Gelati () is a medieval monastic complex near Kutaisi in the Imereti region of western Georgia. One of the first monasteries in Georgia, it was founded in 1106 by King David IV of Georgia as a monastic and educational center.

The monastery is an exemplar of the Georgian Golden Age and a gold aesthetic is employed in the paintings and buildings. It was built to celebrate Orthodox Christian faith in Georgia. Some murals found inside the Gelati Monastery church date back to the 12th century. The monastery was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 because of its outstanding architecture and its importance as an educational and scientific center in medieval Georgia.

Overview and description
The monastery is located on a hill several kilometers to the northeast of Kutaisi. It also overlooks the Tskaltsitela Gorge. It is constructed of solid stone, with full archways. The plan of the main monastery was designed in the shape of a cross, the symbol of Jesus's crucifixion and of Christianity. The monastery was designed to be visible over much of the country, with its stone walls constructed to reflect sunlight. There are archways throughout the monastery, including the bell tower.

History
Construction began on the Gelati Monastery in 1106, under the direction of King David IV of Georgia, at which time Kutaisi was the capital of Georgia. It was constructed during the reign of the Byzantine Empire; in this period Christianity was the ruling religion throughout the empire. The monastery's main church, known as Church of Virgin the Blessed, was completed in 1130 (under the reign of David IV's successor, Demetrius I of Georgia), and was dedicated to Virgin Mary. The Monastery also acts as the burial site for King David IV, near which the Ancient Gates of Ganja, which were taken by King Demetrius I in 1138, can be found. The smaller chapels within the monastery date to the 13th century.

In addition to its religious purpose, the monastery was also constructed to function as an academy of science and education in Georgia: King David IV employed many Georgian scientists, theologians, and philosophers, many of whom had previously been active at various Orthodox monasteries abroad, such as the Mangana Monastery in Constantinople. Among its notable scholars were Ioane Petritsi, who translated several classics of philosophy but is best known for his commentaries on Proclus; and Arsen Ikaltoeli, known for his Dogmatikon, or book of teachings, influenced by Aristotle. The Gelati Academy employed scribes to compile manuscript copies of important works, and people of the time called it "a new Hellas" and "a second Athos".

Art

Triptychs
Triptychs were popular during the Byzantine Empire and important in Georgian culture. The triptychs represented another form of contribution to the church. Triptychs were a form of iconography for the congregation.

One of the most valuable icons housed in the monastery was the Khakhuli triptych, which was enshrined in the Gelati Monastery from the 12th century until being stolen in 1859. Although returned in 1923, it was in a reduced condition.

Mosaics
The interiors of the monastery hold mosaics in classic Byzantine style illustrating aspects of Christian belief. The largest, a 12th-century masterpiece depicting the Virgin Mary holding the baby Jesus, dominates the apse of the main church, and is an artwork of cultural importance in Georgia. Above the altar is situated a statue of the Virgin Mary, looking down at the baby Jesus she is holding.

Conservation
The monastery is still active and its churches continue to be regularly used for religious service. Under the supervision of UNESCO the site is being continually restored and protected. All the original structures of the monastery are intact and functional.

The mosaics and murals were damaged prior to UNESCO conservation, but halted when the roof of the academy building was replaced by Georgian conservators. By presidential decree, the monastery was added to the National Register of Monuments for protection and restoration in 2006.

Burials
Demetrius I of Georgia
David IV of Georgia
David V of Georgia
Solomon I of Imereti
Solomon II of Imereti
George III of Georgia
Vakhtang II of Georgia
Bagrat V of Georgia
Bagrat VI of Georgia
David IX of Georgia
George V of Georgia
Alexander II of Imereti
George of Chqondidi
Tamar of Georgia

Gallery

See also
Culture of Georgia
Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church
Motsameta monastery
World Heritage Sites in Danger

References

 Attribution
Adapted from the Wikinfo article Gelati Monastery by Levan Urushadze, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.

Further reading
Chichinadze, Nina. "Some Compositional Characteristics of Georgian Triptychs of the Thirteenth Through Fifteenth Centuries". Gesta, vol. 35, no. 1, 1996, pp. 66–76. . .
Derlemenko I︠E︡vhen Anatoliĭovych, and Gigilashvili Ėduard. Gelati : Arkhitektura, Mozaika, Freski (Fotoalʹbom]=Gelati : Architecture, Mosaic, Frescoes. Tbilisi, Khelovneba, 1982.
Hubert Kaufhold, Brill. Georgian Monasteries.
Mepʻisašvili, R. Gelati. "Sabčotʻa Sakʻartʻvelo", 1965.

External links

Gelati Monastery—UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Byzantine Art at Le site sur l'Art Roman en Bourgogne

1106 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Kutaisi
Burial sites of European royal families
Education in the Kingdom of Georgia
Georgian Orthodox churches in Georgia (country)
Georgian Orthodox monasteries
Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia
Tourist attractions in Imereti
World Heritage Sites in Danger
World Heritage Sites in Georgia (country)

Gelati Monastery


Bodrum Hâkimi, Türkân Şoray'la Kadir İnanır'ın başrollerini oynadığı, yönetmenliğini Türkân Şoray'ın yaptığı 1976 yapımı film. Romantik içerikli bu film, Türkân Şoray'ın yönetmenlik koltuğunda oturduğu dört filmden biridir. Döneminde çok büyük bir sükse kazanmıştır. Filmin müziklerini Cahit Berkay yapmıştır.

Filmin konusu, gerçek hayatta yaşanmış bir olay çıkışlı yerel bir türküden alınmıştır. Türkü ve dolayısıyla film, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk kadın hâkimlerinden olan ve 1951'de atandığı Bodrum'da 1954 yılında nedenleri kesin olarak günümüzde de açıklığa kavuşturulamamış ve çeşitli yorumlara konu olmuş bir şekilde intihar eden Mefaret Tüzün'ün öyküsünü zemin almaktadır.

Bu yorumlardan bir tanesi de Mefaret Tüzün'ün âşık olduğu mahkûm hakkında idam kararı vermesi sonrasında intihar ettiğidir.

1906 Kütahya Tavşanlı doğumlu olan Mefaret Tüzün'ün tam bir biyografisi, filmden uzun bir süre sonra 2002 yılında Belkıs Öztin Koparanoğlu tarafından kaleme alınarak yayınlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türk romantik dram filmleri
1970'lerde romantik dram filmleri
Uyarlama filmler
1976 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
Türkan Şoray'ın yönettiği filmler
İrfan Ünal'ın yapımcısı olduğu filmler
Safa Önal'ın senaryosunu yazdığı filmler
Cahit Berkay'ın müziğini yaptığı filmler
Çetin Tunca'nın görüntülediği filmler
Konusu Bodrum'da geçen filmler
Konusu Muğla'da geçen filmler
Gerçek olaylara dayanan filmler
Türk mahkeme salonu dramaları
Akün Film filmleri
1970'lerde Türkçe filmler
1976 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Bodrum Hâkimi


The American Football Women's League (AFWL) which debuted on May 15, 2002, was  one of the first women's football leagues formed, originally using the name WAFL, or Women's American Football League in 2001. The  AFWL officially disbanded in March 2003, due to money and attendance problems.

AFWL teams
Arizona Titans
Long Beach Aftershock
Los Angeles Lasers
Sacramento Gold Rush ?
San Diego Sunfire
San Francisco Tsunami

AFWL Championships

See also
Women's Professional Football League (WPFL)
Women's Football in the United States
List of leagues of American football

Defunct American football leagues in the United States
Sports leagues established in 2002
Sports leagues disestablished in 2003
Women's American football leagues
2002 establishments in the United States

American Football Women's League


Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, 1770 ex Miles Joseph Berkeley, 1851, sin. Strobilomyces floccopus (Martin Vahl, 1797 ex Petter Adolf Karsten, 1882), este o specie de ciuperci comestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Boletaceae și de genul Strobilomyces, a cărei nume generic este derivat din cuvântul grec antic (=con de brad). Acest burete, numit în popor  moșneagul pădurii sau hrib flocos, coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord, el se dezvoltă, crescând solitar sau în grupuri mici, numai în păduri de foioase, preferând stejari, fagi și castani. Timpul apariției este din iulie până în octombrie (noiembrie).

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru între 5 și 15 (20) cm, este inițial semisferică, devenind apoi repede convexă și aplatizându-se odată cu maturitatea. Cuticula este uscată, lânoasă, acoperită cu solzi mari, gri închiși până brun-negricioși, lânoși și piramidali pe un fond gri-albicios. Marginea prezintă franjuri albicioase, rămășite ale vălului universal. După o sectiune, carnea se colorează roz.
 Tuburile și porii: sporiferele sunt lungi (3 cm), simple, aderente la picior și ușor decurente precum gri-albicioase, la bătrânețe gri închise. După o leziune schimbă culoarea destul de repede în negricios. Porii sunt poligonali, de un gri murdar care se transformă după atingere în brun până negru.
 Piciorul: are o lungime de 8 până la 15 cm și o grosime de 1 până la 2 (3) cm, este plin și cilindric, la maturitate foarte fibros, fiind flocos, lânos, uneori reticulat în apropierea bazei. El prezintă un inel sau cel puțin o zonă inelară. Coloritul este gri-albicios, dar se decolorează imediat după tăiere negricios, în special spre bază.
 Carnea: este destul de tare și compactă în pălărie, dar foarte fibroasă în picior, Își schimbă culoarea ei gri-albicioasă după o leziune în  roz (pălărie) respectiv în negru (picior). Mirosul este slab, la vârstă însă neplăcut pământos, gustul la bureți tineri plăcut, devenind la bătrânețe amar.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori de un brun închis, rotunjori, cu creste ornamentate și linii ce formează o rețea, având o mărime de 10-12 x 8,5-10 microni.
 Reacții chimice: Buretele se decolorează cu acid azotic galben, cu anilină rozaliu, cu Hidroxid de potasiu roșu, mai târziu maroniu, cu sulfat de fier gri până gri-albăstrui și cu tinctură de Guaiacum albastru.

Confuzii
În mod general, această ciupercă nu poate fi confundată, fiind singura specie europeană de acest gen. Începători care nu sau uitat dedesubtul pălăriei, au confundat-o deja cu  comestibilul Sarcodon imbricatus (are țepi) sau cu otrăvitorul  Tricholoma tigrinum (are lamele).

Valorificare
Moșneagul pădurii este comestibil numai în stadiu tânăr, când piciorul încă nu este fibros iar mirosul și gustul mai sunt potriviți. După ce buretele apare destul de rar (câteodată lipsește câțiva ani) și gustul nefiind prea savuros, se recomandă cruțarea lui.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "700 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau - Stuttgart 1979 și 1980, ISBN 3-85502-0450
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "Pilze", Editura Silva, Zürich 1986
 Ernst Gäumann: "Vergleichende Morphologie der Pilze", Editura Gustav Fischer, Jena 1926
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas" ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983
 Rolf Singer: "Die Pilze Mitteleuropas", vol. 5 și 6: "Die Röhrlinge, pârțile 1 și 2", Editura Justus Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1965-1967

Legături externe

 Moșneagul pădurii, film

Boletaceae
Ciuperci comestibile
1770 în știință

Strobilomyces strobilaceus


An Teagueia in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Teagueia in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Teagueia

Teagueia


NGC 7402 je lećasta galaktika u zviježđu Ribama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7402
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7402 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7402 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7400 - 7449

7402

NGC 7402


La rata acuática de Ziegler (Hydromys ziegleri) es una especie de roedor endémico de Nueva Guinea. Fue descubierta para la ciencia a mediados de la década de 2000. Pertenece a la familia Muridae y es a menudo comparada con Hydromys hussoni por su similitud.

Descripción
Esta especie es una de las más diminutas del género. Es muy similar a H. hussoni. Su pelaje es de color marrón, brillante y de poca densidad. El vientre posee una tonalidad grisácea, mientras que las mejillas y la garganta son de color blanco; la cola es marrón oscura. Sus patas también son oscuras, generalmente largas y gruesas. Las garras son muy similares a las de la especie H. hussoni.

Descubrimiento
Fue descubierta en 2005 por K. Hegen, más tarde fue estudiado por Helgen y A. Allison en 2008. Se le puso el nombre de Ziegler como tributo al Dr. Alan C. Ziegler, del museo Bishop, especialista en mamíferos de Nueva Guinea.

Distribución y hábitat
Únicamente se ha registrado en su localidad tipo, Bainyik, en la ladera sur de la cordillera Princess Alexandra, en la isla de Nueva Guinea, a 200 m de altitud. Vive en arroyos y ríos de las zonas de selva tropical de las llanuras y probablemente puede vivir en zonas de mayor altitud.

Conservación y amenazas
Se ha catalogado en la Lista Roja de la UICN como "Especie con datos insuficientes" (DD) ya que se desconoce el área de distribución de la población, sus principales amenazas y el número de ejemplares que existen. De hecho, solo se han registrado dos ejemplares.

Podría estar amenazado por la actividad industrial maderera y la consecuente pérdida de hábitat de bosque pero se necesitan más estudios para verificar esta hipótesis.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Hydromys ziegleri ITIS Standard Report.

Murinae
Roedores de Nueva Guinea
Animales descritos en 2005

Hydromys ziegleri


Le 'KNM<ref group= Note>Les navires de la Marine royale norvégienne reçoivent le préfixe KNM, acronyme de Kongelig Norsk Marine (en français : Marine royale norvégienne.</ref> Utstein (numéro de coque : S302) est un sous-marin de classe Ula de la marine royale norvégienne.

Fabrication

Le navire a été commandé le  à Thyssen Nordseewerke à Emden, où la quille a été posée le . Il a été lancé le  et achevé le .

Service
Le KNM Utstein a participé en octobre 2014 à l'exercice Joint Warrior 142 et, en mars 2017, à l'exercice Joint

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste des sous-marins de la Norvège

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
  : vidéo du KNM Utstein naviguant dans le Hjeltefjorden le .

Sous-marin d'attaque conventionnel
Sous-marin de la marine royale norvégienne
Navire construit à Emden
Bateau lancé en 1991

KNM Utstein (1991)


Tatiana Mihailovna Gudkova (în ; n. 11 ianuarie 1993, Smolensk) este o scrimeră rusă specializată pe spadă.

S-a apucat de scrimă la vârsta de nouă ani. La categoria de juniori a fost lidera clasamentului general în 2011 și 2012, și dublă campioană mondială în 2012 și în 2013. Datorită acestor rezultate, s-a alăturat lotului național de seniori, cu care a fost vicecampioană europeană pe echipe și campioană mondială pe echipe în 2014.

Legături externe
  Prezentare la Federația Rusă de Scrimă

Scrimeri ruși
Sportivi ruși în viață
Spadasini

Tatiana Gudkova


Les Dix-Sept Pièces enfantines pour piano, op. 116, sont un ensemble d'œuvres de la compositrice Mel Bonis.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose ses Dix-Sept Pièces enfantines pour piano avant 1926, année de publication aux éditions Eschig. L'œuvre est dédiée à .

Structure
L'ensemble de l'œuvre est formée de dix-sept pièces :

 La Savoyarde
 Poupées japonaises
 Carillon
 Ronde de nuit
 Le Vieil invalide
 Valse lente
 En avant marchons
 Prière
 En bateau
 Cheval échappé
 Grand-mère gronde
 Cadichon
 Fileuse
 Maman chante du Fauré
 Nénette et Rintintin
 Pour l'orgue de Barbarie

Analyse
En 1926, la compositrice fait publier les Dix-Sept Pièces enfantines pour piano, formant un recueil de pièces pédagogiques à destination des débutants plus avancés.

Réception

Discographie

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Œuvre de Mel Bonis

Dix-Sept Pièces enfantines pour piano


Phantasmagoria je sedmi studijski album norveškog simfonijskog black metal-sastava Limbonic Art. Album je 19. srpnja 2010. godine objavila diskografska kuća Candlelight Records. Budući da je prethodni gitarist i klavijaturist sastava Morfeus napustio grupu neko vrijeme nakon objave albuma Legacy of Evil, sve je pjesme na albumu napisao i skladao Daemon.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Alex Henderson, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu tri od pet zvjezdica te je komentirao da je Phantasmagoria "vrlo vjerojatno najžešći album Limbonic Arta do danas. [...] [Sastav je na albumu] još uvijek melodičan te još uvijek preferira simfonijske elemente, [...] ali nije toliko uglancan kao primjerice Dimmu Borgir ili Cradle of Filth, jer Phantasmagoria teži nijansama i žestokoj energičnosti. Phantasmagoria je, kao i Legacy of Evil, pomalo neujednačena. No većinu vremena disk je privlačan [...] te činjenica što Limbonic Art koristi virtualne bubnjeve ne sprječava grupu pri zadavanju rana i ogrebotina".

Ostalo osoblje
Limbonic Art
 Daemon – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara, programiranje bubnjeva, produkcija, snimanje, miksanje
Ostalo osoblje
 Vebjørn Strømmen – naslovnica, dizajn
 Henrik Bruun – produkcija, snimanje, miksanje
 Turan Audio – mastering

Izvori

Albumi iz 2010.
Albumi sastava Limbonic Art

Phantasmagoria (album)


"Rules" é uma canção da rapper e cantora norte-americana Doja Cat, gravada para seu segundo álbum de estúdio, Hot Pink (2019). A canção foi escrita por Doja Cat, Yeti Beats, Lydia Asrat, Lukasz Gottwald, Theron Thomas, Ben Diehl e Salaam Remi, enquanto sua produção foi realizada por Tyson Trax ao lado de Ben Billions e Remi. "Rules" foi lançada através da Kemosabe e RCA Records em 24 de outubro de 2019, como terceiro single do álbum.

Antecedentes e lançamento
Doja Cat especulou a canção pela primeira vez publicando uma foto do vídeo musical em sua conta do Instagram em 16 de outubro de 2019, bem como outra foto do vídeo em 22 de outubro de 2019. "Rules" foi lançada como o terceiro single do segundo álbum de Doja Cat, Hot Pink, além de ser a terceira faixa do álbum.

Recepção da crítica
Após o lançamento da canção, Shaad D'Souza de The Fader colocou a canção na lista das 20 Melhores Canções Pop Agora admirando a "produção solta e divertida", bem como o "carisma e encanto" de Doja. Muitas publicações tais como Elle e Pitchfork elogiaram as "Regras" e apontaram as semelhanças da entrega lírica da Doja Cat com as de Kendrick Lamar.

Vídeo musical
Em 24 de outubro de 2019, um vídeo musical dirigido por Christian Sutton foi lançado. O vídeo retrata Doja como a chefe de uma gangue da Máfia dos Gatos com o vídeo ocorrendo no deserto.

Créditos e pessoal
Todo o processo de elaboração de "Rules" atribui os seguintes créditos:

 Gravação
 Gravada nos Eightysevenfourteen Studios (Los Angeles, Califórnia)
 Mixada nos Threejonet Studios (Los Angeles, Califórnia)
 Masterizada em Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, Califórnia)

 Pessoal

 Doja Cat: vocais, composição
 Ben Diehl: composição, produção, toda programação, toda instrumentação
 Salaam Remi: composição; produção, toda programação, toda instrumentação
 Tyson Trax: composição; produção, toda programação, toda instrumentação
 Lydia Asrat: composição
 Theron Thomas: composição
 David Sprecher: composição
 Kalani Thompson: engenharia
 Seth Ringo: assistente de engenharia
 Tyler Sheppard: assistente de engenharia
 Clint Gibbs: mixagem
 Danielle Alvarez: coordenação de produção
 Mike Bozzi: masterização

Desempenho comercial

Tabelas semanais

Certificações

Histórico de lançamento

Canções de 2019
Singles de 2019
Canções gravadas por Doja Cat
Canções compostas por Doja Cat
Canções compostas por Dr. Luke
Canções produzidas por Dr. Luke
Singles lançados pela Kemosabe Records
Singles lançados pela RCA Records

Rules


جيمي أر هوفا سائق وزعيم اتحاد العمال، ورئيس جمعية سائقي الشاحنات سابق في الولايات المتحدة. اختفى في ظروف غامضة عام 1975، و لا يعلم شيء عنه حتى الآن. من أشهر الشخصيات التي كتب عنها القصص، وصنع لها العديد من الأفلام في الولايات المتحدة، ولعل من أشهرها فيلم (هوفا) بطولة جاك نيكلسون.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

نقابيون قتلوا
أشخاص مفقودون
أشخاص من برازيل (إنديانا)
أشخاص من ديترويت
أشخاص من ديترويت (ميشيغان)
أشخاص من مقاطعة أوكلاند (ميتشيغان)
أمريكيون أدينوا بالرشوة
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
إساءة استخدام النظام القانوني
حاصلون على العفو الرئاسي الأمريكي
حالات أشخاص مفقودين في العقد 1970
حالات أشخاص مفقودين في الولايات المتحدة
حالات أشخاص مفقودين في ميشيغان
رؤساء نقابة سائقي الشاحنات الدولية
مجرمو القرن 20
مجرمون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مجرمون من إنديانا
مجرمون من ميشيغان
مدانون بالاحتيال أمريكيون
مواليد 1913
مواليد في برازيل (إنديانا)
نقابيون من ميشيغان
نقابة سائقي الشاحنات الدولية
وفيات 1982
وفيات في بلدة بلومفيلد (مقاطعة أوكلاند)
وفيات مجهولة السبب

جيمي هوفا


Kalkógen eða súrefnisflokkur er efnaflokkur í lotukerfinu sem inniheldur frumefnin súrefni, brennistein, selen, tellúr og geislavirka efnið pólon. Óstöðuga geislavirka tilbúna efnið livermorín er líka talið tilheyra kalkógenum. Stundum er súrefni tekið út fyrir flokk kalkógena þar sem það hagar sér mjög ólíkt þeim. Léttari kalkógenin eru nauðsynleg lífi en þau þyngri eru gjarnan eitruð. Selen kemur fyrir bæði sem nauðsynlegt næringarefni (sem snefilefni) og eitur (sem sölt). Tellúr er oftast eitrað, þótt sumar lífverur nýti sér það, og pólon er alltaf skaðlegt vegna geislavirkni sinnar.

Efnaflokkar

Kalkógen


Weet-Bix is a whole-grain wheat breakfast cereal created and manufactured in Australia and New Zealand by the Sanitarium Health Food Company, and in South Africa by Bokomo.

History

Weet-Bix was developed by Bennison Osborne  in Sydney, Australia in the mid-1920s. Osborne set out to make a product more palatable than Granose, a biscuit that was marketed by the Sanitarium Health Food Company at that time. On 19 August 1926, he lodged an application for registration of the trademark Weet-Bix, a name which he had devised.
Production began at 659 Parramatta Road, Leichhardt, under the management of Osborne and with the financial backing of Arthur Shannon, who created the company Grain Products to manufacture the cereal.  Osborne's friend Malcolm Ian Macfarlane from New Zealand joined him to take on a marketing role. The product was so successful that in October 1928, Shannon sold the rights in the product to the Australasian Conference Association Limited (Sanitarium Health Food Company, a wholly owned subsidiary and venture of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Australia). Macfarlane suggested that they ship the product to New Zealand, where it proved so successful that it became difficult to adequately supply the market from Australia. Osborne and MacFarlane went to New Zealand and factories were established in Auckland and Christchurch. However, once again, Shannon sold out to the Australasian Conference Association Limited.

Osborne and Macfarlane then exported the product to South Africa and with Shannon's financial backing, went to that country and a factory was built in Cape Town, with Osborne managing sales. This enterprise was also subsequently sold, this time to Bokomo.While in South Africa, Osborne and Macfarlane sought to obtain more satisfactory financial backing to secure Osborne's product.  A group was formed, Osborne refined the product and he and Macfarlane went to England to form the British & African Cereal Company, Ltd., which they registered in London in 1932, as a Private Company, with the proprietor shown as Weetabix Limited of Weetabix Mills, Burton Latimer, Kettering.  All shares in the company were specified to be under the control of the Directors, the first of whom were Bennison Osborne, Malcolm Ian Macfarlane, Alfred Richard Upton and Arthur Stanley Scrutton. For the purpose of differentiating the product from that sold in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the product was named Weetabix.
Osborne and Macfarlane became the joint managing directors with Osborne controlling production and Macfarlane controlling marketing. Sites for the factory were examined, with Burton Latimer in Northamptonshire eventually being chosen, due in part to the offer of a disused flour mill by a Mr. George, who requested shares in the company and who was subsequently offered a seat on the existing board of directors. In 1933, Macfarlane left the company to pursue other business interests, leaving Osborne as the sole managing director. George eventually became chairman of the board. Osborne sold his shareholding to the directors in July 1936, at which time the company was renamed Weetabix Limited.

Osborne proceeded at that time to the United States, establishing a Weetabix factory in Clinton, Massachusetts. However, the venture was unsuccessful. Weetabix eventually entered the US market from Canada via Clinton, Massachusetts, the site of the original US factory.

Gluten Free Weet-Bix
In July 2014 Sanitarium introduced Gluten Free Weet-Bix, produced from sorghum grains. Earlier in 2014, the company had recommissioned their Perth-based Weet-Bix factory into a dedicated gluten free manufacturing facility to produce this new product.

Brand popularity

Weet-Bix is seen in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa as an iconic national foodstuff. An online poll of 16,000 people in 2006 identified it as Australia's favourite trademark. The product has been marketed in Australia since 1985 with the catchphrase "Aussie Kids are Weet-Bix kids". Based on its success in Australia, a similar catchphrase was adopted six months later in New Zealand: "Kiwi Kids are Weet-Bix kids".

Weet-Bix cards
Sanitarium started to issue collectors' cards in 1942 as a marketing device in their boxes of Weet-Bix and some of their other breakfast cereal products including Granose, Bixies, Cerix and later Puffed Wheat, Puffed Rice, Weeta Puffs, Weeta Flakes and Corn Flakes. Sanitarium have also issued cards in their New Zealand products, sometimes similar to the Australian series but also series with a New Zealand focus such as the All Blacks-themed "Stat Attack" cards.

See also

 Weet-Bix cards – a list of Weet-Bix collector cards
 Weetabix – the UK variant that is now exported to around 80 countries.
 Shredded Wheat – another wheat-based biscuit cereal.
 Granola

References

External links
Weet-Bix Australia

Australian cuisine
New Zealand cuisine
South African cuisine
Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company brands

Weet-Bix


سامي سرحان (25 ديسمبر 1930 - 16 فبراير 2005) ممثل مصري. إسمه الحقيقي: أمين سامي الحسيني سرحان، وهو الشقيق الأصغر لكل من : شكري سرحان و صلاح سرحان ، عمل في المسرح والتلفزيون مثل في عدد من الأفلام. وله ابن يعمل أيضا بالتمثيل واسمه أسامه سرحان.

ممثل مصري، بدأ حياته الفنية في فترة الستينات ففي عام 1962 شارك في أول عمل فني له وهو فيلم بعنوان (الحقيبة السوداء)، لتتوالى أعماله بعد ذلك حتى أوائل القرن الواحد والعشرين. ومن أهم الأعمال التي شارك مسلسل (محمد رسول الله) في عام 1979، وأفلام (سوق المتعة، النوم في العسل، الواد محروس بتاع الوزير). ومن أبرز الأدوار التي قدّمها الفنان سامي سرحان دور وكيل وزير التربية والتعليم في فيلم (الناظر) عام 2000 ودور والد إنجي في فيلم (الأستاذ عبد العظيم) عام 2001. توفي في 16 فبراير عام 2005.

أعماله

أفلام

مسلسلات

روابط خارجية

مصادر

ممثلون مصريون
مواليد 1349 هـ
مواليد 1930
وفيات 1426 هـ
وفيات 2005

سامي سرحان


Soldatul este acel membru al forțelor armate, înrolat deja la modul efectiv, care ocupă treapta cea mai de jos a scării ierarhice (în afară de , care nu este un soldat, la modul efectiv, ci un soldat în pregătire)

Soldatul nu are pe nimeni în subordinea lui.

Este elementul de bază al armatelor, de buna lui pregătire depinzând, în cea mai mare parte, eficiența forțelor armate. Șeful său ierarhic imediat este . Ambii, caporal și soldat, sunt parte integrantă a ceea ce, în limbajul militar, se denumește .

În Marină, exceptând cazul corpului de , în loc de a fi soldați, sunt marinari.

În țările care fac parte din NATO, gradului de soldat ii corespunde codul OR-1 în conformitate cu standardul STANAG 2116 care standardizează .

Note

Vezi și
 Militar

Grade militare

Soldat (grad militar)


Johannes Köndgen (* 1. Mai 1946 in Freudenstadt) ist ein deutscher Jurist und Hochschullehrer an der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.

Leben
Nach dem Studium der Rechtswissenschaften in Berlin und Tübingen promovierte Köndgen 1976 über ein Thema aus dem Deliktsrecht. Die Habilitation erfolgte 1981 an der Universität Tübingen. Köndgen war zunächst Professor an der Universität Hamburg, dann ordentlicher Professor für Zivilrecht und Zivilprozessrecht an der Universität Hannover und danach Professor für Privatrecht, Handelsrecht und Rechtsvergleichung an der Hochschule St. Gallen (Schweiz). Seit 1995 ist er Professor für Rechtsvergleichung und Internationales Privatrecht an der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn und Direktor des dortigen Instituts für Internationales Privatrecht und Rechtsvergleichung.

Gastprofessuren führten ihn 1994 an die University of Florida in Gainesville, 1996 an die University of Oxford (Centre for the Advanced Study of European and Comparative Law) und 1998/99 an die Robert-Schuman-Universität Strasbourg.

Seit 1989 ist Köndgen Herausgeber der von Hartmut Schmidt und ihm gegründeten Zeitschrift für Bankrecht und Bankwirtschaft (ZBB).

Forschungsschwerpunkte
Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen im Bankrecht, Investmentrecht sowie in der Rechtsvergleichung und der Rechtsökonomik.

Schriften
Haftpflichtfunktionen und Immaterialschaden am Beispiel von Schmerzensgeld bei Gefährdungshaftung, Duncker & Humblot Berlin, 1976, ISBN 3-428-03665-4.
Selbstbindung ohne Vertrag – zur Haftung aus geschäftsbezogenem Handeln, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 1981, ISBN 3-16-644362-2
Zur Theorie der Prospekthaftung, Verlag Otto Schmidt Köln, 1983, ISBN 3-504-40011-0
Neue Entwicklungen im Bankhaftungsrecht, RWS-Verlag Köln, 1987, ISBN 3-8145-5001-3
Gewährung und Abwicklung grundpfandrechtlich gesicherter Kredite, RWS-Verlag Köln, 3. Auf. 1994, ISBN 3-8145-1182-4
Einbeziehung Dritter in den Vertrag, Verlag Versicherungswirtschaft Karlsruhe, 1999, ISBN 3-88487-758-5
Die vorzeitige Rückzahlung von Festzinskrediten – eine rechtsvergleichende und ökonomische Analyse, Knapp Verlag Frankfurt, 2000, ISBN 3-7819-0651-5
 (mit Schmies) Das Investmentgeschäft, in: Schimansky/Bunte/Lwowski (Hrsg.), Bankrechts-Handbuch, Bd. 2, Verlag C.H. Beck München, 4. Aufl. 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-61813-0

Weblinks
 Homepage des Instituts Internationales Privatrecht und Rechtsvergleichung

Privatrechtler (21. Jahrhundert)
Privatrechtler (20. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1946
Mann
Wirtschaftsrechtler (21. Jahrhundert)
Wirtschaftsrechtler (20. Jahrhundert)

Johannes Köndgen


An Carex fragosoana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlos Pau. An Carex fragosoana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex fragosoana


Régine Lemberger, dite Stefa Skurnik, née le  à Skierniewice (Pologne) et morte le  dans le  de Paris, est une résistante française membre des FTP-MOI (Francs-Tireurs et Partisans Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée), connue sous le pseudonyme de « Stefa » (également orthographié « Stepha ») dans la Résistance intérieure.

Biographie

Jeunesse en Pologne

Rivka (son prénom de naissance) est la fille de David Lemberger, boulanger et militant communiste. Sa mère se prénomme Gitla. Elle a trois frères : Nathan dit Norbert (né en 1920), Serge (1922) et Jean (1924). Suivant les traces de son père, l'un des membres fondateurs du Parti communiste polonais, elle s'engage très tôt dans sa jeunesse en faveur des mouvements ouvriers en Pologne et contre la montée des fascismes en Europe. Poursuivie dans son pays, elle s'exile à Paris en 1936.

Militance parisienne
Dans la capitale française, elle se réfugie d'abord chez son oncle Adolphe Bornstein, brocanteur du , puis s'installe provisoirement rue Mathis. Elle s'installe d'une façon plus pérenne au  rue des Immeubles-Industriels où sa famille la rejoint, au cœur du Yiddischland de Paris, dans le  arrondissement. Son prénom est francisé en « Régine ». Elle milite alors dans la section juive du Parti communiste français du  arrondissement et soutient notamment les Brigades internationales pendant la guerre d'Espagne.

En 1939, elle épouse Menesze Skurnik, dit Marcel Skurnik, né en 1910 à Varsovie, un autre militant parisien.

Engagement dans la Résistance
Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle devient « Stefa » et rejoint la Résistance, en tant qu'agent de liaison, auprès de la section juive de la Main-d'œuvre immigrée (MOI) et soutient le groupe Manouchian. Son époux Marcel est également un grand résistant.

Engagement associatif
Après la guerre, elle poursuit son engagement militant. Elle est notamment présidente de l'Union des sociétés juives de France, présidente de la société Amicale Varsovie et les Environs et membre du Conseil représentatif des institutions juives de France (CRIF). Elle est une figure associative connue du  arrondissement, où elle s'installe définitivement, au  boulevard Voltaire. Son engagement lui vaut d'être nommée au grade de chevalier de Légion d'honneur en 1998.

Elle meurt le  dans le  arrondissement.

Distinctions

Hommages
L'allée Stefa-Skurnik, située entre les  et le  arrondissements de Paris, est inaugurée le 27 mars 2019 en sa mémoire. Elle fait partie des allées en mémoire des grandes personnalités féminines du boulevard de Charonne et du boulevard de Ménilmontant.

Notes et références

Naissance à Skierniewice
Décès dans le 20e arrondissement de Paris
Personnalité du Parti communiste français
Résistante française
Résistant communiste français
Résistant juif
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur

Stefa Skurnik


Kimajući mekuš (poniknuti mekuš, lat. Melica nutans), vrsta trajnice iz roda mekuš ili suzica (Melica). Vrsta je raširen po velikim dijelovima Euroazije, uključujući i Hrvatsku.

Sinonimi
 Aira nutans (L.) Weber
 Dalucum nutans (L.) Bubani
 Melica amurensis (Prob.) Tzvelev
 Melica montana Lam.
 Melica montana Huds.
 Melica nutans subsp. amurensis Prob.
 Melica nutans var. composita Murr
 Melica nutans f. fissurae (Nyár.) Papp & Beldie
 Poa nutans (L.) Clairv.

Izvori

Meliceae

Kimajući mekuš


Francis Gilles Poullain-Patterson (nació el 15 de abril de 1967) conocido como Frankie Poullain, es el bajista del grupo de rock The Darkness. Nació en Edimburgo, Escocia. Estudió en la Real Escuela Superior desde 1984 a 1987.
Poullain es el único miembro de The Darkness no perteneciente a la zona de Lowestof. Antes de unirse a la banda trabajó como guía turístico en las montañas de Venezuela.
Poullain dejó la banda el 23 de mayo de 2005, citando como razón diferencias musicales con el grupo. Así, fue reemplazado por Richie Edwards, un extécnico de guitarra de la banda. Su partida causó un gran revuelo en la prensa, sobre todo en la revista NME, donde fue reconocido como el mejor miembro de la banda.
En marzo de 2011 la banda anunció su regreso con la formación original. Tocaron en el Download Festival .
El 20 de agosto de 2012 sacaron al mercado el álbum Hot Cakes, que supondría el regreso de la banda con Poullain después de 7 años. Después de este lanzamiento, el grupo The Darkness siendo Poullain bajista y a veces vocalista han publicado tres álbumes originales más, Last Of Our Kind, Pinewood Smile y Easter is Cancelled en 2019, todos con giras de conciertos europeas y americanas de éxito.

La autobiografía de Francis titulada "Dancing in the darkness" (Bailando en la oscuridad)  relata los altibajos de su vida con la banda, fue lanzado en noviembre de 2008.

Equipo
Poullain en sus conciertos utiliza un Gibson Thunderbird IV, reconocible por su reverso personalizado. Al tocar en directo permite visualizar una distorsión con un efecto muy natural. También utiliza el bajo Fender Precision.

Referencias
 http://cucharasonica.com/2011/03/the-darkness-reunion-oficial-2011-download-festival
 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=gibson+thunderbird+IV+poullain&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&rls=en&biw=840&bih=684&tbm=isch&tbnid=4rb4J9AV3rEVNM:&imgrefurl=http://outofthedarkness.co.uk/biography/frankie-poullain/equipment&docid=iA_8AMbWI0aQnM&imgurl=http://outofthedarkness.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/thunderbirdFrankiePoullain.png&w=600&h=292&ei=CC3VTufsAsjs8QO_g4SVAg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=363&vpy=160&dur=414&hovh=144&hovw=297&tx=116&ty=93&sig=117071436272977169522&page=1&tbnh=114&tbnw=234&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0
 http://www.amazon.co.uk/Dancing-Darkness-Frankie-Poullain/dp/184454544X

Enlaces externos
http://www.theactualdarkness.com/ página web de la banda.
http://www.myspace.com/frankiepoullain Myspace de Poullain.

Bajistas de rock
Músicos de Escocia
Nacidos en Edimburgo

Frankie Poullain


عدم الإنكارهو التيقن من الجهة التي قامت بعمل ما متصل بالمعلومات وعدم القدرة على إنكار قيامها فعلا بهذا العمل. بذلك تتوفر حجة إثبات بأن تصرفا ما قد تم من جهة ما في وقت معين، فمثلا، للتأكد من وصول بضاعة تم شراؤها عبر شبكة الإنترنت إلى صاحبها، ولإثبات تحويل المبالغ إلكترونيا، هناك وسائل عديدة تؤمن ذلك كالتوقيع الإلكتروني والمصادقة الإلكترونية. يستخدم في التوقيعات الرقمية، المقدرة على اظهار سلامة ومنشأ البيانات الموقعة إلكترونيا والتأكيد على أن وسائل إثبات ذلك لا يمكن دحضها.

مراجع

أمن الحاسوب
تعمية باستخدام المفتاح العام
قانون العقود
كاتب عدل
معلومات سرية

عدم الإنكار


Choi Hye-in (kor. ; * 8. August 1992) ist eine südkoreanische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Choi Hye-in wurde bei der Badminton-Juniorenweltmeisterschaft 2008 Fünfte im Mixed gefolgt von der Qualifikation für die Olympischen Jugend-Sommerspiele 2010, wo sie jedoch in der Vorrunde ausschied. Bei der Juniorenweltmeisterschaft des gleichen Jahres gewann sie Silber im Mixed und mit dem Team. Bei der Korea Open Super Series 2010 erreichte sie das Hauptfeld, schied dann allerdings schon in der ersten Runde aus. 2011 erkämpfte sie sich mit dem Sieg im Damendoppel bei den Vietnam International ihren ersten internationalen Turniererfolg.

Referenzen

Badmintonspieler (Südkorea)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Jugend-Sommerspiele 2010
Südkoreaner
Geboren 1992
Frau

Choi Hye-in


Svijet

Književna djela

 Podzemni grad Julesa Vernea
 Putovanje na kometu Julesa Vernea

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 2. srpnja – Hermann Hesse, njemački književnik († 1962.)

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

 Seljačka buna Augusta Šenoe

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1877.


«Hello Cold World» —en español: «Hola mundo frío»— es una canción de la banda estadounidense Paramore. El 7 de noviembre de 2011 fue lanzada como segundo sencillo de la caja recopilatoria Singles, también fue la segunda canción lanzada como parte de la aplicación Singles Club, disponible en descarga digital en la página web oficial de Paramore.

La canción fue grabada junto a «Monster», «Renegade» e «In The Mourning» en una sesión con el productor Rob Cavallo, quién anteriormente había trabajado con Paramore en su álbum Brand New Eyes (2009).

Recepción

Comentarios de la crítica

«Hello Cold World» recibió mayormente críticas positivas. Scott Shetler  de PopCrush comentó acerca de la canción que «el estribillo es pegadizo, pero se basa en el mismo cliché acerca de Williams tratando de mejorar la situación», también agregó: «"Hello Cold World" es una melodía acerca de ser feliz con su estilo de vida, y el tono optimista hará a la canción un éxito entre sus oyentes». Robbie Daw de Idolator llamó a la canción «una optimista canción pop rock, que trata de Williams cantando acerca del nerviosismo de ser un adulto joven». El sitio web Spin comentó que la canción «es mucho más que el sonido de una banda sonriendo». El crítico James de Under The Gun Review dijo que la canción «explora nuevos territorios del pop rock, sin dejar de lado la sensibilidad lírica que han mostrado a lo largo de su carrera».

Referencias

Sencillos de Paramore
Sencillos de 2011
Sencillos en inglés
Canciones de rock alternativo

Hello Cold World


Olaylar
 Nusaybin Barış Antlaşması, Romalılar ve Sasaniler arasında yapılan antlaşma

Doğumlar

Ölümler

298


Serbian Flower er plata eftir íslenska tónlistarmanninn Bubba Morthens. Hún kom út þann 1. nóvember 1988 í samstarfi við plötufyrirtækið Mistlur. Smáskífan Moon in the gutter var fyrsta og eina smáskífan til að koma út með lag af Serbian Flower.Sé til nokkurt réttlæti í heiminum verður þetta fyrst Íslenska gullplatan í Svíþjóð. Því hún er úr skíra gulli."

Claes Olson, gagnrýnandi Arbeterbladet

Lagalisti
Plata eitt: A-hlið

 Whale song
 I am just i
 Moon in the gutter
 Serbian Flower
 I miss you

Plata tvö: B-hlið

 President song
 Voices for freedom
 Six o'clock in the morning
 Mescalin
 Battlefield of sex

Bubbi Morthens
Hljómplötur gefnar út árið 1988

Serbian Flower


Yaylak, Sakarya ilinin Geyve ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Sakarya il merkezine 45 km, Geyve ilçesine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Geyve'nin mahalleleri

Yaylak, Geyve


Ledi Bianku (* 22. Februar 1971 in Shkodra) ist ein albanischer Rechtswissenschaftler und Richter am Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte.

Leben

Bianku studierte von 1989 bis 1993 Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Tirana und verbrachte während dieser Zeit auch ein Auslandsjahr an der Universität Trient. Nach seinem Abschluss arbeitete er von 1994 bis 2006 als Anwalt in Tirana. Unterbrochen wurde diese Tätigkeit lediglich durch ein kurzes Intermezzo bei der OSZE in Albanien in den Jahren 1998 und 1999.

Von 1995 bis 2007 lehrte er Europa- und Völkerrecht an der Universität Tirana, ab 1997 zusätzlich an der Albanian School of Magistrates. Von 1996 bis 1997 machte er einen Master in European Law am College of Europe in Brüssel.

Im Jahre 1999 gehörte Bianku zu den Gründern des European Centre in Tirana, dem er bis 2006 als Exekutivdirektor vorstand. Zwischen 2000 und 2007 fungierte er als persönlicher Berater des albanischen Staatspräsidenten, des Parlamentspräsidenten und der Minister für Justiz und europäische Integration.

Von 2006 bis 2007 amtierte er als Mitglied der Venedig-Kommission des Europarats und war zudem Vorsitzender der nationalen Rundfunkbehörde von Albanien. Von Februar 2008 bis 2019 war er Richter am Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte.

Weblinks

  auf der Webseite der Venedig-Kommission des Europarats
 Kandidatenvorschlag (PDF; 1,6 MB) der albanischen Regierung für den EGMR (S. 7–10)
 Kurzbiographie auf der Webseite des EGMR

Richter (Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte)
Menschenrechtsaktivist (Albanien)
Rechtswissenschaftler (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Tirana)
Absolvent der Universität Tirana
Albaner
Geboren 1971
Mann

Ledi Bianku


Chŏngjin (; ) is the capital of North Korea's North Hamgyong Province (함경북도) and the country's third largest city. It is sometimes called The City of Iron.

History

Prehistory
According to archaeological findings near the lower areas of the Tumen river, evidence of human living traces back to the paleolithic period.

Ancient and medieval history
According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the region was where the tribe kingdoms of Buyeo, Mohe, Okjeo, Yilou, Yemaek and Sushen existed. The region later was the territory of Goguryeo. After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, the region was ruled by the Tang dynasty. During the reign of Balhae, the region was under the subdivision donggyeongyongwonbu. The region was under the rule of the Jin dynasty and Yuan dynasty after the fall of Balhae by the Khitans.

Modern history

Chongjin was a small fishing village prior to the Japanese annexation of Korea; its date of establishment is unknown. The Chinese characters for its name mean 'clear river crossing'. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, Japanese forces landed at Chongjin and established a supply base due to its proximity to the front lines in Manchuria. The Japanese remained after the end of the war, and in 1908, declared the city an open trading port both for the transport of Korean resources and as a stopping point for resources from China. The city was known during this period as "Seishin", after the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese characters for its name. The Imperial Japanese Army's 19th Division was headquartered in Ranam from 1918, where the Japanese built a new planned city based on a rectangular street grid. In 1930, Nippon Steel built a large steel mill, the Seishin Iron and Steel Works, in the town. Ranam was annexed to Chongjin in 1940, which was elevated to city status. The city was overrun after a brief resistance by the Soviet Union on 13 August 1945, only two days before the end of World War II. Under the rule of North Korea, Chongjin remained an important military and industrial centre. It was directly administered by the central government from 1960–1967 and from 1977–1988.

On April 15, 1969 at 13:30 MT (1:30 PM), a Lockheed EC-121M Super Constellation of the US Navy (135749) was shot down by two North Korean MiG-17 fighters SE of Chongjin over the Sea of Japan. All 31 occupants were killed, making it the deadliest plane crash in North Korean territory. The plane was on a military flight out of Atsugi NAS.

During the North Korean famine of the 1990s, Chongjin was one of the worst affected locations in the country; death rates may have been as high as 20%. Conditions there remain poor in terms of food availability. This problem has caused several instances of civil unrest in Chongjin, a rarity in North Korea. On 4 March 2008, a crowd of women merchants protested in response to tightened market controls. Rising grain prices and government attempts to prohibit "peddling in the market" have been cited as causes for the protests. As a result of the protest, the Chongjin local government "posted a proclamation allowing peddling in the market." On 24 August 2008, a clash occurred between foot patrol agents and female merchants, which escalated into a "massive protest rally". It was reported that the Chongjin local government-issued verbal instructions relaxing the enforcement activity until the time of the next grain ration.

Administrative divisions
From 1948 to 1960, 1967 to 1977, and 1987 to present, Ch'ŏngjin was governed as a part of North Hamgyong Province. From 1960 until 1967, and again from 1977 to 1987, Chongjin was administered as a directly governed city.

Ch'ŏngjin is divided into 7 wards (구역, kuyŏk, ).
 Ch'ŏngam-guyŏk (청암구역, )
 P'ohang-guyŏk (포항구역, )
 Puyun-guyŏk (부윤구역, )
 Ranam-guyŏk (라남구역, )
 Sinam-guyŏk (신암구역, )
 Songp'yŏng-guyŏk (송평구역, )
 Sunam-guyŏk (수남구역, )

Geography
Chongjin is located in the northeast of North Korea, in North Hamgyong Province, near the East Korea Bay (Kyŏngsŏng Bay) in the Sea of Japan. The Susong River (수성천) runs through the city; contained in the city are the Sodu Stream (서두수) and Mount Komal (고말산).

Climate
Chongjin has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dwb) with cold, dry winters and warm, rainy summers.

Economy
Chongjin is one of the DPRK's important steel and fiber industry centers. It has a shipyard, a locomotive plant, and a rubber factory. Near the port area are the Chongjin Steel Co., Chemical Textile Co., May 10 Coal Mine Machinery Factory, and Kimchaek Iron & Steel (which was called Nippon Steel during the Japanese occupation); however industrial activities in the city have been severely handicapped due to a lack of resources. Despite this, however, Chongjin is estimated to have a 24 percent share of the DPRK's foreign trade and is home to a resident Chinese consul who serves Chinese merchants and businesspersons operating in the northeast of the country. Chongjin also contains Sunam Market, an example of market economics in North Korea.

Because of the heavy concentration of industries in the area, Chongjin is also the DPRK's air pollution black spot. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent shortage of oil to generate electricity, many factories have been shuttered. One of the first senior U.N. officials permitted to visit the area, Tun Myat, observed in 1997 when the North Korea economic crisis reached its peak, "Chongjin was like a forest of scrap metal, with huge plants that seem to go on for miles and miles that have been turned into rust buckets. I've been all over the world, and I've never seen anything quite like this."

Chongjin Bus Factory, established in 1981, supplies a large number of buses and trolleybuses to Chongjin. It also builds the trams used within Chongjin, including one articulated tram. In recent years, the factory has built more trolleybuses that visually resemble the Chollima-321 of the Trolleybuses in Pyongyang.

The city is powered by the Chongjin Thermal Power Plant. The coal used by the power plant is allegedly mined in Kwan-li-so No.22, although since then the prison has apparently been closed. The plant has an estimated generation capacity of 150 MW.

Other industries
 Chosun Clothing Factory – makes Vinalon cloth into uniforms
 North Hamgyong Provincial Broadcasting Company
 Majon Deer Company – makes medicine from deer antlers
 Second Metal Construction Company
 Onpho Hot Springs
 Soenggiryong mines – kaolin mine
 North Hamgyong Provincial E-Business Institute

The area has little arable land, so the famine in the 1990s hit the residents of Chongjin particularly hard. During the late 1990s, the city's residents experienced some of the highest death rates from famine, which might have been as high as 20 percent of the population. By 1995, the local frog population was wiped out due to overhunting.

Prisons
 In Chongjin political prison camp (Kwan-li-so No. 25), a large prison complex in Susong-dong (northern part of Chongjin), more than 3,000 political prisoners are allegedly forced to manufacture bicycles and other consumer goods.
 Chongori reeducation camp (Kyo-hwa-so No. 12) is located halfway between Chongjin and Hoeryong.
 The Nongpo Detention Center, which was built during the Japanese occupation, is still in use but under new management.

Shipping
Chongjin's port has established itself as a critical component of busy international shipping trade with neighbouring parts of Northeast and Southeast Asia. Of DPRK's eight international shipping ports, Chongjin is thought to be the second most economically important (after Nampho port on the west coast) and serves as a base of trade to Russia and Japan. Chongjin also boasts a seamen's club which serves to cater for foreign crews as well as a meeting base for North Koreans and foreigners engaged in the shipping trade.

The People's Republic of China and Russia have set up their consulates in Chongjin. It is unique for a North Korean city to have a foreign consulate. Chongjin is the administrative centre of the North Hamgyong Province.

Transport

Air
Orang Airport located in Orang County 40 kilometres from Chongjin is equipped with a  runway on military and civilian dual purpose air station (CHO). North Korea planned to upgrade an old airport near Hamhung as late as 2003, so that it would have a  runway, and would act as the nation's second international airport. However, it is still not completed.

Rail
The Wonson-Rason Railway and Chongjin-Rason Railway (Pyongra Line) electric railways operated by the Korean State Railway connect Rason and capital Pyongyang.

Urban transit
Chongjin is the only city in North Korea other than Pyongyang to operate a tram system. These trams are all locally manufactured. It consists of one line built in two phases, phase 1,, and phase 2,. It has a turning loop in Pongchon and Namchongjin, with the depot located in Sabong.

A trolleybus system also operates with 3 lines: Chongam - Yokchon, Hae'an - Sabong and Namchongijn - Ranam.

Education

Universities and colleges
There are several state-run higher educational facilities located here, such as:

 Chongjin University of Technology
 Chongjin Mine University
 Chongjin University of Education No. 1 (Oh Jungheup University)
 University of Education No. 2
 Hambuk University It used to be called Hambuk Agricultural University formerly until 1993.
 Chongjin University of Medicine
 Chongjin College of Light Industry
 Chongjin College of Metal Engineering
 Chongjin College of Automation Engineering

The Kim Jong-suk Teachers' College, which was named after Kim Jong Il's mother, Kim Jong-suk, is in Chongjin.

Schools
Schools for gifted and talented students include:

 Chongjin No.1 Senior Middle School: One of science high schools for gifted students in North Korea.
 Chongjin School of Foreign Languages
 Chongjin School of Arts

Culture
There is an aquatic product research center. Famous scenic sites include hot springs and Mt. Chilbo. Chongjin's most famous product is processed squid.
The city is home to the football team, the Ch'ŏngjin Chandongcha.

The local newspaper is the Hambuk Daily.

Chongjin is featured in the book Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea by Barbara Demick.

Other cultural locations
 North Hamgyong Province Theater (함경북도 극장)
 Chonmasan Hotel for foreign visitors to stay at, built to convey the power of the government over the individual; in 1997, a French aid worker from Action contre la Faim was allowed to stay there but was not let out of the hotel to observe the famine conditions.
 Pohanng Square has a 25-foot bronze statue and the Revolutionary History Museum
 Inmin Daehakseup Dang (Grand People's Study House)
 Chongjin Children's Palace (청진학생소년궁전): Artistic talented students do extracurricular activities here after school.

Sister cities
Chongjin has two sister cities:
 Changchun, China
 Jilin, China

Notable people from Chongjin
 Jang Song-thaek, North Korean politician and uncle of Kim Jong Un, current leader of North Korea
 Kim Swoo-geun, South Korean architect
 Kim Yik-yung, South Korean ceramic artist
 Pak Chang-sik, North Korean politician
 Ri Sol-ju, the First Lady of North Korea and the wife of North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un.
 Ri Ul-sol, North Korean Marshal and politician
 Shin Sang-ok, South Korean film producer and director
 Kang Nara (born 1997), North Korean defector living in Seoul, South Korea

Historic gallery

See also

 List of cities in North Korea
 Geography of North Korea

References

Further reading

Dormels, Rainer. North Korea's Cities: Industrial facilities, internal structures and typification. Jimoondang, 2014.

External links

 City profile of Chongjin

Cities in North Hamgyong
Port cities and towns in North Korea

Chongjin


ශ්‍රී ලංකා සංඥා බලකාය (ශ්‍රිලංසංබ) (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Sri Lanka Signals Corps) සන්නිවේදනය, තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය සහ විද්‍යුත් සංග්‍රාමික කටයුතු සැපයීම සඳහා වගකිව යුතු ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද හමුදාවේ බලකායක් වේ. මෙම බලකාය නිත්‍ය රෙජිමේන්තු දහයක් හා ස්වේච්ඡා රෙජිමේන්තුවකින් සමන්විත වේ. සියලු වර්ගවල විදුලි සංදේශ කටයුතු සහ තොරතුරු පද්ධති ස්ථාපනය කිරීම, නඩත්තු කිරීම හා මෙහෙයවීම ඒහි කාර්ය භාර්ය වේ. ඒහි රෙජිමේන්තු මුලස්ථානය යුද්ධ හමුදා ජනපදය පනාගොඩ තුල ස්ථාපිත කර අැත.

ඉතිහාසය
1943 ඔක්තෝබර් 19 වනදා ලංකා ආරක්ෂක බලකායේ කොටසක් ලෙස ස්ථාපනය කරන ලද එය 1949 පෙබරවාරි 9 දින ලංකා හමුදාවේ පිහිටුවීමත් සමග සංඥා ඒකකයක් ලෙස ප්‍රථිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී. මෙම යුද හමුදා මූලස්ථානයේ මුලික කර්යය වූයේ යුද හමුදා මූලස්ථානය සහ සන්නිවේදන කිරීමයි. එහි ශාඛා. 1949 දී ස්ට්රෝඩර් සංඥා ඒකකය ලුතිතන් කර්නල් සීආර් ද සිල්වා විසින් අණ දෙනු ලැබීය. 1950 අග භාගය වන විට මෙම හමුදා භටයින් 1 නිලධාරියෙකු සහ සෙසු නිළයන් 17 දෙනෙක් වූහ. ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යයන් යුද හමුදා මූලස්ථානයේ සංඥා කාර්යාලයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම, සංඥා යැවීමේ සේවාව සැපයීම, ස්විච්ට් පුවරුවක මෙහෙයවීම සහ භූගත සහ ක්ෂේත්‍ර කේබල් ඉදිකිරීම හා නඩත්තුව. වර්ෂ 1951 මැයි මාසයේදී දියතලාවෙහි තවත් සංඥා කාර්යාලයක් පිහිටුවන ලදි. එම අවස්ථාවේදීම පිහිටුවන ලද ගරිසීන් මූලස්ථානයේ සේවය කරන ලදි. 1951 ඔක්තෝබර් 1 වන දින වන විට හමුදා භට පිරිස් 4 දෙනෙකුගෙන් යුත් කණ්ඩායමක් සහ සෙසු නිළයින් 142 දෙනෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වූ භට පිරිස් විසින් උත්සන්න විය.

1951 දී රාජකීය සංඥා ලාංඡන පැළඳවීම සඳහා සිංග්ලිං සිග්නල් ලාංඡන පැළඳවීම සඳහා නිල අවසරය ලබා දී ඇති අතර සිලෝන් සංඥා බලකායේ රෙජිමේන්තු පා ගමන ලෙස රාජකීය සංඥා මාණ්ඩලිකයන් ලෙස බෙග්ඩන් ඩෝල්ට් කන්යායනය හා ලංකා සිග්නල්ස් 1 වන රෙජිමේන්තුව පිහිටුවා ඇත. ලිට්රි කෝල් ඩී.වී. බ්‍රේා්හියර් එහි ප්‍රථම අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. මිලිටරි කුමන්ත්‍රනයකින් පසුව 1962 දී දෙවන ස්වේච්ඡා සංඥා රෙජිමය විසුරුවා හරින ලද අතර එහි ඉතිරි පිරිස ජාතික සේවා රෙජිමේන්තුව (NSR) පිහිටුවීමට මාරු කර ඇත.

1972 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ජනරජයක් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරමින් ශ්‍රී ලංකා සංඥා බලකාය ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. 1980 දී නව ස්වේච්ඡා බලඇණියක් උත්පාදනය කරන ලදී. සම්භාව්ය කාර්යභාරය ඉටු කිරීමේ දී ඉහලම මට්ටමේ අණ දෙන නිලධාරි මූලස්ථානයේ සිග්නල් නිලධරය යටතේ ඒකාබද්ධ සංඥා ඒකක සමග සංඥා බලසේනාවේ මට්ටම දක්වා වර්ධනය වී තිබේ. සංඥා බලකාය සන්නද්ධ ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සහ පසුපස සන්නිවේදනය, විද්‍යුත් යුද්ධ හා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂනය සහාය ලබා දීම මගින් සන්නද්ධ සහ සහාය අවි සඳහා සහාය ලබා දේ. මෙම සංඥා ඒකක සහ උප ඒකක සියල්ල පරිපාලනමය ලෙස පනාගොඩ යුද හමුදා ජනපදයෙහි හි පිහිටි රෙජිමේන්තු මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ අනුපිළිවෙළට පත්ව ඇත.

මූලස්ථාන/ඒකක

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 මෙිජර් ජෙනරාල් සිජේ අබෙිරත්න වීඑස්වි යුඑස්පි
 මෙිජර් ජෙනරාල් ඒඑම්ජිඩබ්බි සෙනවිරත්න වීඑස්වි යුඑස්පි පිඑස්සි
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 මෙිජර් ජෙනරාල් ටීඑෆ් මීඩින් ආර්එස්පි එල්ඩිඑම්සි, URL 1: http://fadylmeedin.branded.me/  URL 2: http://fadylmeedin.jimdo.com/
 මෙිජර් ජෙනරාල් ඊපි ද ඉසෙඩ් අබෙිසේකර යුඑස්පි එම්එස්සි
 මෙිජර් ජෙනරාල් එස්ඒපිපි සමරසිංහ ආර්එස්පි යුඑස්පි පිඑස්සි
 මෙිජර් ජෙනරාල් කේආර්පි රොවෙල් ආර්ඩබිපි යුඑස්පි එන්ඩියු පිඑස්සි යුඑස්ඒසිජිඑස්සි
මේජර් ජෙනරල් බීඑච්එම්ඒ විජේසිංහ යූඑස්පී එන්ඩීයූ පීඑස්සී
මේජර් ජෙනරල් එන් එම් හෙට්ටිආරච්චි වීඑස්වී යූඑස්පී පීඑස්සී එච්ඩීඑම්සී එම්එම්එස්
මේජර් ජෙනරල් ඩී ඒ පී එන් දෙමටන්පිටිය එන්ඩීයූ පීඑස්සී
මේජර් ජෙනරල් පීඒජේ පීරිස් එන්ඩීයූ
මේජර් ජෙනරාල් එච්එම්එල්ඩී හේරත් ආර්එස්පී යූඑස්පී පීඑස්සී
මේජර් ජෙනරාල් කේ.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්.එස් රත්නායක එන්ඩීයූ (වර්තමාන)

Notable members
 Major General Piyal Abeysekera (also known as E P De Z Abeysekera) USP, MSc - former Deputy Chief of Staff of Sri Lanka Army
 Lieutenant Colonel Gotabhaya Rajapaksa, RWP, RSP, GR - Permanent Secretary Ministry of Defence, Public Security, Law & Order (1st commissioned to SLSC in 1972)
 Major General WJTK Fernando, psc - former CO, 1SLSC
 Major General CJ Abayaratna, VSV, USP - 1st Colonel Commandant, SLSC, former Signals Brigade Commander & former CO, 1SLSC
 Major General AMCWB Senewiratne, VSV, USP, psc - 4th Colonel Commandant, SLSC & former CO, 3 SLSC
 Major General YSA de Silva, USP - 5th Colonel Commandant, SLSC, former Sig Brigade Commander & former CO 4 SLSC
 Major General Tuan Fadyl Meedin, RSP - 6th Colonel Commandant, SLSC, former Chief Signals Officer (CSO), Chief Innovations Officer (CIO), Signal Brigade Commander, Chief Controller, Centre for Research & Development, MODSL, Centre Commandant & former CO 1 SLSC
 Major General KAWS Ratnayake ndu - Chief Signal Officer of the Sri Lanka Army and the Regimental Commander and Colonel Commandant of the Sri Lanka Signal Corps
 Lieutenant Colonel DV Brohier - First Commanding Officer, Ceylon Signals Corps
 Lieutenant Colonel Basil R Jesudasan - former Commanding Officer, 2nd Volunteer Signals, Ceylon Signals Corps & accused conspirator in the 1962 coup d'état attempt
 Colonel KAWS Ratnayake- Commanding officer 7th Regiment/9th Regiment and former Commandant of School of Signals Sri Lanka Signal Corps
 Lieutenant Colonel R Elvitigala - Commanding officer 1st Regiment Sri Lanka Signal Corps
 Lieutenant Colonel KAWS Ratnayake - Commanding officer 9th Regiment Sri Lanka Signal Corps 2008 - 2010
 Lieutenant Colonel Laknath De Silva - Commanding Officer - Information Technology Unit (11 SLSC) 2008-2010
 Lieutenant Colonel Nalin Jayaratne - Commanding Officer - Information Technology Unit (11 SLSC) 2010-2013

Alliances
   - Royal Corps of Signals

Order of precedence

මේවාද බලන්න
 ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදාව

භාහිර සබැදි
ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදාව
යුද්ධ හමුදා රෙජිමේන්තු, බලකා සහ ඒකක

ශ්‍රී ලංකා සංඥා බලකාය


ලංකා ලිනක්ස් භාවිත කණ්ඩායම (කෙටි නම:LK-LUG) නිදහස් හා විවෘත මූලාශ්‍ර මෘදුකාංග (Free and Open Source Software) (FOSS) ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රචලිත කරවීමේ පුරෝගාමී සංවිධානයකි.
1998 දී සාමජිකයින් 40 දෙනෙකුගෙන් ආරම්භ කරන ලද මෙයට අද ලොව වටා සිටින GNU/ලිනක්ස් ලෝලීන් දහස් ගණනක් එක්වී ඇත.

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු
LK-LUG වෙබ් අඩවිය
LK-LUG තැපැල් ලැයිස්තු Archive
සිංහල GNU/ලිනක්ස්
තැප්‍රෝබේන් GNU/ලිනක්ස්
FOSS User Community

ලිනක්ස් භාවිත කණ්ඩායම්

ලංකා ලිනක්ස් භාවිත කණ්ඩායම


Andrea del Verrocchio, (Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni olarak doğmuştur), (yaklaşık 1435 -1488) Lorenzo de' Medici'nin himayesinde çalışan etkili bir Floransalı heykeltıraş, kuyumcu ve ressam.

Donatello'dan heykel, Baldovinetti'den resim dersleri aldı. Öğrencileri arasında Leonardo da Vinci, Pietro Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio ve Sandro Botticelli sayılabilir. Aynı zamanda Mikelanj'ı da etkilemiştir. Erken Rönesans döneminin dingin klasik tarzında eser vermiştir. Leonardo da Vinci'ye lir çalmayı öğretmiş, resim yeteneğini ilerletmesi için katkılarda bulunmuştur.

Galeri

15. yüzyıl İtalyan ressamları
İtalyan heykeltıraşlar
Rönesans ressamları
1435 doğumlular
1488 yılında ölenler

Andrea del Verrocchio


Cahit Berkay (d. 3 Ağustos 1946, Isparta), Moğollar adlı müzik grubunun kurucularından Türk müzisyendir.

Hayatı

Moğollar
1946'de Isparta da doğdu. Memleketi Senirkent tir. 1959'da ailesi ile birlikte İstanbul'a geldi. Fındıklı Ortaokulu'nun ardından Kabataş Erkek Lisesi'ni bitirdi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesinde yüksek eğitimini tamamladı.

Müziğe ilkokulda mandolin çalarak başladı. 1960-1965 tarihleri arasında amatörce müzik yaptı. 1962'de "Siyah İnciler" adlı grubunu kurdu. 1965'te Selçuk Alagöz orkestrasında profesyonel müzik dünyasına adım attı. Selçuk Alagöz ile 1966'da Altın Mikrofon'a katıldı ve 3. oldu. 1967'de ise Rana Alagöz'ün arkasında çalıp, 1967 Altın Mikrofon'da bir kez daha üçüncü oldu.

1968'de Alagöz orkestrası bateristi Engin Yörükoğlu ile Moğollar adlı rock grubuna, gitarist Tahir Nejat Özyılmazel'in yerine girdi. Grubun ilk dönemlerinden besteleri Aziz Azmet ve Murat Ses ikilisi yaparken, Azmet'in 1970'te gruptan ayrılması ise Cahit Berkay besteci kişiliğini ön plana çıkardı. Cahit Berkay'ın ön plana çıkması ile grup Psychedelic rock ve rock and roll yerine daha folklorik  ve Anadolu rock adı verilen tarza yöneldi. Gitar dışında bağlama, cura ve yaylı tambur da çalmaya başladı.

Cahit Berkay bestesi "Dağ ve Çocuk" ile popüleriteleri arttı ve 1971'de yeni bir grup arayan Barış Manço ile çaldılar. Bir yandan da solo kariyerine devam eden grup aynı yıl Danses et Rythmes de la Turquie albümünü çıkardı. Çoğunluğu Murat Ses bestelerinden oluşan bu albüm, Fransa'da "French Academie Charles Cros Grand Prix Du Disque" ödülü aldı. Bu ödül sonrası Manço'dan ayrılan grup kendi kariyerlerini devam ettirmeye karar verdi.

Moğollar, bu dönemden sonra solo 45'likler yanında, Selda Bağcan, Cem Karaca ve Ali Rıza Binboğa ile de çalıştı. Karaca'nın en önemli şarkılarından "Namus Belası" kaydedildi. 1975'te Berkay, yeniden Paris'e döndü. Eski grup arkadaşı Engin Yörükoğlu ile Moğollar'ı ikili olarak devam ettirdi. 1975'te neredeyse hepsi Berkay bestesi olan "Hittit Sun" albümü yurtdışında piyasaya çıktı. Bunun başarısı ile Berkay ve Yörükoğlu, 1976'da Klasik Türk müziği eserlerinden oluşan "Ensemble d'Cappadocia" albümünü çıkardı ancak albüm çok az sattı. 1976'da Kütahya'da kısa dönem askerlik yaptı. Berkay, grubu 1978'e kadar devam ettirse de grup dağıldı.

1993'te toplanan imza kampanyası ile Moğollar yıllar sonra tekrar bir araya gelmeye karar verdi. Grup bir yıl sonra "Moğollar 94" albümü ile geri döndü. Önceki dönemlerinden farklı olarak politik ve çevreci mesajlar vermeye başladılar. Şarkıların çoğu Cahit Berkay'a aitti. Ayrıca, Berkay bu albümle birlikte vokallere de geçmişti. Berkay'ın söz yazımında Turgut Berkes ile çalıştığı 1996 tarihli "4 Renk" ve 1998 tarihli "30. Yıl" albümleri de 1994 albümü tarzındadır.

Cahit Berkay, grup arkadaşı Taner Öngür ile birlikte Coca Cola'nın sponsorluğunu yaptığı Rock'n Coke festivaline karşı olarak Barışarock festivalinin düzenlenmesine destek oldu. 2004'te "Yürüdük Durmadan" albümü çıkardılar. 2008'de Cahit Berkay, vokali Cem Karaca'nın oğlu Emrah Karaca'ya bırakıp, gitarist ve besteci olarak Moğollar'da devam etti. Çoğu Berkay bestesi olan "Umut Yolunu Bulur" albümü 2009'da yayınlandı.

Film müziği

Berkay, Moğollar'dan da önce 1965'te Buzlar Çözülmeden filminin müziğini Şahin Gültekin ile bestelemişti. Moğollar'ın son döneminde ise Berkay, sinema filmleri için müzik yapmaya odaklandı. 1975'te film müziğine başlayan Berkay, aynı yıl ilk ve tek solo 45'liği "Teşekkür Ederim Babaanne" filminin müziği yayınlandı. 1976'da düzenlenen 1. İstanbul Film Festivali "En İyi Film Müziği" ödülünü "Ben Sana Mecburum" filmine yaptığı müzikle kazandı. Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım filmine yaptığı müzik çok beğenildi. 15. Antalya Film Festivali'nde en iyi film müziği ödülünü Fırat'ın Cinleri filmine yaptığı besteyle aldı. Altın Portakal'ı bu ödülden sonra 3 kez daha aldı.

Cahit Berkay, 2009'a dek 162 tane film ve dizi müziği, sayısız da reklam müziği bestelemiştir.

Diğer çalışmaları

Sinema dışı müziklere uzun süre ara veren Berkay, sadece 1980'de Zülfü Livaneli'nin "Günlerimiz" albümüne iki şarkıda katkıda bulundu. 1987'de arkadaşı Cem Karaca'nın ülkeye dönmesinden sonra onunla çalışmaya başladı. 1990'da Karaca, Berkay ve Uğur Dikmen, Yiyin Efendiler albümünü çıkardı. Aynı yılın Temmuz ayı, Cem Karaca'nın seslendirdiği, Cahit Berkay bestesi "Kahya Yahya" 1990 Kuşadası Altın Güvercin Müzik Yarışması'nı kazanmıştır. Üçlünün ortaklığı 1992'de Nerde Kalmıştık? albümü ile devam etti. Albümün çıkış şarkısı, Cahit Berkay bestesi "Raptiye Rap Rap" oldu ve daha sonra birçok kez farklı sanatçılar tarafından yorumlandı. 1999 tarihli "Bindik Bir Alamete..." albümünde de Cem Karaca'ya eşlik etti.

Berkay, 1997'de Kenan Doğulu'nun oynadığı "Hiç Bana Sordun Mu?" adlı dizide konuk oyuncu olarak oynamıştır. 2005'te ise İki Süper Film Birden adlı filmde "Newton Mustafa" rolünü oynamıştır. 2012 yılında Star TV de yayınlanmaya başlayan Sudan Bıkmış Balıklar isimli televizyon dizisinde "Hilmi Baba" rolünü oynamaktadır.

Solo kariyeri

Moğollar'ın yanında solo kariyerini de devam ettiren Cahit Berkay, 1997'de ilk film müzikleri albümünü çıkardı. Bu albümün 1999 ve 2001 devamı geldi. 2002'de çıkan "Gitarın Asi Çocukları" adlı toplama albümde "Dörde Özlem" şarkısı ile yer aldı. 2005'te Sinema Bir Mucizedir'in film müziği albümünü yayınladı. 2007'de Grup Zan'ı kurdu ve Toprak albümünü yayınladı. 2009'da en son albümü Yağmurdan Sonra filminin müziklerini albüm olarak yayınladı.

Bu albümler dışında Barış Manço anma albümünde "Rüya" şarkısı çaldı. "Rock Sınıfı" adlı toplama albümde Replikas'a "İlk Çağda Anadolu Uygarlıkları" ve Uzay Heparı'yı anma albümü Uzay Heparı - Sonsuza'da ise 4 Yüz grubunun seslendirdiği "Masum Değiliz" şarkısına bağlama ile eşlik etti.

Ödüller
 1971: Académie Charles Cros Ödülü
 1976: İstanbul Film Festivali - En İyi Film Müziği - Ben Sana Mecburum
 1978: 15. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Müzik Ödülü - Fırat'ın Cinleri
 1982: 19. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Müzik Ödülü - Kırık Bir Aşk Hikayesi
 1983: 16. Sinema Yazarları Derneği Ödülleri - En İyi Film Müziği - Kırık Bir Aşk Hikâyesi
 1988: 1. Ankara Film Festivali - En İyi Müzik Ödülü - Herşeye Rağmen
 1990: 1990 Kuşadası Altın Güvercin Müzik Yarışması - Beste
 1991: 28. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Müzik Ödülü - Gizli Yüz
 1995: 7. Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali - En İyi Müzik Ödülü - İş
 1999: Altın Portakal Film Festivali - Yaşam Boyu Onur Ödülü
 2000: 37. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Müzik Ödülü - Melekler Evi
 2006: 17. Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali - En İyi Müzik Ödülü - Sinema Bir Mucizedir  / Büyülü Fener
 2009: 16. Uluslararası Adana Altın Koza Film Festivali - Yaşam Boyu Onur Ödülü

Diskografi

Moğollar ile

Solo
 1975: Teşekkür Ederim Babaanne / Teşekkür Ederim Babaanne (Enstrümantal)
 1997: Film Müzikleri Vol. 1
 1999: Film Müzikleri Vol. 2
 2001: Film Müzikleri Vol. 3
 2005: Sinema Bir Mucizedir Film Müziği
 2007: Toprak (Cahit Berkay ve Grup Zan)
 2009: Yağmurdan Sonra
 2012: Arda Kalan (Derya Petek ile)

Diğer
 1966: Ararım / Bahçelere Geldi Bahar (Selçuk Alagöz)
 1967: Konya Kabağı / Bahçelerde Börülce (Rana Alagöz)
 1980: Günlerimiz (Zülfü Livaneli)
 1990: Yiyin Efendiler (Cem Karaca, Cahit Berkay, Uğur Dikmen)
 1992: Nerde Kalmıştık? (Cem Karaca, Cahit Berkay, Uğur Dikmen)
 1999: Bindik Bir Alamete... (Cem Karaca, Cahit Berkay, Uğur Dikmen)
 2002: Gitarın Asi Çocukları (Toplama albüm, "Dörde Özlem")
 2002: Yüreğimdeki Barış Şarkıları (Toplama albüm, "Rüya")
 2008: Rock Sınıfı (Toplama albüm, Replikas ile "İlk Çağda Anadolu Uygarlıkları")
 2008: Uzay Heparı Sonsuza (Toplama albüm, 4 Yüz ile "Masum Değiliz")

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Cahit Berkay'ın Biyografik Filmi (Söyleşi), 27 Aralık 2020

1946 doğumlular
Uluborlu doğumlular
Türk rock şarkıcıları
20. yüzyıl Türk bestecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk bestecileri
Türk film müziği bestecileri
Kabataş Erkek Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Yaşayan insanlar
Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali Ödülü sahibi müzisyenler
Altın Portakal En iyi Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
Anadolu rock müzisyenleri

Cahit Berkay


Bagdad Yaha, né le , est un joueur français de rugby à XIII dans les années 1980, 1990 et 2000.

Il joue au cours de sa carrière au sein des clubs de Lyon-Villeurbanne et de Carpentras. Il prend part également à l'aventure du Paris Saint-Germain Rugby League en Super League en 1996 y disputant huit rencontres. Il connaît sa première et unique sélection en équipe de France le  contre la Grande-Bretagne .

Son neveu, Fouad Yaha, est un joueur de rugby à XIII international français.

Biographie

Bagdad Yaha prend part également à l'aventure du Paris Saint-Germain Rugby League en Super League en 1996 y disputant huit rencontres et affronte les équipes suivants : Workington Town, Warrington, Wigan, Bradford, Halifax, St Helens, Castleford et Sheffield. Il marque lors de cette saison deux essais et quatre buts.

Palmarès

Détails en sélection

En club

Références

Liens externes

International français de rugby à XIII
Naissance en décembre 1969

Bagdad Yaha


In der Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Heffingen sind alle Kulturdenkmale der luxemburgischen Gemeinde Heffingen aufgeführt (Stand: 28. September 2022).

Kulturdenkmale nach Ortsteil

Heffingen

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Reuland

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Legende: PCN – Immeubles et objets bénéficiant des effets de classement comme patrimoine culturel national; IS – Immeubles et objets inscrits à l'inventaire supplémentaire

Weblinks

Quelle
 Liste des immeubles et objets beneficiant d'une protection nationales, Nationales Institut für das gebaute Erbe, Fassung vom 12. September 2022, S. 47 f. (PDF)

Heffingen
!Kulturdenkmal

Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Heffingen


Jean-Joseph Sanfourche, poznat jednostavno kao Sanfourche, francuski je slikar, pjesnik, dizajner i kipar, rođen 25. lipnja 1929. u Bordeauxu, a umro 13. ožujka 2010. u Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat.

Izvori

Francuski slikari
Francuski kipari
Francuski pjesnici

Jean-Joseph Sanfourche


La Universidad Católica de Brasilia, también abrevidada como UCB, es una universidad privada sin fines de lucro ubicada en Taguatinga, en el Distrito Federal, Brasil. Es una de las universidades más grandes de Brasil y es mantenida por la Arquidiócesis de Brasilia.

Historia
Su historia comienza en 1974 con el nombre de «Universidad Católica de Humanidades», con cursos de Administración de Empresas, Economía y Educación. Sus facultades y cursos fueron aumentando con el paso del tiempo por lo que en 1980 su nombre cambia a «Escuelas católicas integradas de Brasilia». El 30 de diciembre de 1994 es reconocida como «Universidad católica de Brasilia».

Estructura
La Universidad Católica de Brasilia tiene dos campus, ambos en el Distrito Federal, denominados «Campus I» y «Campus II», el primero está ubicado en el Areal en Taguatinga y el segundo en el Asa Norte en Brasilia. También cuentan con otras tres unidades asociadas que son el Colegio Don Bosco, el CEMA y Pio XII. Además del Hospital de la UCB que está situado en la avenida Areal en Taguatinga.

Carreras profesionales
Humanidades
 Administración
 Ciencia política y gobierno
 Ciencias Contables
 Ciencias Económicas
 Comunicación Digital
 Comunicación Social
 Derecho
 Filosofía
 Letras
 Pedagogía
 Programa de capacitación pedagógica
 Psicología
 Relaciones Internacionales
 Secretariado Ejecutivo Bilingüe
 Servicio social
Ciencias Exactas
 Ciencias de la Computación
 Ingeniería Ambiental
 Ingeniería civil
 Física
 Matemáticas
 Odontología
 Química
 Sistemas de Información
 Tecnología en logística
Ciencias Biológicas
 Biomedicina
 Ciencias Biológicas
 Educación Física
 Enfermería
 Farmacia
 Fisioterapia
 Gerontología
 Medicina
 Nutrición
 Odontología

Referencias

Universidades de Brasil fundadas en el siglo XX
Brasilia
Educación en Brasilia
Instituciones educativas establecidas en 1974
Brasil en 1974

Universidad Católica de Brasilia


Cezar Rapotan este un om de afaceri român, cu activități în comerțul cu materiale de construcții. Acesta s-a născut în anul 1966, iar după terminarea Facultății de Mecanică din cadrul Universității Galați, în anul 1992, a început o afacere cu numai 2.000 de dolari, împrumutați de la familie și prieteni.

În anul 1994, Cezar Rapotan a înființat Arabesque (companie), în orașul Galați. Compania a avut o ascensiune continuă, în prezent fiind cel mai mare distribuitor de materiale de construcții de pe piață.

În anul 2017, Cezar Rapotan preia acțiunile Angelicăi Rapotan, împreună cu care a fondat compania în anul 1994. Omul de afaceri ajunge astfel la un pachet de 98% din acțiuni, restul de 2% aparținând lui Mircea Rapotan. Avea o avere estimată la 1,1 miliarde de lei în 2022.

Vezi și
 Arabesque (companie)

Note

Legături externe
 http://www.arabesque.ro/
 https://cezar-rapotan.ro/

Oameni de afaceri români

Cezar Rapotan


هال لابوراتوري المتحدة  هي شركة يابانية ترفيهية، متخصصة في تطوير ألعاب الفيديو خصوصاً على أجهزة نينتندو ، وي، جيم بوي تم تأسيسها في عام 1980 في اليابان.

في بداية الأمر طورت شركة هال الكثير من الألعاب على أجهزة الحاسوب من نوع ,
ثم طورت شركة هال الكثير من الألعاب الشهير على أجهزة نينتندو.

أشهر الألعاب
 على جهاز MSX
 سلسلة ألعاب Eggerland
 على جهاز نينتندو جيم كيوب
 سلسلة ألعاب كيربي
 على جهاز نينتندو دي إس
 سلسلة ألعاب كيربي
 سلسلة ألعاب بوكيمون
 على جهاز وي
 سلسلة ألعاب سوبر سماش برذرز براول
 على جهاز جيم بوي
 سلسلة ألعاب كيربي
 الأم 3 (لعبة فيديو)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 هال لابوراتوري

سوبر سماش برذرز
شركات ألعاب فيديو أسست في 1980
شركات ألعاب فيديو يابانية
شركات تطوير ألعاب فيديو
شركات يابانية
كيربي
ناشرو ألعاب فيديو
نينتندو

هال لابوراتوري


Le bâtiment gouvernemental (en ) est un édifice faisant partie de l'Aaltokeskus à Seinäjoki en Finlande.

Présentation
L'objectif initial de son concepteur Alvar Aalto était de compléter le nouveau centre administratif de la ville avec un immeuble de bureaux de trois étages aux murs crépis de blanc.
Sur le plan architectural, l'espace le plus important du bâtiment est la salle de réunion du conseil municipal.

L'immeuble de bureaux a abrité entre autres le centre des impôts et le service de police. L'immeuble de bureaux a été repris par la ville en 2003, et aujourd'hui le bâtiment est principalement occupé par des agences municipales.

L'immeuble fait partie centre Aalto, un groupe de bâtiments publics conçus par Alvar Aalto qui est classé par la direction des musées de Finlande parmi les Sites culturels construits d'intérêt national en Finlande.

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes
 Photographies

Articles connexes
 Aaltokeskus

Aaltokeskus
Bâtiment à Seinäjoki
Bâtiment d'Alvar Aalto
Gouvernement de la Finlande
Bâtiment gouvernemental

Bâtiment gouvernemental à Seinäjoki


Olaylar

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 I. Callixtus, Hristiyan şehidi olan aziz papa
 Liu Bei, Çin'in Üç İmparatorluk döneminde Shu Han'ın kurucusu ve ilk imparatoru (d. 161)

223


William Paul Paynter (Liverpool, Inglaterra, 13 de julio de 1984), futbolista inglés retirado. Jugaba como delantero y su último equipo fue el Warrington Town, donde se retiró en 2017.

En 17 años de carrera en la English Football League, anotó 131 goles en 529 partidos de liga y copas.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de Inglaterra
Futbolistas del Port Vale Football Club
Futbolistas del Hull City Association Football Club
Futbolistas del Southend United Football Club
Futbolistas del Bradford City Association Football Club
Futbolistas del Swindon Town Football Club
Futbolistas del Leeds United Football Club
Futbolistas del Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club
Futbolistas del Doncaster Rovers Football Club
Futbolistas del Sheffield United Football Club
Futbolistas del Carlisle United Football Club
Futbolistas del Hartlepool United Football Club
Nacidos en Liverpool

Billy Paynter


جرجوع هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء النبطية في محافظة النبطية.

أعلام
 علي الشامي

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة النبطية
قرى جبل عامل
مدن لبنان
منطقة النبطية
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء النبطية

جرجوع


Hohenfelde er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Horst-Herzhorn under Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Hohenfelde ligger på en udløber af Geesten mellem Hohenfelder-/Breitenburgermoor og Glindes-/Bokelsessermoor. Ud over Hohenfelde ligger landsbyerne og bebyggelserne Niederreihe, Dauenhof, Glindesmoor, Glindhof, Espe, Halenbrook, Helle, Hörn, Kirchmoor, Oberreihe, Taterbusch, Uhlenflucht og Wisch i Kommunen, Motorvejen A23, mellem Itzehoe og Elmshorn går gennem kommunen . Vandløbene Kremper Au og Horstgraben løber gennem kommunen. Der går en cykelrute mellem Hohenfelde og Horst.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Steinburg

Hohenfelde (Steinburg)


2022 අගෝස්තු 14 වන දින, ඊජිප්තුවේ  කයිරෝවේ මායිමේ පිහිටි ගීසා හි ඉම්බාබා අසල්වැසි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටි කොප්ටික් දේවස්ථානයක් වන අබු සෙෆීන් දේවස්ථානයේ ඉරිදා නමස්කාර සේවා අතරතුර ගින්නක් හටගත්තේය. වන්දනාකරුවන් 5,000 ක් රැස්ව සිටියහ. ඊජිප්තුවේ සෞඛ්‍ය හා ජනගහන අමාත්‍යාංශය වාර්තා කළේ අවම වශයෙන් ළමුන් දහඅට දෙනෙකු ඇතුළුව පුද්ගලයින් 41 දෙනෙකු මියගොස් ඇති බවයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ගීසාහි දේවස්ථානයක ගින්නක්


HTH Ligaen er den 84. sæson af Damehåndboldligaen.

Turneringen bliver afviklet med et grundspil og et slutspil. I grundspillet spiller alle holdene mod hinanden ude og hjemme, og ved afslutningen heraf går de otte bedste videre til playoff, mens det nederst placerede hold rykker direkte ned i 1. division. Det næstnederste og det tredjenederste hold spiller playoff-kampe mod nummer to og tre fra 1. division om pladser i næste års liga. Vinderne af 1. division rykkede automatisk op.

Playoffspillet for de bedste hold foregår i to puljer af fire hold, der spiller alle mod alle ude og hjemme. Efter dette afgør slutspillet DM-medaljerne, idet de to bedst placerede fra hver pulje går videre til semifinalerne. Semifinalerne bliver spillet bedst af tre kampe, og vinderne af semifinalerne går i finalen, mens taberne spiller bronzematch. Begge disse opgør blev ligeledes spillet bedst af tre kampe.

Som konsekvens af spredningen og frygten for COVID-19, meddelte Dansk Håndbold den 11. marts 2020, at man havde valgt at aflyse alle kampe, stævner og arrangementer for alle rækker fra liga og nedefter, de kommende 14 dage efter. Den 7. april 2020 besluttede udvalget for professionel håndbold i Dansk Håndbold at afslutte sæsonen 2019/2020, uden at færdigspille de resterende kampe i grundspillet, op-/nedrykningsspillet samt slutspillet. Team Esbjerg som indtog ligaens 1. plads, da ligaen blev suspenderet, blev kåret til danske mestre imens EH Aalborg der lå sidst i HTH ligaen rykkede ned i 1. division. I 1.division blev Vendsyssel Håndbold kåret som vindere og rykkede dermed op i ligaen til sæsonen 2020/2021.

Klubber

Personale og Trøjer

Stilling

Topscorere for grundspillet
Topscorerlisten for er gældende for til og med 24. spillerunde.

Årets hold

Årets hold i HTH Ligaen 2019-20.

Referencer

Eksterne links
 HTH Ligaen hos DHF

Damehåndboldligaen
DM i håndbold (kvinder)
Håndbold i 2019
Håndbold i 2020

HTH Ligaen 2019-20


مدينة السلام أنشئت عام 1977م في عهد الرئيس الراحل محمد أنور السادات.

الجغرافيا
تطل على طريق مصر الاسماعلية الصحراوي وطريق مصر بلبيس وطريق مصر الخانكة قليوبية، ومتصلة بمدينة العبور ومدينة المرج، وبها موقف الأقاليم والمدن الجديدة والسوبر جيت، ومن المخطط وصول مترو الأنفاق إلى الموقع القديم لموقف الأقاليم في أول مدينة السلام ، وقريبة من الكليات والمعامل الجديدة لجامعة عين شمس والكليات والمعامل الجديدة لجامعة بنها بمدخل مدينة العبور من جهة المدينة، وعلى مقربة أيضا من أكبر سوق تجاري (سوق العبور)، وبها عدد من مراكز الشباب كمركز شباب السلام أول ومركز شباب السلام ثاني ومركز شباب السلام ثالث ومركز شباب النهضة وعدد كبير من الساحات الرياضية المعتمدة، ويتم فيها إنشاء أكبر عدد من المنشآت الضخمة كمون سيتي والأبراج الاستثمارية.

التاريخ
أنشئت عام 1977 م في عهد الرئيس الراحل محمد أنور السادات.

السكان
ومؤخرا تم تقسيمه إلى قسمين السلام أول والسلام ثان وذلك نتيجة لمساحتها الشاسعة وعدد سكانها وحجم خدماتها ومستواها.

حي السلام أول
تبلغ المساحة الكلية للحي 204.1 كم2 بمساحة مأهولة 44.58 كم2 وبتعداد سكان في 1004725 نسمة (2014).

حي السلام ثان
تبلغ مساحة الحي : 12.69 كم2 وبعدد سكان تقديري 315902 (2013).

الثقافة

الرياضة
يوجد فيها عدد من الأندية كنادي استاد المحافظة ونادي السلام ونادي 6 أكتوبر ونادي الإنتاج الحربي ونادي طلائع السلام ونادي طلائع النهضة وعدد من الملاعب كملعب السلام الرياضي وستاد المحافظة.

المراجع

أحياء القاهرة

السلام (القاهرة)


Sebastián Nilo Carretero (Trenque Lauquen, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, 27 de febrero de 1986) es un exfutbolista argentino. Jugaba como delantero y su último club fue Sarmiento de Junín.

Decidió dejar el fútbol a los 27 años debido a una fractura en el quinto metatarsiano de la que no pudo recuperarse.a partir de ese momento comenzó su carrera como entrenador pasando en 2 oportunidades por la sexta división de afa del club Sarmiento de Junin, un breve paso por la coordinación de Rosario Central y una última experiencia como ayudante de campo de Gabriel Schurrer en la primera división del fútbol argentino.

Clubes

Como jugador

Como entrenador alterno

Palmarés

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en BDFA
 Ficha en Soccerway

Futbolistas de Trenque Lauquen
Futbolistas del Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Aldosivi en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Banfield
Futbolistas del Quilmes Atlético Club en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Tiro Federal Argentino
Futbolistas de la Sociedad Deportivo Quito
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Unión La Calera en los años 2010
Oviedo

Nilo Carretero


شاطئ باتونع  هو شاطئ يقع في الساحل الغربي لبوكيت، والاسم نفسه يطلق على البلدة المجاورة له، ويعتبر هذا الشاطئ المنتجع السياحي الرئيسي في جزيرة فوكيت، حيث يتضمن مراكز للتسوق بأثمان منخفضة، وأصبح السياح الغربيون وخصوصا الأوربيون يرتادون الشاطئ منذ سنة 1980، فتم فتح عدة سلاسل فنادق فخمة أمام الشاطئ خصيصا لهؤلاء السياح.

تاريخ

يشتهر الشاطئ أكثر بلياليه التي تمتد فيها الاحتفالات على طول الجانب الغربي للبلدة، وترتكز خصوصا في طريق بنغالا، ومجمع الجنة حيث تصطف هناك العديد من الحانات والمراقص و يكثر الفساد. الدعارة في تايلاند غير قانونية، لكنه مسموح بها، كما هو الحال في باتونغ.

في 26 ديسمبر 2004، ضرب شاطئ باتونغ تسونامي ناجم عن زلزال وتسونامي المحيط الهندي 2004، إلى جانب العديد من المناطق الأخرى على طول الساحل الغربي لفوكيت وتايلاند. تسببت الموجة في دمار كبير للواجهة البحرية للشاطئ والداخل على الفور، وأدّت إلى قتل امرأة في محل بقالة في الطابق السفلي على الواجهة البحرية. كانت باتونغ واحدة من أكثر المناطق تضرراً في فوكيت، على الرغم من أن الدمار لم يكن مُدمّرا مثل خاو لاك المجاورة. تعافت باتونغ إلى حد كبير منذ كارثة تسونامي.

البيئة

اعتبارًا من عام 2015، تجاوزت المياه قبالة شاطئ باتونج معايير إدارة مكافحة التلوث التايلاندي للبكتيريا القولونية البرازية، وبكتيريا المكورات المعوية. ولتجنب دفع رسوم معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي البلدية البالغة خمسة باتات لكل متر مكعب، تقوم العديد من الأسر بتفريغ مياه الصرف الصحي غير المعالج في القنوات والبحر. تتمتع باتونج أيضًا بقدرة محدودة على معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي. تقترب محطة معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي البلدية من طاقتها البالغة 28000 متر مكعب في اليوم.

صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أماكن مأهولة في جزيرة بوكيت
جزيرة بوكيت
شواطئ تايلاند
شواطئ جزيرة بوكيت

شاطئ باتونغ


Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge is a United States National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), and part of the Everglades Headwaters NWR complex, located just off the western coast of North Hutchinson Island in the Indian River Lagoon east of Sebastian, Florida. The refuge consists of a  island that includes an additional  of surrounding water and is located off the east coast of Florida of the Indian River Lagoon.  Established by an executive order of President Theodore Roosevelt on March 14, 1903, Pelican Island was the first National wildlife refuge in the United States. It was created to protect egrets and other birds from extinction through plume hunting.

Management
Pelican Island is administered as part of the  Everglades Headwaters NWR complex along with Archie Carr NWR, Lake Wales Ridge NWR, and the Everglades Headwaters NWR and Conservation Area, created in 2012 (556th unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System) with a  donation and other lands covering approximately  north of Lake Okeechobee.  will be held under "conservation easement"s through the U.S. Department of the Interior and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This allows landowners the right to retain ownership of the land, with the ability to continue farming or ranching, ensuring that the land can't be subdivided or developed.

Pelican Island NWR has been placed on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance along with other areas of wetlands in the United States.

Early history
In 1860 census listed population of two people and in the 1880 census listed that less than 30 individuals lived in the St. Sebastian River area. Pelican Island's bird populations were threatened because of increased American settlement around the area in the mid-19th century. Many of the exotic birds were killed for their feathers, used in the fashion industry.  Plumes from the birds were used to adorn ladies' hats of the day and at the time were worth more than their weight in gold.

Paul Kroegel, a German immigrant, moved to Florida in 1881 and lived on the west bank of Indian River Lagoon. He was fascinated with the pelicans on the island. Being able to see the island from his home, Paul would watch the pelicans and other water birds. He eventually took an interest in the island and its protection. However, there was not any state or federal law to help him so he took control of the situation himself. Kroegel sailed to the island to stand guard and protect the birds and the island.

A few naturalists visited Kroegel at Pelican Island. A curator at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, Frank Chapman, was one of the naturalists showing interest in the island as well. He discovered that Pelican Island was one of the last rookeries of Brown pelicans on the eastern coast of Florida.

The American Ornithologists' Union and the Florida Audubon Society led a campaign to pass legislation for protection of non-game birds in 1901. Knowing that the protection of Pelican Island would require more legislation, Chapman and his fellow advocate, William Dutcher went to President Theodore Roosevelt at his home in New York. The two appealed their case to Roosevelt's conservative ethics. On 14 March 1903, President Roosevelt signed an executive order that established Pelican Island as the first federal bird reservation. This was the first time that the federal government put land aside for the sake of wildlife. The area, however, was open for big game hunters. Kroegel was hired as the first national wildlife refuge manager until 1926. He was paid $1 per month by the Audubon Society, as Congress had not made financial provisions for the refuge.

Recent threats
During the 1960s, Pelican Island was threatened by attempts to sell the surrounding wetlands and islands to developers. Local citizens led a fight to protect Pelican Island by stopping the sale of the wetlands. The Indian River Area Preservation League, formed by local citrus growers, commercial fishermen, and sportsmen, joined with Florida Audubon Society to convince the State to include the islands as a part of the refuge.
"Later in 1963, Pelican Island was designated as a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior because of its status as the first federal area set aside specifically to protect wildlife."
In 1968, Florida agreed to expand to include nearly 5000 acres (20 km²) of mangrove islands and other submerged lands. And then in 1970, Pelican Island became the smallest wilderness area in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Since, the refuge has gained over 500 acres (2 km²) through purchases, management agreements, and conservation easements to provide a buffer against encroaching development and also to be a link to the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge. Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge was added to the list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention signed in 1971.

Today, Pelican Island is also threatened by shoreline development.  Shoreline development has many negative impacts associated with it.  Shoreline development can reduce the water quality by increasing the runoff of sediments, fertilizers, and pesticides.  These runoffs will cause decline in water quality, and this can directly affect the food base that sustains the island's nesting bird colonies.  Waterfront development will also lead to more boat traffic.  This extra boat traffic will also negatively affect the birds on the coast.  Not only this, development of the shorelines of Pelican Island will permanently flaw the pristine character of this unique National Historic Landmark.

Physical environment

The environment of Pelican Island consists of climate, topography, geology, air quality, and waterways.

Climate

The climate at Pelican Island NWR is subtropical and temperate and experiences an average temperate of .  Pelican Island has long, warm, and humid summers and short, mild winters and has an average rainfall of about  annually. Pelican Island may experience tropical storms in the period from May to November.

Topography

The elevation of Pelican Island changes from east to west.  It rises sharply from sea level to about  and then drops back down more slowly to below sea level in the Indian River Lagoon. The land between the Indian River Lagoon and St. Sebastian River is .  Even further west, there is an ancient dune that rises in elevation from  to .

Geology

The landscape of Pelican Island area is made of Pleistocene (glacial) and Holocene (recent) origin.  Submerged lands were exposed during the late Pleistocene period, allowing for the spread of flora and fauna from the peninsula.  Wetlands, salt marshes, mangroves, and other swampy formations make up the uplands and submerged lands.

Soil
"The general soils in the Pelican Island Refuge are Canaveral-Captiva-Palm Beach, which is characterized by the gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained to moderately drained sandy soils with shell fragments, and McKee-Quartzipsamments-St. Augustine, which is characterized by level, somewhat poorly drained soils mixed with sand and shell fragments." Other soils include Canaveral Fine Sand, Quartzipsamments, Captiva Fine Sand, McKee Mucky Clay Loam, and Kesson Muck.

Air quality

Good air quality is vital for the refuge to maintain itself.  A few problems dealing with air pollution are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide.  The primary producers of these pollutants are vehicle emissions, power plants, and industrial activities.  The Indian River Lagoon area is said to have good air quality.  Sometimes occasional temperate increases can temporarily degrade the air quality below the accepted levels.

Waterways

The Indian River Lagoon stretches from Ponce de Leon south of Daytona Beach to Jupiter Inlet near West Palm Beach, a distance of about , and contains a number of small rivers, creeks, and canals.  The Intracoastal Waterway is the deepest part of the Lagoon.  St. Sebastian River and Turkey Creek provide freshwater to the Lagoon.  Water quality is also a concern in the refuge:  cadmium, lead, mercury, nutrients, selenium, thallium, and dissolved oxygen.  The water circulation is affected by the Intracoastal Waterway, winds, inlets, and causeways.  Within the refuge boundary, the water quality is generally better compared to portions of the Lagoon.

Wildlife

Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge holds hundreds of species of animals including birds, fish, plants, and mammals.  The wetlands of Pelican Island are a major ecological system supporting the huge biological diversity.  Fifteen federally listed threatened and endangered species live in Pelican Island NWR and around Indian River Lagoon.  Of the endangered species, West Indian manatees and sea turtles occupy parts of the lagoon.  Around the lagoon in the refuge are two wood stork refuges.  These birds along with other wading birds that nest on the island thrive on the tremendous fish population.  Pelican Island is home to many nesting birds including brown pelicans, great egrets, snowy egrets, reddish egrets, great blue heron, little blue heron, tricolored heron, black-crowned night heron, American white ibis, glossy ibis, double-crested cormorant, anhinga, and American oystercatcher.

Visiting

Pelican Island is only accessible by boat or chartered tours.  Nesting birds are easily disturbed, so people are not allowed to get too close or to disembark.  Visiting during nesting season (late November through late July), one can expect to see brown pelican, wood storks, white ibises, black-crowned night herons, double-crested cormorants, reddish, snowy, and great egrets, and great blue, little blue and tricolored herons.  Traveling in the winter, look for lesser scaup, blue-winged teal, mottled ducks, great northern divers, laughing gulls, American white pelicans, and red-breasted mergansers.  Summer visitors should watch for roseate spoonbills, magnificent frigatebirds and least terns.  Pelican Island also features some marine life in the Indian River including sea turtles, dolphins, and manatees.

New public facilities were opened and dedicated on March 14, 2003, in ceremonies marking the centennial of Pelican Island and the National Wildlife Refuge System.  A 37¢ US Commemorative Stamp in honor of the NWR Centennial was issued as part of the celebration.  The new facilities include a 1/4 mile boardwalk and  observation tower to view Pelican Island, two  salt marsh impoundment foot trails, interpretive signs, informational kiosks, restrooms and parking areas. The facilities are west of Highway A1A on the north end of Historic Jungle Trail. They were produced through a partnership with Indian River County, St. Johns River Water Management District, Florida Inland Navigation District, Florida Power and Light, ConocoPhillips, Wild Birds Unlimited, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and many others. Future plans include additional boardwalks, an overlook, a photo blind and a wildlife drive.

Jungle Trail

The historic Jungle Trail is a 7.8 mile sandy road with a section that goes through the refuge. Citrus growers originally built this road in the 1920s and it is now on the National Register of Historic Places.

Budget cuts
Pelican Island, along with many other wildlife refuges, has been experiencing budget cuts. Many problems arise from the stagnant budget and lack of maintenance in the wildlife refuges. These are vital to preserve the habitat and the wildlife and to provide public education and recreation. This situation worsened further because of the failure of congress to timely pass federal funding bills.

Staffing at Pelican Island is made up of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The staff members have recently fallen from six to two which has had many negative consequences. The cuts have led to limiting refuge work and restricting public visitation. Another consequence is the end of 14-year tradition of the wildlife festival. Pelican Island will be losing its only public-use staff and eliminating all active outreach at the nation's first wildlife refuge. Pelican Island Refuge manager and project leader Paul Tritaik said in 2006 that reductions to a full-time staff would lead to the end of some refuge activities and the loss of several trails.

See also
Florida State Parks
Indian River County, Florida
List of National Wildlife Refuges
History of the National Wildlife Refuge System

Notes

References
Dinnage, Russell J.  "WILDLIFE REFUGES: Budgetary downturn for national refuges hits staffers hardest."  Land Letter.  16 November 2006.
Hem, Brad. "Looking ahead, Pelican Island may be next in line: Port of Houston buys land, could join Galveston in a joint effort." The Houston Chronicle. 4 February 2007.
McHugh, Paul. "Wildlife refuges on life support; Flat budgets imperil future of the system." The San Francisco Chronicle. 21 December 2006.
"Parks: Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge." GORP. 2007. 26 April 2007. <https://web.archive.org/web/20100517055918/http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-prime-hook-national-wildlife-refuge-pelican-island-national-wildlife-refuge-birdwatching-sidwcmdev_068511.html>.
"Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge: Comprehensive Conservation Plan."  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  Sept 2006.  9 May 2007.  <http://library.fws.gov/CCPs/pelicanisland_final.pdf>.
"Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. 26 April 2007. <http://www.fws.gov/pelicanisland/>.

External links

Official Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge website
Pelican Island Webcam website

National Wildlife Refuges in Florida
Indian River Lagoon
Wetlands of Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Indian River County, Florida
National Historic Landmarks in Florida
Protected areas established in 1903
Protected areas of Indian River County, Florida
Ramsar sites in the United States
Landforms of Indian River County, Florida
Islands of Florida
1903 establishments in Florida

Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge