The Highlanders (formerly the Otago Highlanders) is a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Dunedin that compete in Super Rugby. The team was formed in 1996 to represent the lower South Island in the newly formed Super 12 competition, and includes the Otago, North Otago and Southland unions. The Highlanders take their name from the Scottish immigrants that founded the Otago, North Otago, and Southland regions in the 1840s and 1850s.

Their main ground through the 2011 Super Rugby season was Carisbrook in Dunedin, with home games occasionally being played in Invercargill and Queenstown. The Highlanders moved into Carisbrook's replacement, Forsyth Barr Stadium at University Plaza, for the 2012 season; the stadium opened in time for the 2011 Rugby World Cup, but after the Super Rugby season.

They finished the inaugural season eighth, and the following season finished last after winning only three of eleven matches. However, in the 1998, 1999 and 2000 seasons they qualified for semi-finals; hosting the 1999 competition final against fellow South Island team the Crusaders. They lost the match 24–19, and the following year were again knocked out by the Crusaders—this time in their semi-final. In the following fifteen seasons they would only finish in the top four once more, in 2002. But in 2015, they were crowned Super Rugby champions after beating the Hurricanes at Westpac Stadium .

Current Highlander, Aaron Smith has played a record 176 games for the Highlanders, and 47 other players have played over 50 games for the team. The Highlanders' highest career points scorer is Lima Sopoaga with 866 points, and highest career try scorer is Waisake Naholo with 45 tries. They are currently coached by Clarke Dermody and are captained by Billy Harmon

History

The Highlanders' franchise was created as one of five New Zealand teams in the Super 12. Originally named the Otago Highlanders, the Highlanders' franchise area encompassed the lower South Island of New Zealand, and was formed from the North Otago, Otago, and Southland provincial rugby unions.

The 1996 team was captained by John Leslie and coached by Gordon Hunter. Their first Super 12 match was against the Queensland Reds at Carisbrook on 3 March 1996, whom they defeated 57–17. After three matches the Highlanders were undefeated and leading the competition. However the following week at Loftus Versfeld Stadium in South Africa they were defeated 59–29 by Northern Transvaal. They only won two more games that season, against  at Carisbrook and against the Canterbury Crusaders at Lancaster Park, and they finished the season eighth on the table.

1997 was the least successful season ever for the Highlanders. They finished last in the competition, and managed only three wins. They were now coached by Glenn Ross and captained by Taine Randell. Their eight defeats that season included a 75–43 loss to Natal in Durban. The points scored by Natal included 50 points by Gavin Lawless – a competition record. Following their last place in the 1997 season, Tony Gilbert was appointed as coach. Their first game under his guidance was an upset 26–19 win over the Queensland Reds. The Highlanders eventually became the first New Zealand side to defeat all four South African teams in one season. After defeating the Bulls at Loftus Versfeld they needed the Queensland Reds not to defeat the Brumbies by a large margin. Queensland were defeated by the Brumbies 23–16 and the Highlanders finished fourth, thus qualifying for the semi-finals. In the semi-final, they faced defending champions the Auckland Blues at Eden Park. The Blues were leading 20–16 at halftime, and were leading 30–26 before a controversial try to Adrian Cashmore pushed the Blues to a 37–26 lead. Joeli Vidiri had illegally taken out Highlander Stanley off the ball.

The following season in 1999 the Highlanders improved on their 1997 season record by reaching and hosting the tournament final. They opened their season with a 19–13 victory over the Auckland Blues at Carisbrook. This was followed by a victory over the Northern Bulls, the Stormers at Carisbrook, and the Cats, before their first loss of the season to the Sharks. They returned to New Zealand to defeat the Waikato Chiefs and then the Crusaders. After defeating the Reds, the Highlanders lost to the New South Wales Waratahs at Carisbrook. The next week they defeated the Brumbies at the same venue. In their next match, despite leading the Wellington Hurricanes 14–3 at half time, the Highlanders lost when Hurricanes half back Jason Spice scored in the corner to give the Hurricanes a 21–19 victory. Had the Highlanders won they would have finished top of the table and hosted a semi-final at Carisbrook. Instead they then had to travel to South Africa where they defeated the Stormers 33–18. The Highlanders travelled back to Dunedin for the 1999 Super 12 Final, which was against South Island rivals the Canterbury Crusaders, and was billed as "the party at Tony Brown's house" after Highlanders first five-eighth Tony Brown. The Highlanders scored first, and led 14–9 at half time. However the decisive try was to Crusaders wing Afato So'oalo, who chipped the ball then out-sprinted All Blacks winger Jeff Wilson to collect the ball and score. Although the Highlanders scored a try to Isitolo Maka with three minutes remaining, the Crusaders won 24–19.

The Highlanders opened their 2000 season with a 50–13 victory over the Queensland Reds at Carisbrook. They won their next three matches, against the Sharks, Hurricanes and Cats. However they then lost their following three; against the Crusaders, Brumbies, and Blues. They played the Crusaders at Jade Stadium in their semi-final, and were defeated 37–15 after Marika Vunibaka scored two tries for the Crusaders in the last 20 minutes. The next season opened with a 23–8 victory over the Blues. Their 39–20 defeat of the Waratahs at Carisbrook on 7 April was the first defeat of New South Wales by an Otago-based side since the Otago provincial team defeated New South Wales 5–0 in 1901. The Highlanders narrowly lost to the Hurricanes in Napier 35–33 before defeating the Brumbies at Carisbrook on 20 April. Although the Highlanders went undefeated at home for a second consecutive season, they finished fifth with six wins that season.

Laurie Mains had returned from South Africa to coach Otago in the 2001 National Provincial Championship (NPC), and was appointed the Highlanders coach for 2002. Their season started with a narrow 30–28 loss to the Crusaders at Jade Stadium. That year the Highlanders also achieved a win over all four South African teams. The Gordon Hunter Memorial Trophy was also introduced that season to be contested between the Highlanders and Blues. Gordon Hunter had coached both teams before dying from cancer in 2001. The match was played at Eden Park, and the Highlanders were ahead 15–3 at half time, and eventually won 20–13. Their last home match of the season was against the Reds at Carisbrook. The Highlanders' 40–26 win meant that they had gone three seasons undefeated at Carisbrook. The Highlanders finished fourth and played the Crusaders in Christchurch where they lost 34–23, although Jeff Wilson did score a try in his last match for the franchise.

The 2003 season started with a 29–16 win over the Chiefs in Hamilton. They then defeated the Stormers and Bulls before losing to the Cats in Johannesburg. Their second loss occurred when the Crusaders defeated them 17–16 at Carisbrook. The Highlanders had gone three seasons, 2000, 2001 and 2002, and 16 games unbeaten at Carisbrook before that loss. The Highlanders then defeated the Blues 22–11 to retain the Gordon Hunter Memorial Trophy. In April that year it was revealed a rift had developed between coach Laurie Mains and some of the senior players in the squad. Anton Oliver was branded the ringleader by Mains, and after their final game of the season Mains resigned and was replaced by his assistant Greg Cooper.

In contrast to their previous season, in 2004 the Highlanders conceded 44 tries, twelve more than in 2003, but scored nine more tries then in 2003. Not only did they have a new head coach, but also thirteen new players in their squad. This all contributed to them finishing the season ninth that season. The Highlanders' 2005 season started with a loss to the Blues at Carisbrook. Following this the side won six games consecutively, the first time the franchise had ever done so. After a draw with the Stormers and a bye, the Highlanders had gone unbeaten for eight weeks. Three weeks from the end of the round robin they were third, but after losing their remaining three matches fell to eighth for the season.

After ten years the Super 12 was expanded to include two extra teams; the Western Force from Australia, and the Cheetahs from South Africa. The expanded competition was renamed the Super 14. The Highlanders continued under Cooper in 2006. After losing their first match of 2006 to the Crusaders, they then won their next three. After only won two of their last six games, they finished the season ranked ninth. The 2007 ended with a similar result to 2006. The Highlanders again finished ninth on the table, and worst of the New Zealand teams. They finished the season with five wins and eight losses from their thirteen matches.

While the fortunes of the franchise had been declining for a few years, they would bottom out with a player exodus following the 2007 Rugby World Cup. The squad's entire All Black front row of Carl Hayman, Anton Oliver, and Clarke Dermody left for lucrative contracts in Europe, while star first-five Nick Evans moved north to Auckland to play for the Blues, and hugely talented young lock James Ryan was forced to retire at age 24 due to injury problems. Joining the exodus were several other veteran starters, along with coach Greg Cooper who left the franchise to take up an assistant coaching position with the Blues. The coach for the 2008 season, Glenn Moore, was appointed 28 August 2007.

Moore was left with a weak side of young and inexperienced players which would stumble to a franchise-worst record of only 3 wins against 10 losses during the 2008 Super 14 season, and finished as the lowest-placed New Zealand team on the table. Jimmy Cowan, one of the team's few bright spots through this period, was appointed team captain for 2009, but things would improve little over the following two seasons as the team again limped to the worst record of the New Zealand clubs. When Moore was released as coach following the 2010 season, the franchise had compiled a record of only 10 wins against 29 losses in three seasons under his leadership.

Former All Black Jamie Joseph was hired as coach for the 2011 Super Rugby season, while Jamie Mackintosh replaced Cowan as team captain. The campaign would prove to be the franchise's most successful in several years, as they raced out to a 3–0 start including a monumental away win over the Bulls in Pretoria. They remained in playoff contention for almost the entire season, sitting 8–4 at one juncture, before slumping under an injury cloud at the end of the year to finish 8th on the table.

Highlanders won the 2015 Super Rugby season defeating the Hurricanes 21–14 in Wellington. Phil Gifford called the win the "greatest Super Rugby comeback this century".

In 2017, the Highlanders won over the British & Irish Lions 23–22 at Dunedin, during the Lions tour to New Zealand.

2018 was a season of ups and downs for the Highlanders. They started their season 3–0 including a win over the defending champions Crusaders in Dunedin and finished their season in 6th place. Despite this, they would suffer a shock loss to the Waratahs after leading 23–3 at one point, they lost 30–23 in Sydney.

