Bibanul de mare european (Dicentrarchus labrax), cunoscut și ca lavrac sau lup de mare, este un pește care tinde să populeze ape oceanice, nativ în vestul și sudul Europei și nordul Africii, deși poate fi găsit și în ape de coastă și guri de vărsare a râurilor în timpul lunilor de vară. Acesta este una din cele șase specii din familia Moronidae, denumite în general bibani de mare.

Este atât pescuit, cât și crescut comercial, și este considerat a fi cel mai important pește în prezent cultivat în Marea Mediterană. În Irlanda și Regatul Unit, peștele consumat în restaurante sub numele de biban de mare () este exclusiv bibanul de mare european. În America de Nord, acest pește este cunoscut sub numele său italian, branzino.

Bibanul de mare european poate ajunge la dimensiuni de până la 1 m lungime și 12 kg greutate, deși dimensiunea cea mai obișnuită este de numai aproximativ jumătate din acestea. Are o culoare gri-argintie și uneori albastru închis pe spate.

Peștii tineri formează bancuri și se hrănesc cu nevertebrate, în timp ce adulții sunt mai puțin sociali și preferă să consume alți pești. Aceștia sunt în general găsiți în zonele litorale, în apropierea malurilor de râuri, lagune și estuare în timpul verii, iar în timpul iernii migrează în larg. În ciuda faptului că este foarte apreciat și căutat, peștele este clasificat ca fiind neamenințat cu dispariția de către Uniunea Internațională pentru Conservarea Naturii, deoarece specia este larg răspândită și nu există amenințări majore.

Distribuție și habitat
Habitatele sale includ estuare, lagune, ape de coastă și râuri. Este găsit în apele din Europa și din jurul ei, inclusiv în estul Oceanului Atlantic (din Norvegia până în Senegal), Marea Mediterană și Marea Neagră. Este o specie migratoare, deplasându-se mai aproape de țărm și spre nord în timpul verii.

Dietă și comportament
În cea mai mare parte, exemplarele din această specie sunt vânători de noapte, hrănindu-se cu pești mici, polichete, cefalopode și crustacee. Se înmulțesc din martie până în iunie, în principal în apele de coastă. La începutul vieții sunt pești pelagici, dar pe măsură ce se dezvoltă se mută în estuare, unde rămân timp de unul sau doi ani.

Piscicultură
Bibanul de mare european a fost una din primele specii de pește care au fost exploatate comercial în Europa. Istoric, acest pește a fost crescut în lagunele de coastă și mareice, înainte ca tehnicile industriale de producție să fie dezvoltate începând cu sfârșitul anilor 1960. Acesta este cel mai important pește comercial crescut pe scară largă în regiunea mediteraneană. Cele mai importante țări în care peștele este crescut sunt Grecia, Turcia, Italia, Spania, Croația și Egipt. Producția anuală a fost mai mult de 120.000 de tone în 2010.
Bibanul de mare european este cunoscut și sub numele de lavraki (), levrak (), levrek sau bayağı levrek (turcă), loubina (spaniolă) și loup de mer (franceză).

Note

Legături externe

Pești din Marea Mediterană
Pești din Marea Neagră
Pești din Europa
Specii cu risc scăzut
Dicentrarchus

Biban de mare european


Ita Ever (Paide, Estonija, 1. travnja 1931. – ?, 9. kolovoza 2021.) je estonska filmska, radijska, kazališna i televizijska glumica. Općenito je smatraju Velikom starom damom estonskog kazališta. Rodno ime joj je Ilse Ever.

Karijera
Karijeru je započela 1953. kao kazališna glumica. Pojavila se u brojnim estonskim i ruskim filmskim produkcijama. Ranije je bila u braku s estonskim glumcem Einom Baskinom i majka je redatelja/glumca Romana Baskina.

Godine 1983. glumila je gospođicu Marple u Tajni kosova (, Tajna černih drozdov), filmska adaptacija romana Agathe Christie Džep pun žita na ruskom jeziku.

Nastupala je u kazališnim i filmskim produkcijama prema djelima: Oskara Lutsa, A.H. Tammsaarea, Matsa Traata, Agathe Christie, Nikolaja Gogolja, Williama Shakespearea, Johna Steinbecka, Henrika Ibsena i Antona Čehova.

Nagrade
 Orden Bijele zvijezde

Izvori

Dodatna literatura
 Kilumets, Margit. Ita Ever Elu suuruses. Ajakirjade Kirjastus (2006.);

Vanjske poveznice

 Fotografija Ite Ever
 Ema ja poeg koos laval/Jaanus Kulli, Õhtuleht
 Kunksmoor paneb homme oma nõiapaja keema / Kristi Vainküla, Õhtuleht
 VE: Ever, Ita - Eesti teatrilava grand old lady

Estonski umjetnici

Ita Ever


Galiçya Milliyetçi Bloku (, İspanya'nın Galiçya Özerk Bölgesi'da faaliyet gösteren bir siyasi partidir. 1982 yılında kurulmuştur. Galiçya milliyetçiliği ideolojisini benimseyen parti, Galiçya Özerk Bölgesi'nin bağımsızlığını sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Seçim sonuçları

Galiçya Parlamentosu

Temsilciler Kongresi

Yerel konseyler

Avrupa Parlamentosu

Dış bağlantılar
 BNG Resmi İnternet Sitesi

Kaynakça

Milliyetçi Blok

Galiçya Milliyetçi Bloku


Concrete is a comic book series created and written by Paul Chadwick and published by Dark Horse Comics.

The character's first appearance is Dark Horse Presents #1 (July 1986). The eponymous central character is a normal man whose brain was transplanted into a large, stone body by aliens, and who lives an extraordinary life on Earth following his escape.

The Concrete series focuses on realism. Apart from the aliens (which appear only in original series issue #3, in Concrete's recounting of his origin) and Concrete's own high-tech, artificial, stone body (which includes a host of attendant abilities), there are no supernatural or science-fiction elements to any stories.

The hero tries to use his body for noble endeavors, such as helping out on a family farm. Later, Concrete climbs Mount Everest, becomes involved with a group of hardline environmental militants, and reluctantly agrees to become the spokesperson of a campaign to voluntarily reduce the Earth's population.

Concrete's sexuality is addressed in the series. An artist at heart, he collects paintings of female nudes. He is notably embarrassed at his lack of sexual organs; this is often the subject of hurtful jokes thrown his way.

Real-world physics apply to Concrete. Examples include Concrete breaking objects by sitting on them, or Concrete being shot forward from a braking car, due to the momentum of his large body. He is constantly breaking telephones and doorknobs, and must hire an assistant, Larry Munro, because his hands are too clumsy to handle a pen.

The series makes frequent use of thought balloons, showing characters' interior thoughts and feelings.

In addition to the comic, Paul Chadwick has drawn Concrete in many paintings. Most show the character wandering in nature, perhaps looking at a flower or some other natural curiosity.

Character history
The series focuses on the life of Concrete, formerly Ron Lithgow, whose brain was involuntarily transplanted by aliens into a hulking artificial body which is made up of a substance that closely resembles concrete.

As part of the back-story, he eventually escaped and made contact with the US Senator he worked for as a speechwriter. After a prolonged period of scientific tests and examinations, he was allowed to live on his own with the cover story that he was a cyborg constructed by the government.

In his new body, Concrete decides to use his tremendous strength, endurance and vision for a series of adventures he never thought of in his previous sedate life. Hiring a personal assistant writer and accompanied by a scientist who is assigned to monitor his body, Concrete has a wide variety of adventures.

Awards and recognition
The series won the Eisner Awards for Best Continuing Series for 1988 and 1989, Best Black-and-White Series for 1988 and 1989, and Best New Series for 1988, and their Best Writer/Artist Award for Paul Chadwick for 1989. It received the Harvey Award for Best New Series in 1988, and won Chadwick their Award For Cartoonist (Writer/Artist) for 1989.

Collections
The Complete Concrete (TPB of the original 1987 ten-issue series)
Concrete: Fragile Creatures (TPB of the 1991 four-issue limited series, in black-and-white (the earlier version was in color), plus "Fire at Twilight".
Concrete: Killer Smile (TPB of the 1994 four-issue limited series)
Concrete: Think Like A Mountain (TPB of the 1996 six-issue limited series)
Concrete: Strange Armor (TPB of the 1997 five-issue limited series)
Concrete: Complete Short Stories 1986-1989
"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" from Dark Horse Presents #1, July 1986
"Under the Desert Stars" from Dark Horse Presents #2, September 1986
"The Four-Wheeled Sleeping Pill" from Dark Horse Presents #3, November 1986
"The Gray Embrace" from Dark Horse Presents #4, January 1987
"Burning Brightly Brightly" from Dark Horse Presents #5, February 1987
"Little Pushes" from Dark Horse Presents #6, April 1987
"Water God" from Dark Horse Presents #8, July 1987
"Straight in the Eye" from Dark Horse Presents #10, September 1987
"Next Best" from Dark Horse Presents #12, November 1987
"Now Is Now" from Dark Horse Presents #14, January 1988
"A Sky of Heads: With a Whimper" from Dark Horse Presents #16, March 1988
"A Sky of Heads: Quality Time" from Dark Horse Presents #18, May 1988
"Fitful Sleep" from Dark Horse Presents #20, July 1988
"Watching A Sunset" from Dark Horse Presents #20, July 1988
"Goodwill Ambassador" from Dark Horse Presents #22, September 1988
"Stay Tuned For Pearl Harbor" from Dark Horse Presents #28, March 1989
"Visible Breath" from Dark Horse Presents #32, August 1989
Concrete: Complete Short Stories 1990-1995
"Fire at Twilight" from Dark Horse Presents #38, April 1990
"Like Disneyland, Only Toxic" & "A Billion Conscious Acts" from Concrete Celebrates Earth Day, April 1990
"What Needs to be Done" from Concrete: Odd Jobs, July 1990
"Objects of Value" from Dark Horse Presents Fifth Anniversary Special, April 1991
"American Christmas" from Within Our Reach, December 1991
"Byrdland's Secret" from Dark Horse Presents #66, September 1992
"King of the Early Evening" in black-and-white (the original was in color) from Concrete Eclectica #1, April 1993
"I Strive For Realism", in black-and-white (the original was in color) from Concrete Eclectica #2, May 1993
"Steel Rain" from San Diego Comic Con Comics #2, August 1993
"Enough World" from Dark Horse Presents #87, September 1994
"The Artistic Impulse" from Dark Horse Presents #100 [3], August 1995
Concrete: Volume One – Depths collects:
Concrete #1-5
"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous", "Water God", and "Straight in the Eye" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
"Orange Glow" from Dark Horse Presents Annual 1999, August 1999
"Sympathy From A Devil" from Dark Horse Presents #150, January 2000
Concrete: Volume Two – Heights collects:
Concrete #6-10
"Now Is Now" and "Goodwill Ambassador" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
"What Needs to be Done" from Collected Stories 1990-1995
"The Damp Descent" from Concrete Color Special #1, here in black-and-white, February 1989
Concrete: Volume Three – Fragile Creature collects:
1991 four-issue limited series
"The Gray Embrace", "Burning Brightly Brightly", "Little Pushes", and "Next Best" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
"Fire at Twilight", "Byrdland's Secret", and "The Artistic Impulse" from Collected Stories 1990-1995
Concrete: Volume Four – Killer Smile collects:
1994 four-issue limited series
"Under the Desert Stars", "The Four-Wheeled Sleeping Pill", and "Visible Breath" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
"Enough World", "King of the Early Evening", and "American Christmas" from Collected Stories 1990-1995
"The Lyle Committee", "The Ugly Boy", and "Jack O'Fingers" all from Concrete Eclectica #1, April 1993
"The Dictator's Dream" and "The Maiden of Crete" from Concrete Eclectica #2, May 1993
"Coming Soon: Emptiness", "Life Bomb", and "Frozen" from the Killer Smile series
"The Cave", "The Bore", "Earth's Birthday", "The Wish" and "The Arm" from the Think Like a Mountain series
"Family Night" from Dark Horse Maverick 2000, July 2000
Concrete: Volume Five – Think Like a Mountain collects:
1996 six-issue limited series
"A Sky of Heads: With a Whimper" and "Stay Tuned For Pearl Harbor" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
"Like Disneyland, Only Toxic", "A Billion Conscious Acts", and "Steel Rain" from Collected Stories 1990-1995
"Objects of Value" from Dark Horse Presents Fifth Anniversary Special, April 1991
"Riotus Life (Lost in Amazonis)" from Dark Horse Extra #1-4, June 1998
Concrete: Volume Six – Strange Armor collects
1997 five-issue limited series
"A Sky of Heads: Quality Time", "Fitful Sleep", and "Watching A Sunset" from Collected Stories 1986-1989
"I Strive For Realism" from Collected Stories 1990-1995
"A Sky of Heads" from Concrete Eclectica #2, May 1993
"World Beneath the Skin" from Dark Horse Decade #4, October 1996
"Running" and "On Van Gogh's 'The Bedroom'" previously unpublished
Concrete: Land and Sea, 1989, reprints "A Stone Among Stones" and "The Transatlantic Swim" with several pages of new art and story.
Concrete: A New Life, 1989, reprints "Mountain With a Steel Heart" and "In the Glare of the Lights" with several pages of new art.
Concrete: Odd Jobs, 1990, reprints the original issues #5 and #6, plus one new story set immediately after the events in #6, "What Needs to be Done".
Concrete: Volume Seven – The Human Dilemma collects
2006 six-issue limited series
"Winter" one-page story
"Discovery" one-page story
Concrete: Three Uneasy Pieces (one-shot) collects the Concrete stories from Dark Horse Presents v.2 #1–#3, January 2012

Variants
Fragile Creatures, full color version, 1994
Killer Smile, full color version, 1995
Think Like a Mountain, full color version, 1997
Strange Armor, full color version, 1998
Concrete: Eclectica #1, color comic, April 1993, has color versions of "King of the Early Evening", "100 Horrors" #1, #2, and #3, and a nine-page art portfolio.
Concrete: Eclectica #2, color comic, has color versions of "I Strive for Realism", "Soon, we'll all float in A Sky of Heads", "100 Horrors" #4, and a five-page art portfolio.
Concrete Hero Special, April 1995, reprinted "Moving a Big Rock" with 2 alternate pages not published elsewhere. This was an eight-page story produced to promote the then upcoming "Think Like a Mountain" mini-series. Six pages of this story are actually straight from Think Like a Mountain #4, and appear both in the original issue and the collected editions. However, the first and last page of the story were redone for the Hero Special so the story would make sense in the context of eight pages. Much of the dialogue is the same as what appears in the original comics and collected editions, so there really isn't much difference between the two alternate pages that appear in the Hero Special and what appears in Think Like a Mountain #4 and the subsequent collected editions.

In other media
A film based on the character was in pre-production during the early 1990s, with a script written by Larry Wilson and Paul Chadwick. The film was cancelled.

References

External links
 Paul Chadwick interview about The Human Dilemma at Darkhorse.com
The Continuity Pages: Concrete
Concrete: Lost in Amazonis ecomic at Darkhorse.com

1986 comics debuts
Comics characters introduced in 1986
Dark Horse Comics titles
Dark Horse Comics characters
Science fiction comics
Eco-terrorism in fiction
Comics characters with superhuman strength
Eisner Award winners for Best New Series
Eisner Award winners for Best Continuing Series
Harvey Award winners for Best New Series

Concrete (comics)


An Vanilla madagascariensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Vanilla madagascariensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vanilla, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vanilla

Vanilla madagascariensis


Klubi Futbollistik Drita Gjilan (KF "Drita"; Drita KF Gnjilan, Drita Gnjilan; Drita; Drita Gnjilane) je nogometni klub iz Gnjilana, Gnjilanski okrug, Republika Kosovo.
U sezoni 2019./20. "Drita" se natječe u "Superligi Kosova".

O klubu
"Drita" je osnovana 1947. godine kao klub gnjilanskih Albanaca nasuprot multietničke, pretežno srpske "Crvne Zvezde". Komunistuički režim je ugasio klub 1952. godine. Do obnove rada kluba dolazi 1971. pod imenom FK "Polet" (alb. KF "Poleti").

U klubu je bila većina članova Albanaca, te se od sredine 1970.-ih naziva nanovo "Drita". Do raspada SFRJ "Drita" je bila u sjeni "Crvene zvezde" (koja je igrala i "2. saveznu ligu"). U početku "Drita" igra u nižim ligama, kao "Međuopćinskoj ligi Gnjilane". Krajem 1980.-ih "Drita" ulazi u "Kosovku nogometnu ligu".
Od 1991. godine, nakon raspada SFRJ i nastajanja SRJ, na Kosovu je osnovan samostalni nogometni savez i osnovana liga u koju su ušli pretežno albanski klubovi, te je djelovala van službenog nogometnog sustava SR Jugoslavije, te je "Drita" redovito nastupala u ligi.
1999. godine je završen Rat na Kosovu, te Kosovo dolazi pod administraciju UMNIK-a. Osnovana je nova kosovska liga, koja je nazvana "Superliga Kosova". 2008. je Kosovo proglasilo neovisnost, a sredinom 2010.-ih primitkom Kosovskog saveza u FIFA i UEFA i liga je službeno priznata.
"Drita" je od 2000. godine do 2019. dva puta bila prvak Kosova, te jednom osvojila kup. U sezoni 2018./19. "Drita" je prvi put nastupala u UEFA eurokupovima - kvalifikacijama za "Ligu prvaka" i "Europsku ligu".
Glavni rival "Drite" je "Gnjilani", klub osnovan 1995. godine kao sljednik "Crvene zvezde".

Stadion

Uspjesi

nakon 2008.

 Superliga Kosova
 prvak: 2017./18., 2019./20.

 Prva liga Kosova (Liga e Parë)
 prvak: 2010./11.

 Kup Kosova
 finalist: 2016.

 Superkup Kosova
 pobjednik: 2018.

od 2000. do 2008.

 Superliga Kosova
 prvak: 2002./03.
 doprvak: 1999./2000.

 Prva liga Kosova (Liga e Parë)
 doprvak: 2006./07.

 Kup Kosova
 pobjednik: 2000./01.

od 1991. do 1999.

 Kup Kosova
 finale: 1996./97.

do 1991.

Pregled plasmana

Poznati igrači

Poznati treneri

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Gnjilane

Vanjske poveznice
  dritafc.com - službene stranice
  globalsportsarchive.com, Drita KF Gjilan
  worldfootball.net, Drita Gjilan
  int.soccerway.com, KF Drita
  transfermarkt.com, FC Drita Gjilan

Izvori

  dritafc.com, HISTORIA FILLON NGA VITI 1947., pristupljeno 17. srpnja 2020.
  futbolas.lietuvai.lt, KF Drita
  foot.dk, KF Drita
  rsssf.com, Kosovo - List of Foundation Dates
  koha.net, "Intelektualët" lëshohen në fyerje të rënda, pristupljeno 17. srpnja 2020.
 Bratislav Stojanović, Dragiša Kovačević: Jugoslovenski fudbalski klubovi, Beograd, 1977., UDK: 061.237(497.1):796.332, str. 100

Drita

KF Drita Gnjilane


Joachim Schmidt (* 7. September 1948 in Sindelfingen) ist ein deutscher Manager und Fußballfunktionär. Von 2009 bis 2013 war er wie schon zuvor von 1999 bis 2005 Vertriebs- und Marketingchef von Mercedes-Benz Cars. Zudem war Joachim Schmidt von 2013 bis 2015 Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender des VfB Stuttgart. Zuvor war er bereits seit 2002 im Aufsichtsrat des VfB der Stellvertreter seines Vorgängers Dieter Hundt.

Joachim Schmidt studierte Mathematik an der Universität Stuttgart. 1976 promovierte er zum Thema Beinahe zerfallende Sequenzen für Gitter über Ordnungen.

Mercedes-Benz
1979 wurde Joachim Schmidt bei Daimler-Benz Hauptgruppenleiter in der Pkw-Entwicklung. 1999 wurde er Vertriebschef von Mercedes-Benz Cars. 2005 beendete er diese Tätigkeit zunächst. Nachdem er in der Zwischenzeit für Mercedes als Vertriebsleiter in den Regionen Afrika, Asien, Zentral- und Osteuropa tätig war, übernahm Joachim Schmidt 2009 erneut die Aufgabe des Vertriebs- und Marketingchefs von Mercedes-Benz Cars. Im März 2012 verlängerte Schmidt seinen Vertrag mit der Daimler AG bis September 2015. Im September 2013 gab Daimler bekannt, dass Schmidt mit Vollendung seines 65. Lebensjahres sein Amt bereits zum 1. Oktober 2013 abgeben wird.

VfB Stuttgart
2002 wurde Joachim Schmidt in den Aufsichtsrat des VfB Stuttgart gewählt. Dort wurde er Stellvertreter des Vorsitzenden Dieter Hundt. Nachdem die Daimler AG sich bereits am Umbau der Mercedes-Benz Arena als Sponsor beteiligt hatte, vermittelte Joachim Schmidt dem VfB Stuttgart 2012 die Mercedes-Benz Bank als neuen Hauptsponsor. Allerdings geriet er danach in der Öffentlichkeit in die Kritik, da bekannt wurde, dass er zuvor zusammen mit Dieter Hundt einen lukrativeren Sponsoring-Deal mit Porsche verhindert hatte. Nachdem der bisherige Aufsichtsratsvorsitzende Hundt aus dem Aufsichtsrat ausgeschieden war, wurde Dr. Joachim Schmidt am 18. Juni 2013 einstimmig zum neuen Vorsitzenden des Aufsichtsrats gewählt. Am 13. Oktober 2015 trat Schmidt mit sofortiger Wirkung als Aufsichtsratsmitglied zurück, nachdem dem von ihm geleiteten Aufsichtsrat zuvor auf der Mitgliederversammlung die Entlastung für das Geschäftsjahr 2014 verweigert wurde.

Einzelnachweise

Manager
Fußballfunktionär (Deutschland)
Fußballfunktionär (VfB Stuttgart)
Person (Mercedes-Benz)
Absolvent der Universität Stuttgart
Deutscher
Geboren 1948
Mann

Joachim Schmidt (Manager)


R. c Hutchinson  est un arrêt de principe de la Cour suprême du Canada rendu en 2014 sur l'agression sexuelle et le consentement en vertu du Code criminel, et plus particulièrement sur le vice du consentement sexuel qui résulte du sabordage de préservatifs.

Les faits
Craig Hutchinson, l'accusé, a eu des relations sexuelles avec sa partenaire, qui avait accepté à la condition qu'il utilise un préservatif. Cependant, à son insu, il y avait percé des trous, ce qui a fait que la plaignante est tombée enceinte.

Procès
Lors de son premier procès en 2009, il a été jugé non coupable, mais le ministère public a fait appel de la décision devant la Cour d'appel, qui a accueilli le pourvoi et a ordonné un nouveau procès.

Lors de son second procès, il a été accusé  d'agression sexuelle grave. Il a été jugé non coupable d'agression sexuelle grave, mais coupable d'agression sexuelle.

Appel
Hutchinson a interjeté appel devant la Cour d'appel de la Nouvelle-Écosse. Les juges majoritaires ont conclu que l'utilisation ou la non-utilisation d'un préservatif était une caractéristique essentielle des rapports sexuels et que le consentement à l'un ne s'appliquait pas à l'autre. .

Jugement de la Cour suprême
La Cour a rejeté le pourvoi du défendeur et a confirmé sa condamnation pour agression sexuelle.

Motifs du jugement
La Cour suprême a jugé que le consentement de la plaignante à des activités sexuelles avec le défendeur avait été vicié par la fraude lorsqu'il avait percé des trous dans son préservatif.

La Cour suprême, appliquant les articles 273.1 (1) et 265(3) du Code criminel, a établi un critère en deux volets pour déterminer si un plaignant avait consenti à une activité sexuelle. Elle a jugé que les tribunaux doivent évaluer :

La plaignante a-t-elle accepté les attouchements, sa nature sexuelle et l'identité du partenaire (selon l'article 273.1 C.cr.), et si elle  l'a fait,
Cet accord volontaire est-il entaché d'un des facteurs prévus à l'art. 265(3) C.cr.?

Les facteurs prévu à l'art. 265 (3) C.cr. sont :

La Couronne a le fardeau de prouver hors de tout doute raisonnable soit que la condition #1 n'est pas atteinte ou que la condition #2 est atteinte.

Sur le fondement de ce critère à deux volets, la majorité a confirmé la condamnation de Hutchinson. Cependant, la Cour a notamment refusé de prendre en compte le sabotage du préservatif dans le premier volet du critère et a rejeté l'analyse de la Cour d'appel fondée sur les « caractéristiques essentielles ». Les juges majoritaires ont statué que l'accusé ne peut être tenu responsable d'agression sexuelle en vertu du paragraphe 273.1(1) C.cr. si le ou la plaignante consent à l'acte physique précis que l'accusé a commis sur il ou elle.

