إدمون روستان  واسمه الكامل «إدمون بوجين ألكس روستان» شاعر وروائي ومسرحي فرنسي (1 أبريل 1868-2 ديسمبر 1918) وُلد في مدينة مرسيليا. اشتهر برواياته التّي صنعت عهداً من الرومانسية الجديدة والتّي حملت بديلاً للجمهور عن الروايات الواقعية الصادمة التّي كانت الأكثر انتشاراً في نهايات القرن التاسع عشر. كما اشتهر بمسرحياته البطولية، ومنها سيرانو دي برجراك (مسرحية) عن حياة سيرانو دي برجراك، والنسر الصغير عن حياة نابليون.

صنف النقاد مسرحيات روستان بأنها فريدة في بابها بالنسبة لعصره، إذ أنه كان يكتب مسرحاً رومانسياً منظوماً في عصر كان معظم كتاب المسرح يفضلون أسلوب المدرسة الطبيعية، الذي يتعين أن تكون المسرحية فيه مغرقة في الواقعية والتشاؤم، ومكتوبة بالنثر. وأول مسرحية لروستان واسمها الرومانتيكيون (1894 م) كانت قصة مختلفة يتناول موضوعها قصص غرام الشباب.

حياته

ولد روستان في الأول من أبريل عام 1868 للميلاد في مدينة مرسيليا الفرنسية الساحلية لعائلة مثقفة وغنية من منطقة بروفنس الشهيرة وكان أبوه أقتصادياً لامعاً وشاعراً وعضواً في جامعة مارسيليا ومعهد فرنسا أيضاً، وهذا ما أتاح للشاب إدمون دراسة الأدب والتاريخ والفلسفة في جامعة ستانسيلاس الباريسية. تزوج من الشاعرة روزموند جيرارد حفيدة الجنرال الفرنسي أتيان موريس جيرارد وأنجب منها طفلين جان وموريس وكلاهما أشتهر في ما بعد. مرِض وهو في الثلاثين من عُمره بالتهاب الجنبة (الغشاء المحيط بالرئتين) وأنتقل إلى اقليم الباسك الفرنسي أملاً في الشفاء، وما يزال منزله في أقليم الباسك قائماً إلى الآن كمتحف ذو طابع باسكي وفن وحرفية وهندسة محلية وتوفي عام 1918 للميلاد بعد إصابته بوباء الإنفلونزا الأسبانية.

أعماله
ترك روستان إرثاً أدبياً مهماً تألف من إثنا عشر مؤلفًا بين رواية ومسرحية و رغم وفاته في عمر صغير نسبياً. وقد أنتجت مسرحيته الأولى الهزلية المسماة «الرومانسيون» في 21 مايو 1894 على المسرح الفرنسي ومن مسرحياته المبكرة أيضًا «الأميرة البعيدة» عن قصة المطرب جفري رودل مع كونتيسة طرابلس أوديرنا. وقد افتتحت يوم 5 أبريل 1895 على مسرح النهضة وكان دور ميلسيندا قد تم تمثيله بواسطة الممثلة سارة برنار والتّي قامت أيضًا بدور الأميرة السامرية على نفس مسرح النهضة في 14 أبريل 1897 وهي مسرحية درامية مقتبسة عن قصة لأمراة من السامريين في الإنجيل.
كان ادموند يبلغ من العمر 29 عاما في أبان الأداء الأول لمسرحيته الشهيرة سيرانو دي برجراك التّي تم إنتاجها عام 1898 م على مسرح دي لابورت سان مارتين عن الكوميديا البطولية «سيرانو دي برجراك» والتّي نشرها في 28 ديسمبر 1897
مع بينوا كونستان كوكويلين في دورسيرانو والذّي كان يمثل انتصارًا للمسرح الفرنسي آنذاك الذّي لم يعرف مثل هذا الحماس للدراما منذ مسرحية «هرناني» لفكتور هوغو . وسرعان ما ترجمت المسرحية إلى اللغة الإنكليزية و والروسية واللغات الأوروبية الأخرى.وكان ذلك أمر غير أعتيادي لمسرحية عن بطل تاريخي كان قد عاش في القرن 17 الفرنسي.
وقد وصف روستان المسرحية بأنها ملهاة ملحمية ، تقع أحداثها في القرن السابع عشر الميلادي. وهي تعرض قصة مؤثرة عن سيرانو الذي كان شاعرًا متعجرفًا، له أنف طويل وقبيح. وبسبب مظهره، كان سيرانو يخجل من التودد إلى المرأة التي يحبها. وبدلا من ذلك يكتب الرسائل إليها، ممهورة بتوقيع صديق له كان شابًا وسيمًا، وكان هو أيضًا يحبها. فإذا بالمرأة تقع في غرام هذا الشاب، من خلال الرسائل دون أن تدري أن سيرانو هو الكاتب الحقيقي.

في مسرحيته «النسر الصغير» اختار روستان موضوعاً من التاريخ. وهو هن نابليون الثاني المعروف بدوق ريخستاد والتّي تتضمن الكثير من المعلومات غير المعروفة عن الحياة التعيسة لهذا الأمير الصغير نجل نابليون من ماري لويز الأميرة النمساوية في بلاط قصر شونبرن في فيينا والذّي عاش فيه تحت أنظار جد مراقبًا عن كثب من قِبل الأمير النمساوي المتنفذ كليمنس ميترنخ.وقيل ان كتابته لهذه المسرحية جاءت بعد قراءته لكتاب هنري ويلشنجر ملك روما عن حياة نابليون الثاني. وقد أنتجت مسرحية النسر الصغير في ستة فصول في 15 مارس 1900 على مسرح سارة برنار ومن إنتاجها وقامت بدور دوق ريخستاد بنفسها.

في عام 1901، أصبح روستان أصغر كاتب ينتخب لتأليف مسرحية غنائية لصالح الأكاديمية الفرنسية. وقد أنتجت في فبراير 1910 وقد تأخر إنتاجها وكانت هذه المسرحية المعروفة ب«شانكلير» من بطولة لوسيان جتري في دور السيدة وسيموني في دور الدراج. وهي مسرحية خيالية عن الطيور والحيوانات المقيمة في المزرعة والغابات.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

  روستان، أدموند - الموسوعة العربية الميسرة، 1965

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أشخاص من مارسيليا
أعضاء أكاديمية اللغة الفرنسية
حاصلون على وسام جوقة الشرف من رتبة قائد
خريجو كلية ستانيسلاس في باريس
شعراء فرنسيون في القرن 19
شعراء فرنسيون في القرن 20
كتاب دراما ومسرح فرنسيون في القرن 19
كتاب دراما ومسرح فرنسيون في القرن 20
كتاب فرنسيون في القرن 19
كتاب من مارسيليا
ممثلو وممثلات مسرح فرنسيون
مواليد 1868
مواليد في مارسيليا
وفيات 1918
وفيات بأمراض معدية في فرنسا
وفيات بسبب الإنفلونزا الإسبانية
وفيات في باريس
كتاب فرنسيون في القرن 20

إدموند روستان


Pyracantha crenulata, es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rosáceas. Es originaria de Asia, donde es cultivada como planta ornamental.

Descripción
Es un arbusto o pequeño árbol, que alcanza un tamaño de 5 m de altura, con ramas espinosas. Las ramas de color marrón oscuro cuando son viejas, pubescentes inicialmente y oxidadas, glabras en la vejez. Pecíolo de 3-6 mm, glabros, la lámina de la hoja oblonga u oblanceolada, rara vez ovado-lanceoladas, de 2-7 × 0.8-1.8 cm, glabras en ambas superficies, base anchamente cuneada o levemente redondeada, margen crenulado, el ápice agudo u obtuso. La inflorescencia en corimbo de 3-5 cm de diámetro, con muchas flores. Flores de 6-9 mm de diámetro. Hipanto campanulado, glabro. Sépalos triangulares, 1-1.2 mm, glabros abaxialmente. El fruto es un pomo de color rojo anaranjado cuando está maduro, casi globoso, de 3-8 mm de diámetro;. Sépalos erectos persistente. Fl. mar-mayo, fr. agosto-noviembre.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en las pendientes, bordes de carreteras, los lados de arroyos, entre los arbustos, en lugares verdes en los valles, entre 700 y 2500 metros, en Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan en China y en Bután, India, Cachemira, Birmania y Nepal.

Taxonomía
Pyracantha crenulata fue descrita por (David Don) Max Joseph Roemer y publicado en Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Monographicae 3: 220, en el año 1847.
Etimología
Pyracantha: nombre genérico que deriva de las palabras griegas: pyr para "fuego" y akantha para "espinas" en referencia al color de los frutos y las espinas.

crenulata: epíteto latíno que significa "crenada, con pequeños dientes redondeados"
Sinonimia
 Cotoneaster crenulatus  (D.Don) K.Koch
 Crataegus crenulata  Roxb.
 Mespilus crenulata  D.Don

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Información en Plants for a Future
 Información en la Encyclopaedia Britannica

crenulata
Flora de China
Plantas descritas en 1847
Plantas descritas por D.Don
Plantas descritas por M.Roem.

Pyracantha crenulata


Hazel Osborne Byford, Baroness Byford,  (born 14 January 1941) is a retired member of the House of Lords, where she served as Opposition Parliamentary Spokesman for Food, Farming and Rural Affairs from 1997 to 2007. She sat as a Conservative.

Her father, Sir Cyril Osborne, was Conservative MP for Louth, Lincolnshire from 1945 to 1969. She married, in 1962, Charles Barrie Byford, CBE (1931–2013). She was raised to the Peerage for life as Baroness Byford, of Rothley in the County of Leicestershire in 1996, having been appointed a DBE in 1994.

Byford is president of Young Leicestershire, an honorary patron of the Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade as well as president of The Royal Agricultural Societies of England.

From 2007 to 2010 she served as president of the Royal Association of British Dairy Farmers. She is a fellow of the Royal Agricultural Society and an honorary canon of Leicester Cathedral, Chairman of Leicester Cathedral Council. She was also formerly the President of The Women's Farming Union, National Farm Attractions Network, and the Institute of the Agricultural Secretaries and Administrators.

Byford serves as a Deputy Lieutenant for Leicestershire. She was Warden of the Worshipful Company of Farmers and was Master of the Company in 2013/2014  in the City of London and still remains an active liveryman today.

In 2008, Byford received an Honorary Doctorate of Science (Hon DSc) from Nottingham Trent University in recognition of her outstanding contribution and commitment to agriculture and rural life. She also holds Honorary Doctorates from Lincoln University, Leicester University and Harper Adams University.

Arms

References

External links
Baroness Byford profile, conservatives.com; accessed 3 April 2016.