2019 was another up and down season for the Highlanders. At the end of the overall season the Highlanders had won 6, drawn 3 and lost 7, which somehow put them into 8th for the playoffs. However, they would lose to the Crusaders in that game (38-14)

After 7 rounds of the 2020 Super Rugby season, the Highlanders were 11th overall and 5th in the NZ conference. They were bound to play the Jaguares in round 7 but the COVID-19 pandemic suspended play of that game and cancelled the rest of the tournament. However, domestic Super Rugby competitions started up, and the one in New Zealand was Super Rugby Aotearoa. The Highlanders finished 4th in Super Rugby Aotearoa 2020 winning only 3 games, 2 of which were against the Chiefs (28-27) and (31-33) and one against the Hurricanes (38-21)

The 2021 season of Super Rugby Aotearoa saw the Highlanders finish 4th again, with 3 wins. They beat the Chiefs (23-39), Crusaders (12-33) and the Blues (35-29). After the season of Super Rugby Aotearoa finished, the Highlanders will partake in Super Rugby Trans-Tasman (competition between the NZ and Australian teams) in which they won all 5 of their games against Australian opposition, and went to the final against the Blues, which they lost 23–15.

2022 was one of the worst years ever for the Highlanders. The Highlanders were winless until Round 8, when they beat Moana Pasifika 37–17. After two more losses, things began to look up for them, beating the Drua 27–24, the Reds (27-19) and the Force (61-10) which put them in quarter-finals contention, since they had many losing bonus points alongside that. However, they lost their last two games of the regular season, and despite the final round loss to the Rebels (31-30) they only just made it into the quarters thanks to their losing bonus point. They ended up getting heavily beaten by the Blues in the quarter finals 35–6, ending the Highlanders worst season ever, with 4 games won from 14 in the regular season.

Name and colours

The name Highlanders was chosen after the early Scottish settlers in the lower South Island. These Scottish settlers were the founders of Dunedin—known as the "Edinburgh of the South", and the city where the Highlanders are based. According to the Highlanders official website: " The name and image of the Highlander conjures up visions of fierce independence, pride in one's roots, loyalty, strength, kinship, honesty, and hard work."

The colours of the Highlanders formerly encompassed the provincial colours of North Otago, Otago, and Southland; yellow, blue and maroon. Blue is also the predominant colour of the Flag of Scotland, and is used by many sports teams in that country.

On 3 June 2011, the Highlanders introduced—controversially—a new predominantly lime green home kit. It was debuted in the Highlanders' final home match of the 2011 Super Rugby season.

Despite the resounding negative feedback from fans, this kit was initially confirmed for the 2012 season. On 6 September 2011, however, the club announced a change of heart—they would be returning to their traditional blue strip for home matches, and using the lime green kit for away matches during the 2012 Super Rugby season.

Franchise area

The Highlanders' franchise area consists of the region controlled by the North Otago, Otago and Southland Rugby Unions. Both Otago and Southland compete in the semi-professional Mitre 10 Cup (formerly the ITM Cup and Air New Zealand Cup), and North Otago in the amateur Heartland Championship.

Stadiums

Starting with the 2012 season, the Highlanders moved into the Forsyth Barr Stadium, opened in August 2011. It was built to replace their original home of Carisbrook, which was no longer suitable for international rugby, or as a venue for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The Carisbrook Stadium Trust was established in 2006 to manage the planning and construction of a new stadium. The new stadium is not on the current Carisbrook site, but instead near the University of Otago and Otago Harbour. It is a roofed, all weather stadium with a rectangular configuration, and permanent seating capacity of 25,000 that could be expanded to 30,748 if necessary.

The Highlanders' original home ground was the 29,000 capacity Carisbrook in Dunedin. Carisbrook is also known as "The Brook", or as "The House of Pain" due to its reputation as a difficult venue to visit. The stadium was also well known for Dunedin's large student population (known as "Scarfies") that occupied the terraces—an uncovered concrete embankment at the eastern end of the ground.

The Highlanders usually play at least one regular season match outside of Dunedin, at either Rugby Park in Invercargill or the Queenstown Events Centre in Queenstown. Prior to 2007 the regular season match was usually played at Rugby Park, however in 2007 they played a match at the Queenstown Events Centre. The Highlanders have also played pre-season matches at Centennial Park in Oamaru and at the Showgrounds in Balclutha.

On 28 March 2009, the Highlanders played a home game at FMG Stadium in Palmerston North against the Bulls. This game attracted a crowd of 10,000; one of the Highlanders' biggest of the 2009 season.

Development team
The Highlanders have fielded a development team in competitions such as the Pacific Rugby Cup and in matches against other representative teams for several seasons. Known as the Highlanders Development XV, the squad is selected from the best emerging rugby talent in the Highlanders catchment area and is composed of Highlanders contracted players, wider training group members, under 20s, and selected club players.

Honours

Super Rugby (1996-Present)
Champions (1)
2015
 Runners-up (1)
1999
 Super Rugby Trans-Tasman Runners-up (1)
2021
 Playoff Appearances (11)
1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022

Records and achievements

Season standings
A season-by-season summary of Highlanders regular season results is shown below:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD|Super 12
|align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC|Super 14
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFA6AA"|Super Rugby
|align="center" bgcolor="#faf884"|Super Rugby Aotearoa
|align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90"|Super Rugby Trans Tasman
|align="center" bgcolor="#87D3F8"|Super Rugby Pacific
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0
! width="20"|Season
! width="20"|Pos
! width="20"|Pld
! width="20"|W
! width="20"|D
! width="20"|L
! width="20"|F
! width="20"|A
! width="25"|+/-
! width="20"|BP
! width="20"|Pts
! width="250"|Notes

|- align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
| 1996                   || 8th  || 11 ||  5 || 0 ||  6 || 329 || 391 ||  −62 ||  6 || 26 ||
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
| 1997                   || 12th || 11 ||  3 || 0 ||  8 || 299 || 409 || −110 ||  5 || 17 ||
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
| 1998                   || 4th  || 11 ||  7 || 0 ||  4 || 343 || 279 ||  +64 ||  6 || 34 || align=left | Lost to  in semi-final
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
| 1999                   || 2nd  || 11 ||  8 || 0 ||  3 || 280 || 203 ||  +77 ||  3 || 35 || align=left | Lost to  in final
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
| 2000                   || 3rd  || 11 ||  6 || 0 ||  5 || 320 || 280 ||  +40 ||  8 || 32 || align=left | Lost to  in semi-final
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
| 2001                   || 5th  || 11 ||  6 || 0 ||  5 || 284 || 295 ||  −11 ||  5 || 29 ||
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
| 2002                   || 4th  || 11 ||  8 || 0 ||  3 || 329 || 207 || +122 ||  6 || 38 || align=left | Lost to  in semi-final
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
| 2003                   || 7th  || 11 ||  6 || 0 ||  5 || 287 || 246 ||  +41 ||  5 || 29 ||
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
| 2004                   || 9th  || 11 ||  4 || 1 ||  6 || 299 || 347 ||  −48 ||  8 || 26 ||
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
| 2005                   || 8th  || 11 ||  6 || 1 ||  4 || 221 || 214 ||   +7 ||  1 || 27 ||
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| 2006                   || 6th  || 13 ||  6 || 0 ||  7 || 228 || 276 ||  −48 ||  3 || 27 ||
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| 2007                   || 9th  || 13 ||  5 || 0 ||  8 || 235 || 301 ||  −66 ||  7 || 27 ||
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| 2008                   || 9th  || 13 ||  3 || 0 || 10 || 257 || 338 ||  −81 ||  7 || 19 ||
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| 2009                   || 11th || 13 ||  4 || 0 ||  9 || 254 || 269 ||  −15 || 10 || 26 ||
|- align=center bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| 2010                   || 12th || 13 ||  3 || 0 || 10 || 297 || 397 || −100 ||  6 || 18 ||
|- align=center  bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
| 2011                || 8th  || 16 ||  8 || 0 ||  8 || 296 || 343 ||  −47 ||  5 || 45*|| align=left |
|- align=center  bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
| 2012                || 9th  || 16 ||  9 || 0 ||  7 || 359 || 385 ||  −26 ||  6 || 50*|| align=left |
|- align=center  bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
| 2013                || 14th || 16 ||  3 || 0 || 13 || 374 || 496 || −122 ||  9 || 29*|| align=left |
|- align=center  bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
| 2014                || 6th  || 16 ||  8 || 0 ||  8 || 401 || 442 ||  −41 || 10 || 42 || align=left | Lost to  in qualifier
|- align=center  bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
| 2015                || 1st  || 16 || 11 || 0 ||  5 || 450 || 333 || +117 ||  9 || 53 || align=left | Defeated  in final
|- align=center  bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
| 2016                || 3rd  || 15 || 11 || 0 ||  4 || 422 || 273 || +149 ||  8 || 52 || align=left| Lost to  in semi-final
|- align=center  bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
| 2017                || 7th  || 15 || 11 || 0 ||  4 || 488 || 308 || +180 ||  7 || 51 || align=left| Lost to  in quarter-final
|- align=center  bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
| 2018                || 6th  || 16 || 10|| 0 ||  6 || 437 || 445 || −6 ||  4 || 44 || align=left| Lost to  in quarter-final
|- align=center  bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
| 2019                || 8th  || 16 || 6 || 3 ||  7 || 441 || 392 || +49 || 6 || 36 || align=left| Lost to  in quarter-final
|- align=center  bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
| 2020                || 11th|| 6  || 1  || 1 || 4 || 91 || 163 || –72  || 1  || 7  || align="left" | Season cancelled due to COVID-19
|- align=center  bgcolor="#faf884"
| 2020       || 4th|| 8  || 3  || 0 || 5 || 197 || 227 || –30  || 2  || 14|| align="left" | No playoffs, round robin only
|- align=center  bgcolor="#faf884"
| 2021       || 4th|| 8  || 3  || 0 || 5 || 201 || 226 || –25  || 2  || 14|| align="left" |
|- align=center  bgcolor="#90EE90"
| 2021               || 2nd|| 5  || 5  || 0 || 0 || 199 || 96  || +103 || 3  || 23|| align="left" | Lost to  in final
|- align=center  bgcolor="#87D3F8"
| 2022        || 8th|| 14 || 4 || 0 || 10 || 348 || 345 || +3   || 7  || 23|| align="left" | Lost to  in quarter-final
|- align=center  bgcolor="#87D3F8"
| 2023        || 6th|| 7  || 3  || 0 || 4 || 201 || 245 || –44  || 2  || 14|| align="left" | Season ongoing
|}

Notes
 Teams were awarded four points for a bye during the Super Rugby seasons from 2011 to 2013. Each team took two bye rounds each season. These additional 8 points are included in their season points tally.
 All matches after Round 7 were cancelled. the season remained incomplete and no champion was awarded.
  Super Rugby Aotearoa was announced as a stand-in replacement competition for Super Rugby, between New Zealand Super Rugby sides. It was played as a round robin competition, with no finals. All teams played the other four teams twice, with the title awarded to the highest ranked team at the conclusion of the round robin fixtures.
  Super Rugby Aotearoa adopted the same format in 2021 as the inaugural tournament in 2020, with the addition of a final between the top two ranked teams at the conclusion of the round robin stage.
  Super Rugby Trans Tasman was a crossover competition between the teams involved in Super Rugby Aotearoa and Super Rugby AU. Each team from Super Rugby AU played each team from Super Rugby Aotearoa once, and vice versa. A final was played between the top two seeded teams at the conclusion of the round robin matches.