La Cour a statué que 273.1 (1) C.cr., qui dispose que « le consentement consiste [...] en l'accord volontaire du plaignant à l'activité sexuelle », doit être interprété de manière restrictive afin d'éviter de créer une insécurité juridique. En tant que telle, l'activité sexuelle doit être interprétée comme ne signifiant que l'acte sexuel physique spécifique, et non comme incluant d'autres « caractéristiques essentielles » sur lesquelles la plaignante peut avoir fondé son consentement. Celles-ci, a déclaré la Cour, seraient mieux évaluées sous la partie « fraude » du volet relatif à l'art. 265 (3) C.cr. du critère.

Jugement concordant quant au résultat
Les juges Abella et Moldaver ont rédigé une des motifs concordants quant au résultat et ont exprimé leur désaccord avec les juges majoritaires sur la question de savoir si le sabotage du préservatif aurait dû être évalué sous le premier ou le deuxième volet. Ils auraient souscrit à l'analyse des « caractéristiques essentielles » de la Cour d'appel et l'auraient considérée sous le premier volet.

Distinction avec l'arrêt Hutchinson dans l'arrêt R. c. Kirkpatrick

Dans l'arrêt R. c. Kirkpatrick de 2022, les juges majoritaires de la Cour suprême ont établi une distinction avec l'affaire Hutchinson, dans une affaire où la femme voulait que l'homme porte le condom mais où l'homme ne l'a pas fait et où il a ensuite éjaculé en elle sans le port du condom. La Cour conclut qu'il s'agit d'une agression sexuelle au motif que l'activité sexuelle avec port du condom est un acte physique différent que l'activité sexuelle sans port du condom. Le jugement n'est donc pas fondé sur la fraude au consentement (où il y a une exigence d'une preuve de malhonnêteté), comme dans Hutchinson. Mais l'arrêt Hutchinson n'est pas infirmé en cas de sabordage de préservatifs. Les juges minoritaires auraient aussi reconnu la culpabilité de l'accusé, mais pour des motifs identiques à l'arrêt Hutchinson et ils n'auraient pas établi de distinction.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Exposition criminelle au VIH
 Stealthing

Arrêt de la Cour suprême du Canada
Droit pénal au Canada

R. c. Hutchinson


ناصر أحمد اللوزي (26 فبرياير 1957 - ) سياسي أردني ووزير سابق ولد في عمان ، وهو نجل السياسي ورجل الدولة الأردني أحمد اللوزي . تقلد العديد من المناصب الحكومية فشغل منصب وزير النقل (4 فبراير 1996) ووزير الأشغال العامة والإسكان من (19 مارس 1997 - 20 أغسطس 1998) وزيرا للأشغال العامة والإسكان ووزيرا للنقل من (20 أغسطس 1998- 4 مارس 1999) ، وبتاريخ 4 مارس 1999 عين وزيرا للإعلام ووزيرا للثقافة ونائب رئيس المجلس الأعلى للإعلام عام 2001. كما كان عضو في مجلس الاعيان السابع والعشرون. وهو حاصل على وسام الكوكب الأردني من الدرجة الأولى ووسام الكوكب الأردني من الدرجة الثانية .

حصل على شهادة الثانوية العامة من الكلية العلمية الإسلامية عام 1975م وبعدها التحق في دراسته الجامعية في جامعة (أرلنغتون) تكساس الأمريكية وتخرج فيها عام 1979م بعد ان حصل على بكالوريوس في الهندسة المدنية من الجامعة.

كما له خبرة واسعة في القطاع الخاص، حيث عمل رئيساً لمجلس إدارة الملكية الأردنية، وترأس هيئة مديري شركة الملكية الأردنية الاستثمارية، ومجموعة العمل لإعادة هيكلة وتخاصية الملكية الأردنية، ومجلس إدارة شركة الشرق العربي للتأمين.وقد شغل عضوية مجلس أمناء مؤسسة الملك الحسين، ومجلس إدارة شركة الكابلات، ومجلس إدارة البنك الأردني الكويتي، ومجلس إدارة شركة حديد الأردن.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رؤساء الديوان الملكي الهاشمي
مواليد 1957
وزراء ثقافة الأردن

ناصر اللوزي


Jasper (Jaspar) Lützow Hagemann (født 1784 (døbt 15. november) i Norge, død 10. april 1858 i København) var en dansk officer.

Han var søn af daværende major i Akershusiske Dragonregiment Christian Hagemann, blev 1798 kadet, 1802 fændrik, 1803 sekondløjtnant ved Landkadetkompagniet og afgik herfra 1805 til tjeneste ved Danske Livregiment. 1808, i hvilket år han forfremmedes til premierløjtnant, indtrådte han som adjoint i Generalstaben og gjorde nu uafbrudt tjeneste her i fyrre år. 1812 blev han kaptajn og divisionsadjudant og stillet i ekstraordinært nummer som divisionskvartermester, 1825 major, 1829 oberstløjtnant, 1833 divisionskvartermester, 1834 overadjudant, 1839 generaladjudant-løjtnant og i slutningen af samme år, da prins Frederik Ferdinand blev kommanderende general på Sjælland, chef for dennes stab, 1840 oberst. Ved krigens udbrud 1848 stilledes han à la suite i Hæren med generalmajors rang, idet det tillige blev overdraget ham indtil videre at fungere som kommandant i København. 1855 afskedigedes han af krigstjenesten som generalløjtnant.

Hagemann blev 1820 kammerjunker, 25. maj 1826 Ridder af Dannebrogordenen, 10. juni 1841 Kommandør af Dannebrog, 3. december 1852 Storkors og fik kammerherrenøglen 1836. 1820 havde han ægtet Harriet Hobarth (født 8. august 1796, død 27. december 1868), datter af generalguvernør Hobarth.

Kilder

 Vilhelm Richter: Den danske Landmilitæretat 1801-1894, bind 1, København: Antikvariat Richard Levin & Co. ApS og Dansk Historisk Håndbogsforlag 1977, s. 155.

Personer i Dansk Biografisk Leksikon
Generalløjtnanter fra Danmark
Kammerherrer fra Danmark
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Storkors af Dannebrog

Jasper Lützow Hagemann


Richard Nash (born June 16, 1984) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who serves as the director of player development for the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL). After being selected first overall in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft by Columbus, he played 15 seasons in the NHL for the Blue Jackets, New York Rangers and Boston Bruins, and was selected to play in six National Hockey League All-Star Games.

Prior to turning professional, Nash was a highly regarded prospect with the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) where he spent two seasons, earning the Emms Family Award in 2001 as the League's Rookie of the Year. He began his NHL career with the Blue Jackets immediately following his draft, in 2002–03, and was nominated for the Calder Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year. In his second NHL season, Nash scored 41 goals to tie with Jarome Iginla and Ilya Kovalchuk as winners of the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy as the NHL's leading goal-scorer. Nash is a five-time NHL All-Star and was also awarded the NHL Foundation Player Award in the 2008–09 season for his charitable work in the Columbus community. He is the all-time Blue Jackets franchise leader in goals, points, and games played. In 2022, Nash's number 61 was retired by the Blue Jackets.

Internationally, Nash has represented Team Canada, with whom he has won one gold and two silver medals at the World Championships, and two gold medals at the Winter Olympics in 2010 and 2014. Additionally, he has represented Canada at the 2002 World Junior Championships, helping the team to a silver medal, and also competed for Canada in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.

Background
Nash was raised in Brampton, Ontario, where he attended Brampton Centennial Secondary School. He played minor hockey in the Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL), where he caught the attention of OHL scouts in 1999. He played in the 1998 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Marlboros minor ice hockey team.

Playing career
As a member of the London Knights for two seasons in the OHL, Rick Nash began his major junior career with 66 points in his first year, receiving the Emms Family Award as the League's top rookie. The following season, he amassed 72 points in 54 games and was subsequently selected first overall in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft by the Columbus Blue Jackets.

Columbus Blue Jackets (2002–2012)
The first NHL contract for Nash was negotiated minutes before the signing deadline by Gord Kirke. It was the most lucrative contract for an NHL rookie at the time, valued at 1.2 million USD per season plus bonuses and incentives which ranged from 8 to US$12 million.

Joining the Blue Jackets in 2002–03, Nash debuted on October 10, 2002, and scored a goal in a 2–1 win over the Chicago Blackhawks. He was the eighth number one overall pick to score a goal in his first game and the first to do so in his draft year since Mario Lemieux in 1984. That season, Nash was nominated for the Calder Trophy as the NHL's top rookie, but lost to defenseman Barret Jackman of the St. Louis Blues. He would, however, join Jackman on the NHL All-Rookie Team.

In Nash's sophomore campaign, he improved his rookie goal total from 17 to 41, a career-high that tied Jarome Iginla and Ilya Kovalchuk for the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy for most goals in the League. At 19 years of age, Nash was the youngest player in history to lead the League in goals. Recording 16 assists, Nash finished the year with 57 points.

During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Nash played for HC Davos of the Swiss Nationalliga A (NLA). He scored 26 goals and 46 points in 44 games and added 11 more points (nine goals and two assists) in 15 games in the NLA playoffs. Joined by fellow NHL-er Joe Thornton, Davos went on to win the Swiss Championship, as well as the 2004 Spengler Cup.

With the NHL set to resume play in 2005–06, the Blue Jackets re-signed Nash to a five-year, $27 million contract. The deal saw his annual salary increase each year, with $3.5 million the first season and $7 million in the last season of the contract for a $5.4 million average salary. Knee and ankle injuries, however, sidelined Nash for much of the first half of the season. Missing 28 games total, Nash was still named to Team Canada for the 2006 Olympics, shortly after being activated from the injured reserve. Upon returning from a disappointing seventh-place finish in Turin, Nash completed the season at a point-per-game pace with 54 points in 54 games.

In 2006–07, Nash matched his sophomore points total with 57, and was named to the Western Conference All-Star Team for the second time in his career. He was Columbus' lone representative both times. Nash scored the game-winning goal in the West win.

The following season, on January 17, 2008, Nash scored what many commentators called the "goal of the year" in the final minute versus the Phoenix Coyotes. Breaking a tied score, Nash deked around two defenders and the goaltender to score the eventual game-winner. Later, at the end of the season, the goal was nominated for an ESPY Award in the category of Best Play. Selected to his third All-Star Game in 2008 that season, Nash scored the quickest goal in All-Star Game history, just 12 seconds in and ended the game with a hat-trick.

Completing the season with 38 goals and 69 points, Nash nearly matched his personal best goals total and set a career high for points and assists. Shortly before the end of the season, on March 12, 2008, Nash was also named the fifth captain in Blue Jackets history, replacing the recently traded Adam Foote.

In the off-season, in May 2008, Nash was named the cover athlete and spokesman for the NHL 2K9 video game.

Going into the 2008–09 campaign, the Blue Jackets had gone without a playoff appearance in franchise history. Led by the newly appointed captain Nash and bolstered by rookie goaltender Steve Mason, the Blue Jackets finished the season as the seventh seed in the Western Conference to earn a post-season berth against division-rival the Detroit Red Wings. The series was preceded by an 8–2 rout over the Red Wings on March 7, 2009, a game in which Nash scored three unassisted goals. According to the Columbus Dispatch, citing the Elias Sports Bureau, the last player to score three goals unassisted was Maurice Richard (who scored four) against the New York Rangers at Madison Square Garden on March 14, 1948.  Despite the convincing victory late in the season, the Blue Jackets were swept by the Red Wings in four games.

In addition to leading the Blue Jackets to the playoffs, Nash had a career season with 79 points, in addition to scoring 40 goals for the first time since 2003–04. In the off-season, on July 3, 2009, Nash signed an eight-year contract extension with the Blue Jackets worth $62.4 million set to take effect in 2010–11.

As the 2011–12 season began to unfold, Columbus recorded a dismal 2–12–1 record, the worst start to an NHL season by any team in 19 years. With the team struggling, rumors began circulating that the Blue Jackets were contemplating trading Nash as a solution to their on-ice woes. While Blue Jackets General Manager Scott Howson stated publicly that he had had no discussions regarding a Nash deal, other teams had indeed inquired about his availability. When asked about it, Nash stated that if the franchise felt it could improve itself by dealing him, he would be willing to waive his no-trade clause in order to get the deal done. Though Howson had previously maintained that he had no intention of trading Nash, two weeks before the trade deadline, he stated in the press that the team was open to all options and they were willing to listen to trade proposals for Nash, despite not actively shopping him. Speculation was that in return for Nash the Blue Jackets would ask for a top six forward, a top prospect and a first-round draft pick.