1941 births
Living people
People from Rothley
People from Louth, Lincolnshire
Byford, Hazel Byford, Baroness
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Byford, Hazel Byford, Baroness
Deputy Lieutenants of Leicestershire
People associated with Nottingham Trent University
Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014

Hazel Byford, Baroness Byford


Gymnarrhenoideae, potporodica glavočika. Sastoji se od jednog roda s amfikarpnom vrstrom koja raste po pustinjskim krajevima,  Gymnarrhena micrantha, raširenoj po sjevernoj Africi i Srednjem istoku.

Izvori

Glavočike
Flora Afganistana
Flora Alžira
Flora Egipta
Flora Zaljevskih država
Flora Irana
Flora Iraka
Flora Libanona i Sirije
Flora Libije
Flora Maroka
Flora Pakistana
Flora Saudijske Arabije
Flora Sinaja
Flora Tadžikistana
Flora Tunisa
Flora Turkmenistana

Gymnarrhenoideae


Sibirya Federal Bölgesi (), Rusya'nın 8 federal bölgesinden biridir. Orta Asya'nın kuzeyinde yer alır. Yüzölçümü 5.114.800 km², 2002 sayımına göre nüfusu 20.062.938'dir.
Bu bölgede Türk, Moğol gibi Rus olmayan özerk devletler olduğundan ve zengin yer altı kaynakları bulunduğundan Sibirya adı altında okrug oluşturularak bölgedeki Rus olmayan cumhuriyetlerin ayrılmasının önüne geçilmiştir.

İdari yapılanması

Sibirya Federal Bölgesi, 12 federal birimden oluşur:

Nüfus ve Etnik Yapılanma
2002 yılına göre Rusya'nın toplam nüfusunun % 13,82 kadarı buradadır.  20 062 938 kişiden oluşmuştur.
Rusya verilerine göre Uluslara göre dağılım şöyledir:
 Ruslar — 17.530.949 kişi (%87,38)
 Buryatlar — 427.721 kişi (%2,13)
 Ukraynalılar — 373.075 kişi (%1,86)
 Almanlar — 308.727 kişi (%1,54)
 Tatar Türkleri — 252.587 kişi (%1,26)
 Tuva Türkleri — 239.929 kişi (%1,2)
 Kazak Türkleri — 123.914 kişi (%0,62)
 Beyaz Ruslar — 82.437 kişi (%0,41)
 Hakas Türkleri — 73.130 kişi (%0,36)
 Altay Türkleri — 65.910 kişi (%0,33)

Sibirya Federal Bölgesi yapılanması ile bölgede yaşayan özellikle Türk soyluları azınlık durumuna düşürmek olmuştur. Mesela Tuva Cumhuriyetinde Tuva Türklerinin nüfus yoğunluğu apaçık olup %90'ları geçer.

Hammadde merkezi
Rusya Federasyonunun yer altı rezervlerinin büyük bir bölümü Sibirya Federal bölgesindedir.  Kömür, altın, gümüş, bakır, nikel, molibden gibi madenler yönünden hayli zengindir ki oranlar göz önüne alınınca % 90'a kadar bu bölgeden çıkarılan yer altı zenginlikleri olduğu görülür.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Sibirya Federal Okrug — resmi sitesi
Sibirya Federal bölgesi içinde Tuva'ya ulaşım haritası

Sibirya Federal Bölgesi


A Guns N' Roses 2020 Tour é uma turnê de concertos em andamento da banda de hard rock Guns N' Roses.

Background
Após um show único em 31 de janeiro de 2020, em Miami, em conjunto com o Super Bowl LIV, a banda estava programada para fazer uma turnê na América Central e do Sul em março e abril.

Em 6 de fevereiro de 2020, uma turnê com o The Smashing Pumpkins como abertura foi planejada para várias datas em julho de 2020; A primeira data da turnê ocorreu conforme programado em 14 de março de 2020, na Cidade do México, como parte do Festival Vive Latino (onde eles voltam para tocar "So Fine" com Duff McKagan nos vocais, o que não acontecia desde 1993), apesar do rápido avanço da pandemia de COVID-19. Embora tenha sido anunciado dois dias depois, em 16 de março de 2020, que as datas restantes da América Latina foram adiadas para outubro a dezembro de 2020, os shows seriam adiados indefinidamente. Em 11 de maio de 2020, a banda anunciou no Twitter que a parte europeia da turnê, que estava originalmente programada para começar em 20 de maio em Lisboa, Portugal, havia sido cancelada.

Em 20 de maio de 2020, a banda anunciou que a parte norte-americana da turnê estava "sendo remarcada com muita cautela". A etapa adiada estava originalmente programada para começar em 4 de julho em Milwaukee e terminar em 26 de agosto em Missoula, Montana.

A cancelada apresentação de 8 de agosto no SoFi Stadium na área de Los Angeles teria sido (além de ser o retorno da banda à sua cidade natal) o primeiro show de rock and roll no novo estádio.

Em 19 de novembro de 2020, a banda anunciou 8 novas datas na Oceania. A turnê Oceania estava programada para começar em 6 de novembro de 2021, em Gold Coast, Austrália, antes de encerrar em 24 de novembro de 2021, em Perth, Austrália. A data de Toronto para 26 de julho foi cancelada em 1º de junho de 2021.

Em 3 de agosto de 2021, no Fenway Park, em Boston, a banda tocou "Absurd", uma reformulação da música "Silkworms" das sessões do Chinese Democracy, tocada ao vivo quatro vezes em 2001.

Após o show da banda no Wrigley Field em 16 de setembro de 2021, Rose divulgou um comunicado dizendo que estava sofrendo de intoxicação alimentar durante o show, porém ele fez o show na íntegra.

Em 24 de setembro de 2021, a banda lança "Hard Skool", outra reformulação de uma música das sessões do Chinese Democracy, e tocada ao vivo em 26 de setembro de 2021, na Royal Farms Arena, em Baltimore. Havia rumores de que a música seria lançada e havia sido tocada nas passagens de som em 2019, 2020 (no último show da banda antes da pandemia, com Rose presente) e 2021.

De acordo com números relatados à Billboard Boxscore, a etapa americana da turnê Guns N' Roses 2021 arrecadou US$ 50 milhões e vendeu 363.000 ingressos.

Em 11 de setembro de 2022, fizeram história em Goiânia com a turnê. Fizeram uma releitura do Monumento às Três Raças no flyer de divulgação. Tocaram por cerca de três horas no Estádio Serra Dourada. Tocaram os clássicos: "It's So Easy", "Live and Let Die", "Civil War", "Sweet Child O' Mine", "November Rain", "Knocking on Heavens Door", "Nightrain", "Patience" e "Welcome to the Jungle".

Datas da turnê

Datas canceladas

Pessoal

Guns N' Roses
 Axl Rose – vocais, piano, percussão
 Golpear – guitarra solo, talkbox, slide guitar
 Duff McKagan - baixo, backing vocals, vocais principais
 Junco Tonto – teclados, piano, percussão, backing vocals
 Richard Fortus – guitarra rítmica, backing vocals
 Frank Ferrer - bateria, percussão
 Melissa Reese – teclados, sintetizadores, sub-bass, samples, percussão, backing vocals

Convidados
 P!nk – vocais durante a música "Patience" (4 de setembro de 2021)
 Dave Grohl – vocais e guitarra durante a música "Paradise City" (4 de setembro de 2021)
 Wolfgang Van Halen – guitarra e vocais durante a música "Paradise City" (2 de outubro de 2021 e 3 de outubro de 2021)
 Carrie Underwood - vocais durante as músicas "Sweet Child O' Mine" e "Paradise City" (1 e 2 de julho de 2022)

Ligações externas

 Sítio oficial
 Perfil oficial no MySpace

Eventos musicais adiados devido à pandemia de COVID-19
Turnês de Guns N' Roses
Turnês musicais de 2022
Turnês musicais de 2021
Turnês musicais de 2020

Guns N' Roses 2020 Tour


Asunto puede referirse a:
Argumento
Escándalo o conflicto; muy a menudo se designan, incluso en castellano, con la palabra francesa Affaire («asunto»).
Relación amorosa informal, con relación sexual o sin ella (flirteo, romance, infidelidad), por oposición a las relaciones formales (noviazgo o matrimonio).
Asuntos exteriores
Asuntos internos
Asuntos interiores
Asuntos sociales

Escándalos, crisis o incidentes

Affaires internacionales
Asunto Lavon (Lavon Affair), escándalo generado por la «Operation Susannah».
Asunto Ben Barka (affaire Ben Barka), secuestro y asesinato de ese dirigente opositor marroquí.
Asunto del Virginius o incidente del Virginius, disputa diplomática del .
Asunto de Neuchâtel, cuestión diplomática entre la Confederación Suiza y el rey de Prusia.
Asunto de Schleswig-Holstein, entre Dinamarca y Prusia.
Asunto de Ikedaya, en Japón.
Asunto de Karelia en la política finlandesa
Asunto de Lillehammer entre Noruega e Israel.
Asunto de los Decretos de Nacionalidad en Túnez y Marruecos (zona francesa) de 1923.
Asunto del Lusitania (precede a la entrada de los Estados Unidos en la I Guerra Mundial).
Asunto del Maine (predede a la entrada de Estados Unidos en la guerra de Cuba).

Affaires políticos o intelectuales
Asunto de los pasquines (l' affaire des placards), en la Francia del .
Asunto Shakespeare
Asunto Quevedo-Góngora
Asunto Molière-Corneille
Asunto Newton-Leibniz, disputa por la prioridad de las investigaciones de Isaac Newton y Gottfried Leibniz.
Asunto del collar, estafa de 1785 en el que estaba implicada la reina María Antonieta.
Asunto Platen, disputa pública entre los poetas Heine y von Platen.
Asunto Dreyfus, en la Francia de finales del .
Asunto Wilde-Douglas, en la Inglaterra de finales del  (por la relación entre Oscar Wilde y Alfred Douglas).
Asunto Harden Eulenburg, escándalo sexual del Imperio Austro-húngaro.
Asunto Unamuno-Ortega
Asunto Galinsoga, España, 1959.
Asunto Haijby, escándalo de Suecia en los años 1950.
Asunto Kießling, escándalo de Alemania en 1984.
El asunto Seigenthaler, sobre una biografía publicada en Wikipedia.