Results per opposition
Highlanders Super Rugby results vs different opponents Super Rugby Match Results

Team records
The 2014 season set several new records for the team, that had stood since the 1998 and 1999 seasons. They scored their most ever points (425), and most ever tries (42) in a season. Lima Sopoaga set a franchise record for most points in a season with 178, becoming just the third Highlander to score 25 points in a game. The 2000 year saw perhaps their greatest victory ever with their 65–23 win against the Bulls, setting several records; most points in a match, most tries in a match with nine, and largest winning margin of 42.

Former first five-eighth Tony Brown holds the record for most career points with 857. His 857 career points included 144 conversions, 183 penalties, and six drop-goals. The most points in a single match is held by former fullback Ben Blair who scored 28 against the Sharks in 2005. Most career tries is held by former player Jeff Wilson with 35. Wilson and Blair also share the record for most tries in a single match with three along with Israel Dagg, Doug Howlett, Ryan Nicholas, Jeremy Stanley, and To'o Vaega.

Current squad

The squad for the 2023 Super Rugby Pacific season is:

Notable players
Most Games:

181 Aaron Smith
152 Ben Smith
138 Liam Coltman
127 Anton Oliver
108 Jimmy Cowan
107 Chris King
102 Elliot Dixon
108 Daniel Lienert-Brown
100 Ash Dixon
98 Carl Hoeft
91 Tony Brown
89 Lima Sopoaga
81 Carl Hayman
77 Taine Randell
72 Jeff Wilson
68 Siate Tokolahi

Coaches and management
In their first season the Highlanders were coached by Gordon Hunter before he joined the All Blacks selection panel. Glenn Ross took over in 1997, and was not reappointed for the 1998 season. Tony Gilbert was appointed for the 1998 season, and again coached the team in 1999 before being appointed co-coach for the All Blacks. Peter Sloane was appointed Gilbert's successor for the 2000 season, and also coached them in 2001 before moving to coach the Blues. Laurie Mains returned to New Zealand from South Africa to replace Sloane for the 2002 season. Mains resigned following the 2003 season after a rift between him and senior players. Greg Cooper replaced Mains and coached the team from 2003 until 2007, when he left the franchise to take up the assistant coaches position with the Blues. Glenn Moore coached the club from 2008 through until 2010, when he was relieved of his duties after the club posted only 10 wins against 29 losses in his three years in charge. His replacement was former All Black flanker Jamie Joseph, who coached between 2011 and 2016. Tony Brown took over as head coach in 2017 he then left to join Joseph in Japan and was replaced by Aaron Mauger who coached between 2018 and 2020. Tony Brown again took over as head coach for 2021 and 2022.

On 21 June 2022, the Highlanders announced that Clarke Dermody had been appointed as head coach of the franchise for a period of three years (2023-2025).

Notes: Official Super Rugby competition matches only, including finals.

Head coach
 Clarke Dermody

Assistant coaches
 Shane Christie
 Tom Donnelly (forwards)
 Richard Whiffin (attack)
 Dave Dillon (defence)
 Riki Flutey (skills)

Bibliography

References

External links

Super Rugby teams
Rugby union teams in New Zealand
Super Rugby champions
Rugby union in Otago
Sport in Dunedin

Highlanders (rugby union)


Amadeo V. Veliki (tal. Amedeo V di Savoia) (Le Bourget, oko 1250. – Avignon, 16. listopada 1323.), savojski grof od 1283.  godine. Ujedinio je posjede i proširio vlast nad savojskim zemljama te je uveo salijski zakon o nasljeđivanju po pravu prvorođenja u muškoj liniji. Smatra se začetnikom talijanske kraljevske dinastije.

Životopis

Sin je grofa Tome II., regenta grofovije Savoja od 1253. do 1259. godine, i Beatrice Fieschi. Naslijedio je na naslov grofa i vlast nad Savojom od svog strica Filipa I., koji nije imao djece.

Godine 1310. priključio se rimsko-njemačkom caru Henriku VII. za vojnog pohoda u Italiji te ga je car 1312. godine postavio za kneza i generalnoga namjesnika u Lombardiji. Godine 1315. priskočio je u pomoć ivanovcima pri obrani Roda od Turaka.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Amadeo V. Veliki - Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Amadeo V. Veliki - Proleksis enciklopedija

Savojci

Amadeo V. Veliki


Cyanoacetylene is an organic compound with formula  or .  It is the simplest cyanopolyyne.  Cyanoacetylene has been detected by spectroscopic methods in interstellar clouds, in the coma of comet Hale–Bopp and in the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan, where it sometimes forms expansive fog-like clouds.

Cyanoacetylene is one of the molecules that was produced in the Miller–Urey experiment.

 H-C#C-H + H-C#N -> H-C#C-C#N + H2

See also
Dicyanoacetylene, N≡C−C≡C−C≡N
Diacetylene, H−C≡C−C≡C−H
Cyanogen, N≡C−C≡N
Hydrocyanic acid, H−C≡N
Polyyne, R−(C≡C)n−R

References

Alkyne derivatives
Conjugated nitriles

Cyanoacetylene


An Psilochilus in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Psilochilus in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Psilochilus

Psilochilus


La Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt (HAVA) est un éditeur de livres fondé à Hambourg en 1917 et existant jusqu'en 1942.

Histoire
L'entreprise qui l'a précède est la Hanseatische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt eGmbH, fondée en 1893. Jusqu'en 1920, elle s'appelle Deutschnationale Verlagsanstalt AG.

La HAVA appartient avec le  et la Deutsche Hausbücherei jusqu'en 1933 au groupe de libraires du syndicat conservateur des travailleurs salariés de l' (DHV). Après la « prise du pouvoir » par les nazis en 1933, le DHV est gleichschalten. D'une part, la pression du NSDAP et d'autre part l'espoir de la direction du DHV d'assurer l'existence du DHV dans l'État national-socialiste en l'adaptant joue un rôle. 1936, l'association comprenant la maison d'édition est incorporée au Front allemand du travail. À la fin de l'exercice 1942, la maison d'édition est dissoute, mais le travail de diverses sociétés est poursuivi par les anciens membres du conseil d'administration. Hanseatische Druckanstalt GmbH reprend l'activité d'impression, les intérêts de l'édition sont représentés par Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Benno Ziegler KG, tandis que la société continue à opérer sous le nom de Deutsche Hausbücherei AG. La Bücherborn Deutsches Buchhaus GmbH y a déjà fusionné.

Programme d'édition
Après 1933, HAVA réussit à obtenir des positions clés dans la politique commerciale du livre grâce à la coopération et à la fusion avec des ministères et des instituts. Elle approvisionne le marché nazi du livre de masse avec des auteurs tels que  et Heinz Steguweit, mais produit également pour le public bourgeois traditionnel et s'occupe d'auteurs aussi contrastés que les écrivains Ernst Jünger, Werner Bergengruen ou l'avocat Carl Schmitt. Le journaliste Wilhelm Stapel, à la tête du Cercle de Hambourg, groupe de penseurs que l'on peut considérer comme faisant partie de la Révolution conservatrice, a une influence décisive dans la maison d'édition.

L'un des projets de publication les plus réussis est les  publiés par les professeurs de l'université de Kiel Georg Dahm,  et Ernst Rudolf Huber, une série de manuels juridiques de l'époque du national-socialisme, dont entre 1935 et 1944 un total de 16 volumes, certains en plusieurs éditions sont parus. Le magazine national conservateur Deutsches Volkstum. Monatsschrift für das deutsche Geistesleben y est publié entre 1917 et 1938.

Bibliographie
 : Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt. Politisches Buchmarketing im "Dritten Reich". In: Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens 38 (1992), S. 1–189.

Références

Liens externes
 Archives de l'entreprise avec rapports d'activité et articles de presse (1920-1942) sur le site Web de la  - Centre d'information Leibniz pour l'économie

Maison d'édition ayant son siège en Allemagne
Fondation en 1917
Disparition en 1942

Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt


Ters eğik çizgi, eğik çizginin tersi olup bilgisayar yazılımlarında art arda gelen dizinleri birbirinden ayırt etmek için kullanılır.

Örnek
C:\Dos>MD\Oyun

Dış bağlantılar
 TDK (Türk Dil Kurumu)
 Ters Eğik Çizgi

Noktalama işaretleri

Ters eğik çizgi


Rubaiyat (Farsça: رباعیات عمر خیام)(Arapça: رباعیات), Rubailer olarak da bilinen, bin civarında şiirin toplandığı, Ömer Hayyam'ın en ünlü eseridir.

Rubaiyat arapçada dörtlükler anlamına gelmektedir.

Şiir kitapları
Ömer Hayyam

Rubaiyat


Meris Šehović, né le 14 septembre 1991 à Belgrade, est un politologue et homme politique luxembourgeois. Depuis le 9 juillet 2020, il est président du parti Les Verts.

Enfance, éducation, vie personnelle

Peu après sa naissance, la famille de Šehović quitte la Yougoslavie en guerre et se réfugie au Luxembourg. Šehović a passé ses examens de fins d'études secondaires au lycée classique d'Echternach. En 2011, il entreprend a des études de sciences politiques et de droit à l'université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich. En 2013, il poursuit ses études à l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris dans le cadre du programme Erasmus, les achevant un an plus tard, en 2014, à Munich.