Trade speculation continued on into the summer with no deal imminent. While Howson claimed he merely wanted to receive "market value" in any deal for Nash, there was speculation that his asking price was too high for many rival NHL GMs to consider. Columbus eventually found a trade partner in the New York Rangers. Nash, along with Steven Delisle and a conditional third-round pick in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft, were traded to the Rangers for Artem Anisimov, Brandon Dubinsky, Tim Erixon and a 2013 first-round draft pick.

New York Rangers (2012–2018)
Nash signed a contract to play with HC Davos again during the 2012–13 NHL lockout. In late September 2012, while playing for Davos, Nash injured his shoulder and left the game.

Nash had a successful first regular season with the Rangers, scoring 21 goals and 21 assists for 42 points in 44 games played in the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season. However, in the playoffs, Nash underwhelmed with only one goal and four assists in 12 playoff games.

Nash opened the 2013–14 season well, with three assists in two games. But on October 8, 2013, in a game against the San Jose Sharks, Nash suffered a concussion from a hit by Brad Stuart, which forced him to miss 17 games. On November 21, Nash scored his first goal of the season in a 3–2 win against the Dallas Stars. He would finish the season with a solid goal total of 26 in 65 games, but with only 13 assists, his 39 points tied a career low. Nash struggled mightily in the playoffs for the second straight year, scoring only three goals in 25 playoff games. Despite his low offensive production, however, he was solid defensively throughout, and the Rangers reached the Stanley Cup Finals, ultimately losing in five games to the Los Angeles Kings in a series in which all the games were close decisions.

Nash had a superstar season in 2014–15 scoring a career-high 42 goals (third in the NHL behind Steven Stamkos with 43 and Alexander Ovechkin with 53) and 27 assists. Nash's production also improved during the 2015 playoffs, as he scored five goals and nine assists (14 points) in 19 games as the Rangers fell to the Tampa Bay Lightning in a hard-fought seven-game Eastern Conference Finals series.

Nash's performance declined at the start of the 2015–16 season as he struggled to recapture his scoring pace from the previous season. This was further exacerbated by muscle spasms that caused Nash to miss 22 games. Despite being involved in trade rumors, few teams seemed to be interested in Rick Nash and his $7.9 million cap hit. Nash scored a career-low 15 goals, going with 21 assists for a career-low 36 points. He then recorded two goals and two assists in New York's five-game opening round loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs.

On October 11, 2016 Nash was named an alternate captain for the New York Rangers, joining Daniel Girardi, Marc Staal, and Derek Stepan along with captain Ryan McDonagh. On November 8, 2016, Nash scored his 400th goal in a 5–3 loss against the Vancouver Canucks. Nash again missed several games during the 2016–17 season, this time with a nagging groin injury. He still managed to score 23 goals and 15 assists for 38 points, in 67 games. Nash's production continued to improve during the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs. He recorded two goals and one assist in the Rangers six-game opening-round victory over the Montreal Canadiens.

On October 26, 2017, Nash skated in his 1,000th NHL career game, which resulted in a 5–2 win over the Arizona Coyotes. He became the 312th player in NHL history to play at least 1,000 career games.

Boston Bruins (2018)
During the 2017–18 season, the Rangers struggled relative to their results from past seasons. On February 8, 2018, the team released a letter to fans that signaled intentions to begin a rebuild, to which rumors of a Nash trade began to swirl, as he was in the last year of his contract. On February 25, 2018, one day before the trade deadline, Nash was traded to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Ryan Spooner, Matt Beleskey, prospect Ryan Lindgren, a 2018 first-round pick (which became Jacob Bernard-Docker), and a 2019 seventh-round pick (which became Massimo Rizzo). Rick Nash's first goal as a Bruin, and his 800th career point, came on February 27, 2018, in a 4–3 overtime Bruins home ice win over the Carolina Hurricanes. Nash would go on to play 23 games for the Bruins, and suffered a concussion in a game against the Tampa Bay Lighning, after a hit from Cedric Paquette.

On January 11, 2019, at age 34, due to unresolved symptoms from a concussion sustained in March 2018, Nash was forced to retire from professional hockey after playing 1,060 career games spanning over 15 seasons.

International play

In Nash's second junior season, he was chosen to play for Team Canada's junior squad in the 2002 World Junior Championships, scoring three points in a silver medal effort.

Nash would make his senior international debut for Team Canada at the 2005 World Championship, leading the tournament in goals while earning his second silver medal.

In 2006, shortly after returning from an injury, he was selected to play on Team Canada's Olympic team, but managed just one point in a disappointing seventh-place finish.

The following year, Nash captured his first gold medal with Team Canada at the 2007 World Championship in a 4–2 victory over Finland in Moscow. Scoring two goals in the gold medal game against Finland and 11 points total, Nash was named to the tournament All-Star Team and earned MVP honours.

Nash appeared in his third World Championship in 2008, but failed to repeat as gold medal champion with Canada, earning silver. In the championship game against Russia, Nash attempted to clear the puck in overtime, but accidentally shot it over the glass, resulting a delay of game penalty. On the powerplay, Russia capitalized, defeating Canada 5–4. Despite his misplay, Nash was named to the tournament All-Star Team for the second consecutive year, finishing with 13 points.

On December 30, 2009, Nash was selected to play for Team Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. After starting the tournament on Sidney Crosby's wing, he was switched to a line with Mike Richards and Jonathan Toews, who was named Best Forward. Nash earned his first Olympic medal in the tournament as Team Canada went on to win gold.

Nash was named captain of Team Canada for the 2011 IIHF World Championship. Canada finished fifth in the tournament.

Rick Nash won his second gold medal with Team Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards
OHL
 OHL All-Rookie Team – 2001
 Emms Family Award (rookie of the year) – 2001

CHL
 CHL All-Rookie Team – 2001

NHL
 NHL All-Rookie Team – 2003
 Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy – 2004 (shared with Ilya Kovalchuk and Jarome Iginla)
 NHL All-Star Game appearance – 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2015
 NHL Foundation Player Award – 2009
 #61 retired by the Columbus Blue Jackets - 2022

NLA
 Best Swiss League forward – 2004–05

International
 World Championships gold medal – 2007
 World Championships MVP – 2007
 World Championships All-Star Team – 2007, 2008
 Gold medal – 2010 Winter Olympic Games
 Gold medal – 2014 Winter Olympic Games

Other
Best Play ESPY Award nomination – 2008

See also
 List of Columbus Blue Jackets players
 List of NHL players with 1,000 games played

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Columbus Blue Jackets draft picks
Columbus Blue Jackets players
HC Davos players
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
London Knights players
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-overall draft picks
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
New York Rangers players
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic ice hockey players for Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Rocket Richard Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Brampton

Rick Nash


Golf-Klasse steht für:
Kompaktklasse, eine Kraftfahrzeugkategorie zwischen Kleinwagen und Mittelklasse, benannt nach dem VW Golf
Projekt 629, von der NATO mit dem Codenamen Golf class versehene U-Boote

Golf-Klasse


Der Große Preis von Spanien 2001 (offiziell XLIII Gran Premio Marlboro de Espana) fand am 29. April auf dem Circuit de Catalunya in Montmeló statt und war das fünfte Rennen der Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft 2001.

Berichte

Hintergrund
Nach dem Großen Preis von San Marino führten Michael Schumacher und David Coulthard in der Fahrerwertung mit 12 Punkten vor Rubens Barrichello. In der Konstrukteurswertung führte Ferrari mit 10 Punkten vor McLaren-Mercedes und mit 28 Punkten vor Williams-BMW.

Vor dem Rennwochenende gab es zwei Fahrerwechsel: Luciano Burti wechselte von Jaguar zu Prost und ersetzte dort Gastón Mazzacane. Sein Jaguar-Cockpit übernahm Pedro de la Rosa, der in der Saison 2000 Stammpilot bei Arrows gewesen war.

Mit Mika Häkkinen (dreimal), Michael Schumacher (zweimal) und Jacques Villeneuve (einmal) traten drei ehemalige Sieger zu diesem Grand Prix an.

Training
Das erste freie Training bestand aus zwei Sitzungen mit jeweils einer Dauer von einer Stunde ohne getrennte Zeitnahme. Hier fuhr Coulthard die schnellste Runde vor Eddie Irvine und Barrichello.

Im zweiten Training, das aus zwei 45-minütigen Sitzungen bestand, fuhr Michael Schumacher die beste Zeit, vor seinem Teamkollegen Barrichello und Coulthard.

Qualifying
Im Qualifying war Michael Schumacher Schnellster und sicherte sich die 36. Pole-Position seiner Karriere. Häkkinen war als Zweiter 85 Tausendstelsekunden langsamer. Dritter wurde Coulthard.

Warm Up
Im Warm Up am Sonntagmorgen war Barrichello der schnellste Fahrer vor den McLaren-Piloten Häkkinen und Coulthard.

Rennen
Beim Start in die Einführungsrunde blieb der McLaren von Coulthard stehen. Erst nachdem das gesamte Feld an ihm vorbeigefahren war, durfte Coulthard das Auto erneut anlassen und das Rennen vom letzten Platz aus aufnehmen.

Michael Schumacher behielt nach dem Start die Führung vor Häkkinen. Heinz-Harald Frentzen startete schlecht und verlor viele Plätze. In der ersten Kurve kam es zu einer Berührung zwischen Coulthard und Enrique Bernoldi, bei der Coulthard seinen Frontflügel verlor und Bernoldi einen Reifen beschädigte. Beide mussten daraufhin an die Box.

Nach einer Runde führte Michael Schumacher vor Häkkinen, Barrichello, Ralf Schumacher, Jarno Trulli und Juan Pablo Montoya. In den ersten Runden fuhren die beiden Führenden dem Feld davon; dahinter wurden die Abstände größer. Frentzen, der versuchte seine verlorenen Positionen wieder gutzumachen, kollidierte in der siebten Runde mit de la Rosa. Für beide Fahrer war das Rennen hiernach beendet.

In der 20. Runde drehte sich Ralf Schumacher, blieb mit seinem Wagen im Kiesbett stecken und schied aus. Zur gleichen Zeit begann die erste Phase der Boxenstopps. Montoya und Trulli, die dicht beieinander lagen, kamen gleichzeitig in die Box. Montoya wurde schneller abgefertigt und verließ die Boxengasse vor Trulli, der hinter dem noch ohne Stopp fahrenden Jean Alesi zurück auf die Strecke kam und dadurch Zeit verlor.

In Runde 23 kam Michael Schumacher zum Tanken und Reifenwechseln an die Box. Trotz des höheren Gewichts durch den zusätzlichen Treibstoff gelang es Schumacher schnellere Rundenzeiten zu fahren als Häkkinen. Als dieser fünf Runden später zu seinem ersten Boxenstopp fuhr, reichte der Vorsprung zu Schumacher nicht aus und Häkkinen war wieder Zweiter. Nach der Hälfte des Rennens führte Michael Schumacher vor Häkkinen, Barrichello, Montoya, Villeneuve und Trulli. Im weiteren Verlauf setzten sich Schumacher und Häkkinen immer weiter ab.

In Runde 44 kam Michael Schumacher zu seinem letzten Stopp an die Box und die Führung ging an Häkkinen, der seinerseits sechs Runden später an die Box kam. Dieses Mal reichte der Vorsprung zu Schumacher jedoch aus, sodass Häkkinen die Führung behielt. Währenddessen hatte Barrichello Probleme mit seinem Rennwagen. Nachdem er einmal außerhalb der Strecke war und einen unplanmäßigen Boxenstopp eingelegt hatte, beendete er das Rennen und stellte sein Fahrzeug mit einem Schaden an der Radaufhängung in der Box ab. Auch Michael Schumacher hatte Schwierigkeiten mit seinem Ferrari. Seit seinem Boxenstopp fuhr er nicht mehr so schnell wie vorher. Als Grund nannte er später starke Vibrationen. Da jedoch der Abstand zu Montoya über eine Minute betrug, kostete ihn das keine Position. Fünf Runden vor Schluss überholte Coulthard Nick Heidfeld und lag damit trotz des Starts von der letzten Position in den Punkterängen.

In der letzten Runde fiel Häkkinen in Führung liegend mit Kupplungsschaden plötzlich aus, wurde jedoch aufgrund von Überrundungen noch als Neunter gewertet.

Michael Schumacher gewann vor Montoya und Villeneuve. Die restlichen Punkte gingen an Trulli, Coulthard und Heidfeld. In der Runde in den Parc fermé hielt Coulthard beim ausgeschiedenen Häkkinen an und fuhr ihn zurück ins Fahrerlager.

In der Fahrerwertung setzte sich Michael Schumacher von Coulthard ab. Dritter blieb Barrichello. In der Konstrukteurswertung bliebe die ersten drei Positionen unverändert.

Meldeliste

Klassifikationen

Qualifying

Rennen

WM-Stände nach dem Rennen
Die ersten sechs des Rennens bekamen 10, 6, 4, 3, 2 bzw. 1 Punkt(e).

Fahrerwertung

Konstrukteurswertung

Weblinks
 Wochenendstatistiken bei Motorsport-Total.com

Einzelnachweise

2001
Spanien
Sportveranstaltung in Montmeló
Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya

Großer Preis von Spanien 2001


A República dos Sonhos é um romance escrito por Nélida Piñon, publicado em 1984 pela Editora Record.

Livro

A trama conta a história de Madruga, jovem camponês que deixa a Galícia com rumo ao Rio de Janeiro, embarcando com o amigo Venâncio. Com um emprego humilde numa pensão da Praça Mauá, a vida de Madruga passa por uma trajetória de êxitos e fracassos que põem à prova seus ideais de liberdade e felicidade. Anos depois, a neta Breta, busca juntar os fragmentos e reconstituir a história de sua família, que se mistura com a recente história do país.

Nélida Piñon se inspirou na história de vida de seus pais para a narrativa de "A República dos Sonhos".

"A República dos Sonhos" já foi traduzido para o francês, inglês, espanhol, italiano, e mais recentemente para o chinês.

Livros de 1984
Livros em português

A República dos Sonhos


Mehanička prednost ili mehanički učinak je omjer sile koju daje mehanički stroj i uložene sile. Mehanički stroj može biti neki jednostavni stroj (poluga, kotač, kosina, koloturnik, klin, vijak), mehanički prijenosnik (zupčanički prijenosnik kao na primjer mjenjač brzine, tarni prijenos, remenski prijenosnik, lančani prijenosnik) i slično.

Kotač

Kotač, točak ili kolo je mehanička naprava okretanjem koje se omogućuje izvršenje nekog rada (pokretanje nekog tijela) uz primjenu manje sile. Tako je na primjer sila trenja (otpora gibanju) vozila pri kotrljanju (vozila s kotačima) znatno manja od sile trenja vozila koje kliže podlogom. Par ili niz kotača različita promjera, u međusobnom dodiru (zupčanici) ili posredno, preko remena (remenice) ili užeta (koloture), omogućuje prijenos sile u najpovoljnijem iznosu.

Primjer mehaničke prednosti kotača
Primjer:
ako se predmet od 100 kilograma vuče za 10 metara pravocrtno (vodoravno) s koeficijentom trenja μ = 0,5, normalna sila je 981 N, a potrebna sila za vuču je 981 × 0,5 = 490,5 N. Mehanička prednost M.P. kotača je:

ako dodamo predmetu 4 kotača. Normalna sila između 4 kotača i osovina jednaka je (ukupno) 981 N. Pretpostavimo da je za drvo μ = 0,25, a recimo da je promjer kotača 1 000 mm, a promjer osovine 50 mm. Dok se predmet i dalje pomiče 10 m, klizne površine trenja kliznu samo jedna na drugu udaljenost od 0,5 m. Potrebna sila je 981 × 0,25 = 245,25 N. Mehanička prednost kotača je tada:

Danas je mehanička prednost s kvalitetnijim materijalima pneumatika (gume na kotaču) puno veća.

Poluga

Poluga je čvrsto tijelo, najčešće u obliku ravna ili zakrivljena štapa, koje se pod utjecajem sila može zakretati oko jedne osi. Sile koje djeluju na polugu u ravnini okomitoj na os mogućega zakretanja, pomnožene s udaljenostima njihova pravca djelovanja od osi (krak sile), daju momente sile, koji su to veći što je i udaljenost veća. Poluga je u ravnoteži kada je algebarski zbroj svih momenata koji djeluju na polugu jednak nuli (zakon poluge). Djelovanjem male sile na velikom kraku mogu se ostvariti na malom kraku velike sile i obrnuto. Time se razmjerno malim silama mogu svladati velika opterećenja, a na tom principu djeluju različiti alati (škare, kliješta), naprave (polužna vaga, kantar, pedala ili papučica, stezna poluga) ili složeniji mehanizmi, kod osjetljivih pak sprava, na primjer kod pincete (ponekad se naziva i poluga trećeg reda), može se od veće sile postići manja.

Mehanička prednost poluge
Mehanička prednost poluge (prema slici desno) je:

Kosina

Kosina je nagnuta ravna ploha - uzbrdica odnosno nizbrdica - koja može poslužiti kao čvrsta podloga za dizanje ili spuštanje tereta. Od vremena renesanse kosina se ubraja među šest jednostavnih strojeva. U antičko vrijeme bilo ih je samo pet - kosina nije bila ubrojena jer sama po sebi nema pokretnih dijelova. Bez obzira na to, kosina ima temeljna obilježja stroja, jer mijenja iznos i smjer sile te omogućava vršenje rada pomoću manje sile.

Mehanička prednost kosine
Glavna prednost strojeva kod vršenja mehaničkog rada, u odnosu na izravno djelovanje silom, sastoji se upravo u tome da omogućuju vršenje jednakog rada manjom silom; naravno, zbog toga manja sila vrši taj rad na duljem putu (podizanje tereta uz kosinu umjesto ravno uvis). To svojstvo stroja naziva se mehanička prednost stroja (M.P.), i računa se tako da se iznos veće sile (koja bi bila potrebna bez stroja) podijeli s manjom (koja je dovoljna kad se koristi stroj). Dakle, uvrštavajući  iz gornje jednadžbe dobiva se:

U primjeru na skici kut kosine je 30°, odnosno duljina kosine je duplo veća od visine, pa je sila  upola manja od težine. U tom slučaju mehanička prednost kosine je 2. Znači, mehanička prednost nam govori koliko je puta sila (koja djeluje paralelno s duljinom kosine) manja od tereta (a istu vrijednost sile bi trebali primijeniti ako bi samo okomito ga dizali).

Prijenosni omjer

Prijenosni omjer ili prijenosni odnos prijenosnika (oznaka: i) je omjer brzina ulaznog (pogonskog) i izlaznog (gonjenog) člana prijenosnika. Kod zupčanog prijenosnika obodna brzina ulaznog (pogonskog) i izlaznog (gonjenog) zupčanika mora biti jednaka:

gdje je: rA – polumjer kinematske kružnice pogonskog (ulaznog) zupčanika, rB – polumjer kinematske kružnice gonjenog (izlaznog) zupčanika, ωA – kutna brzina pogonskog (ulaznog) zupčanika, ωB – kutna brzina gonjenog (izlaznog) zupčanika.

Broj zubiju zupčanika z je razmjeran polumjeru zupčanika, pa vrijedi:

gdje je: zA – broj zubiju pogonskog zupčanika, zB – broj zubiju gonjenog zupčanika. Prema tome, prijenosni omjer zupčanog prijenosnika je:

Iz ove jednadžbe se može zaključiti da je broj zubiju gonjenog (izlaznog) zupčanika veći od pogonskog zupčanika, ali isto da se pogonski zupčanik okreće brže od gonjenog zupčanika. Prema najnovijim ISO propisima treba prijenosnom omjeru dodati negativni predznak ako je smjer vrtnje jednog zupčanika suprotan smjeru vrtnje drugog zupčanika.

Momenti sile T se odnose:

gdje je: TA – moment sile pogonskog (ulaznog) zupčanika, TB -  moment sile gonjenog (izlaznog) zupčanika.

Ako je prijenosni omjer prijenosnika veći od 1 (R ˃ 1), onda se kod tog prijenosnika kutna brzina smanjuje na izlazu, pa se takvi prijenosnici nazivaju reduktori. Prednost reduktora je da mu se moment sile na izlazu povećava.

Ako je prijenosni omjer prijenosnika manji od 1 (R ˂ 1), onda se kod tog prijenosnika kutna brzina povećava na izlazu, pa se takvi prijenosnici nazivaju multiplikatori. Nedostatak multiplikatora je da mu se moment sile na izlazu smanjuje.<ref>

Mehanička prednost mehaničkih prijenosnika
Mehanička prednost mehaničkih prijenosnika je:

Na primjer kod zupčanog prijenosnika je:

gdje je: zA – broj zubiju pogonskog zupčanika, zB – broj zubiju gonjenog zupčanika.

Kod remenskog prijenosnika je mehanička prednost:

gdje je: rA – promjer pogonske remenice, rB – promjer gonjene remenice.

Izvori

Klasična mehanika

Mehanička prednost


زكرون هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء الكورة في محافظة الشمال.

تبعد عن بيروت مسافة 74 كلم، ترتفع عن سطح البحر مسافة 140 م.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قضاء الكورة
مدن لبنان

زكرون


El término heterosocialidad describe la preferencia por relaciones sociales con personas del sexo opuesto (excluyendo las relaciones románticas o de naturaleza sexual).

El término opuesto es homosocialidad, la preferencia por relaciones con aquellas personas del mismo sexo.

De forma diferente a la homosocialidad y debido a su naturaleza, la heterosocialidad se utiliza únicamente para describir a individuos o relaciones individuales. Un grupo de más de dos individuos puede ser tanto homosocial como bisocial, de lo contrario el grupo se divide en áreas de no-interactividad.

Referencias

Queer
Sociología
Orientación sexual

Heterosocialidad


Trusina je bila srednjovjekovna županija Humske zemlje. Na sjeveru je graničila sa župom Nevesinje, na zapadu sa župom Dubravom, a na jugu sa župom Dabar. Prvi spomen datira 1468. U ranom srednjem vijeku bila je u sastavu Humske kneževine. Za vrijeme uspona Pavla I. i Mladina II. Bribirskih potkraj 13. i u prvoj polovici 14. stoljeća područje te županije bilo je pod njihovom vlašću. Od 1326. do prve polovice 15. st. vlast u toj županiji imala je bosanska vladarska dinastija Kotromanić, a potom velikaška obitelj Kosače, do osmanskog osvojenja 1465.

Izvori

Povijest Bosne i Hercegovine (1102. – 1463.)

Trusina (župa)


Centule V. de Béarn (francuski: Centulle V de Béarn; ubijen 1090.) bio je francuski plemić, vikont Béarna te grof Bigorre de iure uxoris. Nije nam poznato kada je rođen; moguće je da to uopće nije ni zabilježeno.

Njegovi roditelji su bili dama Adelajda (francuski: Adélaïs) i njen muž, vikont Gaston III. de Béarn, koji je nazvao Centulea po svojem ocu, vikontu Centuleu IV. de Béarnu.

Moguće je da je Centule imao dvije sestre ili polusestre.

Centuleova je prva supruga bila žena zvana Gisla. Par se rastao zbog bliskog krvnog srodstva te je Centule morao vršiti posebnu pokoru po nalogu pape. Moguće je da je Gisla postala časna sestra nakon rastave.

Centule i Gisla su nakon konzumacije braka dobili samo jedno dijete, sina Gastona IV.

Druga supruga vikonta Centulea bila je grofica vladarica Beatrica I. od Bigorre. Vjenčani su 1077. god. Ovo su njihova djeca:
Bernard III. od Bigorre
Centule II. od Bigorre, otac grofice Beatrice II.

Centule i njegova druga supruga izvršili su nekoliko donacija samostanima.

Izvori i bilješke

Francuski grofovi

Centule V. de Béarn


Stadion Lusail Iconic ili Nacionalni stadion Lusail (arapski: ملعب لوسيل الدولي) nogometni je stadion u Lusailu, Katar. Ugostio je finale Svjetskog nogometnog prvenstva 2022.

Najveći je od osam izgrađenih/obnovljenih stadiona za Svjetsko prvenstvo.

Nalazi se na oko 23 kilometra sjeverno od centra glavnog grada – Dohe.

Izgradnja
Proces nabave za prenamjenu stadiona započeo je 2014. godine. Izgrađen je kao zajedničko ulaganje od strane HBK Contractinga (HBK) i China Railway Construction Corporationa (CRCC).

Dizajn stadiona izradila je britanska tvrtka Foster + Partners i Populous. Sadrži kapacitet od 80.000 mjesta. Kao i drugi stadioni planirani za Svjetsko prvenstvo u Kataru, hladi se solarnom energijom uz nulti ugljični otisak.

Izgradnja je započela 11. travnja 2017. godine. Završetak izgradnje stadiona prvobitno je bio zakazan za 2020. Trebao je biti domaćin tri prijateljske utakmice do Svjetskog prvenstva, ali kako je završetak radova odgođen, na kraju će ipak biti domaćin 10 utakmica prvenstva uključujući i finale.

Nakon Svjetskog prvenstva, očekuje se da će biti rekonfiguriran u stadion s 20.000 sjedećih mjesta. Višak sjedećih mjesta će biti uklonjen, a ostali dijelovi prenamijenjeni u društveni prostor s trgovinama, kafićima, atletskim i obrazovnim objektima te ambulantom.

Utakmice SP-a

Izvori

Katarski nogometni stadioni

Stadion Lusail Iconic


Cécile Kouyouri est une cheffe coutumière amérindienne appartenant au groupe Kali'na de Guyane. Elle est née le 19 janvier 1959 à Grosse-Roche, ancien village Kali'na d'Iracoubo. Elle est depuis 1997 la cheffe du village de Bellevue, situé sur la commune d'Iracoubo.

Origine
Cécile Kouyouri est née le 19 janvier 1959 à Grosse Roche, village Kali'na situé sur la commune d'Iracoubo. Elle fait partie d'une fratrie de 13 enfants dont 3 sont décédés. Elle est la fille ainée de la famille.

Après la départementalisation de la Guyane, le premier préfet, Robert Vignon, veut assurer un regroupement des populations amérindiennes afin de créer de gros villages à proximité des bourgs. Il souhaite ainsi favoriser la mise en place de structures sanitaires et scolaires. Dans les années 1950 sera dans ce but créé « Le Service indien », travaillant sur ce regroupement.{
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}Michel Lohier est nommé en 1947 « Commissaire préfectoral des Galibis » par le Préfet Vignon. Il installe sur le site de Grosse Roche les familles Kali'na d'Iracoubo, dont Cécile Kouyouri fait partie. Ce déplacement n'est pas apprécié par tous et est effectué avec l'aide de la gendarmerie du canton. On leur construit un hangar commun, possédant un moulin à manioc, une platine et d'autres objets utiles. Quelque temps plus tard, Grosse-Roche est envasé, envahi par la mangrove, et devient un refuge d'insectes et de chauves-souris. Le village devenu inhabitable, les familles n'ont d'autre choix que de se déplacer. La famille de Cécile Kouyouri s'installe dans le village de Moukaya, puis sur le lieu qui va devenir le village de Yanou, plus communément appelé "Bellevue". Le Chef coutumier du village de Grosse-Roche, Philoubine Kouyouri, grand-père de Cécile Kouyouri, se serait installé dans la savane Yanou, car il jugeait ce lieu de vie prospère. Il serait venu faire un abattis et un petit carbet, et la plupart du village l'aurait suivi pour finalement, y rester durablement. Le village Grosse-Roche n'existe actuellement plus.

Jeunesse et formation
En raison des politiques d'assimilation menées dans les années 1950-1960 - et en particulier de la mise en place des "homes amérindiens", Cécile Kouyouri  est obligée de quitter sa famille pour une scolarisation obligatoire à Sinnamary, car il n'existe pas d'école à Bellevue. Elle est accueillie au sein d'un internat à l'école des Sœurs de Saint Joseph de Cluny. Ce lieu est spécifique pour l'éducation des jeunes filles Kali'na. Elle peut seulement retrouver sa famille aux vacances trimestrielles.

Elle est scolarisée à Sinnamary jusqu'au cours moyen  année, ce qui correspond à la cinquième année de scolarité d'un enfant à l'école élémentaire. Avec les religieuses de Sinnamary, elle apprend aussi des savoir-faire tels que la couture, la broderie et la plumasserie notamment avec la confection de fleurs en plumes d'oiseaux (Ibis rouge, Toucan Ariel, Perroquet Amazone…). Ce dernier savoir-faire a presque disparu à la suite de la protection de certains oiseaux.
Après Sinnamary, sa scolarité peut se poursuivre soit à Cayenne soit à Saint-Laurent du Maroni, très éloignée de Bellevue. Elle entre en internat chez les religieuses à Saint-Laurent du Maroni puis continue ses études au sein d'une section technique. Elle effectue un BEP "Secrétariat" à l'école des sœurs Anne-Marie Javouhey à Mirza, à Cayenne. Après l'obtention de son BEP, elle ne retourne pas dans son village mais s'installe au centre du bourg créole d'Iracoubo et obtient un prêt pour y ouvrir un atelier de couture.

Cécile Kouyouri affirme avoir pu supporter cet éloignement familial en vue d'une éducation traditionnelle forte et de repères culturels solides. Cela est une chance pour elle car être scolarisé loin de chez soi est assez coûteux et il n'y avait à l'époque pas d'aides pour assurer cette charge financière. Toutefois, la scolarité n'était pas forcément très adaptée à la culture Kali'na.

De plus, durant plusieurs années, elle est également jeune fille au pair dans une famille catholique métropolitaine dont le père est ingénieur au CSG (Centre Spatial Guyanais) et la mère magistrate de formation, sans profession. Elle s'approprie alors des normes familiales, conjugales et éducatives très différentes de celles de son village d'origine.

Parcours politique

Evolution féminisée du statut de chef coutumier
Dans sa jeunesse, le dernier capitaine - chef coutumier de Bellevue est son grand-père, Philoubine Kouyouri. Après son décès, durant treize ans, il n'y a plus de représentant chef coutumier au sein du village. Les habitants pensent alors que la présence d'un chef coutumier n'est pas nécessaire dans chaque village. Toutefois, cette absence se fait sentir au fil du temps, car ce statut assure de grandes fonctions nécessaires au maintien et au bien-être d'un village. Un avis d'autres chefs coutumiers est sollicité (Michel Thérèse d'Awala et William Daniel de Yalimapo) ainsi que d'une personnalité Kali'na reconnue, Félix Tiouka. Ensemble, ils mettent en place un groupe de travail à Bellevue avec pour objectif de déterminer les modalités démocratiques de désignation et d'organisation de l'installation du chef coutumier.

Cécile Kouyouri fait partie de ce groupe de travail et est désignée par une femme qui reconnait en elle toutes les qualités requises à cette fonction, et lui attribue une bonne connaissance du milieu grâce à l'héritage de son grand-père. Les autres membres adhèrent à l'unanimité à cette proposition. Elle est la seule candidate. Connaissant les grandes responsabilités liées à ce titre ainsi que ses impacts sur sa vie personnelle, Cécile Kouyouri demande un temps de réflexion. En 1997, elle accepte finalement d'être candidate à la fonction de cheffe coutumière. Le groupe de travail organise des élections démocratiques avec la collaboration de la Fédération des Organisations Autochtones de Guyane (FOAG). Le 29 juin 1997 a lieu le vote et Cécile Kouyouri est élue par les habitants de Bellevue. Elle devient la première femme amérindienne élue cheffe coutumière en Guyane. Jamais aucune femme n'avait eu le privilège jusque là d'avoir cette place au sein d'un village amérindien. La fonction se féminise et promeut une image nouvelle au sein du groupe Kali'na ainsi que dans la communauté amérindienne de Guyane.

Le 7 juillet 1997, la cérémonie d'investiture est organisée par la FOAG où plusieurs personnalités sont conviées (notamment le préfet de Guyane Dominique Vian, des élus politiques, le président du conseil régional de Guyane - Antoine Karam, le Maire d'Iracoubo - Georges Othily et des communes voisines, d'autres chefs coutumiers, les gendarmes de la commune…). Cette cérémonie permet à l'individu d'endosser les fonctions ou la position de chef coutumier. Cécile Kouyouri est vêtue d'une tenue traditionnelle accompagnée du drapeau de la France ainsi que d'un collier traditionnel symbolisant le troc. Puis sa marraine lui donne un châle ("aguesa" en Kali'na) qui confirme sa fonction. D'autres éléments symboliques et traditionnels lui sont transmis tel que le "boutou", morceau de bois travaillé représentant l'autorité et le "kachiri", boisson fermentée de manioc partagée représentant la terre. Cette cérémonie mémorable est un engagement important pour Cécile Kouyouri en tant que première femme amérindienne choisie et élue par les habitants du village de Bellevue comme cheffe coutumière.

Fonction de cheffe coutumière
La cheffe coutumière assume aussi la fonction de "capitaine". Elle conserve ce statut à vie : si elle peut être remplacée, le titre lui est toutefois accordé à vie. Elle représente la loi, la sagesse ainsi que l'âme de la communauté du village de Bellevue. Elle est garante et référente de la transmission amérindienne Kali'na.

Engagements communautaires et politiques
À la suite du projet de construction d'un pas de tir Soyouz entre Kourou et Sinnamary, des représentants de la communauté amérindienne dont Cécile Kouyouri sont invités sur le site par le CNES, ainsi qu'aux présentations des résultats des fouilles en 2005. D'après elle, valoriser l'archéologie amérindienne favorise le respect de la culture amérindienne au présent.

Cécile Kouyouri est engagée au sein de plusieurs références des droits des peuples autochtones : elle est notamment représentante au Conseil des femmes à la Coordination des Organisations autochtones du Bassin Amazonique (COICA), où elle participe à divers colloques (Colloque Résistances des femmes autochtones dans les Amériques : dialogues, réflexions et actions - 4 au 6 septembre 2019 à l'Université du Québec à Montréal (Québec)). Elle est invitée au Museum de Toulouse pour faire entendre la voix des femmes autochtones en 2019  et apparait au sein de l'exposition "Oka Amazonie, une forêt habitée" du 23 avril 2019 au 31 décembre 2022. Elle est enfin membre active de la FOAG, et revendique la reconnaissance des peuples amérindiens de Guyane auprès de l'Etat Français. Cette revendication consiste en une demande de reconnaissance des peuples autochtones en tant que citoyens existe depuis 1969 .

En tant que cheffe coutumière, elle porte plusieurs revendications et engagements communautaires et politiques notamment en lien avec son groupe culturel et son village.

Revendication des terres
Cécile Kouyouri revendique un dispositif d'attributions foncières en Guyane, les Zones de Droits d'Usages Collectifs (ZDUC). Ce dispositif est créé en 1987 par décret du Premier ministre Jacques Chirac pour les « communautés tirant traditionnellement subsistance de la forêt ». C'est une demande longue et complexe :  les villages amérindiens d'Iracoubo réussissent à obtenir deux Zones de Droits d'Usage collectifs pour la communauté Kali'na, et deux concessions, l'une pour Bellevue et pour l'autre Organabo, en 2017. Le village de Bellevue obtient  une concession collective de 1000 hectares pour y développer des abattis. Cécile Kouyouri affirme que ces concessions peuvent se révéler des solutions pour l'avenir, et pourraient développer l'économie pour les jeunes, afin qu'ils reviennent au sein de leur village.

Restriction de la chasse
Les groupes amérindiens tel que les Kali'na subissent certaines interdictions de chasse, ce qui a considérablement changé leur manière de s'alimenter. Ils sont pourtant soucieux du respect de la nature, notamment en respectant une période de chasse adaptée à chaque gibier en fonction de la Lune et des saisons, et en ne chassent pas à outrance, mais simplement ce dont ils ont besoin. Auprès des instances officielles, ces revendications que la terre est un moyen de subsistance pour les amérindiens commencent peu à peu à changer.

Evolution du mode de vie

Le mode de vie amérindien a beaucoup évolué d'après Cécile Kouyouri, notamment avec la perception de l'habitat. Le carbet ayant été remplacé par des maisons en dur, l'utilisation et la connaissance des bois de construction disparait peu à peu.

Le carbet devient désormais pour certains un signe de pauvreté a contrario des maisons qui sont un signe de privilège. Les habitants préfèrent les habitations closes, ce qui faite tendre les communautés vers un individualisme qui impacte les relations humaines au sein du groupe et du village.

Le droit coutumier
Cécile Kouyouri souhaite profondément que le droit coutumier soit reconnu car il démontre le lien avec la terre, en englobant les ancêtres, la faune, la flore ainsi que l'habitat de sa communauté.

La crise identitaire des amérindiens
Cécile Kouyouri est consciente de la situation actuelle vécue par les amérindiens. Elle l'attribue cette crise à une absence d'identité culturelle forte et à des repères solides. Elle pense que les amérindiens doivent s'adapter à la modernité : elle prône toutefois la transmission des valeurs familiales et la valorisation des traditions et des savoir-faire amérindiens. Elle participe à l'aide et l'accompagnement de la jeune génération en accompagnant eur intégration dans le monde actuel notamment au sein du marché de l'emploi, la transmission de savoir-faire…  Elle tient à développer l'artisanat notamment sous forme d'apprentissage avec des ateliers de vannerie, de poterie, de couture… pour la jeunesse amérindienne.

