qu'il qualifie de « petit Éden », notamment en expliquant qu'au temps de Saint Philibert, ses disciples, bénédictins, et donc habillés de noir, fondèrent une abbaye sur l'île, la nommant d'après elle : Nigrum Monasterium. Celle-ci aurait ensuite été remplacée par l'abbaye « de la Blanche », en référence aux habits blancs des bernardins, et l'île aurait ainsi vu son nom originel contracté en Noirmoutier. Cette théorie est depuis largement remise en cause par la présence du nom « Hermoustier » dans les documents plus anciens.

Le chanoine décède pourtant loin de son île, le , dans la collégiale de Guérande où il officiait, à l'âge de 58 ans. Il fut inhumé dans cette même paroisse.

Œuvres

 Quæ est Dei sapientia in mysterio ?, thèse de théologie délivrée à Nantes, en 1737.
 Libelle, rédigé à Noirmoutier, en 1740, conservé au château de Chantilly.
 Dissertation historique et topographique de l'île de Noirmoutier, située sur les confins du Poitou et de la Bretagne à l'embouchure de la Loire, abrégé en Histoire de Noirmoutier, rédigé entre 1761 et 1768, à Noirmoutier.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 Bernard Plongeron, La vie quotidienne du clergé français au XVIIIe siècle. Hachette, 1989.
 Benoît Garnot, Crime et justice aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Imago, 1999
 Stéphane Perréon, Yann Lagadec, David Hopkin, La bataille de Saint-Cast (Bretagne, 11 septembre 1758). Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2019.
 Patrick de Villepin, Le Bois de la Chaise - Le « petit Éden » de l'île de Noirmoutier. Vendée Patrimoine, 2009.

Liens externes

 Site des bibliothèques spécialisées de Loire-Atlantique
 Site des archives départementales de Vendée, éléments concernant André Commard de Puylorson

Décès à 58 ans
Décès à Guérande
Décès en 1769
Historien français du XVIIIe siècle
Naissance en octobre 1710
Prêtre catholique français du XVIIIe siècle

André Commard de Puylorson


ධර්මකාය (සංස්කෘත: धर्म काय) යනු මහායාන බුදු ධහමේ එන ත්‍රිකාය සංකල්පයේ එන බුදුන්ගේ එක් කායකි. ධර්මකාය යනු බුදුන් වහන්සේලාගේ ප්‍රකාශිත නොවූ, අචින්ත්‍ය අංගයක් වන අතර එයින් සියලු බුදුවරුන් හටගන්නා අතර උන්වහන්සේලාගේ පරිනිර්වාණයෙන් පසු නැවත ඒ තුළට පැමිණේ. ධර්මකාය තුළින් පැමිණෙන බුදුවරුන් දරා ගන්න බෞතික ශරීරය. නිර්මාණකාය ලෙසින් හැඳින්වේ. තායිලන්තයේ ධම්මකාය සම්ප්‍රදාය සහ පුරාණ භාරතීය සම්ප්‍රදායේ තථාගතගර්භ සූත්‍රය තුළ ධර්මකාය සලකන්නේ සියලු සත්වයන් තුළ පවතින පරමාත්මය ලෙසයි. ධර්මකාය යනු බ්‍රහ්මන් ගේ පශ්චාත් වෛදික සංකල්පයට සමීපව අනුරූප වන විශ්වයේ වඩාත්ම උතුම් හෝ සත්‍ය යථාර්ථය ලෙස සැලකිය හැකිය.

ත්‍රිකාය ධර්මය
ත්‍රිකාය ධර්මය (සංස්කෘත, වචනාර්ථයෙන් "ශරීර තුනක්" හෝ "පෞරුෂයන් තුනක්") යනු යථාර්ථයේ ස්වභාවය සහ බුදුවරයෙකුගේ ස්වරූපය යන දෙකම පිළිබඳ බෞද්ධ ඉගැන්වීමකි.

ධර්මකාය පිළිබඳව ප්‍රථමයෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කර ඇත්තේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 1 සියවසෙහි සම්පාදනය කරන ලද අෂ්ටසාහස්‍රිකා ප්‍රඥාපාරමිතා සූත්‍රය තුළයි. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 300 දී පමණ, යෝගාචාර සම්ප්‍රදාය විසින් විසින් ත්‍රිකාය "ත්‍රි-ශරීර" ධර්මයෙහි බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ ස්වභාවය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රචලිත අදහස් ක්‍රමවත් කරන ලදී. මෙම ධර්මයට අනුව බුද්ධත්වයට අංශ තුනක් ඇත.

 නිර්මාණකාය (පරිවර්තන ශරීරය)
 සම්භොගකාය (අනුභූතික ශරීරය)
 ධර්මකාය (ධර්ම ශරීරය)

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ධර්මකාය


نادي الجزيرة الرياضي هو ناد سوري لكرة القدم يلعب حاليًا في الدوري السوري الممتاز. يقع مقر النادي في مدينة الحسكة، تأسس عام 1941.

نادي الجزيرة منذ التأسيس إلى يومنا هذا

رؤساء نادي الجزيرة

بتاريخ 18 شباط 1971, أصدرالرئيس الراحل حافظ الأسد المرسوم التشريعي رقم /38 / الناظم للحركة الرياضية في الجمهورية العربية السورية وعلى أثره تم دمج الأندية الرياضية بقرار من المكتب التنفيذي للاتحاد الرياضي العام رقم /59/ بتاريخ 18آب 1972

و نادي الجزيرة هو حصيلة دمج عدة أندية أهلية في مدينة الحسكة وهي أندية (الحسكة – الخابور – الشباب – الجزائر) وكانت هذه الأندية تمارس الألعاب الرياضية بشكل اختصاصي ويعتبر ناديي الحسكة والخابور النواة الأساسية لنادي الجزيرة بكرة القدم.

إدارة النادي لموسم (2014-2015)
بدأت هذه الإدارة العمل بتاريخ 21/12/2014

اللجنة المؤقتة لموسم (2011-2012)

اللجنة المؤقتة الثانية لموسم (2010-2011)
بدأت هذه الإدارة العمل بتاريخ 02/08/2011

اللجنة المؤقتة الأولى لموسم (2010-2011)
بدأت هذه الإدارة العمل بتاريخ 10/08/2010

الإدارة الثانية للنادي لموسم (2009-2010)
بدأت هذه الإدارة العمل بتاريخ 07/02/2010

الإدارة الأولى للنادي لموسم (2009-2010)
بدأت هذه الإدارة العمل بتاريخ 07/10/2009

الطاقم الفني والإداري لموسم 2011-2012

الطاقم الفني والإداري لموسم 2010-2011

الطاقم الفني والإداري موسم 2009/2010

جمهور النادي
يعتبر نادي الجزيرة من أكثر النوادي السورية شعبية(حسب تصنيف امانة السر اتحاد الكرة في سوريا)، ويوجد أكثر من رابطة تعمل على تنظيم تشجيع النادي والتواصل معه ودعمه أهمها:
 لجنة أصدقاء نادي الجزيرة الرياضي (الداعم المالي الأول للنادي بعد قيمة ريوع استثمار المنشآة والمباريات).
 رابطة مشجعي نادي الجزيرة الرياضي هي المسوؤلة عن تنظيم الجماهير داخل الملاعب وتامين السفر والعودة للجماهير المحبة للنادي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1941
جزيرة
الحسكة
تأسيسات سنة 1941 في سوريا
محافظة الحسكة

نادي الجزيرة (سوريا)


اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التبغ هو مناسبة عالمية يحتفل بها في 31 أيار من كل عام حيث أقرت الدول الأعضاء في منظمة الصحة العالمية اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التبغ في 1987. وهي المناسبة التي تسعى للفت النظر العالمي نحو الآثار السلبية والضارة للتبغ والتدخين وآثاره السيئة على الصحة العامة وتذكير الشعوب بالمخاطر التي يسببها التدخين سواء على حياة الأفراد أو على النواحي الاقتصادية للأسر والمجتمعات معا أو حتى على الثروات الحرجية والمحاصيل الزراعية التي تتعرض للحرائق بفعل لفافة تبغ يلقيها عابث ولتفعيل إجراءات المكافحة والسيطرة على هذا الوباء الخطير. يستهدف هذا اليوم تخفيض نسبة 5.4 ملايين حالة وفاة سنويا من جراء أمراض متعلقة بالتبغ والتدخين بشكل أو بآخر.

منذ 1988 قدمت منظمة الصحة العالمية أكثر من جائزة في اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التبغ إلى منظمات وأشخاص قدموا إسهامات استثنائية وفعالة لغرض مكافحة التبغ. في 31 أيار 2008 دعت المنظمة الدولية لحظر تام ونهائي على إعلانات السجائر، حيث قالت المنظمة إن الدراسات أثبتت أن هناك علاقة قوية بين إعلانات منتجات التبغ والسجائر وبين بداية التدخين.

قائمة المواضيع السنوية

 2018 - التدخين وأمراض القلب
 2017 - التبغ - تهديد للتنمية
 2016 - استعد للتغليف العادي
 2015 - وقف الاتجار غير المشروع بمنتجات التبغ
 2014 - رفع الضرائب على التبغ
 2013 - حظر الإعلان عن التبغ والترويج له ورعايته
 2012 - تدخل صناعة التبغ
 2011 - اتفاقية منظمة الصحة العالمية الإطارية بشأن مكافحة التبغ
 2010 نوع الجنس والتبغ، مع التركيز على التسويق للمرأة
 2009 تحذيرات التبغ الصحية
 2008 شباب دون تدخين
 2007 لبيئات خالية من التدخين
 2006 التبغ: قاتل في أي شكل أو تمويه
 2005 مهنيي الصحة لمكافحة التبغ
 2004 التبغ والفقر، حلقة مفرغة
 2003 السينما دون التبغ وأزياء دون التبغ
 2002 رياضة خالية من التدخين
 2001 التدخين السلبي يقتل
 2000 التبغ يقتل، لا تنخدع
 1999 تجاوز العلبة
 1998 كبار دون تدخين
 1997 الاتحاد من أجل عالم خال من التبغ
 1996 الرياضة والفن دون التبغ: تحرر من التبغ
 1995 التبغ مكلف أكثر مما تعتقد
 1994 وسائل الإعلام والتبغ: توصيل الرسالة
 1993 الخدمات الصحية: نوافذنا على العالم خال من التبغ
 1992 أماكن العمل خالية من التبغ وهي أكثر أمنا وصحة
 1991 الأماكن العامة والنقل: أفضل من دون تبغ
 1990 الطفولة والشباب دون التبغ: يشبون دون التبغ
 1989 المرأة وتعاطي التبغ: المرأة المدخنة، خطر إضافي
 1988 التبغ أو الصحة: اختر الصحة

تنسيق الحدث
تمثل منظمة الصحة العالمية المحور الرئيسي في التنسيق لأحداث اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين حول العالم. حيث يقدم الموقع الإلكتروني للمنظمة مكانا للمجموعات من أجل تسجيل خططهم المتعلقة بأحداث اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين. كما تقوم المنظمة بنشر هذه المعلومات، لكل بلد، على موقعها الإلكتروني، حيث يساعد التسجيل بتعزيز تبادل المعلومات والإطلاع بين المجموعات (محليا، وطنيا، وعالميا) بتأثيرات التبغ على الصحة العامة، فضلا عن كونها تمثل مجالا للأفراد المهتمين بإلقاء نظرة سريعة على معرفة الأحداث التي ستقام في منطقتهم.

الجوائز
قدمت منظمة الصحة العالمية منذ عام 1988 جائزة أو أكثر للمنظمات أو الأفراد الذين قاموا بمساهمات استثنائية للتقليل من استهلاك التبغ. هذا وتمنح جوائز اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين للأفراد من ست مناطق مختلفة في العالم (إفريقيا، الأمريكتين، الشرق الأوسط، أوروبا، آسيا الجنوبية والشرقية والمحيط الهادي الغربي)، بينما تمنح الجوائز الخاصة بالمدير العام وشهادات التقدير للأفراد من أي منطقة.

الاحتفال العالمي
تشجع منظمة الصحة العالمية المجموعات حول العالم – من النوادي المحلية إلى مجالس المدينة إلى الحكومات الوطنية – على تنظيم الأحداث في كل عام في سبيل مساعدة المجتمعات على الاحتفال باليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين على طريقتهم الخاصة على المستوى المحلي. وقد تضمنت الأحداث السابقة حملات لكتابة الرسائل إلى المسؤولين الحكوميين والصحف المحلية والمسيرات والمناقشات العامة والحملات الإعلانية المحلية والوطنية والاجتماعات الناشطة ضد التبغ فضلا عن البرامج التثقيفية والمبادئ العامة.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تستخدم العديد من الحكومات اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين كتاريخ للبدء بتطبيق محظورات جديدة على التدخين ومحاولات السيطرة على التبغ. على سبيل المثال، في اليوم الحادي والثلاثين من شهر أيار \ مايو من عام 2008، دخل قسم من قانون تحرير أونتاريو من الدخان حيز التنفيذ وتم حظر التبغ حيث ستصبح المتاجر وجميع المستشفيات والمراكز الحكومية في أستراليا خالية من الدخان في الحادي والثلاثين من شهر أيار \ مايو في عام 2010.

المقاومة
بالنسبة للبعض، لا يعتبر اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين أكثر من كونه «محاولة تافهة للجم التدخين» تأثيرها صغير أو يكاد يكون معدوما أماكن مثل الاتحاد السوفييتي والهند والصين. أما بالنسبة للبعض الآخر، فإن هذا اليوم يرى بوصفه تحد لحرية الأفراد بالاختيار أو حتى أنه أسلوب مميز مقبول ثقافيا. من تجاهل اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين إلى المشاركة في الاحتجاجات أو تظاهرات التحدي، إلى إطلاق المزيد من الإعلانات والأحداث المروجة للتبغ في هذا اليوم، فقد وجد المدخنون ومزارعو التبغ وصناعة التبغ أيضا طرقا لإسماع آرائهم في ذلك اليوم.

استجابة المدخن
لم يكن هناك من جهد مستمر أو واسع النطاق لتنظيم أحداث مناهضة لليوم من جهة المدخنين. ولكن هناك جماعات ناشطة من قبل المدافعين عن حقوق المدخنين ممن يرون اليوم كيوم جائر يعولهم ويتحدى حقوقهم. هذا وتفند منظمة الصحة العالمية قائمة بأسماء هذه المنظمات على.موقعها الإلكتروني

وقد أنشأت بعض المجموعات الصغيرة أحداثا محلية موالية للتدخين. على سبيل المثال، قامت مجلة المعلق أوريغون وهي مجلة للرأي محافظة مستقلة تنشر في جامعة أوريغون، باستضافة حدث «الأميركي العظيم المدخن» في حرم الجامعة لمعاكسة يوم الأميركي العظيم غير المدخن الأكثر انتشارا: «استجابة للذم الذي لم يسبق له مثيل للمدخنين في حرم الجامعة، يقدم حدث الأميركي العظيم غير المدخن بوصفه فرصة للطلاب بالاتحاد سوية والاستمتاع بلذة منتجات التبغ الفاخرة.»  وبشكل مشابه، فقد نظمت مجموعة «حرية الأميركيين في الاختيار» في هونولولو، هاواي، نظمت «يوم التحدي العالمي» استجابة لليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين ومنع هاواي للتدخين في جميع المطاعم في البلاد.

استجابة الصناعة
منذ القدم وشركات التبغ تؤيد مبادرات توفر للمدخنين موارداً تساعدهم على ترك التدخين. على سبيل المثال، فيليب موريس من أميركا يشغل موقعاً إلكترونياً Quit Assist" " يعمل كدليل لأولئك الذين قرروا ترك التدخين. الاعتراف بحقيقة أن الإقلاع عن التدخين هو أمر ممكن يضع السلطة مرة أخرى في يد الأفراد وبالتالي يخفف من مسؤوليات شركات التبغ. إضافة إلى ذلك، إن الدعوة للإقلاع عن التدخين بإمكانها السماح لشركات لمتابعة الدعوة للترويج لأنواع بديلة للدخان في حين أن الإقلاع عن التدخين سيوقف العمل في هذا المجال كلية.

لم تتلقى الأيام العالمية لمكافحة التدخين رداً إيجابياً من شركات التبغ. على سبيل المثال، كان هناك مذكرة متاحة للعموم عبر موقع www.tobaccoarchives.com تم إرسالها إلى المدراء التنفيذيين لشركة ار.جي.رينولدز لإنتاج التبغ أثناء التحضير للاحتفال بالذكرى السنوية الثالثة لليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين والذي كان شعاره لذلك العام «طفولة وشباب بلا تدخين». تحتوي المذكرة تحذيراً عن اليوم المرتقب. هذا التحذير عبارة عن وثيقة تشرح الحجج المتوقعة من قبل منظمة الصحة العالمية. كما يتضمن شرحاً عن كيف أن الشركة بإمكانها أن تستجيب لتلك التصريحات. مثال على ذلك، وكرد على الحجة المقدمة بأن إعلاناتهم تستهدف الأطفال، أجابت الشركة بأن إعلاناتهم مقدمة من قبل أناس بالغين وتستهدف البالغين كذلك كما أن تلك الإعلانات تنقصها قوة التأثير بالناس فيما يخص قرارهم في الشراء. في أوغندا، وحيث أن «يوم عالم بلا تدخين» هو اليوم الوحيد الذي تجبر فيه وسائل الإعلام على نشر قضايا تخص موضوع السيطرة على التبغ، شركة التبغ البريطانية الأميركية تستخدم مساء ذلك اليوم في إدارة مكافحة الدعاية. في عام 2001، تضمنت استراتيجيتهم عدة فعاليات مثل زيارة مع رئيس الرابطة الدولية لمزارعي التبغ.

وخلافاً لصناعة التبغ، فإن بعض شركات الأدوية الكبرى تدعم علناً اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين. على سبيل المثال، شركة فايزر كانت راعية كبيرة لعدة فعاليات أقيمت في الإمارات العربية المتحدة خلال الاحتفال باليوم العالمي لمكافحة التدخين عام 2008. في ذلك الوقت، كانت بي فيزر تقوم بالتحضيرات لإطلاق دوائها شامبيكس (الفارينيكلين) في سوق الشرق الأوسط. وكان الدواء «مصمماً لتنشيط مستقبلات النيكوتين للحد من شدة توق المدخن للتبغ وكذلك من أعراض انسحاب النيكوتين من الجسم.»

استجابة المزارع
إن العديد من مزارعي التبغ يشعرون بأن الجهود المبذولة من قبل منظمات كمنظمة الصحة العالمية تعرض حقوقهم للخطر. على سبيل المثال، تجادل الرابطة العالمية لمزارعي التبغ (ITGA) بأن المزارعين الفقراء في أفريقيا ربما سيعانون من العواقب المترتبة من نجاح الحركات المعارضة للتدخين في حال نجحت تلك الحركات. كما أنهم يجادلون بأنه من الممكن لتلك الجهود أن تسبب مشاكل لمصنعي التبغ وبالتالي ستكون بمثابة هجوم على الصناعة لذا ستؤذي المزارعين.

انظر أيضًا
 تدخين التبغ
 منظمة الصحة العالمية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع لليوم العالمي لمكافحة التبغ
 اليوم العالمي لمكافحة التبغ من منظمة الصحة العالمية

ضبط استعمال التبغ
أيام الأمم المتحدة
أيام التوعية الصحية
السجائر
مكافحة التدخين
مناسبات دولية
مناسبات مايو
منظمة الصحة العالمية

اليوم العالمي دون تدخين


An Sotoa confusa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Gerardo A. Salazar. An Sotoa confusa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sotoa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sotoa

Sotoa confusa


Der Fernmeldeturm Schwerte ist ein 158 Meter hoher, für die Öffentlichkeit nicht zugänglicher Fernmeldeturm im Schwerter Wald. Er wurde von 1977 bis 1978 erbaut und befindet sich auf Schwerter Stadtgebiet östlich des Dortmunder Stadtteils Sommerberg. Baulich handelt es sich um einen Typenturm des Typs FMT 13.

Neben dem nichtöffentlichen Richtfunk wird der Sender auch zur Ausstrahlung von UKW-Signalen für die Stadt Dortmund und Umgebung verwendet.

Bundesverwaltungsgerichtsurteil
Der Fernmeldeturm Schwerte war 2007 Gegenstand eines Bundesverwaltungsgerichtsurteils. Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht hatte zu entscheiden, ob die zuständige Behörde die Erteilung eines Bauvorbescheides für die Anbringung einer Telekom-Werbeanlage zuvor zu Recht ablehnte. Die Werbeanlage sollte an dem Fernmeldeturm ca. 15 m unterhalb der Antennenplattform in einer Höhe von ca. 80 m angebracht werden. Auf einer dreieckigen Bühnenkonstruktion aus Stahl mit jeweils 9,70 m langen Seiten sollten jeweils ein neonbeleuchteter Buchstabe ("T") in der Farbe "Telemagenta" und je vier so genannte "Digits" in "Weiß" angebracht werden. Die Buchstaben sollen eine Höhe von 4,50 m und eine Breite von 3,54 m, die quadratischen "Digits" eine Seitenlänge von 92,3 cm haben.

Mit dem Urteil wurde höchstrichterlich festgestellt, dass § 13 Abs. 3 Satz 1 BauO NRW a.F., wonach das Vorhaben nicht genehmigungsfähig wäre, eine Norm des Baugestaltungsrechts ist und damit in den Bereich des Bauordnungsrechts fällt. Hierfür steht den Ländern die Gesetzgebungsbefugnis nach Art. 70 Abs. 1 GG zu.

Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht entschied, dass zur Materie "Bodenrecht", welches nach Art. 74 I Nr. 18 GG Gegenstand der konkurrierenden Gesetzgebung ist, nur solche Vorschriften gehören, die den Grund und Boden "unmittelbar zum Gegenstand rechtlicher Ordnung haben, also die rechtlichen Beziehungen des Menschen zum Grund und Boden regeln". Den Ländern verbleiben vom "Polizeirecht im bisher gebräuchlichen Sinne" zunächst die Aufgaben, die von den Polizeibehörden auf Verwaltungs- oder Ordnungsbehörden verlagert worden sind, jedoch ihren materiell-polizeirechtlichen Charakter im Sinne einer Abwehr von Gefahren für die Allgemeinheit oder den Einzelnen behalten haben.

Demnach hat der Bund Gesetzgebungsbefugnisse nur, soweit das Grundgesetz sie ihm verleiht (Art. 70 Abs. 1 GG). Im Zweifel spricht eine Vermutung für die Zuständigkeit der Länder (Art. 30 GG; vgl. auch BVerfGE 42, 20 <28> – zu Art. 74 Nr. 22 GG a.F.). Eine Norm, die im Bauordnungsrecht eines Landes enthalten und nach Entstehungsgeschichte und Verwaltungspraxis dem "Baupolizeirecht" im herkömmlichen, traditionellen Sinn zuzuordnen ist, ist daher nur kompetenzwidrig, wenn der Nachweis gelingt, dass die geregelte Materie in den Bereich des Bodenrechts im Sinne von Art. 74 Abs. 1 Nr. 18 GG fällt (und der Bund seine konkurrierende Zuständigkeit insoweit voll ausgeschöpft hat).

Frequenzen und Programme

Analoges Fernsehen (PAL)
Vor der Umstellung auf DVB-T diente der Sendestandort weiterhin für analoges Fernsehen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Schwerte
Schwerte Fernmeldeturm
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Fernmeldeturm Schwerte


Agathis kinabaluensis er tegund af barrtrjám sem vex í Borneó. Það verður um 36 m hátt.

Tilvísanir

Barrtré

Agathis kinabaluensis


DragonForce are a British power metal band from London, England. The band was formed in 1999 by guitarists Herman Li and Sam Totman, and are known for their long and fast guitar solos, fantasy-themed lyrics and retro video game-influenced sound. DragonForce's current lineup comprises Li, Totman, vocalist Marc Hudson, drummer Gee Anzalone and bassist Alicia Vigil. The band have been through several lineup changes throughout their career; longtime members in vocalist ZP Theart, keyboardist Vadim Pruzhanov, drummer Dave Mackintosh and bassist Frédéric Leclercq are among the former members of the band.

DragonForce has released eight studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, one live DVD and one demo. Their third album, Inhuman Rampage (2005), was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and the British Phonographic Industry (BPI); its lead single, "Through the Fire and Flames", is their best-known song, and was featured in several video games, including Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock. The lead single from their fourth album, "Heroes of Our Time", was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2009. DragonForce has been referred to as one of the "big four" bands of power metal, along with Helloween, Blind Guardian, and Sabaton.

History

Early years, Valley of the Damned and Sonic Firestorm (1999–2004)

DragonForce was founded in 1999 by guitarists Herman Li and Sam Totman, under the name of DragonHeart. Totman and Li had both experienced being in a band previously, with both having come from the New Zealand heavy metal band Demoniac. The two later found vocalist ZP Theart through an advertisement, and soon acquired former Demoniac drummer Matej Setinc, bassist Steve Scott and keyboardist Steve Williams. Setinc left the band in December 1999 to continue his studies in Slovenia, so the band hired Peter Hunt to record the drums for their demo album before finding Didier Almouzni. The band also parted ways with Scott, who left to join Shadowkeep, in 2000. Williams took a small break and then later rejoined the band as they recorded their first demo with Clive Nolan as a session member on the keyboards later that year, but left once again in December 2000, days ahead of the band's tour with Halford and Stratovarius to promote the demo, and formed his own band, Power Quest. Bassist Diccon Harper joined the band in November of that year, with keyboardist Vadim Pruzhanov joining in February 2001 to complete the lineup for recording their debut studio album.

Although it was an independent release, their demo was enough to make them one of the UK's most popular independent power metal bands at the time. Their song "Valley of the Damned" was released as their debut single shortly after they changed their name permanently to DragonForce in 2002 (after finding out another power metal band already had the name DragonHeart). A promotional video featuring live footage from their tour around Europe was released along with the song. The song was also hugely successful on MP3.com, which charted as the most downloaded song at No. 1 for 2 weeks. In 2002, the band signed to Noise Records and began recording their debut album, Valley of the Damned. Harper performed the bass tracks for the album but left the band in 2002 because of a tendon problem that required surgery. The title track, re-released in promotion of the album, is one of the best-known DragonForce songs to date and is a staple of their live performances to this day. The band's tour for Valley of the Damned lasted until 2004, with the tour ending in Tokyo, Japan.

DragonForce's second studio album, Sonic Firestorm, proved to be even more successful than their previous album, with the help of the album's lead single, "Fury of the Storm". Sonic Firestorm was the first DragonForce album to feature new bassist Adrian Lambert and drummer Dave Mackintosh. When Mackintosh entered the band in 2004, they began referring to their style of music as "extreme power metal" due to his fast blast beats and double bass rhythms. The tour was longer than the band's previous tour for Valley of the Damned and featured many more headlining shows. The band toured with many well-known metal bands such as W.A.S.P. and Iron Maiden. On the album, they also added a video commentary focusing on the making of Sonic Firestorm.

Inhuman Rampage and Ultra Beatdown (2005–2009)

The band went mainstream with their third album, Inhuman Rampage, which was released on 28 December 2005 after signing with Roadrunner Records. The first song on the album, "Through the Fire and Flames", is perhaps their most famous song to date and is featured on the video games Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, Guitar Hero: Smash Hits and Brütal Legend, and as downloadable content for the Rock Band franchise. Former Demoniac frontman Lindsay Dawson appeared as a backing vocalist for the album. In November 2005, before the album's release, Lambert left the band to raise his newborn son, and the band enlisted Frédéric Leclercq for the remainder of the Sonic Firestorm tour. Leclercq later became an official member of the band in January 2006 following the release of Inhuman Rampage, and was also featured in the band's music video for their second single from the album, Operation Ground and Pound. The "Through the Fire and Flames" single later reached gold status in the USA and Canada.

DragonForce toured with Disturbed and Slipknot during the inaugural Mayhem Festival in 2008; the band then returned in autumn with the release of their fourth studio album, Ultra Beatdown. The album's lead single, "Heroes of Our Time", was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance on 3 December 2008, eventually losing out to Metallica with their song "My Apocalypse". A short version of "Heroes Of Our Time" is also featured in the video game Skate 2, and the full version in NHL 10. On 22 January 2009, the music video for their song "The Last Journey Home" was released to the Xbox Live Community a week before it was released online.

The band carried out the Ultra Beatdown world tour in Europe, North America and South America. They were supposed to play in South America in May, but the tour was postponed due to the swine flu outbreak. They performed at the Two Days a Week Festival in Wiesen, Austria on 4 September, before performing in the United States and Canada from 15 September to 11 October, with special guests Sonata Arctica and Taking Dawn. The next leg of the tour was in Germany, from 16 to 30 October, followed by a single live performance in Luxembourg on 31 October. They then travelled to South America to perform in Curitiba, Porto Alegre, São Paulo, Mexico City, Santiago, Buenos Aires and Bogotá from 6–14 November. The final part of the tour was carried out entirely in the UK from 19 November to 12 December.

Departure of Theart and Twilight Dementia (2010–2011)
Li stated in late 2009 that DragonForce would stop touring in December and spend Christmas at home before beginning to write and record their next studio album in January. On 22 February 2010, the band re-released their first two albums, Valley of the Damned and Sonic Firestorm. Valley of the Damned included newly remixed and remastered tracks, while both albums included bonus tracks, updated packaging and DVDs featuring live footage, commentary and more. Both albums were also released in a box set which featured a T-shirt, a card of guitar picks, and an inflatable guitar.

On 8 March 2010, it was announced via the band's record label at the time, Roadrunner, that Theart had parted ways with DragonForce due to "insurmountable differences of musical opinion" and that the band would be seeking a new frontman. The next day, the band released a press statement confirming the news and containing a link to request an audition.

The band released their first live album, Twilight Dementia, on 13 September 2010, in Europe and 14 September 2010 in US and Canada. The album art, title, and release date were revealed on the band's official website on 22 June 2010. The performances were recorded on the final leg of the Ultra Beatdown world tour. Regarding the album, Li stated:

The band began working on their new studio album in early 2010, recording in various studios in California, London and the South of France. The band later confirmed that they would be the opening act for Iron Maiden in two UK shows in August 2011, with the first at Odyssey Arena in Belfast on 3 August and the second at The O2 Arena in London on 5 August. On 2 March 2011, DragonForce announced their new vocalist, Marc Hudson. Hudson had previous experience performing in a band but was not a professional musician before joining DragonForce. His first show with DragonForce was the band's opening for Iron Maiden in August 2011, where they debuted a new song titled "Cry Thunder".

The Power Within and Maximum Overload (2012–2015)
DragonForce released their fifth studio album, The Power Within, on 15 April 2012. Mediæval Bæbes and Pythia vocalist Emily Ovenden contributed backing vocals on the album. During their North American tour, the band performed a new song titled "Fallen World", along with "Cry Thunder". Starting from late September 2012, the band embarked on a UK and Ireland tour, and were supported by The Defiled, Cavorts and Alestorm.
DragonForce also played at Soundwave Festival in Australia in February 2013.

On 12 April 2013, the band announced that writing for a follow-up to The Power Within had been completed, and on 19 May 2013, DragonForce entered Fascination Street Studios in Sweden with Jens Bogren as the producer of the band's sixth album, Maximum Overload. On 31 March 2014, it was revealed that Trivium vocalist/guitarist Matt Heafy would appear as a backing vocalist for the album, and that Ovenden would return after providing backing vocals for The Power Within. On 3 June 2014, DragonForce announced that they had parted ways with Mackintosh and had enlisted former Braindamage and Kill Ritual drummer Gee Anzalone. Maximum Overload was released in the UK on 18 August, in North America on 19 August and in Australia on 22 August. A special edition which included five bonus songs was released in Japan on 19 August (the same date as the normal edition's release in North America) and in Australia on 22 August, at the same time as the release of the normal edition. To promote the album, the band embarked on their second world tour, beginning in Edinburgh on 17 September and ending in Brussels, Belgium, on 1 February 2015.

On 12 February, DragonForce announced that they would release their first live DVD, a recording of their performance at Loud Park Festival 2014 titled In the Line of Fire... Larger than Live. The band performed at Download Festival in June 2015, with a surprise guest appearance by Babymetal during the set., DragonForce would then act as Babymetal's backing band at the 2015 Metal Hammer Golden Gods (Li and Totman had previously collaborated on the track "Road of Resistance" for Babymetal).

Reaching into Infinity (2016–2017)

In April 2016, the band released the compilation Killer Elite: the Hits, the Highs, the Vids, featuring a double CD of the band's greatest hits, with a DVD that contained the videos released by the band. The band also embarked on the "Killer Elite World Tour" to support the release. In July 2016 DragonForce issued a statement on the health status of Marc Hudson revealing he had been signed off by doctors and was unable to perform at the Metal Days Festival in Slovenia and the Benatska! Festival in the Czech Republic and replaced by Per Fredrik Åsly for the two shows. This was than further followed up by former Power Quest vocalist Alessio Garavello filling in for the Leyendas del Rock Festival concert in Spain, and the More//Than concert in Slovakia. DragonForce concluded their "Killer Elite World Tour" at a free show in Uncasville, Connecticut on 11 September. On 11 November, DragonForce was confirmed for the 2017 edition of Pulp Summer Slam in the Philippines.

During an interview with Alto Music at the NAMM 2017 Winter Show, Li revealed that the band were putting the "finishing touches" on their upcoming seventh album. In February 2017, the band revealed pieces of the album cover on their Instagram account, and the album title was revealed to be Reaching into Infinity. On 9 February, the band released details of the new album on their official website, including the release date, format and a release party show date. Leclercq also gave insight into the recording process of the album. "We were flying out, playing a festival, then back into the studio, then back out again," said Leclercq, who handled the majority of songwriting on the album. "It was very intense and very tiring... [I] lost my temper a few times – I think we all did at some point, because we wanted to deliver nothing but the best. I think we have proven that playing fast was something we were good at, so this time I wanted to bring even more diversity into our music. It's great to challenge ourselves instead of staying in a comfort zone". Reaching into Infinity was released on 19 May 2017.

A music video for "Ashes of the Dawn" was released on 15 May 2017. Keyboardist Vadim Pruzhanov was not featured in the clip nor in any of the shows happening by the time of the album's recording. In a video published on his official YouTube channel, he explained he wanted to have more time for his daughter and that he had to choose between performing in all or none of the shows due to contractual limitations. He chose the second option and was absent from the album's promotional tour as well. Power Quest supported DragonForce as special guests on the UK leg for the Reaching Into Infinity World Tour while supporting their own new album, Sixth Dimension. On 13 July, the band announced that Swedish act Twilight Force would support the band during the European leg of the Reaching Into Infinity World Tour A music video for "Midnight Madness" was released on 21 September 2017, which documented the making of that song at Fascination Street Studios. On 15 October, they were announced to appear as a headlining band at Vagos Open Air in 2018, however on 20 January 2018, they issued a statement saying that they will not be attending due to "circumstances beyond their control". On 20 December, the band were announced to appear at Skogsröjet Festival in Rejmyre, Sweden in August 2018.

Lineup changes and Extreme Power Metal (2018–2019)
In January 2018, the band were announced to appear at Area 53 Festival in Leoben, Austria in July, and at Download Festival's main stage for the first time since 2009 in June. In April 2018, the band announced a remastered version of The Power Within called Re-Powered Within. Li stated: "I love how Re-Powered Within has turned out. We remixed and remastered the original music with a more modern production in the vein of our last two releases. The result is a clearer, more powerful sound. The fans will get to hear the music in better detail, bringing out parts they couldn't hear so well before, and injecting new excitement into the songs we love even more now." Re-Powered Within was released on 4 May 2018. In October, DragonForce announced that they had entered the studio with Damien Rainaud, who had previously mixed and mastered for the band, to work on their eighth studio album, and that the band would be joining Megadeth on their MEGACruise in October 2019.

On 10 June 2019, after more than two years of not being involved with DragonForce, Pruzhanov posted on his Facebook page stating that he had officially left the band in May 2018. In July 2019, the band's eighth studio album, Extreme Power Metal, was announced and given a release date of 27 September 2019, and a music video for "Highway to Oblivion" was released. Epica keyboardist Coen Janssen recorded keyboards for the new album. In August 2019, Frédéric Leclercq announced that he would be leaving the band to pursue other projects; the band later confirmed Leclercq's departure, and that YouTube personality and musician Steve Terreberry would fill in on bass for the band's US tour dates. Terreberry eventually pulled out of the tour before playing a show due to his anxiety, and he released a video on his YouTube channel explaining his decision. Once Human bassist Damien Rainaud, who also produced Extreme Power Metal, took over bass duties as a result.

New live members and Warp Speed Warriors (2020–present)

In January 2020, Alicia Vigil took over as the band's new touring bassist, beginning with their European tour. In March, Anzalone was admitted to hospital with myocarditis and was forced to skip DragonForce's United States tour, with Aquiles Priester replacing him for the tour until it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In April, Li said that the band had decided to use the lockdown time to write new music for "a new album which isn't going to be out for ages", while also saying that they were considering recruiting Vigil as their next permanent bassist. Vigil was later confirmed to be the new full-time bassist in one of Li's Twitch streams in February 2022.

While in quarantine, DragonForce have written and recorded parody songs in the style of bands like Rammstein, Amon Amarth, Blink-182, and Nightwish, along with a collaboration with Jaret Reddick from Bowling For Soup. In February 2021, the band announced that they would professionally record those songs and release them in an album later this year before writing their next proper album. However, it is currently unknown if the band is still moving forward with their "parody album" plan.

In March 2022, Li revealed that the band has written "a lot of music" for their next album, but they are currently in search for a new record deal. He added that the music they have written is "gonna be epic, triumphant, fun and catchy and uplifting. We're gonna carry on sounding like DRAGONFORCE."

The band went on to re-tour their album Extreme Power Metal in North America in early 2022 with Firewind, Visions of Atlantis, and Seven Spires. In late 2022, they were able to continue their Extreme Power Metal tour in Europe with Powerwolf and Warkings.

DragonForce have recently signed a deal with Napalm Records to release their upcoming album. On 14 September 2023, the band released a new single titled "Doomsday Party".

On 18 October 2023, the band released the album's second single "Power of the Triforce" along with an accompanying music video. That same day, the band announced that their upcoming ninth studio album Warp Speed Warriors is set for release on 15 March 2024.

Musical style

Much of DragonForce's idiosyncratic style comes from the high-speed dual guitar sounds of Herman Li and Sam Totman. By playing at a high tempo within the upper registers of their instruments, their sound becomes similar to the "bleepy" arpeggios and quick pitch-bends normally associated with chiptune, usually heard in the third generation of video game music. The band often pays homage to this influence in their music videos.

Although the band has frequently referred to their style as power metal, Li commented on descriptions of the band's style in an interview with Guitar World: Nintendo metal', 'extreme power metal', 'Bon Jovi on speed', 'Journey meets Slayer', ... people are always coming up with weird labels for us." The band has also been labelled as a speed metal or progressive metal band.

Band members

Current members
 Marc Hudson – lead vocals (2011–present)
 Herman Li – guitar, backing vocals (1999–present)
 Sam Totman – guitar, backing vocals (1999–present)
 Alicia Vigil – bass, backing vocals (2022–present; touring musician 2020–2022)
 Gee Anzalone – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2014–present)

Former touring musicians
 Damien Rainaud – bass, backing vocals (2019)
 Mauricio Chamucero – drums (2003)
 Christian Wirtl – drums (2003)
 Aquiles Priester – drums (2020)

Former members
 ZP Theart – lead vocals (1999–2010)
 Steve Scott – bass, backing vocals (1999–2000)
 Diccon Harper – bass (2000–2002)
 Adrian Lambert – bass, backing vocals (2002–2005)
 Frédéric Leclercq – bass, guitar, backing vocals (2006–2019; touring musician 2005–2006)
 Steve Williams – keyboards, keytar (1999–2000)
 Vadim Pruzhanov – keyboards, keytar, theremin, backing vocals (2001–2018)
 Matej Setinc – drums, percussion (1999)
 Didier Almouzni – drums, percussion (1999–2003)
 Dave Mackintosh – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2003–2014)

Timeline

Discography

 Valley of the Damned (2003)
 Sonic Firestorm (2004)
 Inhuman Rampage (2005)
 Ultra Beatdown (2008)
 The Power Within (2012)
 Maximum Overload (2014)
 Reaching into Infinity (2017)
 Extreme Power Metal (2019)
 Warp Speed Warriors (2024)

References

External links

1999 establishments in England
British musical sextets
British speed metal musical groups
English musical quintets
English power metal musical groups
Musical groups from London
Musical groups established in 1999
Roadrunner Records artists
Sanctuary Records artists
Spinefarm Records artists
Noise Records artists

DragonForce


"Kotarsko nogometno prvenstvo Bjelovar", također i pod nazivom "Kotarska nogometna liga Bjelovar", "Nogometna liga kotara Bjelovar" je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1960./61.
Sudjelovalo je ukupno 8 klubova, a prvak je bila "Mladost" iz Ždralova.

Ljestvica

 "Bjelovar II" igrao van konkurencije
 ljestvica bez jedne utakmice u konkurenciji

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Podsavezna liga Bjelovar 1960./61.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 library.foi.hr, "Bjelovarski list"
 library.foi.hr, "Bjelovarski list", br. 25, god. XV, izdano 15. lipnja 1961., str. 6, preuzeto 16. srpnja 2019.

1960-61 Bjelovar-2
Bjelovar-2
1960-61 Bjelovar

Kotarsko nogometno prvenstvo Bjelovar 1960./61.


Mullinville est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Kiowa, au Kansas. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Kansas
Comté de Kiowa (Kansas)

Mullinville (Kansas)


Matematikte kutupsal koordinat sistemi veya polar koordinat sistemi, noktaların birer açı ve Kartezyen koordinat sistemindeki orijinin eşdeğeri olup "kutup" olarak bilinen bir merkez noktaya olan uzaklıklar ile tanımlandığı, iki boyutlu bir koordinat sistemidir. Kutupsal koordinat sistemi, matematik, fizik, mühendislik, denizcilik, robot teknolojisi gibi birçok alanda kullanılır. Bu sistem, iki nokta arasındaki ilişkinin açı ve uzaklık ile daha kolay ifade edilebildiği durumlar için özellikle kullanışlıdır. Kartezyen koordinat sisteminde, böyle bir ilişki ancak trigonometrik formüller ile bulunabilir. Kutupsal denklemler, çoğu eğri tipi için en kolay, bazıları içinse yegâne tanımlama yöntemidir.

Tarihçe
Antik Yunan uygarlığı'nda açı ve yarıçap kavramlarının kullanıldığı bilinmektedir.  (MÖ 190 - 120), her açı için kiriş uzunluklarını veren bir kiriş fonksiyonları tablosu oluşturulmuştur ve yıldızların konumlarını belirlemek için kutupsal koordinatlar kullandığına ilişkin kaynaklar bulunmaktadır.
"Spiraller Üzerine" (On Spirals) adlı eserinde Arşimet, ünlü spiralini yarıçapın açıya bağlı olduğu bir fonksiyon olarak tanımlar. Bununla beraber, Yunan çalışmaları, koordinat sistemini tam olarak tanımlayamamıştır.

Kutupsal koordinatları resmî bir koordinat sisteminin parçası olarak ilk olarak kimin tanımladığına ilişkin farklı söylemler vardır. Konunun tarihçesi, Harvard profesörü Julian Lowell Coolidge'in "Kutupsal Koordinatların Kaynağı" (Origin of Polar Coordinates) adlı kitabında anlatılmıştır.
Grégoire de Saint-Vincent ve Bonaventura Cavalieri yaklaşık aynı zamanda birbirinden bağımsız olarak kavramları oluşturmaya başlamıştır. Saint-Vincent, çalışmalarını 1625 yılında yazmış ve 1647 yılında yayınlamışken, Cavalieri de 1635 yılında kendi çalışmalarının ilk baskısını yapıp, 1653 yılında elden geçirilmiş bir sürümünü yayınlamıştır. Bir Arşimet spirali içindeki alanla ilgili bir problemin çözümünde kutupsal koordinat sisteminden ilk yararlanan Cavalieri olmuştur. Daha sonra Blaise Pascal, parabolik yayların uzunluğunu hesaplamak için kutupsal koordinatları kullanmıştır.

1671 yılında yazılmış ve 1736 yılında basılmış olan Method of Fluxions çalışmasıyla Isaac Newton, kutupsal koordinatlara bir düzlemdeki herhangi bir noktanın yerini saptama yöntemi olarak bakan ilk kişi olmuştur. Newton, kutupsal koordinatlar ve diğer dokuz koordinat sistemi arasındaki dönüşümleri incelemiştir. Acta eruditorum (1691) adlı çalışmasında Jacob Bernoulli, sırasıyla kutup ve kutupsal eksen olarak adlandırdığı bir nokta ve o noktanın üzerinde yer aldığı eksenden oluşan bir sistem kullanmıştır. Bu sistemde koordinatlar, kutba göre uzaklık ve kutup eksenine göre açı ile belirtilmiştir. Bernoulli'nin çalışması, bu koordinatlarla tanımlanmış eğrilerin eğim yarıçaplarını hesaplamaya kadar ilerlemiştir.

Gregorio Fontana'ya atfedilmiş olan kutupsal koordinatlar terimi, 18. yüzyıl İtalyan yazarları tarafından kullanılmıştır. Terimin İngilizce yayınlarda ilk yer alışı, George Peacock'ın Sylvestre François Lacroix'ya ait "Diferansiyel ve İntegral Hesaplamalar" (Differential and Integral Calculus) adlı kitabını çevirmesi ile 1816 yılında olmuştur.

Alexis Clairaut ve Leonhard Euler, kutupsal koordinat kavramının üç boyuta uyarlanmasında rol oynamışlardır.

Kutupsal koordinatlar ile noktaların belirtilmesi

Tüm iki boyutlu koordinat sistemlerinde olduğu gibi, kutupsal koordinat sisteminde de iki koordinat vardır: r ("radyal koordinat" ya da "ışınsal koordinat") ve θ ("açısal koordinat", "kutupsal açı" ya da "yatay açı"; bazen φ veya t ile gösterilir). r koordinatı, kutuptan olan ışınsal uzaklığı; θ koordinatı ise noktanın üzerinde bulunduğu ışının, bazen "kutupsal eksen" de denilen 0° ışınından saat yönünün tersi yönündeki açısını ifade eder. 0° ışını, Kartezyen koordinat sisteminde "pozitif x ekseni" olarak bilinir. olmakla beraber olmamaktadır

Örneğin, kutupsal koordinatları (3, 60°) olan bir nokta, kutupsal eksene 60° açı ile duran ışın üzerinde kutuptan 3 birim uzaklıkta bulunur. Koordinatları (-3, 240°) olan nokta da aynı yerde gösterilecektir çünkü bir negatif ışınsal uzaklık, karşıt ışın üzerinde pozitif uzaklık olarak ölçülür (240° − 180° = 60°).

Kutupsal koordinat sisteminin Kartezyen koordinat sisteminde bulunmayan bir önemli özelliği, belli bir noktanın sonsuz sayıda farklı koordinat ile belirtilebilmesidir. Genel olarak, n herhangi bir tam sayı olmak üzere, herhangi bir (r, θ) noktası (r, θ ± n×360°) veya (−r, θ ± (2n + 1)180°) olarak gösterilebilir.  Eğer bir noktanın r koordinatı 0 ise, o nokta θ koordinatından bağımsız olarak kutup üzerinde bulunur.

Radyan ölçüsünün kullanımı
Kutupsal sistemde açılar, genel olarak ya derece ya da radyan cinsinden ifade edilir ve bunun için de 2π rad = 360° dönüşümü kullanılır. Seçim çoğunlukla ihtiyaca bağlıdır. Denizcilik uygulamalarında derece ölçüsü kullanılırken, özellikle dönüş mekaniği gibi bazı fizik uygulamalarında ise dairenin çevresinin (c) yarıçapına (r) oranına dayanan radyan ölçüsü kullanılır (c = 2πr).

Kutupsal ve kartezyen koordinatlar arası dönüşüm
Kutupsal koordinatlar r ve θ, kartezyen koordinatlara şu şekilde dönüştürülebilir.

Bu iki formüle göre x ve y cinsinden elde edilen dönüşüm formülleri ise şöyledir:

Eğer x = 0 ve
 y pozitifse, θ = 90° (π/2 rad);
 y negatifse, θ = 270° (3π/2 rad) olur.

Kutupsal denklemler
Kutupsal koordinatlar ile ifade edilmiş bir eğri denklemi "kutupsal denklem" olarak bilinir ve genellikle r, θ'nın bir fonksiyonu olarak yazılır.

Kutupsal denklemler değişik simetri biçimleri gösterebilir. Bir eğri,
 eğer r(−θ) = r(θ) ise 0°/180° yatay ışınına göre,
 eğer r(π−θ) = r(θ) ise 90°/270° dikey ışınına göre ve
 eğer r(θ−α) = r(θ) ise saat yönünün tersinde, rotasyonel (dönel) olarak kutup noktasına göre α° kadar simetrik olacaktır.

Çember
Merkezi (r0, φ) noktasında ve yarıçapı a olan herhangi bir çemberin genel denklemi şu şekildedir:

Bu denklem özel durumlar için çeşitli yollarla basitleştirilebilir. Örneğin
 ,
merkezi kutup noktasında ve yarıçapı a olan çember için yazılmış denklemdir.

Doğru
Kutuptan geçen ışınsal doğrular şu denklemle gösterilir:

Burada φ, doğrunun eğim açısıdır ve m'nin Kartezyen koordinat sistemindeki eğimi temsil ettiği

denklemi ile de ifade edilebilir.

Kutup noktasından geçmeyen herhangi bir doğru, ışınsal bir doğruya diktir. θ = φ doğrusunu (r0, φ) noktasında dik kesen doğrunun denklemi ise şöyledir:
.

Kutupsal gül
Kutupsal gül, taç yapraklı bir çiçeği andıran ve sadece kutupsal bir denklem ile ifade edilebilen ünlü bir matematiksel eğridir. Şu denklemlerle tanımlanır:
 veya

a değişkeninin gülün yapraklarının uzunluğunu ifade ettiği bu denklemlerde eğer k bir tam sayı ise, k tek sayı olduğunda bu denklemler ile k-yapraklı bir gül ve çift sayı olduğundaysa 2k-yapraklı bir gül elde edilir. Eğer k tam sayı değilse, yaprak sayısı da tam sayı olmayacağı için, bir daire şekli oluşur. Dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta, bu denklemlerle 4'ün katlarının 2 fazlası (2, 6, 10, 14, ...) kadar sayıda taç yaprak elde etmenin mümkün olmadığıdır.

Arşimet spirali
Arşimet spirali, Arşimet tarafından keşfedilmiş ve gene yalnızca bir kutupsal denklem ile tanımlanabilen, ünlü bir spiraldir. Şu denklemle ifade edilir:
.
a değişkeninin değişimi spirali döndürürken, b değişkeni spiralin kolları arasındaki daima sabit olan uzaklığı kontrol eder. Arşimet spirali, θ > 0 ve θ < 0 değerleri için iki kola sahiptir. İki kol kutup noktasında birbirine düzgün biçimde bağlanır. Kollardan birinin 90°/270° doğrusu üzerinden ayna simetrisi alınırsa, diğer kol elde edilir.

Konik kesitler

Büyük ekseni kutupsal eksen (0° ışını) üzerinde, bir odağı kutup noktasında ve diğer odağı da kutupsal eksen üzerindeki başka bir noktada bulunan bir konik kesit şu kutupsal denklem ile tanımlanır:
 .
Burada e eksantriklik ve l de (semi-latus rectum) büyük eksene dik olarak bir odaktan eğriye kadar ölçülen uzaklıktır. Denklem; e > 1 ise bir hiperbol, e = 1 ise bir parabol ve e < 1 ise bir elips oluşturur. e < 1 koşulunun özel bir durumu olarak e = 0 ise, yarıçapı l olan bir çember elde edilir.

Diğer eğriler
Kutupsal koordinat sisteminin dairesel özelliği, birçok eğrinin Kartezyen biçimdense kutupsal bir denklemle çok daha kolay tanımlanmasını sağlar. Bu eğrilerin arasında lemniskatlar, ilmek eğrileri (limaçonlar) ve özel bir tip limaçon olan kardiyoidler vardır.

Calculus (analiz)
Kutupsal koordinatlar ile ifade edilmiş denklemlere kalkulus (diferansiyel ve integral hesaplamalar) uygulanabilir.

Diferansiyel hesaplama
Bir r(θ) kutupsal eğrisine herhangi bir noktasından teğet olan doğrunun Kartezyen eğimini bulmak için, eğri öncelikle parametrelere bağlı bir denklem sistemi ile tanımlanır:

Sonra, bu denklemlerin θ'ya göre türevlerinin alınmasıyla şu denklemler elde edilir:

Birinci denklemin ikinciyle bölünmesi sonucunda da eğriye (r, r(θ)) noktasında teğet olan doğrunun Kartezyen eğimine ait denklem elde edilir:

İntegral hesaplama
0 < b − a < 2π olmak üzere, r(θ) eğrisinin [a, b] kapalı aralığında kalan kısmının altında kalan alanı bulmak için, öncelikle eğri bir Riemann toplamı olarak tanımlanır.
 İlk olarak, [a, b] aralığı n kadar alt aralığa bölünür (burada n, isteğe bağlı seçilmiş pozitif bir tam sayıdır). Böylece, her alt aralığın uzunluğunu temsil eden Δθ, aralığın tüm uzunluğunun (b − a) alt aralık sayısına (n) bölümüne eşit olur.
 Her i = 1, 2, …, n alt aralığı için θi'nin alt aralığın orta noktası olduğu kabul edilir ve merkezi kutupta, yarıçapı r(θi) ve merkezî açısı Δθ olan birer sektör çizilir.
 Buna göre, çizilmiş her sektörün alanı şu denklemle verilebilir:

 Dolayısıyla, tüm sektörlerin toplam alanı da altta sunulan denklemle tanımlanır:

n alt aralıklarının sayısı ne kadar artarsa, söz konusu alanın ölçümü de gerçek alana o kadar çok yaklaşır. Böylece, [a, b] aralığındaki r(θ) eğrisinin altında kalan alan söyle tanımlanabilir:

Bu ifade, aşağıdaki integralin Riemann toplamıdır:

Vektörel hesaplamalar
Hesaplamalar, denklemlerin kutupsal koordinatlar içinde ifade edilmesi ile bu koordinatlarda uygulanabilir. , r ve  t zamanına bağlı olmak üzere  pozisyonundaki vektör olsun, ,  yönündeki birim vektör ve ,  için uygun açılardaki birim vektör olsun. Konumun birinci ve ikinci türevleri şunlardır:
.

 eğri üzerindeki bir noktayı odak alarak çizilen çizginin süpürdüğü alan olarak alındığında, limit içinde ,  ve  tarafından şekillendirilmiş paralelkenar alanının yarısıdır,
,
ve toplam alan 'nın zamana göre integralinin alınması ile bulunur.

Üç boyut
Kutupsal koordinat sistemi, biri silindrik koordinat sistemi ve diğeri de küresel koordinat sistemi olmak üzere, iki farklı koordinat sistemi ile üç boyuta genişletilir. Her iki sistem de iki boyutlu kutupsal koordinatları bir alt küme olarak kullanır.

Silindirik koordinatlar

Silindirik koordinat sistemi, düzlemden ayrı duran bir noktanın düzleme olan yüksekliğini ölçebilecek üçüncü bir koordinatı iki boyutlu kutupsal koordinat sistemine ekleyerek elde edilir. Bu, kartezyen koordinat sistemini üç boyuta genişletmek için kullanılana benzer bir yöntemdir. İki boyutlu kutupsal koordinat düzlemine dik duran ve kutup noktasından geçen üçüncü koordinat, genellikle h ile gösterilir dikdüzlemine Üçüncü koordinat genelde h ile gösterilir. Buna göre de üç silindirik koordinat, (r, θ, h) yazımı ile ifade edilir.

Silindirik koordinatların Kartezyen koordinatlara dönüşümü şu şekilde olur:

Küresel koordinatlar

Kutupsal koordinatlar, (ρ, φ, θ) koordinatları kullanılarak da üç boyuta genişletilebilir. Burada;
 ρ, kutup noktasından olan uzaklık,
 φ, z ekseninden olan açı ("eş enlem" (colatitude) ya da "zirve" (zenith) de denir; 0'dan 180°'ye kadar ölçülür) ve
 θ da kutupsal koordinatlardaki gibi, x ekseninden olan açıdır.
"Küresel koordinat sistemi" olarak adlandırılan bu sistem, Dünya için kullanılan enlem ve boylam sistemine benzerdir:
 enlem, φ'nin tümleyicisidir ve δ = 90° − φ eşitliğiyle belirlenir;
 boylam da l = θ − 180° ile saptanır.

Küresel koordinat sistemini oluşturan üç koordinatın, Kartezyen sisteme dönüşümü şu şekildedir.

hda

Uygulamalar

Robot bilimi
Hareket edebilen çoğu robot, seyir için kutupsal koordinat sistemini ya da onun biraz değiştirilmiş hâlini kullanır. Bu yapay zekâ için çok uygundur çünkü koordinat sisteminin merkezini (kutbunu) daima robotun o andaki konumu oluşturur. Dolayısıyla, robotun herhangi bir zamanda koordinat sisteminin neresinde olduğunu hesaplamasına gerek yoktur: tek gereken, hangi yönde ve ne kadar uzağa gideceğini belirlemesidir. Eğer robotlar kartezyen koordinat sistemini kullanarak yol alsalardı, hareket için gerekli uzaklık ve açı hesaplamaları için cebir ve trigonometri kullanmak gerekirdi. Oysa, kutupsal koordinat sistemindeki bir açı ile ifade edilen yön ile katedilmesi gereken uzaklık bilgisi, robotun tam istenen yere gitmesini sağlamak için yeterlidir.

Havacılık
Havalanan uçaklar, seyir için kutupsal koordinat sisteminin biraz değiştirilmiş bir çeşidini kullanırlar. Bu sistemde, genellikle "yön 360" (heading 360) olarak adlandırılan 0° ışını dikeydir ve açılar saatin tersi yönde değil, saat yönünde devam eder. Yön 360 manyetik kuzeye denk gelirken, 90, 180 ve 270 yönleri de sırasıyla manyetik doğu, güney ve batıya denk gelir. Dolayısıyla, örneğin doğuya doğru 5 deniz mili kadar yol alacak bir uçak, yön 90 üzerinde 5 birim katedecek demektir.

Arşimet spirali
Arşimet spiralinin gerçek dünyada pek çok uygulaması vardır.

Örneğin, Arşimet spirali şekilli ve birbirinin içine geçmiş aynı büyüklükteki iki sarmal, sıvı ya da gaz gibi akışkanları pompalamak ya da sıkıştırmak için kullanılan sarmal kompresörlerin temelini oluşturur. Sarmallardan biri sabit dururken, diğeri kendi çevresinde dönmemek üzere merkez dışı (eksantrik) bir dönüş hareketi yapar ve akışkanı iki sarmalın duvarları arasında sıkıştırarak ilerletir.

Gramofon plakların çok erken dönemlerinde, plak üzerindeki oluklar bir Arşimet spirali oluşturacak şekilde açılır ve bu şekilde, olukların birbirlerinden eş uzaklıkta durmaları sağlanarak, bir plağın üstüne en çok miktarda müzik kaydedilmeye çalışılırdı. Ancak sonraları, daha iyi ses kalitesi elde edebilmek için bu uygulamadan vazgeçilmiştir.

Kepler'in gezegensel hareket kanunları

Kutupsal koordinatlar, Kepler'in gezegensel hareket kanunları için doğal bir ifade yöntemi sağlar.

Kepler'in birinci kanununa göre, bir yıldız çevresindeki bir gezegenin yörüngesi, bir odağı sistemin kütle merkezinde oturan bir elipstir. Bu elipsi ifade etmek için, yukarıdaki "Konik kesitler" bölümünde verilmiş olan denklem kullanılabilir.

Kepler'in ikinci kanunu olan "eşit alanlar kanunu" ise şunu söyler: "bir gezegen ile onun yıldızını birleştiren bir doğru, eşit zaman aralıklarında birbirine eşit alanlar tarar"; yani,  sabittir. Bu denklemler Newton'un hareket kanunlarından elde edilebilir ve kutupsal koordinatların kullanıldığı tam bir türetme, Kepler'in gezegensel hareket yasaları maddesinde sunulmuştur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Doğru (matematik)
 Düzlem

Diğer koordinat sistemleri
 Koordinat sistemi
 Kartezyen koordinat sistemi
 Silindirik koordinat sistemi
 Eğrisel koordinatlar
 Ortogonal koordinatlar
 Eliptik koordinatlar
 Hiperbolik koordinatlar
 Stereografik izdüşüm
 Paralel koordinatlar
 Yermerkezli koordinatlar

Kaynakça
 İngilizce Wikipedia 23 Kasım 2006 tarihli Kutupsal koordinat sistemleri maddesi

Koordinat sistemleri

Kutupsal koordinat sistemi


Içana je rijeka u Južnoj Americi. Izvire u Kolumbiji, manjim dijelom čini granicu između Kolumbije i Brazila, te u Brazilu utječe u Rio Negro kao desna pritoka. Pripada porječju Amazone.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Kolumbiji
Rijeke u Brazilu
Porječje Rio Negra (Amazonija)

Içana


A safe water mark, as defined by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities, is a sea mark used in maritime pilotage to indicate the end of a channel.  They usually imply that open, deep and safe water lies ahead. They are also used to indicate the start and end of a buoyed section of a continuous narrow channel; and a series of them may mark a safe route through shallow areas.  It is therefore important to consult appropriate charts to determine their meaning in each location. They are also known as fairway buoys and clear water buoys.

They are recognisable by their red-and-white vertical stripes and commonly bear a top sign in shape of a red ball. They either flash Morse code "A" (di-dah), or one long flash, occulting (more light than dark) or isophase (equal light and dark) every 10 seconds (L Fl 10s).

In the United States, safe water marks are printed with the initials of their associated waterways or localities.

See also

 Navigation
Lateral mark
Cardinal mark
Isolated danger mark
Special mark

References

Further reading

Navigational buoys

Safe water mark


Brahim Abdelkader Díaz (Málaga, 3. kolovoza 1999.) španjolski je profesionalni nogometaš marokanskog podrijetla koji igra za Real Madrid i španjolsku nogometnu reprezentaciju.

Klupska karijera

Manchester City
Brahim je svoju karijeru započeo u mladim selekcijama Málage kada sa 16 godina prelazi u Manchester City za 200,000£.

21. rujna 2016. debitirao je za Manchester City kada je u 80-toj minuti ušao kao zamjena za Kelechija Iheanacha u Liga Kupu protiv Swansea Citya. Pet dana kasnije potpisuje svoj prvi profesionalni ugovor na tri godine.

Dana 27. srpnja 2017. Brahim je debitirao u International Champions Cupu protiv Real Madrida. Zabio je četvrti gol u pobjedi Manchester Citya 4 - 1.

21. studenog 2017. debitirao je u UEFA Ligi prvaka protiv Feyenoorda kada je ušao kao zamjena za Raheema Sterlinga.

Dana 19. prosinca 2017. prvi put je bio u prvom time Manchester Citya. Igrao je 88 minuta u dvoboju protiv Leicester Citya u Liga Kupu. U Premier ligi debitirao je u pobjedi protiv Newcastlea.

Dana 5. kolovoza 2018. igrao je u pobjedi Manchester Citya protiv Chelsea u Community Shieldu.

Dana 1. studenoga 2018. zabio je svoja prva dva gola za Manchester City u pobjedi protiv Fulhama.

Real Madrid
Nakon brojnih spekulacija, Brahim se pridružio redovima Real Madrida 6. siječnja 2019. Transfer je vrijedan 17 mil €, a uz ugovorne dodatke vrijednost bi mogla porasti i do 24 mil €.

Brahim je debitirao za Real Madrid 9. siječnja u pobjedi protiv CD Leganesa u španjolskome Kupu Kralja. Ligaški debi dočekao je četiri dana kasnije u kada je ušao kao zamjena u pobjedi protiv Real Betisa.

Reprezentativna karijera
Brahimovi roditelji su španjolske nacionalnosti, ali zbog očevog marokanskog porijekla ima mogućnost igrati za marokansku nogometnu reprezentaciju. Igrao je za mlade selekcije španjolske reprezentacije. Sa 16 godina je pozvan na UEFA-ino europsko prvenstvo do 17 godina.

Osvojeni trofeji
Manchester City

 Premier liga 2017./18.
 FA Community Shield 2018.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil na web stranici Real Madrida

Španjolski nogometaši
Nogometaši Málage
Nogometaši Manchester Cityja
Nogometaši madridskog Reala
Nogometaši A.C. Milana
Aktivni nogometaši

Brahim Díaz


La Major League Rugby 2022 est la  édition de la compétition qui se déroule de février à juin 2022. Elle oppose treize équipes représentatives des États-Unis et du Canada.

Contexte
Après une tentative avortée à cause de la pandémie de Covid-19, les Jackals de Dallas rejoignent la ligue. L'équipe se fait remarquer en ayant deux joueurs anglais expérimentés dans ses rangs : Henry Trinder et Chris Pennell. Les Jackals évoluent au Choctaw Stadium d'Arlington, aménagé spécialement pour le rugby avec une capacité réduite à .

Plusieurs équipes changent de stade. Rugby New York change une nouvelle fois de stade, toujours à la recherche d'une implantation permanente. Cette fois-ci, le club évolue dans un petit stade, le JFK Stadium à Hoboken, dans le New Jersey. Le club se renomme aussi, enlevant "United" de son nom.

Sans stade fixe l'an passé, le Legion de San Diego s'est trouvé une enceinte régulière. Le club jouera au SDSU Sports Deck, petit stade universitaire, en attendant la construction du Snapdragon Stadium.

Les Free Jacks de la Nouvelle-Angleterre changent aussi de stade, pour s'établir au Veterans Memorial Stadium de Quincy. Rugby ATL s'établit lui au Silverbacks Park, stade déjà utilisé par d'autres équipes amateurs de la ville. Après une année en exil, les Arrows de Toronto reviennent au Canada dans un de leurs anciens stades, le Stade York Lions. Ou plus exactement, un stade totalement rénové et destiné au rugby au sein de l'Université York.

En juin 2022, les organisateurs annoncent la disqualification des Gilgronis d'Austin pour une . Puis quelques jours plus tard, ce sont les Giltinis de Los Angeles qui sont disqualifiés. Les deux équipes ont la particularité d'être la propriété d'Adam Gilchrist.

Hôte de la finale, Rugby New York décide d'organiser celle-ci au sein de la Red Bull Arena, habituel stade de football des Red Bulls de New York. À domicile, New York remporte son premier titre.

Liste des équipes en compétition

Draft universitaire
Les choix de draft sont les suivants :

Résumé des résultats

Classement de la phase régulière

Conférence Est

|}

Conférence Ouest

|}

Résultats
L'équipe qui reçoit est indiquée dans la colonne de gauche.

Rencontre supplémentaire de la poule Est :

Phase finale

Résultats détaillés

Finale

Statistiques

Meilleurs réalisateurs

Meilleurs marqueurs

Plus grand nombre de plaquages

Notes et références

Lien externe
  majorleague.rugby
  saison 2022 sur Americas Rugby News

2022
Rugby à XV en 2022
Sport aux États-Unis en 2022
Sport au Canada en 2022

Saison 2022 de la Major League Rugby


Michel von Tell (fæddur 8. október 1980 í Zürich á Sviss) er svissneskur grínisti, athafnamaður og blaðamaður.

Lífið
Hann spilaði hafnabolta í atvinnumennsku í svissnesku NLB, sem er önnur landsdeildin.

Á Rwanda mótinu árið 2000 varð hann í sjötta sæti.

Michel von Tell starfar einnig sem ráðgjafi í Bundestag (hús þingsins).

Árið 2020 setti hann heimsmet með fyrsta rafræna Harley.

Hann fór 1723 km vegalengd á 24 klukkustundum.

Heimsmetið var tilkynnt í yfir 50 löndum.

Hann er einn sigursælasti pókerspilari landsins.

Tenglar

 Michel v. Tell á Internet Movie Database

Tilvísanir

Fólk fætt árið 1980

Michel v. Tell