Robert Taschereau  (September 10, 1896 – July 26, 1970) was a lawyer who became the 11th Chief Justice of Canada and who briefly served as the Administrator of the Government of Canada following the death of Governor General of Canada Georges Vanier in 1967.

Biography
He was born in Quebec City in 1896 to Louis-Alexandre Taschereau and Adine Dionne. He came from a family of politicians and lawyers; his father later became Premier of Quebec and his grandfather, Jean-Thomas Taschereau, was on the Supreme Court of Canada. He studied at Laval University and obtained a B.A. degree in 1916 and LL.L. in 1920.

Following a career as a lawyer, Taschereau entered politics as a Liberal and won a seat in the Quebec National Assembly in 1930. He held his seat of the riding of Bellechasse until retiring in 1936.

Supreme Court Judge
On February 9, 1940, he was appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada, filling the vacancy created by the death of his former law partner, Lawrence Cannon.

In 1946, he and fellow Justice Roy Kellock conducted the Royal Commission on Spying Activities in Canada that had been prompted by the Gouzenko Affair.

Taschereau was promoted to Chief Justice in 1963.

Under the Letters Patent, 1947, the Chief Justice of Canada serves as the Administrator of the Government of Canada in the death, absence or incapacity of the Governor General of Canada. Taschereau served as Administrator from the death of Governor General Georges Vanier on March 5, 1967 until April 17, 1967 when the Queen appointed Roland Michener as the new governor general, on the advice of Prime Minister Lester Pearson.

Personal

Taschereau was married to Ellen Donohue, daughter of Joseph Timothy Donohue (co-founder of Donohue Inc.) and Émilie Normandin.

Retirement and honours
Taschereau remained on the Supreme Court until retiring in 1967.

In 1967 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.

Robert Taschereau died in 1970 at the age of 73, and was interred in the family plot at the Cimetière Notre-Dame-de-Belmont in Sainte-Foy, Quebec.

References

External links
Order of Canada Citation
Supreme Court of Canada biography

1896 births
1970 deaths
Chief justices of Canada
Companions of the Order of Canada
French Quebecers
Lawyers in Quebec
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Politicians from Quebec City
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Robert
Université Laval Faculté de droit alumni
Canadian King's Counsel

Robert Taschereau


Die römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche St. Mariä Himmelfahrt ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Kirchengebäude in Blankenheim (Ahr), einer Gemeinde im Kreis Euskirchen (Nordrhein-Westfalen).

Geschichte und Architektur
Der nach Süden ausgerichtete sterngewölbte Saalbau mit dreiseitigem Chorschluss wurde von 1495 bis 1505 nach einer Stiftung von Johann I. Graf von Manderscheid-Blankenheim-Gerolstein und seiner Ehefrau Margarete errichtet. Die Kirche bildet zusammen mit dem Pfarrhaus des 17. Jahrhunderts und der darüber aufragenden Burg Blankenheim eine beeindruckende Baugruppe. Der Turm wurde 1616 vorgesetzt und unter dem Nordende des Saales ein zweischiffiger Kryptenraum angelegt. Dort wurde 1815 nach Abbruch der Burgkapelle die Grablege der Grafen von Manderscheid-Blankenheim eingerichtet. Die dekorativen spätgotischen Gewölbemalereien wurden von 1954 bis 1956 freigelegt und nach Befund ergänzt. Der Turm wurde am Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts um ein viertes Geschoss erhöht.

Ausstattung

 Die Aufsätze des Hochaltares und der Seitenaltäre sind reich geschnitzte neugotische Schreinarchitekturen aus der Zeit um 1870. Es befinden sich kleinfigurige Schnitzgruppen spätgotischer Altäre darin. Sie stammen aus der ehemaligen Burgkapelle und wurden in der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts geschnitzt. Sie wurden im 19. Jahrhundert gefasst und vergoldet.
 Eine rechteckige spätgotische Sakramentsnische mit Durchsteckgitter
 Die Kanzel mit Wandaufgang stammt vom 17. Jahrhundert
 Zwei fünfsitzige spätgotische Chorstühle und zwei aus Resten zusammengesetzte spätgotische Kirchenbänke
 Das Orgelwerk und das Orgelgehäuse wurden 1660 gebaut und zählen somit zu den ältesten dieser Art in Deutschland.
 Auf den den Gewölberippen des Schiffs vorgesetzten Konsolen mit reichen Renaissance-Ornamenten stehen zwölf Apostelfiguren aus Tuff im Stil der Spätgotik.
 Im Chor wird eine Memorientafel aus Sandstein für den Grafen Johannes (gest. 1524) mit einem prachtvollen Wappen derer von Manderscheid-Blankenheim ausgestellt.

Kirchenschatz
 Zum Kirchenschatz gehören liturgische Geräte und Gewänder des 18. Jahrhunderts.
 Das gestickte Wappen des Gerhard von Loen und seiner Ehefrau

Gerhard von Loen trug in der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts für die Burgkapelle einen Reliquienschatz zusammen, der heute zum Kirchenschatz zählt:
 Ein Büstenreliquiar des hl. Georg von der Mitte des 15. oder vom Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts
 Eine vollkommen gepanzerte lebensgroße Silberbüste. Fußstücke des Sockels und der Rankenfries deuten stilistisch in die Zeit um 1420/1430 und sind hier möglicherweise in Zweitverwendung.
 Sechs kostbare Reliquientücher aus Flandern von der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts
 Die von gestickten Engels- und Priesterfiguren dargebotenen Stoffreliquien sind auf reich gemusterten italienischen Samt aufgenäht.

Weblinks

Literatur
 Dehio, Georg, Bearbeitet von Claudia Euskirchen, Olaf Gisbertz, Ulrich Schäfer: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen I Rheinland. Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2005, ISBN 3-422-03093-X.
 Jürgen Kaiser: Blankenheim. St. Mariä Himmelfahrt. Regensburg 2005. ISBN 3-7954-6547-8.

Einzelnachweise

Blankenheim
Maria Himmelfahrt
Erbaut im 15. Jahrhundert
Mariä Himmelfahrt (Blankenheim)
Blankenheim, Maria Himmelfahrt
GdG Hl. Apostel Matthias, Blankenheim/Dahlem
Blankenheim
Blankenheim

St. Mariä Himmelfahrt (Blankenheim)


La Ligne de trolleybus 27 de Liège reliait le théâtre à Renory jusqu'en 1969.

Histoire
Cette ligne a été ouverte en novembre 1937 afin de remplacer la ligne de tramway 7. La Seconde Guerre Mondiale impliqua de nombreux changements notamment le pont de Fétinne, pont sur lequel passait la ligne, qui a du être réparé. Par ailleurs, cet évènement a déplacé provisoirement le terminus à la Place de la Cathédrale. À partir de 1963, cette ligne possède une partie de la ligne 25. En août 1965, le trolleybus fut remplacé par le bus sur cette ligne.

Notes et références

27
Fondation en 1937
Disparition en 1965

Ligne de trolleybus 27 (Liège)


O jacamim-do-xingu é uma ave gruiforme da família Psophiidae. É considerado por alguns autores uma subespécie de Psophia dextralis (jacamim-de-costas-marrons), com o nome Psophia dextralis interjecta.

Nome científico
Seu nome científico significa: do grego psophos, ruído, qualquer som inarticulado, aquele que faz barulho forte; e do latim interjecta, interiectus, entre, entre duas coisas, no meio de.

Distribuição geográfica
É uma ave endêmica da Amazônia brasileira. A espécie é encontrada ao sul do rio Amazonas, com sua ocorrência delimitada a leste pelo rio Xingu e a oeste pelo rio Tocantins.

Psophia
Aves do Brasil

Psophia interjecta


විශ්ලේෂණ රසායන විද්‍යාව පදාර්ථ වෙන්කිරීමට, හඳුනාගැනීමට හා ප්‍රමාණනය කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය උපකරණ හා ක්‍රමවේද පිළිබඳව සොයා බැලේ. ප්‍රායෝගිකව වෙන්කිරීම, හඳුනාගැනීම හෝ ප්‍රමාණනය සමස්ථ විශ්ලේෂණයක් හෝ තවත් ක්‍රමයක් සම්බන්ධ කිරීමෙන් සිදු විය හැක.

වෙන්කිරීම විශ්ලේෂකය වෙන් කෙරේ. ගුණාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණය විශ්ලේෂකය හඳුනා ගනියි. ප්‍රමාණාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණය විශ්ලේෂකයේ සාන්ද්‍රණය තීරණය කරයි.

විශ්ලේෂණ රසායන විද්‍යාවේ තෙත් රසායනික ක්‍රමවේද මෙන්ම නවීන උපකරණමය ක්‍රමවේද ඇත. සාම්ප්‍රදායක ගුණාත්මක ක්‍රමවේද අවක්ෂේපණය, නිස්සාරණය හා ආසවනය වැනි වෙන්කිරීමේ ක්‍රම භාවිත කෙරේ. හඳුනා ගැනීම වර්ණය, ගන්ධය, ද්‍රවාංකය, තාපාංකය, විකිරණශීලීතාවය හෝ ප්‍රතික්‍රියාශීලිත්වය වෙනස් වීම මත පදනම් විය හැක. සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රමාණාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණ ක්‍රම ප්‍රමාණය තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා ස්කන්ධයේ හෝ පරිමාවේ වෙනස් වීම සැලකිල්ලට ගැනේ. උපකරණමය ක්‍රමවේද වර්ණලේඛ ශිල්පය (Chromatography), විද්‍යුතාගමනය (Electrophoresis) හා ක්ෂේත්‍ර ප්‍රවාහ භාගීකරණය (Field flow fractionation) ආදී ක්‍රම නියැදි වෙන් කිරීම සඳහා භාවිත කෙරේ. නවීන උපකරණ යොදා සිදුකරන විශ්ලේෂණයේදී ප්‍රමාණාත්මක හා ගුණාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණය එකම උපකරණය යොදාගෙන සිදුකළ හැකි වන අතර නිතරම ආලෝක අන්තර්ක්‍රියා, තාප අන්තර්ක්‍රියා, විද්‍යුත් ක්ෂේත්‍ර හෝ චුම්භක ක්ෂේත්‍ර භාවිත වේ. ඇතැම් විට එකම උපකරණය විශ්ලේෂකය වෙන්කිරීම, හඳුනා ගැනීම හා ප්‍රමාණනය කිරීම සිදු කරයි. විශ්ලේෂණ රසායන විද්‍යාව පර්යේෂණ ආකෘතිය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීම හා නව මැනීමේ උපකරණයන් නිර්මාණය සඳහා ඉවහල් වේ. වෛධික විද්‍යාව (Forensics), වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව (medicine), විද්‍යාව (science) හා ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව (engineering) ආදී ක්ෂේත්‍රයන්හි විශ්ලේෂ්ණ රසායන විද්‍යාවේ යෙදීම් ඇත.