Vie associative
Cécile Kouyouri et Brigitte Wyngaarde (cheffe coutumière du village de Balaté) créent l'association "Villages de Guyane" en 2001. Cette dernière réunit les principales militantes amérindiennes ainsi que des hommes non kali'na, et a pour objectif de privilégier le travail à l'échelle des villages et non à l'international. Ensemble, elles protestent contre le projet de concession par l'État à la commune de Maripasoula de terrains au sein des villages Wayana du Sud (Elaé, Kayodé, Twenké, Taluhwen, Antecume Pata et Pidima). Elles affirment alors  « Nous savons ce qu'il adviendra des villages lorsqu'ils seront passés dans l'escarcelle communale : c'est à plus ou moins brève échéance le morcellement en parcelles et la disparition de la vie communautaire. Il a été décidé que les sociétés et les cultures de Guyane ne sont pas toutes égales, et que seules les plus influentes seront préservées.» (octobre 2005). Après quelques années, l'association cesse ses activités. Une deuxième scission a lieu en 2011, avec la création de "l'Organisation des nations autochtones de Guyane" (ONAG).

Cécile Kouyouri est Présidente de l'association "Wayanawawoy". Le nom fait référence au regroupement des trois villages voisins. Cette association a pour but d'organiser des événements festifs et s'oriente progressivement vers des questionnements de la vie sociale et culturelle.

Distinction
En tant que cheffe coutumière, Cécile Kouyouri a reçu la médaille de la Reconnaissance française par le Président du Conseil Régional de la Guyane, Antoine Karam, à l'occasion de la Journée internationale des femmes, le 8 mars 2003.

Le 8 Mars 2021 - toujours à l'occasion de la Journée internationale des droits des femmes - Élisabeth Moreno (Ministre déléguée auprès du Premier ministre chargée de l'Égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, de la Diversité et de l'Égalité des chances) récompense 18 associations et 18 femmes (dont Cécile Kouyouri) en leur décernant la Médaille de l'égalité dans le cadre de l'opération "1000 possibles". Cette campagne a pour objectif de promouvoir l'égalité entre les hommes et les femmes tout en honorant les héroïnes du quotidien. Elle veut aussi inspirer les 1000 petites filles qui naitront le 8 mars 2021 et donner confiance à toutes les femmes.

Articles connexes

 Kali'na
 Félix Tiouka

Lien externe

 https://solidarite-guyane.org/

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1959
Personnalité guyanaise du XXe siècle
Personnalité guyanaise du XXIe siècle
Pionnière en politique

Cécile Kouyouri


El vehículo de infantería mecanizada Dardo VCI es un blindado diseñado específicamente para el Ejército Italiano como un reemplazo de los M113 reacondicionados al estándar VCC. Fue diseñado y construido por el consorcio establecido entre Iveco Fiat y OTO Melara, con base en Roma. En esta alianza (joint-venture) Iveco es la responsable de la construcción del casco y de los sistemas de propulsión; y OTO Melara es el responsable de la fabricación de los sistemas de armas y del control de tiro de este modelo de blindado.

Fue desplegado en Afganistán, demostrando su capacidad y valía como blindado de apoyo a la infantería; hay en el momento sólo 200 blindados del modelo construidos y en servicio.

Descripción
El VCI Dardo es un desarrollo de finales de los años noventa del siglo XX, concretamente el primer pedido se realizó en 1.998. Se trata de un desarrollo conjunto de IVECO y OTO MERALA para cumplir los requisitos del ejércto trasalpino.

Se trata de un blindado de combate de infantería preparado para trasportar a un pelotón de 6 soldados completamente equipados. Está armado para su misión con una torre con un cañón de 25 mm y ametralladora coaxial de 7,62 mm., dos lanzadores de misiles antitanque y otra ametralladora exterior.

Durante el desarrollo del IFV Dardo, participaron en la competición varias variantes de chasis y torres con diferentes cañones. El prototipo VCC-80 con torreta HITFIST montaba el cañón Bushmaster II de 30 mm. Los militares italianos prefirieron la versión más compacta de la torre con cañón de 25 mm.

Comenzó a llegar a las unidades al comienzo de los años 2000, debido a recursos económicos insuficientes. De hecho el problema fundamental de los escasos fondos fue querer continuar con el desarrollo simultáneo de vehículos como el C-MBT 1 Aries o B-1 Centauro. La falta de fondos hizo que el Dardo en su versión final no fuera capaz de hacer frente a las amenazas del campo de batalla porque estaba poco protegida, con un peso de combate de solo 24.000 kg. No tenía sentido invertir enormes recursos en el desarrollo y compra de un VCI ya obsoleto para enfrentar los escenarios de guerra existentes. Tratar de modernizarlo era igualmente caro. Por ello el número final de unidades fue escaso.

Cómo solución algunos militares propusieron usar una parte de los Leopard 1 retirados para construir vehículos de combate de infantería. Siguiendo el ejemplo de los israelíes querían adaptarlos para llevar infantería, mejorando la protección con la adición de blindaje compuesto y sistemas de defensa activos. Además se podría instalar una torre con un cañón de 30 mm.

Armamento
El Dardo VCI está armado con el Cañón Oerlikon KBA de calibre 25mm, automático; contando este con una cadencia de fuego de 600 disparos por minuto, y pudiendo disponer de 200 rondas en el compartimiento de munición situado en la torreta y listos para el fuego. Dos ametralladoras calibre 7,62 mm van instaladas en la torreta, una montada coaxialmente con el cañón principal. Cuenta con cinco troneras practicadas en la barcaza que permite a los soldados abrir fuego con sus rifles de dotación, dos a cada lado del casco y una en la parte trasera que le permiten a las tropas en el interior de usar sus armas personales.

El sistema de control de fuego es manufacturado por la firma Galileo Avionica en la torreta Hitfist y que le proporciona un control integrado de fuego que es capaz de medir la velocidad del objetivo y el alcance efectivo de la munición a usar. El comandante cuenta con seis periscopios integrados a su sistema de miras que le proporcionan una visión de 360 ° del campo de combate. La cúpula puede ir aún más equipada con sistemas de visión panorámica estabilizados. Además, el artillero dispone de un telémetro láser y una cámara termográfica para brindarle una mayor efectividad en su accionar. El puesto del comandante está equipado con un monitor que le muestra en una pantalla la misma imagen vista desde el sistema de visión nocturna del artillero.

Para hacer frente a blindados enemigos, dos  misiles Spike-LR antiblindados pueden ser instalados en ambos lados de la torreta con un alcance máximo de hasta 4 km.

Autoprotección
El casco del Dardo VCI está construido de aleaciones de aluminio soldadas con añadiduras de blindaje espaciado entre placas de acero para una mayor protección. Sobre el arco frontal del vehículo se ha incrementado la protección frente a los proyectiles APDS 25 mm. El blindaje lateral brinda protección contra impactos de armas de hasta calibre 14,5 que le disparen incluso proyectiles API. Cuatro lanzagranadas pueden disparar solamente granadas de humo del calibre 80 mm, y se instalan a ambos lados de la torreta, para un total de ocho.

Motorización

El Dardo está propulsado por un motor de seis cilindros en v (V6 turbo MCTA6V) hecho por la firma Iveco y refrigerado por agua, que otorga 512 CV (382,2 kW). Este va acoplado a una caja de marchas del tipo automática que se fabrica por Fiat Iveco bajo licencia de la misma caja diseñada por ZF Sachs para otros blindados. Los cambios de la transmisión son de cuatro marchas hacia adelante y dos marchas atrás, e incorpora el sistema de dirección y el retardador hidráulico en el mismo mecanismo.

El tren de rodaje consta de seis ruedas de doble revestimiento de goma en las orugas, y cuenta con tres rodillos de retorno en cada lado y orugas con conectores que permiten el cambio en combate. La suspensión consiste en un sistema compuesto de barras de torsión y amortiguadores hidráulicos en cada uno de los brazos de la suspensión. Aparte, cuenta con un sistema de frenos de disco en cada uno de los piñones de mando finales, que son controlados por un sistema integrado a la transmisión, que también proporciona ayuda extra en la frenada.

En conjunto, esto permite al blindado Dardo alcanzar velocidades de más de 70 km / h en carretera, y lograr una capacidad de maniobra frente a pendientes de más del 60%: además, es capaz de vadear aguas con profundidades de hasta 1,5 m sin preparación.

Variantes futuras
Los Dardos actualmente en servicio en el ejército italiano están equipados con el sistema de armas integrados a la torreta "Hitfist VIF". El chasis está destinado a ser el modelo básico de una línea de vehículos blindados que puede incluir un carro portamortero de 120 mm, un vehículo de mando (C3I), varios modelos de ambulancias y vehículos de rescate,y un carro de combate ligero equipado con una torreta que monta un cañón de calibre 105 mm.

Historial de combate
Varias brigadas italianas dotadas de Dardo VCI fueron desplegadas como parte de la contribución italiana a la Operación Libertad Iraquí en el 2004. Actualmente, 10 se encuentran asignados en Afganistán, para reforzar las agrupaciones tácticas italianas allí desplegadas. Además, algunas están en uso con el contingente de la UNIFIL italiana en el Líbano desde el 2004.

Referencias

Véase también

Enlaces externos

 Datos del blindado ''Dardo IFV en Army-technology (en inglés)
 Datos del blindado ''Dardo IFV en Globalsecurity (en inglés)

 Datos del blindado ''Dardo IFV en tanknutdave (en inglés)

Vehículos de combate de infantería blindados de orugas
Vehículos militares de Italia

Dardo (vehículo blindado)


The North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party (abbreviated Democratic-NPL or simply D-NPL) is the North Dakota affiliate of the national Democratic Party. It was formed as the outcome of a merger of two parties; the state previously had a three-party political system. It is one of only two state Democratic Party affiliates to have a different name from the central party, the other being the neighboring Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party. The party controls no North Dakota federal or statewide elected offices .

History
The North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party has roots in the Progressive Era of American history. At the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, progressives – including lawyers, merchants, editors, and professors – joined both the  Republican Party, which had strong control of state politics, as well as the state Democratic Party, the progressive faction of which called itself "the party of the laborer and the farmer." Although they did not alter the control of the Republican Party during this era, progressives found support in the Norwegian-settled state, especially in the east. By 1906, progressive sympathies were growing in opposition to what most saw as complete control of state politics by the railway companies. The initial organization and calls for reform laid a foundation that would soon grow into a statewide socialist workers' movement that eventually spread throughout the Midwest.

1906 through 1915
The prewar decade was marked by a series of progressive successes, starting with progressive Democrat John Burke's election as governor in 1906. Republican Alexander McKenzie's conservative political machine still controlled the Senate, but the House of Representatives was filled with progressive Democrats and Republicans, who managed to introduce many anti-railroad bills despite staunch opposition by lobbyists. Progressive reforms and legislation were passed during this time, including a direct primary law, a joint resolution for a constitutional amendment for initiative and referendum power, a public library commission law, and laws to enforce prohibition. Subsequent years would see the end of Alexander McKenzie and his Republican political machine. By 1908, the first State electoral primaries solidified his retirement. That year the Republican Party, free from McKenzie's conservative influence, crafted a progressive party platform. Progressive Democratic Governor John Burke enjoyed support of progressive Republicans.

North Dakota again demonstrated its progressive sympathies in 1912, when the state held the first United States Presidential Preference Primary on March 19. North Dakota Republicans favored progressive presidential candidate Robert M. La Follette over Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Though an angry Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party after losing the Republican nomination to Taft, he had little support from North Dakota, where many Progressives distrusted his backers, George Walbridge Perkins of the J.P. Morgan group and International Harvester. Because of such opposition, Woodrow Wilson carried the state in November. Republican Louis B. Hanna was elected governor in 1912 and 1914. Once in office, he and his legislative allies halted the creation of a state-operated grain elevator, which may have convinced progressives to unite in 1915.

Rise of the Non-Partisan League

When Arthur C. Townley came to Bismarck, North Dakota, in 1915, he saw strife between a conservative legislature and farmers' interest groups. With his background in organizing farmers for the Socialist Party (Socialist activity had begun in North Dakota in 1900 when Arthur Basset organized a socialist club in Fargo), Townley brought his expertise to North Dakota. He knew that with the recent strife in Bismarck between a conservative legislature and the American Society of Equity and its farm following, the time was ripe for a political revolution. Townley resolved to organize the farmers, so that they could control the primaries, whether it be Republicans or Democrats or both. This was the organization of the Farmers Nonpartisan League (later called the National Nonpartisan League). Townley organized the farmers of the state together for united action in nominating at the primaries and electing at the polls the men of their own choosing and men who would carry out their programs.

The Method of Organization was simple, scientific and successful. Organizers carefully went forth in ever increasing numbers to sell the idea to the farmers and to get their support for the new movement. The league grew quickly. The first members were pledged in February 1915. Before midsummer, there were 10,000 members, and before winter set in, there were 26,000 names enrolled.

The Nonpartisan League membership pledge was $2.50 a year, it later rose to nine dollars a year. The goals of the league were to use their collective best efforts to secure the nomination and election of men for office within the state. Men whom the investigations of the League have show by conviction, record and conduct do approve and will support legislation necessary for the purpose of saving millions of dollars each year for the farmer and were to be nominated and elected to carry out the league program.

The League program consisted of five planks:

 State owned and operated elevators, flour mills, and packing plants
 State hail insurance
 Exemption of farm improvements from taxation
 Fair grain grades, based upon milling and baking values
 Rural credits at cost

Each was designed to remedy what the farmers conceived as an abuse, and each was to lower the cost of producing and marketing grain.

The determination of the league fulfilled their pledge and many of their planks passed legislation. The growth of far left sympathies was on the rise in North Dakota. The Socialists had considerable success. They brought in many outside speakers; Eugene V. Debs spoke at a large antiwar rally at Garrison in 1915. By 1912, there were 175 Socialist locals in the state. Rugby and Hillsboro elected Socialist mayors.  The party had established a weekly paper, the Iconoclast, in Minot, North Dakota.

Throughout the decades, the League pushed for the establishments of state operated mills, elevators, and banks. The state was not entirely isolationist, just as it was neither entirely liberal nor entirely conservative. By 1952, the Non-partisan league was itself divided.

Toward a two-party system
Two factions divided the traditionally liberal Nonpartisan League, on one side the insurgents on the other the old guard.  Those that called themselves insurgents aligned liberally with pro-farmers' union, pro-organized labor, and pro-Democratic party groups. The Insurgents wanted to take the league into the Democratic Party.  In 1952, the "insurgents" formed the Volunteers for Stevenson Committee, to help elect then Democratic Candidate Adlai Stevenson. To the contrary the members of the old guard, also known as the Capitol Crowd, were more conservative, anti-farmers' union, antilabor, and pro-Republican segment of the league, these members wanted to keep the Nonpartisan League in the Republican Party; they supported Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential race. Over the next four years legislative polarization grew and the Nonpartisan League eventually split in two, in 1956 North Dakota was fundamentally realigned into a two party system. That year, the Nonpartisan League finally moved into the Democratic Party, and all Republicans joined in one organization. Two statewide parties vied for the votes of North Dakota citizens. Creation of the Democratic Nonpartisan League Party was codified in March during the League Convention, 173 to 3 voted yes to file candidates in the Democratic column. The new party introduced a full slate of candidates for state office and adopted a liberal platform that included the repeal of the Taft–Hartley Act, creation of a minimum $1.25 an hour wage, and a graduated land tax on property worth $20,000 or more. Two months later in May 1956 the Democratic Convention accepted the Nonpartisan League's candidates and adopted its platform. Republicans in North Dakota also united after conservative supports broke away from the league.

The Executive Committee of the NPL still formally exists within the party structure of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL. It was at one point headed by former State Senator "Buckshot" Hoffner (D-NPL, Esmond), Chairman, and former Lt. Governor Lloyd Omdahl, Secretary.

Although the Democratic Party was still the minority, the number of Democrats in the state legislature increased greatly. Before the league moved into the Democratic Party, there were only five Democrats among the 162 members of both houses of the legislature in 1955. In 1957 the number grew to 28, 1959 the numbers continued to grow reaching 67, despite a drop to 62 members in 1961, nevertheless, for the first time in history, North Dakota was becoming a two-party state.

Recent events
North Dakota has one of the lowest unemployment rates of all 50 states. The Nonpartisan League laid a foundation of enriched public ownership and responsibility in such institutions as a state bank. One study has drawn conclusions that publicly operated institutions such as the state bank have helped North Dakota weather economic storms.

The Bank of North Dakota was created to address market failures associated with monopoly power among large financial and business institutions in the early twentieth century. This market power meant that small farming operations had inadequate access to credit. One of the goals of the Nonpartisan League was to remedy limited access to credit by establishing this institution. A measure of the public good brought about by the Bank's establishment that still stands today is what some have identified as the Bank's role in reducing the impact of economic recession. The public-private relationship establishes roles assigned according to what each sector does best, allowing the mutual benefit of public and private banks balancing out inequality and building equality, thus creating an economic safety net for North Dakota citizens. These early roots of the Democratic-Nonpartisan League party have been celebrated for establishing a foundation that rights the state in times of national crisis and provides economic security to generations of the state's farmers.

Electoral history

Legislative Leadership

 Senate Minority Leader: Kathy Hogan
 Assistant Senate Minority Leader: Merrill Piepkorn
 Senate Minority Caucus Chair: Ryan Braunberger
 House Minority Leader: Zac Ista
 Assistant House Minority Leader: Joshua Boschee
 House Minority Caucus Chair: Jayme Davis

Members of the State House
As of the 66th session of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly (2019–2020), the Democratic-NPL Party holds both seats for 5 of North Dakota's 47 legislative districts in the North Dakota House of Representatives with two members and holds a single seat in 5 additional districts, for a total of 15 Democratic-NPL house members.

The 15 members are as follows:

Members of the State Senate
The 7 members of the North Dakota Senate are as follows:

U.S. House of Representatives

1st congressional district
1959–1960 Quentin Burdick

2nd congressional district
1965–1967 Rolland W. Redlin
1971–1973 Arthur A. Link

At-large Representative
1981–1992 Byron Dorgan
1993–2011 Earl Pomeroy

U.S. Senate history

Class I
1960–1992 Quentin N. Burdick
1992 Jocelyn Burdick
1992–2013 Kent Conrad
2013–2019 Heidi Heitkamp

Class III
1987–1992 Kent Conrad
1992–2011 Byron Dorgan

Election results

Presidential

Gubernatorial

See also
Politics of North Dakota
North Dakota Republican Party – North Dakota affiliate of the Republican Party
Political party strength in North Dakota

References

External links
North Dakota Democratic-NPL website

Democratic Party (United States) by state
Political parties in North Dakota
Political parties established in 1956
1956 establishments in North Dakota

State and local socialist parties in the United States


ملجأ العامرية أو رقم خمسة وعشرين هو ملجأ يقع بحي العامرية في بغداد، العراق، قصف أثناء حرب الخليج الثانية. فقد أدت إحدى الغارات الأميركية يوم 13 شباط/فبراير، 1991 على بغداد بواسطة طائرتين من نوع أف-117 تحمل قنابل ذكية إلى تدمير الملجأ مما أدى إلى مقتل أكثر من 400 مدنيٍ عراقيٍ من نساء وأطفال. وقد بررت قوات التحالف المهاجمة هذا القصف بانه كان يستهدف مراكز قيادية عراقية لكن أثبتت الأحداث أن تدمير الملجأ كان متعمدًا خاصة وأن الطائرات الأميركية ظلت تحوم فوقه لمدة يومين.
الملجأ أخذ اسمه من الحي الذي يقع فيه بين البيوت السكنية، بجوار مسجد ومدرسة ابتدائية، إنه ملجأ مجهز للتحصن ضد الضربات الكتلوية أي الضربات بالأسلحة غير التقليدية الكيماوية أو الجرثومية، محكم ضد الإشعاع الذري والنووي والتلوث الجوي بهذه الإشعاعات، ولقد أعلن الأردن الحداد على الضحايا لمدة ثلاث أيام وطلب مع إسبانيا بتحقيق دولي بالجريمة.
الملجأ يتسع لألف وخمسمائة شخص، يمكن أن يلجأوا داخله لأيام دون الحاجة إلى العالم الخارجي، فهو مجهز بالماء والغذاء والكهرباء والهواء النقي غير الملوث.
البناية ثلاثة طوابق، مساحة الطابق 500 متر مربع، سمك جداره يزيد على متر ونصف المتر كذلك سقفه المسلح بعوارض حديدية سمكها أربعة سنتيمترات، تؤدي أبواب الطوارئ الخلفية إلى السرداب وتؤدي سلالمه الداخلية إلى الطابق الأرضي حيث كان يقيم الملتجؤون.

تفاصيل الحادثة
في الساعة الرابعة والنصف فجراً قصفت طائرة أميركية الملجأ رقم خمسة وعشرين في حي العامرية غرب مدينة بغداد، ونفذت القنبلة الثانية للطابق الأرضي حيث ينام الملتجئون إلى الأمان، وكان الانفجار وكان الحريق، غلقت الأبواب، فلا يدخل منجد ولا يخرج طالب نجاة، ولقد صممت جدران الملجأ لتعزل من هم بالداخل من أي انفجار، ولكنها حبستهم في داخل الملجأ ليلقوا حتفهم بالموت حرقا.

لقى أربعمائة وثمانية أشخاص حتفهم في حادثة التفجير، ومن بينهم مائتان وإحدى وستون امرأة، واثنان وخمسون طفلا رضيعا، وكان أصغرهم طفل عمره سبعة أيام، لم يتم ايجاد أي أثر له ولا صورة، إضافة إلى 26 مواطناً عربياً.

نصب الملجا
من الأعمال النحتية التي جسدت هذه الحادثة هو هذا النصب، التي أوحت إلى بناء نصبٍ كبير، وهو ما يُمثّل حادثة ملجأ العامرية، يتَمَثّل هذا العمل النحتي بإظهار رأس إنسان من بين قوالب حجرية متينة محيطة به وتكون بَشَرَة الوجه مشدودة بإفراط قاسٍ مع معالم سطحيه متوتّرة كثيرة الظلال، أما تكوين الفم فيُوحي بصرخة متصلّبة أزلية. انّ المشهد الكلّي لهذا العمل النحتي يُثير الرعب في النفس ويحرّك المشاعر نحو مدى العُسْر الذي مرّ به الشعب العراقي آنذاك. ومن ناحية أخرى فإنه يطبع في الذهن مرارة مِحنة شعب مستمِرّة.

فيلم روائي
و قد انجز فلم روائي موثر جدا يجسد هذه الفاجعة، وكان الفيلم الروائي من إنتاج عراقي باسم فلم الفجر الحزين. وتأليف: صباح عطوان، وإخراج: صلاح كرم، والموسيقى التصويرية: نصير شمه، وكان الفلم من تمثيل: يوسف العاني — هديل كامل — آسيا كمال - بهجت الجبوري — سعدية الزيدي — ابتسام فريد — وآخرون.

مصادر

انظر أيضا
 فلم الفجر الحزين كامل: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnLEDR_7DI8
 حرب الخليج الثانية

العراق في 1991
أحداث فبراير 1991
أحداث فبراير 1991 في آسيا
العلاقات العراقية الأمريكية
بغداد في القرن 20
تاريخ بغداد
جرائم حرب
جرائم حرب أمريكية
حرب الخليج الثانية
ضربات جوية
ضربات جوية في العراق
ضربات جوية نفذتها الولايات المتحدة
فضائح الولايات المتحدة العسكرية
قتل جماعي في 1991
قتل جماعي في العراق
مجازر ارتكبتها الولايات المتحدة
مذابح في 1991
مذابح في العراق

ملجأ العامرية


La tricherie aux bridge peut consister à tenter d'obtenir le gain illégitime d'une partie de bridge, d'un prix dans une compétition de bridge, ou d'autres avantages liés à ce jeu.

Affaires révélées par Boye Brogeland (2015)
Le joueur norvégien  a créé un site bridgecheaters.com où il met en évidence des actes de tricherie par des bridgeurs professionnels.

Le 5 septembre 2015, l'équipe d'Israël, championne d'Europe en 2014 et composée de Lotan Fisher et Ron Schwartz se retira du Bermuda Bowl qui devait commencer le 26 septembre 2015.

Le 16 septembre 2015, la Fédération monégasque retirait la paire composée de Fulvio Fantoni et Claudio Nunes du Bermuda Bowl.

Articles connexes
 Tricherie

Notes et références

Compétition de bridge
Tricherie au jeu

Tricherie au bridge


Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin (abreviado Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull.) fue una revista ilustrada con descripciones botánicas que fue editada por el Bishop Museum de las Islas Hawaii desde el año 1922 hasta 1987. Fue sucedida por ''Bishop Mus. Bull. Bot..

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas en inglés
Revistas científicas de Estados Unidos
Revistas desaparecidas de Estados Unidos
Publicaciones fundadas en 1922
Publicaciones desaparecidas en 1987

Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin