La gare du Bec-Hellouin est une gare ferroviaire, fermée, de la ligne d'Évreux-Embranchement à Quetteville, située sur le territoire de la commune du Bec-Hellouin, dans le département de l'Eure en région Normandie.

Situation ferroviaire
Établie à  d'altitude, la gare du Bec-Hellouin était située au point kilométrique (PK) 150,069 de la ligne d'Évreux-Embranchement à Quetteville, entre les haltes de Saint-Martin - Brionne et de Pont-Authou - Les Essarts.

Elle disposait de deux voies et de deux quais.

Histoire
La section d'Évreux à Glos-Monfort a été déclarée d'intérêt public le , et a été mise en service en deux étapes : le  entre Évreux et Le Neubourg et le  jusqu'à Glos-Montfort, cette deuxième section comprenant la gare du Bec-Hellouin. La ligne est fermée aux voyageurs le  et le trafic marchandises est supprimé entre Le Neubourg et Glos-Montfort le , ce qui entraîne la fermeture définitive de la gare. La section du Neubourg à Glos-Montfort est déclassée le .

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Le bâtiment voyageurs d'origine est toujours présent, réaffecté, il est devenu une habitation privée.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en France
 Ligne d'Évreux-Embranchement à Quetteville

Liens externes
Le blog sur les gares SNCF : la gare du Bec-Hellouin
Vidéo Avant/Après de la gare du Bec-Hellouin

Gare mise en service en 1888
Gare fermée dans l'Eure

Gare du Bec-Hellouin


La resolución 963 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas fue aprobada unánimemente el 29 de noviembre de 1994, tras haber examinado la petición de la República de Palaos para poder ser miembro de las Naciones Unidas. En esta resolución, el Consejo recomendó a la Asamblea General la aceptación de Palaos como miembro.

Véase también
Palaos
Anexo:Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas

Enlaces externos

Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas aprobadas en 1994
0963
Relaciones internacionales de Palaos

Resolución 963 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas


Constantin Brâncoveanu - puterea visului este un film românesc din 2002 regizat de Șerban Creangă.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2002 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2002

Constantin Brâncoveanu - puterea visului (2002)


Kmerce, Kamboçya'da konuşulan resmî dil. Kamboçya'da Kmerce dışında Mon  ve Vietnamca dilleri de konuşulmaktadır.

Avustroasya dilleri grubunda bulunan Kmerce, lehçe bakımından Merkezî Kmer, Kuzey Kmer, Batı Kmer ve Güney Kmer  olmak üzere dört ana lehçeye ayrılmıştır. Kuzey Kmer lehçesi daha çok Tayland'da konuşulmaktadır. Kamboçya'da konuşulan, bu dilin Merkezî Kmer lehçesidir.

Kaynakça

Kamboçya'da kültür
Tayland'daki diller
Vietnam'da kültür
Avustroasya dilleri

Kmerce


Corinna Kneuer (* 4. Januar 1958 in Racine, Wisconsin), besser bekannt als Cory oder Corey Everson, ist eine US-amerikanische Bodybuilderin und Schauspielerin. Sie gewann den Ms. Olympia-Wettbewerb sechs Mal in Folge von 1984 bis 1989.

Leben
Corinna Kneuer wurde in Racine, Wisconsin geboren. Sie schloss die Highschool in Deerfield, Illinois ab. Danach hatte sie ihren Abschluss an der University of Wisconsin-Madison, wo sie an verschiedenen Sportarten teilnahm (Turnen, Leichtathletik und Badminton). Während sie die University of Wisconsin-Madison abschloss, traf sie Jeff Everson, einen Bodybuilder und Krafttrainer. Sie heirateten 1982.

Kneuer ernährt sich vegetarisch.

Bodybuilding-Karriere
Nach ihrem Abschluss begann Cory Everson, als Bodybuilderin zu trainieren.

Wettbewerbe
 1980 Ms. Mid America  – 1.
 1980 American Couples – 3.
 1981 Ms. Midwest Open – 1. (Tall & Overall)
 1981 Ms. Central USA – 1. (HW and Overall)
 1981 Couples America – 1.
 1981 American Championships – 11. (MW)
 1982 Ms. East Coast – 1. (MW)
 1982 Bodybuilding Expo III – 2. (MW)
 1982 Bodybuilding Expo Couples – 2.
 1982 AFWB American Championships – 5. (HW)
 1982 IFBB North American – 1. (MW and Overall)
 1982 IFBB North American Mixed Pairs – 1.
 1983 Bodybuilding Expo IV – 1. (MW and Overall)
 1983 Bodybuilding Expo Mixed Pairs – 1.
 1983 U.S. Bodybuilding Championships Couples – 1.
 1983 AFWB American Championships – 8.(HW)
 1983 NPC Nationals – 2. (HW)
 1984 American Women's Championships – 1. (HW and Overall)
 1984 NPC Nationals – 1. (HW and Overall)
 1984 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1.
 1985 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1.
 1986 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1.
 1987 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1.
 1988 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1.
 1989 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1.

In Film und Fernsehen
Nach ihrem Rücktritt von den Wettbewerben begann Everson zu schauspielern. Ihr erster großer Filmauftritt war der in Geballte Ladung – Double Impact (1991) an der Seite von Jean-Claude Van Damme. Sie übernahm eine kleine Rolle in Natural Born Killers (1994). Außerdem bekam sie einen Gastauftritt bei Hör mal, wer da hämmert.

 Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1986: Der Morgen danach (The Morning After)
 1991: Geballte Ladung – Double Impact (Double Impact)
 1994: Natural Born Killers
 1994: Die CIA-Verschwörung (Felony)
 1995: Ballistic
 1995–1998: Hercules (Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Fernsehserie, 3 Folgen)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bodybuilder (Vereinigte Staaten)
Filmschauspieler
Geboren 1958
Frau
US-Amerikaner

Cory Everson


La isla La Roncière, también escrito Ronser, Ronsier o La Ronser () es una isla en el archipiélago conocido como Tierra de Francisco José, en Rusia.

Su superficie es de 441 km². Su latitud es 81° N y su longitud 61° E. El punto más alto de la isla está a 431 m. Esta casi completamente cubierta de glaciares a excepción de dos pequeños puntos de la costa en el noreste y en el oeste.

La Roncière se encuentra al norte de la tierra de Wilczek, separado de esta por un canal de 8 km de ancho.

Historia
Fue bautizada en 1874 por Julius von Payer y Karl Weyprecht en honor del capitán La Roncière Le Noury. La expedición Ziegler la denominó isla Whitney en 1903, lo cual explica su presencia con este nombre en algunos mapas.

Referencias

Véase también
 Geografía de Rusia
 Geografía de Europa

Islas del archipiélago Tierra de Francisco José

Isla La Roncière


Peter Dursun (født 8. januar 1975) er en dansk tidligere fodboldspiller, der blandt andet spillede for Southend United i The Football League i 1996.

Dursun fik sin debut i Division One for Southend United den 14. december 1996, da han blev skiftet ind i det 53. minut i stedet for Julian Hails i et 4-0-nederlag til Queens Park Rangers. Sidenhen spillede han for Aarhus Fremad og Hvidovre IF.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Southend United F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Aarhus Fremad
Fodboldspillere fra Hvidovre IF

Peter Dursun


Franklinstraße steht für

 Franklin Strait, eine Meerenge im Kanadisch-arktischen Archipel
 Bundesgymnasium und Bundesrealgymnasium Franklinstraße 21, eine Schule in Wien

Franklinstraße


Zavičajna zbirka Gradac, odnosno Muzej Gradca, zavičajna zbirka u Gradcu. Muzej je privatna zbirka obitelji Andrijašević. Utemeljitelji i vlasnici Zavičajne zbirke su Milko i Mirjana Andrijašević.

Sadržava arheološku građu od prapovijesti do srednjeg vijeka te kamene ulomke arhitekture s lokaliteta antičke ville rusticae iz okolice Gradca.

Bogati etnografski materijal izložen u muzeju predstavlja plod dugogodišnjeg sakupljanja. Predmeti potječu iz 19. i 20. stoljeća. Etnografska zbirka podjeljena je na pet cjelina: ribarski pribor, dalmatinska kuhinja, radna soba staroga kapetana, zbirka dalmatinskih i svjetskih tradicionalnih instrumenata i stolarska radionica.

Etnografsku građu čine: kompletna stolarska radionica, kućni inventar, košare, metalno i zemljano posuđe, namještaj, predmeti tradicijskoga gospodarstva, tradicijski tekstil, alat, oružje, ribarski pribor i oruđe, predmeti vezani za pomorstvo, a kulturno-povijesnu: pokućstvo, zrcala, ure, posuđe, slike, fotografije, razglednice, knjige, glazbala i dokumenti. Stalni postav koncipiran je prema cjelinama: ribarski pribor; stara dalmatinska kuhinja, radna soba starog kapetana, stolarska radionica, glazbeni instrumenti i lapidarij.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Facebook
Gradac Museum
Stare službene stranice

Gradac
Gradac

Zavičajna zbirka Gradac


Acianthera denticulata é uma espécie de orquídea nativa de Cuba.

Referências

denticulata
Flora de Cuba

Acianthera denticulata


Prințul Franz de Bavaria (; 10 octombrie 1875 – 25 ianuarie 1957) a fost membru al Casei de Wittelsbach și general maior în armata bavareză.

Biografie
A fost al treilea fiu al regelui Ludovic al III-lea al Bavariei și a soției acestuia, Maria Theresa de Austria-Este. Inițial, Franz a fost comandant al regimentului de infanterie König, însă cu puțin timp înaintea izbucnirii Primului Război Mondial a primit comanda unei brigăzi de infanterie. Prințul Franz a condus brigada spre victorii la Fort Douaumont, Bătălia de la Passchendaele și Kemmelberg.

Căsătorie
La  12 iulie 1912 Prințul Franz s-a căsătorit cu Prințesa Isabela Antonie de Croÿ, fiica Ducelui Karl Alfred de Croÿ și a Prințesei Ludmila de Arenberg. Nunta a avut loc la palatul Weilburg din Baden în apropiere de Viena, Austro-Ungaria. Cuplul a avut șase copii:

 Prințul Ludwig de Bavaria (1913–2008); s-a căsătorit cu Prințesas Irmingard de Bavaria (1923–2010).
 Prințesa Maria Elisabeta de Bavaria (1914–2011); s-a căsătorit cu Prințul Pedro Henrique de Orléans-Braganza (1909–1981).
 Prințesa Adelgunde Maria de Bavaria (1917–2004); s-a căsătorit cu baronul Zdenko von Hoenning-O'Carroll (1906–1996).
 Prințesa Eleonore Marie de Bavaria (1918–2009); s-a căsătorit cu contele Konstantin de Waldburg-Zeil (1909–1972).
 Prințesa Dorothea Therese de Bavaria (1920–2015); s-a căsătorit cu Arhiducele Gottfried de Austria (1902–1984).
 Prințul Rasso de Bavaria (1926–2011);  s-a căsătorit cu Prințesa Theresa de Bavaria (n. 1931).

Note

Arbore genealogic

Nașteri în 1875
Nașteri pe 10 octombrie
Decese în 1957
Decese pe 25 ianuarie
Beneficiari ai Ordinului Vulturul Negru
Casa de Wittelsbach
Cavaleri ai Lânii de Aur
Membri ai Bavaria Reichsrat
Nobili germani
Oameni din Starnberg
Personal militar german al Primului Război Mondial
Prinți de Bavaria
Supraviețuitori ai lagărului de concentrare Dachau

Franz de Bavaria


Katarska karlalandsliðið í knattspyrnu er fulltrúi Katar í knattspyrnu og er stjórnað af knattspyrnusambandi lands síns.

Saga
Knattspyrnuíþróttin barst til Katar með breskum starfsmönnum í olíuiðnaði á fimmta áratugnum. Knattspyrnusamband var stofnað í landinu árið 1960 og gekk það þremur árum síðar til liðs við FIFA. Fyrsti landsleikurinn var gegn Barein árið 1970. Fyrsta HM-forkeppnin var fyrir mótið í Argentínu 1978, þar sem Katar rak lestina í sínum riðli.

Meistarar Persaflóa og Asíu
Katar átti blómaskeið í byrjun tíunda áratugarins og komst m.a. í 53ja sæti heimslistans á árinu 1993, sem lengi vel var þeirra besti árangur. Árið áður tókst Katar í fyrsta sinn að hrósa sigri á Persaflóamótinu, sem einmitt fór fram í landinu í það skiptið. Þessu velgengnistímabili lauk þó með sárum vonbrigðum í forkeppni HM 1998 þegar liðið tapaði í hreinum úrslitaleik gegn Sádiaröbum um sæti í úrslitakeppninni.

Árið 2010 var Katar mörgum að óvörum úthlutað hlutverki gestgjafa á HM 2022. Í kjölfarið hófst mikið uppbyggingartímabil þar sem fjármunum var dælt í landsliðið til að afla því reynslu og undibúa sem best fyrir mótið á heimavelli. Árið 2014 varð liðið Persaflóameistari í þriðja sinn (annar titillinn kom árið 2004) og árið 2019 varð Katar Asíumeistari í fyrsta sinn. Sama ár var Katar boðið að taka þátt í Copa América sem gestaþjóð. Árið 2021 voru Katarbúar svo gestalið í Norður-Ameríkukeppninni og geta því státað af því afreki að hafa keppt í þremur álfukeppnum.

Í aðdraganda mótsins í Katar var ákveðið að leikmenn landsliðsins myndu taka sér frí frá félagsliðum sínum en þess í stað vera saman í æfingabúðum svo mánuðum skipti í þeirri von að mynda öfluga liðsheild gegn umtalsvert sterkari og reyndari mótherjum.

HM á heimavelli
Þann 20. nóvember 2022 hóf lið Katar leik á HM sem gestgjafaþjóð. Mótherjarnir voru Ekvador. Gestirnir höfðu talsverða yfirburði í leiknum sem lauk með 2:0 sigri þeirra og var það í fyrsta sinn í sögu HM sem heimaliðið tapar sínum fyrsta leik. Í næsta leik tóku Katarar á móti Senegal og máttu sætta sig við 3:1 tap þrátt fyrir ágæta baráttu. Úrslitin þýddu að Katar féll úr keppni þótt enn væri ein umferð eftir af riðlakeppninni.

Asísk knattspyrnulandslið
Karlalandslið í knattspyrnu

Katar

Katarska karlalandsliðið í knattspyrnu


Berczeller ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 László Berczeller (1890–1955), ungarischer Arzt und Sojamehlpionier
 Richard Berczeller (1902–1994), österreichischer Arzt

Berczeller


George Pătăcean () a fost un delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească, cel care adoptat hotărârea privint Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918

Date biografice
A fost avocat în Iara, apoi la Vințu de Sus, iar din 1906 in Turda.

Studii
A urmat Facultatea de Drept din Cluj.

Activitate politică
Înainte de 1918, George Pătăcean a susținut conferințe în cadrul "Astrei" și a "Reuniunii Meserașilor Români". După 1918, George Pătăcean a fost sub prefect al județului Turda-Arieș si apoi notar public în Turda.

Note

Bibliografie
Ioan I. Șerban și Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalitaților unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvaneni la Marea adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Ed.Altip, Alba Iulia, 2003

Lectură suplimentară
Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1878
Decese în 1965
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

George Pătăcean


V1, V01 or V-1 can refer to version one (for anything) (e.g., see version control)

V1, V01 or V-1 may also refer to:

In aircraft
 V-1 flying bomb, a World War II German weapon
 V1 speed, the maximum speed at which an aircraft pilot may abort a takeoff without causing a runway overrun
 Vultee V-1, an American single-engine airliner of the 1930s
 Fokker V.1, a German parasol monoplane experimental fighter prototype, built in 1916
 The first prototype/experimental (Versuchs) airframe of nearly any German WW II-era military aircraft

Vessels
 V1-class destroyer, a German World War I destroyer class
 USS V-1, 1924–1931 designation of the USS Barracuda (SS-163), first of the US "V-boat" series of submarines
 V1, a rudderless single-paddler outrigger canoe

In medicine
 V1, the primary visual cortex
 V1, the ophthalmic nerve, first division of the trigeminal nerve
 V1, one of six precordial leads in electrocardiography

In astronomy
 V1, or Hubble variable number one is the name given to a historically important Cepheid variable star in the Andromeda Galaxy

Other uses
 Base form (V1) of an English verb
 ATC code V01 Allergens, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 V1 (classification), a Paralympic archery classification for people with visual disabilities
 LNER Class V1, a 1930–1939 British 2-6-2 tank engine class
 NER Class V1, a class of British steam locomotives officially classified V/09, but classified V1 in some sources
 Nikon 1 V1, a camera
 V1 Gallery, in Copenhagenany
 ITU-T V.1, a telecommunication recommendation
 V1, a visual query language for property graphs
 Z1 (computer), previously known as V1
V1 (film), a 2019 Indian film

See also
 VI (disambiguation) (letter "i" as opposed to number "1")

V1


Geum vernum er jurt af rósaætt frá austurhluta Norður-Ameríku.

Tilvísanir

Dalafíflar

Geum vernum


Hjallerup Idrætscenter beliggende Idræts Allé 1 i 9320 Hjallerup.

Hjallerup idrætscenter består af to idrætshaller, 25 m svømmebassin, motionscenter, idrætsal, motionscenter med spinning og hold fitness samt cafeteria og fem mødelokaler med mulighed for møder fra 4 - 100 personer.

Hjallerup idrætscenter blev indviet i 1969, som Hjallerup hallen.

Hjallerup Idrætscenter rummer flere forskellige idrætsgrene som håndbold og fodbold (Hjallerup Idrætsforening), svømning (Søhesten), gymnastik, volleyball og line dance (Hjallerup Gymnastikklub), bordtennis (Hjallerup Bordtennisklub,  badminton (Hjallerup Badmintonklub) samt motionscenter med spinning- og fitnesslokale.

Eksterne henvisninger

Idrætsanlæg i Danmark
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Brønderslev Kommune

Hjallerup Idrætscenter


White River Junction ist ein Census-designated place in Hartford im US-Bundesstaat Vermont mit 2.532 Einwohnern (laut Volkszählung von 2020). White River Junction wird von Hartford verwaltet und politisch vertreten.

Der Ort liegt an der Einmündung des White River in den Connecticut River auf der Westseite des Flusslaufes. Jenseits des Flusses befindet sich unter anderem die Kleinstadt Hanover mit dem renommierten Dartmouth College, die allerdings beide bereits im Gebiet des Bundesstaates New Hampshire liegen.

Um 1793 wurde an der Stelle des heutigen Ortes, der damals Lyman's Point genannt wurde, eine Fähre über den Connecticut eingerichtet. Im Jahr 1803 wurde die Fähre durch eine feste Brücke über den Connecticut River ersetzt, 1815 eine weitere Brücke über den White River. Beide Brücken wurden durch den ehemaligen Fährmann Elias Lyman betrieben. Bis zur Errichtung der ersten Bahnlinie blieb dieses Fähr- und Brückenhaus die einzige Ansiedlung an dieser Stelle.

Zwischen 1847 und 1849 wurden an der Einmündung des White River in den Connecticut River die Strecken von vier verschiedenen Bahngesellschaften (Central Vermont Railway, Connecticut River Railroad, Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad und Northern Railroad of New Hampshire) verknüpft, was die Gemeinde zum größten Eisenbahnknotenpunkt Vermonts machte. Zeitweise hielten hier täglich bis zu 50 Personenzüge. 1863 wurde eine weitere Strecke durch die Woodstock Railway hier angebunden.

Zwischen 1890 und 1928 (mit Ausnahme des Zeitraums von 1901 bis 1906) fand auf einer Freifläche oberhalb der Stadt jährlich für eine Woche der Twin State Fair, eine Großmesse, statt. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine 950 Meter lange Eisenbahnstrecke gebaut, die die Besucher von der Station zum Messegelände fuhr und nur während der Messewoche betrieben wurde: die Fair Grounds Railroad. Nach dem Ende der Messen wurde auch die Bahnlinie stillgelegt.

Seit dem Niedergang der Eisenbahnen in den Vereinigten Staaten in den 1960er Jahren ist die Bedeutung des Ortes stark zurückgegangen. Die Station wird aber noch heute aufrechterhalten und täglich durch den Expresszug ''The Vermonter'' der Amtrak mit Washington D.C. verbunden. Zusätzlich kreuzen sich am südlichen Ortsrand die beiden Interstates 89 und 91. Auch die Highways 4 und 5 durchqueren auf einem gemeinsamen Straßenabschnitt den Ort.

Große Teile der Innenstadt sind seit 1980 denkmalgeschützt. Im Bahnhof hat sich zudem ein Eisenbahnmuseum angesiedelt. Die Stadt bemüht sich heute um einen Ruf als Künstlerstadt mit vielen Galerien und einer Kunstschule am Ort.

Umliegende Orte
Alle Angaben als Luftlinien-Entfernungen.

 Norden: Norwich, 7,5 km
 Osten: Lebanon, 5,5 km
 Südosten: Grantham, 22,0 km
 Süden: Windsor, 19,0 km
 Südwesten: Reading, 28,0 km
 Westen: Woodstock, 16,0 km
 Nordwesten: Hartford, 5,5 km

Klima

Die mittlere Durchschnittstemperatur in White River Junction liegt zwischen -8 °C im Januar und 20 °C im Juli.

Persönlichkeiten

Persönlichkeiten, die vor Ort gewirkt haben
 Paul Scheffer (Journalist) (1883–1963), deutscher Journalist, lebte von 1945 bis zu seinem Tode in White River Junction.

Weblinks
 Homepage der Gemeinde (englisch)
 Illustrierte Webseite der Bahnstation White River Junction (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

White River Junction


The flag of the state of Montana consists of the image of the Montana state seal centered on a blue field.

History
Within the seal, a plow, shovel, and pick rest in a field in front of the Great Falls of the Missouri River. The ribbon contains the state motto, Oro y plata, which is Spanish for "Gold and silver". The current flag was adopted in 1905, and the word "Montana" above the seal was added in 1981. In 1985, the flag was again modified to specify the font used in "Montana": Helvetica Bold. Before it was adopted as a state flag, it was used by Montana troops deploying for the Spanish–American War.

The North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) declared the flag of Montana to be the third worst state/provincial flag, 70th in a field of 72 in a list that contained all the provinces of Canada, U.S. states and U.S. territories. Georgia's flag was named the worst, but has since been changed, and Nebraska's flag was named second worst. NAVA stated that about half of U.S. states used blue fields making them difficult to distinguish and the survey ranked flags with words and complex seals the lowest.

See also
 State of Montana
 Symbols of the state of Montana
 Great Seal of the State of Montana

References

External links

 Symbols of Montana

Montana culture
Montana
Flags of Montana
Montana

Flag of Montana


NGC 7400 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Ždralu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7400
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7400 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7400 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7400 - 7449

7400

NGC 7400


Atentatul de la Sarajevo (titlul original: în ) este un film dramatic coproducție iugoslavo-cehoslovaco-westgerman, realizat în 1975 de regizorul Veljko Bulajić. În film este vorba despre pregătirea și ducerea la capăt a atentatului din Sarajevo la 28 iunie 1914, asupra urmașului tronului austro-ungar Franz Ferdinand al Austriei și al soției acestuia Sophie Chotek, în care aceștia au fost omorâți, cea ce a dus la izbucnirea Primului Război Mondial.

Protagoniștii filmului sunt actorii Christopher Plummer, Florinda Bolkan, Maximilian Schell și Irfan Mensur.

Conținut

Distribuție

 Christopher Plummer – Franz Ferdinand, arhiduce
 Florinda Bolkan – Sophie Chotek, soția sa
 Maximilian Schell – Djuro Šarac
 Irfan Mensur – Gavrilo Princip
 Radoš Bajić – Nedeljko Čabrinović
 Jan Hrušínský – Trifko Grabež
 Branko Đurić – Danilo Ilić
 Libuše Šafránková – Jelena
 Ivan Vyskočil – Mehmedbasic
 Otomar Korbelář – împăratul Franz Joseph I
 Hannjo Hasse – Wilhelm al II-lea
 Wilhelm Koch-Hooge – Franz Konrad
 Jiří Holý – Merizzi
 Nelly Gaierová – contesa Langus
 Jiří Kodet – Morsley
 în alte roluri: Otakar Brousek (Senior), Stanislav Hájek, Eugen Jegorov, Ilona Jirotková, Hans Klering, František Němec, Jan Pohan

Premii și nominalizări
 1976: Premiu pentru Veljko Bulajić la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la San Sebastián, unde a primit o mențiune specială
 1976: contribuția Iugoslaviei la Oscar în categoria cel mai bun film străin fără să ajungă în finală

Referințe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

Filme din 1975
Filme dramatice
Filme istorice
Filme despre Primul Război Mondial
Filme regizate de Veljko Bulajić
Filme despre Atentatul de la Sarajevo
Filme în limba sârbocroată
Filme iugoslave despre Primul Război Mondial
Filme cehe despre Primul Război Mondial
Filme germane despre Primul Război Mondial

Atentatul de la Sarajevo (film din 1975)


BMW H2R, BMW'nin hidrojen yakıtlı proje modeli. 6 lt'lik V12 motora sahip ve BMW Art Cars koleksiyonunun 16. otomobili.

H2R
Hidrojen yakıtlı otomobiller
V12 motorlu taşıtlar

BMW H2R


Adolf Knoll (* 30. November 1924; † 28. Juli 1999 in Herzogenaurach) war ein deutscher Fußballspieler. Der Abwehrspieler gewann mit dem 1. FC Nürnberg 1948 die erste deutsche Meisterschaft nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Von 1945 bis 1958 absolvierte er für Nürnberg, SpVgg Fürth und Schwarz-Weiß Essen insgesamt 337 Spiele (1 Tor) in den Fußballoberligen Süd und West.

Laufbahn

Vereine, bis 1960
Unter Vermittlung seines Klassenkameraden in der Berufsschule, Max Morlock, fand "Adi" Knoll im Jahr 1941 vom TSV St. Johannis den Weg in die Jugendabteilung des 1. FC Nürnberg. Der technisch beschlagene sowie zweikampf- und kopfballstarke Abwehrspieler debütierte in den Kriegsjahren unter Trainer Hans Schmidt in der Ersten des "Clubs" und wird mit 18 Spielen in der Gauliga Bayern geführt. In der Saison 1942/43 gehört er zur Club-Elf, die mit 40:0 Punkten die Meisterschaft im Gau Nordbayern erringen konnte und sich damit für die Endrundenspiele um die deutsche Meisterschaft qualifizierte. Am 2. Mai 1943 bestritt Knoll sein erstes Spiel in der Endrunde, verlor aber mit seinen Mannschaftskameraden Willi Billmann, Clemens Wientjes, Robert Gebhardt, Max Morlock und Helmut Herbolsheimer mit 1:3 Toren gegen den VfR Mannheim.

Nach einem kurzzeitigen Intermezzo beim 1. FC Bamberg in der Landesliga Bayern Ende des Jahres 1945/Anfang des Jahres 1946 errang er mit dem 1. FC Nürnberg 1947 und 1948 die Meisterschaft in der Oberliga Süd. In der ersten wieder ausgespielten deutschen Meisterschaft nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, 1948, setzte sich Nürnberg im Finale am 8. August vor 75.000 Zuschauern in Köln mit 2:1 Toren gegen die Walter-Elf vom 1. FC Kaiserslautern durch. Knoll bildete mit Hans Uebelein das Verteidigerpaar beim siebten Meistergewinn der Franken. Als 1950 aber nicht er, sondern Gunther Baumann den Zuschlag für die Pacht des Vereinsheimes erhalten hatte, verließ Knoll verärgert den Club und schloss sich dem Lokalrivalen SpVgg Fürth an.

Mit der Kleeblatt-Elf reichte es 1950/51 zur Vizemeisterschaft im Süden und zum Einzug in die Endrunde um die deutsche Meisterschaft. In allen sechs Gruppenspielen verteidigte er an der Seite von Herbert Erhardt für die Grün-Weißen vom Ronhof. Nach drei Runden mit 87 Oberligaeinsätzen für Fürth unterschrieb der gelernte Mechaniker in der Oberliga West bei Schwarz-Weiß Essen zur Runde 1953/54 einen neuen Vertrag. Für die Mannschaft vom Uhlenkrugstadion war er zwei Runden aktiv und kehrte im Sommer 1955, nach 53 weiteren Oberligaeinsätzen, in seine fränkische Heimat zurück und schnürte ab der Runde 1955/56 wieder seine Fußballstiefel für den 1. FC Nürnberg. Unter Trainer Franz Binder wurde er der Abwehrchef des "Club" und spielte auf der Mittelläuferposition. Der 33-jährige Routinier führte zusammen mit Max Morlock die Elf von der Noris in der Saison 1956/57 zur Meisterschaft in Süddeutschland. Im Jahr der Fußballweltmeisterschaft 1958 in Schweden, reichte es zur Vizemeisterschaft und dem erneuten Endrundeneinzug. Insgesamt hat Knoll von 1943 bis 1958 in den Endrunden 15 Spiele absolviert. In der Runde 1958/59 übernahm Ferdinand Wenauer seine Rolle des Abwehrorganisators und Knoll bat nach 369 Spielen für den "Club" um die Auflösung seines Vertrages.

Ab Oktober 1958 übte er das Amt des Spielertrainers beim ESV Ingolstadt in der Bayernliga Gruppe Süd aus. In der Saison 1959/60 war er in gleicher Mission beim 1. FC Passau tätig.

Auswahlspieler, 1948 bis 1952
Der für seinen "klaren, weit tragenden Abschlag, sein Stellungsspiel, seinen schnellen Start zum Gegner" gelobten Verteidiger, blieb zwar die Berufung in die A-Nationalmannschaft versagt, aber beim ersten offiziellen Spiel der B-Nationalmannschaft des DFB am 14. April 1951 in Karlsruhe gegen die Schweiz, stand er neben Erich Retter vom VfB Stuttgart in der deutschen Verteidigung. Die Farben des Regionalverband von Süddeutschland vertrat er in mehreren Spielen. Am 17. Oktober 1948 machte er sein erstes Repräsentativspiel gegen Norddeutschland, ehe mit der Berufung am 20. April 1952 im Spiel gegen Berlin nach sieben Einsätzen seine Auswahlberücksichtigungen endeten. Unter Bundestrainer Sepp Herberger hatte er vom 14. bis 19. November 1949 in Duisburg am ersten Nachkriegssichtungslehrgang zur Bildung der Nationalmannschaft teilgenommen.

Trainer
Als Knoll in der Saison 1961/62 als Nachfolger von Árpád Medve das Traineramt beim SV Waldhof Mannheim in der Fußball-Oberliga Süd ausübte, mit dem er dann auch prompt abstieg, war dies seine ligenhöchste Tätigkeit. Bis in die 1970er-Jahre war er als Trainer danach im bayerischen Amateurbereich tätig. Darunter unter anderem beim SV Wesseling, SpVgg Büchenbach, ASV Nürnberg-Süd, 1. FC Herzogenaurach und FSV Gostenhof.

Literatur
 Werner Skrentny (Hrsg.): Als Morlock noch den Mondschein traf. Die Geschichte der Oberliga Süd 1945–1963. Klartext, Essen 1993, ISBN 3-88474-055-5.
 Christoph Bausenwein, Harald Kaiser, Bernd Siegler: 1. FC Nürnberg. Die Legende vom Club. Verlag Die Werkstatt. Göttingen 1996. ISBN 3-89533-163-5.

Weblinks
 Steckbrief auf kleeblatt-chronik.de
 Biografie auf glubberer.de

Fußballspieler (1. FC 01 Bamberg)
Fußballspieler (1. FC Nürnberg)
Fußballspieler (1. FC Passau)
Fußballspieler (ESV Ingolstadt-Ringsee)
Fußballspieler (Schwarz-Weiß Essen)
Fußballspieler (SpVgg Greuther Fürth)
Deutscher
Fußballtrainer (1. FC Herzogenaurach)
Fußballtrainer (BSC Erlangen)
Fußballtrainer (ESV Ingolstadt-Ringsee)
Fußballtrainer (SV Waldhof Mannheim)
Geboren 1924
Gestorben 1999
Mann

Adolf Knoll (Fußballspieler, 1924)


අලුත්කඩේ (කොළඹ 12) යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ, කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය තුල පිහිටි උප නගරයකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

අලුත්කඩේ


The Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS), nicknamed "Con Air", is a United States Marshals Service airline charged with the transportation of persons in legal custody among prisons, detention centers, courthouses, and other locations. It is the largest prison transport network in the world.  Though primarily used by the Federal Bureau of Prisons or U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, JPATS also assists military and state law enforcement.

The agency is managed by the USMS out of the JPATS headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri. JPATS was formed in 1995 from the merger of the Marshals Service air fleet with that of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. JPATS completes more than 260,000 prisoner/alien movements per year. Air fleet operations are located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, with hubs in Las Vegas, Nevada; Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Additionally, the Federal Transfer Center at Oklahoma City's Will Rogers World Airport was built especially to facilitate prisoner transport on JPATS.

Usually, the airline employs Boeing 737 aircraft to transport convicts and illegal residents of the United States for extradition. Smaller jets and turboprops may also be used to transport individual prisoners who are considered particularly dangerous or notorious, as well as individuals in the witness protection program.

According to the Marshals Service, JPATS owns and operates four Boeing 737s.

JPATS aircraft use the ICAO designator DOJ with the callsign JUSTICE.

History and evolution
On November 1, 1919, San Francisco Police officer (and future barnstormer) Ivan R. Gates became the first to transport a prisoner by air, one James Kelly (convicted of carrying concealed weapons), from Alameda to the waiting arms of San Francisco Police Chief D. A. White.

Prior to the existence of JPATS, the air transport of federal inmates over long distances was complicated. The process required an escort by two U.S. Marshals, accompanying the inmate on a regular passenger airplane. This posed numerous problems, including danger to civilians, a backlog of marshals needed to perform such escorts, and a high taxpayer expense.

On August 20, 1985, the U.S. Marshals were offered a transfer from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of a Boeing 727 aircraft. Though no purpose was originally designated for this plane, one official had the idea of using it for the mass transportation of federal inmates. JPATS' predecessor was the National Prisoner Transportation System of the U.S. Marshals Service.

The airline ultimately improved the efficiency of inmate transportation and made the sight of a shackled commercial airline passenger largely a thing of the past. For a plane full of 200 inmates, only 12 marshals are required. Marshals are trained with aircraft emergency procedures very similar to those flight attendants learn to protect the aircraft's occupants.

Today

Today's JPATS fleet has expanded to four full-sized aircraft. These planes fly a large series of routes that serve nearly every major U.S. city.

The flight schedules are kept secret from the public, and are known only to those directly involved in its operation. Inmates scheduled to fly are given little or no advance notice of their flight, to deter escapes and sabotage, and to prevent harm from outsiders.

Passengers aboard a flight are restrained with handcuffs as well as ankle and waist chains which are double- or even triple-locked. Those who pose additional danger may be forced to wear additional restraints, such as reinforced mittens that completely isolate and almost completely immobilize the hands, handcuff covers which conceal the keyholes, and face masks to prevent biting and spitting. However, due to FAA regulations inmates are not physically restrained to their seats in any way except for seat belts used during takeoff and landing.

Flight and seating arrangements are made carefully with the intent to separate inmates who may  conflict with one another.

For example, members of rival prison gangs may be transported on different days to help reduce the risk of an in-flight incident.

Unlike the practice of most jails, male and female inmates fly together on the same planes.

Fleet
, the JPATS fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Fleet development
, JPATS were seeking to purchase an additional Boeing 737-700 or Boeing 737-800 to replace one of its current Boeing 737-400 aircraft.

In popular culture
Con Air (1997) starring Nicolas Cage draws heavy inspiration and basis from the operations on the agency, with the title being a reference to the agency's nickname. The movie portrayed the interior of the plane (a C-123 Provider, which JPATS does not operate) as a much steelier, more prison-like environment than a typical JPATS aircraft, which in reality looks much like any other airliner. The film's screenplay explains this by saying that the prisoners on the flight are "the worst of the worst", including several serial killers and mass murderers.
U.S. Marshals (1998) depicted the story of a JPATS Flight 343, a Boeing 727-200 that crashed during flight and the manhunt for a prisoner who escapes following the crash.
The Freakazoid! episode "Island of Dr. Mystico" features an airline named "Prison Air", a parody of JPATS.
In The Unusuals episode "The Dentist" (2009), Det. Eddie Alvarez asks suspended U.S. Marshal and suspected felon Ben Foster if he will be transporting a prisoner via "JPATS". Marshal Foster appears confused until Det. Alvarez explains that it is the "Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System". Marshal Foster then confirms the prisoner will be transported via JPATS, however he is really breaking the prisoner out of custody after robbing the police precinct of valuable evidence against a dentist.
In the Orange Is the New Black episode "Thirsty Bird" (2014), prisoner Piper Chapman is transported on a JPATS plane for a transfer from Litchfield prison in New York to a Chicago detention facility. US Marshals are shown doing prisoner pat-downs before boarding and then staffing the flight. Prisoners are shown boarding the flight from various locations, including both male and female.

Notes

References

External links

Airlines of the United States
Police aviation units of the United States
United States Department of Justice agencies
Government agencies established in 1995
Airlines based in Missouri


John Eric "Johnny" Longden, né le 14 février 1907 à Wakefield en Angleterre et mort le 14 février 2003 à Banning aux États-Unis, est un jockey et entraîneur de chevaux de courses américain d'origine britannique. Il est le seul professionnel à avoir remporté le Kentucky Derby en tant que jockey puis entraîneur.

Biographie
Une légende familiale veut que le train à destination de Southampton soit arrivé en retard et que Madame Longden et le petit John, 5 ans, ont raté l'embarquement du paquebot qui devait les transporter jusqu'à la province d'Alberta, au Canada où leur mari et père avait émigré quelque temps plus tôt. Un mal pour un bien, puisque ce bateau était le Titanic. C'est donc un peu plus tard que la famille Longden s'installe au Canada, d'où Johnny Longden, après avoir travaillé comme mineur, rejoint la Californie en 1927 pour y devenir jockey. Installé à Santa Anita, où on érigera une statue en son honneur (aux côtés de ses deux illustres confrères Bill Shoemaker et Laffit Pincay, Jr.) et où une rue porte son nom, il dépossède en 1956 le mythique Britannique Gordon Richards de son record mondial de victoires, avec 4 870 succès. À la fin de sa carrière en 1966, il en aura remporté 6 032 (sur 32 413 montes), un record battu en 1970 par Bill Shoemaker. Partenaire de certains des grands champions de son époque, il remporte la Triple Couronne en selle sur Count Fleet en 1943. Il est sacré deux fois champion jockey par les gains (1943 et 1945), et trois fois par le nombre de victoires (1938, 1947 et 1948), reçoit le George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award en 1952, et se voit admis au Hall of Fame des courses américaines en 1958.

Lorsqu'il raccroche les bottes en 1966, à 59 ans, Johnny Longden s'installe comme entraîneur pour le compte de ses amis d'Alberta, les businessmen Frank McMahon, Wilder H. Ripley et Max Bell. Pour le compte de McMahon, il entraîne le champion Majestic Prince qui, en 1969, lui permet de devenir le premier (et le seul à ce jour) entraîneur à remporter le Kentucky Derby après l'avoir gagné comme jockey ; un Majestic Prince qui manquera d'ailleurs de peu la Triple Couronne. Après sa retraite définitive, il est honoré par un Eclipse Award spécial, en 1994, pour l'ensemble de sa carrière.

Passionné par les courses (il a même possédé et drivé des trotteurs dans les années 50), Johnny Longden a eu deux enfants devenus entraîneurs, Eric et Vance. Johnny Longden remporta d'ailleurs le Santa Anita Derby 1961 en selle sur Four-and-Twenty, un cheval entraîné par Vance. Son épouse Hazel avait embrassé la même profession et devint en 1971 la première femme entraîneur à seller un stakes winner à Santa Anita, Diplomatic Agent, lauréat des San Vicente Stakes. Le couple Longden interprète d'ailleurs son propre rôle dans l'épisode 12 de la sixième épisode de la sitcom I Love Lucy.

Johnny Longden s'éteint chez lui, en Californie, le jour de ses 96 ans en 2003.

Références

Voir aussi
 Liste de jockeys

Jockey
Cavalier américain
Entraîneur de sport hippique
Naissance à Wakefield
Naissance en février 1907
Décès en février 2003
Décès à 96 ans
Membre d'un Hall of Fame des courses hippiques

Johnny Longden


In male human anatomy, the foreskin or prepuce (a technically broader term that also includes the clitoral hood, the homologous structure in women) is a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus () when the penis is not erect.

හැඳින්වීම

The outside of the foreskin is like the skin on the shaft of the penis, but the inner foreskin is a mucous membrane like the inside of the eyelid or the mouth. Like the eyelid, the foreskin is free to move after it separates from the glans, usually by puberty.  Smooth muscle fibres keep it close to the glans but make it highly elastic. The foreskin is attached to the glans with a frenulum, which helps retract the foreskin over the glans. At the end of foreskin, there is a band of tissue called the ridged band, which, according to one study, is rich in nerve endings called Meissner's corpuscles. According to a study by Sorrells et al., the five most sensitive areas of the penis are on the foreskin.

In children, the foreskin covers the glans completely, but, in adults, this need not be so. Schöberlein  found that about 50% of young men had full coverage of the glans, 42% had partial coverage, and, in the remaining 8%, the glans was uncovered. After adjusting for circumcision, he stated that, in 4% of the young men, the foreskin had spontaneously atrophied (shrunk).

විකසනය
Eight weeks after fertilization, the foreskin begins to grow over the head of the penis, covering it completely by 16 weeks. At this stage, the foreskin and glans share an epithelium (mucous layer) that fuses the two together. It remains this way until the foreskin separates from the glans.

At birth, the foreskin is usually still fused with the glans. As childhood progresses the foreskin and the glans gradually separate, a process that may not be complete until late puberty. Thorvaldsen and Meyhoff reported that average age of first foreskin retraction in Denmark is 10.4 years.  Wright argues that forcible retraction of the foreskin should be avoided and that the child himself should be the first one to retract his own foreskin. Premature retraction may be painful, and may result in infection.

කාර්යය
The World Health Organization state that there is "debate about the role of the foreskin, with possible functions including keeping the glans moist,
protecting the developing penis in utero, or to enhance sexual pleasure due to the presence of nerve receptors".

ලිංගික

Taylor et al described the foreskin in detail, documenting a ridged band of mucosal tissue. They stated "This ridged band contains more Meissner's corpuscles than does the smooth mucosa and exhibits features of specialized sensory mucosa." In 1999, Cold and Taylor stated "The prepuce is primary, erogenous tissue necessary for normal sexual function." Boyle et al, state that "The complex innervation of the foreskin and frenulum has been well-documented, and the genitally intact male has thousands of fine touch receptors and other highly erogenous nerve endings—many of which are lost to circumcision, with an inevitable reduction in sexual sensation experienced by circumcised males." The AAP noted that the work of Taylor et al "suggests that there may be a concentration of specialized sensory cells in specific ridged areas of the foreskin."

Moses and Bailey (1998), describe the evidence of sensory function as "indirect," and state that, "aside from anecdotal reports, it has not been demonstrated that this is associated with increased male sexual pleasure." The World Health Organisation states that there is little evidence for diminished sexual function, adding that studies have been inconsistent. Fink et al. reported "[a]lthough many have speculated about the effect of a foreskin on sexual function, the current state of knowledge is based on anecdote rather than scientific evidence." Masood et al. state that "[c]urrently no consensus exists about the role of the foreskin or the effect circumcision has on penile sensitivity and overall sexual satisfaction." Schoen states that "[a]necdotally, some have claimed that the foreskin is important for normal sexual activity and improves sexual sensitivity. Objective published studies over the past decade have shown no substantial difference in sexual function between circumcised and uncircumcised men."

The term 'gliding action' is used in some papers to describe the way the foreskin moves during sexual intercourse. This mechanism was described by Lakshamanan & Prakash in 1980, stating that "[t]he outer layer of the prepuce in common with the skin of the shaft of the penis glides freely in a to and fro fashion..." Several opponents of circumcision have argued that the gliding movement of the foreskin is important during sexual intercourse. Warren & Bigelow claim that gliding action would help to reduce vaginal dryness and that restoration of the gliding action is an important advantage of foreskin restoration. O'Hara describes the gliding action, stating that it reduces friction during ලිංගික සංසර්ගය, and suggesting that it adds "immeasurably to the comfort and pleasure of both parties". Taylor suggests that the gliding action, where it occurs, may stimulate the nerves of the ridged band, and speculates that the stretching of the frenulum by the rearward gliding action during penetration triggers ejaculation.

Taves used a single subject to test the actual force required to penetrate a measuring apparatus.  When the foreskin was retracted a more than  tenfold, increase in force was needed. He argued that this confirms the belief of Morgan (1967) that the foreskin makes sexual penetration easier during sexual intercourse. Whiddon (1953) and Foley (1966) also believed that the presence of the foreskin made sexual penetration easier.

වෙනත්
Gairdner (1949) states that the foreskin protects the glans but some studies show that inflammation of the glans is more common when the foreskin is present.

The fold of the prepuce maintains sub-preputial wetness, which mixes with exfoliated skin to form smegma. Some authors believe that smegma contains antibacterial enzymes, though their theory has been challenged. The American Academy of Pediatrics state that "No controlled scientific data are available regarding differing immune function in a penis with or without a foreskin." Inferior hygiene has been associated with balanitis, though excessive washing can cause non-specific dermatitis.

ගැටළු
Frenulum breve is where the frenulum is insufficiently long to allow the foreskin to fully retract, which may lead to discomfort during intercourse. The frenulum may also tear during intercourse. Phimosis is a condition when the foreskin of an adult cannot be retracted properly. (Before adulthood, the foreskin may still be separating from the glans.)  Phimosis can be treated by gently stretching the foreskin, by changing masturbation habits, using topical steroid ointments, preputioplasty, or by circumcision.

Non-retractable foreskin is not always indicative of a clinical condition. The first time the foreskin retracts (say during masturbation or sex) can be a slightly painful experience, as the glans penis is not used to friction and air contact. However the problem resolves itself after a few days of acclimatization, which may include consciously retracting the foreskin and exposing it to air, water, or friction. A condition called paraphimosis may occur if a tight foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans and swells as a restrictive ring. This can cut off the blood supply, resulting in ischaemia of the glans penis.

Korean doctors claim that South Korean men have a gene that causes "abundant foreskin," believing that at least 90% of Korean men have "too much" foreskin.
Although there is no scientific evidence of this alleged genotype and it was found that most Korean physicians could not define phimosis, almost all of South Korean physicians recommend universal circumcision because they believe it eliminates tight foreskins and brings many benefits.
Aposthia is a rare condition in which the foreskin is not present at birth.

Surgical and other modifications of the foreskin

Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin, either partially or completely. It may be done for religious, aesthetic, health, or hygiene reasons, or to treat disease.

Preputioplasty is a procedure to relieve a tight foreskin without resorting to circumcision.

Other practices include genital piercings involving the foreskin and slitting the foreskin.

ලැංගහෑන් සෛල
Langerhans cells are immature dendritic cells that are found in all areas of the penile epithelium, but are most superficial in the inner surface of the foreskin. The recent Szabo and Short (2000) study targets Langerhans cells as receptors of HIV, and states that these cells "must be regarded as the most probable sites for viral entry in primary HIV infection in men." Langerhans cells are also known to express the c-type lectin langerin, which may play a role in transmission of HIV to nearby lymph nodes.However, de Witte et al. (2007) reported that langerin, produced by Langerhans cells, blocks the transmission of HIV to T cells.

Additional images

වෙනත් සතුන්ගේ පෙරසම
In koalas, the foreskin contains naturally-occurring bacteria that play an important role in fertilization.  Almost all mammals have foreskins, although in these non-human cases the foreskin is usually a sheath into which the whole penis is retracted.  Only monotremes (the platypus and the echidna) lack foreskins.

පෙරසම යොදාගන්නා වෛද්‍ය සහ පාරිභෝගික නිශ්පාදන
Foreskins obtained from circumcision procedures are frequently used by biochemical and micro-anatomical researchers to study the structure and proteins of human skin. In particular, foreskins obtained from newborns have been found to be useful in the manufacturing of more human skin.

Foreskins from circumcised babies are used to make a commercial anti-wrinkle skin cream.  A six-week supply costs US$130.

Foreskins of babies are also used for skin graft tissue, and for β-interferon-based drugs.

Foreskin fibroblasts have been used in biomedical research.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
Aposthia
කායවිච්ඡේදවේදය
සුන්නත්කිරීම
Forcible retraction of the foreskin
Foreskin restoration
Genitals
Kynodesme
Langerhans cell
Dendritic cell
ස්වයංවින්දනය
ශිෂ්නය
Preputioplasty
Ridged band
Smegma

References

External links

 Prepuce.com - An Erotic View Point and many images of user self contributed foreskin
 Foreskin.org - Many detailed pictures of the human male foreskin
 Lakshmanan S., Prakash S. Human prepuce: some aspects of structure and function. Indian J Surg  1980;44:134-7.
 Davenport M. Problems with the penis and prepuce. British Medical Journal 1996;312:299-301.
 Simpson ET, Barraclough P. The management of the paediatric foreskin. Aust Fam Physician  1998;27(5):381-3.
 Cold CJ, McGrath KA. Anatomy and histology of the penile and clitoral prepuce in primates. Male and Female Circumcision 1999
 Peter Charles Remondino. History of Circumcision from the Earliest Times to the Present. Philadelphia and London; F. A. Davis; 1891.
 Video "The Prepuce" a film prepared by Doctors Opposing Circumcision for medical students.
(WMP, streaming) http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/video/prepuce.html
(WMP, download) http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/video/Circumcision_WM7NTSC_256k_D.wmv
  - "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Surface Anatomy of the Penis"

Pelvis
Male reproductive system
Circumcision
Penis

පෙරහම


Ministerul Justiției (MJ) este un departament ministerial al guvernului britanic condus de Secretarul de Stat pentru Justiție și Lord Chancellor (o poziție combinată)

Referințe

Legături externe

 Ministry of Justice resources for legal professionals
 Ministry of Justice organogram  from data.gov.uk

Ministerul Justiției (Regatul Unit)
Drept în Anglia
Regatul Unit

Ministerul Justiției (Regatul Unit)


පළමු හඳුනාගත් ඉන්දියානු උපමහාද්වීපයේ ප්‍රතිමා හමුවන්නේ ඉන්දු නිම්න ශිෂ්ටාචාරයෙනි (ක්‍රි.පූ. 3300–1700). මේවා වර්තමාන පාකිස්ථානයට අයත් මොහෙන්ජො-දාරෝ සහ හරප්පා යන ස්ථානවලින් හමුවේ. මේ අතරට මොහෙන්ජො-දාරෝවේ සුප්‍රකට කුඩා ලෝකඩ නළඟන ප්‍රතිමාව ද වේ. කෙසේනමුත් මෙවැනි ලෝකඩ සහ ශෛලමය ප්‍රතිමා විරළ අතර, මැටියෙන් තැනූ රූප සහ ශෛලමය මුද්‍රා බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙම මුද්‍රා තුළ සත්ත්ව රූප හෝ දේවතා රූප සියුම් ලෙස කැටයම් කොට ඇත. ඉන්දු නිම්න ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ බිඳ වැටීමෙන් පසු, බෞද්ධ යුගය තෙක්ම ප්‍රතිමා පිළිබඳ හමුවන්නේ සාධක අල්ප වූ සංඛ්‍යාවකි. මේ අතරට දායිමාබාද් වලින් හමුවූ ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500ට අයත් යැයි සැලකෙන ලෝකඩ රූප (තරමක් මතභේදාත්මක ය) අයත් වේ. මේ නිසා ඉන්දියානු ශෛලමය ස්මාරක ප්‍රතිමා ශිල්පයේ මහා සම්ප්‍රදාය ඇරඹෙන්නේ සාපේකෂව පසුකලෙක බව පෙනේ. මෙය ක්‍රි.පූ. 270 සිට 232 දක්වා වූ අශෝක අධිරාජයාගේ සමයේ සිදු විය. ඉන්දියාව පුරාම පිහිටුවන ලද ඔහුගේ රාජාඥාවන් ඇතුළත් අශෝක ස්තම්භවල ශීර්ෂයෙහි සිංහ රූප ඇතුළු ප්‍රකට සත්ත්ව රූ දැකගත හැක. මේ අතරින් වර්තමානයේ ශේෂව ඇත්තේ සයක් පමණි. අලංකාර ප්‍රතිමා, බොහෝවිට උන්නත කැටයම් ස්වරූපයෙන් විශාල පරිමාණයෙන් හමුවන්නේ මුල්කාලීන බෞද්ධ ස්තූපවලිනි. මේ අතරින් සාංචි ස්තූපයට වැදගත් ස්ථානයක් හමුවේ; මේවා දැව භාවිතයෙන් සිදුකළ නිර්මාණ සම්ප්‍රදායයන්ගෙන් සම්භවය වන්නට ඇතැයි සැලකේ. මෙම සම්ප්‍රදාය පසුව හින්දු ආගම විසින් ද අනුගමනය කරන ලදී.

ක්‍රි.පූ. 2වන සිට 1වන සියවස දක්වා කාලයේ උතුරුදිග ඉන්දියාවේ වර්තමාන දකුණු ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය සහ උතුරු පාකිස්ථානයට අයත් භූමියේ ගන්ධාරය තුළ ග්‍රීක-බෞද්ධ කලාව උච්චත්වයට පත් විය. මෙකල බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ දිවියේ සිදුවීම් සහ ඉගැන්වීම් කැටයම් කිරීම සිදු විය. ඉන්දියාව සතුව විශිෂ්ට ප්‍රතිමා සම්ප්‍රදායයක් පැවතිය ද, ග්‍රීක-බෞද්ධ යුගය තෙක්ම බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ රුව මනුෂ්‍ය ස්වරූපයෙන් නිරූපණය කිරීමක් සිදු නොවී ය. මීට පෙර උන් වහන්සේගේ රුව සංකේතවත් කොට තිබුණේ සංකේත අනුසාරයෙනි. මෙය බොහෝ විට නූතන ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයේ ගන්ධාර බෞද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා තුළින් ග්‍රීක සහ පර්සියානු කලා ආභාසයන් නිරූපණය වීමට හේතු වන්නට ඇත. කලාත්මක ලක්ෂණ සැලකූ විට, ගන්ධාර ගුරුකුලයේ ප්‍රතිමාවල තරංගාකාර හිසකෙස්, දෙඋර වැසූ චීවරය, පාවහන් සහ මිරිවැඩි, ඇකැන්තස් පත්‍ර මෝස්තර වැනි අංග දැකගත හැක.

රෝස වැලිගලෙන් කළ ක්‍රි.ව. 1 සිට 3වන සියවස් දක්වා කාලයට අයත් මථුරාවේ බෞද්ධ, හින්දු සහ ජෛන ප්‍රතිමා තුළින් ස්වදේශික ඉන්දියානු කලා සම්ප්‍රදායයන් සහ ගන්ධාරයේ ග්‍රීක-බෞද්ධ කලාවෙහි දක්නට ලැබෙන බටහිර ආභාසයන්ගේ සම්මිශ්‍රණයක් දැකගත හැක. මෙය පසුව ඉන්දියානු ආගමික ප්‍රතිමා සම්ප්‍රදාය සඳහා පදනම දැමී ය. මෙම කලා සම්ප්‍රදාය ගුප්ත අධිරාජ්‍යය (ක්‍රි.ව. 320-550 පමණ) යටතේ සංවර්ධනය වී ඉන්දියාව පුරාම ව්‍යාප්ත විය. මෙම යුගය ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රතිමා කලාවේ "සම්භාව්‍ය" යුගයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. මෙම යුගය තුළ මුල්කාලීන එල්ලෝරා ලෙන් සහ තරමක් පසුකාලීන එලිෆන්ටා ලෙන් කැටයම් නිර්මාණය විය. පසුකාලීනව හමුවන දැවැන්ත ප්‍රතිමා අතිශයින් ආගමික ස්වරූපයක් ගන්නා අතර, සාමාන්‍යයෙන් තරමක් සම්ප්‍රදායික අයුරින් නිර්මාණය කොට ඇති ඒවා වේ. මේවායේ බොහෝ විට දෙවිවරුන්ගේ සරල හිඳි ඉරියව්, ලාලිත්‍යමය ස්වරූපයෙන් යුත් අප්සරා රූ සහ යක්ෂි රූ වැනි පරිවාර කැටයම් දැකගත හැක. කැටයම් අතිශයින් විස්තරාත්මක වූ අතර, අධි උන්නත ස්වරූපයෙන් යුත් ප්‍රධාන රුවේ පසුබිම ඉන් අලංකාර කෙරිණි. දකුණු ඉන්දියාවෙන් හමුවන චෝළ රාජවංශයට (ක්‍රි.ව. 850–1250 පමණ) අයත් ලෝකඩ ප්‍රතිමා බොහෝවිට ආගමික පෙරහැරවල් සඳහා භාවිතා වී ඇත. මේ අතර ශිව දෙවියන්ගේ නටරාජා ස්වරූපය බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ. පල්ලව රාජවංශයට අයත් දැවැන්ත ග්‍රැනයිට් කැටයම් මහාබලිපුරම් ප්‍රදේශයේ දැකගත හැක.

ග්‍රීක-බෞද්ධ කලාව
ග්‍රීක-බෞද්ධ කලාව යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ග්‍රීක-බුදු දහමේ කලාත්මක නිරූපණයයි. මෙය පුරාතන ග්‍රීක සංස්කෘතියේ සහ බුදු දහමේ සංස්කෘතික සංකලනයකි. මෙය ක්‍රි.පූ. 4වන සියවසේ මහා ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් අධිරාජයාගේ ආක්‍රමණ සමයේ සිට ක්‍රි.ව. 7වන සියවසේ ඉස්ලාමික ආක්‍රමණ සමය තෙක් වසර දහසක් පමණ මධ්‍ය ආසියාවේ වර්ධනය වෙමින් පැවති අංගයකි. ග්‍රීක-බෞද්ධ කලාව හෙලනිස්තික කලාවේ යතාර්ථවාදී ස්වරූපයෙන් යුතුව, ප්‍රථම වරට බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ රුව මනුෂ්‍ය ස්වරූපයෙන් මූර්තිමත් කළේ ය. මෙය වර්තමානය දක්වාම ආසියානු මහාද්වීපයේ බෞද්ධ කලාව සඳහා කලාත්මක පූර්වාදර්ශය සැපයී ය. දින නිර්ණය අවිනිශ්චිත වුවත්, මධ්‍යධරණී පෙදෙස්වල හෙලනිස්තික කලාව පරිහානියට පත්ව තිබූ සමයේ පවා ක්‍රි.ව. 5වන සියවස පමණ තෙක් සියවස් කිහිපයක් ආසියානු ප්‍රදේශවල මෙම කලාව වැජඹිණි. ග්‍රීක-බෞද්ධ ප්‍රදේශවල ග්‍රීක කලාවේ ඇතැම් අංග උකහා ගැනීම සිදු විය. විශේෂයෙන්ම එක් පාදයක් නිදහස්ව තබාගෙන සිටගෙන සිටීමේ සිටි ඉරියව්ව, පියාඹන අනංගයින් සහ දේවතා රූප වැනි අංග මේ අතර ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. මෙම පියාඹන දේවතා රූ ආසියාව තුළ ඉමහත් ජනප්‍රියත්වයට පත්වූයේ අප්සරා රූ ලෙසිනි. ග්‍රීක පත්‍ර මෝස්තර ද අතිශයින් ප්‍රචලිත වූ අතර, කොරින්තියානු කුළුණු හිස්වල ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රභේද බිහි විය.

ග්‍රීක-බෞද්ධ කලාවේ සම්භවය හෙලනිස්තික ග්‍රීක-බැක්ට්‍රීය රාජධානියේ (ක්‍රි.පූ. 250 – ක්‍රි.පූ. 130) සිදුවී යැයි සැලකේ. මෙය වර්තමාන ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයට අයත් භූමි භාගයේ පිහිටා තිබූ අතර, හෙලනිස්තික සංස්කෘතිය ඉන්දියානු සංස්කෘතිය වෙත සම්ප්‍රේෂණය වූයේ කුඩා ඉන්දු-ග්‍රීක රාජධානිය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 180-10) ඔස්සේ ය. ඉන්දු-ග්‍රීකවරුන් සහ අනතුරුව කුෂාණයින් යටතේ ග්‍රීක සහ බෞද්ධ සංස්කෘතියේ අන්තර් සම්බන්ධතා ඉහළින්ම වැජඹුණු ප්‍රදේශයක් වූයේ වර්තමාන උතුරු පාකිස්ථානයට අයත් ගන්ධාරයයේ ය. එය තවදුරටත් ඉන්දියාව තුළට ව්‍යාප්ත වීමට පෙර මථුරාවේ කලාව සහ අනතුරුව ගුප්ත අධිරාජ්‍යයේ හින්දු කලාව ගිනිකොනදිග ආසියාව වෙත ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ග්‍රීක-බෞද්ධ කලාවේ ආභාසය උතුරු දෙසින් මධ්‍ය ආසියාව වෙත ව්‍යාප්ත වූ අතර, තරීම් ද්‍රෝණියේ සහ දුන්හුවාං ලෙන්වල කලාව කෙරෙහි බලපෑවේ ය. අවසානයේ එය චීනය, කොරියාව සහ ජපානය කරා ද ව්‍යාප්ත විය.

ගැලරිය

මේවාත් බලන්න
 බංගලාදේශයේ ප්‍රතිමා
 ඉන්දියාවේ ගලින් නෙළූ දේවස්ථාන ලැයිස්තුව

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

 Boardman, John ed., The Oxford History of Classical Art, 1993, OUP, ISBN 0198143869
 Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0300062176
 Paine, Robert Treat, in: Paine, R. T. & Soper A, The Art and Architecture of Japan, 3rd ed 1981, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0140561080
Sickman, Laurence, in: Sickman L & Soper A, The Art and Architecture of China, Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675

වැඩිදුර කියවීමට

ආසියානු ප්‍රතිමා කලාව

දකුණු ආසියාවේ ප්‍රතිමා කලාව


Le château de Charonne est un ancien château qui était situé dans le village de Charonne, actuellement dans le  de Paris.

Situation
Le château était situé au sud de l'église Saint-Germain de Charonne face à la rue Florian. Son parc s'étendait entre la grande rue de Charonne, actuelle rue de Bagnolet au sud-est, l'actuelle rue de la Réunion à l'ouest (un pavillon se trouvait à l'angle de ces deux rues), l'actuelle rue des Prairies au-nord-est où s'ouvrait une allée sur le tracé de l'actuel Chemin du Parc-de-Charonne, englobant l'extrémité sud-est du cimetière du Père Lachaise et un tronçon de l'actuelle rue des Pyrénées.

Description
Aucune représentation du château n'a été retrouvée mais les actes notariés comportent des descriptions.
Il comprenait plusieurs bâtiments et pavillons autour d'une cour. Le corps de logis principal était perpendiculaire à la rue de Bagnolet. Un pavillon comportait une  grande galerie ornée de 9 tableaux représentant la vie d'Hercule.
Une terrasse donnait sur le  parc.

Propriétaires
Il fut édifié ou remanié à la fin du  pour Martin de Braguelongne, Président au Parlement de Paris, vendu en 1622 à Honoré Barentin, conseiller d'État. Son neveu Charles Barentin, maître d'hôtel du roi et maître ordinaire à la Chambre des comptes, le vend en 1643 aux religieuses de la Congrégation Notre-Dame. Le château est détruit au début du .

Références

Charonne
Bâtiment détruit à Paris
Charonne
20e arrondissement de Paris

Château de Charonne


El Caudron C.714 perteneció a una serie de cazas ligeros desarrollados por la firma Société Anonyme des Avions Caudron para el Armée de l'Air francés, ante el inminente inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La versión de serie C.714, fue asignada a los pilotos polacos que volaron en Francia tras la caída de Polonia en 1939. Un reducido número de estos aparatos fueron utilizados por Finlandia.

Diseño y desarrollo

La especificación original que dio lugar a la serie C.710 fue ofrecida en 1936 para elevar rápidamente el número de modernos aviones en servicio francés, proporcionando un "caza ligero" de construcción en madera que podría construirse rápidamente en grandes cantidades sin perturbar la producción de los tipos existentes. El contrato final consideró a tres diseños, los Arsenal VG-33, Bloch MB.700 y C.714, siendo ordenados prototipos de los tres.

El modelo original C.710 era un diseño angular desarrollado a partir de una serie de aerodinámicos aviones de carreras diseñados por el ingeniero diseñador Marcel Riffard que se había unido a la compañía Societe Anonyme des Avions Caudron como diseñador jefe en 1932, y que consiguieron consecutivamente la victoria en las ediciones de la Troisième Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe de 1934,(Caudron C.450) 1935 (Caudron C.460) y 1936. Una característica común de esta línea Caudron fue el morro extremadamente largo con la cabina muy atrás del fuselaje. El perfil fue el resultado de la utilización del motor lineal V12 invertido Renault 12R-01 de 370 kW (500 hp), que tenía un pequeño corte transversal y fue bastante fácil racionalizar, pero muy largo. El tren de aterrizaje era fijo y el estabilizador vertical similar al del tipo usado durante la I Guerra Mundial en semicírculo en lugar de un diseño triangular o trapezoidal más común. El armamento consistía en un cañón Hispano-Suiza HS.9 alojado bajo cada ala en un contenedor.

El prototipo Caudron C.710 voló por primera vez el 18 de julio de 1936. A pesar de su escaso tamaño, mostró en seguida su gran potencial de desarrollo y fue capaz de alcanzar una velocidad de nivel de 470 km/h durante las pruebas de vuelo, lo que era superior a la mayoría de los cazas contemporáneos. El desarrollo continuó con los C.711 y C.712 con motores más potentes. Posteriormente apareció el C.713 Cyclone que voló el 15 de diciembre de 1937; era similar al C.710 en cuanto a líneas generales de diseño y planta motriz, pero introducía un tren de aterrizaje retráctil con rueda de cola y una deriva modificada.

La evolución final de la serie C.710 fue el prototipo C.714.01 una variación sobre el C.713 que voló por primera vez en abril de 1938. Los cambios principales fueron un ala de perfil mejorado y un fuselaje reforzado. La Armée de l'Air ordenó 20 C.714 de serie el 5 de noviembre de 1938, con opciones para otros 180. En dicha orden se solicitaba en lugar de dos cañones, que el avión incorporara cuatro ametralladoras de 7,5 mm MAC 1934 en contenedores de dos bajo cada ala. Estaba impulsado por la versión más reciente del motor Ro3, que introdujo un nuevo carburador que pudiera operar en g negativa. La producción se inició en una fábrica de Renault en los suburbios de París en el verano de 1939. El C.714 tenía una configuración de monoplano de ala baja cantilever y estaba construido en madera, excepto las superficies de mando, que eran de aleación ligera recubierta en tela.

Historia operacional

Las entregas no se iniciaron hasta enero de 1940. Después de una serie de pruebas con los primeros ejemplares de producción, se hizo evidente que el diseño era seriamente defectuoso. Aunque ligero y rápido, su construcción de madera no permitía la instalación un motor más potente. El motor original limitaba seriamente la velocidad de ascenso y maniobrabilidad con el resultado que el Caudron fue retirado del servicio activo en febrero de 1940. Se estima en unos 40 el número de C.714 entregados a las Fuerzas Aéreas francesas, y la producción se canceló cuando se habían construido alrededor de 90 unidades.

Cincuenta de estos aviones fueron desviados a Finlandia para participar en la Guerra de Invierno, estando destinados a ser volados por pilotos franceses. Sin embargo, los eventos bélicos en Francia dieron lugar a que solo seis aviones se entregaran en marzo de 1940, y un envío adicional de diez estaba esperando su embarque en el puerto cuando se detuvieron las entregas. Los seis aviones que llegaron fueron ensamblados y probados teniendo en cuenta los registros CA-551 a CA-556. El avión resultó ser demasiado poco fiable y peligroso de utilizar en las condiciones climáticas finlandesas y no se utilizaron en combate. Dos de las aeronaves fueron dañadas durante un vuelo de transporte a Pori . Además, los pilotos finlandeses encontraron que era difícil despegar y aterrizar la aeronave desde las bases avanzadas del frente. Los C.714 finlandeses fueron almacenados el 10 de septiembre de 1940 y puestos fuera de servicio en 1941.

El 18 de mayo de 1940, 35 Caudron fueron entregados a un escuadrón polaco, conocido como el Groupe de Chasse Varsovie (GC I/145, estacionados en el aeródromo de Mions, que entró en acción frente a los alemanes entre el 2 y el 13 de junio de 1940. Después de solo 23 salidas, la opinión adversa existente sobre este caza fue confirmada por los pilotos de la línea del frente que expresaron su preocupación por su falta de potencia para enfrentarse a los cazas alemanes. El 25 de mayo, solo una semana después de que su introducción, el Ministro de Guerra francés Guy La Chambre ordenó que todos los C.714 fueran retirados del servicio activo. Sin embargo, ya que las autoridades francesas no tenían ningún otro avión que ofrecer, los pilotos polacos ignoraron la orden y continuaron volando los Caudron. A pesar de volar un avión de combate irremediablemente anticuado en comparación con el Messerschmitt Bf 109, los pilotos polacos se anotaron doce confirmadas y tres victorias no confirmados en tres combates entre el 8 y el 11 de junio, perdiendo nueve en el aire y nueve más en el terreno. Curiosamente, entre los aviones derribados había cuatro bombarderos Dornier Do 17, pero también tres Messerschmitt Bf 109 y cinco cazas bimotores Messerschmitt Bf 110. El C.714 también fue utilizado por un escuadrón polaco de entrenamiento basado en Bron cerca de Lyon. Aunque los pilotos lograron dispersar varios bombardeos, y no consiguieron ningún derribo, sin embargo, no perdieron ninguno de los aparatos.

Tras el colapso francés, las Fuerzas Aéreas de la Francia de Vichy utilizaron unos pocos aparatos; aproximadamente 20 que fueron confiscados más tarde por los alemanes a partir de noviembre de 1942 y utilizados por la Luftwaffe.

Variantes

C.720
 versión de entrenamiento del C.714, propulsada por un Renault Bengali 6Q de 220 cv, o un Renault 4Pei de 100 cv
C.760
 prototipo provisto de motor Isotta-Fraschini Delta RC 40 de 750 cv
C.770
 prototipo con Renault 626 de 800 cv

Operadores

 Ejército del Aire francés

 Fuerza Aérea Finlandesa

Especificaciones técnicas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Bibliografía

 Belcarz, Bartłomiej. GC 1/145 in France 1940. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2002. ISBN 83-917178-1-X
 Belcarz, Bartłomiej. Morane MS 406C1, Caudron Cyclone CR 714C1, Bloch MB 151/152 (Polskie Skrzydła 2). Sandomierz, Stratus, 2004. ISBN 83-89450-21-6 (este libro relata el uso del CR.714 por los pilotos polacos del Armée de l'Air)
 Breffort, Dominique; Jouineau A. French Aircraft from 1939 to 1942, Vol. 1: from Amiot to Curtiss. Paris: Histoire & Collections, 2004. ISBN 2-915239-23-1
 Brindley, John F. French Fighters of World War Two, Volume One. Windsor, UK; Hylton Lacy Publishers Ltd., 1971. ISBN 0-85064-015-6
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Fighters, Volume One. London: Macdonald & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1960. ISBN 0-356-01445-2
 Green, William; Swanborough G. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. ISBN 0-8317-3939-8
 Gretzyngier, Robert; Matusiak, Wojtek. Polish Aces of World War II. Oxford: Osprey Publishing., 1998. ISBN 1-85532726-0
 Keskinen, Kalevi; Stenman K.,;  Niska K. Suomen Ilmavoinen Historia 4: Morane-Saulnier M.S. 406/Caudron C.714. Helsinki, Tietoteos, 1975. ISBN 951-9035-19-2
 Pelletier, Alain. French Fighters of World War II in Action (Aircraft Number 180). Carrollton,: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 2002. ISBN 0-89747-440-6

Cazas de Francia de los años 1930
Cazas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial de Francia
Caudron G.714

Caudron C.714


An Saundersia mirabilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Saundersia mirabilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Saundersia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Saundersia

Saundersia mirabilis


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 12. listopada  Stanko Ibler, hrvatski liječnik pneumoftizeolog (* )

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Medicina u 1993.


Tor Ulven (* 14. November 1953 in Oslo; † 18. Mai 1995 ebenda) war ein norwegischer Schriftsteller.

Leben
Tor Ulven debütierte 1977 mit Gedichten. Obwohl er selber zu Lebzeiten nur einen Roman veröffentlichte, beeinflusste er viele norwegische Schriftsteller der Nachkriegszeit. Schwer depressiv brachte er sich im Alter von 41 Jahren in seiner Geburtsstadt um.

In dem norwegischen Film Auf Anfang (2006), der von zwei jungen Schriftstellern handelt, ist das fiktive Vorbild der Hauptfiguren nach Tor Ulven gestaltet.

2012 wurde die  deutsche Fassung seiner Kurzgeschichtensammlung Dunkelheit am Ende des Tunnels (Vente og ikke se) mit dem Buchpreis der unabhängigen deutschsprachigen Verlage (Hotlist) ausgezeichnet.

Werke
 Skyggen av urfuglen (Gedichte) – 1977
 Etter oss, tegn (Gedichte) – 1980
 Forsvinningspunkt (Gedichte) – 1981
 Det tålmodige (Gedichte und Prosagedichte) – 1987
 Gravgaver (Prosa) – 1988
 Søppelsolen (Gedichte) – 1989
 Nei, ikke det (Kurzgeschichten) – 1990
 Fortæring (Prosagedichte) – 1991
 Avløsning (Roman) – 1993
 deutsche Ausgabe: Ablösung. Übersetzt von Bernhard Strobel. Literaturverlag Droschl, Graz 2019, ISBN 978-3-99059-034-8.
 Vente og ikke se (Kurzgeschichten) – 1994
 deutsche Ausgabe: Dunkelheit am Ende des Tunnels. Übersetzt von Bernhard Strobel. Literaturverlag Droschl, Graz und Wien 2012, ISBN 978-3-85420-793-1.
 Stein og speil (Prosagedichte) – 1995
 deutsche Ausgabe (zusammen mit den Texten aus Fortæring): Das allgemein Unmenschliche. Übersetzt von Bernhard Strobel. Literaturverlag Droschl, Graz und Wien 2014, ISBN 978-3-85420-957-7.
 Etterlatte dikt (Gedichte) – 1996
 Essays – 1997
 Samlede dikt (Gedichte) – 2000

Weblinks

 Besprechung bei Deutschlandradio
 Interview i Alf van der Hagen: Dialoger II: 8 forfattersamtaler (Oktober, 1996), das einzige Interview, dass Tor Ulven gab (1993)

Autor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Norwegisch)
Norweger
Geboren 1953
Gestorben 1995
Mann

Tor Ulven


أيمن الأعتر (6 مارس 1982 -) مغني ليبي، ولد في طرابلس. الأعتر كان الفائز في دورة 2004 من سوبر ستار 2، النسخة العربية من برنامج بوب آيدول، وقد سبق أن فاز بالمرتبة الأولى في النسخة الأولى من مهرجان الأغنية الليبية 2001 بأغنية (أمي) ثم شارك مشاركة شرفية خارج المسابقة في النسخة الثانية من نفس المهرجان 2002 بأغنية (يا زمان الصغر).

البدايات
بدأ أيمن الأعتر الغناء عبر اشتراكه في الإذاعة الليبية منذ طفولته حيث اشتهر بأغنية وطنية مصورة وهي «وطننا يا وطننا» التي نالت نجاحا في التسعينيات وكذلك بأغنية وطني شجني وابتساماتي وحزني.
أول من ساهم في ظهور هذه الموهبة في الإذاعة الليبية كان الشاعر الليبي عبد الله محمد منصور، مع دعم عائلته واهتمام ورعاية الكتّاب والملحنين الليبيين الذين قدموا إليه أغنية جديدة وهو في سن الثانية عشر اسمها «سيول العافية».

مهرجان الأغنية الليبية
في عام 2001 تقدم أيمن الأعتر إلى مهرجان الأغنية الليبية في دورته الأولى، والتي تمكن فيها من الحصول على الترتيب الأول بأغنية (أمي).
ثم شارك مشاركة شرفية خارج المسابقة في النسخة الثانية من نفس المهرجان 2002 بأغنية (يا زمان الصغر).

سوبر ستار
في عام 2004 تمكن أيمن الأعتر من الحصول على المركز الأول في الموسم الثاني من برنامج تلفزيون المستقبل اللبناني «سوبر ستار» وبنسبة 54% من أصوات 3,2 مليون مشاهد.

أطلق ألبومه الأول «بحبك» سنة 2005، وفيديو كليب لأغنيته «بحبك».
اصدر أغنية منفردة «هلبا» وفيديو كليب سنة 2013، واصدر أغنية منفردة «يالعزيز» وفيديو كليب سنة 2014.
صدر البومه الجديد «حال الاوادم» في نوفمبر 2014 عن شركة روتانا للصوتيات والمرئيات، وصدر فيديو كليب عن أغنية «حال الاوادم».

حياته الشخصية
لأيمن أربعة اخوة وسبعة أخوات. وهو خريج من كلية طب الأسنان بجامعة طرابلس.

ديسكوغرافيا
 بحبك (2005)
 حال الأوادم (2014)
  في قلبي كلام (2016)

مراجع

مصادر
 سيرة أيمن الإعتر الذاتية
 إيلاف: أيمن الأعتر ومحمد مجذوب بانتظار تحرّك من روتانا

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي
 أيمن الأعتر على تويتر
 صفحة أيمن الأعتر الرسمية على الفيس بوك
 قناة أيمن الأعتر على يوتيوب
 حساب أيمن الأعتر الرسمي على انستقرام

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من طرابلس
أطباء أسنان
خريجو جامعة طرابلس
فنانو تسجيلات أوايكننغ
فنانو مجموعة يونيفرسال الموسيقية
مشاركون عرب في برامج تلفزيون الواقع
مغنون ذكور ليبيون في القرن 21
مغنون ليبيون
مواليد 1402 هـ
مواليد 1982
مواليد في جنزور

أيمن الأعتر


Luis Fernando Hoyos (Pereira, 21 de mayo de 1964) es un actor colombiano.

Biografía
Vivió su niñez y adolescencia en Cali. Al salir del colegio pretendió estudiar cine pero después de un tiempo de trabajos en el campo en Caquetá; comenzó a estudiar fotografía en Bogotá y en ese oficio se vinculó con Jaime Botero que le permitió estudiar actuación en la Academia Charlot.
Hoyos se vinculó a la televisión con Pequeños Gigantes, una miniserie colombiana que sirvió de escuela de actuación para gran parte de los actores colombianos en la década de 1980. Es especialmente recordado, entre otras cosas, por su papel de Efraín en la teleserie basada en la novela romántica María de Jorge Isaacs, adaptada para la televisión en el año 1991.

Filmografía

Televisión

Cine

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Premios India Catalina

Premios Macondo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en Colarte

Nacidos en Pereira
Actores de televisión de Colombia
Actores de cine de Colombia
Actores de teatro de Colombia
Actores masculinos de Colombia

Luis Fernando Hoyos


Gajnice su zagrebačko gradsko naselje (kvart) na zapadnom dijelu grada. Najgušće je naseljeni kvart gradske četvrti Podsused – Vrapče.

Povijest
Prvo naselje izgrađeno je nakon gradnje tvornice Jedinstvo, četrdesetih godina dvadesetog stoljeća. Naselje je trebalo udomiti 5000 stanovnika, no izgrađeno je samo djelomično, tek petina: 8 jednokatnih i 3 dvokatne stambene zgrade. Uz to izgrađeni su i objekti javne namjene: hotel za samce, internat za učenike industrijske škole, trgovine, dom kulture i kuglana. Naselje je projektirala grupa uglednih arhitekata Arhitektonskog projektnog zavoda: Slavko Löwy, Stjepan Gomboš, Ivo Bartolić, Lavoslav Horvat i Milan Tomičić. Veći dio Gajnica izgrađen je sedamdesetih i osamdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća kao novo stambeno naselje što je naglo povećalo broj stanovnika današnje zagrebačke četvrti Podsused - Vrapče. Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2011., naselje ima 9.854 stanovnika. Poštanski broj kvarta je 10090.

Ime
Područje Gajnica u početku se zvalo Naselje tvornice Jedinstvo. Ime Gajnice umanjenica je riječi gaj koja znači šumica ili šumarak. Dakle ime Gajnice doslovno znači mala šumica ili mali šumarak.

Vanjske poveznice
 HRT: 'Upoznaj kvart da bi ga više volio'

Naselja u Gradu Zagrebu

Gajnice


Izbište (, , , ) ist ein Ort im serbischen Banat und gehört zum Verwaltungsgebiet der Stadt Vršac. Im Ort lebten im Jahr 2011 1464 Menschen.

Persönlichkeiten

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 Žarko Zrenjanin Uča (1902–1942), jugoslawischer Volksheld, hoher Funktionär der BdKJ und Organisator des Widerstands gegen den Faschismus in der Vojvodina
 Isa Jovanović (1906–1983), jugoslawischer Volksheld, Partizan während des Zweiten Weltkriegs und hoher Parteifunktionär der BdKJ
 Anđa Ranković (1909–1942), jugoslawische Volksheldin und Partisanin während des Zweiten Weltkriegs

Ort in der Opština Vršac

Izbište


Turpan (also known as Turfan; ; ) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of  and a population of 693,988 (2020).

Geonyms
The original name of the city is unknown. The form Turfan (while it is older than Turpan), was not used until the middle of the 2nd millennium CE and its use became widespread only in the post-Mongol period.

Historically, many settlements in the Tarim Basin, situated between Chinese, Turkic, and Persian language users, have a number of cognates. Turpan/Turfan/Tulufan is one such example. Others include Jushi/Gushi, Gaochang/Qocho/Karakhoja and Jiaohe/Yarkhoto.

The center of the region has shifted a number of times, from Yar-Khoto (Jiaohe,  to the west of modern Turpan) to Qocho (Gaochang,  to the southeast of Turpan) and to Turpan itself.

History

Turpan has long been the centre of a fertile oasis (with water provided by the karez canal system) and an important trade centre. It was historically located along the Silk Road. At that time, other kingdoms of the region included Korla and Yanqi.

Along with city-states such as Krorän (Loulan) and Kucha, Turfan appears to have been inhabited by people speaking the Indo-European Tocharian languages in prehistory.

The Jushi Kingdom ruled the area in the 1st millennium BC, until it was conquered by the Chinese Han dynasty in 107 BC. It was subdivided into two kingdoms in 60 BC, between the Han and its enemy the Xiongnu Empire. The city changed hands several times between the Xiongnu and the Han, interspersed with short periods of independence. Nearer Jushi has been linked to the Turpan Oasis, while Further Jushi to the north of the mountains near modern Jimsar.

After the fall of the Han dynasty in 220, the region was virtually independent but tributary to various dynasties. Until the 5th century AD, the capital of this kingdom was Jiaohe (modern Yarghul  west of Turpan).

Many Han Chinese along with Sogdians settled in Turfan during the post Han dynasty era. The Chinese character dominated Turfan in the eyes of the Sogdians. Kuchean speakers made up the original inhabitants before the Chinese and Sogdian influx. The oldest evidence of the use of Chinese characters was found in Turfan in a document dated to 273 AD.

In 327, the Gaochang Commandery (jùn) was created in the Turfan area by the Former Liang under Zhang Jun. The Chinese set up a military colony/garrison and organized the land into multiple divisions. Han Chinese colonists from the Hexi region and the central plains also settled in the region. Gaochang was successively ruled by the Former Liang, Former Qin and Northern Liang.

In 439, remnants of the Northern Liang, led by Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou, fled to Gaochang where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the Rouran Khaganate.

Gaochang Kingdom

At the time of its conquest by the Rouran Khaganate, there were more than ten thousand Han Chinese households in Gaochang.  The Rouran Khaganate, which was based in Mongolia, appointed a Han Chinese named Kan Bozhou to rule as King of Gaochang in 460, and it became a separate vassal kingdom of the Khaganate. Kan was dependent on Rouran backing. Yicheng and Shougui were the last two kings of the Chinese Kan family to rule Gaochang.

At this time the Gaoche was rising to challenge power of the Rouran in the Tarim Basin. The Gaoche king Afuzhiluo killed King Kan Shougui, who was the nephew of Kan Bozhou. and appointed a Han from Dunhuang, named Zhang Mengming (張孟明), as his own vassal King of Gaochang. Gaochang thus passed under Gaoche rule.

Later, Zhang Mengming was killed in an uprising by the people of Gaochang and replaced by Ma Ru (). In 501, Ma Ru himself was overthrown and killed, and the people of Gaochang appointed Qu Jia () from Jincheng Commandery as their king. Qu Jia at first pledged allegiance to the Rouran, but the Rouran khaghan was soon killed by the Gaoche and he had to submit to Gaoche overlordship. Later, when the Göktürks emerged as the supreme power in the region, the Qu dynasty of Gaochang became vassals of the Göktürks.

While the material civilization of Kucha to its west in this period remained chiefly Indo-Iranian in character, in Gaochang it gradually merged into the Tang aesthetics. Qu Wentai, King of Gaochang, was a main patron of the Tang pilgrim and traveller Xuanzang.

Tang conquest

The Tang dynasty had reconquered the Tarim Basin by the 7th century AD and for the next three centuries the Tibetan Empire, the Tang dynasty, and the Turks fought over dominion of the Tarim Basin. Sogdians and Chinese engaged in extensive commercial activities with each other under Tang rule. The Sogdians were mostly Mazdaist at this time. The Turpan region was renamed Xi Prefecture () when the Tang conquered it in 640 AD, had a history of commerce and trade along the Silk Road already centuries old; it had many inns catering to merchants and other travelers, while numerous brothels are recorded in Kucha and Khotan. According to Valerie Hansen, even before the Tang conquest, Han ethnic presence was already so extensive that the cultural alignment of the city led to Turpan's name in the Sogdian language becoming known as "Chinatown" or "Town of the Chinese". As late as the tenth century, the Persian source Hudud Al-Alam continued to refer to the town as Chīnanjkanth (Chinese town).

In Astana Cemetery, a contract written in Sogdian detailing the sale of a Sogdian girl to a Chinese man was discovered dated to 639 AD. Individual slaves were common among silk route houses; early documents recorded an increase in the selling of slaves in Turpan. Twenty-one 7th-century marriage contracts were found that showed, where one Sogdian spouse was present, for 18 of them their partner was a Sogdian. The only Sogdian men who married Chinese women were highly eminent officials. Several commercial interactions were recorded, for example a camel was sold priced at 14 silk bolts in 673, and a Chang'an native bought a girl age 11 for 40 silk bolts in 731 from a Sogdian merchant. Five men swore that the girl was never free before enslavement, since the Tang Code forbade commoners to be sold as slaves.

The Tang dynasty became weakened considerably due to the An Lushan Rebellion, and the Tibetans took the opportunity to expand into Gansu and the Western Regions. The Tibetans took control of Turfan in 792.

Clothing for corpses was made out of discarded, used paper in Turfan which is why the Astana graveyard is a source of a plethora of texts.

Seventh or 8th century dumplings and wontons were found in Turfan.

Uyghur rule
In 803, the Uyghurs of the Uyghur Khaganate seized Turfan from the Tibetans.  The Uyghur Khaganate however was destroyed by the Kirghiz and its capital Ordu-Baliq in Mongolia sacked in 840.  The defeat resulted in the mass movement of the Uyghurs out of Mongolia and their dispersal into Gansu and Central Asia, and many joined other Uyghurs already present in Turfan. In the early twentieth century, a collection of some 900 Christian manuscripts dating to the ninth to the twelfth centuries was found by the German Turfan expeditions at a monastery site at Turfan.

Idikut kingdom

The Uyghurs established a Kingdom in the Turpan region with its capital in Gaochang or Kara-Khoja. The kingdom was known as the Uyghuria Idikut state or Kara-Khoja Kingdom that lasted from 856 to 1389 AD. The Uyghurs were Manichaean but later converted to Buddhism and funded the construction of cave temples in the Bezeklik Caves. The Uyghurs formed an alliance with the rulers of Dunhuang. The Uyghur state later became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitans and then as a vassal of the Mongol Empire. This Kingdom was led by the Idikuts or Saint Spiritual Rulers. The last Idikut left Turpan area in 1284 for Kumul and then Gansu to seek protection of Yuan Dynasty, but local Uyghur Buddhist rulers still held power until the invasion by the Moghul Khizr Khoja in 1389.

Turfan expeditions

German scientists conducted archaeological expeditions, known as the German Turfan expeditions, at the beginning of the 20th century (between 1902 and 1914). They discovered paintings and other art treasures that were transported to the Museum of Asian Art in Berlin.

Artifacts of Manichaean and Buddhist provenance were also found in Turfan. During World War II, many of these artifacts were destroyed or looted.

Turfan fragments
Uyghur, Persian, Sogdian and Syriac documents have been found in Turfan. Turfan also has documents in Middle Persian.

All these are known as the Turfan fragments. They
comprise a collection of over 40,000 manuscripts and manuscript fragments in 16 different languages and 26 different typefaces in different book forms. They are in the custody of the Berlin State Library where their study continues.

These writings deal with Buddhist as well as Christian-Nestorian, Manichaean and secular contents. The approximately 8,000 Old Turkic Buddhist texts make up the largest part of this.

A whole series of Sogdian Buddhist scriptures were found in Turpan (and also in Dunhuang), but these date from the Tang Dynasty (618–907) and are translations from Chinese. Earlier Sogdian Buddhist texts could not be found.

Christian texts exist mainly in Syriac and Sogdian, but also as Syriac-Sogdian bilinguals (bilingual texts), as well as some Turkish-Nestorian fragments.

Manichaean texts survive in Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian and Uyghur; the Sogdian and Uyghur documents show a notable adaptation to Buddhism, but there is also evidence of a reverse influence.

Important parts of the Gospel of Mani were found here, for example. Also, parts of the Arzhang (Book of Pictures), one of the holy books of Manichaeism were discovered.

Most of the Buddhist texts survive in only fragmentary form. There are several Indian Sanskrit texts from various schools of Mahayana and Hinayana, Uyghur texts that are mostly translations from Sanskrit, Tocharian and, starting in the 9th century, increasingly from the Chinese.

Many of the Uyghur documents and fragments of Buddhist scriptures edited to date include didactic texts (sutras) and philosophical works (the abhidharma). In contrast to the other Buddhist contents, the monastic discipline texts (the vinaya) did not seem to be translated, but rather taught and studied in Sanskrit.

Conversion to Islam
The conversion of the local Buddhist population to Islam was completed in the second half of the 15th century.

After being converted, the descendants of the previously Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan failed to retain memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area.

15th and 16th centuries

Buddhist images and temples in Turfan were described in 1414 by the Ming diplomat Chen Cheng.

As late as 1420, the Timurid envoy Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, who passed through Turpan on the way from Herat to Beijing, reported that many of the city's residents were "infidels". He visited a "very large and beautiful" temple with a statue of Shakyamuni; in one of the versions of his account it was also claimed that many Turpanians "worshipped the cross".

The Moghul ruler of Turpan Yunus Khan, also known as Ḥājjī 'Ali (ruled 1462–1478), unified Moghulistan (roughly corresponding to today's Eastern Xinjiang) under his authority in 1472. Around that time, a conflict with the Ming China started over the issues of tribute trade: Turpanians benefited from sending "tribute missions" to China, which allowed them to receive valuable gifts from the Ming emperors and to do plenty of trading on the side; the Chinese, however, felt that receiving and entertaining these missions was just too expensive. (Muslim envoys to the early Ming China were impressed by the lavish reception offered to them along their route through China, from Suzhou to Beijing, such as described by Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh in 1420–1421.)

Yunus Khan was irritated by the restrictions on the frequency and size of Turpanian missions (no more than one mission in 5 years, with no more than 10 members) imposed by the Ming government in 1465 and by the Ming's refusal to bestow sufficiently luxurious gifts on his envoys (1469). Accordingly, in 1473 he went to war against China, and succeeded in capturing Hami in 1473 from the Oirat Mongol Henshen and holding it for a while, until Ali was repulsed by the Ming Dynasty into Turfan. He reoccupied Hami after Ming left. Henshen's Mongols recaptured Hami twice in 1482 and 1483, but the son of Ali, Ahmad Alaq, who ruled Eastern Moghulistan or Turpan Khanate, reconquered it in 1493 and captured the Hami leader and the resident of China in Hami (Hami was a vassal state to Ming). In response, the Ming Dynasty imposed an economic blockade on Turfan and kicked out all the Uyghurs from Gansu. It became so harsh for Turfan that Ahmed left. Ahmed's son Mansur succeeded him and took over Hami in 1517. These conflicts were called the Ming–Turpan conflict.

Several times, after occupying Hami, Mansur tried to attack China in 1524 with 20,000 men, but was beaten by Chinese forces. The Turpan kingdom under Mansur, in alliance with Oirat Mongols, tried to raid Suzhou in Gansu in 1528, but were severely defeated by Ming Chinese forces and suffered heavy casualties. The Chinese refused to lift the economic blockade and restrictions that had led to the battles and continued restricting Turpan's tribute and trade with China. Turfan also annexed Hami.

18th and 19th centuries
The Imin mosque of Turfan was built in 1779.

Francis Younghusband visited Turpan in 1887 on his overland journey from Beijing to India. He said it consisted of two walled towns, a Chinese one with a population of no more than 5,000 and, about a mile (1.6 km) to the west, a Turk town of "probably" 12,000 to 15,000 inhabitants. The town (presumably the "Turk town") had four gateways, one for each of the cardinal directions, of solid brickwork and massive wooden doors plated with iron and covered by a semicircular bastion. The well-kept walls were of mud and about 35 ft (10.7 m) tall and 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 m) thick, with loopholes at the top. There was a level space about 15 yards (14 m) wide outside the main walls surrounded by a musketry wall about 8 ft (2.4 m) high, with a ditch around it some 12 ft (3.7 m) deep and 20 ft (6 m) wide. There were drumtowers over the gateways, small square towers at the corners and two small square bastions between the corners and the gateways, "two to each front." Wheat, cotton, poppies, melons and grapes were grown in the surrounding fields.

Turpan grapes impressed other travelers to the region as well. The 19th-century Russian explorer Grigory Grum-Grshimailo, thought the local raisins may be "the best in the world" and noted the buildings of a "perfectly peculiar design" used for drying them called chunche.

Mongols, Chinese and Chantos all lived in Turfan during this period.

20th and 21st centuries
In 1931, a Uyghur rebellion broke out in the region, after a Chinese commander tried to forcibly marry a local girl. The Chinese responded by indiscriminately attacking Muslims; this turned the entire countryside against the Chinese administration and the Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and Tungans joined the rebels.

On August 19, 1981, Deng Xiaoping conducted an inspection in Turpan Prefecture.

On March 31, 1995, Turpan and Dunhuang became sister cities.

According to reports from Radio Free Asia, as of 2020, there were eight Xinjiang internment camps in the prefecture.

Geography

Subdivisions
Turpan directly controls one district and two counties.

Turpan is located about  southeast of Ürümqi, Xinjiang's capital, in a mountain basin, on the northern side of the Turpan Depression, at an elevation of  above sea level. Outside of Turpan is a small volcanic cone, the Turfan volcano, that is said to have erupted in 1120 as described in the Song Dynasty. In June 1995, a book of standard names for local geography was published.

Climate
Turpan has an extremely continental desert climate (Köppen Climate Classification BWk), with long, extremely hot summers (resembling a hot desert climate or BWh) and somewhat short but very cold winters, with very brief spring and autumn in between. Annual precipitation is very low, amounting to only . The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from  in January to  in July, or a very large seasonal variation of ; the annual mean is . With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 48% in December to 75% in September, sunshine is abundant and the city receives 2,912 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Extremes have ranged from  to , although a reading of  in July 1975 is regarded as dubious.
However, the high heat and dryness of the summer, when combined with the area's ancient system of irrigation, allows the countryside around Turpan to produce great quantities of high-quality fruit.

Demographics
According to the 2015 government census, the city of Turpan had a population of 651,853 (population density 15.99 inh./km2). The breakdown by ethnicity was as follows:

Language
There is Chinese influence in the vocabulary of Uyghur dialect in Turpan.

Assimilation
Turpan Uyghurs have more Han Chinese features and looks than Uyghurs elsewhere and this is suggested to be due to intermarriage between Han Chinese and Uyghurs in the past according to the locals. Due to physical features found in Uyghurs in Turpan it was claimed that Uyghurs married slaves sent to Turpan's Lukchun area by the Qing according to the Manchu Ji Dachun.

Economy

Turpan is an agricultural economy growing vegetables, cotton, and especially grapes being China's largest raisin producing area. There is a steady increase in farming acreage devoted to grapes backed by strong local government support for increased production. The local government has coordinated improvements in raisin distribution, offered preferential loans for grape cultivation, and free management training to growers. The annual Turpan Grape festival includes a mass wedding of Uyghurs funded by the government.

Transport

Turpan is served by the Lanzhou–Xinjiang High-Speed Railway through the Turpan North Railway Station. Turpan Railway Station is the junction for two conventional lines, the Lanzhou-Xinjiang and the Southern Xinjiang Railways.

China National Highway 312 passes through Turpan.

The Tulufan Jiaohe Airport is close to Turpan North Railway Station.

Notable persons
 Mahmut Muhiti
 Emin Khoja

See also
 Dingling (with a special section about the Fufuluo)
 German Turfan expeditions
 Grape Valley
 Jiaohe ruins
 Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
 Tarim mummies
 Turpan Karez Paradise
 Turpan Museum
 Turpan Khanate

References

Further reading

 Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. .
 Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation.
 Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
 Puri, B. N. Buddhism in Central Asia, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 1987. (2000 reprint).
 Rossabi, M. 1972. "Ming China and Turfan, 1406–1517". Central Asiatic Journal 16 (3). Harrassowitz Verlag: 206–25.

 Stein, Aurel M. 1912. Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal narrative of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 2 vols. Reprint: Delhi. Low Price Publications. 1990.
 Stein, Aurel M. 1921. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.
 Stein Aurel M. 1928. Innermost Asia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran, 5 vols. Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.
 Yu, Taishan. 2004. A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 131 March 2004. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania.

External links

 Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material from Turpan
 Silk Road Seattle – University of Washington (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full-text historical works, maps, photos, etc.)
 Karez (Qanats) of Turpan, China
 Images and travel impressions along the Silk Road – Turpan PPS in Spanish

Central Asian Buddhist kingdoms
Central Asian Buddhist sites
Former countries in Chinese history
Oases of China
Populated places along the Silk Road
Populated places in Xinjiang
Prefecture-level divisions of Xinjiang

Turpan


Agrilus kashituensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1935.

Referências

kashituensis

Agrilus kashituensis


Mahiljow voblast (, ; , ) er en af Hvideruslands seks voblaster. Voblastens administrative center er placeret i byen Mahiljow. Voblastens areal er  km² og har (2013) indbyggere. Mahiljow voblast ligger i det østlige Hviderusland med grænse til Rusland.

De største byer i voblasten er: Mahiljow (), Babrujsk (), Asipovitjy (), Horki () og Krytjaw ().

Både Mahiljow voblast og Homel voblast blev hårdt ramt Tjernobyl atomreaktorkatastrofen. Mahiljow voblast blev hovedsageligt ramt i de sydligste områder, især Krasnapolski og Tjerykawski rajoner blev alvorligt radioaktivt forurenet, mange beboere blev tvangsforflyttet til ikke forurenede områder.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Voblastens officiel hjemmeside

Etableret i 1938

Mahiljow voblast