ist ein Wahlverfahren, mit dem ein einzelner Sieger auf Basis von Prädikaten, welche die Wähler den Kandidaten zuordnen, bestimmt wird.

Die Wähler bewerten jeden Kandidaten mit einem Prädikat aus einer vorgegebenen Auswahl (z. B. "Exzellent", "Gut", "Passabel", "Dürftig", "Schlecht"). Majority Judgment reiht die Kandidaten dann anhand des Medians der erhaltenen Bewertungen.

Beschreibung der Wahlmethode
Die Ermittlung des Wahlsiegers mittels Majority Judgment erfolgt in drei Schritten: Zuerst erfolgt die Bewertung der Kandidaten durch die Wähler; hierauf folgt die Ermittlung des Prädikats jedes Kandidaten. Schließlich werden die Kandidaten entsprechend ihrer Prädikate in eine Reihenfolge gebracht und bei Gleichstand von Kandidaten eine Auflösungsregel für Gleichstände angewendet.

Stimmabgabe
Die Stimmabgabe unter Majority Judgment läuft ähnlich ab wie bei der Bewertungswahl. Jeder Wähler bewertet alle Kandidaten unabhängig voneinander und hat zur Bewertung verschiedene Prädikate zur Verfügung. Im Gegensatz zur Bewertungswahl handelt es sich hierbei allerdings nicht um Werte aus einem Wertebereich wie beispielsweise 0–10, sondern um natürlichsprachliche Prädikate ähnlich den Noten eines Schulsystems wie "Exzellent", "Mittelmäßig" oder "Dürftig". Die Prädikate besitzen untereinander eine strikte, transitive Totalordnung, d. h. es gibt ein eindeutig "bestes" Prädikat, ein eindeutig zweitbestes, ein eindeutig schlechtestes usw.

Kandidatenprädikat
Aus den abgegebenen Bewertungen wird nun für jeden Kandidaten ein Prädikat ermittelt. Hierfür werden alle Bewertungen, die ein Kandidat erhalten hat, sortiert und dann der Median der Bewertungen bestimmt. Dieser ist das Prädikat, das dem Kandidaten zugeordnet wird. Hat ein Kandidat beispielsweise die Bewertungen {"Exzellent", "Gut", "Schlecht"} erhalten, so ist der Median "Gut" und der Kandidat erhält somit das Prädikat "Gut".

Liegt der Median zwischen zwei Prädikaten, so wird dem Kandidaten das schlechtere zugeordnet, beispielsweise würden die Bewertungen {"Gut", "Passabel"} zum Prädikat "Passabel" für den Kandidaten führen.

Bemerkung: Anschaulich bedeutet das, dass jeder Kandidat das beste Prädikat zugeordnet bekommt, für das eine absolute Mehrheit der Wähler existiert, die ihn mindestens auf dieses Prädikat gesetzt hat. In obigem Beispiel mit Median "Gut" bewerten zwei Drittel der Wähler den Kandidaten als "Gut" oder besser (aber nur 33 % als "Exzellent" oder besser). In dem Beispiel mit Median "Passabel" bewerten ihn 100 % mit "Passabel" oder besser (aber nur 50 % mit "Gut" oder besser).

Sieger
Der Sieger unter Majority Judgment ist der Kandidat, der das beste Prädikat zugeordnet bekommen hat. Haben mehrere Kandidaten das beste Prädikat zugeordnet bekommen, so wird aus ihren Bewertungen jeweils ein Vorkommen des ihnen zugeordneten Prädikats entfernt, bis sich ihr Median ändert und die Kandidaten mit Gleichstand entsprechend dem neuen Median verglichen. Dieser Vorgang wird fortgesetzt, bis ein eindeutiger Sieger existiert.

Hat beispielsweise ein Kandidat die Bewertungen {"Exzellent", "Gut", "Gut"} und ein anderer {"Exzellent", "Gut", "Passabel"}, so wird beiden das Prädikat "Gut" zugeordnet. Um den Gleichstand aufzulösen wird bei beiden ein "Gut" entfernt. Der erste Kandidat hat nun die Bewertungen {"Exzellent", "Gut"} und somit weiterhin das Prädikat "Gut". Der zweite Kandidat hat nun die Bewertungen {"Exzellent", "Passabel"} und somit das Prädikat "Passabel". Der erste Kandidat würde somit gegen den zweiten Kandidaten gewinnen.

Bemerkung: Da das einem Kandidaten zugeordnete Prädikat von einer absoluten Mehrheit getragen wird und der Kandidat mit dem besten Prädikat gewählt wird, wählt Majority Judgment einen Sieger, so dass das beste Prädikat, welches von einer absoluten Mehrheit getragen wird, den Sieger bestimmt.

Alternative Beschreibung
Majority Judgment lässt sich auch als Modifikation der Bucklin-Wahl auffassen, bei der gleiche und ausgelassene Ränge erlaubt sind. Entsprechend kann der Algorithmus für die Bucklin-Wahl mit leichter Modifikation auch zur Bestimmung des Siegers unter Majority Judgment verwendet werden:

Hierfür sind folgende zwei Schritte auf jedes Prädikat (beginnend mit dem besten und dann absteigend) anzuwenden, bis die Sieg-Bedingung erfüllt ist:
Zählung: Jedem Kandidaten wird die Anzahl der Wähler, die ihm das aktuelle Prädikat zuordnet, zu seinen bisherigen Stimmen addiert.
Sieg-Bedingung: Hat ein Kandidat von der absoluten Mehrheit der Wähler eine Stimme, so ist er der Gewinner und das Verfahren bricht ab.

Sollten mehrere Kandidaten an dieser Stelle über eine absolute Mehrheit verfügen, so wird der Gleichstand wie oben aufgelöst.

Beispiel
Betrachte eine Wahl mit vier Kandidaten A, B, C und D und den folgenden Bewertungen durch die 10 Wähler:

Die sortierten Bewertungen wären wie folgt:

Die Mediane der Kandidaten A und B sind beide "Gut", C erhält das Prädikat "Dürftig" und D "Passabel". Um den Gleichstand zwischen A und B aufzulösen, werden nun bei beiden so viele "Gut"-Bewertungen entfernt, bis sich der Median bei einem von beiden ändert. Entfernt man je 5 "Gut"-Bewertungen, so verbleiben folgende Bewertungen:

Der Median von B ist nun bei "Exzellent", während der Median von A bei "Gut" verbleibt. Daher ist B der Sieger.

Eigenschaften
In der Sozialwahltheorie gibt es einige Kriterien, um die Qualität eines Wahlsystems zu bestimmen, unter denen Majority Judgment wie folgt abschneidet:

Majority Judgment erfüllt das Monotoniekriterium, die Unabhängigkeit von Klon-Alternativen, das Favorite-betrayal-Kriterium und die Unabhängigkeit von irrelevanten Alternativen.

Majority Judgment verletzt das Condorcet-Kriterium, das Condorcet-Verlierer-Kriterium, das Majoritätskriterium, das gegenseitige Majoritätskriterium, das Partizipationskriterium, das Konsistenzkriterium, das Reversal-symmetry-Kriterium und das Later-no-harm-Kriterium.

Da diese Kriterien für Präferenzwahlsysteme entworfen wurden, ist ihre Auslegung bzgl. Bewertungsverfahren wie Majority Judgment teilweise uneindeutig. In der Tat erfüllt Majority Judgment auf Bewertungsverfahren angepasste Varianten einiger dieser Kriterien: das modifizierte (gegenseitige) Majoritätskriterium und das Prädikaten-Konsistenzkriterium.

Konsistenzkriterium
Das Konsistenzkriterium besagt: Teilt man die Wählerschaft in zwei Gruppen und wählt das Wahlverfahren bzgl. beiden Gruppen den gleichen Kandidaten als Sieger aus, so muss es diesen Kandidat auch bzgl. der Gesamt-Wählerschaft als Sieger wählen.

Majority Judgment verletzt das Konsistenz-Kriterium. Das wird durch das folgende Beispiel mit zwei Kandidaten A und B und 6 Wählern mit folgenden Bewertungen verdeutlicht:

Die Linie markiert die Trennung der zwei Wählergruppen. Die oberen drei Wähler gehören zur Wählergruppe I, die unteren drei zur Wählergruppe II.

Ergebnis für Wählergruppe I
Die Wählergruppe I vergibt also folgende Bewertungen an die Kandidaten:

Die sortierten Bewertungen wären wie folgt:

Ergebnis: A bekommt das Prädikat "Gut" zugeordnet, B bekommt das Prädikat "Passabel". Daher ist A der Majority Judgment Sieger der Wählergruppe I.

Ergebnis für Wählergruppe II
Die Wählergruppe II vergibt also folgende Bewertungen an die Kandidaten:

Die sortierten Bewertungen wären wie folgt:

Ergebnis: A bekommt das Prädikat "Passabel" zugeordnet, B bekommt das Prädikat "Dürftig". Daher ist A der Majority Judgment Sieger der Wählergruppe II.

Ergebnis für vereinte Wählerschaft
Die vereinte Wählerschaft bewertet die Kandidaten wie folgt:

Die sortierten Bewertungen wären wie folgt:

Sowohl A als auch B erhalten das Prädikat "Passabel". In der Tat sieht man, dass die sortierten Bewertungen ausschließlich an den Rändern unterschiedlich sind, an beiden Enden wird B bevorzugt. Wenn man also gleiche Bewertungen entfernt, bis ein Unterschied auftritt (zweimal "Passabel", einmal "Dürftig" und einmal "Gut"), so verbleibt:

Ergebnis: Nach Entfernung identischer Einträge, bekommt A das Prädikat "Schlecht" zugeordnet, B bekommt das Prädikat "Dürftig". Daher ist B der Majority Judgment Sieger der vereinten Wählerschaft.

Fazit
Majority Judgment wählt sowohl für die erste, als auch für die zweite Wählergruppe A als Sieger aus; kombiniert man die beiden Wählergruppen so kürt Majority Judgment allerdings B zum Sieger. Daher verletzt Majority Judgment das Konsistenzkriterium.

Prädikaten-Konsistenzkriterium
Majority Judgment erfüllt ein modifiziertes Konsistenzkriterium, welches aussagt: Teilt man die Wählerschaft in zwei Gruppen und ordnet das Wahlverfahren einem Kandidaten bzgl. beider Gruppen dasselbe Prädikat zu, so muss diesem Kandidat auch bzgl. der Gesamtwählerschaft dieses Prädikat zugeordnet werden.

Dieses ist leicht mittels eines informellen Beweises zu erkennen: Betrachten wir einen festen Kandidaten. Sei  eine Wählermenge,  ein Prädikat,  die Anzahl der Wähler aus V, welche dem Kandidaten eine Wertung besser als  gegeben haben und analog  die Anzahl der Wähler aus V, welche dem Kandidaten eine Wertung schlechter als  gegeben haben.

Dann ordnet Majority Judgment einem Kandidaten genau dann das Prädikat  zu, wenn
Weniger als die Hälfte der Wähler den Kandidaten besser als  bewertet hat:  und
höchstens die Hälfte der Wähler den Kandidaten schlechter als  bewertet hat:

Wird also die Wählerschaft in zwei Teile geteilt  und in beiden hat der Kandidat das Prädikat P zugeordnet bekommen, dann gilt:
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)

Die Anzahl der Wähler aus der Gesamtwählerschaft, welche dem Kandidaten ein Prädikat besser  gegeben haben, ist dann kleiner als die Hälfte, denn

Analog folgt, dass höchstens die Hälfte der Wähler der Gesamtwählerschaft den Kandidaten schlechter als  bewertet hat.

Somit, teilt Majority Judgment dem Kandidaten auch bzgl. der Gesamtwählerschaft das Prädikat  zu.

Majoritätskriterium
Das Majoritätskriterium drückt aus, dass ein Kandidat, der von der Mehrheit der Wähler gegenüber allen anderen Kandidaten bevorzugt wird, gewinnen muss. Majority Judgment verletzt das Majoritätskriterium. Das wird durch das folgende Beispiel mit zwei Kandidaten A und B und drei Wählern mit folgenden Bewertungen verdeutlicht:

Die sortierten Bewertungen wären wie folgt:

Der Median von A liegt bei "Passabel", der Median von B bei "Achtbar". Somit ist B Majority Judgment Sieger, obwohl eine absolute Mehrheit von 2 von 3 Wählern A bevorzugt. Majority Judgment verletzt somit das Majoritätskriterium.

Tatsächlich kann man das Beispiel auf beliebige Wählerzahlen erweitern, wenn man jeweils einen Wähler vom Typ x (welcher beide Kandidaten über dem Median bewertet) und einen Wähler vom Typ z (welcher beide Kandidaten unter dem Median bewertet) hinzufügt. Die guten Prädikate, welche die Wähler vom Typ x vergeben, werden von den schlechten Prädikaten der Wähler des Typs z ausgeglichen, so dass immer der eine Wähler vom Typ y für das Ergebnis entscheidend ist.