Parcours politique

En 2011, Šehović devient membre des Verts. Lors du scandale SREL qui bouleverse le Luxembourg en 2012-2013, Šehović suit le travail de la commission d'enquête de la Chambre des députés et offre des analyses sur son blog politique. En même temps, il devient membre de déi jonk gréng, mouvement de jeunesse du parti écologiste, et fait campagne pour une réforme de la loi sur les services secrets et la démission du gouvernement Juncker-Asselborn. De 2013 à 2017, il est membre du comité exécutif de déi jonk gréng. De 2017 à 2020, il représente le mouvement en tant que porte-parole.

Politique européenne
En 2013, à l'âge de 22 ans, Šehović devient chef de bureau et porte-parole du député européen Claude Turmes. En tant que conseiller politique, il soutient le travail législatif du député sur plusieurs directives et règlements de l'UE dans les domaines de l'environnement, du climat, de l'industrie et du commerce (paquet de l'UE sur l'économie circulaire, Right2Water, les normes d'émission de  pour les nouvelles voitures particulières) et assiste le travail du député au sein de la commission d'enquête du Parlement européen sur le scandale du diesel VW.

En 2019, Šehović se présente aux élections européennes en tant que candidat tête de liste avec Tilly Metz.

Présidence du parti écologiste luxembourgeois
Après la démission de Christian Kmiotek de la présidence du parti, Šehović lui succède à la tête du parti au congrès du 9 juillet 2020. Son mandat et celui de sa coprésidente Djuna Bernard est renouvelé pour une durée de trois ans lors du congrès du parti en date du 20 mars 2021.

Engagement associatif
Depuis 2020, Šehović est membre de l'équipe de réflexion du Centre luxembourgeois contre la radicalisation (respect.lu).

En reconnaissance de son engagement national et européen, il est nominé Europe Future Leader dans la cohorte 2020 par le Bureau des Affaires étrangères et du Commonwealth.

Notes et références

Étudiant de l'université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich
Président des Verts (Luxembourg)
Personnalité des Verts (Luxembourg)
Personnalité politique luxembourgeoise
Naissance en septembre 1991
Naissance à Belgrade
Naissance en Yougoslavie

Meris Šehović


Flora Indiae Occidentalis. (abreviado Fl. Ind. Occid.), es un libro con descripciones botánicas que fue escrito por Peter Olof Swartz y publicado en tres volúmenes en los años 1797-1806.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Descripción en Biodiversity

Literatura científica
Libros de botánica

Flora Indiae Occidentalis


Le Nonselkopf est un sommet du massif des Vosges culminant à  d'altitude, situé sur la commune de Sondernach, non loin du Markstein.

Toponymie

Kopf est un germanisme désignant la tête, signifiant un sommet de montagne associé à une proéminence dont la partie supérieure prend le plus souvent une forme arrondie.

Géographie

Ce sommet abrite une haute chaume et offre plusieurs vues sur les environs, dont la vallée de Munster.

Accès
Le Nonselkopf se trouve en contrebas du Lauchenkopf. Il est accessible par la route départementale 27 qui passe par le col du Platzerwasel.

Histoire

Activités
Le Nonselkopf est un site disposant de nombreux sentiers de randonnées, il est reconnu comme étant favorable à la cueillette de myrtilles. L'hiver offre la possibilité de faire du ski de randonnée et de la raquette.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Massif des Vosges

Sommet du massif des Vosges
Sommet dans le Haut-Rhin

Nonselkopf


الحرارة النوعيّة هي كميّة الحرارة اللازمة لرفع درجة حرارة 1 كيلوغرام من المادة درجةً مئويةً واحدة. ووحداتها في النظام الدولي هي (جول/كيلوجرام/كلفن)
وحدة قياسها هي: جول / (كجم. ْم) أو جول / (كجم. كلفن)

يبين الجدول أدناه الحرارة النوعية لبعض المواد:

وسبب اختلاف الحرارة النوعية  من مادة إلى أخرى يعود إلى مدى تراص وترابط ذرات المادة ومن ثم قدرتها على توصيل الحرارة. فعلى سبيل المثال: ذرات الحديد تكون متراصة بشكل نظام بلوري مكعب، وعند تسخينه تنتقل الحرارة بين أجزائه بسرعة وبسهولة وتزداد اهتزازات الذرات و
ترتفع درجة حرارته التي هي تعبير عن حركة اهتزازات الذرات فيه. أما في حالة الماء فإن جزيئات الماء ليست مترابطة بنفس الشدة حيث توجد في الحالة السائلة ولا هي متراصة بل تتحرك بحرية كبيرة لذلك يكون توصيل الحرارة فيما بينها أضعف وتحتاج إلى قدر أكبر من الحرارة.

فإذا أخذنا كتلتين متساويتين من الماء والزيت وقمنا بتسخين كل منهما لفترة متساوية بنفس اللهب فإننا نلاحظ بعد فترة أن درجة الحرارة الماء تكون أقل بكثير من درجة حرارة الزيت وهذا يعنى أن للماء سعة حرارية أكبر من السعة الحرارية للزيت. ولذلك نقول أن الحرارة النوعية للماء أكبر من الحرارة النوعية للزيت.

تزداد درجة حرارة الماء بمعدل نحو 4180 جول / كيلوجرام بالتسخين حتى تصل إلى 100 درجة مئوية، عندئذ تسود حرارة التبخير وهي كمية الحرارة بالجول التي يحتاجها 1 كيلوجرام من الماء ليتحول من الحالة السائلة إلى الحالة الغازية (بخار).

تعريفات مرتبطة

السعة الحرارية

السعة الحرارية هي مقدار الطاقة الحرارية اللازمة لرفع درجة حرارة الجسم كله درجة واحدة كلفينية لذلك هي ليست صفة مميزة للمادة لأنها تتغير بتغير كتلته ووحدتها (جول /كلفن)

الحرارة الكامنة

هي كمية الحرارة اللازمة لتغيير حالة 1 كيلوجرام من المادة من حالة إلى أخرى دون تغيير في درجة الحرارة (مثل تحول الماء إلى بخار). فعند تحول المادة من الحالة الصلبة إلى الحالة السائلة لا بد وان تكتسب المادة كمية من الحرارة - وهي في هذه الحالة - حرارة الانصهار، وتصبح مخزونة (كامنة) في السائل.

وعند تحول المادة من الحالة السائلة إلى الحالة الصلبة تفقد المادة حرارة الانصهار وتصبح مادة صلبة. (مع العلم بأن المادة الصلبة هي الأخرى تحتوي على قدر من الحرارة الكامنة خاصة بها).

وفي حاله تحول المادة من الحالة السائلة إلى الحالة الغازية تسمى حرارة تبخر أو
الحرارة الكامنة للتصعيد.

الحرارة النوعية للغازات

تعتمد الحرارة النوعية للغاز على ظروفه، ونفرق بين الحرارة النوعية للغاز عند ثبات ضغطه cp (تساوي الضغط Isobare) أو الحرارة النوعية للغاز عند ثبات حجمه cV (تساوي الحجم Isochore).

وينطبق بصفة عامة:

ويرجع سبب أن الحرارة النوعية للغاز عند ضغط ثابت أكبر من حرارته النوعية عند حجم ثابت أنه عند ثبات الحجم لا يزاول شغل أثناء رفع الحرارة، أي أن كمية الحرارة المكتسبة من المادة تعمل بكاملها على رفع درجة حرارته، بينما في حالة في حالة تثبيت ضغط الغاز فإن جزءا من الحرارة التي يكتسبها الغاز تؤدي إلى زيادة حجمه وبالتالي أداء شغل (الشغل يساوي p.dV)، والجزء الباقي من الحرارة المكتسبة تعمل على رفع درجة حرارة الغاز.

أما في حالتي المادة السائلة أو المادة الصلبة فلا يعني هذا الفرق شيئا حيث أن التمدد يكون طفيفا جدا بمقارنته بتمدد الغاز.

بالنسبة للغازات تنطبق العلاقة التقريبية:

.

حيث:

  ثابت الغازات النوعي،

 و

 و R ثابت الغازات العام (R = 8.314472 جول · كلفن-1 · مول-1)

 و M الكتلة المولية للغاز.

وينطبق أيضا التقريب للحرارة النوعية عند ثبات الحجم:

حيث:

  عدد درجات حرية جزيئ الغاز (تعتمد هل جسيمات الغاز ذرات منفردة أم غاز ثنائي الذرات أم يتكون جزيئ الغاز من ثلاثة ذرات، وغيرها).

وتتكون طاقة الجزيئ من ثلاثة درجات حرية خاصة بطاقة الحركة: (حركة في الاتجاه س، وحركة في اتجاه ص، وحركة في اتجاه المحور ع)، ويضاف إليها «طاقة دورانية» بعدد من درجات الحرية بين الصفر و 3 وهي تختص بطاقة دوران الجزيئ حول نفسه (وتكون صفرا إذا كان الجزيئ أحادي الذرة)، ويضاف غليهما أيضا «طاقة اهتزاز» لعدد من درجات الحرية بين الصفر و
n من درجات حرية اهتزاز مكونات الجزيئ.

يمكن حساب  من
 ومعامل ثبات الإنتروبية (كابا ):

ونستنتج تلك العلاقة من المعادلات المذكورة مع وضع:

.

الحرارة النوعية لغاز مثالي

طبقا للنظرية الحركة الحرارية للغازات تبلغ الطاقة الداخلية لغاز مثالي ذو ذرات منفردة
(3/2)RT
. وهي تزيد للغاز الذي تتكون جزيئاته من عدة ذرات، فعلى سبيل المثال فهي تبلغ
(5/2)RT غاز جزياته ثنائية الذرات (مثل الأكسجين، والنيتروجين والهيدروجين)، ولا يمكن حسابها عندما تكون جزيئات الغاز أكثر تعقيدا من ثلاثة ذرات للجزيئ.

الحرارة النوعية عند ضغط ثابت:

  للغازمثالي ذو ذرات منفردة ;
  لغاز مثالي تتكون جزيئاته من ذرتين، عندما تكون درجة حرارته  بين درجة حرارة الدوران ودرجة حرارة الاهتزاز .
(درجة حرارة دوران الجزيئ حول نفسه تكون عادة أقل من درجة الحرارة التي عندها تبدأ ذرات الجزيئ في الاهتزاز فيما بينها).

