(2008) දණ්ඩගමුව ටැම්පිට විහාරය

(ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ටැම්පිට විහාර)***

* පළාත = වයඹ

* විහාරස්ථානය = ශ්‍රී සුදර්මාරාම පුරාණ රජමහා විහාරය , කුලියාපිටිය

* ටැම්පිට විහාරය = දණ්ඩගමුව ටැම්පිට විහාරය

* වැඩ සිටින ස්වාමීන් වහන්සේ = පූජ්‍ය මඟුලාගම උපතිස්සාභිදාන හිමි

* නිකාය = මහා විහාර වංශික ශ්‍යමෝපාලි මහා නිකාය

* පාර්ශවය = මල්වතු

* දුරකථන අංකය = 0372281651

* ටැම් ගනන = 15

* ටැමක උස = 838.2 mm

*ප්‍රදක්ෂිණා පථයේ පළල = ඉදිරිපස 1066.8 mm දෙපස 508 mm පිටුපස 533.4 mm

* ප්‍රතිමා ගෘහය = දිග 3556 mm පළල 2116.2 mm

* සම්පූර්ණ ගොඩනැගිල්ල = දිග 5207 mm පළල 3581.4 mm

* දැව කණු ගණන = 14

වයඹ පළාතේ කුරුණෑගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ කටුගම්පල හත්පත්තුවේ කටුගම්පල දකුණු කෝරළයේ කුලියාපිටිය බටහිර ප්‍රාදේශීය මහ ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයට අයත් ඓතිහාසික ග්‍රාමවරයකි දණ්ඩගමුව.

මුඛ පරම්පරාගත කථා අනුව අනුරාධපුරය යුගය දක්වා දිව යන ඓතිහාසිකත්වයක් උසුලන ශ්‍රී සුධර්මාරාම රාජ මහා විහාරස්ථානයේ රහතුන් වහන්සේලා වැඩ සිටි අතර උන්වහන්සේලාට දන් සැපැයූ ගම "දන්ගමුව" වී පසු කාලයේ දී "දණ්ඩගමුව" නමින් භාවිතයට පැමිණ ඇත. මහා විහාර වංශික ස්‍යාමෝපාලි මහා නිකායේ මහනුවර මල්වතු පාර්ශ්වයට අයත් වූවකි මෙම විහාරස්ථානය.

ශ්‍රී සුධර්මාරාම රාජ මහා විහාරයේ පිහිටි භූමිය ඉතා රමණීයය. එක් පැත්තකින් ගම කෙළවර ය. උතුරු දෙසින් බලන විට ගමේ ආරම්භයයි. විජනවාතානී, මනුස්සරාහසෙය්‍යකානි, යන ත්‍රිපිටකා ගත වදන් වලට අනුව මෙම පන්සල් භූමිය ජනතාවගෙන් තොර හිස් භූමි භාගයක් වූ අතර ජනතාවට පහසුවෙන් හා හැකි භූමියක් ද වන්නේ ය. ඉතා නිදහසේ බණ භාවනා කළ හැකි තැනකි.

පෘතුගීසි හෝ ඕලන්ද සමයේ මෙම භූමිය බලකොටුවක් ලෙසද පැවැති බව කියැවෙයි. විහාරස්ථානයට උතුරු දෙසින් ගලා යන "දඹගොල්ලා ඔයේ" කොටසක් "කාලතුවක්කු වල යනුවෙන් අදටත් හැඳින් වේ.

විහාරස්ථානයට නැගෙනහිර උතුර හා බටහිර දෙසින් කුඹුරු යායයි. කඳු ගැටයක් මත පන්සල පිහිටා ඇත. අපේ වෙහෙර විහාර වල ඓතිහාසිකත්වය ගැන සළකන විට මෙම විහාරස්ථානයේ ද පුරා වස්තු කිහිපයක්ම වේ.

ඓතිහාසික ජය ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධීන් වහන්සේගෙන් පැවත එන බෝධීන් වහන්සේ මින් ප්‍රධාන වෙයි. එය රෝපණය වී ඇති කාල වකවානුව අවිනිශ්චිත ය. විහාරස්ථානයේ ආරම්භක යුගයේ හෝ ඊට පසු කළ ඉදි වූ පුංචි දාගැබක් මෙහි විය. එය ඇතුළත් කොට වර්තමාන මහා දාගැබ ඉදිකරන ලදී. කංචුක චේතිය නමින් හැඳින්වෙන මෙය 1980 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේ සිදු වූවකි.

මීට අමතරව සිරිපතුල පිහිටි විහාර මන්දිරයක් ද තෙමහල් වූ විශාල විහාර මන්දිරයක් ද මෑත භාගයේ ඉදි වී ඇත. පන්සිය පනස් ජාතක කතා මෙහි සිතුවම් කොට ඇත. අනුරපුර යුගය දක්වා මෙම විහාරස්ථානයේ ඓතිහාසිකත්වය පිළිබඳ මුඛ පරම්පරාගත කතා වල සඳහන් වූවත් ඓතිහාසික සාධක සහිතව කතා කළ හැකි විහාර මන්දිරයකි ටැම් පිට විහාර මන්දිරය. මෙම විහාර මන්දිරය ඉදි වූ කාල වකවානුව මහනුවර යුගයයි.

දණ්ඩගමුව ශ්‍රී සුධර්මාරාම රාජ මහා විහාරස්ථානය මූලස්ථාන දෙකකට සම්බන්ධ වී ඇත. එනම් ගිරිඋල්ල මැද්දේපොල රාජ මහා විහාරය සහ බිංගිරිය දේවගිරි රාජ මහා විහාරස්ථානයයි.

ශ්‍රී සරණංකර මාහිමි ධර්ම ප්‍රභාව සත්කෝරළය පුරා විහිදෙන්නට බලපෑ ප්‍රධාන සාධකය උන්වහන්සේගේ ගිහි පැවිදි ගෝල බාලයෝ ය. සිටිනාමළුවේ ධම්මජෝති හිමි එකී ශිෂ්‍ය භික්‍ෂූන්ගෙන් නමකි.

ඒ අනුව සිටිනාමළුවේ ධම්මජෝති මාහිමි දණ්ඩගමුව රාජ මහා විහාරස්ථානයේ ප්‍රථම විහාරාධින්පතීන් වහන්සේ ය. එතැන් සිට මේ දක්වා මෙම විහාරස්ථානයේ වැඩ සිටි විහාරාධිපතීන් වහන්සේලාගේ සංඛ්‍යාව නවයක් වෙති.

එහි පවත්නා සෑම මූර්තියක් මෙන්ම සෑම චිත්‍රයක්ම මහනුවර යුගයට අයත් ඒවා ය. එම විහාර මන්දිර වල තවත් විශේෂත්වයක් නම් යකඩ භාවිතා කර නැති බවය. උණ ගස් උණ පතුරු වැනි ද්‍රව්‍ය උපයෝගී කොට ගෙන මැටි ගසා නැං වූ බිත්ති ය.

මූර්ති සඳහා උණ පතුරුම භාවිතා කර ඇති බව පළුදු වූ තැනකින් පෙනේ. උස් මට්ටමකින් බුදු පිළිම වහන්සේලා සහ චිත්‍ර මූර්ති පවත්නා අතර පහළ මට්ටමෙන් මණ්ඩපයක් ඇත. එය "හේවිසි මණ්ඩපය" නොහොත් "බෙර ගේ" නමින් හැඳින් වේ. විහාර මාලිගාවේ උසින් වැඩ සිටිනා බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේට ශබ්ද පූජා පැවැත්වීමට පිණිස බෙරගේ සකස් කොට ඇත.

ශ්‍රී සුදර්මාරාම පුරාණ විහාරය


Sharjah International Airport () () is an international airport located  east-southeast of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. It is spread over an area of . It has one runway, and is the only airport in Sharjah capable of international flights as of 2022.

Overview
Sharjah International Airport is the third largest Middle East airfreight hub in cargo tonnage, according to official 2015 statistics from Airports Council InTernational. Ground services company, Sharjah Aviation Services, handled 586,195 tonnes in 2015 – a 16.1% increase year on year. It has one passenger terminal with an area of .

Sharjah International Airport is home base of the low-cost carrier Air Arabia. The headquarters of Air Arabia is in the Sharjah Freight Center, on the property of the airport in Sharjah, UAE. The center is an old cargo terminal.

The BAe party was headed by Sir Geoffrey Tuttle, which received a great welcome, the whole party were also given watches and few received magnificent swords as well.

It replaced RAF Sharjah, which was closer to the city and was opened in 1932. It was the first airport in UAE and the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, for use by Imperial Airways, and was subsequently used by the RAF until 14 December 1971. The reason for the move was development pressure from the city of Sharjah. The old terminal and tower building is now Al Mahatta Museum. The old airport's runway is now part of King Abdul Aziz Street in the city centre.

The airport was used by the United States Air Force 926th Tactical Fighter Group during Operation Desert Shield/Storm. Approximately 450 members of the unit were stationed at the airport, which flew A-10 Thunderbolt II ground attack aircraft during the conflict in late 1990 and early 1991.

Facilities
The airport is at an elevation of  above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 12/30 with an asphalt surface measuring .

Financial services at the airport include banking, ATMs and exchange centres. Founded in 1985, Sharjah Airport Travel Agency is owned by the Sharjah Airport Authority, Government of Sharjah and has 14 branches in the UAE, including one on the first floor of the main terminal at Sharjah Airport. There are two prayer rooms available, one in the transit area of the Arrivals Terminal and the other in the ground floor of the Departures Terminal. In addition to this there are mosques in both the East and West Cargo Terminals 3 and 4.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Sharjah:

Cargo

Statistics

Ground transport
The airport is  away from central Dubai.

Accidents and incidents
On 15 December 1997, a Tupolev Tu-154 from Tajikistan Airlines Flight 3183 crashed on approach to SHJ. Some 13 km from Sharjah the plane ran into terrain and 85 of the 86 occupants died. One of the seven crew members survived the disaster.
On 10 February 2004, Kish Air Flight 7170, operated by a Fokker 50 crashed on approach, killing 43 of its 46 occupants, which consisted of 3 crew and 40 passengers.
On 7 November 2004, an Air Atlanta Boeing 747 freighter was damaged beyond repair due to an aborted take-off with insufficient runway remaining. None of the four crew was injured. The take-off was aborted after a report of smoke from the control tower and hearing a loud bang in the cockpit.
On 21 October 2009, Azza Transport Flight 2241, operated by a Boeing 707–320, crashed on take-off. The flight was carrying cargo only and all six crew members were killed.

See also
 Mahatta Fort, the previous site of the airport
 List of the busiest airports in the Middle East

References

External links

 Official website

1977 establishments in the United Arab Emirates
Airports established in 1977
Airports in the United Arab Emirates
Geography of the Emirate of Sharjah
Transport in the Emirate of Sharjah
Buildings and structures in the Emirate of Sharjah

Sharjah International Airport


Thomas Laurens Jones (* 22. Januar 1819 in White Oak, Rutherford County, North Carolina; † 20. Juni 1887 in Newport, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1867 und 1871 sowie nochmals von 1875 bis 1877 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Noch in seiner Kindheit kam Thomas Jones mit seinen Eltern nach Spartanburg in South Carolina. Dort besuchte er private Schulen. Anschließend studierte er bis 1840 am Princeton College. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an der Harvard University und seiner 1846 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Spartanburg in diesem Beruf zu praktizieren. Zuvor hatte er noch zwei Jahre lang Europa als Tourist bereist. Im Jahr 1847 verlegte er seinen Wohnsitz und seine Kanzlei nach New York City. Seit 1849 war er in Newport (Kentucky) ansässig, wo er sich ebenfalls als Anwalt betätigte.

In seiner neuen Heimat begann Jones als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn. Zwischen 1853 und 1855 war er Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. Obwohl er ein Gegner der Sezession war, wurde Jones während des Bürgerkrieges als vermeintlicher Sympathisant des Südens im Jahr 1862 für drei Monate inhaftiert. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1866 wurde er im sechsten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1867 sein neues Mandat antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl im Jahr 1868 konnte er bis zum 3. März 1871 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Seit 1865 war die Arbeit des Kongresses von den Spannungen zwischen der Republikanischen Partei und Präsident Andrew Johnson geprägt, die in einem nur knapp gescheiterten Amtsenthebungsverfahren gipfelten.

1870 verzichtete Jones auf eine erneute Kandidatur. Vier Jahre später wurde er erneut in den Kongress gewählt. Dort löste er am 4. März 1875 William Evans Arthur ab. Bis zum 3. März 1877 konnte er somit eine weitere Legislaturperiode im US-Repräsentantenhaus verbringen. Während dieser Zeit war er Vorsitzender des Committee on Railways and Canals. Bei den folgenden Wahlen im Jahr 1876 trat Thomas Jones nicht mehr an. Er zog sich aus der Politik zurück, arbeitete wieder als Anwalt und starb am 20. Juni 1887 in Newport.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1819
Gestorben 1887
Mann

Thomas Laurens Jones


Mahalia Jackson (1911 - 1972) foi a cantora gospel mais proeminente do século 20, sua carreira durou de 1931 a 1971. Ela começou a cantar na igreja quando criança em Nova Orleans, depois se mudou para Chicago quando adolescente e se juntou ao primeiro gospel de Chicago grupo, os Johnson Singers. Por demanda, ela começou a cantar solo em funerais e comícios políticos. Por cerca de 15 anos, Mahalia percorreu um circuito de igrejas e avivamentos espalhando o blues gospel pelos EUA trabalhando em biscates para ganhar a vida. Suas primeiras gravações foram feitas em 1931, produzidas pelo dono de uma funerária em Chicago, onde Jackson costumava cantar, embora estas tenham sido perdidas.

Em 1937, Mahalia gravou quatro singles para a Decca Records, uma empresa focada em blues e jazz. As vendas foram fracas e ela foi convidada a gravar blues e ela recusou, uma decisão que ela fez repetidamente ao longo de sua vida. Nove anos depois, ela atraiu a atenção da Apollo Records, uma pequena empresa que atende artistas e públicos negros. Ela gravou quatro singles para eles e novamente eles não tiveram um bom desempenho, mas o quinto, "Move On Up a Little Higher", vendeu dois milhões de cópias e alcançou o segundo lugar nas paradas da Billboard em 1947, novas conquistas para a música gospel . Com base nesse sucesso, Jackson lançou 71 singles no total com Apollo entre 1946 e 1954. Suas gravações com Decca e Apollo são amplamente consideradas definidoras do blues gospel: consistem em hinos protestantes tradicionais, espirituais e canções escritas por compositores contemporâneos como Thomas A. Dorsey e W. Herbert Brewster. Os primeiros são esparsamente acompanhados por piano e órgão, embora Apollo tenha adicionado guitarra acústica, baixo, bateria e backing vocals no início dos anos 1950.

Jackson foi o primeiro artista gospel a assinar com a Columbia Records, então a maior gravadora dos EUA, em 1954. Na Columbia, Jackson lançou 28 álbuns entre 1955 e 1972, ano de sua morte. Columbia expandiu seu repertório para incluir canções consideradas geralmente inspiradoras e patrióticas que foram intercaladas com os hinos e canções gospel semelhantes às que ela cantou no Apollo. Embora seus primeiros discos na Columbia tivessem um som semelhante ao de seus discos Apollo, a música que acompanhou Jackson na Columbia mais tarde incluiu orquestras, guitarras elétricas, cantores de apoio e bateria, cujo efeito geral estava mais associado à música pop leve. Ela foi comercializada de forma semelhante aos músicos de jazz, mas sua música na Columbia acabou desafiando a categorização. No entanto, Jackson ganhou o primeiro Grammy de música gospel em 1961 e o segundo em 1962. Três de suas músicas foram incluídas no Grammy Hall of Fame, incluindo "Move On Up a Little Higher", que também foi adicionada ao National Recording Registro em 2005. Jackson recebeu o Lifetime Achievement Award da Recording Academy em 1972. Ela era um marco na televisão americana nas décadas de 1950 e 1960. Ela apresentou o The Mahalia Jackson Show, que decorreu localmente em Chicago por alguns meses em 1955, e apareceu como convidada em muitos programas nacionais. Ela cantou em quatro filmes entre 1958 e 1964 e apareceu em salas de concerto em todo o mundo enquanto fazia aparições regulares em igrejas negras nos EUA. Ela estimou que vendeu 22 milhões de discos em sua vida. O sucesso de Jackson inaugurou a "Era de Ouro do Gospel" entre 1945 e 1965, permitindo que dezenas de artistas de música gospel fizessem turnês e gravassem.

Sem rótulo

Decca

Apollo

Columbia

Álbuns Ao Vivo

Outras aparições

Compilações

Recursos
 Burford, Mark, Mahalia Jackson and the Black Gospel Field, Oxford University Press, (2019). ISBN 0190095520
 Goreau, Laurraine, Just Mahalia, Baby, World Books, (1975). OCLC 651752344
 Whitburn, Joel, Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories: 1890–1954, Record Research, Inc., (1986). ISBN 0-89820-083-0

Leitura adicional
 Mahalia Jackson na Discogs
 Mahalia Jackson na AllMusic

Discografias
Listas de música

Discografia de Mahalia Jackson


ريكاردو مارتينيلي (11 مارس 1952 -)، سياسي ورجل الأعمال بنمي من أصول إيطالية من ناحية الأب. فاز بالانتخابات الرئاسية البنمية لسنة 2009 ليتولى رئاسة بنما رسمياً ابتداءً من 1 يوليو 2009 خلفا للرئيس السابق مارتين توريخوس حتى 1 يوليو 2014 وخلفه الرئيس خوان كارلوس فاريلا.

انظر أيضا
 قائمة رؤساء بنما

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص مذكورون في وثائق باندورا
أشخاص من بنما (مدينة)
أصحاب أعمال بنميون
بنميون من أصل إسباني
بنميون من أصل إيطالي
خريجو جامعة أركنساس
رومان كاثوليك بنميون
رؤساء حكومات سجنوا لاحقا
رؤساء بنما
مواليد 1951
مواليد 1952

ريكاردو مارتينيلي


Krist Novoselic (16 Mayıs 1965, Kaliforniya), Amerikalı rock müzisyeni ve eski Nirvana grubunun bas gitaristidir aynı zamanda Nirvana'nın beyni olan Kurt Cobain'in de çocukluk arkadaşıdır.

Krist Novaselic Hırvat asıllıdır. Krist 14 yaşındayken de ailesiyle Aberdeen'e taşınmışlardır. Krist konser sonlarında yaptıklarıyla ünlüdür. Bir kere Nirvana'nın "Lithium" şarkısını çalarken gitarını 3-4 metre yukarıya fırlatmış ancak sonra gitar Krist'in kafasına düşmüştür. Nirvana'dan sonra; önce Sweet 75'te; sonrasında da Eyes Adrift'te çalmıştır. Şu sıralar milletvekili olmak için çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca Flipper isimli punk grubunda çalmaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Novoselic.com

1965 doğumlular
Amerikalı erkek gitaristler
Nirvana üyeleri
Demokrasi aktivistleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Amerikalı rock bas gitaristleri
Amerikalı orgcular
21. yüzyıl kurgusal olmayan eserler veren Amerikalı yazarları
Amerikalı akordeoncular
Akustik gitaristler
Amerikalı alternatif rock müzisyenleri
Amerikalı erkek blogcular
Amerikalı demokrasi aktivistleri
Amerikalı liberteryenler
Hırvat asıllı Amerikalılar
Amerikalı siyasi yazarlar
Amerikalı rock gitaristleri
Amerikalı rock şarkıcıları
Amerikalı sosyal bilimciler
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Grunge müzisyenleri
Seattle, Washington doğumlu müzisyenler
Sub Pop sanatçıları
Compton, Kaliforniya doğumlular

Krist Novoselic


Marcel von Allmen ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Marcel von Allmen (Skirennfahrer) (1914–1983), Schweizer Skirennfahrer
 Marcel von Allmen (Mordopfer) (1981–2001), Schweizer Mitglied einer rechtsextremen Organisation

Marcel von Allmen


Moelv Station (Moelv stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Dovrebanen, der ligger i centrum af byen Moelv i Ringsaker kommune i Norge. Stationen består af to spor med hver sin sideliggende perron, en stationsbygning i sten og en parkeringsplads.

Stationen åbnede 15. november 1894, da banen mellem Hamar og Tretten stod færdig. Oprindeligt hed den Moelven, men den skiftede navn til Moelv 1. september 1922. Stationen blev fjernstyret 29. april 1966.

Ved stationens åbning i 1894 blev den forsynet med en stationsbygning, der var opført i tegninger af Paul Due. Den blev revet ned i 1981 og erstattet af den nuværende, der blev opført efter tegninger af NSB Arkitektkontor. Stationen blev gjort ubemandet 1. december 1997, men der er stadig en ventesal i bygningen. Den blev fredet i 1999. Stationens gamle pakhus fungerer i dag som galleri.

I 2012 gennemførte Jernbaneverket en omfattende modernisering af stationen for lidt over 90 mio. NOK. Der blev bygget to nye perroner, en gangtunnel med trapper og elevatorer samt større parkeringspladser på begge sider af stationen.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Dovrebanen
Etableret i 1894
Jernbanestationer i Hedmark

Moelv Station


Lars-Oscar Nilsson (geb. um 1936) ist ein ehemaliger schwedischer Fußballtrainer. 1976 gewann der hauptsächlich im Jugendbereich tätige mit AIK den schwedischen Pokalwettbewerb.

Werdegang
Nilsson arbeitete beim Svenska Fotbollförbundet in der Jugendarbeit, ehe der Vierzigjährige 1976 vom schwedischen Erstligisten AIK als Nachfolger von Kurt Liander als neuer Cheftrainer verpflichtet wurde. Zu seinem neuen Verein brachte er einige junge Spieler wie Stefan Lundin oder Tom Källström mit, die er aus seiner Arbeit als Nationaltrainer der schwedischen Jugendauswahlen kannte. Die Spielzeit 1976 begann für den Klub schlecht, erst am achten Spieltag gelang der Mannschaft mit einem 1:0-Erfolg gegen iF Elfsborg der erste Saisonsieg. Im Pokalwettbewerb war sie dafür umso erfolgreicher und erreichte über einen 2:1-Halbfinalerfolg über Vorjahresdoublegewinner Malmö FF das Endspiel. Nach einem 1:1-Unentschieden im ersten Spiel gegen Landskrona BoIS brachte ein 3:0-Sieg im Wiederholungsspiel den ersten Titelgewinn seit dem Pokaltriumph 1950. Im Europapokal der Pokalsieger 1976/77 scheiterte die Mannschaft jedoch in der ersten Runde am türkischen Pokalsieger Galatasaray Istanbul.

Trotz erreichen des siebten Tabellenplatzes zum Jahresende 1976 verpflichtete AIK mit Gunnar Nordahl für die folgende Spielzeit einen neuen Übungsleiter. Später war Nilsson zwischen 1980 und 1981 erster Vorsitzender der schwedischen Trainervereinigung.

Einzelnachweise

Fußballtrainer (AIK Solna)
Schwede
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Lars-Oscar Nilsson


An Festuca sanjappae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Chandra Sek. ngan S.K.Srivast.. An Festuca sanjappae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca sanjappae


أتلانتس دبي Atlantis Dubai هو مجمع فندقي سياحي ضخم موجود في دبي، افتتح في حفل مبهر وضخم بلغت تكلفته 20 مليون دولار أمريكي في 20 نوفمبر 2008، وهو مشروع رجل الأعمال الجنوب أفريقي سول كيرنز. يقع الفندق على نخلة الجميرة في الحاجز شمال الجزيرة. يمكن الوصول إليه عن طريق نفق تحت الماء على خط سكة الحديد. تكاليفه تصل إلى 1.200 مليون دولار.
شكل الفندق عبارة عن برجين متصلين بجسر، يحتوي الفندق على 1.539 غرفة، أغلى جناح به مائدة طعام ب 18 مقعدا، تقع فوق قوس المبنى المركزي تكلف 25.000 دولار تقريبا في اليوم الواحد. معظم المطاعم تحمل نجوم ميشلين. يشمل كذلك حوض مائي ومجموعة متنوعة من المرافق الترفيهية الأخرى، يمكن للضيوف تدريب السباحة مع الدلافين. كنوز، حطام واشياء أخرى (اصطناعية) تخص قارة أطلنتس الأسطورية الغارقة يمكن مشاهدتها من تحت المياه من خلال طرق وساحات وراء الزجاج التي هي عبارة عن إنفاق وممرات تحت الأرض.

أرقام
 يعتبر فندق"أتلانتس النخلة" أول فندق في العالم يحمل 8 نجوم
 يمتد منتجع "أتلانتس النخلة"، المعلم الأبرز على جزيرة النخلة جميرا، على مساحة 46 هكتاراً، أي ما يعادل مساحة 64 ملعب كرة قدم ويمبلي، فما فيها شاطئ البحر الذي يمتد على طول 4.1 كيلومتر.
 يعنى فريق يتألف من أكثر من 100 عضو بالحياة البحرية في المنتجع، بينهم العديد من موظفي المتنزه المائي، والأطباء البيطريين، وحتى الطهاة.
 تتسع مدينة الألعاب المائية لأكثر من 5,000 شخص في اليوم الواحد.
 يتمتع المنتجع ب 21 حوضاً بحرياً خاصاً في الغرف المفقودة "لوست تشامبرز".
 يتمتع المنتجع ب 27 غرفة معالجة في النادي الصحي.

عالم الأسماك
يعتبر المنتجع موطناً لأكثر من 65 ألفاً من الأحياء البحرية بما فيها بما اسماك الأنشوفة، وصغار سمك الراي اللساع، وأسماك الأرباميا، وأسماك القمر الهلامي، ونباتات قراص البحر، وأنقليس الموراي، والحبار العملاق، وسرطانات البحر، والسمك الخفاش، وسمك النهاش، وسمك الهامور، وسمك التريفاليز الذهبي، وأسماك البيرانا، وسمك الأسد، وأسماك الانيمن، وأسماك الجروبير العملاقة، وأسماك دامسيلز الزرقاء، واسماك مانتا راي، وأسماك الشمس.

انظر أيضاً
 نخلة الجميرة
 برج العرب

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للمنتجع

أحواض سمك في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
تأسيسات سنة 2008 في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
فنادق ناطحات سحاب في دبي
منتجعات دبي
مبان فنادق اكتملت في 2008

فندق أتلانتس نخلة الجميرا (دبي)


بلهارسية دموية  ينتشر الداء في الشرق الأوسط و الهند ، البرتغال و أفريقيا.

مراجع

ديدان طفيلية للبشر
أسباب معدية للسرطان
أمراض ديدانية
أمراض منقولة بالماء
حيوانات وصفت في 1852
سرطان المثانة
مسرطنات المجموعة 1 حسب تصنيف الوكالة الدولية لأبحاث السرطان

بلهارسية دموية


is a town located in Inukami District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 7,525 in 2900 households and a population density of 940 persons per km2. The total area of the town is .  Taga developed as a shrine town of Taga Taisha, a major Shinto shrine.

Geography
Taga is located in eastern Shiga Prefecture, with the eastern part of the town is in the Suzuka Mountains bordering Inabe in Mie Prefecture and Ogaki in Gifu Prefecture. The western part of the town is in the flatlands of the Koto Plains, which extend towards Lake Biwa. The administrative and industrial center of the town is in the west, with the mountainous areas suffering from rural depopulation.The Inukami River flows through the south of the town.

Neighbouring municipalities
Shiga Prefecture
 Maibara
 Hikone
 Kōra
 Aishō
 Higashiōmi
Gifu Prefecture
 Ōgaki
Mie Prefecture
 Inabe

Climate
Taga has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Taga has declined over the past 70 years.

History
The area of Taga was part of ancient Ōmi Province, and the name is listed in the ancient Kojiki chronicle. The area was dominated by the local Taga clan from ancient times into the Sengoku period, and the town itself developed as market town in front of the gates of Taga Taisha, a noted Shinto shrine that was favored by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The Taga clan were dispossessed after the Battle of Sekigahara and the region came under the control of Hikone Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. The  village of Taga was established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system.Taga merged with the neighboring villages of Seritani and Kyutoku to form the town on Taga on November 3, 1941. The town expanded in 1955 by annexing the villages of Ōtaki and Wakigahata.

Government
Taga has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 12 members. Taga, collectively with the other municipalities of Inukami District, contributes one member to the Shiga Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Shiga 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Agriculture and forestry has dominated the local economy since ancient times. Manufacturing includes a number of small to medium-sized factories, the largest of which is a bottling plant owned by Kirin Beer and a bakery owned by Fuji Baking Group.

Education
Taga has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Transportation

Railway
 Ohmi Railway – Taga Line

Highways
  Meishin Expressway

Local attractions
Taga Taisha, a major Shinto shrine
Mount Oike, highest peak in the Suzuka Mountains at 1241 meters
Binmanji Ishibotokedani Necropolis, a National Historic Site

References

External links

 Taga official website
 Taga Sightseeing Association

Towns in Shiga Prefecture
Taga, Shiga

Taga, Shiga


Drum Solo er en dansk kortfilm fra 2015 instrueret af Nicolai Johansen.

Handling
Jeppe drømmer om at blive trommeslager, men han kan ikke finde gnisten. Han står i skyggen af sin tidligere bandkammerat Christian og mangler selvtillid. Filmen følger ham en dag i øvelokalet, hvor han må kæmpe mod manglende inspiration samt Christians spøgelse.

Medvirkende
 Jeppe Bredahl, Jeppe
 Christoffer Bakholdt Dibbern, Christian
 Karoline Svane, Pige ved bustoppested
 Jonas Kyed, Bandmedlen # 1
 Søren Seidelin Andersen, Bandmedlem # 2

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2015

Drum Solo


Schaderthal ist ein Ortsteil von Probstzella im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen. Der Gemeindeteil Schaderthal hatte im Jahr 2019 einschließlich dem Ortsteil Schaderthaler Mühle 61 Einwohner.

Geografie
Der Bach bereitet während der Schneeschmelze große Probleme, daher der Name. Am Dorf führt die Bundesstraße 85 vorüber. Die Gemarkung des Ortes ist 225,06 Hektar umfassend.

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde 1440 erstmals urkundlich genannt. Erst gehörte der Ort zur Grafschaft Orlamünde-Lauenstein, dann kam er zinspflichtig zur Benediktinerabtei Saalfeld. Um 1860 waren die Erwerbsquellen auf dem Gebiet der Landwirtschaft Ackerbau, Viehzucht und Obstbau. Industriell waren die Schieferbrüche und Sägewerke Arbeitsstätten für die Bewohner. Später kamen Ferienlager und Tourismus hinzu. Der Bau der Eisenbahnstrecke brachte eine Intensivierung der Arbeit in das Gebiet.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Geographie (Probstzella)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Ersterwähnung 1440
Gemeindeauflösung 1994

Schaderthal


Le Tranvibus de Murcie () est un projet de réseau de transport en commun en site propre de type bus à haut niveau de service qui dessert la ville de Murcie, capitale de la région de Murcie, en Espagne.

Histoire
Au cours de la campagne des élections municipales du 24 mai 2019, le maire de Murcie et candidat à sa réélection José Ballesta annonce qu'en cas de victoire, il mettra en œuvre un nouveau plan de mobilités prévoyant la réalisation de deux lignes de bus à haut niveau de service traversant la ville, l'une du nord au sud et l'autre d'est en ouest, servies par des bus articulés à haute capacité et 100 % électriques.

Le bureau municipal approuve en  une demande de financement auprès du Fonds européen de développement régional (FEDER). Celle-ci aboutit en  à l'approbation d'une enveloppe de  pour la réalisation des voies réservées, la mairie précisant que le projet initial de Tranvibus a été retravaillé par l'équipe municipale ayant succédé au cours de l'année à celle de José Ballesta.

La nouvelle armature du réseau est présentée le , consistant en trois lignes ayant toutes pour point de départ la place Circulaire, située au centre de Murcie et dotée d'une station multimodale en correspondance avec la ligne de tramway : une ligne vers le sud pour connecter la ville avec le village d'El Palmar et le centre hospitalier de la Vierge de La Arrixaca ; une jusqu'à l'extrême nord de la ville, où se situe le bureau de l'immigration () ; et une en boucle autour du centre-ville. La mise en service commerciale est annoncée pour la fin de l'année .

Réseau
Le réseau du Tranvibus sera long de , entièrement en site propre. Il comptera trois lignes, dont une en boucle, la place Circulaire () servant de point de départ pour les trois tronçons :

Matériel roulant

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des bus à haut niveau de service
 Tramway de Murcie

Transport en commun dans la région de Murcie

Tranvibus de Murcie


Flåmsbanen (Flåmsbana) er en jernbane, der er en sidebane til Bergensbanen mellem Myrdal og Flåm i Norge. Hele banen ligger i Aurland kommune i Sogn og Fjordane fylke.

Flåmsbanen er en af de største seværdigheder i Norge og er kendt for at være en af de stejleste jernbaner i Europa. På de 20,2 km fra Flåm ved bunden af Aurlandsfjorden og op til Myrdal i fjeldene overvinder den en højdeforskel på 865,2 meter. Det svarer til en gennemsnitlig stigning på 55 ‰ eller 1 meter for hver 18 meter af banen. Undervejs er der 20 tunneler med en samlet længde på 5,7 km eller mere end en fjerdedel af banen.

Strækning og tunneller
Flåmsbanen er 20,2 km lang, hvoraf de 5,7 km er fordelt på 20 tunneller. På vejen fra Flåm ved bunden af Aurlandsfjorden og op til Myrdal i fjeldene overvinder banen en højdeforskel på 865,2 meter med en største stigning undervejs på 55,6 ‰. Ifølge Gubberud har 80 % af strækningen en stigning på 55 ‰. Det svarer omtrent til en stigning på 1 meter for hver 18 meter af banen, hvilket gør banen til den næst stejleste normalsporede adhæsionsjernbane i Europa efter Hunsrückbahn i Tyskland.

Der er anlagt vendetunneller ind og ud af fjeldet i flere niveauer. De er nødvendige for at stigningerne ikke skal blive for voldsomme for almindelige tog. På grund af vendetunneller er der jernbanespor i fem "etager" i Flåmsdalen. Flåmsbanen kører i fire niveauer i Myrdalsleitet, Hylla, Baklia og Pinnelia, og ovenfor dem ligger Bergensbanens spor. Af de 20 tunneler blev de 18 bygget med håndkraft, hvor hver meter krævede omkring en måneds arbejde.

Flåmsbanen krydser Flåmselvi tre gange undervejs. I stedet for broer er elven ført i tunnel under jernbanesporet. Ved vandfaldet Kjosfossen er Kjosfoss kraftverk blevet anlagt for at producere strøm til banen. Desuden er der en station, hvor togene stopper, så passagererne kan besigtige vandfaldet.

Historie

Baggrund
Det første kendte initiativ til en jernbane i Nordaland og Sogn kom fra Hans A. T. Gløersen med en artikel i Bergensposten i 1871. I 1875 kom Jernbanekomiteen med en udredning, hvor det blev foreslået at forcere udbygningen af jernbanenettet til Bergen, Sørlandet, Romsdalen og Namsos indenfor de næste 15 år. Denne første skitse til en Bergensbane forudsatte sidebaner til Granvin og Sognefjorden, blandt andet af hensyn til trafikgrundlaget. Oprindeligt var det tanken, at sidebanen til Sognefjorden skulle ende i Gudvangen, idet et mindretal i komiteen dog foretrak, at en bane til Vestlandet skulle gå over Filefjell til Lærdal med dampskibsforbindelse til Bergen. Ved anlægget af Bergensbanen blev der bygget en fire kilometer anlægsvej med 17 hårnålesving op til Myrdal og videre til Ustevatn. Denne vej kunne benyttes med hest og vogn og gav landsbyerne adgang til Bergensbanen. Turister blev transporteret med hestevogn mellem Fretheim og Myrdal. Posten gik samme vej mellem dampskibene på fjorden og toget i Myrdal. Vatnahalsen hotell blev opført nedenfor Myrdal Station i 1896. Da Bergensbanen stod færdig i 1909 var forberedelserne til sidebaner mod Hardanger og Sogn i gang.

De første undersøgelser af et muligt tracé fandt sted i 1893. Oprindeligt blev det foreslået, at banen skulle være en smalsporet (1067 mm) kombineret adhæsions- og tandhjulsbane med en største stigning på 2,5 % for adhæsionsstrækningen og 10 % for tandhjulsstrækningen. I 1904 foreslog statsbanerne et alternativt forløb fra Voss via Stalheim til Gudvangen, med tandhjulsbane på det stejle stykke ved Stalheim. Samtidig blev der skitseret en billig løsning i form af et system med elektrisk køretøj på landevejen i Flåmsdalen kombineret med kabelbane op til Myrdal. I debatten blev Myrdal - Fretheim dog anset for at være bedre end Voss - Stalheim - Gudvangen, blandt andet på grund af den kortere linjeføring og bedre beliggenhed.

Etableringen af Flåmsbanen blev vedtaget af Stortinget 10. juni 1909 med udgangspunkt i løsningen med en tandhjulsbane op til Myrdal. Efter vedtagelsen blev der studeret baner i de schweiziske alper, blandt andet Berninabahn, Berner-Oberland, Locarno-Bignasco, Visp-Zermatt og Lausanne. Overingeniør Ferdinand Bjerke fandt at en ren adhæsionsbane var bedst. Anlægsomkostningerne blev anslået til 5,5 mio. kr. i 1913. I 1918 stod kabelbanen Fløibanen i Bergen færdig, og på baggrund af erfaringerne blev kabelbane igen vurderet som alternativ, uden at statsbanerne ændrede holdning. I stedet vedtog Stortinget i 1923, at banen skulle anlægges som en normalsporet adhæsionsbane med elektrisk drift. De anslåede omkostninger var i mellemtiden løbet op i 14,9 mio. kr., blandt andet på grund af generelle prisstigninger. Kritikere mente, at en busrute gennem Flåmsdalen ville være tilstrækkelig. Da elektrificeringen var færdig i 1944, var omkostningerne løbet op i 20 mio. kr.

Anlæg

Anlægsarbejdet begyndte i 1923 og stod på indtil 1947. Overingeniør Peder Bernhard Kristiansen Lahlum var leder af anlægget af både denne bane og Hardangerbanen. Ole Didrik Lærum medvirkede som assisterende ingeniør. Antallet af medarbejdere var 300 på sit højeste, men varierede ellers omkring 200, med ned til 60-70 i kriseårene. I 1937 besøgte Willy Brandt, der var flygtning i Norge, og som kom lige fra den spanske borgerkrig, Flåm, og talte til arbejderne om den nazistiske fare.

Nogle af de største udfordringer var tunnelerne, og arbejdet med de længste blev sat i gang i 1924. Et stykke inde i den 888 meter lange vendetunnel Vatnahalsen-tunnel er der en åbning i tunnelvæggen. Dette sted kaldes for Hylla. Oprindeligt var det ikke meningen, at der skulle være en åbning, men væggen ville blive så tynd, at ingeniørerne mente, at det var sikrest at sprænge den ud, hvorefter også det store stykke fjeld ovenover blev sprængt væk. Ved den øvre indgang til tunnelen er fjeldet så stejlt, at arbejderne til at begynde med måtte hejses ned med reb. Tracëen har her tre niveauer: Myrdalsleitet, Hylla og Baklia. Regner man Pinnelia med, går banen i fire etager øverst i dalen. I begyndelse blev der brugt store arbejdsheste til trække stenmasserne ud af tunnelen. Senere anskaffedes der et benzindrevet lokomotiv, men på grund af dårlig ventilation kunne lokomotivet efterhånden ikke bruges i den lange tunnel. Arbejdet med Vatnahalsen-tunnelen tog ti år, mens man behøvede elleve ved Blomheller og Nåli. I Nåli og Vatnahalsen tog man maskinboring i brug, mens de andre tunneler blev udboret med håndkraft. To mand omkom under arbejdet. Sporlægningen begyndte i efteråret 1936.

10. april 1940 blev banen forberedt til sprængning for at forhindre tysk fremrykning, efter at den tyske invasion af Norge var begyndt dagen før. Blomheller-tunnelen blev sprængt, og norske styrker ved Myrdal trak ned til Flåm. Vatnahalsen hotell brændte to dage efter, at en gruppe tyske ingeniørsoldater blev forlagt dertil. Sporlægningen blev forceret i juli-august 1940 med en arbejdsstyrke på omkring 200 mand. Banen blev åbnet for drift med damplokomotiver i august 1940 efter pres fra besættelsesmagten. Almindelig persontrafik startede 10. februar 1941. Togene brugte 1 time og 5 minutter på turen fra Myrdal ned til Flåm og 15 minutter mere på turen op. I juni 1941 bestemte Arbeidsdepartementet, at banen skulle hedde Flåmsbana. I oktober 1944 blev banen elektrificeret. Strømmen kom fra Kjosfoss kraftverk, der ligger lige ved Kjosfossen Station, der blev bygget af NSB til samme formål. Kraftværkets gulv blev lagt i niveau med sporet, så ting kunne transporteres lige ind. Stationen blev taget i brug 27. oktober 1944, og nogle uger efter fulgte den elektriske drift af Flåmsbanen. På grund af krigen skete der ikke nogen officiel indvielse af banen dengang, så i stedet foretog man ën ved 40 års jubilæet i 1980.

Drift

I den første tid benyttede damplokomotiverne tre forskellige bremsesystemer. Skinnebremsen trykkedes mod skinnerne for at skabe mere friktion. Modtryksbremsen fungerede ved, at dampmaskinen kørte baglæns og fungerede som en kompressor. Bremseeffekten regulerede med en skrueventil, mens cylindrene blev kølet med vand. De elektriske tog blev bygget til både Flåmsbanen og Hardangerbanen. Akseltrykket var begrænset til 12 tons, hvorfor lokomotiverne blev relativt korte.

I 1950'erne transporteredes omkring 115.000 passagerer om året. På den tid lancerede NSB tilbuddet Norway in a Nutshell for turister i Voss og senere også for Bergen og Oslo. I 1970'erne var det årlige passagertal steget til omkring 175.000, bland andet som følge af arbejdet med kraftværker ved Aurlandselvi. I 1990'erne transporteredes op mod 300.000 passagerer om året. I 1980'erne blev der indsat togsæt, der kunne køre direkte fra Bergen til Flåm med henblik på turisttrafikken om sommeren.

Indtil 1977 var Flåmsbanen central for postvæsenets distribution i Sogn. Landbrugsprodukter og levende dyr blev også sendt med banen. Ved udbygningen af kraftværket i Årdal blev der transporteret store mængder gods med Flåmsbanen, der siden blev omlastet til skib. Også udbygningen af kraftværkerne i Aurland gav anledning til godstrafik på Flåmsbanen.

Siden 1. marts 1998 er Flåm Utvikling AS, der ejes af de lokale kommuner og fylkeskommunen, ansvarlig for persontrafikken på banen med NSB som operatør. Banen er ikke fjernstyret. Berekvam Station er betjent, for at tog kan krydse der.

Flåmsbanen har i dag kun beskeden betydning som almindelig jernbane. I stedet er det turisttrafikken i sommerhalvåret, der giver de allerstørste indtægter. Banen går gennem dramatisk natur og passerer flere vandfald, blandt andet Kjosfossen. I 2005 var banen den femtemest besøgte seværdighed i Norge med 408.900 betalende passagerer. Pr. 2015 ligger det årlige passagertal på 700.000. I sommersæsonen er kapaciteten fuldt udnyttet i dagtimerne.

Ved oversvømmelserne 28.-29. oktober 2014 skete de største skader på banelegemet siden åbningen. Kabler og andre dele fik også store skader. Som følge heraf var trafikken indstillet i omkring fire uger.

Flåmsbanemuseet

I den gamle stationsbygning i Flåm er der indrettet et museum med gammelt udstyr og materiel fra anlægget af både Flåmsbanen og Bergensbanen. Der er gratis adgang for banens passagerer.

Noter

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel hjemmeside
 Flåmsbanens historie
 Flåmsbana - bygd 1923-1940  artikel hos Sogn og Fjordane fylkesarkiv

Jernbanestrækninger i Norge
Etableret i 1940
Seværdigheder i Norge

Flåmsbanen


An Hypodiscus alternans in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Neville Stuart Pillans. An Hypodiscus alternans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hypodiscus, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hypodiscus

Hypodiscus alternans


Malonic acid (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2. The ionized form of malonic acid, as well as its esters and salts, are known as malonates. For example, diethyl malonate is malonic acid's diethyl ester. The name originates from the Greek word μᾶλον (malon) meaning 'apple'.

History
Malonic acid is a naturally occurring substance found in many fruits and vegetables. There is a suggestion that citrus fruits produced in organic farming contain higher levels of malonic acid than fruits produced in conventional agriculture.

Malonic acid was first prepared in 1858 by the French chemist Victor Dessaignes via the oxidation of malic acid.

Structure and preparation
The structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography and extensive property data including for condensed phase thermochemistry are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
A classical preparation of malonic acid starts from chloroacetic acid:

Sodium carbonate generates the sodium salt, which is then reacted with sodium cyanide to provide the sodium salt of cyanoacetic acid via a nucleophilic substitution. The nitrile group can be hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to sodium malonate, and acidification affords malonic acid. Industrially, however, malonic acid is produced by hydrolysis of dimethyl malonate or diethyl malonate. It has also been produced through fermentation of glucose.

Organic reactions
Malonic acid reacts as a typical carboxylic acid: forming amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives. Malonic anhydride can be used as an intermediate to mono-ester or amide derivatives, while malonyl chloride is most useful to obtain diesters or diamides.
In a well-known reaction, malonic acid condenses with urea to form barbituric acid. Malonic acid may also be condensed with acetone to form Meldrum's acid, a versatile intermediate in further transformations. The esters of malonic acid are also used as a −CH2COOH synthon in the malonic ester synthesis.

Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis
Malonic acid is the starting substrate of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII), in which it is converted to malonyl-CoA by malonyl-CoA synthetase (ACSF3).

Additionally, the coenzyme A derivative of malonate, malonyl-CoA, is an important precursor in cytosolic fatty acid biosynthesis along with acetyl CoA. Malonyl CoA is formed there from acetyl CoA by the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and the malonate is transferred to an acyl carrier protein to be added to a fatty acid chain.

Briggs–Rauscher reaction
Malonic acid is a key component in the Briggs–Rauscher reaction, the classic example of an oscillating chemical reaction.

Knoevenagel condensation
In Knoevenagel condensation, malonic acid or its diesters are reacted with the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone, followed by a dehydration reaction.

When malonic acid itself is used, it is normally because the desired product is one in which a second step has occurred, with loss of carbon dioxide, in the so-called Doebner modification.

Thus, for example, the reaction product of acrolein and malonic acid in pyridine is trans-2,4-Pentadienoic acid with one carboxylic acid group and not two.

Preparation of carbon suboxide
Carbon suboxide is prepared by warming a dry mixture of phosphorus pentoxide () and malonic acid. It reacts in a similar way to malonic anhydride, forming malonates.

Applications
Malonic acid is a precursor to specialty polyesters. It can be converted into 1,3-propanediol for use in polyesters and polymers (whose usefulness is unclear though). It can also be a component in alkyd resins, which are used in a number of coatings applications for protecting against damage caused by UV light, oxidation, and corrosion. One application of malonic acid is in the coatings industry as a crosslinker for low-temperature cure powder coatings, which are becoming increasingly valuable for heat sensitive substrates and a desire to speed up the coatings process. The global coatings market for automobiles was estimated to be $18.59 billion in 2014 with projected combined annual growth rate of 5.1% through 2022.

It is used in a number of manufacturing processes as a high value specialty chemical including the electronics industry, flavors and fragrances industry, specialty solvents, polymer crosslinking, and pharmaceutical industry. In 2004, annual global production of malonic acid and related diesters was over 20,000 metric tons. Potential growth of these markets could result from advances in industrial biotechnology that seeks to displace petroleum-based chemicals in industrial applications.

In 2004, malonic acid was listed by the US Department of Energy as one of the top 30 chemicals to be produced from biomass.

In food and drug applications, malonic acid can be used to control acidity, either as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulation or natural preservative additive for foods.

Malonic acid is used as a building block chemical to produce numerous valuable compounds, including the flavor and fragrance compounds gamma-nonalactone, cinnamic acid, and the pharmaceutical compound valproate.

Malonic acid (up to 37.5% w/w) has been used to cross-link corn and potato starches to produce a biodegradable thermoplastic; the process is performed in water using non-toxic catalysts. Starch-based polymers comprised 38% of the global biodegradable polymers market in 2014 with food packaging, foam packaging, and compost bags as the largest end-use segments.

Eastman Kodak company and others use malonic acid and derivatives as a surgical adhesive.

Pathology
If elevated malonic acid levels are accompanied by elevated methylmalonic acid levels, this may indicate the metabolic disease combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA). By calculating the malonic acid to methylmalonic acid ratio in blood plasma, CMAMMA can be distinguished from classic methylmalonic acidemia.

Biochemistry
Malonic acid is the classic example of a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (complex II), in the respiratory electron transport chain. It binds to the active site of the enzyme without reacting, competing with the usual substrate succinate but lacking the −CH2CH2− group required for dehydrogenation.  This observation  was used to deduce the structure of the active site in succinate dehydrogenase. Inhibition of this enzyme decreases cellular respiration. Since malonic acid is a natural component of many foods, it is present in mammals including humans.

Related Chemicals
The fluorinated version of malonic acide is difluoromalonic acid.

Malonic acid is diprotic; that is, it can donate two protons per molecule. Its first  is 2.8 and the second is 5.7. Thus the malonate ion can be  or . Malonate or propanedioate compounds include salts and esters of malonic acid, such as
Diethyl malonate
Dimethyl malonate
Disodium malonate
Malonyl-CoA

References

External links
Calculator: Water and solute activities in aqueous malonic acid

Dicarboxylic acids

Malonic acid


Downtown Crossing ist ein Einkaufsbezirk im Stadtzentrum von Boston im Bundesstaat Massachusetts der Vereinigten Staaten. Er befindet sich direkt östlich des Boston Common und westlich des Financial District. In Downtown Crossing gibt es viele Kaufhäuser mit umfangreicher Verkaufsfläche, aber auch Restaurants, Souvenirläden, Einzelhändler und Straßenverkäufer. Der Bereich der Washington Street zwischen den Straßen Temple und Bromfield ist ebenso wie Teile der Winter- und Summer Street für den Straßenverkehr gesperrt, so dass sich die Fußgänger dort frei bewegen können.

Der "Leiter-Distrikt"
Im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert wurde der Bereich entlang der Straßen Washington und Tremont von der School Street bis zur Beach Street auch als Ladder District (Leiter-Distrikt) bezeichnet. Der Name rührt nicht etwa von dort produzierten Gütern, sondern vom Verlauf der Seitenstraßen, die zwischen den beiden Hauptdurchgangsstraßen wie die Sprossen einer Leiter aussehen, wenn man sie auf einer Landkarte betrachtet.

Geschichtlicher Hintergrund
Im späten 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert war das Viertel entlang der Summer Street sehr hochpreisig und zeichnete sich durch von Charles Bulfinch und weiteren berühmten Architekten entworfene Stadtvillen aus. Das Feuer in Boston 1872 zerstörte einen großen Teil des Stadtteils, insbesondere im Bereich zwischen der Summer-, Washington- und Milk Street.

Kaufhäuser
Zwischen 1895 und 1917 war Downtown Crossing das Bostoner Zentrum für Einkäufe in Kaufhäusern. Im Jahr 1841 eröffneten Eben Jordan und Benjamin L. Marsh den ersten Jordan-Marsh-Großhandel, der später zu einem Warenhaus umgewandelt wurde. 1881 kam mit dem Filene's ein weiterer großer Einzelhändler hinzu, später folgten ein Gilchrist und ein Kennedy's. Diese Läden zogen eher Besucher aus der Mittelschicht sowie weitere Geschäfte wie Lebensmittelhändler und Restaurants an.

In den gesamten USA hatten die Kaufhäuser in den Stadtzentren nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg mit den Herausforderungen der Suburbanisierung und zusätzlicher Konkurrenz durch großflächige SB-Warenhäuser zu kämpfen. Im Filene's spaltete sich der Teil im Untergeschoss als Filene's Basement ab und wurde zu einer eigenständigen Warenhauskette, deren Flagshipstore sich auch weiterhin im Untergeschoss des ehemaligen Filene's befand. 1988 wurden beide Unternehmen, die zuvor dieselben Eigentümer hatten, auch formal und organisatorisch getrennt. Das Gebäude, in dem sich beide Geschäfte befinden, wurde 1986 in das National Register of Historic Places aufgenommen.

Im Jahr 1996 wurde das ehemalige Kaufhaus Jordan Marsh von Macy's übernommen, und im Frühjahr 2006 schloss der Flagshipstore von Filene's. Im gleichen Jahr gab das Unternehmen Vornado Realty Trust bekannt, den ehemaligen Standort von Filene's für 100 Millionen US-Dollar erworben zu haben. Ziel ist ein umfangreicher Umbau des Grundstücks, der etwa 620 Millionen US-Dollar kosten soll und den Bau von exklusiven Einkaufsmöglichkeiten, Gewerbeimmobilien und Wohneinheiten umfasst. Der Plan beinhaltet auch ein neues Hochhaus mit 38 Stockwerken und  Höhe. Filene's Basement wurde während der Bauphase geschlossen und bislang nicht wieder eröffnet.

Filene's Basement beantragte am 4. Mai 2009 die Insolvenz. Das New Yorker Unternehmen Crown Acquisitions gab gemeinsam mit der Chetrit Group ein Angebot zum Kauf von 17 der 25 Standorte von Filene's ab, darunter auch die Filiale in Downtown Crossing, die immerhin 13 % des Umsatzes des gesamten Unternehmens generierte: Vornado Realty Trust hatte monatlich 500.000 US-Dollar an Filene's als Ausgleich für die Schließung der Filiale in Downtown Crossing gezahlt. Diese Zahlungen wurden jedoch ohne Vorankündigung im Januar 2009 eingestellt.

Erweiterungen der Suffolk University
Im Jahr 2007 kaufte die Suffolk University ein Gebäude an der West Street und wandelte es im Zuge einer Renovierung in Apartments um, die heute von etwa 270 Studenten bewohnt werden. Im Jahr 2010 restaurierte die Universität das historische Modern Theater und errichtete darüber ein zehnstöckiges Studentenwohnheim, in dem heute weitere 200 Studenten leben.

Sonstiges
Die Station Downtown Crossing der MBTA bindet den Stadtteil direkt an das städtische U-Bahn-Netz an. Ebenfalls gut zu erreichen sind die Stationen State Street und Park Street sowie die Buslinien der Silver Line.

Ein kleines Einkaufszentrum namens Lafayette Place Mall wurde an das Kaufhaus Jordan Marsh im Jahr 1985 angebaut, jedoch 1992 wieder geschlossen und in Büroflächen umgewandelt. In der Corner Mall gibt es viele Restaurants und einige kleinere Einzelhändler.

Vor dem ehemaligen Borders Book Store an der Ecke School- und Washington Street befindet sich das Boston Irish Famine Memorial.

Galerie

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Weblinks

 Website des Downtown Boston Business Improvement District
 Google News Archiv – Artikelsammlung über Downtown Crossing.
 Website der Downtown Crossing Association

Stadtteil von Boston

Downtown Crossing (Boston)


Guillaume Van Keirsbulck (Roeselare, Província de Flandres Ocidental, 14 de fevereiro de 1991) é um ciclista profissional belga que compete com a equipa Alpecin-Fenix.

Antes de ser profissional foi um destacado amador, com vários campeonatos nacionais no seu palmarés. Em 2011 estreia com a equipa QuickStep. É neto de Benoni Beheyt, que foi ciclista profissional e campeão do mundo.

Palmarés
 2011
 Circuito de Houtland

 2014
 1 etapa dos Três Dias de Flandres Ocidental
 Três Dias de Bruges–De Panne
 1 etapa do Eneco Tour
 Grande Prêmio Jean-Pierre Monseré

 2017
 Le Samyn

 2018
 Antwerp Port Epic

Resultados em Grandes Voltas

—: não participa
Ab.: abandono

Equipas
 QuickStep/Omega Pharma/Etixx (2011-2016)
 QuickStep Cycling Team (2011)
 Omega Pharma-QuickStep (2012-2014)
Etixx-Quick Step (2015-2016)
 Wanty-Groupe Gobert (2017-2018)
 CCC Team (2019-2020)
 Alpecin-Fenix Development Team (05.2021-12.2021)
 Alpecin-Fenix (2022-)

Referências

Ligações externas

 Ficha em sitiodeciclismo.net

Ciclistas da Bélgica

Guillaume Van Keirsbulck


ස්ථාන [ සංස්කරණය ]

 මවුන්ට් ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් , එල්ස්වර්ත් ලෑන්ඩ්, ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් (නගරය) , ජර්මනියේ පහළ සැක්සොනි හි ස්වාධීන නගරයකි
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් (දිස්ත්‍රික්කය) , Old තිහාසිකව ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් නිදහස් ප්‍රාන්තයේ සහ දැන් පහළ සැක්සොනි හි දිස්ත්‍රික්කයකි
 ජර්මනියේ ෂෙල්ස්විග්-හොල්ස්ටයින් හි පිහිටි හොල්ස්ටයින්හි ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග්
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග්-ලෑන්ඩ් , හොල්ස්ටයින්හි ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් අසල නගර සභා සංගමයක්
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග්, ඉන්දියානා , එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නගරයක්
 ටෙක්සාස්හි ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග්, එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජනාවාසයක්

[ තිහාසික [ සංස්කරණය ]

 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග්හි රදගුරු (970–1160), බිෂොප්වරයෙකි, එය ලුබෙක් කුමරු බවට පත් විය, දැන් ෂෙල්ස්විග් - හොල්ස්ටයින්හි
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් ප්‍රාන්තය (1091–1774), ශුද්ධ රෝම අධිරාජ්‍යයේ ප්‍රාන්තයකි, දැන් පහළ සැක්සොනි හි
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග්හි ආදිපාදවරිය (1774-1810), ශුද්ධ රෝම අධිරාජ්‍යයේ රාජ්‍යයකි
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග්හි ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ඩචි (1814-1918), ජර්මානු සම්මේලනයේ සහ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ රාජ්‍යයකි
 වයිමර් ජනරජයේ සහ නාසි ජර්මනියේ ප්‍රාන්තයක් වන ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් නිදහස් රාජ්‍යය (1918-1946)
 කලින් නිදහස් රාජ්‍යය ආවරණය කරමින් පහළ සැක්සොනි හි region තිහාසික කලාපයක් වන ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් ලෑන්ඩ්

නැව් [ සංස්කරණය ]

 ජර්මානු කොර්වෙට් ඕල්ඩර්න්බර්ග් (F263) , බ්‍රවුන්ස්විග් - ක්ලාස් ( 130 වර්ගය) කොර්වෙට් 2013 දී ආරම්භ කරන ලදී
 එම්.එස්. ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් , බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය මගී තොටුපළකි
 පළමුවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේ යුධ නෞකාවක් වන එස්එම්එස් ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග්
 එස්එම්එස් ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් (1884) , ජර්මානු අධිරාජ්‍ය නාවික හමුදාවේ සන්නද්ධ වෙරළබඩ ආරක්ෂක නෞකාවකි
 එස්එස් මාව් (1914) හෝ ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් , නැව් බඩු සහ හිටපු සහායක යාත්‍රාව
 සුමොන් ජුට්සන් හෝ ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් , සම්පූර්ණ නෞකාවකි

වෙනත් භාවිතයන් [ සංස්කරණය ]

 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් (වාසගම)
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් හෝ ඕල්ඩන්බර්ගර් , පහළ සැක්සොනි හි අශ්ව අභිජනනයකි
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග්හි නිවස , උතුරු ජර්මානු උදාර පවුල, ඩෙන්මාර්කයේ රජවරු
 ජර්මනියේ ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය

මෙයද බලන්න [ සංස්කරණය කරන්න ]

 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග්හි ආදිපාදවරිය (ඇපල්) , රුසියානු ඇපල් වගාව ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ
 ගෙහයිම්රාට් ආචාර්ය ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් , ජර්මානු ඇපල් වගාවක් ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් , වාසගම
 ඕල්ඩන්බර්ග් බේබි , ගබ්සා කළ දරුවෙක් දිවි ගලවා ගත්තේය

ඕල්ඩර්න් බර්ග්


Alexander VI páfi (1. janúar 1431 – 18. ágúst 1503), sem hét upphaflega Rodrigo de Borja var leiðtogi Rómversk-kaþólsku kirkjunnar og Páfaríkisins frá 11. ágúst 1492 til dauðadags 1503.

Rodrigo fæddist inn í hina atkvæðamiklu Borgia fjölskyldu í Xàtiva, þá undir krúnunni í Aragóníu (nú Spánn) og lærði lögfræði við Bolognaháskólann. Hann var vígður djákni og gerður að kardínála árið 1456 eftir að frændi hans var kjörinn Kalixtus III páfi, ári síðar varð hann varakanslari kaþólsku kirkjunnar. Hann hélt áfram að þjóna í Páfaráði undir næstu fjórum páfum og öðlaðist veruleg áhrif og auð á meðan. Árið 1492 var Rodrigo kjörinn páfi og fékk nafnið Alexander VI.

Páfalegar tilskipanir Alexanders árið 1493 staðfestu eða endurstaðfestu réttindi spænsku krúnunnar í Nýja heiminum í kjölfar landafunda Kristófers Kólumbusar árið 1492. Í seinna Ítalíustríðinu studdi Alexander VI son sinn Cesare Borgia sem starfaði fyrir Frakkakonung. Utanríkisstefna hans var að ná sem hagstæðustu kjörum fyrir fjölskyldu sína.

Alexander er talinn einn umdeildasti endurreisnarpáfinn, meðal annars vegna þess hann viðurkenndi að hafa eignast nokkur börn með ástkonum sínum. Fyrir vikið varð ítalskvædda valensíska eftirnafn hans, Borgia, samheiti yfir sældarhyggju og frændhygli, sem jafnan er talið einkenna störf hans sem páfa. Á hinn bóginn lýstu tveir arftakar Alexanders, Sixtus V og Úrbanus VIII, honum sem einum mest framúrskarandi páfa síðan sjálfur Pétur postuli var og hét.

Borgia-ætt
Páfar

Alexander 6.


O Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal é uma publicação que classifica as espécies de animais vertebrados no território português em função da o ser risco de extinção.

Ver também
 Lista Vermelha da IUCN

Bancos de dados biológicos
Biologia da conservação
Ecologia de Portugal


A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a ranged weapon that damages its target with highly focused energy without a solid projectile, including lasers, microwaves, particle beams, and sound beams. Potential applications of this technology include weapons that target personnel, missiles, vehicles, and optical devices.

In the United States, the Pentagon, DARPA, the Air Force Research Laboratory, United States Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center, and the Naval Research Laboratory are researching directed-energy weapons to counter ballistic missiles, hypersonic cruise missiles, and hypersonic glide vehicles.  These systems of missile defense are expected to come online no sooner than the mid to late-2020s.

China, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Russia, India, and Pakistan are also developing military-grade directed-energy weapons, while Iran and Turkey claim to have them in active service. The first use of directed-energy weapons in combat between military forces was claimed to have occurred in Libya in August 2019 by Turkey, which claimed to use the ALKA directed-energy weapon. After decades of research and development, most directed-energy weapons are still at the experimental stage and it remains to be seen if or when they will be deployed as practical, high-performance military weapons.

Operational advantages
Directed energy weapons could have several main advantages over conventional weaponry:
 Directed-energy weapons can be used discreetly; radiation does not generate sound and is invisible if outside the visible spectrum.<ref name="Defence IQ Press">"Defence IQ talks to Dr Palíšek about Directed Energy Weapon systems", Defence iQ', Nov. 20, 2012</ref>
 Light is, for practical purposes, unaffected by gravity, windage and Coriolis force, giving it an almost perfectly flat trajectory. This makes aim much more precise and extends the range to line-of-sight, limited only by beam diffraction and spread (which dilute the power and weaken the effect), and absorption or scattering by intervening atmospheric contents.
 Lasers travel at light-speed and have long range, making them suitable for use in space warfare.
 Laser weapons potentially eliminate many logistical problems in terms of ammunition supply, as long as there is enough energy to power them.
 Depending on several operational factors, directed-energy weapons may be cheaper to operate than conventional weapons in certain contexts.

Types
 Microwave
Some devices are described as microwave weapons; the microwave range is commonly defined as being between 300 MHz and 300 GHz (wavelengths of 1 meter to 1 millimeter), which is within the radiofrequency (RF) range. Some examples of weapons which have been publicized by the military are as follows:

Active Denial System
Active Denial System is a millimeter wave source that heats the water in a human target's skin and thus causes incapacitating pain. It was developed by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory and Raytheon for riot-control duty. Though intended to cause severe pain while leaving no lasting damage, concern has been voiced as to whether the system could cause irreversible damage to the eyes. There has yet to be testing for long-term side effects of exposure to the microwave beam. It can also destroy unshielded electronics. The device comes in various sizes, including attached to a Humvee.
Vigilant Eagle
Vigilant Eagle is a ground-based airport defense system that directs high-frequency microwaves towards any projectile that is fired at an aircraft. It was announced by Raytheon in 2005, and the effectiveness of its waveforms was reported to have been demonstrated in field tests to be highly effective in defeating MANPADS  missiles.

The system consists of a missile-detecting and tracking subsystem (MDT), a command and control system, and a scanning array. The MDT is a fixed grid of passive infrared (IR) cameras. The command and control system determines the missile launch point. The scanning array projects microwaves that disrupt the surface-to-air missile's guidance system, deflecting it from the aircraft. Vigilant Eagle was not mentioned on Raytheon's Web site in 2022.

Bofors HPM Blackout
Bofors HPM Blackout is a high-powered microwave weapon that is said to be able to destroy at short distance a wide variety of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) electronic equipment and is purportedly non-lethal.Magnus Karlsson (2009). "Bofors HPM Blackout". Artilleri-Tidskrift (2–2009): s. s 12–15. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
EL/M-2080 Green Pine|EL/M-2080 Green P
The effective radiated power (ERP) of the EL/M-2080 Green Pine radar makes it a hypothetical candidate for conversion into a directed-energy weapon, by focusing pulses of radar energy on target missiles. The energy spikes are tailored to enter missiles through antennas or sensor apertures where they can fool guidance systems, scramble computer memories or even burn out sensitive electronic components.

Active electronically scanned array
AESA radars mounted on fighter aircraft have been slated as directed energy weapons against missiles, however, a senior US Air Force officer noted: "they aren't particularly suited to create weapons effects on missiles because of limited antenna size, power and field of view". Potentially lethal effects are produced only inside 100 meters range, and disruptive effects at distances on the order of one kilometer. Moreover, cheap countermeasures can be applied to existing missiles.
Anti-drone rifle

A weapon often described as an "anti-drone rifle" or "anti-drone gun" is a battery-powered electromagnetic pulse weapon held to an operator's shoulder, pointed at a flying target in a way similar to a rifle, and operated. While not a rifle or gun, it is so nicknamed as it is handled in the same way as a personal rifle. The device emits separate electromagnetic pulses to suppress navigation and transmission channels used to operate an aerial drone, terminating the drone's contact with its operator; the out-of-control drone then crashes.
The Russian Stupor is reported to have  a range of two kilometers, covering a 20-degree sector; it also suppresses the drone's cameras. Stupor is reported to have been used by Russian forces during the Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war.

Both Russia and Ukraine are reported to use these devices during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
The Ukrainian army are reported to use the Ukrainian KVS G-6, with a 3.5 km range and able to operate continuously for 30 minutes. The manufacturer states that the weapon can disrupt remote control, the transmission of video at 2.4 and 5 GHz, and GPS and Glonass satellite navigation signals.

Due to the threat posed by drones in regard to terrorism, several police forces have carried anti-drone guns as part of their equipment. For example, during the policing of the Commonwealth Games in 2018, the Australian Queensland Police Service carried anti-drone guns with an effective range of 2 miles. In Myanmar, police  have been equipped with anti-drone guns 'ostensibly to defend VIPs.'

Counter-electronics High Power Microwave Advanced Missile Project
Counter-electronics High Power Microwave Advanced Missile Project

 THOR/Mjolnir

 Laser

A laser weapon is a directed-energy weapon based on lasers.

 Particle-beam

Particle-beam weapons can use charged or neutral particles, and can be either endoatmospheric or exoatmospheric. Particle beams as beam weapons are theoretically possible, but practical weapons have not been demonstrated yet. Certain types of particle beams have the advantage of being self-focusing in the atmosphere.

Blooming is also a problem in particle-beam weapons. Energy that would otherwise be focused on the target spreads out and the beam becomes less effective:
 Thermal blooming occurs in both charged and neutral particle beams, and occurs when particles bump into one another under the effects of thermal vibration, or bump into air molecules.
 Electrical blooming occurs only in charged particle beams, as ions of like charge repel one another.

 Plasma
Plasma weapons fire a beam, bolt, or stream of plasma, which is an excited state of matter consisting of atomic electrons & nuclei and free electrons if ionized, or other particles if pinched.

The MARAUDER (Magnetically Accelerated Ring to Achieve Ultra-high Directed-Energy and Radiation) used the Shiva Star project (a high energy capacitor bank which provided the means to test weapons and other devices requiring brief and extremely large amounts of energy) to accelerate a toroid of plasma at a significant percentage of the speed of light.

Additionally, the Russian Federation is developing various plasma weapons.

 Sonic

 Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD)

The Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD) is an acoustic hailing device developed by Genasys (formerly LRAD Corporation) to send messages and warning tones over longer distances or at higher volume than normal loudspeakers, and as a non-lethal directed-acoustic-energy weapon. LRAD systems are used for long-range communications in a variety of applications and as a means of non-lethal, non-projectile crowd control. They are also used on ships as an anti-piracy measure.

According to the manufacturer's specifications, the systems weigh from  and can emit sound in a 30°- 60° beam at 2.5 kHz. They range in size from small, portable handheld units which can be strapped to a person's chest, to larger models which require a mount. The power of the sound beam which LRADs produce is sufficient to penetrate vehicles and buildings while retaining a high degree of fidelity, so that verbal messages can be conveyed  clearly in some situations. Their weapons capability has been controversially used in the USA to disrupt numerous protests.

 History

 Ancient

 Mirrors of Archimedes

According to a legend, Archimedes created a mirror with an adjustable focal length (or more likely, a series of mirrors focused on a common point) to focus sunlight on ships of the Roman fleet as they invaded Syracuse, setting them on fire. Historians point out that the earliest accounts of the battle did not mention a "burning mirror", but merely stated that Archimedes's ingenuity combined with a way to hurl fire were relevant to the victory. Some attempts to replicate this feat have had some success; in particular, an experiment by students at MIT showed that a mirror-based weapon was at least possible, if not necessarily practical. The hosts of MythBusters tackled the Mirrors of Archimedes three times (in episodes 19, 57 and 172) and were never able to make the target ship catch fire, declaring the myth busted three separate times.

20th Century
 Robert Watson-Watt
In 1935, the British Air Ministry asked Robert Watson-Watt of the Radio Research Station whether a "death ray" was possible. He and colleague Arnold Wilkins quickly concluded that it was not feasible, but as a consequence suggested using radio for the detection of aircraft and this started the development of radar in Britain.

 The fictional "engine-stopping ray"
Stories in the 1930s and World War II gave rise to the idea of an "engine-stopping ray". They seemed to have arisen from the testing of the television transmitter in Feldberg, Germany. Because electrical noise from car engines would interfere with field strength measurements, sentries would stop all traffic in the vicinity for the twenty minutes or so needed for a test. Reversing the order of events in retelling the story created a "tale" where tourists car engine stopped first and then were approached by a German soldier who told them that they had to wait. The soldier returned a short time later to say that the engine would now work and the tourists drove off. Such stories were circulating in Britain around 1938 and during the war British Intelligence relaunched the myth as a "British engine-stopping ray," trying to spoof the Germans into researching what the British had supposedly invented in an attempt to tie up German scientific resources.

 German World War II experimental weapons

During the early 1940s Axis engineers developed a sonic cannon that could cause fatal vibrations in its target body. A methane gas combustion chamber leading to two parabolic dishes pulse-detonated at roughly 44 Hz. This sound, magnified by the dish reflectors, caused vertigo and nausea at  by vibrating the middle ear bones and shaking the cochlear fluid within the inner ear. At distances of , the sound waves could act on organ tissues and fluids by repeatedly compressing and releasing compressive resistant organs such as the kidneys, spleen, and liver. (It had little detectable effect on malleable organs such as the heart, stomach and intestines.) Lung tissue was affected at only the closest ranges as atmospheric air is highly compressible and only the blood rich alveoli resist compression. In practice, the weapon was highly vulnerable to enemy fire. Rifle, bazooka and mortar rounds easily deformed the parabolic reflectors, rendering the wave amplification ineffective.

In the later phases of World War II, Nazi Germany increasingly put its hopes on research into technologically revolutionary secret weapons, the Wunderwaffe.

Among the directed-energy weapons the Nazis investigated were X-ray beam weapons developed under Heinz Schmellenmeier, Richard Gans and Fritz Houtermans. They built an electron accelerator called Rheotron to generate hard X-ray synchrotron beams for the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM).  (Invented by Max Steenbeck at Siemens-Schuckert in the 1930s, these were later called Betatrons by the Americans.) The intent was to pre-ionize ignition in aircraft engines and hence serve as anti-aircraft DEW and bring planes down into the reach of the flak. The Rheotron was captured by the Americans in Burggrub on April 14, 1945.

Another approach was Ernst Schiebolds 'Röntgenkanone' developed from 1943 in Großostheim near Aschaffenburg. Richert Seifert & Co from Hamburg delivered parts.

Reported use in Sino-Soviet conflicts
The Central Intelligence Agency informed Secretary Henry Kissinger that it had twelve reports of Soviet forces using laser weapons against Chinese forces during the 1969 Sino-Soviet border clashes, though William Colby doubted that they had actually been employed.

 Northern Ireland "squawk box" field trials
In 1973, New Scientist magazine reported that a sonic weapon known as a 'squawk box' underwent successful field trials in Northern Ireland, using soldiers as guinea pigs. The device combined two slightly different frequencies which when heard would be heard as the sum of the two frequencies (ultrasonic) and the difference between the two frequencies (infrasonic) e.g. two directional speakers emitting 16,000 Hz and 16,002 Hz frequencies would produce in the ear two frequencies of 32,002 Hz and 2 Hz. The article states: 'The squawk box is highly directional which gives it its appeal. Its effective beam width is so small that it can be directed at individuals in a riot. Other members of a crowd are unaffected, except by panic when they see people fainting, being sick, or running from the scene with their hands over their ears. The virtual inaudibility of the equipment is said to produce a "spooky" psychological effect.' The UK's Ministry of Defence denied the existence of such a device. It stated that it did have, however, an 'ultra-loud public address system which [...] could be "used for verbal communication over two miles, or put out a sustained or modulated sound blanket to make conversation, and thus crowd organisation, impossible."'

 East German "decomposition" methods

In East Germany in the 1960s, in an effort to avoid international condemnation for arresting and interrogating people for holding politically incorrect views or for performing actions deemed hostile by the state the state security service, the Stasi, attempted alternative methods of repression which could paralyze people without imprisoning them. One such alternative method was called decomposition (transl. Zersetzung). In the 1970s and 1980s it became the primary method of repressing domestic 'hostile-negative' forces.

Some of the victims of this method suffered from suspicious cases of cancer and have claimed that they had also been targeted with directed X-rays. In addition, when the East German state collapsed, powerful X-ray equipment was found in prisons without there being any apparent reason to justify its presence. In 1999, the modern German state was investigating the possibility that this X-ray equipment was being used as weaponry and that it was a deliberate policy of the Stasi to attempt to give prisoners radiation poisoning, and thereby cancer, through the use of directed X-rays.

The negative effects of the radiation poisoning and cancer would extend past the period of incarceration. In this manner someone could be debilitated even though they were no longer imprisoned. The historian Mary Fulbrook states,

 Strategic Defense Initiative
In the 1980s, U.S. President Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program, which was nicknamed Star Wars. It suggested that lasers, perhaps space-based X-ray lasers, could destroy ICBMs in flight. Panel discussions on the role of high-power lasers in SDI took place at various laser conferences, during the 1980s, with the participation of noted physicists including Edward Teller.Duarte, F. J.  (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Lasers '87 (STS, McLean, Va, 1988).

A notable example of a directed energy system which came out of the SDI program is the Neutral Particle Beam Accelerator developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory. This system is officially described (on the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum website) as a low power neutral particle beam (NPB) accelerator, which was among several directed energy weapons examined by the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization for potential use in missile defense. In July 1989, the accelerator was launched from White Sands Missile Range as part of the Beam Experiments Aboard Rocket project, reaching an altitude of 200 kilometers (124 miles) and operating successfully in space before being recovered intact after reentry. The primary objectives of the test were to assess NPB propagation characteristics in space and gauge the effects on spacecraft components. Despite continued research into NPBs, no known weapon system utilizing this technology has been deployed.

Though the strategic missile defense concept has continued to the present under the Missile Defense Agency, most of the directed-energy weapon concepts were shelved. However, Boeing has been somewhat successful with the Boeing YAL-1 and Boeing NC-135, the first of which destroyed two missiles in February 2010. Funding has been cut to both of the programs.

 Iraq War

During the Iraq War, electromagnetic weapons, including high power microwaves, were used by the U.S. military to disrupt and destroy Iraqi electronic systems and may have been used for crowd control. Types and magnitudes of exposure to electromagnetic fields are unknown.

Alleged tracking of Space Shuttle Challenger
The Soviet Union invested some effort in the development of ruby and carbon dioxide lasers as anti-ballistic missile systems, and later as a tracking and anti-satellite system. There are reports that the Terra-3 complex at Sary Shagan was used on several occasions to temporarily "blind" US spy satellites in the IR range.

It has been claimed that the USSR made use of the lasers at the Terra-3 site to target the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984. At the time, the Soviet Union was concerned that the shuttle was being used as a reconnaissance platform. On 10 October 1984 (STS-41-G), the Terra-3 tracking laser was allegedly aimed at Challenger as it passed over the facility. Early reports claimed that this was responsible for causing "malfunctions on the space shuttle and distress to the crew", and that the United States filed a diplomatic protest about the incident. However, this story is comprehensively denied by the crew members of STS-41-G and knowledgeable members of the US intelligence community. After the end of the Cold War, the Terra-3 facility was found to be a low-power laser testing site with limited satellite tracking capabilities, which is now abandoned and partially disassembled.

Modern 21st-century use
Havana syndrome

Havana syndrome is a set of medical symptoms reported by US personnel in Havana, Cuba and other locations, suspected by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to be caused by microwave energy.

Anti-piracy measures
LRADs are often fitted on commercial and military ships. They have been used on several occasions to repel pirate attacks by sending warnings and by producing intolerable levels of sound. For example, in 2005 the cruise liner Seabourn Spirit used a sonic weapon to defend itself from Somali pirates in the Indian ocean. A few years later, the cruise liner Spirit of Adventure also defended itself from Somali pirates by using its LRAD to force them to retreat.

 Non-lethal weapon capability
The TECOM Technology Symposium in 1997 concluded on non-lethal weapons, "determining the target effects on personnel is the greatest challenge to the testing community", primarily because  "the potential of injury and death severely limits human tests".

Also, "directed-energy weapons that target the central nervous system and cause neurophysiological disorders may violate the Certain Conventional Weapons Convention of 1980. Weapons that go beyond non-lethal intentions and cause 'superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering' may also violate the Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1977."

Some common bio-effects of non-lethal electromagnetic weapons include:
 Difficulty breathing
 Disorientation
 Nausea
 Pain
 Vertigo
 Other systemic discomfort
Interference with breathing poses the most significant, potentially lethal results.

Light and repetitive visual signals can induce epileptic seizures. Vection and motion sickness can also occur.

Russia has reportedly been using blinding laser weapons during its 2022 invasion of Ukraine.

 See also
 Electronic warfare
 Electromagnetic pulse
 Ivan's hammer
 L3Harris Technologies
 Laser applications
 MEDUSA (weapon)

 Notes

 References

 The E-Bomb: How America's New Directed Energy Weapons Will Change the Way Future Wars Will Be Fought. Doug Beason (2005). .
 US claims that China has used high-energy lasers to interfere with US satellites: Jane's Defence Weekly, 18 October 2006
 China jamming test sparks U.S. satellite concerns: USA Today Beijing secretly fires lasers to disable US satellites: The Daily Telegraph China Attempted To Blind U.S. Satellites With Laser: Defense News China Has Not Attacked US Satellites Says DoD: United Press International
 "China Has Not Attacked US Satellites Says DoD": Space Daily''

External links

 Airpower Australia
 Applied Energetics – Photonic and high-voltage energetics (formerly Ionatron)
 Wired (AP) article on weapons deployment in Iraq, Active Denial System and Stunstrike, July 10, 2005
 Boeing Tests Laser-Mounted Humvee as IED Hunter, November 13, 2007
 WSTIAC Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 1 – "Directed Energy Weapons"
 Ogonek Report on '21st Century Weapons'
 "How 'Revolutionary' Is CHAMP, New Air Force Microwave Weapon?", November 28, 2012 by David Axe

Electromagnetic radiation
Emerging technologies
Non-lethal weapons

Directed-energy weapon


Acroloxus es un género de caracoles muy pequeños de agua dulce que respiran aire, o, más precisamente lapas, gasterópodos pulmonados acuáticos en la familia Acroloxidae.

Especies
 Acroloxus coloradensis J. Henderson, 1930
 Acroloxus improvisus Polinski, 1929
 Acroloxus lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Acroloxus macedonicus Hadžišce, 1959
 Acroloxus tetensi (Kušcer, 1832)

Referencias

Acroloxidae

Acroloxus


Cotulinae, podtribus glavočika iz tribusa Anthemideae. Postoji 10 rodova, a tipični je rod kotula (Cotula) s oko 50 vrsta jednogodišnjeg ralinja i trajnica iz Afrike, Azije i Australije.

Rodovi
 Schistostephium Less. (8 spp.)
 Soliva Ruiz & Pav. (5 spp.)
 Leptinella Cass. (34 spp.)
 Cotula L. (58 spp.)
 Hilliardia B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Hippia L. (9 spp.)
 Adenanthellum B. Nord. (1 sp.)
 Inezia E. Phillips (2 spp.)
 Thaminophyllum Harv. (3 spp.)
 Lidbeckia Bergius (3 spp.)

Izvori

Anthemideae

Cotulinae


Torpido (Türkçe: Torpil), dümeni ve pervanesi bulunan suyun altından veya üstünden suya atılan, dümenini ve pervanesini kullanarak hedefine ilerleyen, patlayıcı bir sualtı silahıdır. Genel olarak denizaltılarda, savaş gemilerinde kullanılır.

Etimoloji
Torpido kelimesi, bir balık olan torpido balığından (Torpediniformes) gelmektedir. Latincede torpere kelimesi uyuşturmak, sersemletmek anlamına gelir.

Tarihi
Helikopterin icadına benzer bir şekilde, torpidonun çok eski zamanlarda var olduğu düşünülmektedir. Torpido denilebilecek ilk çizimler, Suriyeli bilgin Hasan El-Ramah tarafından 1275 yılında yapılmış çizimlerdir. Ramah'ın çalışmaları, su yüzeyinde gidebilen bir roketi göstermektedir.

Bundan sonra torpidolar bugünkü Hırvatistan'ın Rijeka kentinde geliştirildi.

Daha "Torpido" sözcüğü ortada yokken ilk denizaltılardan olan Kaplumbağa (1775) torpidolara çok benzeyen bir füzeyle saldırı gerçekleşirdi. Ancak Kaplumbağa'nın kayda geçmiş tek saldırısı olan HMS Eagle saldırısı, geminin kabuğunu kırmakta başarısız oldu.

Torpido teriminin bir deniz saldırı patlayıcısı olarak adlandırılması Robert Fulton tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir.

I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan bu yana torpido terimi denizin altından giden otomatik tahrikli füzeler olarak tanımlanır. Otomatik tahrikli torpidoların prototipi, içlerinde Giovanni Luppis ve Robert Whitehead'in bulunduğu bir komisyon tarafından çıkarıldı. Sonuç olarak ilk otomatik tahrikli torpido olan Minenschiff resmi olarak komisyon tarafından 21 Aralık 1866'da sunuldu.

Devletin desteği de alındıktan sonra Whitehead, Rijeka'da ilk torpido fabrikasını açtı. 1870'te torpidoların menzili 914 m'ye hızı 6 knot'a kadar çıkarıldı. Fabrika 1881'de torpidoları 10 değişik ülkeye ihraç etmeye başladı. Ardından Whitehead torpidonun hızını 18 (1876), 24 (1886), 30 (1890) knot'a çıkardı.

16 Ocak 1877'de bir Osmanlı vapuru olan İntibah 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşları'nda otomatik tahrikli torpidoyla batırılan ilk gemi oldu.

1897'lere doğru, Nikola Tesla uzaktan kumanda edilebilen bir botun patentini aldı ve ardından uzakatan kontrol edilebilen torpido yapılabileceğini Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Ordusuna gösterdi. Ancak, ordu 1960'lara kadar bunu benimsemedi.

İtiş güçleri

Sıkıştırılmış hava
Bu, ilk başarılı otomatik tahrikli torpidolarda kullanılan sistemdi (1866). Hava 2.55 MPa kadar sıkıştırılır ve bu hava dakikada 100 devir yapan pervanenin pistonunu doldururdu. Bu şekilde torpidolar 180 metre ve 6.5 knot'la ilerlerdi. Bu, geliştirilerek 1000 metre ve 35 knot'a kadar çıkarıldı.

Isı
Bu fikir enjekte edilen sıvı yakıt (Gazyağı gibi) kullanılmasını ortaya atmıştır. Böylelikli ısı havayı daha çok sıkıştırmakta ve torpido daha uzağa gitmekteydi. Bunun gibi torpidolar 1904 civarında üretimeye başlandı.

Islak Isıtıcılı
Bu şekildeki torpidolar genelde I. Dünya Savaşı ve II. Dünya Savaşı'nda kullanıldı.

Sıkıştırılmış oksijen
Bir miktar benzin, torpidonun taşıyabildiği Oksijenle yanabiliyordu. Sıkıştırılmış hava sadece %21 O2 taşırken Japon mühendisler destroyerler için 1930'da Tip 93 Torpido'yu geliştirdiler. Bu torpidolar sıkıştırılmış hava yerine, sıkıştırılmış saf O2 kullanıyorlardı.

Buhar
Sıkıştırlmış havalı torpidoların bir türevi olan bu torpidolar, alkol ve sıkıştırılmış hava kullanıyordu. Hız artışı sebebiyle deniz üzerinde iz bırakıyordu.

Elektrikli tahrik
Bu sistem çıkarılan köpükleri önlüyordu. John Ericsson, 1872'de ilk elektrik tahrikli torpidoyu üretti.
Torpidolar bataryaların tükenmesi ihtimaline karşın, harici bir kaynaktan besleniyorlardı. Almanya, II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan az önce ilk bataryadan beslenen torpidoyu (G7e) tanıttı. G7e, geleneksel G7a torpidosundan daha yavaştı ve menzili daha azdı. Ancak ondan daha ucuzdu.

Az bakım gerektiren gümüş oksit bataryalar kullanan modern elektrikli torpidolar (Mark 24 Tigerfish gibi), yılarca performansını kaybetmeden durabilmektedir.

Torpido sınıfları ve çapları
Torpidolar birkaç şekilde atılabilir:
 Bir Torpido botu'ndan
 Bir Torpido tüpü'nden (Destroyer, Denizaltı)
 Hava araçlarından
Birçok deniz kuvveti 2 farklı ağırlıkta torpido kullanır:
 Hafif: Genellikle hava araçlarından kısa mesafeli atışlar için kullanılır
 Ağır: Uzak hedefler için genelde denizaltıardan atılır
En çok kullanılar torpidoların çapları:
 324 mm: Hafif torpidolar için en çok kullanılan çap.
 406 mm: Sovyet ASW Torpido çapı. Bu torpidoların tüpleri Sovyet Hotel, Echo ve yeni Delta sınıfı denizaltılarına, 533 mm torpidolarına ek amacıyla eklendi.
 450 mm: Eski Japonya deniz kuvvetlerinin hafif torpidolarının standart çaplarıydı.
 533 mm: Ağır torpidoların en çok kullanılanı:
 II. Dünya Savaşında Müttefik torpidoları.
 Eski Japonya deniz kuvvetlerinin bazı torpidoları.
 Kriegsmarine (2. DS Alman Deniz Kuvvetleri) torpidoları.
 NATO torpidoları.
 Bazı Sovyet ve Rus torpidoları.
 610 mm: Eski Japonya deniz kuvvetlerinin kullandığı Tip 93 torpidoları, ayrıca bazı Kaiten kamikaze torpidoları.
 650 mm: En geniş torpido çapıdır. Rus deniz kuvvetleri tarafından Tip 65 torpidolarında kullanılır.
Daha geniş torpidolar nükleer denizaltılarında kullanılır.

Kullanılan torpidolar
Alman Donanması:
Modern:
 DM2A4 ağır torpido
 DM2A3 ağır torpido
 MU 90 hafif darbe torpidosu
 Mark 46 torpido
 Barracuda supercavitating torpido (geliştiriliyor)
Kriegsmarine, (II. Dünya Savaşı):
 G7a (T1)
 G7e (T2)
 T3
 T4 (Falke)
 G7es (Zaunkönig)
 T11
Japon İmparatorluk Donanması:
II. Dünya Savaşı:
 Tip 91 torpido
 Tip 92 torpido
 Tip 93 torpido
 Tip 95 torpido
 Tip 97 torpido
 Kaiten
Hindistan Deniz Kuvvetleri:
 Gelişmiş Deneysel Torpido (Hafif torpido)
 Varunastra (Ağır torpido)
 Takshak (Termal torpedo)
Kraliyet Donanması:
 Spearfish torpido
 Stingray torpido
 Tigerfish torpido
Rus Donanması:
 Tip 53 torpido
 Tip 65 torpido
 APR-3E torpido
 VA-111 Shkval torpido
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Donanması
 Mark 46 hafif;
 Mark 48 ağır torpido;
 Mark 50 gelişmiş hafif;
 Mark 54 hafif Hibrid Torpido.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Denizaltı
 II. Dünya Savaşı

Kaynakça

 İngilizce Vikipedi

Dış bağlantılar
 denizaltıcı.com

Arap icatları

Torpido


Barberine peut désigner :
 Barberine, un hameau de France situé à Vallorcine, à la frontière avec la Suisse et sur le torrent de Barberine ;
 la maison de Barberine, un musée de France situé à Barberine ;
 la montagne de Barberine, l'adret du Grand Perron au-dessus de Barberine ;
 le couloir de Barberine, une petite vallée de France située au-dessus de Barberine ;
 la forêt de Barberine, une forêt de France située au-dessus de Barberine ;
 Barberine, un ancien alpage et hameau de Suisse situé à Salvan, non loin de la frontière avec la France et sur le torrent de Barberine, englouti dans les années 1920 avec la construction du barrage de Barberine ;
 le vallon de Barberine, une vallée de Suisse à Salvan et Finhaut, dont le fond est noyé sous les eaux du lac d'Émosson depuis 1976 ;
 le col de Barberine, un col de Suisse à Salvan entre les pointes d'Aboillon au nord et Fontanabran au sud-est ;
 le barrage de Barberine, un ancien barrage de Suisse construit dans les années 1920 et désormais englouti sous le lac d'Émosson depuis 1976 ;
 le torrent de Barberine, un torrent à la frontière entre la France et la Suisse, affluent du Rhône via l'Eau Noire et le Trient ;
 la grande cascade de Barberine, une chute d'eau sur le torrent de Barberine à la frontière entre la France et la Suisse ;
 le téléphérique Barberine-Émosson, un téléphérique reliant le hameau de Barberine en France au barrage d'Émosson en Suisse ;
 Barberine, une pièce de théâtre d'Alfred de Musset, publiée en 1835.

Barberine


المعهد العالي للتصرف بقابس هو إحدى المؤسسات التابعة لجامعة قابس، وقد أنشئت عام 1998. بمقتضى الأمر عدد 468 المؤرخ في 23 فيفري 1998. وهو مؤسسة عمومية ذات صبغة إدارية تتمتع بالاستقلال المالي.

أرقام
 طبقا لإحصائيات 2007-2008 يدرس بكلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتصرف بالمهدية 2880 طالبا من بينهم 1860 طالبة.
 بلغ عدد أساتذة المعهد العالي للتصرف بقابس خلال السنة الجامعية 2007-2008: 204 يتوزعون كما يلي: 86 قارون و118 غير متعاقدين وعرضيين.

التكوين
يتلقى الطالب في المعهد تكوين معمقا في أحد الاختصاصات التالية: التصرف، المالية، المحاسبة، التجارة الإلكترونية، الإعلامية. وهو ما يمكنه عند تخرجه من العمل في مختلف القطاعات: الصناعة، المؤسسات المالية، المؤسسات الصغرى والمتوسطة، شركات الخدمات.

الإدارة
 العميد: سعيد ميلود ضيف الله
 الكاتب العام: 'عادل دخيل.

وصلة خارجية
 موقع المعهد العالي للتصرف بقابس.

مراجع

التعليم في تونس
جامعة قابس

المعهد الأعلى للتصرف بقابس


Jordy Jacoby (8. veljače 1995.) je rukometni vratar iz Demokratske Republike Kongo. Nastupa za francuski klub Caen HB i rukometnu reprezentaciju Demokratske Republike Kongo.

Natjecao se na Svjetskom prvenstvu u Egiptu 2021., gdje je reprezentacija DR Konga završila na 28. mjestu.

Izvori

Rukometaši iz Demokratske Republike Kongo
Rukometni vratari

Jordy Jacoby


نغم قد تشير إلى:

 نغم (قناة)، قناة موسيقية لبنانية
 مغامرات نغم، مسلسل رسوم متحركة
 نغم: لحن أو صوت موسيقي
 نغم أبو شديد: ممثلة لبنانية
 نغم فتوكي: ممثلة جزائرية
 نغم في حياتي:فيلم مصري
 نغم نوزات: ناشطة عراقية

نغم (توضيح)


Defne yapraklı laden (Cistus laurifolius), ladengiller (Cistaceae) familyasından 1,5–2 m boylarında küçük bir çalı türü.

Sürgünler tüylü ve yapışkandır. Yapraklar 3–7 cm. uzunluğunda, mızrak gibi, kenarları ondülelidir. Dipten itibaren üçlü damarlanma gösterir. Yaprağın üst yüzü çıplak, koyu yeşil ve yapışkan, alt yüzü gri, tüylü ve yapışkandır. Çiçekler beyaz, taç yaprak dipten sarımsı renktedir. Çanak yaprak sayısı öteki türlerden ayrı olarak 5 değil 3 dür.

Akdeniz yöresinde yayılış gösterir. Karaçam ormanlarında çok görülür. Özellikle yangın alanlarını hemen kaplar. 900–1200 m yükseltilere değin çıkar. Sahilden içlere doğru en çok sokulan türdür. Kızılcahamam yörelerinde bile izlenir. Çoğunlukla Akdeniz, İç Anadolu Bölgesi, Trakya, Batı Anadolu'da yaygındır.

Cistus

Cistus laurifolius


John Allen Garwood (July 8, 1932 – November 30, 2010) was a Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly, who represented the state's thirtieth Senate district, including constituents in Stokes, Surry and Wilkes counties, for five terms (1997–2006). A retiree from North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, Garwood also served as a county commissioner and as a member of the state House of Representatives before being elected to the Senate.

Garwood was defeated by David Blust in the May 4, 2006 Republican primary. He died November 30, 2010 at the age of 78.

References

External links

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County commissioners in North Carolina
North Carolina state senators
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
2010 deaths
1932 births
21st-century American politicians

John A. Garwood


ولد توماس ساعاتي في مدينة الموصل بالعراق سنة 1926.عالم متخصص في العلوم الرياضية. يشغل منصب أستاذ في جامعة بتسبرغ في الولايات المتحدة، حيث يدرس في كلية جوزف كاتز لدراسات الأعمال العليا. وهو مخترع ومصمم والباحث الرئيس لعملية التحليل الهرمي  وهي العملية التي تشكل البنية الأساس في اتخاذ القرار وفي تحليل القرارات الواسعة النطاق والمتعددة الافرقاء والمعايير، وواضع عملية الشبكة التحليلية  وعلاقتها التعميمية في اتخاذ القرارات واعتمادها عليها وفي التغذية الاسترجاعية.

أسهم الدكتور ساعاتي كثيراً في حقول البحث العلمي (برمجة العينة الخطية البيانية، الأوبئة وانتشار العوامل البيولوجية، نظرية الاصطفاف في رتل أو صفوف أو طوابير، وعلم الحساب السلوكي وارتباطه بالعمليات)، والحد من التسلح ونزع السلاح والتخطيط المديني. ألف الدكتور ساعاتي أكثر من ثلاثين كتاباً ونشر أكثر من ثلاثمئة مقال في البحث العلمي وإتخاذ القرار وعلم الحساب، تشمل مواضيعها النظرية البيانية وتطبيقها والحساب اللابياني والتخطيط التحليلي ونظرية الخدعة وحل الصراعات.

انتخب الدكتور ساعاتي عضواً في الأكاديمية الوطنية للمهندسين (2005)، وأكاديمية العلوم الملكية الأسبانية (1971). منحته جمعية العلماء الرياضيين في أميركا جائزة لستر فورد سنة 1973 لعمله المبرز في المسألة الرباعية الالوان. كما منحته الجمعية الدولية لاتخاذ القرارات المتعددة المعايير سنة 2000 الوسام الذهبي. وتسلم سنة 2007 جائزة أكاو من معهد «كيو أ ف د» .

عمل الدكتور ساعاتي، قبل التحاقه بجامعة بتسبرغ، في كلية وارتون، التابعة لجامعة بنسلفينيا (1969 – 79) حيث درَس مادة الإحصاء والبحث العلمي. وكان قد عمل قبل ذلك لمدة خمسة عشر عاماً في الدوائر الحكومية الأميركية ومؤسسات تنشط في الابحاث الممولة من الحكومة، بينها مجموعة تقييم الفعاليات في جامعة MIT (معهد ماساتشوسس التقني). وكانت هذه المؤسسات تعد دراسات لصالح وزارة الدفاع الاميركية ومكتب الابحاث البحرية ووكالة الحد من التسلح ونزع السلاح، التابعة لوزارة الخارجية الاميركية. توفي في يوم 14 أغسطس 2017.

التحصيل الجامعي
يحمل الدكتور ساعاتي شهادة الدكتوراه في العلوم الرياضية من جامعة يايل (1953). وكانت أطروحته التي أشرف عليها أينر كارل هيل عن «معادلة بسيل تريكومي» . وسبق أن تخرج سنة 1948 من كلية كولومبيا يونيون حاملاً شهادة بكالوريوس، وتابع دراسته العليا في الجامعة الكاتوليكية، وحصل عام 1949على درجة أستاذ في الفيزياء، وعلى درجة أستاذ في الرياضيات من جامعة يايل سنة 1951، وتابع دورة في الدروس العليا في جامعة باريس بين عامي 1952 و 1953. وكان الدكتور ساعاتي خلال اقامته في لبنان قد درس في ثانوية برمانا ومن ثم التحق بالجامعة الاميركية في بيروت حيث تابع دراساته الجامعية لمدة سنتين انتقل بعدها إلى الولايات المتحدة.

مراجع

أشخاص من الموصل
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية للهندسة في الولايات المتحدة
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة بنسلفانيا
أمريكيون من أصل عراقي
باحثو عمليات أمريكيون
خريجو الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت
خريجو الجامعة الكاثوليكية بأمريكا
خريجو جامعة ييل
رياضياتيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
رياضياتيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
رياضياتيون عراقيون
كاثوليك شرقيون أمريكيون
كلية جامعة بيتسبرغ
مسيحيون عراقيون
مواليد 1926
مواليد في الموصل

توماس ساعاتي


The SM-1420 (CM-1420) is a 16 bit DEC PDP-11/45 minicomputer clone, and the successor to SM-4 in Soviet Bloc countries. Under the direction of Minpribor it was produced in the Soviet Union and Bulgaria from 1983 onwards, and is more than twice as fast as its predecessor. Its closest western counterpart is the DEC PDP-11/45, which means that the Soviet technology trailed 11 years behind compared to the Digital Equipment Corporation equivalent machine.

The standard package includes 256 KiB MOS memory, two RK-06 disks, two TU-10 decks, CM-6315 barrel or DZM-180 dot-matrix printer from Mera Blonie (Poland), VT52 compatible or VTA-2000-15 (BTA 2000-15) VT100 compatible terminals from Mera Elzab.

See also
History of computing in the Soviet Union
List of Soviet computer systems
SM EVM

References

External links
CIA reference aid on Soviet mainframes and minicomputers

Minicomputers
Soviet computer systems
PDP-11

SM-1420


Milutin Kukuljević Sakcinski (Zagreb, 31. srpnja 1849. — Beč, 17. srpnja 1910.) - hrvatski političar i pravnik. Iz plemenitaške je obitelji Kukuljevića Sakcinskih.

Rođen je u Zagrebu 31. srpnja 1849. godine. Sin je poznatog ilirca Ivana Kukuljevića Sakcinskog, koji je održao prvi zastupnički govor na hrvatskom jeziku u Hrvatskom saboru i majke pl. Novak. Završio je studij prava i državoslovne nauke u Beču 1870. godine. Postao je službenik zagrebačkog sudbenog suda. Bio je na većem broju odgovornih funkcija kao veliki bilježnik Županije križevačke od 1872,, tajnik Županije riječke od 1875., vladin tajnik u Sarajevu od 1879. godine u prosvjetnom sustavu i na agrarnoj i upravnoj reformi. Oženio se s Austrijankom Paulom Baechle, kćeri bečkog industrijalca, s kojom je imao kćer Hildu.

Kao osoba od povjerenja bana Khuena Héderváryja bio je od 1893. do 1904. veliki župan Bjelovarsko-križevačke županije, koja je u to doba najviše gospodarski i kulturno napredovala. Osnovana je Prva bjelovarska mljekarska udruga, preteča današnje tvornice Sirela, ostvareni mnogi infrastrukturni projekti – gradnja željezničke pruge od Križevaca do Virovitice, proširenje bjelovarske gimnazije i izgradnja nove zgrade gimnazije. Bjelovar je u njegovo vrijeme bio glavno gospodarsko središte tog područja. Razvija se bankarstvo i poljoprivreda uz razvoj institucija i infrastrukture. Darovao je pokaznicu crkvi sv. Terezije.

Izvori

Hrvatski političari do 1918.
Kukuljevići Sakcinski
Hrvatski pravnici
Životopisi, Bjelovar
Životopisi, Zagreb

Milutin Kukuljević Sakcinski