Títulos de obras, grupos, etc.
Une affaire de femmes película de Claude Chabrol.
Asuntos privados en lugares públicos, película de Alain Resnais.
Internal affairs (traducida como "Asuntos sucios").
El asunto Tornasol (L'affaire Tournesol), de Las aventuras de Tintín.
Un asunto de honor, relato de Arturo Pérez-Reverte.
Un asunto pendiente, novela de John Katzenbach.
Asunto de dos, canción de Paulina Rubio.
Asuntos Propios, programa de radio.
Asunto (banda)

Notas

Asunto


Indíáninn (latína: Indus) er stjörnumerki á suðurhimni sem flæmski stjörnufræðingurinn Petrus Plancius lýsti fyrst árið 1598 og teiknaði sem nakinn mann með þrjár örvar í annarri hendi og eina í hinni. Fimm stærstu stjörnur stjörnumerkisins mynda rétthyrndan þríhyrning sem hægt er að greina stærstan hluta ársins frá miðbaug og sunnar.

Tenglar
 Indíáninn á Stjörnufræðivefnum

Stjörnumerki

Indíáninn


Mit Karnier wird bezeichnet:

 Karnier (Kelten), ein keltischer Volksstamm, der in Norditalien siedelte
 Karnier (Tasche), mundartliche Bezeichnung einer Ledertasche oder eines Ranzen

Karnier


De la esencia de los sueños (en alemán Vom Wesen der Träume) es un ensayo de Carl Gustav Jung publicado en Basilea en 1945, siendo revisado y ampliado en 1948.

Representa uno de los principales ensayos de Jung acerca de los sueños y su interpretación, junto a Puntos de vista generales acerca de la psicología de los sueños (1916/1948). El autor suizo nunca intentó realizar una consolidación de sus aportes en este campo, por lo que su plasmación queda repartida a lo largo de toda su obra, siendo escasos los trabajos que lo sistematizan. Solo a posteriori varios autores posjunguianos trataron de solventar dicha carencia, entre los que destaca Mary Ann Mattoon.

Edición en castellano

Obras de Carl Gustav Jung
Libros de psicología

De la esencia de los sueños


"Carol IX" este o poezie alcătuită din opt strofe, scrisă de George Coșbuc și publicată pentru prima dată în 1893 în volumul Balade și idile.

Vezi și

Poezii de George Coșbuc

Carol IX


Pachyneuria, es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la subfamilia Pyrginae  dentro de la familia Hesperiidae. Se encuentra desde México a Sudamérica.

Especies
Lista alfabética.

Pachyneuria damon (Bell, 1937)
Pachyneuria duidae (Bell, 1932)
Pachyneuria helena (Hayward, 1939)
Pachyneuria herophile (Hayward, 1940)
Pachyneuria inops (Mabille, 1877)
Pachyneuria jaguar Evans, 1953
Pachyneuria licisca (Plötz, 1882)
Pachyneuria lineatopunctata (Mabille & Boullet, 1917)
Pachyneuria lista Evans, 1953
Pachyneuria milleri Steinhauser, 1989
Pachyneuria obscura Mabille, 1888

Referencias

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Enlaces externos

Pachyneuria

Pachyneuria


Kellassaare ist ein Dorf (estnisch küla) in der Landgemeinde Alutaguse (bis 2017 Tudulinna). Es liegt im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands.

Das Dorf hat 21 Einwohner (Stand 1. Januar 2011).

Persönlichkeiten
Berühmtester Sohn des Ortes ist der Agrarökonom Adolf Mölder (1912–1976), der sich vor allem als Forscher im Bereich Tierzucht auszeichnete. An seinem Geburtshaus wurde 1982 eine Gedenktafel eingeweiht, ein Zimmer im Haus ist als Museum eingerichtet.

Weblinks
 Beschreibung und Geschichte (estnisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Alutaguse

Kellassaare


Marcel "Schmier" Schirmer (22 de diciembre de 1966), es un vocalista y bajista alemán, líder y principal compositor de la banda de Thrash metal Destruction.

Carrera

Inició su carrera musical en 1983 en una banda llamada Knight Of Demon. Más tarde cambio el nombre de la agrupación a Destruction.

Discografía con Destruction

 Sentence Of Death (1984)
 Infernal Overkill (1985)
 Eternal Devastation (1986)
 Mad Butcher (1987)
 Release From Agony (1988)
 All Hell Breaks Loose (2000)
 The Antichrist (2001)
 Metal Discharge (2003)
 Inventor Of Evil (2005)
 D.E.V.O.L.U.T.I.O.N. (2008)
 Day Of Reckoning (2011)
 Spiritual Genocide (2012)
 Under Attack (2016)
 Born to perish (2019)
 Diabolical (2022)

Véase también
 Destruction

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cantantes masculinos de Alemania
Cantantes de heavy metal de Alemania
Cantantes con voz gutural
Bajistas de Alemania
Bajistas de heavy metal

Marcel Schirmer


Regula octetului este o regulă folosită în domeniul chimiei care pornește de la observația că atomii elementelor din grupele principale ale tabelului periodic au tendința de a se combina în așa mod încât fiecare atom are opt electroni în stratul de valență, având astfel configurația electronică a unui gaz nobil. Regula este aplicabilă pentru carbon, azot, oxigen și halogeni, dar de asemenea și pentru unele metale ușoare precum sodiul sau magneziul.

Electronii de valență pot fi numărați după scrierea structurii Lewis (vezi imagine). Electronii puși în comun de către cei doi atomi implicați într-o legătură covalentă sunt numărați de două ori, de fiecare dată pentru fiecare atom.

Istoric

Exemple

Vezi și
 Structură Lewis
 Formulă structurală

Referințe

Legături chimice

Regula octetului


شارع الأمير نايف بن عبد العزيز هو شارع يقع ضمن حي الملك فهد وحي المحمدية بمدينة الرياض بالسعودية، ويبلغ طوله قرابة 2,5 كم. يبدأ الشارع بتقاطعه مع طريق الأمير أحمد بن عبد العزيز بحي الملك فهد وينتهي بتقاطعه مع طريق التخصصي بحي المحمدية، ويتقاطع مع طريق العليا وطريق الملك فهد.

معالم الشارع

الجزء الواقع في حي المحمدية
 سكن وزارة الخارجية.

الجزء الواقع في حي الملك فهد شمال طريق الملك فهد
 سوق العويس.
 سوق طيبة، وهو مقابل لأسواق العويس.
 تكثر مطاعم الوجبات السريعة على جانبي هذا الطريق.

مراجع

شوارع في الرياض

شارع الأمير نايف بن عبد العزيز


محمد نور قد يُقصد به:

انظر أيضا
 محمد النوري (توضيح)

محمد نور (توضيح)


6520 Sugawa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6520 Sugawa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kiyosato de Satoru Ōtomo și Osamu Muramatsu. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,34 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 4,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

6520 Sugawa


A Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Services Enterprise (ESLSE) (em amárico: የኢትዮጵያ የባህር ትራንስፖርትና ሎጂስቲክስ አገልግሎት), conhecida comercialmente como Ethiopian Shipping Lines (የኢትዮጵያ የባህር ማጓጓዣ መስመሮች), é a empresa nacional de transporte de carga da Etiópia. Estabelecido em 1964, é digno de nota pois continuou a operar apesar de a Etiópia ter se tornado um país sem litoral em 1993, sua base principal é agora o Porto de Djibuti e Berbera na Somalilândia.

Histórico da Empresa

A Etiópia recuperou um litoral no Mar Vermelho quando a Eritreia foi federada com a Etiópia em 1952. No entanto, foi somente em 1965 que a Ethiopian Shipping Lines foi estabelecida como uma joint venture com a empresa americana Towers Perrin. Uma empresa holandesa foi contratada para gerenciar a linha de acordo com o acordo em andamento com a TWA para gerenciar a companhia aérea de bandeira Ethiopian Airlines.

As operações começaram em 1966 com três navios chamados Queen of Sheba, Lion of Judah e Lalibela. A Linha rapidamente enfrentou sérios desafios quando o Canal de Suez foi fechado em 1967. Até que o Canal de Suez fosse aberto novamente, os navios tinham que dar a volta no Cabo. O tamanho dos navios não era adequado para viagens tão longas, e a companhia teve prejuízo.

Desde então, a ESL tem focado principalmente na importação e exportação doméstica, para promover o comércio exterior. Geralmente tem sido lucrativo.

Atualmente, a Ethiopian Shipping é, juntamente com a Safmarine da África do Sul, as únicas companhias de navegação de escala mundial na África.

Referencias

Empresas de navegação
Fundações em 1964

Ethiopian Shipping Lines


Kosmos 2270, ruski komunikacijski satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Strijela-3.
Lansiran je 12. veljače 1994. godine u 08:54 s kozmodroma Pljesecka u Rusiji. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Ciklon-3 11K68. Orbita mu je 1406 km u perigeju i 1416 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 82,57°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 23001. COSPARova oznaka je 1994-011-C. Zemlju obilazi u 114,03 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 220 kg.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2270


خالد أمين (1 ديسمبر 1971 -)، ممثل كويتي.

عن حياته
هو الابن الأول للممثل والمخرج أمين الحاج. حصل على البكالوريوس بالتمثيل والإخراج من «المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية» في الكويت في عام 1996 ومن نفس دفعته الممثلات فرح علي ورشا مصطفى ورشا البلوشي، وبعدها حصل على شهادة الماجستير بالتمثيل والإخراج من فرنسا، كما حصل على شهادة الدكتوراه بالتمثيل والإخراج من جامعة الروح القدس في لبنان، ويعمل حاليًا كمدرس في المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية.

كانت بداية دخوله للمجال الفني بدور صغير في مسلسل قاصد خير، ولكن دخل المجال بالشكل الاحترافي بعام 1996 عندما شارك في الفيلم التلفزيوني وسمية تخرج من البحر، وكانت مشاركته بهذا العمل بترشيح من بطلته الفنانة سعاد عبد الله، وتوالت بعدها أعماله الفنية.

كما كانت له تجربة تقديم البرامج، حيث شارك بتقديم برنامج «الرجل» على قناة الراي. كما شارك بعام 2009 بتقديم برنامج «الدوانية» على إذاعة مارينا إف أم وذلك لفترة قصيرة، وعاد بعام 2011 للمشاركة بتقديم البرنامج، كما قدم في رمضان بعام 2011 برنامج «أنت الفيلم» على ذات المحطة. وفي شهر رمضان بعام 2012 قدم برنامج مسابقات على تلفزيون الكويت شاركه بتقديمه شهد وحمل اسم «ويانا».

حصل على جائزة أفضل مخرج مسرحي عن مسرحية على الطريق في عام 2012، وفي عام 2013 جائزة أفضل مخرج مسرحي عن مسرحية من منهم هو.

أعماله

في التلفزيون

في المسرح

كما شارك كبديل للفنان محمد المنصور ولفترة قصيرة بمسرحية الغجرية والأحدب مع هيفاء عادل وإبراهيم الحربي، وذلك بسبب سفر الفنان محمد المنصور للخارج.

الأفلام

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
كويتيون من أصل إيراني
مذيعون كويتيون
ممثلون كويتيون
مواليد 1391 هـ
مواليد 1971

خالد أمين


Mitanniler, (Hitit çivi yazısı 𒆳𒌷𒈪𒋫𒀭𒉌𒈪𒀉𒋫𒉌 mi-it-ta-ni),ayrıca Hani-Gelbat veya Hani-Rabbat olarak adlandırılır) MÖ 1500 ile MÖ 1200 yılları arasında Anadolu'da hüküm sürmüş bir devlettir. Mitanni'ler Hititler'in yıkılışından sonra bölgesel bir güç oldu. Son krallarının adı II. Şattuara idi. Kayıprenins (veya kral) JiaŞ-Jiara (Mitanni kral listesinde adı geçmez ve II. Şattuara'nın oğludur) efsanevî bir kişiliğe sahiptir.

Tarih
Aryan olan Mitanniler, Mezopotamya'ya göç ettiler. Orada Hurri halkının arasına yerleştiler ve kısa süre sonra Maryannu adı verilen yönetici soylu sınıf haline geldiler.

Mitanni aristokrasisinin isimleri sıklıkla Aryan kökenlidir ve tanrıları da Aryan inançları olan Mitra, Varuna, Indra, Nasatya gibi tanrılardan oluşur. Bu Aryan tanrıları, Mitanniler ve Hattiler arasındaki iki antlaşmada listelenmiştir.

Mitanni krallığı, MÖ 1600'lü yılların başlarında kurulmuştur. Dicle Nehri'nin yukarısındaki Ilısu barajında yapılan son (2017) kazılarda, Müslümantepe'de bulunan bir tapınakta MÖ 1760 ila 1610 yılları arasından kalma Mitannilere ait ritüel eserler ve Mitanni silindir mührü bulunmuştur.

Mitanniler'in en büyük rakibi Thutmosidler dönemindeki Mısır'dı. Ancak Hititlerin yükselişiyle birlikte Mitanniler ve Mısır ittifak geliştirmiş, Hitit tehlikesine karşı önlem almıştır MÖ 15. ve 14. yüzyılın ilk yarısında gücünün zirvesinde, Kuzey-Batı Suriye'den Doğu Anadolu'ya kadar geniş bir bölge Mittanilerin kontrolü altındaydı. Mitanniler'in başkenti, arkeologlar tarafından Habur Nehri'nin kıyısında olduğu belirlenen Washukanni'idi.

Mitanni krallığı Mısırlılar tarafından "Maryannu", "Nahrin" veya "Mitanni" Hititler tarafından "Hur-ur-ri" olarak adlandırılmıştır.
Akad Amarna mektuplarında kendisini "Mitanni kralı" olarak nitelendiren Tushratta, krallığınd'Hani-Gel-Bat' olarak bahseder

Mitannilerin kendileriyle ilgili çok az kaydı var, ancak Mitanni kralları ile Asur ve Mısır kralları arasındaki yazışmalar (Amarna Mektupları) ile dünyanın en eski at eğitimi el kitabı ve Mitanni ile Hititler arasındaki bir antlaşma , M.Ö. 1500 ile 1240 yılları arasında gelişen müreffeh bir ulusun kanıtını veriyor. M.Ö. 1350 yılında Mitanni, Mısır, Hatti Krallığı, Babilve Asur ile birlikte Büyük Güçler Kulübü'ne dahil edilecek kadar güçlüydü.

Eskiçağın büyük güçlerinden olan Mitanni devletinin Hitit saldırıları karşısında siyasi, askeri ve ticari olarak güç kazanmak istemeleri onları Mısır ile diplomatik evliliklere dayalı ilişkilere yöneltmiştir.

İki büyük güç arasındaki bu yazışmaların olduğu tabletler bugün Amarna Mektupları olarak bilinmektedir. Mitanni ve Mısır arasındaki ilişkileri anlatan tabletler E-A 017 ve 030 arasındaki tabletlerdir. Yazışmaları içeren arşiv, Araplar tarafından Beni Amran isimli yerel bir kabileden dolayı Tell-el Amarna olarak adlandırılan ve Mısır kralı Akhenaton'in yeni tek Tanrılı inanç sistemini tesis etmek için kurmuş olduğu başkenti Akhetaten kentinde köylülerin kaçak kazı yaptıkları esnada 1887 yılında gün yüzüne çıkarılmıştır. Akhenaton geleneksel çok tanrılı Mısır dinini yasaklayarak tek tanrılı Aton dinini kuran Nefertiti'nin kocasıdır.

Toplum ve Kültür
Halk Hurrilerden oluşmaktayken, yönetici ve askeri açıdan örgütlü sınıf büyük oranda taşıdığı isimlerden dolayı İndo-Aryan olduğu düşünülen elitlerden oluşmaktaydı.

Mittani hükümdarları

Kaynakça

 Gaal, E. "The economic role of Hanilgalbat at the beginning of the Neo-Assyrian expansion." In: Hans-Jörg Nissen/Johannes Renger (eds.), Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn. Politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im Alten Orient vom 4. bis 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 1 (Berlin, Reimer 1982), 349–354.
 Harrak, Amir "Assyria and Hanilgalbat. A historical reconstruction of the bilateral relations from the middle of the 14th to the end of the 12 centuries BC." Studien zur Orientalistik (Hildesheim, Olms 1987).
 Kühne, Cord "Politische Szenerie und internationale Beziehungen Vorderasiens um die Mitte des 2. Jahrtausends vor Chr. (zugleich ein Konzept der Kurzchronologie). Mit einer Zeittafel." In: Hans-Jörg Nissen/Johannes Renger (eds.), Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn. Politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im Alten Orient vom 4. bis 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 1 (Berlin, Reimer 1982), 203–264.
 Novák, Mirko: "Mittani Empire and the Question of Absolute Chronology: Some Archaeological Considerations." In: Manfred Bietak/Ernst Czerny (eds.): "The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium BC III"; Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Denkschrift Band XXXVII; Wien, 2007; ISBN 978-3-7001-3527-2; pp. 389–401.
 Starr, R. F. S. Nuzi (London 1938).
 Weidner, "Assyrien und Hanilgalbat". Ugaritica 6 (1969)
 Thieme, P., The 'Aryan Gods' of the Mitanni Treaties, Journal of the American Oriental Society 80, 301–317 (1960)
 Wilhelm, Gernot: The Hurrians, Aris & Philips Warminster 1989.
 Von Dassow, Eva Melita. Social Stratification of Alalah Under the Mittani Empire. [S.l: s.n.], 1997.

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar

 Mitanni  (livius.org)
 Dutch excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad
 Excerpts from the text of the Shuppililiuma-Shattiwazza treaty
 Salahaddin CEZİRİ

Mitanni


Hermán Allan Padgett Velásquez (El Paraíso, Honduras  – La Habana, Cuba, ) fue un actor, comediante, escritor, periodista y productor de cine hondureño.

Biografía
Nació en la aldea de San Antonio de Conchagua, del departamento de El Paraíso, el 1 de octubre de 1936; sus padres fueron Allan Dean Padgett Moore, originario de Inglaterra, y María Tiburcia Velásquez, oriunda de Cantarranas, departamento de Francisco Morazán.

Recibió sus estudios primarios en la escuela de su aldea natal San Juancito, departamento de El Paraíso. Seguidamente se trasladaría con su madre a la ciudad de Tegucigalpa, donde terminaría su educación primaria en la escuela Francisco Morazán. Hermán deseaba continuar con sus estudios superiores y se matriculó en el Instituto Honduras; su interés era graduarse en Contaduría, pero debido a las precarias condiciones económicas que sufría, abandonó definitivamente esa aspiración y emprendió la búsqueda de quien lo emplease. Su primer trabajo fue como conserje. Seguidamente encontró una oportunidad de participar en un programa de una radio tegucigalpense llamado La Voz del Pueblo, gracias a Edgardo Zúñiga Rivera; allí, Hermán comenzaría a laborar. Luego descubrió sus dotes de actor y lo realizó en programas cómicos. Su primer personaje en la radiodifusión era llamado «Beniton». Después de ganar experiencia, Hermán escribía libretos para una diversidad de programas radiales, que eran la novedad en esos tiempos.

En la radio sus programas de éxito fueron La Escuelita Alegre y Las Aventuras de Margarito el Guardia. Fue escritor de libretos para otro programa jocoso, Platicando con mi Barbero.

Padgett, hombre incansable, se dedicó también al periodismo escrito, redactando artículos para el semanario El Chilío, del cual era director Armando Zelaya, y colaborando con varios artículos en el diario El Cronista y en el diario El Pueblo, dirigido por el periodista Óscar Armando Flores Midence.

En 1997, fue ministro de Cultura, Artes y Deportes. También secretario de Prensa del gobierno de Honduras.

Produjo varias películas; entre ellas, Almas de la Medianoche.

Su personaje más famoso en la radio y televisión fue «Margarito Pérez y Pérez», por el cual aún se le recuerda.

Padgett fallecería en el año 2001, en La Habana, Cuba.

El premio a la televisión hondureña lleva su nombre en homenaje.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Actores de Honduras
Ministro de Cultura Artes y Deportes de Honduras
Paraisinos
Periodistas masculinos de Honduras
Fallecidos en La Habana

Hermán Allan Padgett


Sille Barajı, Konya ilinde, Sille Çayı üzerinde, sulama ve taşkın kontrolü amacı ile 1953-1960 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş bir barajdır. Kaya gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 320.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 39,00 m'dir. Normal su kotunda göl hacmi 3,10 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 0,20 km²'dir. 260 hektarlık bir alana sulama hizmeti vermektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Konya ilindeki barajlar

Sille Barajı


Die Liste der Baudenkmäler in St. Lorenzen (italienisch San Lorenzo di Sebato) enthält die  als Baudenkmäler ausgewiesenen Objekte auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde St. Lorenzen in Südtirol.

Basis ist das im Internet einsehbare offizielle Verzeichnis der Baudenkmäler in Südtirol. Dabei kann es sich beispielsweise um Sakralbauten, Wohnhäuser, Bauernhöfe und Adelsansitze handeln. Die Reihenfolge in dieser Liste orientiert sich an der Bezeichnung, alternativ ist sie auch nach der Adresse oder dem Datum der Unterschutzstellung sortierbar.

Liste

Weblinks

 Monumentbrowser des Südtiroler Landesdenkmalamts

St. Lorenzen (Südtirol)
!
Baudenkmaler St. Lorenzen Sudtirol

Liste der Baudenkmäler in St. Lorenzen (Südtirol)


Iulian Andrei Domșa (n. 20 martie 1887, Racâș – d. 1978, București) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
În noiembrie-decembrie 1918 a fost comandantul gărzilor naționale române din comitatul Sălaj și a participat la Alba Iulia, ca delegat al gărzilor din Sălaj. După Marea Unire a fost primul primar român al orașului Zalău.

A fost apoi pretor al plasei Zalău și mai târziu prefect al județului Sălaj. A fost ales totodată, senator al României Mari. Era un recunoscut om de cultură și știință, fiind colaborator extern la Editura Academiei R.S.R. Medicale și Științifice, în calitate de traducător-corector.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1887
Decese în 1978
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Primari din România

Iulian Andrei Domșa


الباعة المتجولون تجار يعرضون بضائعهم في الطرقات. ينتشر الباعة المتجولون في العديد من الدول وبسبب تاثيرهم على جمالية المدن إضافة إلى صعوبة فرض الضوابط الصحية عليهم توجد قوانين تمنع هذه الظاهرة في معظم الدول

وتختلف بضائع الباعة المتجولين من دولة إلى أخرى ففي العراق يشتهر باعة الشلغم أو عَرَبَنْجِي(صاحب العرابة) بينما يشتهر باعة الفل في مصر كما تنتشر هذه الظاهرة بشكل كبير في دول جنوب شرق آسيا

أسباب انتشارة  يضطر بعض العاطلين عن العمل إلى اتخاذ هذه الوظيفة حيث انها لا تحتاج إلى اموال كثيره لمزاولتها فلا يحتاج صاحبها أي استئجار محل أو دفع ضرائب أو مصاريف أخرى حيث ان أغلب البائعين المتجولين غير راضين عن هذه المهنة ولكن الظروف المادية تضطرهم لمزاولتها

مراجع

باعة متجولون
تجارة التجزئة
ثقافة الشارع
مهن خدمات الأطعمة
مهن بيع

بائع متجول


Mindos Kapısı, Bodrum yakınlarında yer alan tarihi bir alandır. Halikarnas şehir surlarının önemli bir noktasını oluşturmuş Mindos Kapısı, günümüzde Bodrum şehir merkezinin batısında yer almaktadır. Şehrin batı surları ovadan geçtiği için kulelerle güçlendirilmiştir. Kulelerin ölçüleri yaklaşık olarak 7x8,5 metredir. Mindos kapısının iki kulesinden biri günümüze hemen hemen orijinal yüksekliği ile ulaşmıştır. Bu kapı yarımadanın ucunda bulunan antik Myndos şehri yönünde olduğundan Mindos kapısı olarak tanınmaktadır. Yöresel adı Diktiri'dir.
Kapının bulunduğu alanda Helenistik ve Roma devirlerine ait tonozlu mezarlar da bulunmaktadır. Asıl mezar odaları tonozun altındadır. Bunun neredeyse tümü geçen yüzyıl Newton tarafından açılmıştır. İçlerinde pişmiş toprak lahitler bulunmuştur.

Galeri

Muğla ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Bodrum'daki yapılar
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yapılar

Mindos Kapısı


Los dimorfodóntidos (Dimorphodontidae) son una familia de primitivos pterosaurios "ranforrincoideos" denominados así por su género más característico, Dimorphodon, que vivieron entre el Triásico Superior al Jurásico Inferior.

La familia Dimorphodontidae fue nombrada en 1870 por Harry Govier Seeley (aunque la denominó "Dimorphodontae") con Dimorphodon como su único miembro conocido.

En 2003 David Unwin definió un clado Dimorphodontidae, como el clado consistente en el último ancestro común de Dimorphodon macronyx y Peteinosaurus zambellii y todos sus descendientes. Las especies definitorias eran los únicos dimorfodóntidos conocidos. Este grupo podría ser el clado más basal dentro de Pterosauria con la excepción del Preondactylus y el grupo hermano del cladoe Caelidracones dentro de Macronychoptera.

De acuerdo a Alexander Kellner, Dimorphodon no está tan cercanamente relacionado con Peteinosaurus y el concepto sería entonces superfluo.

Referencias
Seeley, H. G., 1870, "Remarks on Prof. Owen's Monograph on Dimorphodon", Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 6:129

Dimorphodontidae


Lamport may refer to:

Places
 Lamport, Buckinghamshire, England, a former hamlet
 Lamport, Northamptonshire, England, a village and civil parish

Other uses
 Lamport (surname)
 Lamport Hall, Lamport, Northamptonshire, a Grade I Listed House
 Lamport railway station, Northamptonshire
 Lamport Stadium, an arena in Toronto, Canada

See also
 Lamport and Holt, a defunct UK merchant shipping line
 Lampart (disambiguation)

Lamport


لوكوتو (Le Coteau) بلدية تقع في إقليم لوار وسط فرنسا .

تبعد حوالي 90 كيلومترا (56 ميل) إلى الشمال الغربي من ليون بجانب روان، مع نهر لوار بينهما.

توأمة
للوكوتو اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 لورش

أعلام
 غيسلاين أنسيلميني
 رومين بويت

مراجع

مدن فرنسا
بلديات لوار (إقليم فرنسي)

لوكوتو


Kabul (Dari/Pashto: ), situated in the east of the country, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. The capital of the province is Kabul city, which is Afghanistan's capital and largest city. The population of the Kabul Province is over 5.5 million people as of 2022, of which over 85 percent live in urban areas. The current governor of the province is Qari Baryal.

It borders the provinces of Parwan to the north, Kapisa to the north-east, Laghman to the east, Nangarhar to the south-east, Logar to the south, and Wardak to the west.

Geography

Kabul is located between Latitude 34-31' North and Longitude 69-12' East at an altitude of 1800 m (6000 feet) above sea level, which makes it one of the world's highest capital cities. Kabul is strategically situated in a valley surrounded by high mountains at crossroads of north-south and east-west trade routes. One million years ago the Kabul region was surrounded from south-east between Lowgar and Paghman Mountains; Charikar in the north and the Ningai Ghar mountains in the west. This region formed an icy sea.  Some deep wells in the region of today's Poli Charkhi in the east part of city are the evidence of that time. Kabul is surrounded by Koh-e Paghman Mountain from the east, Koh-e Qrough Mountain from the south-west and Koh-e Shirdarwaza Mountain from the north-east. Kabul has only one river which is called Kabul River. Kabul River rises at the Paghman Mountain toward South Pass about  west of Kabul. It flows in an easterly direction, past Kabul, and through Jalalabad city, and then on to Dakka where it enters Pakistani territory and finally runs into the Indus at Attock.

The climate within region of Kabul is considered to be arid to semi-arid steppe. Because of the very low amounts of precipitation, especially from May to November, Kabul can be very dry and dusty. Extreme temperature changes occur from night to day, season to season, and from place to place. The chief characteristic of Afghanistan's climate is a blue cloudless sky with over 300 days of sunshine yearly. Even during the winter, skies usually remain clear between snowfalls, which are on average  annually. The daily temperature for Kabul city in winter is  and in summer . The coldest month of the year is January and the hottest month is July. The maximum temperature has been recorded as +42.7 °C in July and the minimum as −26.3 °C in January.

History

Kabul's history dates back more than 3,500 years. It was once the center of Zoroastrianism and subsequently also a home for Buddhists and Hindus.

The native citizens of Kabul as per the records of the British Museum are Tajiks and Pashtuns.

The city was invaded by Arab Muslims in the 7th century by introducing Islam  but was slowly taken back by the Hindu Shahis of Kabul. It was re-invaded by the Saffarids and Samanids in the 9th century followed by Mahmud of Ghaznavi in the 11th century, when the Hindu Shahi King Jay Pala committed suicide. It became part of the Ghurids after defeating the Ghaznavids, and later it was invaded by the Mongols under Genghis Khan.

Timur, founder of the Timurid dynasty, invaded the region in 14th century and developed it into a major trading center. In 1504, the city fell to Babur from the north of the country and was made into his capital, which became one of the principal cities of his later Mughal Empire. In 1525, Babur described Kabulistan in his memoirs by writing that:

For much of its time Kabul was independent until it became part of the Durrani Empire in 1747. During the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1839, the British army invaded the area but withdrew in 1842, although thousands of them were killed during a surprise ambush on their way to Jalalabad. In retaliation another British force partly burned Kabul before retreating back to British India. The British again occupied the city during the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1879, after their resident staff were massacred there, but withdrew about a year later when they installed Emir.

In 1919, King Amanullah Khan rose to power during the Third Anglo-Afghan War when Afghanistan's capital and its eastern city of Jalalabad were air raided by the No. 31 and 114 squadrons of the British Royal Air Force in May 1919. Amanullah Khan defeated the British and began modernization of the country after the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi. In the late 1920s, switching of power took place until Zahir Shah became the youngest new King.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Kabul was known as the Paris of central Asia as it was transforming into a European style city. Once the jewel of Asia, a very progressive and moderately modern capital. Kabul in those days had, modern cinemas, cafes, formal French gardens, schools, libraries, universities, fine boutiques. The inhabitants of Kabul known as "Kabulis" were highly educated, modern, progressive and cosmopolitan people. Where women and men attended primary school, high school and university. Mini-jupes (mini skirts) were a common sight in the 1970s. Highly educated, culturally aware and yet religious at the same time, there was never an issue with not having your hair covered or the clothes you wore in the Kabul of the 1960s and 1970s. This progressive peaceful society lasted until foreign interference occurred in the late 1970s plummeting the country to what Afghanistan has become today. In December 1979, Soviet armed forces landed at Kabul International Airport to help bolster the PDPA-led government of Afghanistan.

Kabul became the Soviet command center for approximately 10 years during their stay in Afghanistan. In February 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan after they were defeated by the Mujahideens. In spring of 1992 the government of Mohammad Najibullah collapsed, Kabul fell into the hands of Mujahideen forces. Destruction increased as the coalition of the parties broke into rival warring factions, and much of Kabul was damaged. In 1996 the Taliban took over the region and started a new strict Islamic Sharia rule which restricted most forms of education, entertainment, women from working, men from shaving beards, and many normal human activities or hobbies.

Less than a month after the September 11 attacks in the United States, in October 2001, the United States Armed Forces assisted by British Armed Forces provided massive air support to United Front (Northern Alliance) ground forces during Operation Enduring Freedom. The Taliban abandoned Kabul and the United Front came to take control of the city. In December 2001 Kabul became the capital of the Afghan Transitional Administration, which transformed to the present Government of Afghanistan that is led by President Hamid Karzai.

In early 2002 a NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was deployed in Kabul and from there they began taking over other parts of the country. The war-torn city began to see some positive development as millions of expats returned to the country. Its population has grown from about 500,000 in 2001 to over 3 million by 2007. Many foreign embassies re-opened, especially the biggest U.S. Embassy. Afghan government institutions were also re-developed and modernized. Since 2008 the newly trained Afghan National Police (ANP) and the Afghan National Army (ANA) are in charge of security in the area, while NATO also has a heavy presence but are not patrolling the streets anymore.

While the city is being developed, it is also the scene of occasional deadly suicide bombings and explosions carried out by the Haqqani network, Taliban's Quetta Shura, Hezb-i Islami, Al Qaeda, and other anti-government elements who are allegedly supported and guided by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) spy network.

Politics

Kabul was occupied by a number of mujahideen rebel groups and warlords before Najibullah's government collapsed in 1992. The city and province were contested by the various rebel forces who fought for power until it was captured by the Taliban in 1996. A new strict law was introduced by the Taliban. There was very little information on how Afghanistan was governed but the country had only one leader, Mullah Omar, the head of Taliban who fled to Pakistan after the US-led invasion on October 7, 2001. The Taliban laws were quickly abolished and humanities came in effect to enable Kabul to recover from the destruction caused by the mujahideen and Taliban forces. The 2002 loya jirga took place to solve the country's political problems.

Afghanistan adopted a new constitution in January 2004, establishing the country as an Islamic Republic. According to the constitution, the Afghan government consists of a President, two Vice Presidents, and a National Assembly (Parliament). The National Assembly has two houses: the House of People (Wolesi Jirga), and the House of Elders (Meshrano Jirga). There is also an independent Judiciary branch consisting of the Supreme Court (Stara Mahkama), High Courts and Appeal Courts. The President appoints the members of the Supreme Court with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga.

Afghanistan's presidential elections were held in October 2004. Over 8 million Afghans voted in the elections. The Joint Electoral Management Body of Afghanistan certified the elections and declared Hamid Karzai, the interim President, the winner with 55.4% of the vote. Karzai's strongest opponent, Yunus Qanuni, received 16.3% of the vote. The elections were not without controversy; allegations of fraud and ballot stuffing were brought up by many of the presidential candidates including Qanuni. A panel of international experts was set up to investigate the matter. The panel did find evidence of voting irregularities, however, they said that it was not enough to affect the outcome of the elections.

Economy

Kabul's products include: natural gas, cotton, wool, carpets, agriculture, and some small production companies. Kabul has trade partnerships with the UK, France, Germany, United States, India, South Korea, Turkmenistan, Kenya, Russia, Pakistan, China, Iran. Kabul's economy was influenced by the America and has increased by almost 3500% after shrinking for 25 years. A new currency was introduced to Afghans which helped the economy. New business was in the new regime. Many American industries were interested in the new Kabul and many new companies have since then opened their branches in Kabul. The Kabul City Centre Mall was built and has nearly 100 shops.

The economy is at a boom level and is increasing dramatically. Housing costs are rising as are employee wages. The cost of living has increased dramatically which is a problem for the non-educated Afghans, who cannot support themselves. The UN helps Afghans in need of help by providing aid, food and school materials for schools. Many international aid organizations are contributing to the Afghan economy.

Tourism
In the 1960s and 70s most of Kabul's economy depended on tourism. Kabul had textile, cotton production, and carpet production industries, but most of its economy came through tourism which it lost during its destruction.

Demographics and administration

As of 2022, the total population of Kabul province is 5,572,630, of which about 85 percent live in the urban areas (mainly in the Kabul metropolitan area) while the remaining 15 percent are rural residents. It is one of the most ethnically diverse provinces.

The city of Kabul is multi-ethnic. As of 2003, it is composed of  35% Tajiks, 40% Pashtuns, 20% Hazaras, 2% Uzbeks, 1% Baloch, 1% Turkmen, and 1% Hindu.  The Pashto and Dari languages are widely used in the region

Districts

Transportation

Transportation in Kabul is improving as the numbers of new vehicles and experienced drivers are increasing. There is public transportation service in the Kabul vicinity, but many roads are in disrepair. Drivers are also impeded by the large number of cyclists. More vehicles are seen in the city because people are purchasing cars. Taxi cabs are found everywhere in the city, also in most of the districts of Kabul.

Kabul's Milli Bus (National Bus) system, which has about 800 buses, provides service to the city and nearby areas. There are several new highways in the province, and the government has scheduled to rebuild most of the smaller roads. Funding for the roads comes from current drivers who must pay toll charges for driving on highways and major roads. The money is collected by the government through issuing motorists monthly, quarterly or annual inspection certificates that are affixed to the windshield of their vehicles.

Trucks are used to transport goods from one district to another, or to other cities of the country. The Afghan government, with the help of foreign companies or organizations, have begun work on many of Kabul's roads. Auto companies like Honda, Toyota, Ford Motor Company, and Chevrolet have also been reintroduced in Kabul.

Healthcare
The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 65% in 2005 to 56% in 2011.
The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 46% in 2005 to 73% in 2011.

Education

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 58% in 2005 to 47% in 2011. The overall net enrollment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 46% in 2005 to 65% in 2011.

Kabul is Afghanistan's center for education. People from all the provinces of the country come to Kabul for education. There are many schools and universities that have opened doors for men and women. In the 1970s, about 55% of Kabul's population was educated without materials or proper learning resources, but nowadays most of the young children are sent to work by their parents to support their living costs. The education rate has declined dramatically during the last 20 years. Most of the schools in Kabul were set as battle points during the wars and have been demolished.

List of universities in Kabul

 Afghanistan Technical Vocational Institute
 American University of Afghanistan
 Bakhtar University
 Kabul Medical University
 Kabul University
 Kardan University
 Karwan University
 Kateb University
 Maryam University
 National Military Academy of Afghanistan

 Polytechnical University of Kabul

List of schools in Kabul

 Abdul Rahim-e-Shaheed High School (for boys and girls (Year 1-Year 6))
 Ahmad Shah Baba High School (for boys, named after Ahmad Shah Durrani)
 Aisha-i-Durani School (or Mädchengymnasium Aysha-e Durani) and Wirtschaftsgymnasium für Mädchen Jamhuriat (German-Afghan schools for girls)
 Amani High School (German-Afghan school for boys founded in 1924)
 Durkhanai High School (for girls)
 Ghazi High School (for boys, names after Amanullah Khan)
 Ghulam Haider Khan High School
 Habibia High School (British-Afghan school founded in 1904 as Habibya College)
 International School of Kabul
 Lycée Esteqlal and Lycée Malalaï (French lycées founded in 1922 and 1932 respectively)
 Malalai High School (for girls, named after Malalai Anna)
 Malika Soraya High School (for girls, named after Queen Soraya Tarzi)
 Naderia High School (For Boys)
 Nazo Ana High School (for girls, named after Nazo Tokhi)
 Raman Baba High School (for boys, named after Rahman Baba)
 Sultana Razia High School (for girls)

Sports

Kabul is the center of annual buzkashi Cricket and football tournaments, where teams from all over of Afghanistan, and sometimes from neighboring Pakistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan participate. Sports is a daily routine for employees in Afghanistan, when they all join each other in tournaments and matches, specially soccer games. Golf is played at the Kabul Golf Club, which is a short drive from the capital near the Qargha water park.
Cricket is the number-one sport in Afghanistan with big achievements. Annual cricket tournament happen under the name of Shpagizz and from all over Afghanistan teams attend in this tournament. Afghanistan cricket team has participated in world cups.
Afghanistan national football team also participated in many Asian Soccer Leagues. Many Afghans who were living as refugees in Pakistan and India repatriated, and they brought the game of cricket with them. Afghanistan now has a national cricket team that plays internationally. The Province itself is represented in Afghan domestic cricket by the Kabul Province cricket team, who were the inaugural winners of the 2010 Etisalat 50 over tournament.

There are also basketball, volleyball, golf, handball, boxing, taekwondo, weightlifting, bodybuilding, track and field, skating, bowling, snooker, and chess, teams in Kabul, which participate in tournaments locally and go on tours to other Asian countries. One of the oldest and most popular stadiums in Kabul is the Ghazi Stadium, where tournaments, concerts, and national celebrations take place. The Kabul National Cricket Stadium is under construction as of 2011. The Ghazi Stadium is also currently going through a reconstruction programme whereby a new design and a new system will be established for the stadium. Schools and universities encourage participation in team sports, and Afghans are being trained in Kabul for the next Olympic Games.

See also
 Provinces of Afghanistan
 Kabul City
 Kabulistan

References

External links

 What's On In Kabul (pdf format)
 Historical Photos of Kabul
 Kabul Caravan
 Kabul Business Network

Provinces of Afghanistan
Provinces of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Kabul Province


Doğu Asya, Asya kıtasının doğu bölgesidir. Çin, Tayvan, Japonya, Kore (Kuzey Kore ve Güney Kore), Uzak Doğu Rusya ve bazen Moğolistan ülkelerini kapsar, ancak Moğolistan genellikle Orta Asya kapsamına girer.

1,5 milyar kişi nüfusu ile toplam dünya nüfusunun dörtte biri Doğu Asya'da yaşamaktadır ve ortalama nüfus yoğunluğu km başına 131 kişi olması nedeniyle bölgenin nüfus yoğunluğu, dünyanın ortalama nüfus yoğunluğundan üç kat daha büyük.

Bölgenin başkentleri Pekin (Çin), Taipei (Tayvan), Tokyo (Japonya), Pyongyang (K. Kore), Seul (G. Kore), Habarovsk (Uzak Doğu Rusya bölgesi) ve Ulan Batur (Moğolistan). Pekin, Seul ve Tokyo dışında Doğu Asya bölgesinin en büyük şehirleri Osaka, Şanghay, Guangzhou, Shenzhen ve Nagoya şehirleridir.

Ekonomi

Bölgesel veri

Etimoloji

Demografik

Etnik gruplar

Şehirler ve kasabalar

Dipnot

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız

Doğu Asya


Hooper est une ville américaine située dans le Comté de Dodge, au Nebraska. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de  habitants.

Liens externes

Ville dans le Nebraska
Comté de Dodge (Nebraska)

Hooper (Nebraska)


O 16º Campeonato Europeu de Halterofilismo foi realizado em Viena, na Áustria entre 13 a 14 de setembro de 1912. Foram disputadas quatro categorias.

Medalhistas

Quadro de medalhas

Ligações externas
Site da Federação Europeia de Halterofilismo

1912
Europeu
Halterofilismo
Halterofilismo

Campeonato Europeu de Halterofilismo de 1912


Crkva sv. Nikole biskupa bila je katolička župna crkva na Udbini.

Povijest
Izgrađena je 1714. godine. Dograđena je 1838. Od 1714. do 1942. od crkve sv. Marka Groba je redovito svake godine, na blagdan svetog Marka, išla procesija preko mosta na Krbavi do župne crkve sv. Nikole Biskupa na Udbini. Velikosrpski nacionalisti su u pokušajima zatiranja hrvatskoga identiteta spalili crkvu 1942. godine. Od 1945. pa do 1948. nastavlja se antikatolička akcija, pod kapom nove komunističke vlasti. Opožarenu su crkvu do temelja razorile zajedno sa starim udbinskim grobljem, i na njezinim temeljima izgradile hotel za "civilizacijske potrebe naroda". Župna crkva sv. Nikole Biskupa bila je tako razorena da ne postoji čak polovica temelja istočnog dijela broda i svetišta, a iz preostalih temelja su izranjale ljudske kosti i glave. Oko crkve i u crkvi istražena su 172 groba. Uz crkvu su pokopani i oni koji su u ljeti 1942. branili Udbinu i poginuli. Katolički svećenik Mate Moguš obješen je usred Udbine 1945. godine.

Hotel na mjestu srušene župne crkve sv. Nikole Biskupa napušten je nakon Oluje i poslije srušen. Otkriveni su preostali ostatci temelja crkve te se moglo pristupiti konzerviranju.

Izgradnjom crkve Hrvatskih mučenika crkva sv. Nikole biskupa opet je dobila vjersku namjenu. Na mjestu preostalih ostataka bivše crkve Sv. Nikole Biskupa koji su konzervirani, sada je vanjski oltar crkve Hrvatskih mučenika.

Karakteristike
Crkva je bila posvećena sv. Nikoli biskupu. Bila je velikih dimenzija, s jednim brodom i u baroknom stilu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Hrvatski martirologij Mjesta značajna za projekt izgradnje Crkve hrvatskih mučenika na Udbini

Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Barokne crkve u Hrvatskoj
Udbina
Udbina

Crkva sv. Nikole biskupa na Udbini


Cyclura este un gen de reptile din familia Iguanidae.

Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life:

Referințe

Legături externe

Cyclura


Jacqueline Joubert, cuyo verdadero nombre era Jacqueline Annette Édith Pierre (París; 29 de marzo de 1921 - Neuilly-sur-Seine; 8 de enero de 2005) fue una presentadora y productora de televisión francesa, conocida por ser una de las dos primeras mujeres locutoras de Francia junto con Arlette Accart.

Estuvo casada con el periodista Georges de Caunes desde 1953 hasta 1960. Era madre de Antoine de Caunes y abuela de la conocida actriz Emma de Caunes. Posteriormente también estuvo casada con Jacques Lagier.

Biografía
Actriz de teatro, se unió a la Radio Televisión Pública Francesa (RTF) en 1949, presentando programas por primera vez el 25 de mayo de ese año. Como presentadora de continuidad, anunciaba los próximos programas que se iban a emitir y hacía esperar a los espectadores en caso de fallo técnico (hasta 1960).

En 1959 y 1961, presentó desde Cannes el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión  .

En 1961 creó  Rendez-vous avec..., programa para famosos cantantes y jóvenes talentos de la canción francesa. En 1966, se convirtió en productora y directora de espectáculos, principalmente de variedades.

Después de haber sido directora de variedades de la cadena Antenne 2, Jacqueline Joubert se convirtió en jefa de L'Unité Jeunesse (la Unidad de contenidos infantiles y juveniles) de la cadena Antenne 2 en 1977, donde ayudó con su carrera a la cantante y actriz Dorothée dándole la presentación de un nuevo programa: Récré A2. En Récré A2, Dorothée estaba acompañada de William Leymergie, Ariane Gil, Patrick Simpson-Jones, Jean Jacques Chardeau, Cabu, Alain Chaufour, Ariane Carletti, Corbier, Jacky y Zabou Breitman. Además, como responsable de contenidos infantiles, Jacqueline permitió emitir la serie de animación japonesa UFO Robo Grendizer entre otras en el canal, aunque luego confesó que esa animación no le gustó.

Tras la salida repentina de Dorothée de TF1, cuando la cadena acababa de ser privatizada, en 1988 Jacqueline ofreció el programa Le Monde magique a Chantal Goya en sustitución de  Récré A2, confiando la presentación principal a Marie Dauphin y Charlotte Kady. Las emisiones de este programa terminaron con la renuncia de Jacqueline a seguir siendo responsable de contenidos Juveniles de Antenne 2.

Televisión
1949 - 1961 : Locutora (RTF)
Años 1960 : Productora y presentadora de programas de variedades de la ORTF
1972 - 1974 : Directora de la Unidad de juventud  de la ORTF
1975 - 1977 : Directora de la Unidad de variedades de Antenne 2
1977 - 1988 : Directora de la Unidad de ficción juvenil y familiar de Antenne 2

Teatro
1957 : Ne faites pas l'enfant de Roger Feral, puesta en escena de Michel de Ré, Teatro del Ambigu-Comique
1960 : Madame, je vous aime de Serge Veber, puesta en escena de Guy Lauzin, Teatro Daunou

Bibliografía
 Lettre à Emma ; Jacqueline Joubert ; Paris, Hachette, 1980,
 Rendez-vous avec-- Jacqueline Joubert : album de famille, Georges de Caunes, Antoine de Caunes, Paris, Denoël , 1996,

Enlaces externos
 INA : Grands Entretiens : Jacqueline Joubert

Presentadores de Eurovisión
Nacidos en París

Jacqueline Joubert


නවරාත්‍රි (දෙමළ - நவராத்திரி) (ඉංග්‍රීසි-lit. Nine nights) යනු 1964 වසරේ තිරගත වූ ඒ.පී.නාගරාජන්ගේ අධ්‍යක්ෂණයෙන් හා නිෂ්පාදනයෙන් නිර්මාණය වූ දෙමළ චිත්‍රපටයකි. සිවාජි ගනේෂන් හා සාවිත්‍රි ගේ රංගනයෙන් දායක වන මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඉන්දිය සිනමාවේ ප්‍රථම කේවල-දස චරිත නිරූපිත චිත්‍රපයටයයි. සිවාජි ගනේෂන් මෙහි චරිත නවයකට පණ පොවයි. මෙය නැවත තිරගත වීම් ලෙස තෙලිගු බසින් නවරාත්‍රි යන තේමාවෙන්ම 1966දී හා හින්දි බසින් නයා දීන් නහි රාත් යනුවෙන් 1974දී තිරගත විය.

පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ හැගීම් නවයක් චරිත නවයකට පෙරළා සිවාජි ගනේෂන් රගපා ඇත.

නවරාත්‍රි


Devaleraea, rod crvenih algi iz porodice Palmariaceae, dio reda Palmariales. Postoji osam priznatih vrsta. Anatomski i reproduktivno, vrste Devaleraea anatomski su identične vrstama Palmaria, jedina značajna razlika je ta što su vrste Devaleraea šuplje.

Tipična je D. ramentacea uz obalu Aljaske

Vrste
 Devaleraea callophylloides (M.W.Hawkes & Scagel) G.W.Saunders, Jackson & Salomaki
 Devaleraea compressa (Ruprecht) Selivanova & Klochkova
 Devaleraea firma (Postels & Ruprecht) Selivanova
 Devaleraea marginicrassa (I.K.Lee) Skriptsova & Kalita
 Devaleraea microspora (Ruprecht) Selivanova & Klochkova
 Devaleraea mollis (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) G.W.Saunders, C.J.Jackson & Salomaki
 Devaleraea ramentacea (Linnaeus) Guiry - tip
 Devaleraea stenogona (Perestenko) Skriptsova & Kalita

Izvori

Palmariaceae

Devaleraea


The Battle of Rain , also called Battle of the River Lech, took place on 15 April 1632 near Rain in Bavaria during the Thirty Years' War. It was fought by a Swedish-German army under Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, and a Catholic League force led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly. The battle resulted in a Swedish victory, while Tilly was severely wounded and later died of his injuries.

Outnumbered and with many inexperienced troops, Tilly built defensive works along the River Lech, centred on the town of Rain, hoping to delay Gustavus long enough for Imperial reinforcements under Albrecht von Wallenstein to reach him. On 14 April, the Swedes bombarded the defences with artillery, then crossed the river the next day, inflicting nearly 3,000 casualties, including Tilly. On 16th, Maximilian of Bavaria ordered a retreat, abandoning his supplies and guns.

Despite this victory, the Swedes had been drawn away from their bases in Northern Germany and when Maximilian linked up with Wallenstein found themselves besieged in Nuremberg. This led to the largest battle of the war on 3 September, when an assault on the Imperial camp outside the town was bloodily repulsed.

Background

Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War began in June 1630 when nearly 18,000 troops under Gustavus Adolphus landed in the Duchy of Pomerania. Backed by French subsidies and supported by Saxony and Brandenburg-Prussia, victory at Breitenfeld in September 1631 gave him control of large parts of north and central Germany. This marked the highpoint of Swedish success; a Saxon army under Elector John George invaded Habsburg lands in Bohemia, Gustavus prepared to attack Austria, while his subordinate Gustav Horn advanced into Franconia.

In February 1632, Horn attacked the Bavarian town of Bamberg with a force largely composed of German recruits; Tilly marched north from Nördlingen with 22,000 men and on 9 March recaptured the town. Although he was too weak to follow up this success and withdrew to Ingolstadt, which controlled a major bridge over the Danube, Gustavus feared the effect this defeat might have on his German allies. Telling Horn "we must not let the enemy get any courage whatever against us", he abandoned plans to invade Austria and instead moved south into Bavaria from his winter quarters in Mainz. By consolidating his own forces with those of Horn, Johan Banér and Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar, he assembled 37,505 men and 72 guns.

The Swedes entered Nuremberg on 31 March, then captured Donauwörth on 6 April, near where Tilly had established a defensive line along the River Lech. His main force of 22,000 was entrenched around Rain, with a detachment of 5,000 covering another crossing at Augsburg (see Map). Although Tilly accepted that Gustavus could outflank him by passing south of Augsburg, his objective was to provide time for the main Imperial army under Albrecht von Wallenstein to reach him.

At this point, the Lech river divided into a number of parallel, fast flowing streams, each about 60 to 80 metres wide; the bridge at Rain had been destroyed by Tilly, who placed his inexperienced troops in a strong redoubt with 20 guns, making it a formidable challenge for an attacker. The only other practical route was about five kilometres south of Rain, where there was an island in the middle of the Lech; a deep channel separated it from the Swedish side but it was possible to walk across to the Bavarian bank. Bridging this obstacle has been seen as one of Gustavus' greatest military achievements.

Battle

During 13 April, Lennart Torstensson supervised the construction of Swedish artillery positions opposite Rain, creating three separate batteries of 24 guns each. The next day, he opened fire on Tilly's redoubt while Gustavus deployed his troops near the river bank, making it seem he intended an assault. However, this was only a feint, intended to distract their opponents while they gathered boats and materials to build a pontoon bridge over to the island. On the morning of 15th, three hundred Finnish Hakkapeliitta troops crossed across to the Bavarian side; having done so, they then dug earthworks for batteries which protected the rest of Gustavus' army as they crossed the river.

Tilly immediately despatched troops to engage the Swedes and a fierce firefight developed as they tried to push them back; however, Gustavus had sent 2,000 cavalry over the river two kilometres north of Rain who circled round the redoubt and took them in the flank. Tilly's right thigh was shattered early in the battle; he was taken unconscious to the rear and died two weeks later, while his second in command, Johann von Aldringen, was temporarily blinded minutes later. Maximilian of Bavaria now assumed command and ordered an immediate retreat, covered by his cavalry under Scharffenstein. Both sides suffered around 2,000 casualties each, with the Swedes capturing another 1,000; although Maximilian was forced to abandon his baggage and artillery, most of his army escaped, helped by a storm and high winds which blocked roads and delayed pursuit.

Aftermath
Maximilian reinforced his garrison at Ingolstadt, which repulsed a Swedish attack on 3 May, then withdrew north of the Danube, leaving Bavaria open to the Swedish army. The country was extensively pillaged, while Gustavus made a triumphal entry into Munich on 17 May, confiscating the ducal art collection and capturing over 100 pieces of artillery; it was another three years before Maximilian re-entered his capital. On the other hand, the Swedes were now at the end of long and extremely vulnerable supply lines, while Bavarian peasants waged a bitter guerrilla war in the countryside against the invaders plundering their lands.

Meanwhile Wallenstein raised an Imperial army of 65,000, which he used to expel the Saxons from Bohemia; concerned Saxony might make a separate peace and leave him isolated, Gustavus now summoned his German allies to Nuremberg. As he did so, Wallenstein took 30,000 troops and marched into Bavaria to link up with Maximilian advancing north from Ingoldstadt and on 11 July the two forces met up at Schwabach (see Map above). Gustavus retreated to Fürth just outside Nuremberg where he was besieged by the combined Imperial-Bavarian army, leading to the Battle of the Alte Veste in early September.

See also
Rain order of battle

References

Sources

1632 in Europe
Rain
Rain 1632
Rain 1632
Rain 1632
17th century in Bavaria
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Rain

Battle of Rain


La BIZ-Turm ou Tour de la Banque des règlements internationaux en français est le siège de la Banque des règlements internationaux, haut de 69,5 mètres à Bâle. Elle a été conçue par l'architecte Martin Burckhardt et sa construction a duré de 1972 à 1977. Elle est aujourd'hui un des symboles de la ville de Bâle dont elle a été jusqu'en 2003, le troisième plus grand bâtiment de la ville.

En raison de différents traités et accords internationaux, le bâtiment a un statut particulier au regard du droit international. Il est aujourd'hui le siège administratif de la Banque des règlements internationaux qui l'utilise également régulièrement pour des événements et conférences internationales.

Fonction et statut administratif
La Tour de la BRI  sert en premier lieu de siège administratif et de site principal. La BRI possède également un autre site à Bâle à Aeschenplatz conçu par Mario Botta. Au sous-sol on peut y trouver les archives de la Banque des règlements internationaux qui figurent sur la liste des biens figurant dans l'Inventaire suisse des biens culturels d'importance nationale et régionale pour le  Canton de Bâle-Ville. Tous les deux mois, la Tour de la BRI sert de lieu de rencontre entre le FMI et les Banques centrales.  Ces échanges sont un des piliers de la discussion sur la stabilité financière mondiale. Plus de 5000 personnes  participent chaque années aux événements de la BRI. De ces échanges, ont pu naître des textes législatifs comme les accords Bâle 3.

À l'instar d'autres organisations internationales comme le Fonds monétaire international ou l'Organisation des Nations unies, la BRI jouit d'un statut particulier. La source de ce statut se trouve dans l'Accord entre le Conseil fédéral suisse et la Banque des Règlements Internationaux en vue de déterminer le statut juridique de la Banque en Suisse du 10 février 1987. Cet accord découle lui-même d'un accord du 20 janvier 1930 conclu à la conférence de La Haye. En conséquence les fonctionnaires jouissent de l'immunité diplomatique et le bâtiment lui-même jouit d'un statut spécial semblable à celui d'une ambassade. Les autorités suisses ne peuvent y pénétrer que sur autorisation du Président général de la banque ou du directeur Général de la banque.

Histoire

Origines
Bâle fut choisie comme siège de la Banque des règlements internationaux en 1930. Initialement la banque a loué le Savoy hostel Univers et le Grand hôtel d'abord pour deux ans. Cet arrangement censé être provisoire finit par se solder par l'achat des hôtels qui finirent par rester le siège jusqu'au début des années 1970. Le manque de place conduisit la Banque à confier à l'architecte Martin Buckhardt  le soin de concevoir un bâtiment sur le terrain de 3300 mètres appartenant alors à la banque. Mais le terrain était trop petit et la Banque fit alors l'acquisition d'un terrain de 7500M2 près de la gare centrale. En 1969 Martin Buckhardt soumit trois projets et le conseil d'administration vota la version d'une tour  cylindriques de 82 mètres avec 24 étages. En raison de l'opposition du comité de protection du patrimoine de la ville de Bâle qui craignait l'impact sur le paysage historique de la ville, à  la hauteur dut être réduite à 69,5 mètres et 20 étages.

Construction
Lors d'un référendum en 1971, 69% des votants approuvèrent le design et les travaux purent être lancés. Une fosse d'excavation de 15 mètres dût être creusée et la pose de la première pierre eut lieu le 14 mai 1973. Le premier conseil d'administration eut lieu le 19 avril 1977 et l'inauguration officielle eut lieu le 9 mai.

Depuis l'inauguration
En raison de l'élargissement de ses compétences et de l'augmentation conséquente du personnel, la BRI lança en 1997 un concours d'architecture international pour le réaménagement du bâtiment. Ce concours fut remporté par l'architecte Toyō Itō qui prévoyait deux tours jumelles. Ce projet ne vit néanmoins jamais le jour. À la place la BRI acquit en 1998 le bâtiment conçu par Mario Botta situé à Aaschenplatz initialement occupé par l'UBS. Ce bâtiment moderne composé de 6 étages supérieurs et de 6 étages en sous-sol, ainsi que la villa néobaroque voisine furent largement transformés par la BRI après l'achat.

Le nombre de réunion ne fit qu'augmenter en passant à 300 par an avec 9000 participants et d'autres possibilités de développement sont à l'étude.

Description

Situation géographique
La Tour se situe au nord-est de la Centralbahnplatzes, un carrefour important de Bâle, on y trouve en effet au sud la Gare de Bâle CFF. Le terrain du bâtiment est délimité par la Heumattenstrasse à l'ouest, la Centralbahnstrasse  au sud et la  Gartenstrasse à l'ouest. Le terrain entier est une propriété de la BRI.  Au nord on y trouve la Nauenstrasse un axe fort entre l'ouest et l'est de Bâle. On y trouve également 5 lignes du Tramway de Bâle ce qui en fait un pôle important de correspondance.

À proximité immédiate de la tour BIZ se trouvent le poste 2, l'hôtel Schweizerhof, le bâtiment administratif de la Basler Versicherung et le Strassburger Denkmal.

Réactions
La Tour de la BRI emblème de l'architecture des années 1970 a laissé sa trace dans l'horizon bâlois. La Tour de la BRI est un des rares gratte-ciels de plus de 100 m à Bâle avec la Messeturm (Bâle) et la Roche Tower (bâtiment 1) et est visible à plusieurs kilomètres à la ronde. La presse locale eut un accueil favorable et la Tour de la BRI devint un nouveau emblème de la ville. Le Basler Zeitung a pu en parler comme "une création incontestablement impressionante et "une forme pure grâce à ses lignes concaves". Le bâtiment a également attiré une attention internationale.

Le Tageswoche a pu juger que le bâtiment créait une atmosphère calme et réservée et que l'idée de base de « l'architecture végétale » a été mise en œuvre harmonieusement dans le choix du matériau, de la texture et de la couleur.

Dans une rétrospective de 2003, le magazine Architektur & Technik a jugé que l'emplacement près de la gare CFF était bien choisi car il a pu donner un élan important. En effet, un certain nombre de bâtiments d'importance urbaine, tels que la maison Peter Merian ont été construits près de la gare et ont pu donner un élan important au quartier.

La construction de la tour BIS a directement affecté l'hôtel Hilton d'en face, ouvert en 1975, fermé en 2015 et démoli en 2016. La palette de couleurs de l'hôtel a été adoptée en consultation directe avec le bureau d'architecture Burckhardt und Partner.

D'autres nouveaux bâtiments dans les années 1970, comme le nouveau bâtiment du siège de la Société de Banque Suisse (aujourd'hui le bâtiment UBS) sur Aeschenplatz, ont choisi les mêmes matériaux de construction que le BIS pour la conception de la façade.

Dans un contexte de critique envers le monde de la finance globale où la BRI joue un rôle clé, la tour BRI est souvent présentée et décrite comme la « Tour de Bâle". On a pu faire des associations avec la tour de Babel symbole cette fois ci de l'orgueil et de la lutte de pouvoir dans le monde financier. Néanmoins ceci est plus dû au rôle de la BRI elle-même qu'au bâtiment lui-même.

Notes et références

Bâtiment à Bâle

Tour de la BRI


A Praça do Skate, oficialmente Praça Ricardo Xavier da Silveira, é uma praça situada no bairro do Centro, na URG Centro da cidade fluminense de Nova Iguaçu. Localiza-se na Via Light, entre a Avenida Governador Roberto Silveira e a Rua Dom Walmor. Possui uma área de aproximadamente 5,6 mil m².

A praça é conhecida por sua pista de skate, inaugurada em dezembro de 1976. O projeto da pista foi desenvolvido pelo desenhista e skatista Sérgio Alexandre e pelo diretor de obras Henrique Reina. É considerada a primeira pista de skate da América Latina. Em 2013, estreou um documentário, intitulado Praça do Skate – A primeira pista da América Latina, que reuniu depoimentos de pioneiros do esporte, idealizadores da pista e responsáveis pela obra. O seu desenho se mantém desde a inauguração.

Além da pista de skate, a praça também conta com: academia da terceira idade; bicicletários; quadras poliesportiva e de vôlei de praia; mesas de tênis de mesa e de futmesa; e parque infantil.

O nome oficial do logradouro é uma homenagem a Ricardo Xavier da Silveira, que foi prefeito de Nova Iguaçu entre 1936 e 1937.

Ver também
 Centro (Nova Iguaçu)
 Nova Iguaçu

Ligações externas

Skate
Centro (Nova Iguaçu)

Praça do Skate