Clive James  (born Vivian Leopold James; 7 October 1939 – 24 November 2019) was an Australian critic, journalist, broadcaster, writer and lyricist who lived and worked in the United Kingdom from 1962 until his death in 2019. He began his career specialising in literary criticism before becoming television critic for The Observer in 1972, where he made his name for his wry, deadpan humour.

During this period, he earned an independent reputation as a poet and satirist. He achieved mainstream success in the UK first as a writer for television, and eventually as the lead in his own programmes, including ...on Television.

Early life
James was born Vivian Leopold James in Kogarah, a southern suburb of Sydney. He was allowed to change his name as a child because "after Vivien Leigh played Scarlett O'Hara the name became irrevocably a girl's name no matter how you spelled it". He chose "Clive", the name of Tyrone Power's character in the 1942 film This Above All.

James' father, Albert Arthur James, was taken prisoner by the Japanese during World War II. Although he survived the prisoner-of-war camp, he died when the American B-24 carrying him and other freed allied POWs ran into the tail of a typhoon en route from Okinawa to Manila, and crashed into the mountains of southeastern Taiwan. He was buried at Sai Wan War Cemetery in Hong Kong. James would later state that his life's works originated in his father's death.

James, an only child, was brought up by his mother (Minora May, née Darke), a factory worker, in the Sydney suburbs of Kogarah and Jannali, living some years with his English maternal grandfather.

He was educated at Sydney Technical High School (despite winning a bursary award to Sydney Boys High School) and the University of Sydney, where he read English and Psychology from 1957-60, and became associated with the Sydney Push, a libertarian intellectual subculture. At university, he contributed to the student newspaper, Honi Soit, and directed the annual students' union revue. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in English in 1961. After graduation, James worked for a year as an assistant editor for the magazine page at The Sydney Morning Herald.

In 1962, James emigrated to the UK, which became his home for the rest of his life. During his first three years in London, he shared a flat with the Australian film director Bruce Beresford (disguised as "Dave Dalziel" in the first three volumes of James's memoirs), was a neighbour of Australian artist Brett Whiteley, became acquainted with Barry Humphries (disguised as "Bruce Jennings") and had a variety of occasionally disastrous short-term jobs: sheet metal worker, library assistant, photo archivist and market researcher.

James gained a place at Pembroke College, Cambridge, to read English literature. Whilst there, he contributed to all the undergraduate periodicals, was a member and later President of the Cambridge Footlights, and appeared on University Challenge as captain of the Pembroke team, beating St Hilda's, Oxford, but losing to Balliol on the last question in a tied game.

During one summer holiday, he worked as a circus roustabout to save enough money to travel to Italy. His contemporaries at Cambridge included Germaine Greer (known as "Romaine Rand" in the first three volumes of his memoirs), Simon Schama and Eric Idle. Having, he claimed, scrupulously avoided reading any of the course material (but having read widely otherwise in English and foreign literature), James graduated with a 2:1—better than he had expected—and began a PhD thesis on Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Career

Critic and essayist
James became the television critic for The Observer in 1972, remaining in the role until 1982. Mark Lawson described a James review as "so funny it was dangerous to read while holding a hot drink".  He was at times merciless. Selections from the column were published in three books – Visions Before Midnight, The Crystal Bucket and Glued to the Box – and finally in a compendium, On Television.  He wrote literary criticism for newspapers, magazines and periodicals in Britain, Australia and the United States, including, among many others, the Australian Book Review, The Monthly, The Atlantic, The New York Review of Books, The Liberal and The Times Literary Supplement. John Gross included James's essay "A Blizzard of Tiny Kisses" in the Oxford Book of Essays (1992, 1999).

The Metropolitan Critic (1974), his first collection of literary criticism, was followed by At the Pillars of Hercules (1979), From the Land of Shadows (1982), Snakecharmers in Texas (1988), The Dreaming Swimmer (1992), Even As We Speak (2001), The Meaning of Recognition (2005) and Cultural Amnesia (2007), a collection of miniature intellectual biographies of over 100 significant figures in modern culture, history and politics. A defence of humanism, liberal democracy and literary clarity, the book was listed among the best of 2007 by The Village Voice. Another volume of essays, The Revolt of the Pendulum, was published in June 2009.

He also published Flying Visits, a collection of travel writing for The Observer. For many years, until mid-2014, he wrote the weekly television critique page in the "Review" section of the Saturday edition of The Daily Telegraph.

Poet and lyricist
James published several books of poetry, including  Poem of the Year (1983), a verse-diary; Other Passports: Poems 1958–1985, a first collection; and The Book of My Enemy (2003), a volume that takes its title from his poem "The Book of My Enemy Has Been Remaindered".

He published four mock-heroic poems: The Fate of Felicity Fark in the Land of the Media: a moral poem (1975), Peregrine Prykke's Pilgrimage Through the London Literary World (1976), Britannia Bright's Bewilderment in the Wilderness of Westminster (1976) and Charles Charming's Challenges on the Pathway to the Throne (1981), and one long autobiographical epic, The River in the Sky (2018).

During the 1970s he also collaborated on six albums of songs with Pete Atkin:

 Beware of the Beautiful Stranger (1970)
 Driving Through Mythical America (1971)
 A King at Nightfall (1973)
 The Road of Silk (1974)
 Secret Drinker (1974)
 Live Libel (1975)

Atkin and James toured together to promote both the final album, a "contractual obligation" collection consisting of parodies and humour numbers written over the years, and James's own Felicity Fark epic poem. James wrote the album sleeve notes, which mostly linked the songs with thinly disguised jibes at popular artists and trends.  On stage James both read from his poem, and introduced the album songs.  Despite the success of the tour, there were no more recordings by Atkin, who pursued other opportunities and eventually became a BBC radio producer.

A revival of interest in the songs in the late 1990s, triggered largely by the creation by Steve Birkill of an Internet mailing list "Midnight Voices" in 1997, led to the reissue of the six albums on CD between 1997 and 2001, as well as live performances by the pair. A double album of previously unrecorded songs written in the seventies and entitled The Lakeside Sessions: Volumes 1 and 2 was released in 2002 and Winter Spring, an album of new material written by James and Atkin was released in 2003. This was followed by Midnight Voices, an album of remakes of the best Atkin/James songs from the early albums, and, in 2015, by The Colours of the Night, which included several newly completed songs.

James acknowledged the importance of the Midnight Voices group in bringing to wider attention the lyric-writing aspect of his career. He wrote in November 1997, "That one of the midnight voices of my own fate should be the music of Pete Atkin continues to rank high among the blessings of my life".

In 2013, he issued his translation of Dante's Divine Comedy. The work, adopting quatrains to translate the original's terza rima, was well received by Australian critics. Writing for The New York Times, Joseph Luzzi thought it often failed to capture the more dramatic moments of the Inferno, but that it was more successful where Dante slows down, in the more theological and deliberative cantos of the Purgatorio and Paradiso.

Novelist and memoirist
In 1980 James published his first book of autobiography, Unreliable Memoirs, which recounted his early life in Australia and extended to over 100 reprintings. It was followed by four other volumes of autobiography: Falling Towards England (1985), which covered his London years; May Week Was in June (1990), which dealt with his time at Cambridge; North Face of Soho (2006); and The Blaze of Obscurity (2009), concerning his subsequent career as a television presenter. An omnibus edition of the first three volumes was published under the generic title of Always Unreliable. James also wrote four novels: Brilliant Creatures (1983); The Remake (1987); Brrm! Brrm! (1991), published in the United States as The Man from Japan; and The Silver Castle (1996).

In 1999, John Gross included an excerpt from Unreliable Memoirs in The New Oxford Book of English Prose. John Carey chose Unreliable Memoirs as one of the 50 most enjoyable books of the 20th century in his book Pure Pleasure (2000).

Television
James developed his television career as a guest commentator on various shows, including as an occasional co-presenter with Tony Wilson on the first series of So It Goes, the Granada Television pop music show. On the show when the Sex Pistols made their TV debut, James commented: "During the recording, the task of keeping the little bastards under control was given to me. With the aid of a radio microphone, I was able to shout them down, but it was a near thing ... they attacked everything around them and had difficulty in being polite even to each other".

James subsequently hosted the ITV show Clive James on Television, in which he showcased unusual or (often unintentionally) amusing television programmes from around the world, notably the Japanese TV show Endurance. After his move to the BBC in 1988, he hosted a similarly formatted programme called Saturday Night Clive (1989–1991), which began on BBC2 but was popular enough to move to BBC1 in 1991. It returned in 1994 on Sunday nights, under the title Sunday Night Clive.

In 1995 he set up Watchmaker Productions to produce The Clive James Show for ITV, and a subsequent series launched the British career of singer and comedian Margarita Pracatan. James hosted one of the early chat shows on Channel 4 and fronted the BBC's Review of the Year programmes in the late 1980s (Clive James on the '80s) and 1990s (Clive James on the '90s), which formed part of the channel's New Year's Eve celebrations.

In the mid-1980s, James featured in a travel programme called Clive James in... (beginning with Clive James Live in Las Vegas) for LWT (now ITV) and later switched to BBC, where he continued producing travel programmes, this time called Clive James's Postcard from... (beginning with Clive James's Postcard from Miami) – these also eventually transferred to ITV. He was also one of the original team of presenters of the BBC's The Late Show, hosting a round-table discussion on Friday nights.

His major documentary series Fame in the 20th Century (1993) was broadcast in the United Kingdom by the BBC, in Australia by the ABC and in the United States by the PBS network. This series dealt with the concept of "fame" in the 20th century, following over a course of eight episodes (each one chronologically and roughly devoted to one decade of the century, from the 1900s to the 1980s) discussions about world-famous people of the 20th century. Through the use of film footage, James presented a history of "fame" which explored its growth to today's global proportions. In his closing monologue he remarked, "Achievement without fame can be a rewarding life, while fame without achievement is no life at all."

A well known fan of motor racing, James presented the ,  and  official Formula One season review videos produced by the Formula One Constructors Association, more commonly known as FOCA. James, who attended most F1 races during the 1980s and was a friend of former FOCA boss Bernie Ecclestone, added his own humour to the reviews which became popular with fans of the sport. He also presented The Clive James Formula 1 Show for ITV to coincide with their Formula One coverage in .

He summed up the medium in the introduction to Glued to the Box: "Anyone afraid of what he thinks television does to the world is probably just afraid of the world."

Radio
In 2007, James started presenting the BBC Radio 4 series A Point of View, with transcripts appearing in the "Magazine" section of BBC News Online. In this programme James discussed various issues with a slightly humorous slant. Topics covered included media portrayal of torture, young black role models and corporate rebranding. Three of James's broadcasts in 2007 were shortlisted for the 2008 Orwell Prize.

In October 2009, James read a radio version of his book The Blaze of Obscurity on BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week programme. In December 2009, James talked about the P-51 Mustang and other American fighter aircraft of World War II in The Museum of Curiosity on BBC Radio 4.

In May 2011, the BBC published a new podcast, A Point of View: Clive James, which features all sixty A Point of View programmes presented by James between 2007 and 2009.

He posted vlog conversations from his internet show Talking in the Library, including conversations with Ian McEwan, Cate Blanchett, Julian Barnes, Jonathan Miller and Terry Gilliam. In addition to the poetry and prose of James himself, the site featured the works of other literary figures such as Les Murray and Michael Frayn, as well as the works of painters, sculptors and photographers such as John Olsen and Jeffrey Smart.

Theatre
In 2008 James performed in two eponymous shows at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe: Clive James in Conversation and Clive James in the Evening. He took the latter show on a limited tour of the UK in 2009.

Famous lines

He described Arnold Schwarzenegger, in his bodybuilding days, as looking like "a brown condom full of walnuts".

He described the outfit Cher wore in her 1989 music video of "If I Could Turn Back Time" as a "Dress-less Evening Strap".

He described Murray Walker, the motor-racing commentator, as "talking as if his trousers are on fire".

He described the voice of Greek singer Demis Roussos of "having the sound of a Chihuahua caught in a revolving Dalmatian".

He described the romantic novelist Barbara Cartland as having "Twin miracles of mascara, her eyes looked like the corpses of two small crows that had crashed into the white cliffs of Dover." He also used to call the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat by the female name "Yasmin Arafat".

The origins of his remark "Whoever called snooker 'chess with balls' was rude but right" are set out by Edward Winter in his article "Clive James and Chess".

Honours

In 1992, James was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM). This was enhanced to Officer level (AO) in the 2013 Australia Day Honours. James was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to literature and the media. In 2003 he was awarded the Philip Hodgins Memorial Medal for Literature. He received honorary doctorates from the Universities of Sydney and East Anglia. In April 2008, James was awarded a Special Award for Writing and Broadcasting by the judges of the Orwell Prize.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2010. He was an Honorary Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge (his alma mater). In the 2015 BAFTAs, James received a special award honouring his 50-year career. In 2014, he was awarded the President's Medal by the British Academy.

James is celebrated with a plaque on the Sydney Writers Walk on Circular Quay. It includes an excerpt on Sydney Harbour from Unreliable Memoirs.

Political views
James's political views were prominent in much of his later writing. While critical of communism for its tendency towards totalitarianism, he identified with the left for much of his life. In a 2006 interview in The Sunday Times, James said of himself: "I was brought up on the proletarian left, and I remain there. The fair go for the workers is fundamental, and I don't believe the free market has a mind." In a speech given in 1991, he criticised privatisation: "The idea that Britain's broadcasting system—for all its drawbacks one of the country's greatest institutions—was bound to be improved by being subjected to the conditions of a free market: there was no difficulty in recognising that notion as politically illiterate. But for some reason people did have difficulty in realising that it was economically illiterate too." In 2001, James identified as a liberal social democrat.

His later views were more commonly aligned with the political right. James strongly supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, saying in 2007 that "the war only lasted a few days" and that the continuing conflict in Iraq was "the Iraq peace". He also wrote that it was "official policy to rape a woman in front of her family" during Saddam Hussein's regime and that women have enjoyed more rights since the invasion.
In 2017, James contributed a chapter to a book on climate change published by the Institute of Public Affairs, advocating climate denialism.

Describing religions as "advertising agencies for a product that doesn't exist", James was an atheist and saw it as the default and obvious position.
He was also a patron of the Burma Campaign UK, an organisation that campaigns for human rights and democracy in Burma.

Personal life
In 1968, at Cambridge, James married Prudence A. "Prue" Shaw, also Australian, a graduate of the University of Sydney, the University of Florence and Somerville College, Oxford. Shaw taught Italian language and literature at the University of Cambridge, and at University College London where, since retirement in 2003, she has been emerita reader in Italian studies. She is the author of Reading Dante: From Here to Eternity.

James and Shaw had two daughters, one of whom is the artist Claerwen James.  In April 2012, the Australian Channel Nine programme A Current Affair ran an item in which the former model Leanne Edelsten admitted to an eight-year affair with James beginning in 2004. Shaw evicted her husband from the family home following the revelation. Before this, for most of his working life, James divided his time between a converted warehouse flat in London and the family home in Cambridge.

After the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, James wrote a piece for The New Yorker entitled "Requiem", recording his overwhelming grief. From then he mainly declined to comment about their friendship, apart from some remarks in his fifth volume of memoirs, Blaze of Obscurity.

James was able to read, with varying fluency, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Russian and Japanese.  A tango enthusiast, he travelled to Buenos Aires for dance lessons and had a dance floor in his house.

James was a fan of the St George Dragons and wrote admiringly of Rugby League Immortal Reg Gasnier who was a schoolmate at Sydney Technical High School. He guest presented one episode of The Footy Show in 2005.

Health and death
For much of his life, James was a heavy drinker and smoker. He recorded in May Week Was in June his habit of filling a hubcap ashtray daily. At various times he wrote of attempts, intermittently successful, to give up drinking and smoking. He smoked 80 cigarettes a day for a number of years before giving up in 2005. He had also given up for 13 years from his early 30s.

In April 2011, after media speculation that he had suffered kidney failure, James confirmed in June 2012 that B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia "had beaten him" and that he was "near the end". He said that he was also diagnosed with emphysema and kidney failure in early 2010.

On 3 September 2013, an interview with journalist Kerry O'Brien, Clive James: The Kid from Kogarah, was broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The interview was filmed in the library of his old college at Cambridge University. In the extended interview, James discussed his illness and confronting mortality. James wrote the poem "Japanese Maple" which was published in The New Yorker in 2014 and described as his "farewell poem". The New York Times called it "a poignant meditation on his impending death".

In a BBC interview with Charlie Stayt, broadcast on 31 March 2015, James described himself as "near to death but thankful for life". In October 2015, he admitted to feeling "embarrassment" at still being alive thanks to experimental drug treatment.

Until June 2017, he wrote a weekly column for The Guardian entitled "Reports of My Death...".

James died on 24 November 2019 at his home in Cambridge.

Bibliography
This is a partial bibliography of his works.

Non-fiction

Memoirs

Novels

Poetry

Epics

Collections

— (2020). The Fire of Joy: Roughly 80 Poems to Get by Heart and Say Aloud. ISBN 978-1529042085.

Translations

List of poems

See also
 Clive James on Television
 Clive James's Postcard from...

Notes

External links

 , includes a video section of James's recorded video interviews with artists, writers, filmmakers and actors at the other end of the sofa at his London home.

 "Interfacing With Clive James", Brendan Bernhard in The New York Sun, 18 January 2006
 Interview for the Leicester Mercury, 7 February 2009

 "Freedom Wears a Crown: Clive James", Australians for Constitutional Monarchy, 28 August 2007
 "James Saves the Queen", The Age, 25 August 2007
  (Currently unavailable).

1939 births
2019 deaths
20th-century Australian journalists
21st-century Australian journalists
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Australian atheists
Australian essayists
Australian emigrants to England
Australian literary critics
Australian male poets
Australian memoirists
Australian monarchists
Australian people of English descent
Australian social democrats
Australian travel writers
British television presenters
British mass media scholars
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Contestants on University Challenge
Edinburgh Comedy Festival
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Formalist poets
Male essayists
Officers of the Order of Australia
People educated at Sydney Technical High School
People from Cambridge
Writers from Sydney
Quadrant (magazine) people
Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy)
The New Yorker people
Translators of Dante Alighieri
University of Sydney alumni
The Sydney Morning Herald people
Australian lyricists

Clive James


Die Route nationale 613, kurz N 613 oder RN 613, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 in zwei Teilen zwischen Ax-les-Thermes und einer Straßenkreuzung mit der ehemaligen Nationalstraße 113 westlich von Narbonne verlief. Ihre Gesamtlänge betrug 121 Kilometer. Der Abschnitt von der N113 bis Couiza stammt dabei von dem Chemin de Grande Communication (Gc) 12 des Départements Aude; der Teil von der N117 bis zur Départementgrenze von der Gc 22 des Départements Aude und der weitere Verlauf bis Ax von der Gc3 des Départements Ariège.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 613 auf WikiSara (französisch)

613

Route nationale 613


0–9
 0D – Zero-dimensional
 1, – Onekama, Michigan (word play based on "one, comma")
 1AM – Air mechanic 1st class
 1D – One-dimensional
 2AM – Air mechanic 2nd class
 2D – (i) Two-dimensional
 2.5D – (p) "Two-and-a-half-dee": two-dimensional computer graphics where some flat images lie in front of others
 2G – (i) Second-generation mobile (cellular, wireless) telephone system
 2.5G – (p) Second-and-a-half-generation mobile telephone system
 2LA – Two letter acronym
 2Lt – 2nd lieutenant
 3AM – Air mechanic 3rd class
 3D – (i) Three-dimensional
 3G – (i) Third-generation mobile telephone system
 3i – (i) Investors In industry (venture capitalists)
 3M – (i) Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
 4D – (i) Four-dimensional (usually three spatial plus one temporal dimension, sometimes four spatial ones)
 4G – (i) Fourth-generation mobile telephone system
 4GL – (i) Fourth-generation programming language
 4WD – (i) Four-wheel drive
 5D – Five-dimensional
 5G – fifth generation mobile telephone system
 6D – Six-dimensional
 7D – Seven-dimensional
 8D – Eight-dimensional
 9D – Nine-dimensional

See also

 Backronym
 Jargon
 List of reporting marks
 List of government and military acronyms
 List of information technology acronyms
 List of medical abbreviations
 List of abbreviations in photography
 List of abbreviations for market segments
 List of Hebrew acronyms
 List of U.S. government and military acronyms
 List of geographic acronyms and initialisms
 Wikipedia:List of all single-digit-single-letter combinations
 Wikipedia:List of all single-letter-single-digit combinations
 Wikipedia:List of all single-letter-double-digit combinations
 Wikipedia:TLAs

External links
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ga:Giorrúcháin agus acrainmneacha

List of acronyms: 0–9


Leonard P. Liggio (July 5, 1933 – October 14, 2014) was a classical liberal author, research professor of law at George Mason University and executive vice president of the Atlas Network in Fairfax, Virginia.

Career
In 1965, Liggio gave lectures with Russell Stetler on "Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism: The Ideological Question in Vietnam" for the newly founded Free University of New York. Liggio provided editorial direction for Literature of Liberty: A Review of Contemporary Liberal Thought, a periodical published by the Cato Institute from 1978 to 1979, then by the Institute for Humane Studies from 1980 to 1982.

Liggio was a visiting professor of law at the Francisco Marroquin University in Guatemala City, at the Academia Istropolitana in Bratislava (Slovakia), at the Institute for Political and Economic Studies (Georgetown University) and at the University of Aix-en-Provence, France. He was executive director of the John Templeton Foundation Freedom Project at the Atlas Network, where he led the International Freedom Project from 1998 to 2003. Liggio was a distinguished senior scholar with the Institute for Humane Studies, where he served as director of Programs in History and Social Theory from 1974 to 1977, as executive vice-president from 1979 to 1980 and then as president from 1980 to 1989. Liggio served the Humane Studies Foundation as chairman from 1980 to 1994 and then as vice-chairman from 1994 to 1998.

International activities
Liggio had an international influence. In 1958, he attended his first meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society in the United States, held at Princeton University. He became a member of the program committee for the society's 1994 meeting at Cannes in 1992. In 1996, he became its treasurer until 2000 as well as a member of its Program and Planning Committee for the 1998  Society meeting in Washington, D.C., and of its board of directors until 2006. He became the chairman of its program committee for the 2002 meeting in London, England. He was then vice-president of the Mont Pelerin Society from 2000 to 2002 and its president from 2002 to 2004. He has been senior vice-president since 2004 and due to leave in 2006.

Liggio was a trustee with the Competitive Enterprise Institute since 1994 and the Institute for Economic Studies-Europe in Aix-en-Provence since 1999. From 1988 to 1998, he had been a trustee of the Philadelphia Society, of which he was president from 1992 to 1993 and from 1994 to 1995. He had been also a trustee with the Institute for Humane Studies-Europe in Paris from 1989 to 1999 and of the Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty from 1990 to 1999. He also served on the boards of a number of other think tanks:
Member of the international advisory council, The Social Affairs Unit, Morley House, London, since 1994;
Member, board of trustees, Liberty Fund;
Member, advisory council, Acton Institute, Rome, Italy;
Member, advisory council, Toqueville Institute, Paris, France;
Member, advisory council, Hayek Institute, Vienna, Austria;
Member, scientific council,  Institut Turgot,  Paris, France;
Member of the honorary board of trustees, Fundación Burke, Spain;
Member, editorial board, Centro Interdisciplinar de Ética e Economia Personalista, Brazil.

As part of the circle of anti-state libertarians led by Murray Rothbard during the 1950s, he played an important role in the development of modern libertarian philosophy in the United States. He was also a member of the Philadelphia Society.

Editorial activities
Liggio was a member of the editorial board at the Cato Journal since 1981, of the American Journal of Jurisprudence at Notre Dame Law School since 1995 and of Markets & Morality since 2000.

He was the editor of Literature of Liberty: A Review of Contemporary Liberal Thought  from 1978 to 1982.

In 1965, with Murray Rothbard and George Resch, Liggio created Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought, a publication which emphasized "common philosophical bonds uniting the anarchism and isolationism of the Old Right, and the instinctive pacifistic anarchism characterizing the New Left in the middle sixties".

Death
Liggio died on October 14, 2014. He was a Catholic.

Bibliography

Articles by Leonard Liggio
 "The Heritage of the Spanish Scholastics", Religion and Liberty,  January–February 2000.
 "Christianity, Classical Liberalism are Liberty's Foundations", Religion and Liberty,  September–October 1996.
  "Freedom and Virtue", review of Freedom and Virtue: The Conservative/Libertarian Debate by George W. Carey (Ed.), Religion and Liberty, September–October 1998.

Articles about Leonard Liggio
 Atlas Network
 Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement, by Brian Doherty, describes Liggio's role in the modern libertarian movement

References

1933 births
2014 deaths
American libertarians
American Roman Catholics
Catholic libertarians
George Mason University faculty
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society

Leonard Liggio


Das Kraftwerk Anglesea ist ein Braunkohlekraftwerk, das bei Anglesea, in Victoria in Australien etwa 100 Kilometer von Melbourne liegt. Es beansprucht eine Fläche von 5 Quadratkilometern der Anglesea Heath, einem für seine biologische Vielfalt bedeutenden und insgesamt 67 Quadratkilometer großen Naturschutzgebiets, das in die Australian Register of the National Estate eingetragen ist.

Das Kraftwerk stellt mit einer Dampfturbine und dem angeschlossenen Generator 150 Megawatt Leistung bereit und liefert 40 Prozent davon an die nahegelegene Point-Henry-Aluminiumhütte, der Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (AWAC). Das Kraftwerk wurde am 20. März 1969 in Betrieb genommen und verfeuert Braunkohle aus dem neben dem Kraftwerk liegenden Tagebau, die auf einer 3 Kilometer langen Privatstraße von LKWs zum Kraftwerk transportiert wird. Der Abraum wird abgelagert und auf dem Bergbaugelände mit Förderbändern verfüllt, die mit Radladern und LKWs beladen werden.

1955 wurden von den Roche Brothers bei Anglesea Testbohrungen durchgeführt, die ein Bergwerk bei Wensleydale betrieben, deren Kohlereserven erschöpften. Eine extensive Kohlelagerstätte wurde 2 Kilometer nördlich von Anglesea entdeckt, deren Abbau 1959 begann, um Braunkohle an die Industrie und Institutionen im Gebiet von Geelong zu liefern. Die Bergbaurechte wurden 1961 von der Western Mining Corporation übernommen, um das geplante Kraftwerk von AWCA zu beliefern. Der Act of 1961 (genannt Aluminum Agreement) garantiert AWAC ein exklusives 50-Jahres-Recht zum Abbau und zur Lagerstättenerkundung über ein Gebiet von 7350 Hektar in dieser Region. Nach weiteren Bohrungen von WMC im Osten des ursprünglichen Bergwerks und näher am Kraftwerk, wurde eine 50 Millionen Tonnen große Kohlelagerstätte entdeckt. Die Mächtigkeit dieses Kohlelagers beträgt etwa 140 Meter, mit einer abbauwürdigen Reserve von 70 Millionen Tonnen in einer hochgelegenen und 90 Millionen Tonnen in einer tiefer gelegenen Schicht. 1992 erreichte das Verhältnis von Abraum zu Kohle einer durchschnittlichen Kohle-Mächtigkeit von 27 Metern ein Verhältnis von 2,5 zu 1.

2005 waren ungefähr 35 Millionen Tonnen Kohle abgebaut worden, davon wurden ungefähr 1,1 Millionen Tonnen Braunkohle jährlich in der Dampfturbine des Kraftwerks verfeuert, die 144 Tonnen pulverisierte Braunkohle in einer Stunde zur Elektrizitätserzeugung benötigt. Die Anglesea-Kohle hat einen hohen Brennwert bei der Stromerzeugung, wenn sie mit anderer Braunkohle durchmischt wird. Allerdings führt sie einen hohen Schwefel-Anteil mit 3 Prozent, der zu einem hohen Ausstoß von Schwefeldioxid (SO2) führt und die Umwelt belastet. Die Carbon Monitoring for Action schätzt, dass das Kraftwerk jährlich etwa 1,21 Millionen Tonnen Treibhausgas jedes Jahr als Ergebnis seiner Braunkohleverfeuerung ausstößt.

Das Anglesea-Kraftwerk entnimmt Kühlwasser aus sechs unterirdischen artesischen Brunnen, die angebohrt und die durch Regenwasser gespeist wurden.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Kraftwerken in Australien

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Alcoa of Australia: Anglesea Power Station

Braunkohlekraftwerk
Anglesea
Anglesea
Bauwerk in Victoria (Australien)
Surf Coast Shire
Wirtschaft (Victoria, Australien)

Kraftwerk Anglesea


Ajem-turco ("turco persa") é usado para se referir a uma língua turca falada no Irã entre os séculos XV e XVIII. A língua azeri moderna é descendente desta língua.

Referencias

Fuentes

Otras lecturas

Línguas da Turquia
Línguas do Irão

Ajem-Turco


Basselinia moorei est une espèce de palmiers endémique de Nouvelle-Calédonie découverte et décrite en 2011 par Jean-Christophe Pintaud et Fred Stauffer, mais déjà en danger critique d'extinction.

Habitat
Basselinia moorei est un palmier plus précisément endémique du mont Panié, dans le Nord-Est de la Grande Terre. Les menaces principales identifiées sont la destruction des graines par les rats, la dégradation de l'habitat par les cochons, mais aussi la collecte illégale. Ainsi, cette espèce est  avec un déclin de la qualité de l'habitat, du nombre d'individus matures et une absence de jeunes sujets.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Basseliniinae
Espèce d'Arecaceae (nom scientifique)
Flore endémique de Nouvelle-Calédonie

Basselinia moorei


İzlenim: Gün Doğumu, (Fransızca: Impression, soleil levant) Claude Monet'nin izlenimcilik akımına adını veren resmidir. İzlenim: Gün Doğumu, ilk kez 1874 yılında, Paris'teki La Salon Galerisi'nde düzenlenen ilk izlenimcilik sergisinde sergilendi. Tabloda resmedilen manzaranın genel havası sislidir. Sislerin arasından güneş ışığı etrafı aydınlatıyor. Monet bu temayı sonralar başka tablolarında da kullanmıştır. Tablo Paris'te, Marmottan Monet Müzesi'nde sergilenmektedir.

İçeriği
İzlenim: Gün Doğumu'nda, sabah saatlerinde, üzerinde güneş doğan mavi-yeşil tonlarında bir deniz limanı tasvir edilmiştir. Bu Le Havre limanıdır. Güneşin turuncu ışıkları denize yansıyor. Tablodaki güneş küçüktür ve bu izleyiciye mesafenin uzak olduğu hissini verir. Limanda iki küçük tekne  gözüküyor. Resmin sol tarafındaki arka planda uzun direkleri ile gemiler ortada ise, balıkçı tekneleri var.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Rayleigh saçılımı

İzlenimci tablolar
Fransız tabloları
1870'ler tabloları
Claude Monet tabloları
Çalınan sanat eserleri

İzlenim: Gün Doğumu


කොළඹ යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විශාලතම නගරය මෙන්ම වාණීජ අගනගරයයි. පරිපාලන අගනගරය වන ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ කොළඹට තදාසන්නව පිහිටා ඇත. කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පරිපාලන කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානය කොළඹ වේ. කොළඹ නගර සීමාව තුළ 752,993 ජනගහනයක් වාසය කරයි.කොළඹ නගරයේ වරාය ශ්‍රීලංකාවේ ප්‍රධාන ආනයන හා අපනයනය අතින් ආර්ථික ප්‍රගමනයට ද හේතු වේ.

නිරුක්තිය

කොළඹට එම නම ලැබීමට කලකට ඉහත නගරයේ තිබූ අඹ ගස් හේතු වූවා යැයි මතයක් ද පවතී. කොළ + අඹ යන්න කොළඹ ලෙස විකාශය වූවා විය හැක.

පෘතුග්‍රීසීන් විසින් 1505 වසරේදී "කොළඹ", යන නාමය මුලින්ම ඉදිරිපත් කල බවටද මතයක් වේ. සාම්ප්‍රදායික සිංහල වදනක් වූ, කැළණි ගඟේ තොටුපල" යන්න අරුත් දක්වන කොලොන් තොට යන වදනින්, කොළඹ යන වචනය බිඳී ආ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ.

13 වන සියවසට අයත් පැරණි සිංහල ව්‍යාකරණ ග්‍රන්ථයක් වූ, සිදත් සඟරාවෙහි කතුවරයා විසින්, මුල්කාලීන සිංහලයන්ට අයත් සුවිශේෂී වදන්හී ගණයන් සම්බන්ධව රචනා කොට තිබෙන අතර, එහි  නාරඹ සහ කොළඹ යන වදන් ස්වදේශීය මූලාශ්‍රයකට අයත් යැයි දක්වා තිබෙයි. මින් කොළඹ යන වදන අගනගරය සඳහා යෙදෙන්නට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ.

ඉතිහාසය
වසර 2000 කට පෙර කොළඹ ස්වාභාවික වරායක් තිබී ඇති හෙයින් එය ඉන්දියානු , ග්‍රීක , පර්සියානු , රෝම , අරාබි සහ චීන වෙළඳුන් දැන සිටියේය. 14 වන සියවසේදී දිවයිනට පැමිණි සංචාරක ඉබ්නු බතුතා එය කලන්පු ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. වෙළඳාම මූලික කරගත් අරාබි ජාතිකයින් ක්‍රි.ව. 8 වන සියවසේදී පමණ කොළඹ පදිංචි වීමට පටන් ගත්තේ වැඩි වශයෙන් සිංහල රාජධානි සහ බාහිර ලෝකය අතර පැවති වෙළෙඳාම පාලනය කිරීමේ ක්‍රමය මඟින් වරාය තම ව්‍යාපාරවලට උදව් කළ බැවිනි . ඔවුන්ගේ පරම්පරාව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මුවර් ප්‍රජාව  ලෙස හදුන්වයි. ඔවුන් දැන් දේශීය අයගෙන් සමන්විත වේ.

පෘතුගීසි යුගය

ලන්දේසි යුගය

ඉංග්‍රීසි යුගය

නිදහසෙන් පසු

කාලගුණය

සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණ

ගාලු මුවදොර පිටිය - කොළඹ නගරයේ හදවත බඳු ප්‍රදේශය සේ සැළකෙන මූදු වෙරළ සමග බැදුනු බිම් තීරයක් වූ ගාලු මුවදොර පිටිය සහ එම ආශ්‍රිත කලාපය, නගරයට පැමිණන සංචාරකයින් හා නගරවැසියන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන සහ ජනප්‍රිය ආකර්ෂණීය ස්ථානයක් වෙයි.
ගාලු මුවදොර හෝටලය - ගාලු මුවදොර පිටියෙහි දකුණු කෙළවර ආසන්නයේ පිහිටි ගාලු මුවදොර හෝටලය කොළඹ සුවිශේෂී නගර සළකුණක් ලෙස සැළකේ.
ගංගාරාම විහාරය - ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයට අමතරව, ඉන්දියානු, තායිලන්ත හා චීන යන රටවල වාස්තු ලක්ෂණද දක්නට ලැබෙන කොළඹ පිහිටි ගංගාරාම විහාරය නගරයේ වූ වැදගත් බෞද්ධ පුදබිමක් වේ.
කොළඹ ජාතික කෞතුකාගාරය - පැරණි නාමය අනුව යමින් තවමත් කට වහරේ කොළඹ කෞතුකාගාරය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික කෞතුකාගාරය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඇති ප්‍රධානතම සහ විශාලතම කෞතුකාගාරය වෙයි.
විහාරමහාදේවී උද්‍යානය - කොළඹ ඉදිකල පැරණිම සහ විශාලතම උද්‍යානය වන විහාරමහාදේවී උද්‍යානය (පැරණි නාමය, වික්ටෝරියා පාක්) නගරයේ වූ තවත් එක් ජනප්‍රිය ආකර්ෂණීය ස්ථානයකි.
ජමි උල්-අල්ෆාර් පල්ලිය - යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුමයක් වන මෙය රතු පල්ලිය ලෙසද හැදින්වේ.
ආකේඩ් නිදහස් චතුරස්‍රය - ආකේඩ් නිදහස් චතුරස්‍රය, කොළඹ නගර සංවර්ධන වැඩපිළිවෙල යටතේ සංවර්ධනය ලද සුපිරි සාප්පු සංකීර්ණයකි.
පිටකොටුව පාවෙන වෙළඳපොළ - කොළඹ නගර ප්‍රතිසංවර්ධන වැඩසටහනේ අංගයන් යටතේ, සංවර්ධනය කෙරූ ආකර්ශනීය ස්ථානයකි.
පැරණි කොළඹ ලන්දේසි රෝහල - කොළඹ කොටු‍වේ ඉදිකොට තිබෙන පැරණි කොළඹ ලන්දේසි රෝහල (ලන්දේසි රෝහල), මෙරට ලන්දේසි සමය දක්වා දිවෙන ඉතිහාසයක් සහිත පැරණි ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් අතුරින් එකකි. වර්තමානයේ එය නවීන සාප්පු සංකීර්ණයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කොට තිබේ.
නව නෙළුම් කුළුණ - කොළඹ නගර මධ්‍යයේ ඉදිකෙරුණු නෙළුම් මලක් වන් කුළුණකි.

ජන විවිධත්වය

කොළඹ යනු බහු වාර්ගික, බහු සංස්කෘතික නගරයක් වේ. නගරයේ ජනගහනය විවිධ වූ ජන වර්ගයන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, ප්‍රධානතම ජන කොට්ඨාශයසිංහල වේ. මුස්ලිම්, සහ දමිල ජාතීන්ද නගරයෙහි ප්‍රමුඛව වාසය කරයි. මීට අමතරව කුඩා ජන කණ්ඩායම් ලෙස චීන, පෘතුග්‍රීසි, ඕලන්ද, මැලේ, සහ ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රභවයක් සහිත පිරිස්ද, යුරෝපියානු ප්‍රවාසිකයෝද නගරයේ වාසය කරති.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජනාකීර්ණතම නගරය කොළඹ වන අතර, එහි ජනගහනය 642,163 පමණ වේ. 1866 වර්ෂය වන විට නගරයේ ජනගහනය 80,000 පමණ විය. 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව නාගරික කොළඹ ආගමික සහ ජන විවිධත්වය මෙසේය.

පරිපාලනය

ප්‍රාදේශීය පාලනය

අගනගරය

නගර සීමා

අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ‍යේ උප නගර
ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ ප්‍රදේශ‍ය

 පිටකෝට්ටේ
 ඇතුල්කෝට්ටේ
 නාවල
 නුගේගොඩ
 රාජගිරිය

බාහිර උප නගර

 අතුරුගිරිය
 බත්තරමුල්ල
 බටුවත්ත
 බොරලැස්ගමුව
 දළුගම
 දෙහිවල-ගල්කිස්ස
 ඒකල
 කඩවත
 කැලණිය
 කඩුවෙල
 කළුබෝවිල
 කඳාන
 කිරිබත්ගොඩ
 කොළොන්නාව
 කොස්වත්ත
 කොටිකාවත්ත
 කොට්ටාව
 ගොඩගම
 හෝමාගම
 හෝකන්දර
 ජා-ඇළ
 මහරගම
 මාලබේ
 මොරටුව
 පන්නිපිටිය
 පෑලියගොඩ
 පිළියන්දල
 රාගම
 රත්මලාන
 තලවතුගොඩ
 වත්තල
 වික්‍රමසිංහපුර

ආර්ථීකය

නීතියේ ආධිපත්‍යය සහ අපරාධ

යටිතල පහසුකම්

නාවික කටයුතු

ගමනාගමනය

බස් මාර්ග

දුම්රිය මාර්ග

 ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය මාර්ගය – කොළඹ කොටුව සිට වේයන්ගොඩ; එතැන් සිට මහනුවර, බදුල්ල, මාතලේ, කුරුණෑගල, අනුරාධපුරය, කන්කසන්තුරේ, ත්‍රිකුණාමලය සහ මඩකලපුව (2013 සිට මඩු පාර දක්වා).
 මුහුදුබඩ දුම්රිය මාර්ගය – කොළඹ කොටුව සිට පානදුර; එතැන් සිට ගාල්ල සහ මාතර දක්වා.
 පුත්තලම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය – කොළඹ කොටුව සිට ජා-ඇළ; එතැන් සිට මීගමුව සහ පුත්තලම දක්වා.
 කැළණි වැලි දුම්රිය මාර්ගය – කොළඹ කොටුව සිට අවිස්සාවේල්ල දක්වා.

මහා මාර්ග සහ අධිවේගී මාර්ග
රටෙහි යුධ තත්වය නිමාවෙන් අනතුරුව කොළඹ ප්‍රදේශය තුල අධිවේගී මාර්ග නිර්මාණය කිරීම ඇරඹුණි. ඒ අනූව පළමු අධිවේගී මාර්ගය වූ දක්ෂිණ ලංකා අධිවේගි මාර්ගය, කොට්ටාව සිට දිවයිනේ දකුණුදිග ප්‍රධාන නගරයක් වූ මාතර, ගොඩගම තෙක් ඉදිකෙරුණි. මීට අමතරව කොළඹ සිට කටුනායක දක්වා කොළඹ - කටුනායක අධිවේගී මාර්ගයද, කොළඹ පිටත වටරවුම අධිවේගී මාර්ගයද පසුකාලීනව ඉදිකෙරුණි.

 A1 මහා මාර්ගය කොළඹ සිට මහනුවර දක්වා.
 A2 මහා මාර්ගය කොළඹ සිට ගාල්ල සහ මාතර දක්වා.
 A3 මහා මාර්ගය කොළඹ සිට මීගමුව සහ පුත්තලම දක්වා.
 A4 මහා මාර්ගය කොළඹ සිට රත්නපුරය සහ මඩකලපුව දක්වා.

පාරු සේවා

ගුවන් සේවා

බණ්ඩාරනායක ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ සහ රත්මලාන ගුවන්තොටුපළ නගරයට අයත් සේ සැළකෙන ගුවන් තොටුපළවල් වේ. බණ්ඩාරනායක ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අන්තර්ජාතික ගුවන් සේවාවන් වෙනුවෙන් පහසුකම් සපයන අතර, රත්මලාන ගුවන් තොටුපළ මූලික වශයෙන් දේශීය ගුවන් සේවාවන් සඳහා පහසුකම් සපයයි.

අධ්‍යාපනය

බාලක පාසල්
 රාජකීය විද්‍යාලය කොළඹ 07

 ආනන්ද විද්‍යාලය කොළඹ 10

 නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලය කොළඹ 10

 තර්ස්ටන් විද්‍යාලය කොළඹ 07

බාලිකා පාසල්

අනුලා විද්‍යාලය, නුගේගොඩ

විශාඛා විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ 05

දේවි බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ 08

සිරිමාවෝ බණ්ඩාරනායක විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ 07

මියුසියස් විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ 07

ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය

කොළඹ කොටුව

ලන්දේසි සමයේ ගොඩනැගිලි

බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සමයේ ගොඩනැගිලි

සංස්කෘතිය

වාර්ෂික සංස්කෘතික අංග සහ උත්සව

ප්‍රාසාංගික කලා

ක්‍රීඩා

මාධ්‍ය

සහෝදර නගර

ගැලරිය

මේවාත් බලන්න
 කොළඹ කොටු‍ව
 කොළඹ ජාත්‍යන්තර මූල්‍ය නගරය
 කොළඹ නගර ශාලාව
 කොළඹ නගරාධිපති
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උසම ඉදිකිරීම් ලැයිස්තුව

මූලාශ්‍ර

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු

 කොළඹ නගරයට මග පෙන්වීමක්
 කොළඹ ඩිජිටල් සිතියම

කොළඹ
ආසියාවේ අගනගර
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

කොළඹ


Steven Hill (født 24. februar 1922 i Seattle, Washington, død 23. august 2016) var en amerikansk film og tv-skuespiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Filmskuespillere fra USA

Steven Hill


İbrahim Tatlıses (d. 1 Ocak 1952, Şanlıurfa) ya da asıl adıyla İbrahim Tatlı, Türk şarkıcı, yapımcı, oyuncu, yönetmen, televizyon programcısı, iş insanı. İbrahim Tatlıses, müzik kariyerinin dışında, gıda, inşaat ve arama kurtarma sektörlerine de çeşitli yatırımlar yapmıştır. Ayağında Kundura türküsü ile ünlenen Tatlıses, günümüze kadar otuzdan fazla albüm çıkardı, birçok filmde oyuncu ve yönetmen olarak görev aldı ve bu sene 20. yılı olan İbo Showda sunuculuk yapmıştır. Tatlıses, Türkiye'nin yanı sıra Yunanistan ile Orta Doğu'da da tanınmaktadır. Türkiye'de lakabı İmparator'dur.

Müzik, televizyon ve sinemanın yanında İbrahim Tatlıses'in gıda, turizm, inşaat, iletişim (TV kanalı, radyo istasyonu), ulaşım gibi birçok alanda yatırımı bulunmaktadır. 14 Mart 2011 tarihinde program çıkışı uğradığı silahlı saldırıdan ağır yaralı olarak kurtuldu.

Çocukluğu ve sesinin keşfedilişi
 1952'de Urfa'da - kendi tabiriyle bir mağarada - ciğerci Ahmet Tatlı'yla karısı Leyla'nın yedi çocuğunun en büyüğü olarak dünyaya geldi. İbrahim Tatlıses'in babası Arap, annesi Kürt kökenlidir. Zaman zaman etnik kimliği ilgili olarak kendisi farklı açıklamalarda bulunmuştur. İbrahim Tatlıses, Kanal D'de yayınlanan bir programda kendinizi ne olarak ifade ediyorsunuz sorusuna "Babam Arap, anam Kürt, ben ise Türk'üm" diye cevap vermiştir. 2005 yılında Erbil konserinde ise Tatlıses "Babam Türk, annem Kürt, ben Türk oğlu Türk'üm size Türkiye'den selam getirdim" diyerek izleyenleri selamlamıştır.

Tatlıses doğduğunda babası cezaevinde bulunmaktaydı. Hiçbir zaman okula gitmemiştir. Daha sonra neden okuyamadığı sorulduğunda Urfa'da sanki Oxford vardı da biz mi gitmedik yanıtını vermiştir. Çocuk yaşlarda çalışmaya başlamış, su satmış, çığırtkanlık yapmıştır.

İnşaatlarda soğuk demir ustalığı yapmıştır. İnşaatta türkü söylerken Adanalı bir sinemacı tarafından keşfedildi. İlk başlarda Adana'da daha sonra Ankara'ya gelerek burada gazinolarda, pavyonlarda sahne aldı. 1974'te Ankara'daki Kınalı Pavyon'da söylediği "Ayağında Kundura" ile ünlenerek önce Ankara Radyosu'na, sonra da bir yılbaşı gecesi televizyona çıktı. 70'li yılların ortalarına doğru İstanbul'a geçerek burada sahne almaya başlamıştır. Burada, kendisine soyadını veren müzisyen Yılmaz Tatlıses ile tanıştı.

Müzik kariyeri
"Kara Kız" ile "Beni Yakma Gel Sevdiğim" adlarında 45'likler ile müzik dünyasına giriş yaptı. 30 Haziran 1976 tarihinde dışarıdan bitirdiği ilkokulun diplomasını Kilis'teki Kartalbey İlkokulu'ndan almıştır. 1978 yılında Ayağında Kundura-Ceylan filmiyle sinema sektörüne giriş yaptı. 1979 yılında Kara Yazma filminde Perihan Savaş ile rol almıştır. 1983'te Derya Tuna ile Günah filminde oynadı. İbrahim Tatlıses 1984 yılında İzmir Fuarı'nda Ekici Över Gazinosu'nda dönemin ünlü starları Gülden Karaböcek, Barış Manço, Belkıs Akkale, Arif Sağ, Sezer Güvenirgil, Beş Yıl Önce On Yıl Sonra Grubu ve Atilla Arcan ile birlikte aynı sahneyi paylaştı. 1985 yılında İbrahim Tatlıses yönetmenliğini üstlendiği, "Mavi Mavi" adlı sinema filminde Hülya Avşar ile birlikte başrolleri paylaştı. 1987'de İdobay Müzik'i kurdu. 90'larda ünü, Yunanistan ve Orta Doğu'ya kadar genişledi. İbrahim Tatlıses aynı zamanda yönetmen, oyuncu, senarist, söz yazarı, köşe yazarı, besteci, programcı ve şarkıcı kimliğiyle de tanınmıştır. İbrahim Tatlıses'in sahip olduğu şirketler; gıda, film, yapım, turizm, havacılık ve yayıncılık grubu dallarında faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir.

10 Mart 2008 tarihinde Neden adlı albümünü Mayıs 2009 da ise Yağmurla Gelen Kadın adlı albümünü piyasaya sürmüştür. Ayrıca bu albümde çok konuşulan ve tartışılan "Şemmame" adlı Kürtçe türkü de bulunmaktadır. 2009'da yıllarca söz ve beste aldığı sanatçı Yıldız Tilbe ile müzikal olarak tüm bağını kopardığını açıklamıştır. 2010 yılında son albümü Hani Gelecektini piyasaya çıkardı. 2021 yılında İbrahim Tatlıses, 11 yıl aradan sonra "Gelmesin" adlı yeni şarkısıyla müzikseverlerle buluştu. Söz ve müziği Sema Nur Kaplan'a, aranjesi Ceyhun Çelikten'e ait single 16 Nisan 2021'de Poll Production by Polat Yağcı etiketiyle dijital platformlarda yayınlandı.

İbrahim Tatlıses 23 Eylül 2021 tarihinde 12 yıl aradan sonra İstanbul Kuruçeşme'de konser verdi. Kuruçeşme Açıkhava Sahnesi'nde ki konserde Tatlıses'i, Gülben Ergen, Şafak Sezer, Aydemir Akbaş, Dilan Çıtak, Levent Dörter, Ayşegül Yıldız gibi ünlü isimler yalnız bırakmadı. Kızları Dilan Çıtak ve Elif Ada, Tatlıses'i ilk kez sahnede izledi. Sahneye çıktığı ilk anda duygusal anlar yaşayan Tatlıses, konseri kendisine çıkmış bir milli piyango olarak tanımladı ve "Allah, 'Yürü ya kulum' derse, kimse ona 'Dur' diyemez. Her şey de Allah'tan gelir. Sizleri seviyorum, sayıyorum. Mutluyum." dedi.

İş hayatı
İbrahim Tatlıses, müzik kariyerinin yanında, gıda, inşaat ve seyahat sektörlerine girerek çeşitli yatırımlar yapmıştır. Bunlardan "Tatlıses Çiğköfte" hâlen faaliyet göstermektedir. Tatlıses TV, İbrahim Tatlıses'e ait müzik kanalıdır. Sonrasında Türksat'tan çıkmıştır. Yayın yeri ve stüdyoları Seyrantepede'dir. Kendisine ait Uplink ile Türksat uydusuna çıkmıştır. Tatlıses TV'de Türkçe müzik ağırlıklı yayın yapıldığı gibi aktüalite, magazin, şehir rehberi, talk showlar, siyaset programı gibi programlar da yayınlanmıştır. D-Smart platformundan, Türksat 2A uydusundan yayın yapmıştır. Bir dönem Digiturk, Kablo TV'de ve karasal yayın yapmıştır. Borçlarını ödeyememesi nedeniyle 5 Eylül 2014 tarihinde yayın hayatına son vermiştir.

Siyaset hayatı
İbrahim Tatlıses, 1991 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde Şanlıurfa 1. bölge milletvekilliği için bağımsız aday olmuş, seçilememiştir. 22 Temmuz 2007 tarihinde yapılan milletvekili genel seçimlerinde Genç Parti'den İstanbul 3. Bölge 1. sıradan milletvekili adayı olmuş, partisi barajı aşamayınca milletvekili seçilememiştir.

Tatlıses 2011 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde önce Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi'ne adaylık başvurusunda bulunmuş ancak bu partiden aday gösterilmemiştir. İbrahim Tatlıses bu seçimlerde Şanlıurfa'dan bağımsız milletvekili adayı olmuş fakat sonradan adaylığını geri çekmiştir.

İbrahim Tatlıses 2015 seçimlerinde de memleketi Şanlıurfa'dan AK Parti'ye milletvekili aday adaylığı başvurusu yaptı fakat seçilemedi.

İbrahim Tatlıses, 24 Haziran 2018 tarihinde yapılacak seçimler için AK Parti'den 2. kez milletvekili aday adayı olmak için başvuru yapmıştır fakat tekrar aday olarak gösterilmemiştir. AK Parti İzmir'den milletvekili aday listesinden 7. sırada gösterilmesini reddettiği ve bu nedenle aday olmadığı öğrenilmiştir.

28 Mart 2023 tarihinde çıkan habere ɡöre, İbrahim Tatlıses, 14 Mayıs 2023 tarihinde yapılacak 2023 Türkiye cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimi için Şanlıurfa'dan AK Parti'ye milletvekili aday adayı başvurusunda bulundu fakat aday listesinde kendisine yer verilmedi. Böylelikle siyaset hayatında toplamda 6 kez milletvekilli adaylığı için girişimde bulunmuştur.

Özel hayatı

Kürt meselesi
1980'lerde hükûmet, Kürtçe kullanımını yasaklamıştı; Aralık 1986'da İsveç'teki bir konserde Kürtçe halk şarkıları söyledi ve böylelikle ayrılıkçı propaganda yaptığı gerekçesiyle yargılandı, ancak 1987'de suçlu bulunmadı. Pişmanlık gösterdikten sonra suçlama reddedildi. 1988 yılında, iş insanı Mehmet Yılmaz tarafından Uşak'ta düzenlenen bir kültür festivalinde bir Kürt halk şarkısı söylemesi istendi, ancak Ben bir Kürt'üm ama yasalar Kürtçe şarkı söylememi yasaklıyor diyerek reddetti. Bunun için 19 Eylül 1988'de suçlandı.

1994 yılında, Türk gerilla örgütlerinin İbrahim Tatlıses, İdris Özbir, Halis Toprak ve Necdet Ulucan da dahil olmak üzere Kürt işadamlarını hedef aldığına dair kanıtlar vardı. 1998 yılında Tatlıses'in hükûmetle Kürdistan İşçi Partisi (PKK) arasında silahlı çatışma sırasında bir aracı olmayı teklif ettiği bildirildi. İranlı Kürt müzisyen Abdollah Alijani Ardeshir ile bir albüm kaydetti.

2018'de Afrin'deki Halk Koruma Birliklerine (YPG) karşı yapılan Zeytin Dalı Harekâtına destek verdi.

Evlilikleri ve Kadına Karşı Şiddet Suçlamaları
İbrahim Tatlıses, ilk evliliğini Urfa'da Adalet Durak ile yaptı. Çiftin iki kız bir erkek olmak üzere üç çocuğu oldu. 1979 yılında Kara Yazma filminde tanıştığı Perihan Savaş ile birlikteliği başladı. Savaş'la evliliğinden Melek Zübeyde adında bir kız çocuğu oldu. 9 Ağustos 1984 tarihli gazetelerde yer alan haberlerde şu belirtildi: "İbrahim Tatlıses tarafından kaçırıldıktan sonra yedi saat boyunca dövüldüğünü ileri süren film oyuncusu Perihan Savaş, savcılığa başvurarak Tatlıses'in ruh hastası olduğunu söyledi ve tutuklanmasını istedi. Savaş'ın gözünün morarmış, sol kaşının da patlamış olduğu görüldü. Tatlıses polisteki sorgusunda "Savaş çocuğumun annesidir. Sağda solda dolaşmasını bir erkek olarak gururuma yediremedim" ifadelerini kullanmıştır. Savaş, sonrasında Tatlıses ile olan ilişkisini bitirdi. 1983'te Günah filmini çekerken tanıştığı Derya Tuna'yla ilişkisinden "İdo" (İbrahim) adında bir oğlu oldu.

Derya Tuna ile olan 18 yıllık hayat arkadaşlığı Tatlıses'in dansöz Asena ile ilişkisinin ortaya çıkmasından sonra Derya Tuna tarafından bitirilmiştir. 6 Ocak 2003'te Asena şarkıcı ile ilişkisini bitirdiğini açıkladıktan sonra Tatlıses Show'un yapılacağı binaya girerken bacağından silahlı saldırıya uğramıştır ve Tatlıses gözaltına alınmıştır. Asena 2004 yılında Tatlıses'le ayrıldıktan sonra kendisine karşı Tatlıses tarafından azmettirilmiş kişilerce silahlı saldırılar olabileceğini söylemiştir. İlişkileri sırasınca Asena'nin Tatlıses tarafından şiddete maruz bırakıldığı ve bu yüzden çalışamadığı haberleri basına yansımıştır. Ayrıca Asena'nın havaalanında ve bir gece kulübünde Tatlıses tarafından şiddete maruz bırakıldığı haberleri çıkmıştır. Tatlıses Derya Tuna ve Asena ile gelgitli ilişkiler yaşarken aynı zamanda Ayşegül Yıldız'la da ilişki yaşamaya başlamıştır. Asena 2002'de Ayşegül Yıldız'a şiddet uygulamıştır ve "onu bir güzel dövdüm" demiştir. Bu kavganın ardından Tatlıses hayatındaki kadınlara "Ben hiçbirinizden vazgeçemiyorum, birlikte yaşayacaksınız." dediği iddia edilmiştir. Derya Tuna, Asena ve Ayşegül Yıldız arasında gel-gitler yaşayan ünlü türkücü üçüyle de ilişkisini sürdürdü. Ta ki Derya Tuna'nın 2002'de ilişkiyi bitirme kararına kadar. Ekim 2002'de sahnelere dönmeye hazırlanan Derya Tuna, ilk gecesinde Günay Restorant'ın önünde kameraların önünde saldırıya uğradı ve bacağından vuruldu. Asena ise 2003 yılında beraberliğini sonlandırdı. Ayrılık kararından kısa bir süre sonra da Asena da sağ bacağından vuruldu. Derya Tuna'yı vuran saldırgan ifadelerini değiştirmiş ve en son Tatlıses tarafından azmettirildiğini söylemiştir.

İbrahim Tatlıses, 27 Eylül 2011'de Ayşegül Yıldız'la hastanede evlendi. Çiftin nikâhını Şişli Belediye Başkanı Mustafa Sarıgül kıyarken, Fatih Terim de nikâh şahidi oldu. 29 Kasım 2013 tarihinde Ayşegül Yıldız ile boşandı. İbrahim Tatlıses'in Ayşegül Yıldız ile olan evliliğinden Elif Ada isimli bir kızı var.

Işıl Çıtak'tan evlilik dışı olan kızı 1989 doğumlu Dilan Çıtak, 2013 yılında ortaya çıkmıştır. 2021 yılında Gülçin Karakaya ile evlenmiştir. 1 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde yayınlanan İbo Show programında Gülçin Karakaya ile evlendiklerini açıklayan İbrahim Tatlıses, Hürriyet'ten İsmail Bayrak'a yaptığı açıklamada, "Resmi nikâh yok, bizimki gönül evliliği" demiştir.

Silahlı saldırıya uğraması ve tedavi süreci
14 Mart 2011 gecesi Beyaz TV'de yayınlanan İbo Show programı çıkışında Maslak'ta uzun namlulu silahla açılan ateş sonucu kafasından yaralandı. Akabinde hastaneye kaldırılan Tatlıses, 6 saat süren ameliyat sonucu yoğun bakım ünitesine bağlandı. Doktorlar tarafından yapılan resmî açıklama şöyleydi; "Sanatçının hayatî tehlikesi var ama ilk başladığımız noktaya göre daha az." Saldırıda İbrahim Tatlıses'in asistanı Damla Buket Çakıcı da yaralanmıştır. Gri renkli Fiat Linea marka arabadan yapıldığı öğrenilen saldırı hakkında geniş çaplı bir soruşturma başlatılmış, 16 Mart 2011 tarihi itibarıyla araç bulunmuştur. Suikastın bir numaralı zanlısı Abdullah Uçmak yakalanmıştır.

İki hafta boyunca Acıbadem Maslak Hastanesi'nde yoğun bakımda kalan sanatçı, 28 Mart 2011 günü doktorlarının yaptığı açıklamaya göre yoğun bakımdan çıkarılmıştır, böylece hayati tehlikesi ortadan kalkmıştır. 6 Nisan 2011 tarihi itibarıyla ailesi tedavilerin Almanya da sürdürülmesi isteği ile Tatlıses'i Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne ait uçakla Almanya'ya götürmüşlerdir. Sonraki yıllarda Miami, Florida, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde dünyada en iyiler arasında bulunan Amerikalı beyin cerrahları tarafından tıbbi beyin operasyonu yapıldı.

Yurt dışı
İsrailli şarkıcı Noa Kirel, Tatlıses'in "Aramam" adlı şarkısının melodisini "Pauch" adlı şarkısında sample olarak kullandı ve şarkı YouTube'da 32 milyon izlenmeye ulaştı. Yine aynı şarkının melodisi Lübnanlı şarkıcı Wael Kfoury'nin "Belgharam" şarkısında kullanıldı ve şarkı YouTube'da 43 milyon izlenmeye ulaştı. Suriyeli şarkıcı Nassif Zeytoun, "Mannou Sharet" adlı şarkısında Tatlıses'in "Nankör Kedi" şarkısının müziğini kullandı ve şarkı 60 milyon izlenmeye ulaştı. Lübnanlı şarkıcı Elissa, "Nefsi Aollo" adlı şarkısında Tatlıses'in "Haydi Söyle" şarkısının müziğini kullandı ve şarkı YouTube'da 88 milyon izlenmeye ulaştı. O Ses İsrail'de Sapir Saban adlı yarışmacı final bölümünde "Haydi Söyle" şarkısını Türkçe olarak söyleyerek birincilik kazandı. Tunus halk ezgisi "Sidi Mansour" Tatlıses tarafından 1999 yılında "Mavişim" olarak seslendirildi. Tatlıses'in Leylim Ley adlı şarkısı 2006 yılında Tunuslu şarkıcı Saber El Robaii tarafından Ya Lilla adıyla seslendirildi. Lübnanlı şarkıcı Fadel Chaker 2006 çıkışlı Allah A3lam adlı şarkısında Tatlıses'in Usta adlı şarkısının müziğini kullandı. 1979 yılında Lübnanlı şarkıcı Samira Toufic tarafından "Asmar" adıyla söylenen Türkçesi "Esmerin Adı Oya" adlı şarkı Tatlıses tarafından 1988 yılında albümüne konulmuştur. Şarkı ayrıca Kürtçe "Yara Mina Bedewe" ve Ermenice "Gançum Em Ari Ari" olarak da söylenmiştir.

Şarkıları Türkçeleştirme

Yazar Nevzat Çelik Tatlıses'in Mavi Mavi şarkısının sözlerinin annesi Fahriye Çelik'e ait olduğunu iddia etmiştir. İddiasına göre annesi Dedeman'da çalışırken elinden şiir defterini alan Tatlıses, sonrasında şarkısını söylemiş, filmini yapmıştır. Kürt müzik grubu Agirê Jiyan, kendileri tarafından derlenen "Şemamê" isimli Kürtçe halk ezgisinin sözlerini izinsiz değiştirerek yorumladığı iddiasıyla İbrahim Tatlıses hakkında dava açmıştır. Şiwan Perwer'in eseri olan Canê Canê Tatlıses tarafından "Caney Caney" olarak; "Mumik" adlı eseri de "Bir Mumdur İki Mumdur" olarak; "Lorke Lorke" de İbrahim Tatlıses tarafından aynı adla yorumlanmıştır. Perwer'in "Di dinê de sê tişt hene" adlı parçası da İbrahim Tatlıses tarafından "Bu dünyada üç şey vardır" olarak; "Lawo destê min berde" adlı parça da "Makaram sarı bağlar" olarak yorumlandı. Yine Perwer'e ait olduğu iddia edilen "Lê Dotmam" adlı eseri de Tatlıses "Ben yetim, Ben öksüz" olarak yorumladı. Tatlıses Kerkük bölgesine ait birçok Türkmence ve Kürtçe şarkıyı yeniden Türkçe olarak yorumlamıştır.

Diskografi

Stüdyo albümleri ve single'ları

45'likler
Tatlıses Şah Plak'tan 3, Urfanın Sesi Plak'tan 3, Palandöken Plak'tan 8, Kartal Plak'tan 1, Ömer Plak'tan 4, Edessa Plak'tan 2, Türküola Müzik'ten 4 olmak üzere toplam 25 adet 45'lik plak çıkarmıştır.

Filmografisi

Ödülleri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Spotify'da İbrahim Tatlıses

Yaşayan insanlar
1952 doğumlular
Şanlıurfa doğumlu müzisyenler

20. yüzyılda Türk erkek şarkıcılar
21. yüzyılda Türk erkek şarkıcılar
Türk arabesk şarkıcıları
Türk halk müziği ses sanatçıları
Türk erkek dizi oyuncuları
1970'lerin şarkıcıları
1980'lerin şarkıcıları
1990'ların şarkıcıları
2000'lerin şarkıcıları
2010'ların şarkıcıları
2020'lerin şarkıcıları
Altın Kelebek Ödülü sahipleri
Türk erkek sinema oyuncuları
Türk müzik yapımcıları
Türk dizi yönetmenleri
Türk film yönetmenleri
20. yüzyıl Türk iş insanları
21. yüzyıl Türk iş insanları
Kürt asıllı Türkler
Arap asıllı Türkler
Kürt erkek şarkıcılar
Kürt halk müziği ses sanatçıları
Kral TV Video Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
Kürtçe şarkı söyleyen şarkıcılar
Arapça şarkı söyleyen şarkıcılar
Bayar Müzik sanatçıları
Uzelli Müzik sanatçıları
Emre Plak sanatçıları
Raks Müzik sanatçıları
Akbaş Müzik sanatçıları
Universal Müzik sanatçıları
Erol Köse Production sanatçıları
Seyhan Müzik sanatçıları
Barış Müzik sanatçıları
Poll Production sanatçıları
Türk televizyon kişilikleri
Türk tutuklular ve hükümlüler
Türkiye tarafından tutuklanan kişiler
Türkiye'de suikast girişimleri
Türk video klip yönetmenleri

İbrahim Tatlıses


En fareboks, også kendt som en faresti, er en metalboks, hvor søer, der anvendes til avl, kan opbevares under (drægtighedsperioden) og efter graviditeten (faring). En standard boks måler 65cm ved 210cm (L x B).

Drægtige grise placeres i boksene én uge inden forventet faring og opholder sig i boksen ind til fire-fem uger efter.

Indretning
Farebokse har enten delvis eller fuldt spaltegulv, hvor grisenes urin og afføring (gødning el. gylle) kan passere igennem til opsamling, for at opretholde hygiejnen i stien. Søer skal have ifølge dansk lovgivning have redebygningsmateriale til rådighed inden faring.BEK 17 (Bekendtgørelse om beskyttelse af svin) i Dyreværnsloven  I praksis overholdes dette lovkrav dog sjældent, da dette øger omkostningerne pr. gris.

Udbredelse
Der lever cirka 1 million søer i Danmark som typisk holdes i farebokse. I andre lande bruges endvidere en endnu mindre udgave af kassen under drægtighedsperioden, der på engelsk betegnes som gestation crate (svangerskabskasse på dansk). Disse bokse er forbudt for nye installationer i Canada, og er forbudte i Storbritannien og Sverige og i ni stater i USA (Arizona, Californien, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Michigan, Ohio, Oregon og Rhode Island). Farebokse er dog ikke forbudt i disse lande.

Dyrevelfærd
Modstandere af boksene hævder, at søerne har for lidt plads og at de udsætter dem for unødvendig lidelse, mens fortalere siger, at de er nødvendige for at forhindre søer i at lægge sig på deres smågrise.

På trods af brug af farebokse dør der i Danmark årligt over 5 millioner pattegrise i Danmark under diegivningsperioden.

Referencer

Dyrs rettigheder
Dyreavl

Fareboks


Linhevenator tani es la única especie conocida del género extinto Linhevenator es un género de dinosaurio terópodo troodóntido que vivió a finales del período Cretácico, hace aproximadamente 75 millones de años durante el Campaniense, en lo que es hoy Asia.

Descripción

El holotipo de Linhevenator es el espécimen LHV0021, un esqueleto parcial de un individuo adulto, incluyendo un cráneo y la mandíbula, seis vértebras dorsales, una escápula derecha, un húmero derecho, el hueso iliaco, un fémur izquierdo y un pie izquierdo. Fue encontrado en 2009 y representa el trodóntido con restos más completos conocido del Cretácico Superior. Sus cuatro autapomorfias (rasgos únicos) incluyen un hueso yugal con una expansión en el borde lateral, una cresta surangular que está orientada anteroventralmente, la presencia de una expansión media cerca del extremo distal del fémur, y un amplio surco longitudinal presente a lo largo del extremo distal de la superficie dorsal del tercer metatarso.

Linhevenator es un trodóntido más bien grande con un peso corporal de 23 kilogramos. Los brazos son relativamente cortos pero el húmero es muy robusto. Los descriptores sugieren que el brazo puede haber sido usado para excavar o trepar. El primer dedo del pie estaba preservado en una posición lateral, en vez de apuntar hacia adelante. Linhevenator tenía un segundo dedo del pie muy similar al de los dromeosáuridos, portando una garra en forma de hoz mayor que la de los trodóntidos basales. Linhevenator es un troodontid , un grupo de pequeños maniraptorans gráciles parecidos a las aves . Todos los trodóntidos tienen muchas características únicas del cráneo, como dientes muy separados en la mandíbula inferior y una gran cantidad de dientes. Los trodóntidos tienen garras falciformes y manos rapaces , y algunos de los más altos cocientes de encefalización no aviar , lo que significa que tenían un comportamiento avanzado y tenían sentidos agudos.

Descubrimiento e investigación
Sus restos fueron hallados en la formación Bayan Mandahu de Bayan Mandahu, Mongolia Interior, en China y se caracterizaba por sus brazos cortos.

La especie tipo Linhevenator tani fue nombrada y descrita en 2011 por Xu Xing , Tan Qingwei, Corwin Sullivan, Han Fenglu y Xiao Dong. El nombre genérico combina una referencia a la región de Linhe con el término latino venator, que traduce "cazador". El nombre de la especie honra al profesor Tan Lin.

Clasificación
Linhevenator fue asignado a la familia Troodontidae por sus descriptores. Posee una combinación de características "primitivas" (basales) y derivadas, pero fue encontrado como un trodóntido derivado en un análisis filogenético, en una politomía con Troodon y un clado formado por Zanabazar y Saurornithoides. Esta posición es vista por los autores como una indicación de una tendencia evolutiva en la familia Troodontidae de un acortamiento de los miembros delanteros y de una evolución paralela de grandes garras en los pies tanto en los troodóntidos como en los dromeosáuridos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre Linhevenator

Fósiles del Cretáceo
Dinosaurios del Cretácico
Dinosaurios de Asia
Troodontidae

Linhevenator tani


Legden ist ein Ortsname:
 Legden, Gemeinde im Landkreis Borken, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland
 Legden, Kreis Königsberg/Samland, Ostpreußen, jetzt: Dobroje (Kaliningrad), Siedlung im Rajon Gurjewsk, Oblast Kaliningrad, Russland
 Legden, Kreis Preußisch Eylau, Ostpreußen, jetzt: Lejdy, Powiat Bartoszycki, Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren, Polen

Legden (Begriffsklärung)


Ha*Ash er en latin pop/country-duo fra USA, bestående af de to søskende Ashley Grace (født 27. januar 1987) og Hanna Nicole (født 25. juni 1985).

Diskografi

Studioalbum

 2003: Ha*Ash
 2005: Mundos Opuestos
 2008: Habitación Doble
 2011: A Tiempo
 2017: 30 de febrero

Livealbum

 2014: Primera Fila: Hecho Realidad

Singler

 2003: "Odio amarte"
 2003: "Estés en donde estés"
 2004: "Te quedaste"
 2005: "Amor a medias"
 2005: "Tu mirada en mi"
 2006: "Me entrego a ti"
 2006: "¿Qué hago yo?"
 2008: "No te quiero nada"
 2008: "Lo que yo sé de ti"
 2009: "Tu y yo volvemos al amor"
 2011: "Impermeable"
 2011: "Te dejo en libertad"
 2012: "¿De dónde sacas eso?"
 2012: "Todo no fue suficiente"
 2014: "Perdón, perdón"
 2015: "Lo aprendi de ti"
 2015: "Ex de verdad"
 2015: "No te quiero nada" (ft Axel)
 2015: "Dos copas de más"
 2016: "Sé que te vas"
 2017: "100 años" (ft Prince Royce)
 2018: "No pasa nada"
 2018: "Eso no va a suceder"
 2019: "¿Qué me faltó?"

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra USA
Sangere fra Mexico
Duoer
Musikgrupper fra 2002

Ha*Ash


Krížovany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Prešov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 374 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Krížovany este atestată documentar din 1318.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Krížovany, Prešov


الإشعاعات المؤينة للوسط الذي تمر فيه، هي إشعاعات ذات طاقة عالية تعمل على تأيين الوسط الذي تمر فيه بسبب اصطدام الشعاع بذرات الوسط مما يؤدي إلى طرد بعض إلكترونات الذرات وتكوّن الأيونات في الوسط. من هذه الأشعة الجسيمات الأولية مثل الإلكترونات والبروتونات والنيوترونات وأشعة ألفا التي هي عبارة عن نواة ذرة الهيليوم. كما توجد بين الأشعة الكهرومغناطيسية أنواع تتميز بطاقة عالية، فوق عدة (eV) مثل الأشعة السينية وأشعة غاما تتسبب في تأين الوسط الذي تمر فيه مثل الغازات والسوائل والمواد الصلبة، وأجسام الكائنات الحية. ولهذا فالإشعاعات المؤينة ضارة بالصحة إذا تعدت كميتها حدودا معينة.وهذا يحتم عدم الإسراف في الكشف الطبي بالأشعة السينية.

مصادر الإشعاع المؤين

تشمل الأشعة المؤينة أشعة غاما والأشعة السينية حيث تبلغ طاقة الأشعة السينية عدة مئات إلكترون فولت، وأشعة غاما أقوى من ذلك بكثير، وهي تبدأ بصفة عامة فوق 500 ألف إلكترون فولت، وأشد شعاع منها تم تسجيله من خلال دراسة الأشعة الكونية تبلغ طاقته 15 10 إلكترون فولت، وبالإضافة إلى تلك الأشعة التي هي أشعة كهرومغناطيسية بحته، هناك الجسيمات الأولية ذات الشحنة الكهربية مثل الإلكترون والبروتون وأشعة ألفا وباقي الجسيمات الأولية ذات الشحنة. أما النيوترون المتعادل كهربائيا فهو لا يستطيع بذاته على تأيين الوسط الذي يمر فيه، وإنما يؤين الوسط بطريقة غير مباشرة، فعند مروره في الوسط يصتدم أحيانا بأحد ذرات الوسط فينتج عن ذلك انطلاق أحد البروتونات أو جسيم من أشعة ألفا والذي يؤين بدوره الوسط الذي يمر فيه.
 يعطي العاملون في مجالات الفيزياء النووية والأشعة والمفاعلات النووية عناية خاصة للوقاية من الإشعاع في محيط عملهم حيث أن تلك الأشعة ضارة للكائنات الحية، وذلك حتي لا تصاب صحتهم بأضرار.
 علينا أن نتذكر مئات الآلاف من البشر الذين راحوا ضحية إلقاء القنبلتين الذريتين على هيروشيما وناغازاكي أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية على اليابان. بالإضافة إلى مئات الآلاف أخرى ن عانت صحتهم ولا يزال منهم من يعاني تلك الأضرار حتى يومنا هذا بعد مرور أكثر من 60 سنة على تلك الأحداث.
 يهتم المشرّع في جميع البلاد المتقدمة بوضع اللائحات والقوانين لتنظيم العمل بالمواد المشعة والأجهزة المصدرة للإشعاع لوقاية العاملين والمواطنين من أخطار سوء استخدام تلك الأدوات. وتقوم وكالة الطاقة الذرية الدولية ومقرها ب فيينا بالنمسا بمساعدة الدول في إطار تحديد اللوائح.
 أمثلة على مصادر الإشعاعات المؤينة:
 اندماج نووي
 معدات الأشعة السينية
 فيزياء الطاقة العالية من التجارب
 أشعة كونية
 انشطار نووي

اقرأ أيضا
 التأثير البيولوجي للأشعة المؤينة
 إشعاع غير مؤين
 قصة الوقاية من الإشعاع
 أشعة
 ضوء
 تخطيط المعالجة الإشعاعية.
 جرعة الموز المكافئه.

مراجع

تأثيرات الإشعاع الصحية
علم الأحياء الإشعاعي
عوامل مسرطنة
فيزياء طبية
مطفرات
نشاط إشعاعي
وقاية من الإشعاع

إشعاع مؤين


Consequences is an old parlour game in a similar vein to the Surrealist game exquisite corpse and Mad Libs.

Each player is given a sheet of paper, and all are told to write down a word or phrase to fit a description ("an animal"), optionally with some extra words to make the story. Each player then folds the paper over to hide the most recent line, and hands it to the next person. At the end of the game, the stories are read out.

Example game
The exact sequence varies, but an example sequence given in Everyman's Word Games is:
 An adjective
 A man's name
 The word met followed by an adjective
 A woman's name
 The word at followed by where they met
 The word to followed by what they went there for
 The words he wore followed by what he wore
 The words she wore followed by what she wore
 What he did
 What she did
 The words and the consequence was followed by details of what happened as a result
 The words and the world said followed by what it said

The same reference book gives the following example of a completed story:

Variations
Consequences can also be played in a drawing version, sometimes known as picture consequences, where the first player draws the head, passes it unseen (by means of folding) to the second player who draws the body, then on to the third player who draws the legs. The composite person or creature is then revealed to all by unfolding the paper.

Although Consequences originally is an analogue game there are digital versions available, some of which are slightly modified and adjusted to a digital roam. Examples: FoldingStory™, Unfolding Stories, etc. The game has also been seen as a precursor to computer-generated literature such as Christopher Strachey's Love letter generator M.U.C.

References

Comedy games
Paper-and-pencil games
Party games
Random text generation

Consequences (game)


Cet article traite de l'édition 1921-1922 du Championnat d'Afrique du Nord de football. Il s'agit de la première édition de cette compétition qui se termine par une victoire de l'AS Marine d'Oran.

Les deux équipes qui se rencontrent en finale sont l'AS Marine d'Oran de la Ligue d'Oran et le FC Blidéen de la Ligue d'Alger. Elle se termine par une victoire de l'AS Marine d'Oran sur le score de 1 but à 0.

Résumé de la saison dernière

Chaque champion de sa ligue respectif est qualifié. Ce sont donc les champions de la saison 1920-1921 de leurs ligues qui sont qualifiés pour disputer la compétition qui a lieu en fin de saison.

Ligue d'Alger
Le classement de la saison se compose comme suit
Classement officiel

Ligue d'Oran
Source:

Ligue de Constantine

Groupe :

Groupe :

Ligue de Tunisie
Finale du championnat joués le .

Compétition Finale

Demi-finales
 Résultats des demi-finales du Championnat d'Afrique du Nord 1920-1921:
Les matchs des demi-finales se sont joués le Dimanche 1er mai et  .

Finale
Le match finale joués le Dimanche  .

Notes et références

Références

Sources

1933-1934
Afrique du Nord 1920-1921
Afrique du Nord 1920-1921
1921 en Afrique
1922 en Afrique

Championnat d'Afrique du Nord de football 1920-1921


Kateryna Ossadtcha (en ukrainien : Катерина Осадча ; née le ) est une journaliste ukrainienne, animatrice des émissions « Social Life », « The Voice of Ukraine » (1-3, 6-8 saisons) et « The Voice Kids » sur la chaîne de télévision "1+1". De ses 13 à ses 18 ans, elle travaille dans le secteur du mannequinat en Europe occidentale, après quoi, elle retourne en Ukraine.

Biographie
Kateryna est née le 12 septembre 1983 à Kiev. Son père, Oleksandr Ossadtchy, est directeur de l'usine Kyivprylad, tandis que sa mère est femme au foyer.

En plus de ses activités scolaires, elle a pour activités la musique et la danse (elle est notamment membre de l'ensemble chorégraphique "Little Falcons"). À l'âge de treize ans, elle commence sa carrière de mannequin professionnel et sort diplômée de l'école de mannequinat de l'agence Bagira. À l'âge de 14 ans, elle part trois mois pour tourner à Tokyo. Kateryna réussit ses examens finaux à l'école à distance, en raison d'un programme de tournage chargé.

À l'âge de 18 ans, elle termine sa carrière de mannequin et retourne vivre en Ukraine. Elle épouse Oleh Polishchuk, député du Parti des Verts d'Ukraine, et, en 2002, donné naissance à un fils, Ilya. En raison d'une mauvaise connaissance de la langue ukrainienne, quatre mois après la naissance de son enfant, elle prend des cours avec un enseignant pour perfectionner sa parole et sa diction. Elle est diplômée par correspondance de la Faculté d'Histoire de l'Université de Kiev.

Sa première expérience à la télévision est comme correspondante indépendante pour la première chaine nationale. En 2005, elle passe un casting et devient l'animatrice du projet "Vie sociale" sur la chaîne de télévision 'Tonis". En 2007, elle devient l'animatrice de l'émission "Social Life" sur l'UA:First. En août 2008, son émission commence à être diffusée sur la chaine 1+1.

En 2009, elle participe à la deuxième saison de l'émission "1+1" "Dancing for you" avec son partenaire Andriy Krys. En 2011, elle devient l'animatrice de la version ukrainienne de la franchise télévisée internationale « The Voice ».

À partir du 11 octobre 2015, elle est l'animatrice de l'émission "Little Giants", une adaptation ukrainienne d'une émission de Televisa .

Le 31 octobre 2017, elle devient membre du jury "Model XL" aux côtés du designer Andre Tan, du chorégraphe Vlad Yama et du mannequin letton Tetyana Matskevych.

Vie privée
En 2001, Kateryna Ossadtcha épouse un homme d'affaires et député du peuple du Parti vert, Oleh Polishchuk. En septembre 2002, elle a donné naissance à son fils, Illya. En 2004, elle divorce de son mari.

En février 2017, Katya Ossadtcha et Iouri Gorbounov ont annoncé qu'ils étaient officiellement mariés. Le 18 février 2017, le couple a eu un enfant, le garçon s'appelant Ivan. Le 19 août 2021, elle a donné naissance à son troisième fils, Daniel.

Récompenses et réalisations
En 2006, elle est lauréate du prix pan-ukrainien "Femme du IIIe millénaire" dans la catégorie "Perspective".

En 2007, elle prend la 96e place dans le classement des "100 femmes les plus influentes d'Ukraine" selon le magazine "Focus" et, en 2013, la 64e.

En 2009, elle prend la  dans le classement "Faces of Kyiv" selon le journal "Afisha". Cette même année, le chapeau de Kateryna Ossadtcha en forme de corbeau posé sur une branche est remarqué par le journal britannique The Daily Telegraph comme l'un des plus extravagants de la course équestre de Royal Ascot.

En février 2018, Kateryna Ossadtcha reçoit le titre de « Mère de l'année » selon « Viva ».

En avril 2018, elle remporte le prix de la télévision d'État "Teletriumph" dans la catégorie "Interviewer".

Références

Liens externes

Personnalité liée à Kiev
Naissance en septembre 1983
Journaliste ukrainienne
Mannequin femme ukrainien
Naissance à Kiev

Kateryna Ossadtcha


Legătura metalică este legătura chimică ce apare între atomii metalelor, cum ar fi fierul, sodiul sau cuprul. Una dintre teorii spune că legăturile metalice sunt realizate prin cedarea electronilor de pe ultimul strat al atomilor metalelor, pentru a se forma cationi.  Legătura metalică este cauza multor proprietăți fizice ale metalelor, cum ar fi duritatea, ductilitatea, conductivitatea termică și rezistivitatea electrică, opacitatea și luciul.

Formare
Spre deosebire de legătura covalentă, legăturile metalice sunt nesaturate, nelocalizate și nedirijate în spațiu, ceea ce ar explica plasticitatea metalelor. Atomii metalelor prezintă doar câțiva electroni de valență (pe ultimul strat), iar atunci când aceștia se leagă pentru a forma un solid, electronii de valență sunt pierduți și devin atomi colectivi, si inactivi fiind partajați de toți atomii din rețea. Astfel, în cadrul legăturii metalice, electronii de valență devin nelocalizați în norul electronic.

Referințe

Legături chimice
Metale

Legătură metalică


Street of Chance er en amerikansk dramafilm fra 1930, instrueret af John Cromwell. Filmen havde William Powell, Jean Arthur, Kay Francis og Regis Toomey i hovedrollerne.
Howard Estabrook blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste manuskript.

Medvirkende
 William Powell som John D. Marsden
 Jean Arthur som Judith Marsden
 Kay Francis som Alma Marsden
 Regis Toomey som "Babe" Marsden
 Stanley Fields som Dorgan
 Brooks Benedict som Al Mastick
 Betty Francisco som Mrs. Mastick
 John Risso som Tony
 Joan Standing som Miss Abrams
 Maurice Black som Nick
 Irving Bacon som Harry

Eksterne Henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1930
Engelsksprogede film
Dramafilm fra USA
Sort-hvide film fra USA
Film fra Paramount

Street of Chance


RMAS Goosander (A164) was a mooring, salvage and boom vessel of the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service. She saw service in the Falklands War. She has a sister ship, RMAS Pochard, and was built by Robb Caledon Shipbuilders in Leith.

References

Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom

RMAS Goosander (A164)


Le site Roberto Burle Marx (SRBM) est un site paysager situé dans le quartier de Barra de Guaratiba, dans la Zone Ouest de la ville de Rio de Janeiro. Il s'agit d'une unité spéciale de l'Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). Le site a été inscrit au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO lors de la  session du Comité du patrimoine mondial, en 2021.

Le nom du site est un hommage à Roberto Burle Marx, artiste plasticien et paysagiste brésilien de renommée internationale, qui a résidé sur le site de 1973 jusqu'à sa mort le 4 juin 1994. Burle Marx a acquis la propriété, initialement nommée Sítio Santo Antônio da Bica, avec son frère Siegfried Marx en 1949. Le site a été donné par Burle Marx à l'IPHAN en 1985, la même année que le site a été reconnu comme patrimoine culturel brésilien. Le site a été entièrement classé en 2000, six ans après la mort du paysagiste .

Histoire et description
Le site couvre une superficie de plus de 400 000 m², où se trouve l'une des plus importantes collections de plantes tropicales et semi-tropicales au monde, commencée lorsque Roberto Burle Marx avait six ans. Cultivée dans des jardins et des pépinières en plein air, la collection comprend plus de 3 500 espèces végétales, dont des spécimens uniques des familles Araceae, Arecaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cycadaceae, Heliconiaceae, Marantaceae et Velloziaceae . Un tel ensemble de plantes vivantes s'est parfaitement adapté à la nature habituelle du site, composé de mangroves, de bancs de sable et de forêt atlantique .

Sur le site, il y avait à l'origine une ancienne ferme et une petite chapelle du  dédiée à Saint Antoine de Padoue, bâtiments qui ont ensuite été restaurés, et la maison est devenue la résidence de Roberto Burle Marx en 1973. Après la mort du paysagiste, sa résidence est devenue le Burle Marx House Museum en août 1999. En plus des environnements originaux et des objets à usage personnel, la Casa-Museum présente des objets d'art et d'artisanat acquis par Burle Marx tout au long de sa vie. La collection de la maison compte plus de 3 000 pièces, dont des œuvres de Roberto lui-même qui, en plus d'être paysagiste, était également peintre, dessinateur, designer, sculpteur et chanteur .

Galerie

Références

Articles connexes

 Barra de Guaratiba
 Roberto Burle Marx

Liens externes

Patrimoine mondial au Brésil
Patrimoine mondial inscrit en 2021
Musée à Rio de Janeiro
Parc ou jardin public à Rio de Janeiro
Jardin botanique au Brésil

Site Roberto Burle Marx


John Haviland (* 15. Dezember 1792 in Gundenham, England; † 28. März 1852 in Philadelphia, USA) war ein US-amerikanischer Architekt, der eine Hauptfigur des amerikanischen Klassizismus war und zu den namhaftesten Architekten Philadelphias im 19. Jahrhundert gehört. Bekanntheit erreichte er insbesondere durch seine Gefängnisbauten.

Biografie

John Haviland wurde 1792 in Gundenham, in der Nähe von Taunton in Somerset, England, geboren. 1811 ging er bei dem Londoner Architekten James Elmes in die Lehre. 1815 hatte er ein erfolgloses Treffen mit dem russisch-kaiserlichen Ingenieur-Korps. Jedoch traf er in Russland auf Georg von Sonntag und John Quincy Adams, die ihn dazu ermutigten, in den Vereinigten Staaten zu arbeiten.

1816 kam er in Philadelphia an und etablierte sich bald als einer der wenigen professionellen Architekten der Stadt. John Haviland und Mary Wright von Sonntag (Tochter von Captain Wilhelm Ludwig von Sonntag des Französischen Heers und Schwester von Georg von Sonntag) wurden am 2. Juli 1819 von William White, dem Bischof von Pennsylvania, getraut. Aus der Ehe ging ein Sohn hervor – John von Sonntag de Havilland.

1818 schrieb Haviland das Buch The Builder's Assistant, das in drei Bänden aufgelegt wurde (1818–1821), um damit – wie mit seiner Lehrtätigkeit – sein dürftiges Einkommen als Architekt aufzubessern. Dies war eine der frühesten Architekturbücher, das in Nordamerika geschrieben und veröffentlicht wurde und wahrscheinlich das erste, das die fünf klassischen griechischen und römischen Säulenordnungen beinhaltete – für Baumeister, Zimmerer, Maurer, Stuckateure, Tischler und Schnitzer ("for the use of builders, carpenter, mason, plasterers, cabinet makers, and carvers..."). 1830 erschien es erneut in vier Bänden.

Teilweise bedingt durch The Builder's Assistant erhielt Haviland in der Folgezeit die wohl bedeutendsten Aufträge in Philadelphia. So entwarf er dort das erste Gefängnis der USA, das im Einklang mit den Ideen englischer Reformer war: das Eastern State Penitentiary (1821–1837) im gotischen Stil mit Zinnen. Ebenso entwarf er das Franklin Institute (1825–1826) (heute das Atwater Kent Museum) in Philadelphia mit einer strengen Greek Revival Fassade, die auf dem Monument des Thrasyllus in Athen basiert sowie das Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb (heute: Dorrance Hamilton Hall, University of the Arts (Philadelphia)).

Haviland eröffnete eine Zeichenschule mit Hugh Bridgport und lehrte später Zeichnen am o. g. Franklin Institute.

Haviland realisierte eigene, spekulative Immobilienprojekte, darunter Laden-Arkaden in Philadelphia und New York als auch einen Vergnügungspark, der sich als Flop erwies und schließlich abgerissen wurde. Dies führte dazu, dass Haviland in den 1830er Jahren Konkurs anmelden musste, was seinem Ruf in Philadelphia schadete. Andernorts brachte ihm sein Ruf als Architekt für Gefängnisse wichtige Aufträge – u. a. für Gefängnisse in New Jersey, Missouri, Rhode Island und Arkansas.

Viele Kirchen und Privathäuser entwarf er überwiegend im Greek-Revival-Stil. Doch The New York Halls of Justice and House of Detention (The Tombs) (1835–1838) wurde im Egyptian-Revival-Stil erbaut. Es sollte jedem, der es sah, Ehrfurcht und Schrecken einflößen. Erstmals verwandte er ägyptische Details beim New Jersey State Penitentiary in der Nähe von Trenton (1832–1836). Dies geschah teilweise aus Sparsamkeitsgründen, aber auch um eine Vorstellung von dem Leid zu geben, welches die Menschen erwartete, die dort eingekerkert werden sollten. So entwarf er das Gebäude erhaben, robust und furchteinflößend – durch große Bereiche mit nackten Wänden und einem düsteren Säulengang, der sich zwischen zwei Pylonen erstreckt. Ägyptische Elemente finden sich auch beim Essex County Court House and Gaol in Newark, New Jersey (1836–1838). Dieses Engagement brachte Haviland den Ruf ein, der bedeutendste Architekt des amerikanischen Egyptian Revival zu sein.

Haviland war Ehrenmitglied und korrespondierendes Mitglied des Royal Institute of British Architects. Er starb am 28. März 1852 in Philadelphia, wo er in der Familiengruft der St. Andrews Church beigesetzt wurde, die er selbst entworfen hatte und die heute die Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St. George ist.

Heute erinnert man sich hauptsächlich der Gefängnisbauten, die Haviland errichtete. Das von ihm entworfene Philadelphia Eastern State Penitentiary, in dem bis in die 1960er Jahre Häftlinge einsaßen, ist heute eine beliebte Touristenattraktion.

Architektonisches Schaffen (Auswahl)

Gebäude in Philadelphia

 An- und Umbauten an der Old City Hall (erbaut: 1791) (5th Street und Chestnut Street) (1820)
 First Presbyterian Church (Washington Square Presbyterian), Südostecke der 7th Street und Locust Street (1820–1822) (abgerissen 1939)
 St. Andrews Episcopal Church, 256 South 8th Street (1822–1823) – seit 1922 die Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St. George
 Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Nordwest Ecke der Broad Street und Pine Street (1824–1826) – heute die Dorance Hamilton Hall, University of the Arts (Philadelphia)
 Franklin Institute, 15 South 7th Street (1825) – heute Atwater Kent Museum
 Philadelphia Arcade, 615-619 Chestnut Street (1826–1827) (1860 abgerissen)
 Walnut Street Theater, 9th Street und Walnut Street (1827–1828) – das älteste, ununterbrochen betriebene Theater in den Vereinigten Staaten
 Eastern State Penitentiary, Fairmount Avenue zwischen der Corinthian Avenue und der North 22nd Street (1821–1829)
 Boston Row, Nordwestecke 12th Street und Chestnut Street (1830)
 Independence Hall, 5th Street und 6th Street, Renovierung des zweiten Stockwerks (1831) und Restaurierung der Versammlungshalle (1833)
 Chinese pagoda and Labyrinthine Garden (1828) — 24th Street und Fairmount Avenue. Dieser Vergnügungspark war ein Flop und wurde wenig später abgerissen.
 Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Company (1835) (Walnut Street zwischen der 5th Street und 6th Street) – hiervon existiert nur noch die ägyptische Front, die in ein modernes Hochhaus integriert wurde.

Gebäude andernorts

 U.S. Naval Asylum, Portsmouth, Virginia (1827)
 Miner's Bank, Pottsville, Pennsylvania (1830–1831) (wurde später abgerissen)
 New Jersey State Penitentiary in der Nähe von Trenton (1832–1836)
 Wiederaufbau des Pittsburgh Penitentiary (Western Penitentiary) (1833–1836)
 The Tombs (Hall of Justice), New York City (1835–1838) (1902 abgerissen)
 Missouri State Penitentiary, Jefferson City, Missouri (1836) (2004 geschlossen)
 Essex County Court House and Jail, New Street, Newark, New Jersey (1836–1838) – heute in einem verfallenen Zustand
 Berks County Jail, Reading, Pennsylvania (1848)
 Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (1848–1851)
 Lancaster County Jail, 625 East King Street, Lancaster, Pennsylvania (1851)
 Rhode Island State Penitentiary
 (Old) Allegheny County Jail, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 York County Hall, York, Pennsylvania
 Newark County Hall, Newark, New Jersey

Literatur
 De Havilland, J. (1865): A Chronicle of the Ancient and Noble Norman Family of de Havilland
 Haviland, John. In: Frederic Boase: Modern English Biography. Band 1, London 1892, S. 1880 (online).

Weblinks
 Haviland Biografie bei www.philadelphiabuildings.org
 Haviland Biografie bei www.ushistory.org
 John Haviland auf www.encyclopedia.com
 John Haviland auf www.answers.com
 John Haviland auf www.ushistory.org
 Informationen zu John Haviland auf der Homepage des Eastern State Penitentiary

Einzelnachweise

Architekt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Person (Philadelphia)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1792
Inhaber eines benannten Lehrstuhls
Gestorben 1852
Mann

John Haviland


البرنامج الخفي أو البرنامج الخلفي  (ومعناه العفريت أو الجني) (و في أحد التراجم العربية ناطر) هو برنامج يعمل بشكل خفي دون أن يلاحظه المستخدم.

نبذة
في أنظمة التشغيل متعددة المهام مثل اليونكس البرنامج الخفي هو برنامج يعمل في خلفية النظام بعيدا عن التحكم المباشر من المستخدم وغالبا ما يبدأ عمله كعملية خلفية مع بداية تشغيل النظام.

غالبا ما تقوم هذه البرامج بعمليات مثل الاستجابة لنداءات من الشبكة، من عتاد الحاسوب أو من برامج أخرى. هذه البرامج يمكنها أيضا ضبط عتاد الحاسوب، تشغيل بعض المهام وأنواع كثيرة أخرى من العمليات.

التاريخ
استخدم مصطلح Daemon الإنجليزي -والذي يعني العفريت- لأول مرة من قبل مجموعة من المبرمجين بعد أخذ الاسم من عفريت ماكسويل. وعفريت ماكسويل هي تجربة افتراضية، تنفذ بانتظام في الخلفية، اقترحها الفيزيائي الإسكوتلندي جيمس كلارك ماكسويل عام 1871، تقوم بتصنيف الذرات حسب السرعات.
و في الحضارة الإغريقية، العفاريت هي شخصيات خفية، بعضها يقوم بتنفيذ مهام لا تكترث بها الآلهة، ومن هنا بدأ استخدام مصطلح عفريت النظام علي أنظمة التشغيل يونكس لوصف المهام التي تنفذ في الخلفية ولا يكترث بها المستخدم. البرامج التي تقوم بأعمال شبيهة بأعمال عفاريت اليونكس، تسمي بخدمات ويندز وتسمى عمليات خلفية بدون وجه علي نظام ماك أو إس.

المراجع

خوادم
عمليات (حوسبة)
نظم تشغيل

برنامج خفي


An Rhynchospora planifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Tetsuo Michael Koyama, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni William Wayt Thomas. An Rhynchospora planifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchospora, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rhynchospora

Rhynchospora planifolia


Giovanni Bongiorni (* 8. Juli 1956 in Pisa) ist ein ehemaliger italienischer Sprinter.

Leben
Bei den Leichtathletik-Europameisterschaften 1982 in Athen kam er mit der italienischen Mannschaft in der 4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel auf den vierten Platz.

1984 gewann er bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften in Göteborg Bronze über 200 m und wurde bei den Olympischen Spielen in Los Angeles erneut Vierter mit der italienischen Staffel.

Bei den EM 1986 in Stuttgart gehörte er zum italienischen Quartett, das in der 4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel auf dem vierten Platz einlief.

1981 wurde er über 200 m italienischer Meister im Freien, 1986 in der Halle.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 100 m: 10,60 s, 20. Juli 1982, Rom
 200 m: 20,82 s, 15. Juli 1981, Turin
 Halle: 21,00 s, 23. Februar 1984, Turin
 400 m: 46,76 s, 7. September 1986, Rieti

Weblinks

Fußnoten

100-Meter-Läufer (Italien)
200-Meter-Läufer (Italien)
400-Meter-Läufer (Italien)
4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel-Läufer (Italien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Italien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1984
Italiener
Geboren 1956
Mann

Giovanni Bongiorni


Aboubacar Sidiki Mara, né en  à Boké (Guinée), est un juriste syndicaliste et homme politique guinéen.

Il est conseiller depuis le  au sein du Conseil national de la transition dirigé par Dansa Kourouma.

Biographie
Aboubacar Sidiki Mara est élu en 2018 secrétaire général adjoint de l'union générale des travailleurs de Guinée.

Le , il est nommé par décret membre du Conseil national de la transition en tant que représentant des centrales syndicales. Il est le seul des  présents à voter contre la loi de 2022 abrogeant l'ordonnance portant prorogation du fonctionnement du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature (CSM).

Arrestation
Aboubacar Sidiki Mara a été arrêté le  et placé sous mandat de dépôt, puis condamné à six mois de prison dont quatre avec sursis le .

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Conseil national de la transition

Naissance à Boké
Naissance en août 1977
Étudiant de l'université Gamal-Abdel-Nasser de Conakry
Membre du Conseil national de transition guinéen de 2021

Aboubacar Sidiki Mara