Majority Judgment erfüllt ein abgeschwächtes Majoritätskriterium, welches aussagt, dass ein Kandidat, der von der Mehrheit der Wähler als einziger Kandidat das beste Prädikat bekommt, der Sieger sein muss.

Siehe auch
Sozialwahltheorie
Wahlsystem

Einzelnachweise

Balinski M. and R. Laraki (2007) «A theory of measuring, electing and ranking». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, vol. 104, no. 21, 8720–8725.
Francis Galton, "One vote, one value," Letter to the editor, Nature vol. 75, Feb. 28, 1907, p. 414.

Wahlverfahren

Majority Judgment


În matematică, tetrația (sau hiper-4) este următoarea hiperoperație după cea exponențială, și este definită ca exponențială repetată. Cuvântul a fost inventat de către Ruben Louis Goodstein, de la tetra- (patru) și repetare. Tetrația este folosită pentru notarea de numere foarte mari. Notația  înseamnă , aplicarea de exponențiere  ori.

Prezentate aici sunt primele patru hiperoperații, cu tetrația ca cea de-a patra (și succesiune, operație notată  luând  și rezultând numărul de după ca 0):
 Adunare

 n copiile lui 1 adăugate la a.
 Înmulțire

 n copiile lui a combinate prin adunare.
 Exponențiere

 n copiile lui a combinate prin înmulțire.
 Tetrație

 n copiile lui a combinate prin exponențială, de la dreapta la stânga.
Exemplul de mai sus este citit ca "n tetrație a lui a". Fiecare operațiune este definită prin repetarea celei anterioare (operația următoare din secvență este pentație). Tetrația nu este o funcție elementară.

Definiție
Pentru orice număr real pozitiv  și număr întreg non-negativ , vom defini  de către:

Terminologie
Există o terminologie comună și similare de notație a tetrației, adesea confundată cu strâns legate funcții și expresii. Aici sunt câțiva termeni înrudiți:
 {| class="wikitable"
! Forma
! Terminologie
|-
|
|Tetrație
|-
|
|Exponențială repetată
|-
|
|Exponențiale multiplicate
|-
|
|Exponențiale infinite
|}

Note

Operații binare
Numere mari

Tetrație


CVO may refer to:

Science and technology
 Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington, US
 Chief veterinary officer, the head of a veterinary authority
 Circumventricular organs, positioned around the ventricular system of the brain
 Common velocity obstacle, a type of velocity obstacle
 Covid-Organics, an Artemisia-based drink purported to prevent and cure coronavirus disease 2019

Other uses
 Chief visionary officer, an executive function in a company
 Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, membership of a British order of chivalry
 Corvallis Municipal Airport (IATA airport code), Oregon, US
 CVO: Covert Vampiric Operations, a comic book franchise published by IDW Publishing
 Harley-Davidson CVO, a category of limited-edition Harley-Davidson motorcycles produced by its Custom Vehicle Operations group
Customer Verified Operation, used in Service Desk operations to note the customer validated the fix put in place by the technician.

CVO


Le château de Bredevoort était une forteresse au cœur de la ville du même nom et ancienne seigneurie de Bredevoort dans le comté de Zutphen du duché de Gueldre. La première mention connue remonte à l'année 1188 lorsque le château fut ajouté à une liste de propriété du diocèse de Cologne cette année-là. Le château de Bredevoort était l'un des châteaux les plus importants de la Gueldre et était un pivot de la bataille entre Gueldre et Münsterland, en particulier au . Le château a été gravement endommagé par le désastre de la tour-poudrière en 1646. Après cet événement, le château en ruine a dominé le paysage urbain pendant plus de 150 ans jusqu'à la fin du . Le dernier rapport connu d'une ruine visible date de 1791 dans les procès-verbaux du conseil de l'église de Bredevoort lors de la venue de Guillaume V qui a vu les vestiges lors de sa visite à Bredevoort. Le bâtiment principal seul (sans la cour extérieure, les rondelles et le mur d'enceinte) avait une taille d'environ 42 x 36 mètres, ce qui en fait l'un des plus grands châteaux des Pays-Bas.

Historique
Le château est mentionné pour la première fois en 1188 sur une liste de propriétés du diocèse de Cologne sous le nom de "castrum Breidervort". À cette époque, le château était un lieu disputé et a donc eu plusieurs propriétaires, de sorte qu'une bataille séculaire pour le château s'ensuivit. Le comte Eberhard Ier de La Marck a finalement détruit le château en 1278 pour se venger, après quoi le château est resté à l'état de ruine pendant 23 ans. Après des années de  entre Münster et Gueldre, le château revint finalement en 1301 au comte Herman II de Lohn. Les évêques de Münster et de Cologne ont dû payer conjointement la reconstruction du château de Bredevoort. Après des siècles de lutte pour le château, l'évêque de Münster abandonne le combat et veut des négociations de paix. Après des années de négociations, la paix est finalement signée le . Cet important traité est également signé par les villes de Zutphen, Groenlo, Emmerik et Arnhem. En conséquence, Renaud II de Gueldre devient propriétaire des tribunaux de Winterswijk, Aalten et Dinxperlo et du comté de Bredevoort, ce qui signifie que la région a été définitivement intégrée en Gueldre.

Le désastre de la Tour poudrière
Lors de la catastrophe de la tour poudrière en 1646, la foudre a frappé la tour conservant la poudre, provoquant l'explosion du château et 49 personnes ont été tuées. Parmi eux se trouvaient le drost Wilhelm van Haersolte et sa famille. Un seul fils, Anthonie, n'était pas à la maison à ce moment-là et a survécu à la catastrophe. Dans ce désastre, le château tomba en ruines ; il n'a jamais été reconstruit. Les vestiges du château ont déterminé l'aspect du centre-ville pendant au moins 150 ans après cela.

Aspect du château de Bredevoort
Il est difficile de dire exactement à quoi ressemblait le château. Sur les cartes anciennes, le château principal semble être un château concentrique typique, avec des douves doubles défendu par un épais mur d'enceinte. Un château avant avec de lourdes tours d'angle, une enceinte constituée d'un mur rectangulaire avec quatre tours d'angle, dont trois ont été abaissées en rondelles. Le château et la ville étaient séparés par un double fossé. Le château était accessible depuis la ville par un pont. Pour ce faire, il lui fallait franchir deux portes (dont la deuxième porte avait une barbacane), et enfin une autre dans le mur d'enceinte avant d'entrer dans la cour. À l'intérieur de la forteresse, il y avait plusieurs bâtiments autour d'une cour spacieuse. Cet aspect change au fil du temps, et son apparence sera souvent modifié au cours des siècles par les batailles, les guerres, les incendies de ville et d'autres causes. Un dessin de 1882 de  montre une représentation qui peut être basée sur une image plus ancienne ou une description. Après tout, à l'époque de Craandijk, le château avait disparu depuis plus de 200 ans. Sur le dessin de Craandijk, un château carré à douves de type muiderslot est visible. On ne peut pas dire avec certitude que le château de Bredevoort ressemblait vraiment à cela ou s'il était éventuellement le bâtiment en ruine d'avant 1278.

Fondations
Aujourd'hui, les vestiges du château se trouvent sous et autour de la place  't Zand et de la Hozenstraat dans le centre-ville. Les fondations prennent la forme de voûtes, de couloirs et d'autres décombres. En avril et mai 2009, une petite partie des fondations a été découverte dans le cadre de recherches archéologiques autour de l'école de  't Zand. Des vestiges de murs de 2,5 à 4 mètres d'épaisseur ont été mis au jour. Les fondations de la barbacane ont été également retrouvées sur la place  't Zand. Les contours de cette structure sont rendus visibles dans le square par des bandes de laiton positionnées au sol.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux néerlandais par province

Liens externes

  Site officiel de Bredevoort
  Den Graafschap in de Middeleeuwen, Kasteel Bredevoort
  Reconstructies Kasteel Bredevoort

Aalten
Bredevoort
Château dans la province de Gueldre
Château entouré de douves

Château de Bredevoort


HMS Ajax was the third of four  dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the early 1910s. After commissioning in 1913, she spent the bulk of her career assigned to the Home and Grand Fleets. Aside from participating in the failed attempt to intercept the German ships that had bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in late 1914, the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August, her service during World War I generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.

After the war, Ajax was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet, where she took part in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in the Black Sea in 1919–1920. The ship was deployed to Turkish waters during the Chanak Crisis of September–October 1922. Ajax was placed in reserve in 1924 before being sold for scrap two years later in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.

Design and description
The King George V-class ships were designed as enlarged and improved versions of the preceding  . They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. Ajaxs crew numbered 869 officers and ratings upon completion.

Ships of the King George V class were powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each driving two shafts, using steam provided by 18 Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The turbines were rated at  and were intended to give the battleships a speed of . During her sea trials on 12–13 May 1913, Ajax reached a maximum speed of  from . She carried enough coal and fuel oil to give her a range of  at a cruising speed of .

Armament and armour

Like the Orion class, the King George Vs were equipped with 10 breech-loading (BL)  Mark V guns in five hydraulically powered twin-gun turrets, all on the centreline. The turrets were designated 'A', 'B', 'Q', 'X' and 'Y', from front to rear. Their secondary armament consisted of 16 BL  Mark VII guns. Eight of these were mounted in the forward superstructure, four in the aft superstructure, and four in casemates in the side of the hull abreast of the forward main gun turrets, all in single mounts. Four 3-pounder () saluting guns were also carried. The ships were equipped with three 21-inch (533 mm) submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and another in the stern, for which 14 torpedoes were provided.

The King George V-class ships were protected by a waterline  armoured belt that extended between the end barbettes. Their decks ranged in thickness between  and 4 inches with the thickest portions protecting the steering gear in the stern. The main battery turret faces were  thick, and the turrets were supported by  barbettes.

Modifications
A fire-control director was installed on the roof of the spotting top shortly after completion in 1913; her original pole foremast was reinforced by short tripod legs to stiffen it and allow it to bear the weight of the director. By October 1914, a pair of  anti-aircraft (AA) guns had been added. Approximately  of additional deck armour was added after the Battle of Jutland. By April 1917, the 4-inch guns had been removed from the hull casemates as they were frequently unusable in heavy seas. The casemates were plated over and some of the compartments were used for accommodations. Her stern torpedo tube was removed in 1917–1918 and a flying-off platform was fitted on the roof of 'B' turret during 1918.

Construction and career

Ajax, named after the mythological hero, Ajax, was the fifth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. Ordered under the 1910–1911 Naval Estimates, the ship was laid down by Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering at their shipyard in Greenock on 27 February 1911 and launched on 21 March 1912. She was completed a year later at a cost of £1,889,387, but was not commissioned until 31 October 1913, joining her sister ships in the 2nd Battle Squadron (BS). All four sisters represented the Royal Navy during the celebrations of the re-opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, held in conjunction with Kiel Week, in Kiel, Germany, in June 1914.

World War I
Between 17 and 20 July 1914, Ajax took part in a test mobilisation and fleet review as part of the British response to the July Crisis. Arriving in Portland on 25 July, she was ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to Scapa Flow four days later to safeguard the fleet from a possible surprise attack by the Imperial German Navy. In August 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, the Home Fleet was reorganised as the Grand Fleet, and placed under the command of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. While conducting training exercises a few weeks later, the ship had problems with one of her turrets and had to return to Scapa for repairs. At the beginning of October, the ship began a brief refit at HM Dockyard, Devonport. Repeated reports of submarines in Scapa Flow led Jellicoe to conclude that the defences there were inadequate and he ordered that the Grand Fleet be dispersed to other bases until the defences be reinforced. On 16 October the 2nd BS was sent to Loch na Keal on the western coast of Scotland. The squadron departed for gunnery practice off the northern coast of Ireland on the morning of 27 October and the dreadnought  struck a mine, laid a few days earlier by the German auxiliary minelayer . Thinking that the ship had been torpedoed by a submarine, the other dreadnoughts, including Ajax, were ordered away from the area, while smaller ships rendered assistance. On the evening of 22 November 1914, the Grand Fleet conducted a fruitless sweep in the southern half of the North Sea; Ajax stood with the main body in support of Vice-Admiral David Beatty's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron. The fleet was back in port in Scapa Flow by 27 November.

The interned German ocean liner SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie, HMS Princess, served as a dummy for Ajax from 1 November 1914 until 9 January 1916 when she began her conversion into an armed merchant cruiser. She was based in Loch Ewe, on the western coast of Scotland, and patrolled in the Atlantic.

Bombardment of Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby

The Royal Navy's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans for a German attack on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in mid-December using the four battlecruisers of Konteradmiral (Rear-Admiral) Franz von Hipper's I Scouting Group. The radio messages did not mention that the High Seas Fleet with fourteen dreadnoughts and eight pre-dreadnoughts would reinforce Hipper. The ships of both sides departed their bases on 15 December, with the British intending to ambush the German ships on their return voyage. They mustered the six dreadnoughts of Vice-Admiral Sir George Warrender's 2nd BS, including Ajax and her sisters  and , and stood with the main body in support of Beatty's four battlecruisers. As the 2nd BS was departing Scapa Flow in the darkness, Ajax collided with a trawler, but suffered no significant damage.

The screening forces of each side blundered into each other during the early morning darkness of 16 December in heavy weather. The Germans got the better of the initial exchange of fire, severely damaging several British destroyers, but Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, commander of the High Seas Fleet, ordered his ships to turn away, concerned about the possibility of a massed attack by British destroyers in the dawn's light. A series of miscommunications and mistakes by the British allowed Hipper's ships to avoid an engagement with Beatty's forces.

1915–1916
Jellicoe's ships, including Ajax, conducted gunnery drills on 10–13 January 1915 west of the Orkneys and the Shetland Islands. On the evening of 23 January, the bulk of the Grand Fleet sailed in support of Beatty's battlecruisers, but Ajax and the rest of the fleet did not participate in the ensuing Battle of Dogger Bank the following day. On 7–10 March, the Grand Fleet conducted a sweep in the northern North Sea, during which it conducted training manoeuvres. Another such cruise took place on 16–19 March. On 11 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a patrol in the central North Sea and returned to port on 14 April; another patrol in the area took place on 17–19 April, followed by gunnery drills off Shetland on 20–21 April.

The Grand Fleet conducted sweeps into the central North Sea on 17–19 May and 29–31 May without encountering any German vessels. During 11–14 June, the fleet conducted gunnery practice and battle exercises west of Shetland and more training off Shetland beginning on 11 July. The 2nd BS conducted gunnery practice in the Moray Firth on 2 August and then returned to Scapa Flow. On 2–5 September, the fleet went on another cruise in the northern end of the North Sea and conducted gunnery drills. Throughout the rest of the month, the Grand Fleet conducted numerous training exercises. The ship, together with the majority of the Grand Fleet, conducted another sweep into the North Sea from 13 to 15 October. Almost three weeks later, Ajax participated in another fleet training operation west of Orkney during 2–5 November and repeated the exercise at the beginning of December.

The Grand Fleet sortied in response to an attack by German ships on British light forces near Dogger Bank on 10 February 1916, but it was recalled two days later when it became clear that no German ships larger than a destroyer were involved. The fleet departed for a cruise in the North Sea on 26 February; Jellicoe had intended to use the Harwich Force to sweep the Heligoland Bight, but bad weather prevented operations in the southern North Sea. As a result, the operation was confined to the northern end of the sea. Another sweep began on 6 March, but had to be abandoned the following day as the weather grew too severe for the escorting destroyers. On the night of 25 March, Ajax and the rest of the fleet sailed from Scapa Flow to support Beatty's battlecruisers and other light forces raiding the German Zeppelin base at Tondern. By the time the Grand Fleet approached the area on 26 March, the British and German forces had already disengaged and a strong gale threatened the light craft, so the fleet was ordered to return to base. On 21 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a demonstration off Horns Reef to distract the Germans while the Imperial Russian Navy relaid its defensive minefields in the Baltic Sea. The fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 24 April and refuelled before proceeding south in response to intelligence reports that the Germans were about to launch a raid on Lowestoft, but only arrived in the area after the Germans had withdrawn. On 2–4 May, the fleet conducted another demonstration off Horns Reef to keep German attention focused on the North Sea.

Battle of Jutland

In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the High Seas Fleet, composed of sixteen dreadnoughts, six pre-dreadnoughts and supporting ships, departed the Jade Bight early on the morning of 31 May. The fleet sailed in concert with Hipper's five battlecruisers. Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. In response the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet, totalling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers, to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.

On 31 May, Ajax, under the command of Captain George Baird, was the second ship from the head of the battle line after deployment. She fired one salvo of six common pointed, capped shells at the battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group shortly after 19:00, but had to cease fire immediately afterwards when her view was obstructed by the ships of the 4th Light Cruiser Squadron. That was the only time that the ship fired her weapons during the battle.

Subsequent activity

The Grand Fleet sortied on 18 August to ambush the High Seas Fleet while it advanced into the southern North Sea, but a series of miscommunications and mistakes prevented Jellicoe from intercepting the German fleet before it returned to port. Two light cruisers were sunk by German U-boats during the operation, prompting Jellicoe to decide to not risk the major units of the fleet south of 55° 30' North due to the prevalence of German submarines and mines. The Admiralty concurred and stipulated that the Grand Fleet would not sortie unless the German fleet was attempting an invasion of Britain or there was a strong possibility it could be forced into an engagement under suitable conditions.

In April 1918, the High Seas Fleet again sortied, to attack British convoys to Norway. They enforced strict wireless silence during the operation, which prevented Room 40 cryptanalysts from warning the new commander of the Grand Fleet, Admiral Beatty. The British only learned of the operation after an accident aboard the battlecruiser  forced her to break radio silence to inform the German commander of her condition. Beatty then ordered the Grand Fleet to sea to intercept the Germans, but he was not able to reach the High Seas Fleet before it turned back for Germany. The ship was present at Rosyth, Scotland, when the High Seas Fleet surrendered there on 21 November.

By 18 July 1919, Ajax was assigned to the 4th Battle Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet and was refitting in Malta. In February 1920, she assisted in the Evacuation of Odessa, Russia, and returned to Constantinople, Turkey, on 12 February. Vice-Admiral Sir John de Robeck, Commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, hoisted his flag in Ajax on 18 April and the ship sailed to the Caucasus to allow him to investigate the situation there as the Bolsheviks advanced. After his arrival two days later, the ship briefly bombarded Bolshevik positions near Sochi before arriving back at Constantinople on 25 April. At the beginning of June, Ajax was in Sevastopol, although she was in Batumi, Georgia, by 22 June, where she remained until 9 July to cover the evacuation of the city by White forces.

De Robeck hoisted his flag again in Ajax in February 1921 as he voyaged from Malta to Smyrna, Turkey, Constantinople, and Lemnos before the ship returned to Malta before the end of the month. During the Chanak Crisis, she was ordered to Smyrna in September 1922, together with much of the rest of the Mediterranean Fleet. After the Armistice of Mudanya ended the crisis, Ajax proceeded to Malta for a refit. When the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed VI, was deposed in 1922, he was conveyed to Mecca aboard Ajax. The ship returned to Devonport in April 1924 and was placed in reserve. She was paid off and placed on the disposal list in October 1926 to meet the tonnage limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty. On 10 December, Ajax was sold to the Alloa Shipbreaking Company and arrived at Rosyth four days later to be broken up.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Maritimequest HMS Ajax Photo Gallery
 Battle of Jutland Crew Lists Project - HMS Ajax Crew List

King George V-class battleships (1911)
Ships built on the River Clyde
1912 ships
World War I battleships of the United Kingdom

HMS Ajax (1912)


Ristretto () is a "short shot" ( from a double basket) of a more highly concentrated espresso coffee. It is made with the same amount of ground coffee, but extracted with a finer grind (also in from 20 to 30 seconds) using half as much water. A normal short shot might look like a ristretto, but in reality, would only be a weaker, more diluted, shot. The opposite of a ristretto (which means in Italian, "shortened, narrow") is a lungo ("long"), which has double the amount of water. The French call a ristretto a café serré.

Regardless of whether one uses a hand pressed machine or an automatic, a regular double shot is generally considered to be around  of ground coffee extracted into about 40 ml (2 fl oz; two shot glasses). Thus, a "double ristretto" consumes the same amount of coffee beans but fills only a single shot glass.

Coffee contains over a thousand aromatic compounds. A ristretto's chemical composition and taste differ from those of a full-length extraction for three reasons:

 More concentrated: The first part of any extraction is the most concentrated, its color typically lying between dark chocolate and umber, whereas the tail end of shots are much lighter, varying from the color of dark pumpkin pie to varying shades of tan (see photo, above right). This is an important factor when drinking straight espresso shots.
 Different balance: Different chemical compounds in ground coffee dissolve into hot water at different rates. A ristretto contains a greater relative proportion of faster extracting compounds, proportionally fewer of the compounds characteristic of over-extraction, and thus, a different balance.
 Fewer total extracts: Relative proportions aside, fewer total coffee compounds—caffeine being just one—are extracted into ristrettos versus full length shots. This is an important factor when diluting shots into water or milk.

Straight ristrettos—shots that are traditionally drunk from a demitasse and not diluted into a larger cup containing milk or water—could be described as bolder, fuller, with more body and less bitterness. These characteristics are usually attributed to espresso in general but are more pronounced in a ristretto. Diluted into a cup of water (e.g. Americano or long black) or milk (e.g. latte or cappuccino), ristrettos are less bitter and exhibit a more intense "espresso" character.

See also

 Espresso
 List of coffee beverages
 Lungo

References

External links
 WikiHow: How to Make a Ristretto (Espresso Coffee)

Espresso
Coffee drinks
Coffee in Italy

Ristretto


علي عبد الخالق (9 يونيو 1944 - 2 سبتمبر 2022)، هو مُخرج مصري.

عن حياته
ولد بالقاهرة في 9 يونيو 1944، درس في المعهد العالي للسينما قسم إخراج. وعقب تخرجه من المعهد عام 1966 عمل مساعدا لفترة ثم اتجه إلى إخراج الأفلام التسجيلية، ومن أشهر هذه الأفلام فيلمه التسجيلي «أنشودة الوداع» الذي حصل على العديد من الجوائز الدولية من مهرجانات الأفلام التسجيلية والقصيرة ومنها الجائزة الثانية من مهرجان «لايبزيج» السينمائي بألمانيا، كما حصل فيلمه «السويس مدينتي» على الجائزة الأولى من مهرجان وزارة الثقافة الأول للأفلام التسجيلية عام 1970. قدّم أول أفلامه الروائية الطويلة عام 1972 بعنوان (أغنية على الممر) عن مسرحية بنفس الاسم للأديب (علي سالم)، وحقق الفيلم نجاحا فنيا هائلا، وحصل على الجائزة الثانية من (مهرجان كارلوفي فاري السينمائي الدولي)، وجائزة من مهرجان (طشقند) السينمائي. في نهاية فترة السبعينات أخرج أفلام لكبار الفنانين مثل (صلاح ذو الفقار) في (مسافر بلا طريق) 1978، و(فريد شوقي) في (الأبالسة) 1980. شكّل خلال فترة الثمانينات ثنائيا مع المؤلف (محمود أبو زيد) في عدة أفلام سينمائية ناجحة مثل: (العار) 1982، (الكيف) 1985، (جري الوحوش) 1987، (البيضة والحجر) 1990. بداية من التسعينات قلَّ عدد الأفلام التي قام بإخراجها عبد الخالق ليتجه مع بداية الألفينات للدراما التليفزيونية، ويقدم عدة مسلسلات منها: (نجمة الجماهير) 2003، (البوابة الثانية) 2009.

أعماله

إخراج الأفلام
 1972: أغنية على الممر
 1976: بيت بلا حنان
 1978: مسافر بلا طريق
 1980: عذاب الحب
 1980: الحب وحده لا يكفي
 1980: الأبالسة
 1982: وضاع حبي هناك
 1982: إنهم يسرقون عمري
 1982: العار
 1983: السادة المرتشون
 1984: بنات إبليس
 1985: الكيف
 1985: إعدام ميت
 1986: مدافن مفروشة للإيجار
 1986: شادر السمك
 1986: الحناكيش
 1987: جري الوحوش
 1987: بئر الخيانة
 1987: الوحل
 1987: أربعة في مهمة رسمية
 1989: الحقونا
 1989: اغتصاب
 1990: درب الرهبة
 1990: البيضة والحجر
 1991: المزاج
 1993: خادمة ولكن
 1994: الناجون من النار
 1995: عتبة الستات
 1996: الجنتل
 1999: الكافير
 1999: الإمبراطورة
 2000: يمين طلاق
 2000: عليه العوض
 2000: بونو بونو
 2000: النمس
 2001: رانديفو
 2002: صيد الحيتان
 2004: يوم الكرامة
 2005: ظاظا

إخراج المسلسلات
 1978: بعد الضياع
 2003: نجمة الجماهير
 2004: أصحاب المقام الرفيع
 2005: أحلامنا الحلوة
 2007: أولاد عزام
 2009: البوابة الثانية

إخراج الفوازير
 1995: دولا وأمشير وزغلول

التأليف
 1982: وضاع حبي هناك
 1982: إنهم يسرقون عمري
 1983: السادة المرتشون
 1987: أربعة في مهمة رسمية (سيناريو)

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

مخرجون سينمائيون مصريون
مواليد 1363 هـ
مواليد 1944
مواليد في القاهرة
وفيات 1444 هـ
وفيات 2022

علي عبد الخالق


Alley Oop is a syndicated comic strip created December 5, 1932, by American cartoonist V. T. Hamlin, who wrote and drew the strip through four decades for Newspaper Enterprise Association. Hamlin introduced a cast of colorful characters and his storylines entertained with a combination of adventure, fantasy, and humor. Alley Oop, the strip's title character, is a sturdy citizen in the prehistoric kingdom of Moo. He rides his pet dinosaur Dinny, carries a stone axe, and wears only a fur loincloth.

Alley Oop's name was most likely derived from the French phrase allez, hop! In the 1933 press release that accompanied the launching of the strip with its new distributor NEA, Hamlin was quoted as saying "I really can't recall just how I struck upon the name 'Alley Oop', although it might be from the fact that the name is a French term used by tumblers. Alley Oop really is a roughhouse tumbler." The name of Alley's girlfriend, Ooola, was a play on a different French phrase, oh là là.

Story
The first stories took place in the fictional "Bone Age" (similar to the Stone Age) and centered on Alley Oop's dealings with his fellow cavemen in the kingdom of Moo. Oop and his pals had occasional skirmishes with the rival kingdom of Lem, ruled by King Tunk. The names Moo and Lem are references to the fabled lost continents of Mu and Lemuria.

On April 5, 1939, Hamlin introduced a new plot device which greatly expanded his choice of storylines: A time machine was invented by 20th-century scientist Dr. Elbert Wonmug; the name Wonmug was a pun on Albert Einstein, as "ein" is German for "one" and a "stein" is a type of drinking mug.

Oop was transported to the 20th century by an early test of the machine (in the daily strip of April 8 and the Sunday strip of April 9, 1939). He became Dr. Wonmug's man in the field, embarking on expeditions to various periods in history, such as Ancient Egypt, the England of Robin Hood, and the American frontier. Oop met historical or mythical figures such as Cleopatra, King Arthur, and Ulysses in his adventures. In addition to the time machine, other science-fiction devices were introduced. Oop once drove an experimental electric-powered race car, and he has space-traveled to Venus, the moon (twice), and "Earth-Two". During his adventures, he was often accompanied by his girlfriend Ooola and by the sometimes-villainous, sometimes-heroic George Oscar Boom (G. O. Boom). Laboratory assistant Ava Peckedge joined the cast in 1986.

Syndication history

Alley Oop was first distributed by the small syndicate Bonnet-Brown on December 5, 1932, but this run ended on April 26, 1933, when Bonnet-Brown became defunct. NEA picked up the strip and, starting on August 7, 1933, the earlier material was reworked for a larger readership. A full-page Sunday strip was added on September 9, 1934; the strip also appeared in half-page, tabloid, and half-tab formats, which were smaller and/or dropped panels. During World War II, newspapers eliminated full-page comics to save paper; starting on December 1, 1940, Alley Oop's Sunday comic was offered in a smaller format which could, at an editor's discretion, be further reconfigured to save space. Daily comics were first reduced in size on April 20, 1942, and have become smaller since then, but they have been appearing in color since September 15, 2008.

When Hamlin retired in 1971, his assistant Dave Graue took over. Graue had been assisting Hamlin since 1950 (starting as a letterer) and creating the daily solo since July 15, 1966, although co-signed by Hamlin. Hamlin's last signed daily strip appeared December 31, 1972, and his last signed Sunday was April 1, 1973. Through the 1970s and 1980s, Graue wrote and drew the strip from his North Carolina studio. On December 30, 1991, Jack Bender took on the finishing art chores of the strip; that is, Graue wrote and pencilled each strip, after which Bender inked and lettered it (and colored it, for Sunday strips). Starting September 3, 2001, Alley Oop Sunday and daily strips were drawn entirely by Jack Bender and written by his wife Carole Bender. (On December 10, 2001, the 75-year-old Graue was killed in Flat Rock, North Carolina, when a dump truck hit his car.) In January 2019, writer Joey Alison Sayers and artist Jonathan Lemon took over the comic.

At its peak, Alley Oop was carried by 800 newspapers. Today, it appears in more than 600 newspapers. The strip and collections of it were popular in Mexico (under the name Trucutú) and in Brazil (Brucutu). In 1995, Alley Oop was one of 20 strips showcased in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative United States postage stamps.

Licensing and promotion
In 1978, Alley Oop was adapted to animation as a segment of Filmation's Saturday morning cartoon series Fabulous Funnies, appearing intermittently alongside other comic-strip favorites: The Captain and the Kids, Broom-Hilda, Emmy Lou, Tumbleweeds, and Nancy.

In 2002, Dark Horse Comics produced a limited-edition figure of the character in a brightly illustrated tin container. Alley Oop was issued as statue #28 — part of their line of Classic Comic Characters collectibles.

In 2008, to celebrate Alley Oop's 75th year, the Benders conducted a contest for "Dinosaur Drawings from Our Young Readers". The entry Tyrannosaurus rex holding a banner wishing "Happy Birthday" to Alley Oop, by 12 year-old Erin Holloway of Hammond, Louisiana, was published in the comic strip on January 17, 2009.

In popular culture
The long-running success of the strip made the character a pop culture icon referred to in fiction, pop music and dance:
 The Belgian comic-strip series Suske en Wiske, by Willy Vandersteen, features a caveman inspired by Alley Oop.
An educated Neanderthal known as "Alley Oop" is a character in Clifford D. Simak's science-fiction novel The Goblin Reservation, published in 1968.
"O. Paley" (whose name was a loose anagram of "Alley Oop") was the central figure in Philip José Farmer's The Alley Man, a 1959 novella about the last Neanderthal who has survived into the 20th century.
The character was the subject of the 1960 number-one single "Alley Oop", which was the only hit for the short-lived studio band The Hollywood Argyles. It was written and composed in 1957 by Dallas Frazier. Musicians on the record included Kim Fowley and Sandy Nelson. The song was later covered, most famously by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band but also by Dante & the Evergreens, The Royal Guardsmen, Sha-Na-Na, The Beach Boys and George Thorogood & the Destroyers, and it was included in choreographer Twyla Tharp's 1970s ballet Deuce Coupe.
 Alley Oop is mentioned in the 1971 David Bowie song Life on Mars.
There is an Alley Oop museum and fantasy land theme park in Iraan, Texas

Main characters
A main character is one who is a fixture of a particular setting. For example, King Guz and Queen Umpa are always present in ancient Moo, even if they are not central to every storyline.

Although Ooola is "Alley Oop's girlfriend", and their jealousy of potential rivals has driven many storylines, they rarely showed each other affection prior to the Benders' run. (More often, Ooola did serious violence to Alley's cranium.) For the first 69 years of the strip's existence, the two kissed only twice: once on August 14, 1945, as a last goodbye when they believed they were going to be drowned, and again on September 28, 1999, when Ooola pecked Alley on the cheek as thank-you for a timely rescue. The Benders made the couple more physically affectionate and even brought them to the altar—but, when they reached that point, Alley and Ooola decided that they made better friends than spouses.

Doctor Wonmug was drawn to look identical to the Grand Wizer. By the end of Dave Graue's tenure, Wonmug and the Wizer had been in each other's company five times; in each instance, the story was told as though the two characters had never met before, and the characters' identical appearances were remarked upon (May 26, 1945; December 7, 1960; July 17, 1963; July 30, 1965; September 24, 1970). The Benders addressed the similarity twice (on October 6, 2006, and March 23, 2007) by subverting it; that is, the other characters exclaimed that the two looked the same, but both the Wizer and Wonmug scoffed and claimed not to see any resemblance. In the daily strip on June 21, 1969, Wonmug's birthdate is given as May 10, 1900 (which was also V.T. Hamlin's birthday).

Dinny, Alley Oop's pet dinosaur, was designed as an amalgam of different features and was not meant to resemble any known dinosaur. Dinny's species is identified as a "Cartoonosaurus" in the daily strip on April 12, 1968.

Supporting characters
New stories typically introduced new characters, especially when those stories were set outside of Moo. Therefore, a "supporting character" is one who has been featured across multiple storylines.

Eeny, the dictator, was a transparent representation of Hitler. In her first story, in 1937, she recruited "hairshirts", taught them a familiar arm-raised salute, and installed herself as "dictator" while leaving Queen Umpa as a figurehead ruler. In her second story, in 1942, she and her "Moozys", headed by the armbanded "Moostapo", overran the country and herded its citizens into "concentration caves."

The Lemian King was inconsistent during Hamlin's run. King Tunk first appeared in 1934 as a bald man with a stubbled chin, and he remained so through 1938. In 1944, this same character was named Wur rather than Tunk, although Sawalla's King Wur had previously been featured in storylines alongside King Tunk. When Lem was re-introduced in 1954, its king was named Tunk but was clean-shaven and had a full head of hair; the Lemian king returned to his original design in 1959 but was again called Wur. He regained the name Tunk in 1961 (giving his full name as "Clab Tunk" on May 22, 1961) and from then on it stuck.

Dave Wowee, Wonmug's great-great-great-grandson, was named in honor of (and drawn to resemble) Dave Graue, who typically told people that his last name "rhymes with Wowee".

Collections and reprints

Books
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! Title !! Publication Year !! Publisher !! Dates reprinted
|-
| Alley Oop: The Sawalla Chronicles || 1983 || Ken Pierce Inc. || April 10 – August 28, 1936 (a few strips omitted)
|-
| Alley Oop by Dave Graue || 1983 || TOR Publications || May 14, July 6–13, Sept 18–20, November 24 – December 31, 1979; January 1 – February 4, 1980; September 8 – December 1, 1981; April 5–24, April 28 – June 12, 1982
|-
| Alley Oop Volume 1: The Adventures of a Time-Traveling Caveman || 1990 || Kitchen Sink Press || July 20, 1946 – June 20, 1947
|-
| Alley Oop Volume 2: The Sphinx and Alley Oop || 1991 || Kitchen Sink Press || June 21, 1947 – August 30, 1948
|-
| Alley Oop Volume 3: First Trip to the Moon || 1995 || Kitchen Sink Press || August 31, 1948 – November 9, 1949
|-
| Alley Oop: Book 4 || 2003 || Manuscript Press || November 10, 1949 – November 10, 1950
|-
| The Library of American Comics Essentials Volume 4: Alley Oop 1939: The First Time Travel Adventure || 2014 || Idea & Design Works' The Library of American Comics || March 6, 1939 – March 23, 1940
|-
| Alley Oop: The Complete Sundays Volume 1 || 2014 || Dark Horse || September 9, 1934 – December 27, 1936
|-
| Alley Oop: The Complete Sundays Volume 2 || 2014 || Dark Horse || January 3, 1937 – April 30, 1939
|-
| Alley Oop Goes Modern: The Complete Sundays Volume 3 || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || May 7, 1939 – December 28, 1941
|-
| Alley Oop In World War II: The Complete Sundays Volume 4 || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January, 1942 – August, 1944
|-
| Alley Oop In the Land of Giants: The Complete Sundays 1982–1984  || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January, 1982 – December 28, 1984
|-
| Alley Oop and Dinny || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || December 5, 1932 – April 26, 1933 (aka Bonnet–Brown #1–120); August 7 – December 31, 1933
|-
| War with Lem || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1934
|-
| Invasion of Moo || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1935
|-
| Sawalla || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1936
|-
| Chief Bighorn || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1937
|-
| Mootoo || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1938
|-
| Alley Oop and the Dragon of Iron Castle || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1954
|-
| Alley Oop and the Tiger Tail Transplant || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1955
|-
| Alley Oop Races Blarney Goldfield || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1956
|-
| Alley Oop On the Mississippi || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1957
|-
| Alley Oop: Back to the Moon || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1958
|-
| Alley Oop and the Million-Dollar Nugget || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1959
|-
| Alley Oop and the Fountain of Youth || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1960
|-
| Alley Oop Versus the Moonmen || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1961
|-
| Alley Oop and the Brain Butcher || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1962
|-
| Alley Oop and the Dragon of Silene || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1963
|-
| Alley Oop On Mount Olympus || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1964
|-
| Alley Oop: The Ice Age || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1965
|-
| Alley Oop and Han Sin's Kite || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1974
|-
| Alley Oop and the Thorn King of Nerr || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1975
|-
| Alley Oop and the Hunt for the Texas Pterosaurs || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1976
|-
| Alley Oop and the Great Moovian Migration || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1977
|-
| Alley Oop on the Planet of Delfon || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1978
|-
| Alley Oop In Wonderland || 2022 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1979
|-
| Alley Oop and The Seven Cities of Gold || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1980
|-
| Alley Oop Meets Draculina || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1981
|-
| Alley Oop On the Trail of the Swamp Fox || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1982
|-
| Alley Oop Versus the Black Knight || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1983
|-
| Alley Oop and the First Prehistoric Olympic Games || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1984
|-
| Alley Oop and the Captive Prince || 2023 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1985
|-
| Alley Oop In the Land of No Return || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1986
|-
| Alley Oop: Under the Sea || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1987
|-
| Alley Oop and the Hubots of Talaxia || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1988
|-
| Alley Oop Meets Fang || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1989
|-
| Alley Oop and the Monarchs of Gorp || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1990
|-
| Alley Oop In Sparta || 2024 || Acoustic Learning || January 1 – December 31, 1991
|-
|}

Magazines

In addition to the magazines mentioned in the table below, Comics Revue has also reprinted Alley Oop daily and Sunday strips. The Menomonee Falls Guardian, published weekly, reprinted one week of daily strips in each issue.  The Menomonee Falls Guardian Special #1–3 were sold separately; Special #4 was an insert included with issue #100.

Comics
Various strips have also been reprinted in comic-book form. The comic books tended to alter the original reading experience by colorizing the daily strips as well as rearranging, dropping, cropping or extending panels to fit the format. Recap and exposition panels, as well as strips that served as diversions from the perceived "main story" (such as an interlude of Alley and Foozy discovering how to drive a car while Dr. Wonmug fixed the time machine), were typically excised.Famous Funnies and The Funnies re-lettered their Sunday-strip reprints, enlarging the text and simplifying the language, so that the comic would be more legible when reduced from tabloid to comic-book size. Although the first seven issues of Red Ryder Comics' Sunday-strip reprints were unaltered, in every subsequent issue the panels were enlarged, redrawn, rearranged or deleted.

The Antarctic Press series featured a combination of original material, direct reprints of newspaper comics, and redrawn adaptations of newspaper-strip stories.  The reprints rearranged, resized, and sometimes omitted panels. These reprints and adaptations are noted in the list of storylines.

Original publications
The following publications were original material, not newspaper reprints:Alley Oop and Dinny A Big Little Book No. 763 (1935) Whitman PublishingAlley Oop in The Invasion of Moo (1935) (Cocomalt Premium) WhitmanAlley Oop and Dinny in the Jungles of Moo A Big Little Book #1473 (1938) WhitmanAlley Oop and the Missing King of Moo A Penny Book (1938) WhitmanAlley Oop and the Cave Men of Moo (Pan-Am Premium) (1938) WhitmanAlley Oop and the Kingdom of Foo (Pan-Am Premium) (1938) WhitmanAlley Oop: Taming a Dinosaur (Pan-Am Premium) (1938) WhitmanAlley Oop sheet music (1960) Kavelin-Maverick Music (USA), Leeds Music (Australia, New Zealand)Alley Oop Coloring Book (1962) Treasure BooksAlley Oop comic book, issues 1–3 (1963) Dell Publishing Co.Alley Oop Fun Book (1981) Happy House Books

See alsoThe FlintstonesThe Cavern ClanSunday storylines
The following table is a list of storylines featured in the Sunday comic strips. The ending of a storyline frequently overlapped with the beginning of the next, and actual story titles were provided only on a few occasions (e.g., "Alley Oop at Crummystone Manor" or "The Perpetual Motion Machine"). The dates and story descriptions given here are, therefore, not official or definitive delineations but may serve as a rough index to the history of the strip. Most of the Sunday strips from November 1996 onward are available on gocomics.com.

The Sunday strips' continuity ran separately from the daily strips until 2006 (with two exceptions, as noted in the list). In the first few years following the time machine's introduction, Hamlin shifted the setting of the Sunday strip, sometimes abruptly, to match that of the daily storyline, but the Sunday and daily strips were entirely different stories, told in parallel, and they did not overlap. For example, when Oop was first brought to the 20th century, the Sunday storyline showed him doing little more than figuring out modern clothing and calmly running a few errands, whereas the daily strip had him roving all around the countryside in cars, trains, and planes, wreaking havoc and making headlines as the "Phantom Ape". If the same events did occur in both continuities, they were always told differently: before the first time-machine story, for example, Alley Oop acquired the Moovian royal jewels; however, in the Sunday strip, Guz voluntarily installed Alley as king (so he could take a vacation), while in the daily strip Alley took the throne by force (as revenge for Guz stealing and eating Dinny's egg).

After 1961, the Sunday strips featured no time travel but were set exclusively in Moo. It is possible that, from 1961 onward, the Sunday stories were meant to have taken place prior to Alley having met the time-machine crew because, in these strips, Alley was shown to be unaware of concepts he had already encountered in the time-travel storylines, such as shoes, or snow, or even the wheel.

Starting in January 2006, through the Benders' retirement in mid-2019, Sunday strips were not new stories but reprinted panels from the previous week's daily strips.

Since late 2019, the artistic team has made the Sunday strips "Little Oop", portraying a young Alley Oop. Little Oop was first set in a land of Moo that is anachronistic in a way similar to the Flintstones' "modern stone age", but he met a time-traveling child named Penelope who brought him to the modern era (on March 1, 2020).

Topper stripsAlley Oop's Sunday page had different toppers starting with the first strip and running through 1944:Dinny's Family Album, September 9, 1934 – February 7, 1937Foozy's Limericks, February 21 – May 16, 1937Prehistoric Cut-Outs in Modern Dress, May 23 – September 12, 1937Fragments, September 19, 1937 – April 9, 1939Scientists Say, April 16 – July 2, 1939Odds 'n' Ends, July 9, 1939 – April 21, 1940Story of a Dinosaur Egg, April 28 – August 25, 1940Foozy's Foolosophies'', September 1, 1940 – September 5, 1943
The characters argue over who gets to use the space (breaking the fourth wall), September 12, 1943 – January 2, 1944
Buy War Bonds cartoon advertisements, January 9 – August 27, 1944

Sunday strips

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Daily storylines
The following is a list of storylines featured in the daily comic strips. Actual story titles were not provided in the strips; the dates and story descriptions given here are, therefore, not official or definitive delineations but may serve as a rough index to the history of the strip.

Although the Bonnet–Brown strips appeared in daily comics sections, their distribution was erratic, so that the strips' handwritten dates did not always match their actual publication dates. Consequently, after February 6, 1933, the strips were not dated but were instead given a sequential number (from 55 through 120), presumably so that editors could run them whenever they were received. The dates given here may, therefore, not be precisely accurate for every newspaper in which the strip appeared.

Bonnet–Brown

Newspaper Enterprise Association

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

The slug creature in the January 17, 2020, strip is an homage to V.T. Hamlin's Venusian beast from December 30, 1950.

References

Further reading
Caveman: V.T. Hamlin & Alley Oop (2005), an award-winning documentary by Max Allan Collins, narrated by Michael Cornelison and featuring interviews with Will Eisner and Dave Graue, was released on DVD by VCI Home Video in 2008.

External links
1957 Alley Oop sequence
Alley Oop at GoComics
Caveman: V.T. Hamlin & Alley Oop
Clark J. Holloway on Alley Oop
Alley Oop at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012.
University of Missouri: V.T. Hamlin Archives
Alley Oop is a Texan? by C. F. Eckhardt

American comic strips
1932 comics debuts
Fictional prehistoric characters
Prehistoric people in popular culture
Comics set in the Stone Age
Comics about time travel
Adventure comics
Humor comics
Fantasy comics
American comics characters
Comics adapted into animated series
Male characters in comics

Alley Oop


Flatschach ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Flatschach, Gemeinde im Bezirk Murtal, Steiermark
 Flatschach (Gemeinde Glanegg), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Glanegg, Bezirk Feldkirchen, Kärnten
 Flatschach (Gemeinde Himmelberg), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Himmelberg, Bezirk Feldkirchen, Kärnten
 Flatschach ist auch der ursprüngliche Name von St. Ruprecht, dem 11. Bezirk der Landeshauptstadt Klagenfurt am Wörthersee

Flatschach (Begriffsklärung)


Dánae es un cuadro atribuido a la pintora italiana Artemisia Gentileschi (también se concede su autoría a su padre, Orazio Gentileschi, pues Artemisia pertenecía a su taller) que realizó para Giovanni Antonio Sauli. Se encuentra ubicado en el Museo de Arte de San Luis, en Estados Unidos.

De temática mitológica, fue realizado en torno a 1612, por lo que se percibe el estilo caravaggista de su pintura de esa época. La temática que escoge Gentileschi puede ser un reflejo del terrible episodio por el que tuvo que pasar a los 19 años, cuando fue violada por su instructor de pintura, Agostino Tassi y el posterior proceso inquisitorial por el que tuvo que pasar a continuación.

Descripción

La pintura refleja la escena más famosa del mito de Dánae: su fecundación por el dios Zeus. Según la mitología griega Dánae era hija de Acrisio, rey de Argos, y Eurídice, hija de Lacedemón. Decepcionado por no tener herederos varones, Acrisio consultó un oráculo para saber si esto cambiaría. El oráculo le dijo que fuese al fin de la Tierra donde sería asesinado por el hijo de su hija. Para que esta no tuviese hijos, Acrisio la encerró en una torre de bronce o en una cueva (según las versiones de Apolodoro y de Pausanias). Pero Zeus logró tener relaciones con ella transformado en ducha o lluvia de oro y la dejó embarazada. Poco después nació su hijo Perseo, que con el tiempo cumpliría la profecía sin quererlo.

El tema de Dánae fecundada por Zeus, que Sófocles cita en su Antígona, es uno de los más reproducidos en la historia del arte.

Véase también

 Dánae
 Dánae recibiendo la lluvia de oro, cuadro de Tiziano.
 Dánae, cuadro de Rembrandt.
 Dánae, cuadro de Tintoretto
 Dánae, cuadro de Gustav Klimt.
 Dánae, cuadro de Mabuse.
 Dánae, cuadro de Correggio.

Referencias

Dánae en la pintura
Cuadros de 1612
Museo de Arte de San Luis
Desnudo (género artístico)

Dánae (Gentileschi)


Pigen Frank og de andre verdener er en film instrueret af Emelie Lindblom.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2006

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Pigen Frank og de andre verdener


Cinema de Graça foi uma sessão de filmes do SBT. Estreou em 1993 como um programa de férias da emissora e saiu do ar definitivamente em 1994. Em 2021, a sessão volta a ser exibida todos os domingos, após o Programa Sílvio Santos. Em 2022, foi substituída pela Sessão Meia Noite.

História
A sessão estreou em 23 de Dezembro de 1993 de Segunda a Sábado, às 21h30 da noite. A sessão prometia para o telespectador que ele não precisava recorrer a uma locadora ou assinar uma TV a cabo para assistir um bom filme até Janeiro, como diz nas chamadas dessa época.

A sessão fez tanto sucesso que, ela foi estendida até Abril de 1994, e saiu do ar no mesmo mês.

No dia 8 de Junho de 2021, a sessão volta ao ar, agora sendo exibida todos os domingos após o Programa Sílvio Santos. O filme exibido na sua estreia foi Férias Frustradas em Las Vegas.

No dia 1 de Maio, a sessão é substituída pela Sessão Meia Noite, que geralmente passa filmes dos Trapalhões.

Filmes
Fonte n°1

Durante 1993 e 1994, a sessão exibia um gênero de filme diferente para cada dia da semana.

 Segunda-feira:
Ação e Aventura
 Terça-feira:
Comédia e Romance
Quarta-feira:
Suspense e Terror
Quinta-feira:
Drama e Softcore
Sexta-feira:
Ficção e Ação
Sábado:
Pornochanchadas

Cinema de Graça


Dağ maratonu (dağ aşma yarışması da denir) sarp arazide uzun süre yürüyerek veya koşarak yapılan, dayanıklılık ve doğada yön bulma unsurları içeren bir spor. Dağ koşusu ve oryantiring sporlarıyla benzerlik taşımaktadır.

Genellikle ikişer kişilik takımlar halinde yarışılır. Takımların çadır, uyku tulumu, yiyecek gibi belirli malzemeleri yanlarında bulundurmaları gereklidir. Takımlar birkaç dakikalık aralarla yarışmaya başlarlar. Yarışlar çoğu kez bir günden uzun sürer. Yarışmacılar kendi taşıdıkları malzemelerle kamp yaparlar.

Yarışmacıların haritada işaretli olan hedeflere kendi seçtikleri yoldan en kısa sürede gitmeleri beklenmektedir. Bu hedeflerin aralarındaki mesafe oryantiringe oranla daha uzundur. Haritalar da genellikle daha büyük (örneğin 1:25.000) ölçeklidir.

Dünyada bu sporun yapıldığı muhtelif organizasyonlar mevcuttur (Örneğin İskoçya'daki OMM ). Türkiye'de Doğa Araştırmaları, Sporları ve Kurtarma Derneği (DASK) ülkenin tek dağ maratonu olan ADAM'ı (Anadolu Dağ Maratonu) her yıl düzenlenmektedir.

Kaynakça
 İngilizce Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunanlar, "Mountain Marathon", Wikipedia, 2 Nisan 2006
 DASK Anadolu Dağ Aşma Maratonu
 İskoçya'daki OMM dağ maratonu sitesi

Doğa sporları
Seyir

Dağ maratonu


Afalia este o malformație congenitală în care falusul (penisul sau clitorisul) este absent. Este omologul feminin al agenezei penisului și al ageneziei testiculare.  Cuvântul este derivat din greacă a- pentru "nu" și falus pentru "penis". Este clasificat ca o condiție de intersexualitate.

Cauze
Afalia nu are nicio cauză bine definită. Nu este legată de cantitățile sau acțiunile deficitare ale hormoni, ci mai degrabă de  eșecul formării tuberculului genital fetal între 3 și 6 săptămâni de la concepție. Uretra unui copil afectat se deschide pe perineu .

Tratament
Anomaliile congenitale precum criptorhidia, ageneza și displazia renală, anomaliile musculo-scheletice și cardiopulmonare sunt de asemenea frecvente (> 50% cazuri), de aceea evaluarea pacientului pentru anomaliile interne este obligatorie. Deși afalia poate apărea la oricine, este considerată o problemă substanțial mai supărătoare la cei care au testicule prezente. În trecut a fost considerată uneori o justificare pentru atribuirea și creșterea unui copil masculin genetic ca fată. După teoria din anii 1950 potrivit căreia genul este o construcție socială, un astfel de copil putea fi crescut de timpuriu ori ca fată, ori ca băiat, indiferent de genetica sau chimia creierului său. Oamenii cu intersexualitate critică, în general, aspru, operațiile coercitive ale organelor genitale și încurajează părinții să își încurajeze copiii să aleagă propria identitate de gen. Teoria educației a fost abandonată în mare măsură și cazurile de încercare de a sprijini copiii în acest fel nu s-au dovedit a fi de succes.

În prezent, consensual se recomandă repartizarea sexului către genul masculin

Progresele recente în tehnicile chirurgicale de faloplastie au oferit opțiuni suplimentare celor care sunt încă interesați să urmeze o intervenție chirurgicală.

Incidență
Este o afecțiune rară, cu doar aproximativ 60 de cazuri raportate din 1989,  și 75 de cazuri din 2005.  Cu toate acestea, din cauza stigmatizării condițiilor intersexuale și a problemelor de păstrare a unor statistici și înregistrări corecte în rândul medicilor, este probabil să existe mai multe cazuri decât cele raportate.

Vezi și
 David Reimer - născut copil de sex masculin ai cărui părinți au fost sfătuiți de un psiholog să-l crească ca pe o fată.
 Uretra perineală

Referințe

Boli umane
Intersexualitate
Boli ale penisului
Afecțiuni congenitale ale organelor sexuale masculine
Boli rare
Genetică
Clitoris

Afalie


Les Microphysidae sont une famille peu connue de punaises (Heteroptera), insectes hémiptères, de l'infra-ordre des Cimicomorpha. Elle compte une trentaine d'espèces décrites.

Description
Ce sont de très petites punaises () qui présentent un fort dimorphisme sexuel : les mâles sont allongés et ailés, les femelles sont courtes, à l'abdomen enflé et brachyptères (dans le Paléarctique). La tête est prognathe, avec des antennes à quatre segments. Les ocelles sont présents (mais pas ou vestigiaux chez les femelles). Le rostre a quatre articles (trois articles apparents chez Mallochiola). Le pronotum est trapézoidal. Les tarses médians et postérieurs comptent deux articles. Les hémélytres présentent un cunéus, comme chez les Miridae. La membrane présente une cellule et des nervures bien visibles (contrairement aux Plokiophylidae). Les génitalia du mâle sont symétriques. Les femelles ont un ovipositeur. Les mâles sont macroptères, les femelles brachyptères dans le Paléartique (ailes courtes, sans membrane) et macroptères dans le Néarctique.

Répartition et habitat
Cette famille est holarctique, principalement paléarctique (Loricula et Ciorulla), avec deux genres mnotypiques néarctiques, Chinaola (Est des États-Unis, de la Floride au Maryland), et Mallochiola, (Amérique du Nord, Mexique et États-Unis). Toutefois, cinq espèces de Loricula ont été introduites au Canada, dont une a également été retrouvée dans la région de New-York.

On les rencontre sous les écorces, dans les mousses et les lichens, sur du bois en décomposition et de la litière végétale humide. Chinaola a été rencontrée sur des affleurements granitiques, des landes sur schiste, associées à des branches recouvertes de lichens de Genévrier de Virginie et de Quercus ilicifolia.

Souvent, les femelles se tiennent sur l'écorce des arbres, alors que les mâles se rencontrent dans l'herbe au pied des arbres où se tiennent les femelles.

Biologie
On connaît mal la biologie de ces punaises, en raison du mode de capture (pièges), qui ne donne pas d'indications sur la biologie, et de leur petite taille.

Cycle de vie
Toutes les espèces sont univoltines, les adultes sortent en été, pondent et meurent avant l'automne. L'hibernation a lieu au stade d'œuf : les pontes de fin d'été entre en diapause jusqu'au printemps. L'éclosion et le développement des juvéniles a lieu au printemps, en mai-juin.

Les œufs sont pondus, isolément ou par deux, dans la croûte de lichens recouvrant les arbres. Seuls en émergent l'opercule, entouré d'une collerette de longs processus effilés, qui semblent contrôler les échanges d'humidité.

Ces punaises grandissent en cinq stades juvéniles. La durée de chaque stade dépend de plusieurs paramètres : température, humidité, régime alimentaire. En moyenne, la durée totale de développement est de . Une fois adultes les femelles ne peuvent pas voler et ont donc une faible capacité de dispersion.

Reproduction
L'accouplement, rarement observé, commence par chevauchement oblique, puis en opposition. Il semble que le phallus soit introduit dans les voies génitales normales de la femelle (différent des Anthocoridae et Cimicidae à insémination traumatiques).

Alimentation
Elles sont prédatrices entomophages, se nourrissant de nombreux petits insectes (Pucerons, Psylles, Thrips, Psoques) et autres arthropodes (Collemboles, Acariens). Les espèces dont le régime alimentaire est connu sont polyphages. Les Loricula ponctionnent une même proie pendant plusieurs heures, voire une journée entière. La nourriture des juvéniles diffère très peu de celle des adultes, ils s'attaquent aux mêmes proies mais de tailles plus petites (œufs, jeunes larves). Elles piquent leur proie avec leur rostre, leur injecte une salive toxique et digestive et en aspirent les sucs. C'est donc une digestion externe, comme chez les araignées.

Une espèce, Loricula (Myrmedobia) coleoptrata, a été signalée comme pouvant être myrmécophile, trouvée occasionnellement dans des fourmilières.

Systématique
Les représentants de cette famille avaient été initialement placés dans les Anthocoridae. On avait même placé les femelles et les mâles dans des genres différents. Leur dimorphisme a été découvert par Flor en 1860. Une famille séparée est créée par C. A. Dohrn en 1859. Elle est classée dans les Cimicomorpha. Sa place phylogénétique dans cet infra-ordre reste discutée. En 1991, Schuh et Stys les placent dans les Miriformes, sur la base de la présence d'un processus corial à la base de la membrane, comme chez les Miridae. Plus tard, la présence d'une fossula spongiosa, organe formé de soies sensibles à l'extrémité des tibias, la présence de structures sensorielles distribuées sur les veines de toute la membrane, ou encore l'orientation des paramères ont conduit à un placement dans les Cimiciformes.

Dans l'étude de Schuh  2009, les Microphysidae sont le groupe-frère d'un groupe formé des Joppeicidae, des Naboidea, et Cimicoidea, avec les Joppeicidae comme groupe basal, le plus proche des Microphysidae.

Les Microphysidae sont parfois placés dans une super-famille propre, les Microphysoidea, dont la définition varie également : pour certains, elle ne comprend que la famille des Microphysidae, alors que pour d'autres, elle inclut aussi celle des Joppeicidae (monotypique, avec une seule espèce, Joppeicus paradoxus). Les classifications en ligne restent assez disparates : NCBI la place dans les Cimicoidea, Fauna Europaea et BioLib dans les Miroidea.

La famille des Microphysidae est séparée en deux sous-famille : les Microphysinae, avec un genre, Loricula, et les Ciorullinae avec un genre également, Ciorulla, connu par un seul spécimen d'Ouzbékistan conservé au Musée de Léningrad. Les deux genres néarctiques ne sont pas associés à une sous-famille particulière.

China et Myers avaient placé jusque dans les années 1950 les Plokiophilidae dans les Microphysidae, mais ils sont aujourd'hui traités depuis Carayon (en 1961) comme une famille séparée. Enfin, un genre supplémentaire, Nabidomorpha Poppius (d'Éthiopie), de placement discuté, est attribué par certains aux Microphysidae.

Cette famille est également riche en fossiles trouvés dans l'ambre (Baltique, Canada, Ukraine), peut-être en lien avec leur habitat souvent lié aux résineaux, et en compte onze espèces dans deux genres fossiles, et dans quatre sous-genres de Loricula (dont un sous-genre fossile et les trois sous-genre existants). Le plus ancien remonte au Campanien, Crétacé supérieur (Mésozoïque), à environ , trouvé dans de l'ambre en Alberta (Canada). Les autres datant de l'Éocène. Les femelles retrouvées avaient des ocelles, contrairement aux espèces actuelles.

La famille est représenté par deux genres et dix espèces en France.

Liste des sous-familles et des genres
Selon  :
 sous-famille Ciorullinae Popov, 2004
 genre Ciorulla Péricart, 1974, 1 espèce (Asie centrale)
 sous-famille Microphysinae Dohrn, 1859
 genre Loricula Curtis, 1833, tout le Paléarctique
 genre †Tytthophysa Popov & Herczek, 2009
 genre Chinaola Blatchley, 1928, 1 espèce
 genre Mallochiola Bergroth, 1925, 1 espèce
 genre †Popovophysa McKellar & Engel, 2011

Espèces présentes en Europe
Selon  :

Liens externes

Notes et références

Cimicomorpha
Famille d'Hétéroptères (nom scientifique)
Taxon décrit en 1859

Microphysidae


Cheredinovski  es un asentamiento de tipo urbano del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del río Kubán, 6 km al nordeste de Gulkévichi y 143 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 199 habitantes en 2010

Pertenece al municipio Guiréiskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desdeeste enlace.
Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Черединовский.
Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar

Cheredinovski


تسيم شا تسوي (Tsim Sha Tsui) معروفة كذلك بتسيم تسوي من قِبل الناس المحليّينِ، و هي منطقة مُمَدَّنة في منطقة ياو تسيم مونغ (Yau Tsim Mong) في جنوب كاولون (Kowloon) ، هونغ كونغ. شرق تسيم شا تسوي هي قطعة أرض إستردّتْ من خليج هوم Hom المُعلَّق شرق تسيم شا تسوي . إنّ المنطقة شمالاً محدودة بطريق أوستن وفي الشرق بطريق هونغ جونغ.

بشكل جغرافي، تسيم شا تسوي تقع على قمة شبه جزيرة كاولون نحو ميناء فيكتوريا. عدّة قرى كانت قد أُسّست في هذا الموقع قبل كاولون تُرِكت إلى الإمبراطورية البريطانية في عام 1860. وهي ميناء لتصدير شجرة اللبان.

إن تسيم شا تسوي محور سياحي رئيسي في هونغ كونغ الحضرية، مع العديد من الدكاكين والمطاعم التي تلبّي مطالب السيّاح. و العديد من المتاحف في الأرض الواقعة في المنطقة.

وهي أيضاً مكان عظيم لمراقبة إضاءات عيد الميلاد أثناء ديسمبر/كانون الأول كُلّ سنة. العمارات العالية في المنطقة تضئ المصابيح على حيطانهم بأنماط عيد الميلاد، التي أيضاً تعتبر مشهد مشهور.

انظر أيضا
 هونغ كونغ

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 صور لمدينة تسيم شا تسوي

كولون
مقاطعة ياو تسيم مونغ
مناطق أعمال مركزية
رؤوس في هونغ كونغ

تسيم شا تسوي


Marianne Pettersen (* 12. April 1975 in Oslo) ist eine ehemalige norwegische Fußballspielerin, die von 1994 bis 2003 auch für die norwegische Nationalmannschaft aktiv war.

Karriere

Vereine
Pettersen spielte den größten Teil ihrer Profi-Karriere für den norwegischen Verein Asker FK. Im Jahr 2001 wechselte sie nach England und spielte dort für die Frauenfußballabteilung des FC Fulham. 2003 beendete Pettersen ihre Karriere als aktive Fußballerin zunächst und kehrte vier Jahre später als Fitnesstrainerin und Assistentin von Eli Landsem zu Asker zurück. Aufgrund Verletzungspechs innerhalb der Mannschaft gab sie noch im gleichen Jahr ihr Comeback als Spielerin und beendete ihr Engagement als Co-Trainerin.

Nationalmannschaft
Pettersen nahm in den Jahren 1996 und 2000 an den Olympischen Spielen teil und gewann dort mit ihrer Mannschaft die Bronze- beziehungsweise Goldmedaille. Außerdem spielte sie bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1995, bei der Norwegen sich den Titel sichern konnte, sowie den Weltmeisterschaften 1999 und 2003. Pettersen absolvierte zwischen 1994 und 2003 insgesamt 98 Spiele für die Nationalmannschaft Norwegens und erzielte dabei 66 Tore. Damit war sie zur bis zum 8. Oktober 2019 die erfolgreichste Torschützin der norwegischen Auswahl und wurde dann von Isabell Herlovsen abgelöst, die dafür aber 133 Länderspiele benötigte.

Erfolge
 Weltmeisterin 1995
 Bronzemedaille Olympische Spiele 1996
 Goldmedaille Olympische Spiele 2000

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Norwegen)
Teilnehmer an einer Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft (Norwegen)
Fußballweltmeister (Norwegen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Norwegen)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1996
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2000
Fußballspieler (FC Fulham)
Fußballspieler (Stabæk Fotball)
Norweger
Geboren 1975
Frau
Person (Oslo)

Marianne Pettersen


"Good Morning Gorgeous" é uma canção da cantora e compositora americana Mary J. Blige. Foi lançada simultaneamente com Amazing em 3 de Dezembro de 2021, como single de seu 14º álbum de estúdio de mesmo nome.  Uma versão remix com participação de H.E.R. foi lançada em 25 de Março de 2022.

Composição
"Good Morning Gorgeous" fala sobre reflexão, autoaceitação e amor próprio. "Eu acordo todas as manhãs e digo a mim mesma, Bom dia Maravilhosa, algumas vezes você tem que se olhar no espelho e dizer Bom dia Maravilhosa. Ninguém mais pode me fazer sentir assim. Todas as vezes que me odiei, todas as vezes que quis ser outra pessoa, todas as vezes que deveria ter sido gentil comigo. Todas as vezes que deveria ter tido cuidado comigo, por que eu me odiava tão intensamente?" canta Blige.

Foi composta por Blige, D'Mile, H.E.R., Lucky Daye, Tiara Thomas e produzida por D'Mile e H.E.R. que também contribuiu com  guitarra e vocais de fundo.

Videoclipe
Seu videoclipe foi lançado juntamente com o single em sua página oficial do Youtube/Vevo e foi produzido pela ERG
Designs x Fatking Films e dirigido por  Eif Rivera.

Recepção da Crítica
Jon Pareles do The New York Times disse que "Mary J. Blige mais uma vez luta, supera as dúvidas e canta em um sussurro corajoso ao longo de uma faixa soul de ritmo lento e estilo vintage, estimulada por um arranjo de cordas temperamental." AD Amorosi da Variety chamou de "teste mais devastador de todos, como um zumbido ambiente de vento quente, onde o blues e o gospel atuam como areia e lodo e que para isso, Blige afetada pelo eco mergulha profundamente nos prós e contras dos certos e errados do seu eu, antes de chegar com a afirmação diária diante de um espelho com um apelo impactante por respeito".

Faixas e formatos

Desempenho nas tabelas musicais
Good Morning Gorgeous estreou em número 83 na Billboard Hot 100, fazendo sua 42ª entrada na principal parada musical dos Estados Unidos, sua última entrada na parada havia sido em 2011 com "Mr. Wrong" que atingiu a posição 87. Nas rádios Urban AC, Good Morning Gorgeous se tornou a música mais executada  e alcançou o topo da parada Adult R&B Airplay, totalizando sua 7ª música em #1.

Posições

Histórico de lançamento

Singles de 2021
Canções gravadas por Mary J. Blige

Good Morning Gorgeous (canção de Mary J. Blige)


تصفيات بطولة آسيا لكرة القدم للناشئين تحت 17 سنة 1998

المجموعة 1
جميع المباريات أقيمت في ، مسقط, عمان

20 يوليو

22 يوليو

24 يوليو

المجموعة 2
جميع المباريات أقيمت في ، تبريز, إيران

27 يوليو

31 يوليو

2 أغسطس

المجموعة 3
جميع المباريات أقيمت في ، حائل, السعودية

3 أغسطس

5 أغسطس

7 أغسطس

المجموعة4
جميع المباريات أقيمت في ، حيدر آباد, الهند

24 يوليو

26 يوليو

28 يوليو

المجموعة 5
جميع المباريات أقيمت في ، كاثماندو, نيبال

20 أبريل

21 أبريل

23 أبريل

24 أبريل

26 أبريل

27 أبريل

المجموعة 6
جميع المباريات أقيمت في ، طشقند, أوزبكستان

16 يونيو

18 يونيو

20 يونيو

المجموعة 7
جميع المباريات أقيمت في ، شنغهاي, الصين

16 مايو

18 مايو

20 مايو

المجموعة 8
جميع المباريات أقيمت في ، رانغون, ميانمار

25 مايو

27 مايو

29 مايو

31 مايو

2 يونيو

المجموعة 9
جميع المباريات أقيمت في ، تشونبوري , تايلند

21 أبريل

23 أبريل

25 أبريل

المتأهلون

  (المستضيف)

بطولة آسيا تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم 1998
تصفيات بطولة آسيا تحت 16 سنة لكرة القدم
كرة القدم الآسيوية في 1998
بطولة آسيا للناشئين تحت 16 سنة 1998

تصفيات بطولة آسيا تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم 1998


An Prasophyllum colensoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Prasophyllum colensoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Prasophyllum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Prasophyllum

Prasophyllum colensoi


Nils Düwell (* 11. Januar 1966 in Greifswald) ist ein deutscher Fernseh- und Theaterschauspieler sowie Theaterregisseur.

Leben
Nils Düwell wurde 1966 in Greifswald geboren. In Rostock machte er sein Abitur, ehe er später an der Hochschule für Schauspielkunst "Ernst Busch" Berlin bis 1992 studierte. Erste Engagements führten ihn u. a. an das Berliner Ensemble, Deutsche Nationaltheater in Weimar sowie das Staatstheater Schwerin. Von 1998 bis 2004 war er bei den Störtebeker-Festspielen auf der Insel Rügen als Gegenspieler von Klaus Störtebeker zu sehen.

Als Theaterregisseur inszenierte Düwell u. a. in Weimar, Bern und Neustrelitz. Am Deutsch-Sorbischen Volkstheater in Bautzen kam sein Stück Romeo und Julia auf Bautzen II im bekannten ehemaligen Stasi-Gefängnis zur Uraufführung. 2005 war Düwell an der Entwicklung des Theaters Klosterruine Boitzenburg beteiligt, wo im ersten Jahr Die Drei Musketiere – Die Juwelen der Königin zur Aufführung kam. Seit 2006 ist Düwell Intendant der Müritz-Saga, die seither jedes Jahr in Waren (Müritz) stattfindet. Düwell führt hier auch die Regie.

Neben seinem Wirken fürs Theater spielte Düwell auch verschiedene Rollen in Film und Fernsehen, neben kleineren Nebenrollen in Fernsehfilmen waren dies z. B. Gastrollen in Polizeiruf 110, Alarm für Cobra 11, Tatort, Im Namen des Gesetzes, SOKO Wismar oder Fleming.

Nils Düwell ist verheiratet, hat Kinder und wohnt in Waren (Müritz).

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1993: Polizeiruf 110 – Blue Dream – Tod im Regen (Fernsehreihe)
 1997: Lea Katz – Die Kriminalpsychologin: Einer von uns (Fernsehfilm)
 1998: Tod auf Amrum (Fernsehfilm)
 2000: Liebe und andere Lügen (Fernsehfilm)
 2000: Ein starkes Team – Tödliche Rache
 2001: Tatort – Hasard! (Fernsehreihe)
 2004: Das Kommando (Fernsehfilm)
 2004: Die Stunde der Offiziere (Fernsehfilm)
 2005: Alarm für Cobra 11 - Die Autobahnpolizei (Fernsehserie)
 2006: Eine Frage des Gewissens (Fernsehfilm)
 2007: Tatort – Liebeshunger (Fernsehreihe)
 2008: Wir sind das Volk – Liebe kennt keine Grenzen (Fernsehfilm)
 2011: Ein starkes Team – Gnadenlos
 2013: Polizeiruf 110 – Der verlorene Sohn (Fernsehreihe)
 2020: Tatort: Unter Wölfen

Weblinks

 Nils Düwell bei castforward.de
 Nils Düwell eigene Homepage

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Theaterregisseur
Autor
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1966
Mann

Nils Düwell


මහීෂාසුරමර්දිනී මණ්ඩපය (ලෙන් දේවාලය; යම්පූරි ලෙස ද හැඳින්වේ) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ පසුකාලීන 7වන සියවසට අයත් පල්ලව රාජවංශයේ ඉන්දියානු ගලෙන්-නෙළූ ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සඳහා මනා නිදසුනකි. මෙම ලෙන් දේවාලය ඇතුළු මාමල්ලපුරම්හි සෙසු ලෙන් කඳුගැටයක් මත ප්‍රදීපාගාරයක් අසල පිහිටා ඇත. මෙය පුරාතන විශ්වකර්ම ස්ථපතිවරුන්ගේ අනර්ඝ නිමැවුමක් ලෙස සැලකේ. මාමල්ලපුරම් හෙවත් මහාබලිපුරම් යනු ඉන්දියාවේ තමිල් නාඩු ප්‍රාන්තයේ චෙන්නායිවලට දකුණින් පිහිටි කුඩා ගම්මානයකි. මෙම දේවාලය ඇතුළත් මහාබලිපුරම් ස්මාරක සමූහය 1984දී යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුම අඩවියක් ලෙස අභිලේඛනය කෙරිණි. මෙම දේවාල විශේෂ ලක්ෂණ ගණනාවකින් යුතු අතර, ගර්භගෘහ තුනෙහි ඇති බිත්ති තුන මත ඇති අනර්ඝ කැටයම්වලට ඒ අතරින් ප්‍රධාන ස්ථානයක් හිමි වේ. ඉන් එකක විෂ්ණු පෙන සත්ක ඇති නාගයකු වන ආදිසේෂ නාගයා මත වැතිර සිටිනු නිරූපිත ය. තවත් කැටයමක දේවාලයේ ප්‍රධාන දේවතාවිය වන දුර්ගා මී ගව හිසක් සහිත මහීෂාසුර වනසන අයුරුත්, තෙවන ගර්භගෘහයෙහි නැවත විෂ්ණුගේ ප්‍රතිමාවකුත් දැකගත හැක. මෙම ලෙන තුළ පුරාණවල (ක්‍රි.ව. 5වන සියවසට අයත් සංස්කෘත බසින් රචිත හින්දු මිත්‍යා කථා) එන දර්ශන රැසක් දැකගත හැක.

පුරාවෘත්තය
පුරාවෘත්ත අනුව, අභිභවනය කළ නොහැකි යැයි පැවසුණු මහීෂාසුර නම් අසුරයාව දුර්ගා විසින් මරාදමන ලදී. ඉන් අනතුරුව ඇයට මහීෂාසුරමර්දිනී (මහීෂාසුර මර්දනය කරන්නිය) යන නාමය භාවිතා විය. මෙම ග්‍රැනයිට් ගලෙන් නෙළූ දේවාලය තුළින් දුර්ගා දේවියගේ නැවත උපතක් ලෙස සැලකෙන මහීෂාසුරමර්දිනී දේවතාවියගේ රුව නිරූපණය කොට ඇත. මේ නිසා මෙම දේවාලය ද "මහීෂාසුරමර්දිනී ලෙන් දේවාලය" නම් විය. ගුහාවේ ඇතුළු කැටයම් මගින් මෙම සටන නිරූපිත ය. එහි අත් ගණනාවක් ඇති දෙවඟන දුන්නක් සහ හීයක් දරා සිංහයකු මත නැග මහීෂ සහ ඔහුගේ අනුගාමිකයින් ලුහුබඳිනු නිරූපිත ය.

ඉතිහාසය

මෙම ලෙන පල්ලව රාජවංශයේ නරසිංහවර්මන් මාමල්ල (ක්‍රි.ව. 630–668) රාජ්‍ය සමයට අයත් යැයි කාලනිර්ණය කොට ඇත. මෙම නගරයට එම නාමය හිමිවූයේ ද මෙම රජුගේ නාමය ඇසුරෙනි. ලෙනෙහි ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය මගින් බටහිර ඉන්දියාවේ කැටයම්වල භාවිතා වූ මහා ආගමික තේමාවන් අඛණ්ඩව පවත්වාගෙන යන්නේ යැයි පැවසේ. මෙම ලෙනෙහි කුළුණු සිංහ රූ මත නංවා තිබීම හේතුවෙන් එමගින් සංක්‍රාන්ති යුගයක් නිරූපණය වේ යැයි සිතිය හැක. එසේම ලෙනෙහි වන කැටයම් පල්ලව රජුන් වන Iවන මහේන්ද්‍රවර්මන් සහ රාජසිංහ හෙවත් මාමල්ල යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වුණු Iවන නරසිංහවර්මන් රජ සමයේ දියුණු වූ කලා ලක්ෂණවලින් යුතු බැව් පෙනේ. මෙම කලා ශෛලිය මාමල්ලගේ පුත් Iවන පරමේශ්වරවර්මන් විසින් ඉදිරියට ගෙනයන ලදී. ඓතිහාසික පර්යේෂණ අනුව ද මහාබලිපුරම් නගරය ස්ථාපිත කෙරුණේ එය මාමල්ල ලෙස නම් කිරීමෙන් පුසව බව සනාථ වී තිබේ. මේ නිසා මෙහි ඇති ලෙන් සහ සියලු රථ ද ඔහුගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ක්‍රි.ව. 650 වර්ෂයට අයත් යැයි සැලකිය හැක.

භූගෝල විද්‍යාව

මහීෂාසුමර්දිනී ලෙන හෙවත් මණ්ඩපය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ මහාබලිපුරම් නගරයේ සෙසු ලෙන් සමග දිවෙන කඳු කලාපයක ය. මෙය ඉන්දියානු සාගරයේ බෙංගාල බොක්කේ කොරමැන්ඩල් වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටා ඇත. වර්තමානයේ කාංචිපුරම් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට අයත් මෙය, චෙන්නායි නගරයේ (අතීතයේ මදුරාසි) සිට  දුරින් ද, චිංගල්පේට් සිට  පමණ දුරින් ද පිහිටා ඇත. මෙය ආසන්නයේ ප්‍රදීපාගාරයක් ද පිහිටා ඇත. 8වන සියවසට අයත් ව්‍යූහමය දේවාලයක් වන ඕලක්කනේස්වර දේවාලය (මහීෂාසුර දේවාලයක් ලෙස වරදවා හඳුන්වා ඇත) මෙම ලෙන අසල උස් ස්ථානයක පිහිටි අතර, මේ නිසා මාමල්ලපුරම් අවට චමත්කාර දර්ශනයක් මවා පායි. මෙම කලාපය අධි ආරක්ෂිත කලාපයක් බවට පත්ව ඇත්තේ මෙයට කිලෝමීටර කිහිපයක් දකුණින් න්‍යෂ්ටික බල මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පිහිටි හෙයිනි. මේ නිසා ඡායාරූපකරණය තහනම් ය.

සැලැස්ම
ලෙනේ පූජාස්ථානය නැගෙනහිරට මුහුණලා පිහිටි අතර එහි කුටි තුනක් දක්නට ලැබේ. එහි අභ්‍යන්තර මිනුම් සැලකූ විට දිග ක්, පළල ක් සහ උස ක් වේ. දෙපස පිහිටි සෙසු කුටිවලට සාපේක්ෂව ප්‍රධාන මධ්‍ය කුටීරයේ මධ්‍ය නෙරුමක් ඇත. ප්‍රසාදමුඛයේ ඉදිරිපස භික්තිශීර්ෂයේ කූඩු හෙවත් අශ්වලාඩම්-හැඩැති කවුළු 10ක් දක්නට ලැබේ. මේවායේ අසම්පූර්ණ කැටයම් ඇත. භික්තිශීර්ෂයෙහි ගේබල්-වහලැති අර්ධ-සම්පූර්ණ පූජාස්ථාන පහක කැටයම් දැක්වේ. ප්‍රසාදමුඛයෙහි අන්තයේ නෙරු කුළුණු දෙකක් සහ කුළුණු සතරක් දැකගත හැක. ප්‍රසාදමුහුණතෙහිම කොටසක් වන මේවා සම්ප්‍රදායික පල්ලව ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පයෙන් යුතුව කැටයම් කොට ඇත. මධ්‍ය කුටිය ඉදිරියේ කුඩා මුඛමණ්ඩපයක් (ප්‍රවේශ ද්වාමණ්ඩපයක්) ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ පල්ලව ශෛලියෙන් යුතු සිංහ පාදම් සහිත කැටයම් කුළුණු දෙකක් දැකගත හැක.

ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය

මෙම මණ්ඩපය මහාබලිපුරම්හි වැදගත්ම ලෙන් අතරින් එකකි. මෙය දුර්ගා දේවතාවියගේ නැවත උපතක් ලෙස සැලකෙන මහීෂාසුරමර්දිනී දෙවඟනට කැපකොට ඇත. මණ්ඩපය තනා ඇත්තේ කඳු ගැටයේ ගල් මුහුණතෙහි ග්‍රැනයිට් පාෂාණය තුළට කැනීමෙනි. ලෙන් පිවිසුමේ කැටයම් කොට ඇති බරාඳය දිගු අතර, එය කුටි තුනක් සමග සංයුක්ත ය; මින් මධ්‍යයේ වූ කුටියේ පිවිසුම දෙපස ද්වාරපාල රූ දැකගත හැක. මධ්‍ය කුටියේ පසුපස බිත්තියේ සෝමස්කන්ධ පනේලයක් වේ. මෙම පනේලයෙහි රාජකීය වස්ත්‍රවලින් සැරසී සිටින ශිව සහ ඔහුගේ භාර්යාව වන පාර්වතී යන දෙදෙනාම කිරීට-මුකුට පැළඳ සිටියි. ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා මධ්‍යයේ පුත් ස්කන්ධ අසුන්ගෙන සිටියි. මෙම පනේලය තුළ ශිවගේ වාහනය වන නන්දි ගව රුව ද දැකගත හැක. ශිවගේ ප්‍රබල බැතිමතකු වන චණ්ඩේස‍ගේ රුව ශිව, බ්‍රහ්ම සහ විෂ්ණු යන ත්‍රිත්ව දේවතාවුන්ගේ රූවලට වම් පසින් කැටයම් කොට ඇත. මෙම ත්‍රිත්ව දේව රූ ප්‍රධාන කැටයම වන ශිව සහ පාර්වතීට පසුපසින් නිරූපණය කොට ඇත. මෙම ත්‍රිත්ව දෙවිවරුන්ගේ කැටයම මගින් හිඳගත් ශිව, පාර්වතී සහ ස්කන්ධ කෙරෙහි ඔවුන් ප්‍රීතියෙන් පසුවන බැව් නිරූපණය වේ. තනි තනි නිරූපණයෙහි සැලකූ විට බ්‍රහ්මගේ රුව හිස් සතරක් සහ අත් සතරක් සහිතව ඉහළ අත්වලින් ජල කෙණ්ඩියක් සහ අක්ෂමාලාවක් දරා සිටින අයුරින් දැක්වේ. ඔහුගේ පහළ දකුණත ඉහළට ඔසවා ඇත්තේ ශිව අගය කරන විලාසයෙනි. වම් අත කටක මුද්‍රාවෙන් යුතු ය. විෂ්ණු ද අත් සතරක් ඇතිව නිරූපණය කොට ඇත. ඔහු සිය ඉහළ දෑත්වලින් චක්‍රයක් සහ ශංඛයක් දරාසිටියි. පහළ වමතින් ශිව කෙරෙහි අගය කරන විලාසයක් පෙන්වන අතර, පහළ දකුණත ද කටක මුද්‍රාවෙන් යුතු ය. පනේලයෙහි ඉහළ කොටසේ බ්‍රහ්ම සහ විෂ්ණු අතර සූර්ය රුව ද කැටයම් කොට ඇත. වම්පස කුටියේ පසුපස බිත්තියේ ද වෙනත් බ්‍රහ්ම නිරූපිත පනේලයක් දැකගත හැක. නමුත් දකුණුපස කුටියේ නැවත වරක් ශිවගේ පනේලය දක්නට ලැබේ. පුරාවිද්‍යාඥයින්ගේ අදහස වන්නේ එහි මුලින් විෂ්ණුගේ පනේලයක් නිර්මාණය කරන්නට අදහස් කරන්නට ඇති බවයි. මෙම ගුහාවේ ශිව ඵලක ප්‍රමුඛව පැවතීමට තවත් හේතුවක් ලෙස මෙකල රාජ්‍ය පාලනය කළ රජවරුන් වෛෂ්ණව ආගමේ සිට ශෛව ආගම වෙත යොමුවීම ද යෝජනා වී ඇත. මීට අමතරව මෙම ලෙනෙහි ඇති සෝමස්කන්ධ පනේලය ධර්මරාජ රථය, වෙරළාන්ත දේවාලය සහ අතිරණචන්ද ලෙනෙහි දක්නට ලැබෙන මීට සමාන කැටයම්වලින් තරමක් වෙනස් ය. පුරාවිද්‍යාඥයින් යෝජනා කරන්නේ එහි ඇති පනේලය රාජසිංහ යුගයේ නිමවන්නට ඇති බවයි.

ගුහාවේ උතුරු බිත්තිය දුර්ගා දෙවඟන සහ මී ගව-හිසැති මහීෂාසුර අතර සටන නිරූපණය කරයි. මෙම පනේලය මගින් අයහපත පරදා යහපත ජයගැනීම සංකේතවත් කෙරේ. මෙම කැටයම් පල්ලව යුගයේ විශිෂ්ටතම නිර්මාණයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. මෙම යුධ දර්ශනයෙහි, දුර්ගා අත් අටක් සහිතව නිරූපණය කොට ඇති අතර, රෞද්‍ර පෙනුමැති සිංහයකු මත නැග සිටියි. ඇය සිය දකුණුපස හස්තයන්හි ඛාඩ්ග (අසිපතක්), ධනුෂ් (දුන්නක්), බාන (ඊතල), ඝණ්ට (සීනුවක්) දරාසිටින අතර, වම්පස අත් සතරෙහි පාස, සංඛ සහ කෙටේරියක් දැක්වේ. සහායකයකු විසින් දුර්ගාගේ හිසට ඉහළින් ඡත්‍රයක් අල්ලාගෙන සිටියි. යුධබිමේ සිටින ඇය සිය සෙබලියන් සහ වාමනයින්ගෙන් සැදි හමුදාවක් පිරිවරා සිටියි. මෙහි ඇය ඊතලවලින් මහීෂාසුර හට විදීමට සැරසෙයි. මේ නිසා අසුරයා සිය අනුගාමිකයින් සමග පලායාමට සැරසේ. මහීෂාසුර ද මුගුරක් දරා සිටියි.

ගුහාවේ දකුණුදිග මුහුණතෙහි විෂ්ණු අනන්තසයන ඉරියව්වෙන් නාගයකු මත වැතිර සිටිනු නිරූපිත ය. මෙහි ඔහුගේ අත් දෙකකින් ආදිසේෂ නැමැති පෙණ පහක් ඇති නාගයාගේ දරණය අල්ලාගෙන සිටියි. විෂ්ණුගේ පාදය අසල ආක්‍රමණ ඉරියව්වකින් යුතුව මධූ සහ කෛතාභ නැමැත අසුරයින් දෙදෙනාගේ රුව ද දැකගත හැක. අසුරයින් පසුබසින් අවස්ථාවක් මින් දැක්වේ. එයට හේතුව ආදිසේෂ ඔවුන් වෙත ගිනිදැල් පිඹීමයි. මේ පිළිබඳ අවධානයක් යොමුනොකරන විෂ්ණු ආදිසේෂව පිරිමදින්නේ ඔහුව අගය කරමිනි. මෙම පනේලයෙහි ගන (වාමන) රූ දෙකක් ද වේ. මෙම වාමනයික් විෂ්ණුගේ ආයුධපරුෂයින් (පුද්ගලාරෝපිත ආයුධ) වේ. පිරිමි ගන රුව ශංඛ හෙවත් පංචජන්‍ය ලෙසත් ස්ත්‍රී ගන රුව විෂ්ණුගේ ගදා කෞමෝදකි ලෙසත් හැඳින්වේ. මෙම පනේලයෙහිම පහළ අන්තයෙහි තවත් රූ තුනක් දැකගත හැක. එනම් ඔහුගේ චක්‍රය හෙවත් සුදර්ශන, ඔහුගේ ඛඩ්ග (අසිපත) ලෙස නන්දක සහ භූදේවිගේ රුවයි. මේ තුනම ආයුධ-පුරුෂ රූ වේ.

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