وفي الواقع عندما تكون

نحصل على

(وهو الجزء الخاص لغاز ذو ذرات منفردة)
وعندما ترتفع درجة حرارة الغاز وتصل إلى

تصبح الحرارة النوعية لغاز ذو جزيئات ثنائية الذرات:  .

ويمكن استنتاج الحرارة النوعية عند ضغط ثابت من الحرارة النوعية عند حجم ثابت، حيث تنطبق معادلة الغاز المثالي:

, وبالتالي:

حيث:

p الضغط،

v حجم 1 مول،

 R ثابت الغازات العام

 M الكتلة المولية للغاز تحت الاعتبار.

والفرق بينهما لا يعتمد على درجة الحرارة:

حيث u تعتمد فقط على درجة الحرارة.

في نفس الوقت تعتبر النسبة بين الحرارة النوعية عند ضغط ثابت والحرارة النوعية عند حجم ثابت من العوامل الهامة في نظام حركة حرارية (نظام ترموديناميكي)، ويسمى بالمعامل جاما γ:

وتعتمد قيمة المعامل جاما على طبيعة الغاز، وفي حالة الغاز المثالي تكون القيمة النظرية ل γ:

 γ = 5/3= 1,67 للغاز أحادي الذرات ;
 γ = 7/5= 1,4 لغاز ثنائي الذرات.

الحرارة النوعية لغاز عند ثبات الحجم  وتحت 1 ضغط جوي (لغازات معروفة)

مع ملاحظة أن الهيليوم والأرجون غازين نادرين، كل منهما أحادي الذرة. والأكسجين والنيتروجين أمثلة لغازات ثنائية الذرات، وثاني أكسيد الكربون وبخار الماء أمثلة لجزيئات ثلاثية الذرات.

قائمة الحرارة النوعية لبعض المواد الصلبة العملية

انظر أيضاً
 سعة حرارية
 سعرة
 حرارة كامنة
 حرارة
 قابلية انضغاط
 نموذج ديباي
 قانون دولون-بتي

المراجع

انتقال الحرارة
حرارة
خواص دينامية حرارية
كميات فيزيائية

حرارة نوعية


ගැටළු

දැව අස්වනු නෙලීමේදී වනාන්තර  වල ඇති පෝෂක ප්‍රමාණය  අඩුවී නිසරු පසක් ලැබී ඛාදනයට ලක්වේ.ගිනි උපද්‍රව ඉහළ යයි, වන ජීවීන් ඉවත්වන අතර එය වනාන්තර යේ ආකර්ෂ්ණය සඳහා බලපෑම් ඇතිකරයි.කුමන හෝ අස්වනු නෙලීමේ ක්‍රියාවළියක් ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක ව භූමියට ගැලපීමට හෝ විනාශයට හෝ ඉතිරි වනාන්තර  විනාශවීමට හේතුවිය හැකිය.සියළු දැව අස්වනු නෙලීමේ ක්‍රම භූමියට හා ඉතිරි වන වනයට කුමන හෝ බලපෑමක් සිදුකළත් මහා තිරසාර වන විද්‍යා සැලසුම මඟින්විය හැකි බලපෑම් අවම කරගත හැක.

ගිනි මැඩපැවැත්වීම

ගිනි සහ කෘමීන් ගහණවීම ටයිගා වනාන්තර  වල ඇතිවල ප්‍රබල ස්වාභාවික විපත්ය.එමෙන්ම සෞම්‍ය කලාපික වනාන්තර , උප කඳුකර වනාන්තර සහ චපරාල් වනාන්තර  වල සැලකියයුතු විපත් ඇතිකරන යාන්ත්‍රනයකි. විශේෂයෙන්ම උතුරු දිග වනාන්තර  වල නැවත වනය ඇතිකරන විශාල ගිනි වනාන්තර  සහිත භු දර්ශනයේ ආයුෂ පැතිරීම සහ අවකාශයේ වයස් විචිත්‍රනය තීරණය කර‍යි.

උතුරු අමරිකාවේ ගිනි මැඩපැවත්වීම සැලකියයුතු ලෙස අඩුවී සාමාන්‍ය වාර්ෂිකව ගිනිගනා ප්‍රදේශය ස්වයංසිද්ධව වැඩිවන බව සම්පත් කළමනාකරුවන් විශ්වාස කරයි. පැහැදිලි ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ මූලික සාක්ෂි ගිනි වාර්තා අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම අධ්‍යයනයන් දෙකකට සීමාවී ඇති අතර ඔන්ටාරියෝ රජයේ ගිනි වාර්තා උපයෝගීකොටගෙන ආක්‍රමනශීලී ගිනි මැඩපැවැත්වීමී පොලීසි නොමැතිව හා ඇතිව සාමාන්‍ය වාර්ෂිකව ගිනි ගන්නා ප්‍රදේශය සසඳා බලනලදී. එයට පසු අධ‍්‍යයනයන් ගණනාවක් සිදුකෙරුනු අතර  ඒවායින්ද එම තොරතුරුම වෙනත් ආකෘතිවලින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී. මෙම අධ්‍යනයන්ගේ යෝජකයන් ආක්‍රමනශීලී ගිනි මැඩපැවැත්වීමේ පොලීසි නොමැති ප්‍රදේශ වල විශාල ප්‍රමානයේ ගිනි හා විශාල, සාමන්‍ය වාර්ෂිකව ගිනිගන්නා ප්‍රදේශයන් බව හා ගිනි අතර කාල පරාසය වැඩිබව සහ එය ගිනි මැඩපැවැත්වීමේ බලපෑම් පිලිබඳව සාක්ෂියක් බව තර්ක කරන ලදී.

කෙසේ නමුත් ගිනි  මැඩපැවැත්වීම මඟින් සාමාන්‍ය වාර්ෂිකව ගිනිගන්නා ප්‍රදේශය සැළකියයුතු ලෙස අඩුකල හැකිය යන්න විද්‍යාත්මක සාහිත්‍යයේ වාචික විවාදයකි. විශේෂයෙන් මෑත ලියවිලි සංඛ්‍යාත්මක බරපතළ ක්‍රමෝපායන් මඟින් සාමාන්‍ය වාර්ෂිකව ගිනි ගන්නා ප්‍රදේශය තක්සේරු කර එය ගිනි චක්‍රයට අයත් බවත් එම ගිනි චක්‍රයට හා ගිනි මැඩපැවැත්වීමෙන් වෙනසක් ඇති නොවන බවටත් එම සාක්ෂිය  උපයෝගීකොටගෙන ගිනි මැඩපැවැත්වීමේ බලපෑම් අගතිගාමී බව හා ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත්තේ වැරදි ආකාරයකින් බව කියාසිටී. මෙම කිසිම ලියවිල්ලක් ගිනි කළමණාකරන ආයතන ඔවුන්ගේ බලපත්‍ර සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පවරාදීම පිළිබඳව විවේචනය කර නොමැත.ඔවුන් ගිනි භටයන් මනාලෙස පුහුණුකර නොමැති බව, කාර්යක්ෂමව යොදවා නොමැතිබව හෝ කළමණාකරණය  දුර්වල බව යෝජනා කර නැත. ඒ වෙනුවට මෙම ලියවිලි සරළව යෝජනා කර ඇත්තේ යොදාගන්නා සම්පත් නොසලකා හැරීම හ ගිනි කළමණාකරණ ආයතනවලට සාමාන්‍ය වාර්ෂිකව ගිනි ගන්නා ප්‍රදේශය ඵලදායී ලෙස අඩුකර ගැනීමට නොහැකිවීමටය.

ඵලදායී ගිනි මැඩපැවැත්වීමේ ක්‍රම සාමාන්‍ය වාර්ෂිකව ගිනිගන්නා ප්‍රදේශය මත ඇතිකරන බලපෑම් හේතු කිහිපයක් නිසා වැදගත් වේ.විශේෂයෙන්ම බොහෝ අධිකරන බල ප්‍රදේශවල ඇති වර්තමාන තිරසාර වනාන්තර  කළමණාකරන ක්‍රියා මාලාව කෙරෙහි එහි බලපෑම ප්‍රධානවේ. තිරසාර වන කළමණාකරනයේ බොහෝ අධිකරන වසම් තුල ඇතිවන ප්‍රධාන ලක්ෂණයක් වන්නේ තිරසාර  අස්වනු මට්ටම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා දැව සැපයුම් ආකෘති භාවිතයයි.මෙම තීරණයන් වලදී සෑම විටම උපකල්පණය කරන්නේ ගිනි මැඩලීම සාමන්‍ය වාර්ෂිකව ගිනිගන්නා ප්‍රමාණය අඩුකිරීම සඳහා ඵලදායී වූවා යැයි කරන උපකල්පණයයි.මෙලෙස දැනට ඇති ගිනි මැඩලීමේ ඵලදායීතාව පිළිබඳ උපකල්පන වැර්දි වුවොත් තිරසාර වන කළමණාකරනයට ඇතිවන බලපෑම  තරමක් විශාල වේ.ගිනි මැඩලීම මඟින් ස්වාභාවික ගිනි වෙනස්කර ඇති බවට විශාල වශයෙන් පිළිගැනෙන්නේ බටහිර එක්සත් ජනපදයේ අභ්‍යන්තරයේ පිහිටි පයිනස් පරිසර පද්ධති වලය.එහිදී බොහෝ කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවත එන ස්වාභාවික ගිනි ආධිපත්‍ය විවෘත වියන් තත්ව යටතේ පාලනය කර ඇත.යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් පැමිණි පසු මතුපිට ඇතිවන ගිනිවල වාර ගණන අඩුවී ඇත්තේ සියුම් ඉන්ධන වල එකතුවීම හා සැකසීම වෙනස්වී ඇති නිසාය.අතරමැදි උසකින් යුතු වෘක්ෂ ලතා පෙළක් වර්ධනය වීම සහ වියන් ඉන්ධන ස්ථරයේ ඝණත්වය වැඩිවීම නිසා මතුපිට ගිනි මඟින් ශාකවල මුදුනටම පිලිස්සීයන අතර මෙසේ ශාක මුදුන් ගිනිගැනීමද සුලභවේ.

උසස් ලෙස වර්ග කිරීම

සම්පූර්ණ හෙලීමේදී ඇති එක් පරිසර විද්‍යාත්මක වාසියක්නම් තෝරා හෙලීමේ අවධානම හා තනි තනි ගස් කළමණාකරනය කිරීමේ අවදානම දුරුවීමයි.ශාක ගොන්නකින් තනි තනි ගස් හෙලීමේදී ඇතැම් අධිකරන බල ප්‍රදේශයන් වලදී උසම , වැඩිම වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වන සහ වැඩිවශයෙන් හොඳ තත්වයේ ඇති ගස් කැපීම තිරසාර ක්‍රියාවක් ලෙස සළකයි.මෙම උසස් යැයි වර්ග කිරීම නිසා වනාන්තරයක් ජාන කිටුව සැකසීම ඉතිරිවන්නේ කුරුවූ , වැඩි සැළකිල්ලක් නොමැති ගස්ය මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කුරු දුර්වල ලෙස වර්ධනය වන වනයක් ඉතිරිවන අතර විශේෂයෙන් පිටතින් ඇති බීජ ප්‍රභවයක හිඟ කමද බලපායි.කැනඩාව වැනි ඇතැම් අධිකරන ප්‍රදේශවල මෙලෙස උසස් ලෙස වර්ග කිරීම හෙලා දැක  ඇති අතර වර්තමානයේදී සිදුනොවන තරම්ය.

කැබලි කිරීම

නගරය විශාල වීම සහ  වෙනත් ඉදිකිරීම් නිසා වනාන්තර  කැබලි විය හැකිය.මේ නිසා සීමාතිර වාසස්තාන එනම් වෙනත් ගස් වලින් ආරක්ෂා නොවූ හා නාගරික පරිසරයට විවෘත වූ වාසස්තාන නිර්මාණය වේ.සමාන පරිසරයක් වූ වනාන්තර  කැබලි වී තිබීමේදී එම වපසරියම තනි වනාන්තර යක් ලෙස තිබෙනවාටවඩා සීමා තිර ප්‍රමාණය වැඩිවේ.එම වපරිසරයම පටු රේඛාවක් ලෙස ඇත්නම් මුළු වනයම සීමාතිරයක් වන අතර එහි මධ්‍යයේ ශාක ඉතා අඩුවෙන් හෝ නොමැතිවේ.සීමාතිරයේ ඇති ගස් කුණාටු සුළඟින් අරක්ෂා නොවන අතර මුවන් විසින් පහසුවෙන්ම ප්‍රයෝජනයට ගනී.සීමා මායිමේ වෙසෙන වන ජීවීන් රැකූන් සතුන්ගේ ගොදුරු බවට පත්වීම මිනිසා අසන්නයේ ජීවත් වීමට නොහැකිකමින් විශේෂ  වනය හැරයයි.වනාන්තර  කැබලි අතර ශාක පැතිරීමේ ප්‍රශ්නද ඇතිවේ.ශාක ගොන්නක යාබද ඇති ගස් වලට හානි වූ විට එය අවට ඇති ගස්වලින් නැවත ඇති කරයි.නමුත් ශාක ගොන්න එක් කැබල්ලක කොටසක්නම් , වෙනත් කැබලි වූ ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පැතිරීමක් සිදුනොවේ නම් , ශාක ගොන්න පවත්වා ගැනීමට  මිනිසගේ මදිහත්වීම අවශ්‍යවේ.අඩු විසිරීමක් ඇතිවන සතුන්ටද මෙම තත්වය අත්විඳීමට සිදුවන අතර මහා මාර්ග වලට ඉහළින් ඉතා කලාතුරකින් පියාඹන ඇතැම් කුරුල්ලන් පවා මෙය ට අයත්වේ.

දැව අස්වනු නෙලීමේදී වනාන්තර වල ඇති ගැටළු


Abraham Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild (Pariz, 19. kolovoza 1845. – Pariz, 2. studenog 1934.), francuski poduzetnik i filantrop iz francuske grane bogate bankarske obitelji Rothschild. Od 1882. godine bio je žestoki pristalica cionizma te je pomogao europskim Židovima u naseljavanju prostora današnjeg Izraela i Palestine.

Životopis

Rodio se kao najmlađe od petero djece i najmlađi od četvero sinova u obitelji baruna Jakoba Mayera Rothschilda (1792. – 1868.) i Betty Salomon von Rothschild (1805. – 1886.) iz austrijske loze obitelji.

Nije se previše bavio bankarskim poslovima, ali je razvijao interese za umjetnost i filantropiju te je bio promicatelj znanosti i osnivač nekolicine istraživačkih instituta, a podupirao je i arheološka istraživanja u Egiptu, Siriji i Palestini. Sakupio je golemu kolekciju crteža i gravura, koju je poklonio Louvreu.

Godine 1877. oženio je Adelheidu von Rothschild, kćerku Wilhelma Carla von Rothschilda iz napuljskog ogranka dinastije Rothschild, s kojom je imao troje djece:
 James Armand Edmond (1878. – 1957.)
 Maurice Edmond Karl (1881. – 1957.)
 Miriam Caroline Alexandrine (1884. – 1965.)

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Edmond James de Rothschild (1845-1934) - family.rothschildarchive.org

Francuski poduzetnici
Rothschildi (Francuska)

Edmond Jakob de Rothschild


Manuel Puig (Santiago de Cuba, 10 de agosto de 1928 – Havana, 20 de abril de 1961) foi um remador cubano que competiu nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1948. Foi executado pelo seu papel na Invasão da Baía dos Porcos.

Naturais de Santiago de Cuba
Desportistas de Cuba
Remadores olímpicos
Pessoas executadas por fuzilamento

Manuel Puig (remador)


Passô ist ein Ort und eine ehemalige Gemeinde (Freguesia) im Nordwesten Portugals.

Passô gehört zum Kreis Moimenta da Beira im Distrikt Viseu. Die Gemeinde hatte eine Fläche von 4,4 km² und 340 Einwohner (Stand 30. Juni 2011).

Am 29. September 2013 wurden die Gemeinden Passô, Valbom (São Martinho) und Valbom (São Pedro) zur neuen Gemeinde União das Freguesias de Valbom (São Pedro), Passô e Valbom (São Martinho) zusammengeschlossen.

Einzelnachweise

Ehemalige Freguesia in Portugal
Moimenta da Beira

Passô


Prapovijesni arheološki lokalitet nalazi se u Ravnom Brezju, općina Kumrovec.

Opis
Arheološko nalazište u Ravnom Brezju nalazi se u zapadnom dijelu naselja, na blagom brežuljku ovalnog oblika. Sredinom 2012., otkrivene su 3 cijele i tridesetak fragmenata brončanih narukvica, ostaci brončane igle, fragmenti keramičke posude kao i nekoliko grumena kućnog lijepa. Na osnovu tipološke klasifikacije pronađeni predmeti datiraju se u razdoblje starijeg željeznog doba, tj. Hallstatta (800 g. pr. Kr. – 450 g. pr. Kr.).

Zaštita
Pod oznakom P-4461 zavedena je kao zaštićeno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka kulturna baština".

Izvori

Zaštićena kulturna dobra u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Kumrovec
Ravno Brezje

Prapovijesni arheološki lokalitet u Ravnom Brezju


Marcus Lollius Paulinus Decimus Valerius Asiaticus Saturninus (né Decimus Valerius Asiaticus Saturninus) est un sénateur et homme politique de l'Empire romain.

Biographie
Il est le fils de Decimus Valerius Asiaticus et de Lollia Saturnina. Son père est tout d'abord légat de Gaule Belgique, puis devient gouverneur de la province sous Néron. Après 70 , Vespasien remarie sa belle-mère Vitellia avec un homme au nom inconnu. Il est adopter par sa grand mère Lollia Saturnina, où selon Bernard J.Kavanagh, par son grand-père maternel, un Marcus Lollius Paulinus inconnu, (peut être le Marcus Lollius Paulinus connut par une inscription d'Ostie), cette adoption peut être datée entre la naissance de son fils (vers 90/91) et son consulat en 94.

Il a comme femme Valeria Catulla Messallina, probablement la fille de Lucius Valerius Catullus Messallinus, donc naît un fils, Decimus Valerius Taurus Catullus Messallinus Asiaticus.

Carrière
Une inscription retrouvée au Tivoli donne certains détails de son . Saturninus commence ainsi sa carrière comme l'un des magistrats des , le plus prestigieux des quatre sous-collèges du vigintivirat. Les autres honneurs apparaissant sur l'inscription indiquent qu'il est un membre des  Saliens. À , il devient questeur, avant de devenir, par la suite, prêteur.

Il est consul  de mai à  avec pour collègue Caius Antius Aulus Iulius Quadratus. Puis gouverneur d'Asie en 108-109. Werner Eck rapporte qu'une inscription le mentionne en tant que gouverneur d'Hispanie tarragonaise sous le règne d'Hadrien. Alors que, de 124 à 134, il est préfet de Rome.

Il est également consul ordinaire pour l'année 125 avec pour collège Lucius Tidius Epidius Aquilinus.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Sénat romain

Liens externes

Naissance en 60
Sénateur de l'Empire romain
Consul de l'Empire romain
Préfet de Rome du Ier siècle
Sénateur romain du Ier siècle


, né le  à Nerima, Tokyo) est un catcheur japonais qui travaille à la Dragon Gate.

Carrière

Wrestle-1 (2015-2020)

Retour à la Dragon Gate (2019-...)
Le 29 février, ils perdent leur titres contre Dragon Gate (Ben-K, Dragon Dia et Strong Machine J).

Lors de , lui et Yasushi Kanda perdent contre Masaaki Mochizuki et Takashi Yoshida et ne remportent pas les Open the Twin Gate Championship.

Caractéristiques au catch
 Prise de finition
 450 splash

 Équipes et clans
 Enfants Terribles (2017-2019)

Palmarès

 Asuka Project
 1 fois Asuka Project Championship

 Dragon Gate
 1 fois Open The Owarai Gate Championship
 1 fois Open the Twin Gate Championship avec Taku Iwasa
 2 fois Open the Triangle Gate Championship avec Taku Iwasa et Shinobu (1) et Dragon Kid et Ryo Saito (1)
 One Night Ten Man Tag Tournament (2004) avec K-ness, Masaaki Mochizuki, Susumu Yokosuka et Second Doi

 Guts World Pro-Wrestling
 1 fois GWC Championship
 3 fois GWC Tag Team Championship avec Shota
 2 fois GWC 6-Man Tag Team Championship avec Masked Mystery et Ryan Upin (1), Masked Mystery et Shota (1)

 Pro Wrestling Freedoms
 1 fois King of Freedom World Tag Team Championship avec Gentaro

 Pro Wrestling Heat-Up
 1 fois Heat-Up Universal Tag Team Championship avec Hide Kubota (actuel)
 Powerful Tag Tournament (2017) avec Hide Kubota

 Style-E
 1 fois Style-E Openweight Championship

 1 fois Tenryu Project Six Man Tag Team Championship avec Kohei Sato et Masayuki Kōno (actuel)

 1 fois Furyujin Tag Team Championship avec Kenta Hattori

 2 fois NWA World Welterweight Championship
 2 fois UWA World Trios Championship avec Masaaki Mochizuki et Dragon Kid (1), Dragon Kid et Naruki Doi (1)

Récompenses des magazines

Notes et références

Liens externes

Catcheur japonais
Naissance en juillet 1972
Catcheur de la Dragon Gate
Champion Open the Twin Gate
Champion Open the Triangle Gate

Keni'chiro Arai


Palden Thondup Namgyal (født 23. maj 1923 i Gangtok, død 29. januar 1982 i New York) var den tolvte og sidste Chogyal (eller konge) i Sikkim fra 1963 til han blev afsat i 1975.

Da han var seks, gik han til St. Joseph's Convent i Kalimpong, men måtte afbryde sin skolegang på grund af malaria. Fra sin 8. til 11. studerede han i et kloster under sin onkel Rinpoche Lhatsun. Derefter blev han anerkendt som reinkarnationen af Tulku af både klosteret i Phodong og Rumtek. Herefter gik han til St. Joseph's College i Darjeeling. Han beståede sin eksamen på "Bishop Cotton School" i Simla i 1941.

Namgyal tjente for sin far som rådgiver for indenrigsanliggender og ledede forhandlingsholdet, der etablerede relationer med Indien efter landet blev uafhængig i 1949.

I 1975 blev Namgyal taget til fange og placeret under husarrest, samtidigt blev der afholdt en folkeafstemning i Sikkim, hvor 97% stemte for tilknytning til Indien som 22. stat. Hermed blev monarkiet afskaffet.

Han døde af kræft i New York i begyndelsen af 1982. Hans søn fra sin første ægteskab, Wangchuk Namgyal, blev udnævnt til 13. Chogyal, en funktion, der ikke længere havde officiel betydning eller myndighed.

Kilder

Kongelige fra Sikkim
Personer døde af kræft

Palden Thondup Namgyal


Ceraunomedicina es el estudio médico de las víctimas de los rayos. En español es incorrecta la expresión Keraunomedicina. El término parece haber sido acuñado por Chris Andrews, un investigador de las heridas producidas por los rayos. Los daños producidos por los rayos son el resultado de tres factores: daño eléctrico, calor intenso y la energía mecánica que los anteriores generan. Aunque es muy común que las víctimas mueran a causa del enorme voltaje en los rayos, los supervivientes de estos incidentes suelen resultar más favorecidos que las víctimas de aquellas heridas causadas por un contacto más duradero y de menor voltaje.

Campo de actuación
Estudia la formación de figuras de lichtenberg, la duración y respuestas de los diversos órganos y estructuras del cuerpo humano que han sufrido una descarga de un rayo, y los aspectos físicos relacionados con el contacto con un material biológico.

Modo de alcance a la víctima
Los rayos pueden dañar a los humanos de diferentes maneras:
 Impacto directo.
 Salpicaduras de otros objetos en los que impacta el rayo.
 Golpeo del rayo en el suelo cercano a la víctima, causando una diferencia de potencial en el suelo (debido a que la tierra tiene una resistencia a la corriente) que equivale a varios miles de voltios por pie. Esto depende de la composición del suelo (por ejemplo: la arena es bastante aislante, pero la tierra húmeda y salada resulta un conductor mucho mejor).
• Pulso electromagnético (PEM) generado en los impactos cercanos, especialmente durante las descargas positivas del rayo.

En el caso del impacto directo, la carga eléctrica golpea a la víctima primero. Las 'salpicaduras' ocurren cuando el rayo salta hacia la víctima (quien tiene una menor resistencia) desde un objeto cercano que tiene mayor resistencia; esto provoca que la víctima sufra el impacto cuando la electricidad se dirige hacia el suelo. En los impactos al suelo, el rayo cae cerca de la víctima y la carga eléctrica llega hasta ella mediante el contacto con la tierra (que por lo general son los pies) debido al gradiente de voltaje de la tierra. Esto puede causar daños muy graves.

Fuerzas dañinas

Calor
En menos de un segundo, un rayo eléctrico puede alcanzar temperaturas que se aproximan a los 28.000 grados centígrados (50.000 grados Fahrenheit). Esto es aproximadamente cinco veces la temperatura en la superficie solar. En ocasiones, los rayos pueden causar daños impresionantes y poco convencionales. El rayo caliente (rayo de alta corriente), cuya duración es mayor a 1 segundo, puede depositar una enorme cantidad de energía capaz de derretir o carbonizar objetos de gran tamaño. Un ejemplo de ello es la destrucción de la base aislante del trasmisor de onda larga de Orlunda con un mástil de 250 metros. El impacto provocó que esta torre colapsara. El intenso calor que genera un rayo puede quemar los tejidos, causar daño pulmonar y en el pecho por la fuerza mecánica provocada al expandir el aire caliente con rapidez.

Electricidad
Al contrario a lo que se piensa, si la resistencia en la piel de un individuo es lo suficientemente alta, el impacto directo causa que gran parte de la corriente destelle alrededor de su piel o de su ropa y se dirija hacia la tierra; los resultados en estos casos son sorprendentemente benignos.

Los rayos suelen dejar quemaduras en forma características denominadas figuras de Lichtenberg (a veces llamadas flores de rayos). Estas suelen persistir durante horas o días y son unos útiles indicadores para los examinadores médicos cuando intentan buscar la causa de muerte. Se piensa que estas heridas se forman tras la ruptura de pequeños capilares sanguíneos bajo la piel como consecuencia de corriente o la onda de choque. La intensa energía eléctrica puede causar la pérdida del conocimiento; también se especula que el PEM creado por el impacto de un rayo cercano a la víctima puede causarle un paro cardiorrespiratorio.

Contusiones
Así como el calor puede causar la expansión del aire en los pulmones, la expansión atmosférica derivada del rayo (aquello que causa el "trueno") puede producir contusiones y heridas en los órganos auditivos si la víctima se encuentra muy cerca del lugar donde ocurre. Además, otros daños físicos son producto de los objetos impactados o lanzados por el rayo.

Véase también
 Ceraunofobia
 Ceraunopatía
 Rayo
 Relámpago

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Efectos de los rayos en nuestro cuerpo
 Guía para la protección contra los rayos

Especialidades médicas
Términos médicos

Ceraunomedicina


Graveslime er íslensk þungarokkssveit sem spilar eins konar stóner-rokk og sludge metal. Sveitin starfaði frá 2000-2002 en kom aftur saman árið 2023 og spilaði á tónleikum í tilefni 20 ára afmælis plötunnar Roughness and Toughness sem var gefin út árið 2003 og öðlaðist síðan költ stöðu.

Meðlimir
Kolbeinn: Söngur, gítar
Alli: Söngur, bassi
Óli: Trommur
Birkir: Trommur 2023

Íslenskar þungarokkshljómsveitir

Graveslime


The term culture industry () was coined by the critical theorists Theodor Adorno (1903–1969) and Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), and was presented as critical vocabulary in the chapter "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception", of the book Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947), wherein they proposed that popular culture is akin to a factory producing standardized cultural goods—films, radio programmes, magazines, etc.—that are used to manipulate mass society into passivity. Consumption of the easy pleasures of popular culture, made available by the mass communications media, renders people docile and content, no matter how difficult their economic circumstances. The inherent danger of the culture industry is the cultivation of false psychological needs that can only be met and satisfied by the products of capitalism; thus Adorno and Horkheimer perceived mass-produced culture as especially dangerous compared to the more technically and intellectually difficult high arts. In contrast, true psychological needs are freedom, creativity, and genuine happiness, which refer to an earlier demarcation of human needs, established by Herbert Marcuse.

The Frankfurt School

Members of The Frankfurt School were much influenced by the dialectical materialism and historical materialism of Karl Marx, as well as the revisitation of the dialectical idealism of Hegel; both events are studied not in isolation, but as part of the process of change. As a group later joined by Jürgen Habermas, they were responsible for the formulation of critical theory. In works such as Dialectic of Enlightenment and Negative Dialectics, Adorno and Horkheimer theorized that the phenomenon of mass culture has a political implication, namely that all the many forms of popular culture are parts of a single culture industry whose purpose is to ensure the continued obedience of the masses to market interests.

The theory
The essay is concerned with the production of cultural content in capitalist societies. It critiques the extortionate nature of cultural economies as well as the apparently inferior products of the system. Horkheimer and Adorno argue that mass-produced entertainment aims, by its very nature, to appeal to vast audiences and therefore both the intellectual stimulation of high art and the basic release of low art. The essay does not suggest that all products of this system are inherently inferior, simply that they have replaced other forms of entertainment without properly fulfilling the important roles played by the now-defunct sources of culture.

Horkheimer and Adorno make consistent comparisons between Fascist Germany and the American film industry. They highlight the presence of mass-produced culture, created and disseminated by exclusive institutions and consumed by a passive, homogenised audience in both systems. This illustrates the logic of domination in post-enlightenment modern society, by monopoly capitalism or the nation state. Horkheimer and Adorno draw attention to the problems associated with a system that 'integrates its consumers from above', arguing that in attempting to realise enlightenment values of reason and order, the holistic power of the individual is undermined.

Influences
Adorno and Horkheimer's work was influenced by both the broader socio-political environment in which it was written and by other major theorists. Written in California in the early 1940s in an era which characterized them as two ethnically Jewish, German émigrés, The Culture Industry is influenced by European politics and the war by which the continent was consumed. Simultaneously, the American film industry was characterised by an unprecedented level of studio monopolisation, it was "Hollywood at its most classical, American mass culture at its most Fordist".

Horkheimer and Adorno were influenced heavily by major developers of social, political and economic theory, most notably:

 Karl Marx's theories of alienation and commodity fetishism,
 Max Weber's rationality, which shaped the concept of instrumental reason, and
 Georg Lukacs' concept of the reification of consciousness.

Elements

Anything made by a person is a materialization of their labour and an expression of their intentions. There will also be a use value: the benefit to the consumer will be derived from its utility.  Yet, the modern soap operas with their interchangeable plots and formulaic narrative conventions reflect standardized production techniques and the falling value of a mass-produced cultural product.

Only rarely is a film released that makes a more positive impression on the general discourse and achieves a higher exchange value, e.g. Patton (1970), starring George C. Scott as the eponymous American general, was released at a time of considerable anti-war sentiment. The opening shot is of Patton in front of an American flag making an impassioned speech. This was a form of dialectic in which the audience could identify with the patriotism either sincerely (the thesis) or ironically (the antithesis) and so set the tone of the interpretation for the remainder of the film. However, the film is manipulating specific historical events, not only as entertainment, but also as a form of propaganda by demonstrating a link between success in strategic resource management situations and specified leadership qualities. Given that the subtext was instrumental and not "value-free", ethical and philosophical considerations arise.

Normally, only high art criticizes the world outside its boundaries, but access to this form of communication is limited to the elite classes where the risks of introducing social instability are slight. A film like Patton is popular art which intends controversy in a world of social order and unity which, according to Adorno, is regressing into a cultural blandness. To Hegel, order is good a priori, i.e. it does not have to answer to those living under it. Marx's theory of Historical Materialism was teleological, i.e. society follows through a dialectic of unfolding stages from ancient modes of production to feudalism to capitalism to a future communism. But Adorno felt that the culture industry would never permit a sufficient core of challenging material to emerge on to the market that might disturb the status quo.

Mass culture
A center point of the Dialectic of Enlightenment is the topic of "the Enlightenment as Mass Deception." The term "culture industry" is intended to refer to the commercial marketing of culture, the branch of industry that deals specifically with the production of culture that is in contrast to "authentic culture."

Horkheimer and Adorno contend that industrially produced culture robs people of their imagination and takes over their thinking for them. The culture industry delivers the "goods" so that the people then only have left the task of consuming them. Through mass production, everything becomes homogenized and whatever diversity remains is constituted of small trivialities. Everything becomes compressed through a process of the imposition of schemas under the premise that what's best is to mirror physical reality as closely as possible. Psychological drives become stoked to the point where sublimation is no longer possible.

Movies serve as an example. "All films have become similar in their basic form. They are shaped to reflect facts of reality as closely as possible. Even fantasy films, which claim to not reflect such reality, don't really live up to what they claim to be. No matter how unusual they strive to be, the endings are usually easy to predict because of the existence of prior films which followed the same schemas. Also, for example, erotic depictions become so strong and so pronounced that a transformation to other forms is no longer possible."

The aims of the culture industry are—as in every industry—economic in nature.

Authentic culture, however, is not goal-oriented, but is an end in itself. Authentic culture fosters the capacity of human imagination by presenting suggestions and possibilities, but in a different way than the culture industry does since it leaves room for independent thought. Authentic culture does not become channeled into regurgitating reality but goes levels beyond such. Authentic culture is unique and cannot be forced into any pre-formed schemas.

As for discovering the causes of the development of the culture industry, Horkheimer and Adorno contend that it arises from companies' pursuit of the maximization of profit, in the economic sense. However, this cannot be said to be culture, or what culture is supposed to be. It can only be described as being a form of commerce, just like any other kind of commerce.

The culture industry argument is often assumed to be fundamentally pessimistic in nature because its purveyors seem to condemn "mass media" and their consumers.
However, for Adorno, the term "culture industry" does not refer to "mass culture", or the culture of the masses of people in terms of something being produced by the masses and conveying the representations of the masses. On the contrary, such involvement of the masses is only apparent, or a type of seeming democratic participation. Adorno contends that what is actually occurring is a type of "defrauding of the masses". Horkheimer and Adorno deliberately chose the term "culture industry" instead of "mass culture" or "mass media". "The culture industry perpetually cheats its consumers of what it perpetually promises." The culture industry even encroaches upon the small distractions of leisure activity: "Amusement has become an extension of labor under late capitalism." Horkheimer and Adorno, above all, in their critical analyses, delve into what they call "the fraying of art" and the "de-artification of art", and discuss how the arts are defused by the culture industry. Works of art have become commodified: Beethoven, Mozart and Wagner are only used in fragmentary forms when included in advertisement. According to Critical Theory, "selling out" is not the decisive factor involved, but rather it's the manner in which art is commodified and how art and culture are changed that is the crucial issue.

"Culture today is infecting everything with sameness." For Adorno and Horkheimer, subversion has become no longer possible.

Observations

Wiggershaus states: "The other side of Adorno's apparently paradoxical definition was ignored: that rational objectivity was still possible for the modern work of art, in any significant sense, only as a product of subjectivity". This would deny Adorno contemporary political significance, arguing that politics in a prosperous society is more concerned with action than with thought. He also notes that the young generation of critical theorists largely ignore Adorno's work which, in part, stems from Adorno's inability to draw practical conclusions from his theories.

Adorno is also accused  of a lack of consistency in his claims to be implementing Marxism. Whereas he accepted the classical Marxist analysis of society, showing how one class exercises domination over another, he deviated from Marx in his failure to use dialectics as a method to propose ways to change. Marx's theory depended on the willingness of the working class to overthrow the ruling class, but Adorno and Horkheimer postulated that the culture industry has undermined the revolutionary movement.
Adorno's idea that the mass of the people are only objects of the culture industry is linked to his feeling that the time when the working class could be the tool of overthrowing capitalism is over.

Adorno's work is still of interest. Writing in The New Yorker in 2014, music critic Alex Ross argued that Adorno's work has a renewed importance in the digital age: "The pop hegemony is all but complete, its superstars dominating the media and wielding the economic might of tycoons...Culture appears more monolithic than ever, with a few gigantic corporations—Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon—presiding over unprecedented monopolies."

Scholar Jack Zipes, influenced by Adorno, critiqued the mass commercialization and corporate hegemony behind the Harry Potter franchise. He argued that the commodities of the culture industry are "popular" because they are homogenous and obey standard conventions; the media then influences the tastes of children. In his analysis of Harry Potters global brand, Zipes wrote, "It must conform to the standards of exception set by the mass media and promoted by the culture industry in general. To be a phenomenon means that a person or commodity must conform to the hegemonic groups that determine what makes up a phenomenon".

See also

Cultural expressions – for copyright implications

References
Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

Adorno, T. W. Negative Dialectics. New York: The Seabury Press. (1973)
Adorno, T.W. A Sample of Adorno's ideas on the culture industry and popular music (Archive)
Adorno, T., & Horkheimer, M. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Stanford University Press (2002)
Cook, D. The Culture Industry Revisited. Rowman & Littlefield. (1996)
Hesmondhalgh, D. The Cultural Industries. Sage. (2002)
Scott, Allen J. The Cultural Economy of Cities. Sage. (2001)
Steinert, H. Culture Industry. Cambridge: Polity (2003)
Wiggershaus, R. The Frankfurt School: its History, Theories, and Political Significance. MIT Press. (1994)
Witkin, R.W. Adorno on Popular Culture. Routledge. (2003)

External links
Adorno. "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" (Archive). pp. 94–136. (Alternate copy at Marxists.org.)

/

Adorno, Theodor
Cultural studies
Theodor W. Adorno
Service industries
Industries (economics)

es:Industria Cultural

Culture industry


Jürgen Norbert Klopp (fæddur 16. júní 1967 í Stuttgart) er þýskur knattspyrnuþjálfari og fyrrverandi leikmaður.
Síðan árið 2015 hefur hann þjálfað enska stórliðið Liverpool F.C..

Sem knattspyrnumaður spilaði hann m.a. hjá Eintracht Frankfurt II (1987–1988) og  1. FSV Mainz 05 (1990–2001).

Í febrúar árið 2001 var hann ráðinn til starfa hjá Mainz 05. Sjö árum seinna, árið 2008, var hann ráðinn til Borussia Dortmund og þann 8. október 2015 var hann ráðinn sem knattspyrnustjóri hjá Liverpool FC. Árið 2021 varð hann sá stjóri félagsins sem komst fljótast upp í 200 sigra. Keppni eða rígur milli Klopps og Pep Guardiola hefur verið áberandi en Manchester City hefur t.d. att kappi við Liverpool í úrvalsdeild, deildarbikurum og Meistaradeild Evrópu.

Klopp framlengdi samning sinn við Liverpool til 2026 vorið 2022.

Í upphafi árs 2023 stýrði Klopp sínum 1000. leik sem knattspyrnustjóri.

Titlar
Liverpool
Meistaradeild Evrópu (1): 2018/19
 Evrópski ofurbikarinn (1): 2019
 HM félagsliða: (1) 2019
 Enska úrvalsdeildin (1):  2019-2020
 Enski deildabikarinn: 2022
 Enski bikarinn: 2022
Borussia Dortmund
 Bundesliga (2): 2010/11, 2011/12
 Þýski bikarinn (1): 2011/12
 Ofurbikarinn(2): 2013, 2014

Tilvísun
Jürgen Klopp profile, liverpoolfc.com (á ensku)

Heimildir

fólk fætt árið 1967
Þýskir knattspyrnustjórar
Þýskir knattspyrnumenn

Jürgen Klopp


Olaylar
 Millard Fillmore, ABD'nin 13. başkanı oldu.
 Çin'de Taiping Ayaklanması başladı.
 Valide Sultan Mektebi adi ile ilk sivil lise kuruldu. Bugünkü adıyla Cağaloğlu Anadolu Lisesi (21 Mart)
 Jules Gabriel Verne yazmaya 1850 yılında başladı.

Doğumlar
 7 Mart - Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Çekoslovakya'nın kurucusu ve ilk cumhurbaşkanı (ö. 1937)
 5 Ağustos - Guy de Maupassant, Fransız yazar.

Ölümler
 28 Mart - Bernt Michael Holmboe, Norveçli matematikçi (d. 1795)
 16 Nisan - Marie Tussaud, Madame Tussaud Müzesi'nin Fransız asıllı kurucusu (d. 1761)
 1 Mayıs - Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, Fransız bilim insanı (d. 1777)
 18 Ağustos - Honoré de Balzac, Fransız yazar (d. 1799)

1850