විශ්ලේෂණ රසායන විද්‍යාව විවිධ ද්‍රාවණ, සංයෝග, මිශ්‍රණ විශ්ලේෂණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධ ක්‍රමවේද පිළිබඳව හැදෑරීම වැදගත් අංශයකි. මෙහිලා අනුමාපන වලට වැදගත් සන්ධිස්ථානයක් හිමිවේ.

විශ්ලේෂණ රසායන විද්‍යාවේ ඉතිහාසය

ක්‍රි.ව 1661 – 1900 පමණ වන තෙක් ආරම්භක රසායන විද්‍යාවට විශ්ලේෂී ඒකකයක් විය .ඒ මුලද්‍රව්‍යය සොයා ගැනීම, වර්තමානයේ ඇති රසායන ද්‍රව්‍ය සොයා ගැනීම හා රසායන විද්‍යාවට මූලික පසුබිමක් සැකසෙන තෙක් පමණි.රසායන ද්‍රව්‍ය සංශ්ලේෂණය හා සිද්ධාන්ත යන දෙකෙහි ඇති වූ වර්ධනය වැනි දෑ විශ්ලේෂී රසායන විද්‍යාව නොවේ. මෙම කාලයේ දී රසායන විද්‍යාවට විශාල දායකත්වයක් දැක්වූ සොයා ගැනීම් වූයේ , ක්‍රියාකාරී කාණ්ඩවල ප්‍රතික්‍රියා මත පදනම් වූ විශේෂ ප්‍රතික්‍රියා හා ජූලියස් වොන්ලීබිග් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද මුලද්‍රව්‍ය වර්ගීකරණයයි. ප්‍රථම වතාවට උපකරණ භාවිතයෙන් සිදුකළ විශ්ලේෂණය වුයේ සිළු විමෝචක වර්ණාවලි මිනිත ක්‍රමයයි. එය රුබීඩියම් හා සීසියම් මූලද්‍රව්‍ය සොයාගත් ගස්ටාව් කර්චොෆ් විසින් දියුණු කරන ලදී. කර්චොෆ් විසින් රූබිඩියම් හා සීසියම් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.

ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විශ්ලේෂී රසායන විද්‍යාවේ විශාල දියුණුවීම් 1900 න් පසු සිදුවිය. මේ කාලය තුළ මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍ර තුළ උපකරණ ඇසුරින් සිදු කළ විශ්ලේෂණයන් වඩ වඩාත් ප්‍රමුඛ විය. මෙහි දී වර්ණාවලීක්ෂ ක්‍රම තාක්ෂණය විසිවන සියවසේ  ආරම්භයේ සොයා ගැනුණු අතර එය විසිවන සියවසේ අග භාගයේ දී ශෝදනයකට ලක් කෙරුණි. වියෝජන විද්‍යාව ද මෙම කාලසීමාව තුළ සම දියුණුවක් පෙන්නුම් කළේය. පසුව අධි ක්‍රියාකාරී උපකරණ භාවිතයත් සමග ඉතා අධික වර්ධනයක් ඇතිවීය. 1970 දී බහුතරයක් මෙම තාක්ෂණ ක්‍රමවේද භාවිතයෙන් සම්පූර්ණ සාම්පල්වල විදහා දැක්වීමක් ළගා කර ගැනිණි. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 1970 සිට අද දක්වා වන විට විශ්ලේෂණ රසායනය ටිකෙන් ටික වැඩි දියුණු වී ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක ගැටලු වඩ වඩාත් විශ්ලේෂණය කරමින් මීට ප්‍රථම අකාබනික සහ  කුඩා කාබනික අණු පිළිබඳව  පැවති  විශ්ලේෂණ සාපේක්ෂව අඩු කර ඇත. විසිවන සියවසේ අගභාගය වනවිට විශ්ලේෂී රසායන විද්‍යාවේ පුළුල් දියුණුවක් දක්නට හැකිවිණි.

සාම්ප්‍රදායික ක්‍රම

නවීන විශ්ලේෂණ රසායන විද්‍යාව සංකීර්ණ උපකරණමය ක්‍රමවේද වලින් සමන්විත වුවත් භාවිත වන මූලධර්ම බොහොමයක් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ක්‍රම වලින් ලබාගෙන ඇත.

1.ගුණාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණය
ගුණාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණය සංයෝගයක් පවතින හෝ නොපවතින බවට නිගමනය කරයි. එය සංයෝගයේ ස්කන්ධය හෝ සාන්ද්‍රණය තීරණය නොකරයි.

රසායනික පරීක්ෂණ

විවිධ රසායනික පරීක්ෂණ ඇති අතර රත්රන් සඳහා අම්ල පරීක්ෂණය රුධිරය ඇති බවට කරන කාස්ල්-මේයර් පරීක්ෂාව ගත හැක.

දැල්ලකින් කරන පරික්ෂා

විවිධ ලෝහ අයන පවතින බව තහවුරු කිරීමට සිදුකරන පහන්සිළු පරීක්ෂණය ආදී පරීක්ෂණ මේ යටතට ගැනේ.

අකාබනික ගුණාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණයේදී විවිධ අයන ද්‍රාව්‍ය මාධ්‍යයක පැවතීම පරික්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා පරික්ෂා ශ්‍රේණියක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් යොදා ගැනේ. නමුත් මෙම පරික්ෂා නවීන උපකරණමය ක්‍රම වලදී භාවිත නොවේ.

2.ප්‍රමාණාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණය

යම් ද්‍රව්‍යයක රසායනික අන්තර්ගතයන් ප්‍රමාණය නීර්ණය කිරීම ප්‍රමාණාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණයයි.

I.භාරමිතික විශ්ලේෂණය
යම් පරිවර්තනයකට පෙර සහ/හෝ පසුව යම් ද්‍රව්‍යයක ප්‍රමාණය නීර්ණය කිරීම භාරමිතික විශ්ලේෂණයයි. සුලභ උදාහරණයක් වනුයේ යම් සජල සංයෝගයක රත් කිරීමට පෙර සහ/හෝ පසුව ජල ප්‍රමාණය නීර්ණය කිරීමයි.

II.පරිමාමිතික විශ්ලේෂණය

අනුමාපනයේදී විශ්ලේෂණය කරන ද්‍රාවණයට අන්ත ලක්ෂය එළඹෙන තුරු ප්‍රතිකාරකයක් එකතු කරනු ලැබේ. දර්ශකයක් හමුවේදී අම්ලයක් හා භෂ්මයක් අනුමාපනය සුලභ උදාහරණයකි. මෙහිදී දර්ශකයේ වර්ණ විපර්යාසයක් සිදුවේ. මෙහිදී යොදාගන්නා ද්‍රාවණ දෙක විශ්ලේෂකය හා අනුමාපකය ලෙසින් හැඳින්වේ. විවිධ අනුමාපන වර්ග ඇත. විභවමිතික අනුමාපනය මෙයට උදාහරණයකි. මෙම අනුමාපනයේදී විවිධ දර්ශක භාවිත කෙරේ.

උපකරණමය ක්‍රමවේද

සාම්ප්‍රදායික ක්‍රමවලට වඩා වෙනස් සංකීර්ණ විද්‍යුත් උපකරණ භාවිතයෙන් සිදුකරන විශ්ලේෂණයන් මේ යටතට ගැනේ.

1. වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය
වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය විද්‍යුත් චුම්භක විකිරණයක (electromagnetic radiation) අණුවල අන්තර්ක්‍රියා මනිනු ලැබේ. වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණයේ යෙදීම් බොහෝය. පරමාණුක අවශෝෂණ වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, පරමාණුක විමෝචන වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, පාරජම්බුල දෘශ්‍ය වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, X-කිරණ ප්‍රතිදීපන වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, අධෝරක්ත වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, රේමන් වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, ද්විත්ව ධ්‍රැවීකරණ නිරෝධනය (dual polarization interferometry), න්‍යෂ්ටික චුම්භක අනුනාද වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, ප්‍රභා විමෝචන වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, මූස්බෝර් වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය ඒවා අතරින් කිහිපයකි.

2. ස්කන්ධ වර්ණාවලිමිතිය

ස්කන්ධ වර්ණාවලිමිතිය විද්‍යුත් හා චුම්භක ක්ෂේත්‍ර භාවිතයෙන් අණුවල ස්කන්ධයට ආරෝපණය අනුපාතය මනිනු ලැබේ. ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනවල ගැටීම, රසායනික අයනීකරණය (chemical ionization), විද්‍යුත් ඉසීම (electrospray), වේග පරමාණුක විවර්ෂණය (fast atom bombardment), පූරක ආධාර ලේසර් නිරධිශෝෂණ අයනීකරණය (matrix assisted lazer desorption ionization) සහ අනෙකුත් අයනීකරණ ක්‍රමවේදයන් මෙහිදී භාවිත වේ. ස්කන්ධ විශ්ලේෂක (mass analyzers) මතද ස්කන්ධ වර්ණාවලිමිතිය වර්ගීකරණය කෙරේ. චුම්භක-ඛණ්ඩකය (magnetic-sector), චතුර්ධ්‍රැව අයන උගුල (quadrupole ion trap), පියාසර කාලය (time-of-flight), ෆූරියර් පරිවර්තන අයන සයික්ලොට්‍රෝන අනුනාදය (fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance) ආදී ලෙස ස්කන්ධ විශ්ලේෂකය මත බෙදේ.

3. විද්‍යුත් රසායනික විශ්ලේෂණය
විද්‍යුත් විශ්ලේෂණ ක්‍රමවේදයන්, විශ්ලේෂණය අඩංගු විද්‍යුත් රසායනික කෝෂයක විභවය (වෝල්ට්) සහ/හෝ විද්‍යුත් ධාරාව (ඇම්පියර්) මනියි.  කුමන ක්‍රම මගින් පාලනය කරන්නේද කුමක් මනින්නේද යන්න මත මෙම ක්‍රමවේද වර්ගීකරණය කළ හැක. ඒ අනුව ප්‍රධාන වර්ග 4කි.

I. විභවමිතිය (ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝඩවල විභව වෙනස මනිනු ලැබේ.)

II. කූලෝමිතිය (කාලය සමඟ සංක්‍රාමණය වූ ආරෝපණය මනිනු ලැබේ)

III. ඇම්පිරෝමිතිය (කාලයත් සමඟ කෝෂයේ සංක්‍රාමණයවූ විද්‍යුත් ධාරාව මනිනු ලැබේ.)

IV. වෝල්ටාමිතිය (කාලයත් සමඟ කෝෂයේ විද්‍යුත් ධාරාව විභවය ක්‍රියාකාරීව වෙනස් කරමින් මනිනු ලැබේ.

4. තාප විශ්ලේෂණය
කැලරිමිතිය හා තාප ගුරුත්වමිතිය ද්‍රව්‍යයක හා තාපයේ අන්තර්ක්‍රියාව මනිනු ලැබේ.

5. වෙන්කිරීම

වෙන්කිරීම මිශ්‍රණයක සංකීර්ණ බව අඩු කරයි. වර්ණලේඛ ශිල්පය, විද්‍යුතාගමනය හා ක්ෂේත්‍ර ප්‍රවාහ භාගීකරණය වෙන්කිරීම යොදාගනියි.

6. මුහුම් තාක්ෂණයන්
ඉහත තාක්ෂණයන්හි සංකලනයෙන් මුහුම් හෝ හයිෆනික තාක්ෂණයන් ඇතිවේ. මේ සඳහා වර්තමානයේ භාවිත කරන මුහුම් තාක්ෂණයන් කිහිපයක් ඇති අතර නවීන මුහුම් තාක්ෂණ ක්‍රමවේදයන් තවමත් පර්යේෂණ මට්ටමේ පවතී. උදාහරණ ලෙස වායු වර්ණලේඛ ශිල්පය-ස්කන්ධ වර්ණාවලිමිතිය, වායු වර්ණලේඛ ශිල්පය-අධෝරක්ත වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, ද්‍රව වර්ණලේඛ ශිල්පය-ස්කන්ධ වර්ණාවලිමිතිය, ද්‍රව වර්ණලේඛ ශිල්පය-NMR වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, ද්‍රව වර්ණලේඛ ශිල්පය-අධෝරක්ත වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය, කේෂික විද්‍යුතාගමනය-ස්කන්ධ වර්ණාවලිමිතිය හැඳින්විය හැක.

හයිෆනික වෙන්කිරීමේ තාක්ෂණයන් ද්‍රාවණයක රසායන ද්‍රව්‍යයක් විශ්ලේෂණයට හෝ වෙන්කිරීමට ක්‍රම හෝ තාක්ෂණයන් දෙකක් හෝ කිහිපයක් භාවිත කෙරේ. රසායන විද්‍යාවේදී හා ජෛව රසායන විද්‍යාවේදී හයිෆනික ශිල්ප ක්‍රම බහුලව භාවිත වේ. මෙහිදී භාවිත වන අනෙක් ශිල්පය බොහෝ විට වර්ණලේඛ ශිල්පයේ කුමන හෝ ආකාරයකි. හයිෆනික ශිල්ප ක්‍රමයේ එක් නමක හයිෆනයක් අඩංගු නම් සමස්ත නමෙහි හයිෆනයක් යොදා ගන්නවා වෙනුවට ඇල ඉරක් (slash) භාවිත කෙරේ.

7.අන්වීක්ෂණය

හුදකලා අණු, හුදකලා සෛල, ජීවී පටක හා නැනෝපදාර්ථ නිරීක්ෂණය විශ්ලේෂණ රසායන විද්‍යාවේදී වැදගත් හා ආකර්ශණීය ප්‍රවේශයකි. එසේම අනෙක් සාම්ප්‍රදායික විශ්ලේෂණ මෙවලම් හා මුහුම්කිරීම විශ්ලේෂණ රසායන විද්‍යාව තුළ විප්ලවයක් ඇති කිරීමට හේතුවේ. අන්වීක්ෂණය ප්‍රධාන කොටස් තුනක් යටතේ වර්ග කළ හැක. ආලෝක අන්වීක්ෂණය, ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන අන්වීක්ෂණය හා පරිලෝකන ඒෂණ අන්වීක්ෂණය. පරිගණක හා කැමරා කර්මාන්තයන්හි ශීඝ්‍ර දියුණුවත් සමඟ මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රයද ශීඝ්‍රයෙන් සංවර්ධනය වේ.

8.චිපයක් මත පරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් (Lab-on-a-chip)
මේවා පරීක්ෂණාගාර කාර්යයන් කිහිපයක් සමෝධානය කරන ප්‍රමාණයෙන් මිලිමීටර පරිමාණයේ සිට වර්ග සෙන්ටිමීටර් පරිමාණයේ තනි චිපයන් වේ. මේවාට පිකෝලීටර ප්‍රමාණයට වඩා කුඩා පරිමා හැසිරවිය හැක.

දෝෂයන් (Errors)
සත්‍ය අගය හා නිරීක්ෂිත අගය අතර සංඛ්‍යාත්මක වෙනසක් ලෙස දෝෂය අර්ථ දැක්විය හැක.

රසායනික විශ්ලේෂණයකදී සත්‍ය අගය හා නිරීක්ෂිත අගය අතර දෝෂය පහත සමීකරණයෙන් ලබාදේ..

E = නිරපේක්ෂ දෝෂය,
O = නිරීක්ෂිත අගය,
T = සත්‍ය අගය.

මිනුමක දෝෂය යනු නිවැරදි මිනුමක ප්‍රතිලෝම මැනීමකි. උදා - දෝෂය කුඩානම් මිනුමේ නිවැරදි බව විශාල වේ. දෝෂ පහත ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කළ හැක.

 × 100 = % දෝෂය,

 × 1000 = දහසකට දෝෂය

ප්‍රමිති (Standards)
විශ්ලේෂණාත්මක තත්ත්ව පාලනය බලන්න

ප්‍රමිති වක්‍රය (Standard Curve)
සාන්ද්‍රණය විශ්ලේෂණය සඳහා යොදාගන්නා සාමාන්‍ය ක්‍රමවේදය ක්‍රමාංකන වක්‍රය (Calibration Curve) ගොඩනැගීම හා සම්බන්ධ වේ. යොදාගන්නා තාක්ෂණයේ අනාවරණ පරාසය (Detection Range) සඳහා නියැදියේ මූලද්‍රව්‍යක හෝ සංයෝගයක ප්‍රමාණය අතිශයින් වැඩිනම් නියැදිය පහසුවෙන්ම සංශුද්ධ ද්‍රාවකයක් මගින් තනූක කළ හැක. නියැදියේ ප්‍රමාණය යොදාගන්නා උපකරණයේ මිනුම් පරාසයට වඩා වැඩිනම් එකතු කිරීමේ ක්‍රමයක් යොදා ගත හැක. මෙම ක්‍රමයේදී අධ්‍යයනයේදී යොදාගන්නා මූලද්‍රව්‍යයක හෝ සංයෝගයක දන්නා ප්‍රමාණයක් එකතු කරන අතර එකතු කරන ලද සාන්ද්‍රණය හා සත්‍ය වශයෙන්ම නියැදියේ අඩංගු නිරීක්ෂණය කරන සාන්ද්‍රණය අතර වෙනස මනිනු ලැබේ.  මෙය නොදන්නා නියැදියක සිට දන්නා ප්‍රමිති ශ්‍රේණියක් දක්වා ප්‍රතිඵල සංසන්දනය කිරීම මගින් ද්‍රව්‍යයක රසායන ද්‍රව්‍ය ප්‍රමාණය අර්ථකතනය කිරීමට ඉඩ ප්‍රස්ථාව ලබාදේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

රසායන විද්‍යාව

විශ්ලේෂණාත්මක රසායන විද්‍යාව


Siete historias, título completo: Siete historias (o excavando en el pozo de la fantasía), es una novela fantástica juvenil de la autora española Àngels Om, publicada en 2010 por la editorial Círculo Rojo.

El personaje de la narradora de la historia, Irina, está basado en la hija de la autora. La novela comenzó como una terapia juego para que superara el acoso escolar. La novela narra las aventuras de Irina y su familia de cinco hermanos y su mascota cuando cada uno de ellos debe contar y hacer vivir a los demás una historia basada en sus sueños.

Personajes

 Natalia: la hermana mayor; adolescente muy preocupada por su aspecto y vida social, suele estar de mal humor, pero tiene un fondo tierno.
 José: tiene diez años, como sus hermanos Luis y Julián, nacidos el mismo día que él. Es muy impulsivo, desordenado y apasionado de la historia.
 Luis: le gustan las matemáticas, los acertijos y se cree el más listo de los trillizos.
 Julián: aficionado a la astronomía. Tiene muchos roces con Luis y es muy desordenado.
 Irina: narradora principal de la historia. Es una niña muy madura para sus ocho años y sufre burlas en el colegio por ser más bien menuda. A menudo mantiene la paz entre sus hermanos y está muy unida a su hermana Carmen.
 Carmen: nació en China y fue adoptada. Tiene cuatro años y es muy cariñosa.
 Nikon: la mascota de la familia, mezcla de yorkshire y caniche.

En la novela aparecen también más de cuarenta [personajes secundarios, algunos de ellos inspirados en personas cercanas a la autora.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de la autora
 Vídeo promocional
 Presentación del libro (en catalán)

Libros de fantasía
Obras infantiles
Obras literarias en español

Siete historias


Jørgen Sverker Nilsson (født 15. februar 1938 i København, død 22. december 2020) var en dansk officer.

Han var søn af premierløjtnant Agne Niels Sverker Nilsson (død 1973) og hustru Erna Gunda født Finsterer (død 2003), blev student fra Efterslægtselskabets Skole 1958 og gennemgik Hærens Officersskole 1960-1963]]. Nilsson blev premierløjtnant 1963 og forrettede tjeneste ved Den Kongelige Livgarde 1963-1968, var ved Forsvarsministeriet 1968-1970 og 1972-1977 og gennemførte Generalstabskursus 1970-1972.

Han blev major 1973 og var tjenestgørende ved FN's fredsbevarende styrke pâ Cypern (UNFICYP) 1977-1978, var kompagnichef ved Livgarden 1978-1979, lærer i taktik pâ Hærens Officersskole 1979-1982. Han blev oberstløjtnant 1981, var bataljonschef ved Livgarden 1982-1984, sektionschef i Forsvarsstaben 1984-1988 og blev oberst og chef for 1. sjællandske brigade 1988.

Dernæst blev han Hærens Tjenestegrensinspektør for Kamptjeneste 1990, afdelingschef ved Hærens Operative Kommando 1991, chef for Forsvarets Center for Lederskab 1991, generalmajor og chef for Hjemmeværnet fra 1993 til 28. februar 1998, hvor han fik sin afsked fra Hæren. Han var dernæst programchef ved Center for Ledelse (tidligere Dansk Management Forum) fra 1998 til 2003.

Nilsson var Kommandør af 1. grad af Dannebrogordenen, bærer Hæderstegnet for god tjeneste ved Hæren, Hjemmeværnets Fortjensttegn samt en lang række udenlandske ordener.

Han blev 9. september 1961 gift med Birgit Gundesen (født 1. september 1938 i København), datter af forretningsfører Anders Peter Gundesen (død 1977) og hustru Signe Kirstine Betty født Grøndal (død 1976).

Nilsson døde 22. december 2020 og er begravet på Hørsholm Kirkegård.

Referencer

Kilder
 Kraks Blå Bog 2006

Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)
Generaler i Hjemmeværnet
Personer fra København
Kommandører af 1. grad af Dannebrog
Danskere i 1900-tallet

Jørgen Sverker Nilsson


Vegard Heggem (Trondheim, Noruega, 13 de julio de 1975), es un ex-futbolista noruego, se desempeñaba como lateral y volante derecho, se tuvo que retirar prematuramente en 2003 debido sus problemas con las lesiones.

Clubes

Palmarés

Rosenborg BK

 Premier League de Noruega: 1994-95, 1995-96, 1996-97
 Copa de Noruega: 1995

Liverpool FC

 Copa de la UEFA: 2001

Futbolistas de Noruega en la Copa Mundial de 1998
Futbolistas de Noruega en la Eurocopa 2000
Futbolistas del Rosenborg Ballklub
Futbolistas del Liverpool Football Club en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Liverpool Football Club en los años 2000

Vegard Heggem


سكايتراكس : شركة متخصصة بتصنيف خطوط الطيران حيث تصنف درجة وتقييم درجة الخطوط الجوية وتمنح تصنيفات مناسبة لوضع الخطوط الجوية من تصنيف مكون من خمس نجمات أو أقل من ذلك. ومقر الشركة يقع في المملكة المتحدة.

شركة طيران العام

مطار العام

تصنيف شركات الطيران

شركات الخمس نجوم
المصدر:

شركات الخمس نجوم السابقة

أفضل خدمات في المطارات لشركات الطيران

أفضل نظام ترفيه على الطائرة

أنظف مقصورات الطائرات

أفضل شركة طيران إقليمية

أفضل تحالف طيران

تصنيفات المطارات

المطارات الخمس النجوم
المصدر:

أفضل المطارات

أنظف المطارات

أضافت سكايتراكس جائزة مكافحة جائحة فيروس كورونا للمطارات في عام 2020.

أفضل صالات المطارات

أفضل مطارات التوقف

مراجع

روابط خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

الطيران في المملكة المتحدة
شركات خدمات مالية في المملكة المتحدة

سكايتراكس


The Penrith Panthers are an Australian professional rugby league football club based in the Greater Western Sydney suburb of Penrith that competes in the National Rugby League (NRL). The team is based  west of the centre of Sydney, at the foot of the Blue Mountains. Penrith are the current reigning NRL Premiers, having won the title five times, including the last three times consecutively.

Penrith were admitted to the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) competition in 1967. Penrith struggled for almost twenty years before finally reaching their first finals series. The club achieved its first Grand Final appearance in 1990 but were beaten by the Canberra Raiders 18–14. The following year, Penrith met Canberra again in the 1991 Grand Final, this time winning the game 19–12.

Penrith won the NRL premiership again in 2003. Their most recent premiership achievement came in 2023, where they defeated the Brisbane Broncos by 26–24 in the Grand Final after being 16 points down in the second half. After losing the 2020 grand final to the Melbourne Storm, Penrith became the second club to retain the premiership in the NRL-era, winning in 2021 and 2022, and the first to achieve a premiership hat-trick in the NRL era.

Ivan Cleary was appointed head coach in October 2018, having previously served in the same role between 2012–15. Former Penrith premiership winning head coach Phil Gould was the club's general manager but departed in 2019.

History

Varied Penrith teams had played for many years between 1912 and 1966 in the Western Districts League under the control of the Western Suburbs RLFC. In the Parramatta competition after Parramatta was admitted to the NSWRL in 1947, and also in a second-tier Sydney competition introduced by the NSWRL in 1962. By this time a single top level rugby league team had emerged in the Penrith area and in 1964 they became known as the Penrith Panthers. The Panther had been chosen as the Penrith emblem after a public competition won by a graphic artist from Emu Plains named Deidre Copeland.

In 1966 word was out that the New South Wales Rugby League in 1967 would introduce two new teams to the Sydney premiership. There were three teams vying for the two proposed slots, Penrith, Cronulla-Sutherland, and the Wentworthville Magpies. Cronulla-Sutherland had been assured of one place, leaving Penrith and Wentworthville to fight it out for the other place. The NSWRL eventually settled on Penrith due to their location and a win in the 1966 Second Division title.

1967 season (first season)
After admission to the competition in 1967, they promptly came second last (11th) on the competition ladder finishing only ahead of fellow 1967 newcomers Cronulla-Sutherland. Hopes were raised in 1968 under new Captain-Coach Bob Boland when they won the pre-season competition and finished 8th, but this improvement proved to be short-lived.

1985 season (first finals appearance)
Penrith had trouble attracting the sort of experienced players they knew they needed, and although they always had good junior talent coming through, they did not get the on-field leadership they needed. Penrith needed to wait until they could develop their own 'stars'. They consequently struggled for almost 20 years before finally reaching their first finals series in 1985 with a team boasting new local star Greg Alexander and captained by Royce Simmons.

1988–1991 seasons (first grand finals)
Penrith developed a strong team in the late 80s and started to build momentum. They made their first Grand Final appearance in 1990 with a team boasting notable players the likes of Greg Alexander, John Cartwright, Brad Fittler and Mark Geyer only to be beaten by the Canberra Raiders 18–14. The next year Penrith met Canberra again in the Grand Final, this time winning 19–12, including two tries by Royce Simmons the former team captain in his last game. They went on to play Wigan in England for the 1991 World Club Challenge but were beaten by the British champions 21–4.

1992–1995 seasons (downfall)
Their reign was short-lived as in 1992 tragedy struck the club when the younger brother of Captain Greg Alexander, Ben, died in a car accident on June 21, 1992. Greg and close family friends Mark Geyer and Brad Fittler left the club soon after (Fittler left after the 1995 season as Penrith had signed with Super League) as well as coach Phil Gould left midway through the 1994 season.

Penrith were coached by former player and club captain Royce Simmons starting with the last six games in 1994 until the end of 2001.

1997–2000 seasons (back to finals)
They made the finals during the 1997 Super League season.

The Panthers began the 1998 NRL Season with 2 wins from 5, to sit in the top 10, however, they would go on to win only 6 of their remaining 19 games to sit in 14th place out of 20, in doing so, setting an unwanted record for conceding the equal biggest choke in NRL history, against the Cowboys in Round 12, where they led 26-0, before losing 28-36 in Bluebet Stadium
In 2000, the Panthers finished in 5th place where they were defeated 28–10 by the Parramatta Eels in the elimination semi-final.

2001–2004 season (build to a premiership)
In the 2001 NRL season, Penrith came last on the competition ladder. The same year was Royce Simmons' last season as coach for Penrith, and he was replaced by John Lang from Cronulla in 2002, where they finished 12th. Their last game of 2002 showed hope as they proceeded to thrash the Northern Eagles, knocking them out of the final eight.

2002 showed the promise that was to come the next year.  With the signing of Preston Campbell and Joe Galuvao, the side fired in 2003. Coming off 3 early season losses, they proceeded to lose only 3 other games for the rest of the competition with the local hero, Rhys Wesser scoring a new club record 25 tries. Penrith finished as Minor Premiers after convincingly accounting for the Parramatta Eels in the last round of competition. In the Finals series Penrith beat the Brisbane Broncos and New Zealand Warriors to reach the 2003 NRL grand final. Entering the match as underdogs, Penrith defeated the Roosters 18–6, with winger Luke Rooney scoring two tries. Hooker Luke Priddis, the other try-scorer for the Panthers, received the Clive Churchill Medal. The game is also remembered for a spectacular tackle by Scott Sattler in the 2nd Half, where he ran down and tackled Roosters winger Todd Byrne, who was sprinting down the left wing for an almost certain try. Penrith lost the 2004 World Club Challenge in the following pre-season, with the Bradford Bulls defeating them 22–4 in sub-zero temperatures. Penrith did however rally after that loss and once again qualified for the NRL semi-final series by finishing fourth and defeating St. George in the first week of the semi-finals before being knocked out by Canterbury-Bankstown in the grand final qualifier two weeks later.

2005–2009 season (continued failures)
Penrith then just failed to qualify for the Top 8 in 2005 finishing two points out and in 10th spot on percentages. They endured another below-par season in 2006 this time falling well short of the finals finishing the year in 12th position. The 2007 season turned out to be a poor one for the Panthers, they won only eight games, finished last and "won" the wooden-spoon for the second time in six years after losing to the New Zealand Warriors in the last round of the regular season competition.

In 2008, Penrith improved four spots on their 2007 performance by finishing in 12th spot out of 16 teams in the NRL competition with 10 wins, one draw and 13 losses. In 2009 they finished the season in 11th spot out of 16 teams in the NRL competition with 11 wins, one draw and 12 losses.

In 2009, Penrith finished 11th. In round 21 of the 2009 NRL season, Penrith drew with the New Zealand Warriors 32–32 the 2nd highest drawn NRL game of all time.

2010 season (brief finals appearance)
In 2010, Penrith had an excellent season, finishing in 2nd place in the ladder out of the 16 teams, with 16 wins and 9 losses.  However, in the first round of the Finals series, they lost 24–22 at home to the Canberra Raiders and were knocked out in the second round when they lost 34–12 to the Sydney Roosters.

Michael Gordon played very well in that year, setting two new club records. In round 24, against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, he set a new club record for most points scored in one game: 30. By the end of the final game of the regular season, game 24, round 26, he had also set a new club record for the most points scored in one season at 270.

2011–2013 seasons (rebuilding the club)
After a 2010 season where the club went above and beyond expectations, they were looking to starting the new season on a high. It wasn't to be, however, when they were thumped by Newcastle at the newly named Centrebet Stadium, 42–8. While round 2 went a lot better for the team, beating rivals the Eels at Parramatta Stadium 20–6, the year was marked by inconsistency as they finished 12th on the ladder.

In 2011, following another terrible start to the season, the Penrith board decided to sever ties with coach Matthew Elliot at season's end. On 20 June 2011 he stepped down as coach and that same day Steve Georgallis was appointed caretaker coach for the remainder of the season. On 29 June Ivan Cleary was announced as coach for the next 3 seasons, with Georgallis staying as assistant coach for the remainder of the season.

2012 was again a disappointing year for Penrith, finishing second last with an 8–16 record. However, the club discovered some new talent in the form of winger Josh Mansour, a candidate for Rookie of the Year, as well as fullback Lachlan Coote's successful move to five-eighth.

2013 began poorly for the Penrith; after a first up win against the Canberra Raiders, they went on to lose their next five games. However, a more inspired performance against the Parramatta Eels in round 7, where they won 44–12, was a trigger for a strong run; four wins from five games to see Penrith move into the top eight of the competition. The four wins included a 12–10 victory over the reigning premiers, Melbourne Storm, and a 64–6 thrashing of the New Zealand Warriors. However, after a year with mixed results, Penrith finished in tenth position, one win out of the top eight. At the end of the season, the likes of Luke Walsh, Lachlan Coote, Mose Masoe and Brad Tighe departed.

A playing roster overhaul saw the arrival of big name players such as Jamie Soward, Peter Wallace, Jamal Idris, Tyrone Peachey and Elijah Taylor at Penrith, while Matt Moylan took the vacant fullback role left by the departed Lachlan Coote.

2014 season (big signings paid off)
The 2014 NRL season was a good year for Penrith as they qualified for the finals and made it to the preliminary final before losing to the Bulldogs 18–12.

2015 season (continue rebuilding phase)
In the 2015 NRL season, Penrith endured a horror year on the field finishing second last. Penrith defeated bottom placed Newcastle in the final game of the season to avoid the wooden spoon.

2016–2018 seasons (multiple finals appearances)
The Penrith Panthers celebrated their 50th year in the NRL in 2016. Penrith started the season with 7 wins and 9 losses, they then finished the season winning 7 from 8 games to finish in 6th. In week 1 of the finals they defeated Canterbury 28-12, the next week Penrith were knocked out by Canberra losing 12–22.

In 2017, Penrith finished 7th on the NRL Premiership table and qualified for the finals.  Penrith defeated Manly in week one of the finals 22–10 and then were defeated by Brisbane the following week 13–6 at Suncorp Stadium thus eliminating them from the competition. The Penrith reserve grade side fared much better, firstly winning the Intrust Super Premiership by defeating Wyong 20-12 and then defeating the PNG Hunters the following week in the NRL State Championship final 42-18.

In 2018, Penrith finished 5th on the table at the end of the regular season during which coach Anthony Griffin was sacked four weeks before the finals series after falling out with Phil Gould. Griffin was then replaced by Cameron Ciraldo for the remainder of the season. In week one of the finals, Penrith easily accounted for the New Zealand Warriors to set up a clash with Cronulla.  Although both clubs were admitted into the competition in 1967 this would provide the first meeting between the two clubs in a finals match. In a tight game, Cronulla defeated Penrith 21–20 ending their season.

2019 season (high expectations, low results)
Before the commencement of the 2019 NRL season, Penrith were predicted by many to challenge for the premiership and reach the finals. Penrith got off to a bad start with the club winning only 2 of their first 10 matches leaving the team bottom of the table. Penrith would then go on to win their next 7 games in a row leaving them just outside the finals places.  In a must win game against the Sydney Roosters in round 24, Penrith lost the match 22-6 at the Sydney Cricket Ground which meant that the club would miss out on the finals series for the first time since 2015.

2020–2021 season (Back-to-back grand final appearances, third premiership)
Penrith started the 2020 NRL season with three wins and a draw before suffering a 16–10 loss to Parramatta. The club then went on a 15-game unbeaten run to claim the 2020 Minor Premiership, only the third time in the club's history they had achieved this feat.

Penrith would go on to reach the 2020 NRL grand final after going 17 games unbeaten throughout the year and in the finals. The opponents in the grand final were Melbourne who raced out to a 22–0 lead at half-time. Penrith came back in the second half of the game but lost the grand final 26–20 at Stadium Australia.

At the start of the 2021 NRL season, Penrith became the first team in Rugby League History to win their opening two games without conceding a point as they beat North Queensland 24–0 and then defeated Canterbury 28-0.

In round 4 of the 2021 NRL season, Penrith defeated Manly-Warringah 46–6 at Brookvale Oval inflicting Manly's worst ever home defeat. The win also meant that Penrith had their best start to a season since 1997 when they won their opening four games in that year. It extended Penrith's longest away winning streak to 10 which is tied in 1st all time in the NRL.

In round 5 of 2021 NRL season, Penrith defeated Canberra 30–10 at Penrith Stadium. It was Penrith's best start to a season in their history. Penrith also became the first team to win 20 straight regular season games.

In round 6 of 2021 NRL season, Penrith defeated Brisbane 20–12 at Lang Park. It continued Penrith's best start to a season, And also became the first team to win 21 straight regular season games. This win also made Penrith hold the record for most consecutive away wins (11).

The club would finish the 2021 regular season in second place, equal on points with Minor Premiers Melbourne but missed out on first place due to points differential. Penrith would then lose their opening match of the 2021 finals series losing to South Sydney 16–10.

In the week two elimination final, Penrith played against Parramatta for the first time in the finals since 2000. In the lowest scoring game of the year, Penrith won the match 8–6. In the aftermath, the club was fined $25,000 by the NRL after allegedly breaching the rules of the game in their victory over Parramatta.  In a crucial part of the match with Parramatta on the attack, Penrith trainer Pete Green ran onto the field which stopped play as he attended to hooker Mitch Kenny in the 76th minute.  The NRL rules state that trainers must not signal to the referee to stop play until an initial assessment has been performed, which was not done, and only then it should be stopped for serious injury.

In the 2021 preliminary final, Penrith gained revenge against Melbourne by winning the match 10–6 and booking a place in the 2021 NRL grand final against South Sydney.

Penrith met South Sydney in the 2021 NRL grand final and looked to redeem their loss in the previous years' Grand Final. The Penrith club finished the game in a thrilling 14–12 victory to claim their third premiership in the club's history with Co-Captain Nathan Cleary securing the Clive Churchill Medal for his outstanding performance in the match.

On 8 October, the Penrith club were placed under investigation by the NRL after photos emerged which showed that the Provan-Summons Trophy had been damaged. The photos showed that the trophy had been separated from the base and surrounding wreath. Another image on social media also showed the trophy being treated as a baby with the bronzed artwork being carried around in a stroller.
The following week, it was announced that the Penrith players had been cleared of any wrongdoing in relation to the broken trophy. It was revealed that the trophy had been broken by a fan who had accidentally knocked it off the table which caused the trophy to break off at the base.  On 19 October 2021, Nathan Cleary and Stephen Crichton were handed proposed fines of $7000 and $4000 by the NRL along with breach notices. This was in relation to both players caught on social media acting in a disrespectful manner toward the NRL Telstra Premiership Trophy. The NRL alleged Cleary and Crichton showed disrespect towards the individuals depicted in the iconic moment on the Trophy.  On the same day, Tyrone May was stood down by the club and handed a breach notice along with a proposed fine of $7500.  The NRL alleged May acted contrary to the best interests of the game for posting and being part of social media posts which do not align with the values of the game. On the 3 November 2021, Tyrone May was terminated with immediate effect following the grand final antics, as well as to previous breaches dating back to 2019. "As a club we understand our responsibilities to the game, our corporate partners, our members and fans, and the wider Rugby League community," Panthers CEO Brian Fletcher said.
"The Board observed due process in this matter and considered all relevant factors before reaching its final decision. "Panthers will coordinate with the NRL to ensure Tyrone receives access to any support services he needs moving forward."

2022–2023 (3 PEAT, fourth straight grand final appearance, fifth premiership)
Penrith started the 2022 NRL season in strong fashion winning their opening eight matches in a row.  In round 9, the club was defeated 22-20 by Parramatta at Penrith Stadium which ended their 21-game winning streak at the ground that stretched all the way back to the 2019 NRL season.
In round 23 against South Sydney, Penrith secured their fourth minor premiership by winning 26-22 at Stadium Australia.
Penrith would then go on to win both their finals matches against Parramatta and South Sydney respectively to reach the 2022 NRL grand final.  In the final, Penrith took an 18-0 lead at half-time against Parramatta before running out winners 28-12 to secure their second consecutive title and becoming only the second team after the Sydney Roosters to win back to back titles in the NRL era.  Following the grand final victory, the Penrith club came under scrutiny from sections of the media for their behaviour after the premiership win with James Fisher-Harris and Jarome Luai coming under the most criticism for their comments directed towards Parramatta.
Before the start of the 2023 NRL season, Penrith played against the Super League champions St Helens R.F.C. in the 2023 World Club Challenge. Penrith went into the game as heavy favourites but suffered a shock 13-12 defeat in golden point extra-time.
At the conclusion of the 2023 regular season, Penrith claimed their second Minor Premiership in a row and their fifth overall as they defeated North Queensland 44-12 to finish ahead of Brisbane on for and against.Penrith won their third straight premiership in four years (5th overall) by beating the Brisbane Broncos 26–24 in the 2023 Grand Final after coming back from being 16 points down in the final 20 minutes.

Honours
Premierships (5) 1991, 2003, 2021, 2022, 2023

Runners-up (2)  1990, 2020

Minor Premierships (5)  1991, 2003, 2020, 2022, 2023

Reserve Grade (4)  1987, 2014, 2017, 2022

NRL State Championship (2)  2017, 2022

Jersey Flegg Cup (5)  1977, 1986, 2006, 2007, 2022

S.G. Ball Cup (8)  1977, 1981, 1985, 2000, 2006, 2016, 2018, 2022

Harold Matthews Cup (7) 1979, 1985, 1989, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2010

NYC Premiership (2) 2013, 2015

Third Grade (1) 1978

Wills Cup (1)  1968

Sponsorship
Throughout their history, the Panthers have gone through 10 major sponsors (These sponsors appear on the chest of the jersey).

Feeney (1977)
Alpha Micro (1984–85)
2KA (1986–87)
Penrith City (1988)
Calphos (1989)
Dahdah Uniforms (1990–1993)
Prospect Electricity (1994–1995)
Classifieds (1996)
Sanyo (2000–2011)
Oak Milk (2012–2023)

Kit suppliers
Peerless Sports (19??–1996)
Nike (1997–1998)
Classic Sportswear (1999–2003)
ISC (2004–2012)
Asics (2013–2017)
Classic Sportswear (2018–2019)
O'Neills (2020–present)

Emblem and colours

 Penrith's uniform colours in the 1966 NSWRL Second Division and earlier years were blue and white but due to the Cronulla-Sutherland side registering a predominantly blue jersey design first, and with Newtown, Canterbury, Eastern Suburbs and Parramatta also displaying various shades of blue, Penrith went in search of an alternative. A decision was made to change their colours to Brown with a white V. This decision subsequently earned them the affectionate name of the "Chocolate Soldiers" thanks to radio commentator Frank Hyde who wrote in the Penrith Club journal "these chocolate soldiers from out west – they don't melt!".

The team had been referred to as the 'Panthers' as early as 1970.

In 1974 Penrith changed their strip to a jerseys with brown and white vertical bars and again in 1991 they changed the colours to Black with White, Red, Yellow and Green stripes (drawing another confectionery-related nickname, the Liquorice Allsorts) until 1997 when Super League had all new jerseys made by Nike. The yellow was all but removed from the jersey at this stage. Then in 2000 they changed the colours once more to Black, Rust red, Teal green and White. In 2004 the design of the jersey changed once more to its current design. On Thursday, 23 November 2006 the club launched a new 'alternate/away' jersey predominantly white in colour as a stark contrast to its main design.
 Just before Christmas 2007 the Panthers launched a new 'home' jersey which is predominantly black with light grey claw marks on either side at the front and back. For Season 2010, the Panthers have launched a new predominantly teal away jersey, this teal jersey connect with the away jersey from their 03 and 04 season's. With their official colours still Black, Teal green and rust red the alternate jersey was chosen to represent their secondary colour. The inception of Teal into the colour palet of Panthers links directly back to the unique colour their 2nd division jerseys had before brown and white.
In late October, 2010, the Panthers announced that rust would no longer be a secondary colour for the club. A  was also launched, black with grey claw marks on either side. The club's teal jersey was also scratched in Round 4, 2011, when a new white jersey with grey claw marks and teal and black stripes was announced the club's new alternate jersey.

For the 2014 season the Panthers wore a redesigned black home jersey while the white away jersey prominently displays the new club logo. The Pink Jersey was also retained as a 3rd alternate strip, and used for Women in League and Breast Cancer Awareness rounds, or when both strips would clash with the opposing side. There was also a special Indigenous Jersey, worn in round 23 for the Indigenous Awareness round.

The Penrith Panthers unveiled a 50th anniversary logo to be used in 2016.

In 2017, Penrith decided to revert to their Liquorice Allsorts jersey from The 1990s. The club had asked the fans in 2016 what jersey design they wanted and the majority voted for a return of the jersey the club won its first premiership in.  Panthers executive general manager Phil Gould said "This is the jersey you wanted, We will respect our past as we set about creating our future – and this is the jersey that will carry us forward, You know in 50 years here at Panthers we've had over 50 jerseys, Now wouldn't it be nice to have just one jersey for the next 50 years? I don't know if that is possible but this is where we need to start".

Following their elimination from the 2018 finals, on 26 September 2018, the Panthers introduced a re-coloured logo to take effect in 2019. The Panthers have now completely ditched teal and brought back the 'Liquorice Allsorts' colour scheme that has already featured in their jerseys since 2017.

Primary jerseys

Alternate jerseys

Heritage jerseys

Special jerseys

Nines jerseys

Penrith Panthers Leagues Club

The Penrith Panthers Rugby League Football Club is the major financier the Penrith Panthers Leagues Club (of the Panthers Entertainment Group).

The Panthers Entertainment Group has six licensed club sites in NSW – Penrith, Port Macquarie, Bathurst, North Richmond, Glenbrook and Wallacia. The clubs cater for a wide range of activities for members, their families and guests.

Rivalries

Parramatta Eels

Parramatta entered the NSWRL now NRL competition in 1947, meanwhile Penrith entered 20 years later in 1967. Parramatta are the closest NRL team to Penrith geographically.

Former Penrith player Reagan Campbell-Gillard spoke about Penrith and Parramatta saying "As a Penrith junior, you come through the system to hate them. "I also don't like that word but it is. It doesn't matter what form you're in, it's a game you get up for".

In 2002, Parramatta thrashed the Penrith 64–6, this coming after a season in which Parramatta finished first on the ladder and Penrith last. But they would not meet again until Round 26, 2003, when Penrith, in front of a then-record crowd defeated Parramatta 40–22 denying the Eels a place in the finals (Parramatta had to win by 28+ points). Penrith went on to win the premiership that year. Round 17, 2009 saw a Penrith win by 38–34 in which the lead changed several times, before Parramatta recorded a huge 48–6 win in the penultimate round of the 2009 NRL season.

In the 2010 NRL season, Parramatta came from 22–0 down at half-time against Penrith to win 34–28 at Penrith Stadium with Parramatta player Jarryd Hayne starring with a man of the match performance.

Penrith then spoiled Nathan Hindmarsh's 300th NRL game in Round 19 of the 2011 NRL Season. The Eels were up by 6 with two seconds to play before Penrith's Michael Jennings made a break and kicked ahead for Lachlan Coote to score and force the game into golden point extra time. Halfback Luke Walsh then kicked a field goal in extra time to consign Hindmarsh to a 23-22 loss in his milestone match.

In round 5 of the 2020 NRL season, Parramatta came back from a 10–0 deficit at the 61st minute to beat Penrith 16–10, that would be Penrith's only loss in the 2020 NRL regular season that year as Penrith finished as minor premiers.

In 2021, Penrith won both regular season games against Parramatta, the first being a one-point victory at Penrith. Parramatta had a chance in the dying seconds to win the match, which was supposedly to cement Mitchell Moses against Adam Reynolds for a position as half-back in the New South Wales State of Origin squad to replace the injured Nathan Cleary. The other match was played in Queensland due to the Sydney Coronavirus outbreak, saw Penrith defeat Parramatta 40–6 where Parramatta rested most of their starting players.

In the 2022 regular season, Parramatta were the only club to beat Penrith twice and were also responsible for ending Penrith's unbeaten home winning streak which went back to the 2019 NRL season. In the 2022 Finals Series, Penrith and Parramatta faced off in the first week of finals. Penrith won 27–8 after a dazzling performance from Nathan Cleary Parramatta managed to make their way to the 2022 NRL grand final facing off against Penrith for the fourth time that year. Penrith stunned Parramatta by going 18–0 up at half time with Nathan Cleary stating it was the best half they ever played. The onslaught continued as Penrith went 28–0 up at one stage, with Parramatta scoring two late consolation tries from Clinton Gutherson and Jakob Arthur. The final score ended 28–12 in favour of Penrith as they became the second team to win consecutive titles in the NRL era.

In round 4 of the 2023 NRL season, Parramatta met Penrith in the grand final rematch. Parramatta went into the game having started the season winless. Parramatta lead the match 16–8 with less than seven minutes to play but Penrith levelled the game at 16–16 after Nathan Cleary kicked a 40 metre field goal with seconds remaining. In golden point extra-time, Mitchell Moses kicked a field goal to win the game for Parramatta 17-16. In round 26 of the 2023 NRL season, Parramatta ended Penrith's 8 game winning streak, defeating them 32-18 at home and potentially halting their chances of a minor premiership.

Since Penrith entered the competition in 1967, the two clubs have only met in finals five times. The last being in the 2022 NRL grand final where Parramatta were beaten by Penrith 28–12 at Accor Stadium.

Players

2023 squad

Notable players

Representative players

Panthers Team of Legends
On 4 October 2006, a 40th anniversary Panthers Team of Legends was selected by a committee of experts and named at the Panthers' annual gala evening.

Hall of Fame
On 25 June 2016, the Panthers inducted the four inaugural members of its Hall of Fame - Grahame Moran, Royce Simmons, Greg Alexander, and Craig Gower.

Head-to-head records

Discontinued teams

Finals appearances
18 (1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2004 2010, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)

Coaches
There have been 20 coaches of the Panthers since their first season in 1967.
The current coach is Ivan Cleary.

Records

Individual

Most games for club
249, Steve Carter (1988–2001)
246, Craig Gower (1996–2007)
238, Royce Simmons (1980–1991)
230, Greg Alexander (1984–1994, 1997–1999)
220, Isaah Yeo (2014-present)
216, Luke Lewis (2001–2012)
215, Tony Puletua (1997–2008)
211, Ryan Girdler (1993–2004)
209, Brad Izzard (1982–1992)
188, John Cartwright (1985–1996)

Most tries for club
116, Rhys Wesser (1998–2008)
112, Ryan Girdler (1993–2004)
100, Greg Alexander (1984–1994, 1997–1999)
91, Luke Lewis (2001–2012)
76, Michael Jennings (2007–2012)
75, Josh Mansour (2012–2020)
73, Brad Izzard (1982–1992)
69, Robbie Beckett (1994–2001)
66, Steve Carter (1988–2001)
66, Brian To'o (2019-present)

Most points for club
1,572 (101 tries, 581 goals, 6 field goals), Ryan Girdler (1993–2004)
1,421 (57 tries, 588 goals, 15 field goals), Nathan Cleary (2016–present)
1,100 (100 tries, 343 goals, 14 field goals), Greg Alexander (1984–1994, 1997–1999)
798 (55 tries, 289 goals), Michael Gordon (2006–2012)
613 (43 tries, 220 goals, 1 field goal), Preston Campbell (2003–2006)
454 (113 tries, 1 goal), Rhys Wesser (1998–2008)

Most points in a season
270 by Michael Gordon in 2010
229 by Ryan Girdler in 1999
228 by Nathan Cleary in 2017

Most tries in a season
25 by Rhys Wesser in 2003
23 by Amos Roberts in 2004
21 by Brian To'o in 2023
19 by Rhys Wesser in 2006

Most points in a match
34 by Nathan Cleary in Round 25 of the 2019 NRL season

Supporters
Notable fans
Nathan Bracken, Australian Cricketer
Prue Car, 20th Deputy Premier of New South Wales
James Courtney, Supercars driver
Pat Cummins, Australian Cricketer
Anton Devcich, New Zealand Cricketer
Mick Fanning, Australian professional surfer
Kurt Fearnley, Paralympic wheelchair racer
Jessica Fox, Australian Canoeist
John Hastings, Australian Cricketer
Rieko Ioane, New Zealand rugby union player
Matthew Nielsen, Olympic basketball player
Leonardo Zappavigna, Australian professional boxer

Season statistics

Footnotes

References

External links

Official website
Hawkesbury Radio 89.9FM Broadcaster of Penrith Panthers games
Penrith Panthers History at yesterdayshero.com.au

National Rugby League clubs
Rugby league teams in Sydney
Rugby clubs established in 1966
Fan-owned football clubs
Fictional panthers

Penrith Panthers


The prime minister of Armenia () is the head of government and most senior minister within the Armenian government, and is required by the constitution to "determine the main directions of policy of the Government, manage the activities of the Government and coordinate the work of the members of the Government." Also, according to the constitution, the prime minister heads the Security Council, which prescribes the main directions of the country's defense policy; thus, the prime minister is effectively the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Armenia. Under the new 2015 constitution, the prime minister is the most powerful and influential person in Armenian politics. The prime minister is appointed by the president of Armenia upon the vote of the National Assembly. The prime minister can be removed by a vote of no confidence in Parliament. In the constitutional referendum held in 2015, citizens voted in favor of transferring Armenia into a parliamentary republic.

The office of prime minister was first established in 1918 with the foundation of the First Republic of Armenia. It vanished when the First Republic of Armenia was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. When Armenia regained its independence, the office of prime minister was reintroduced.

Nikol Pashinyan is the current prime minister. He took the office on 8 May 2018 following the resignation of Serzh Sargsyan.

List of heads of government of Armenia

Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
Prime ministers

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936)

Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)

Armenia (1991–present)

Timeline

Notes

     α.    Assassinated while in office in the 1999 Armenian parliament shooting.

     β.    Died of heart attack while in office.

References

External links
Historical Overview – Former Prime Ministers – The Government of Armenia

Armenia

Lists of political office-holders in Armenia

Prime Minister of Armenia


The North Shore Line is a railway line serving the North Shore in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The North Shore Line extends from Sydney Central station through the western limb of the City Circle, across the Sydney Harbour Bridge and through the North Shore area to Hornsby where it joins the Main North Line. Services on the line are primarily provided by the T1 North Shore & Western Line and T9 Northern Line, with some services to Wyong during peak hours.

History

As early as 1874, people dreamed of a railway in the North Shore. In that year, a petition was made for a line from Pearce's Corner (Wahroonga) to Sydney Harbour. When one local was approached, he said: "If I live to be as old as Methuselah, I will never see a railway". In 1875, a committee was formed at the Greengate Hotel (Killara). The Public Works Department was opposed, saying "either then or now, the line would run from nowhere to nowhere". In 1879, surveyors proved that a line between Pearce's Corner and Blue's Point was practical. In September of that year, the records of that survey were destroyed in the Garden Palace fire. In that year, Sir Henry Parkes tried to win votes in St Leonards by advocating a railway line and Harbour Bridge. There was much controversy where the line should terminate, and didn't go ahead. In 1884, it was proposed that a new line to Falcon Street (Crows Nest) would be built, and tenders were called.

Completed in May 1889, the North Shore Line was opened on 1 January 1890 as a single track between Hornsby and St Leonards. No Sunday service was given until the line was extended to the Sydney Harbour foreshore at Milsons Point on 1 May 1893. Transport between this original Milsons Point station and central Sydney was by ferry boat.

New intermediate stations were built at Waitara (20 May 1895), Warrawee (1 August 1900, Killara (10 July 1899), and Artarmon (6 July 1898). As early as 1903, a station was called for Beechworth Road (Pymble), but the Railway Commissioner at the time said that "the movement is slightly premature" and was never built. Most of the North Shore line was duplicated between 1900 and 1909. In 1927 the line was converted to electric operation using a 1500 volt DC, overhead supply.

The construction works for the Sydney Harbour Bridge necessitated truncation of the southern terminus from Milsons Point to Lavender Bay.

When the Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened on 19 March 1932 a new Milsons Point station (on the bridge approach) came into operation and the North Shore Line was extended through it and over the Sydney Harbour Bridge to link with the underground lines of central Sydney. The result is that the two ends of the North Shore Line link to the Sydney railway system at Central and Hornsby.

After 1932 the original Lavender Bay station became a storage depot for electric trains, and the line connecting Lavender Bay to the North Shore line was reduced to single track. This line joins the current North Shore line at Waverton station.

In 2009, a second connection to the Main Northern line was added with the opening to the Epping to Chatswood railway line. This connecting line was removed and incorporated into the Sydney Metro in 2019.

The North Shore Line is now a major commuter artery between the North Shore and central Sydney. In early years, Old Milsons Point, Bay Road, St Leonards, Chatswood, Lindfield, Gordon, Pymble, Turramurra, Wahroonga and Hornsby stations had goods yards. All but St Leonards, Chatswood and Hornsby yards had disappeared by mid-twentieth century, and the latter three did not survive into the late twentieth century.

Route
The North Shore line officially starts at Central, with a junction with the Main Suburban line south of the Flying Junctions. The line runs through Central, then goes underground alongside the City Circle, with stations at Town Hall and Wynyard. There is a crossover north of Wynyard allowing southbound trains to terminate when there is trackwork in the City Circle. After Wynyard, the line emerges onto the western side of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. On the other side of the bridge is Milsons Point station. The line continues for a short distance to North Sydney station, which has 4 platforms. The outer two tracks are for through services, while the inner two tracks are loop lines for terminating trains.

After North Sydney, the line snakes its way through Sydney's lower North Shore, passing Waverton, Wollstonecraft, St Leonards and Artamon stations. At Waverton is the small junction with the Lavender Bay line, providing access to Lavender Bay/North Sydney Sidings. This section of line also has the sharpest curve on Sydney's suburban network, at Wollstonecraft of . At Chatswood, there are 4 platforms, with the inner two used by Sydney Metro Northwest and formerly to enter the Epping to Chatswood rail link.

The line continues up the North Shore region, with stations at Roseville, Lindfield, Killara, Gordon, Pymble, Turramurra, Warrawee, Wahroonga and Waitara. Lindfield has an additional bay platform in the centre, used to terminate trains from the south. A similar arrangement exists at Gordon, where the centre platform is connected to a loop line that can terminate trains in both directions. After Waitara, the line proceeds to Hornsby, where there is a junction with the Main Northern Line and Hornsby Maintenance Centre.

See also

 Railways in Sydney

References

North Shore railway line

North Shore railway line


A 55.ª edição da competição de ciclismo Le Samyn de 2022 foi uma corrida de ciclismo disputada a 28 de fevereiro de 2023 na Bélgica, sobre um percurso de 209 km com início na localidade de Quaregnon e final em Dour.

Equipas participantes
Tomaram parte na corrida 20 equipas: 7 de categoria UCI WorldTeam, 7 de categoria UCI ProTeam e 6 de categoria Continental. Formaram assim um pelotão de 145 ciclistas dos que acabaram 72. As equipas participantes foram:

Classificação final
 A classificação finalizou da seguinte forma:

UCI World Ranking
Le Samyn outorgou pontos para o UCI World Ranking para corredores das equipas nas categorias UCI WorldTeam, UCI ProTeam e Continental. As seguintes tabelas são o barómetro de pontuação e os dez corredores que obtiveram mais pontos:

Referências

2023
UCI Europe Tour de 2023
Desporto na Bélgica em 2023

Le Samyn de 2023


Helga Zülch (* 11. November 1920 in Bockum-Hövel; † 1. Februar 1949 in Buchholz nahe Hamburg) war eine deutsche Theater- und Filmschauspielerin.

Leben
Ab 1938 besuchte sie die Immermann-Schauspielschule in Düsseldorf. Am Deutschen Theater in Warschau und an der Volksbühne in Berlin hatte sie die ersten Engagements. In Berlin arbeitete sie mit Heinrich George, Karl-Heinz Martin und Eugen Klöpfer in klassischen und modernen Rollen, so auch als "Jenny" in der Dreigroschenoper. Populär machte sie vor allen Dingen ihre Rolle als Partnerin von Hans Albers in Liliom, in der sie in Berlin und Hamburg auftrat.  Die Schauspielerin heiratete 1948 den Bulgaren Michael Magaritoff. Am 1. Februar 1949 kam Zülch bei einem Unfall auf der Autobahn bei Buchholz ums Leben.

Filmografie
 1944 Die Zaubergeige
 1946 Der Augenzeuge
 1947 Wozzeck
 1948 Vor uns liegt das Leben

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Deutscher
Person (Bockum-Hövel)
Geboren 1920
Gestorben 1949
Frau

Helga Zülch


Le Destin des Tortues Ninja, le film (Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie) est un film d'animation américain réalisé par Ant Ward et Andy Suriano et sorti en 2022 sur Netflix. Il s'agit d'un long métrage faisant suite à la série d'animation Le Destin des Tortues Ninja. Les évènements se déroulent après ceux de la  saison de la série.

Synopsis

Dans le futur, l'Humanité est sur le point de s'effondrer. Casey Jones est alors envoyé dans le passé pour tenter d'empêcher la catastrophe. Il doit prévenir les Tortues Ninja. Leonardo, Raphaël, Michelangelo et Donatello vont ainsi devoir faire face à leur plus grand défi : l'invasion de la Terre par la race extraterrestre des Krangs.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Titre français : Le Destin des Tortues Ninja, le film
 Réalisation : Ant Ward et Andy Suriano
 Scénario : Tony Gama-Lobo et Rebecca May, d'après les personnages créés par Kevin Eastman et Peter Laird
 Musique : Michael Gatt
 Montage : n/a
 Production : Andy Suriano
 Société de production : Nickelodeon Movies
 Société de distribution : Netflix
 Budget : n/a
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : animation
 Durée : 85 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 Monde :  (sur Netflix)

Distribution

Voix originales
 Ben Schwartz : Leonardo
 Omar Benson Miller : Raphaël
 Brandon Mychal Smith : Michelangelo
 Josh Brener : Donatello
 Kat Graham : April O'Neil
 Eric Bauza : Splinter
 Haley Joel Osment : Casey Jones
 Rhys Darby : Hypno-Potamus
 Rob Paulsen : un lieutenant des Foot
 John Michael Higgins : Warren Stone

Voix françaises
 Stéphane Marais : Leonardo
 Frédéric Popovic : Raphaël
 Bruno Méyère : Michelangelo
 Aurélien Ringelheim : Donatello
 Clara Soares : April O'Neil
 Antoine Tomé : Splinter
 Gabriel Bismuth-Bienaimé : Casey Jones
 Fabrice Fara : Warren Stone
 Éric Peter : Krang 1 et Krang 2

Production

En février 2019, il est annoncé que Netflix développe plusieurs longs métrages d'animation dont un basé sur la série Le Destin des Tortues Ninja, diffusée depuis 2018 sur Nickelodeon. En janvier 2021, une intrigue et une date de sortie sont révélés. En août 2021, il est annoncé que la sortie est repoussée à 2022 car le film n'est pas terminé. La production s'achève officiellement en avril 2022.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Le Destin des Tortues Ninja, la série

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2022
Film d'animation américain
Film d'action américain
Film de science-fiction américain
Film de Nickelodeon
Film distribué par Netflix
Film sur une invasion extraterrestre
Film de science-fiction sur le voyage dans le temps
Film mettant en scène un rongeur
Film d'après Image Comics
Film Tortues Ninja

Le Destin des Tortues Ninja, le film


Markeaton is a suburban village and former civil parish within Derby in the ceremonial county of Derbyshire, England. It is in the Mackworth Ward of Derby City Council.

The village lies on the narrow Markeaton Lane road. It is home to the popular Markeaton Park.

The name is derived from Old English "Mearca's Farm". The spelling was Marcheton in 1086.

After the Norman conquest the manor of Markeaton which had been held by the Anglo-Saxon Siward, the Fairbairn Earl of Northumbria, was given to Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester, along with chevinetum, Mackworth and Allestree.

It finally passed to John the Earl of Huntingdon and Cambridge who died in 1237, his only heirs being his sisters. To prevent the estate passing to women, it was bought by the Crown in 1246.  It was held by various members of the Royal family, including the Black Prince until his death in 1376 when it returned to the Crown.

In the early 14th century the Mundy Family purchased land, Sir John Mundy was Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1522.
The village land was enclosed by the Mundys during the 18th century, forcing many of the villagers to move their homes (literally "Up Sticks") outside the enclosed land.

Civil parish
Markeaton was formerly a township in the parish of Mackworth, from 1866 Markeaton was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 1934 the parish was abolished and merged with Allestree, Darley Abbey, Derby and Mackworth. In 1931 the parish had a population of 307.

Markeaton Hall
A grand house, Markeaton Hall was built in a traditional half timbered style, this was replaced by a new hall during the late 18th century.

In 1929, the Markeaton Hall and twenty acres (81,000 m2) of its gardens were given to the Corporation of Derby by the Reverend Clarke Maxwell who had inherited the estate from the late Mrs Mundy, on condition that the whole area would be used as a public park and that the mansion would be maintained for cultural purposes, for example a museum or and art gallery. Unfortunately the hall was used by the Army during World War II and allowed to fall into disrepair after the war.

The council had continually neglected the building, which eventually was declared to be unsafe. The council decided to demolish it, leaving only the Orangery and stable yards.

The Church
Markeaton shares its church with the nearby village of Mackworth. This 13th-century church was fortified, one of the rare examples of such a church, to protect the villagers and their farm stock from raids by the Meynells, who lived at Langley Meynell.

References

External links

Areas of Derby
Villages in Derbyshire
Former civil parishes in Derbyshire

Markeaton


Biebersteiniaceae, malena biljna porodica iz reda sapindolike kojoj pripada svega četiri vrste trajnica unutar roda biberšteinija (Biebersteinia). Vrste ovih rodova raširenie su od Grčke pčreko Anatolije do središnje Azije.

Cronquist je ove vrste povezivao s porodicom Geraniaceae.

Vrste
 Biebersteinia heterostemon Maxim.
 Biebersteinia multifida DC.
 Biebersteinia odora Stephan ex Fisch.
 Biebersteinia orphanidis Boiss.

Izvori

Porodice Sapindolikih
Biljne porodice

Biebersteiniaceae


Dvorac Livadić je dvorac u gradu Samoboru, zaštićeno kulturno dobro. Nalazi se na adresi Livadićeva 7.

Opis dobra
Livadićev dvorac okružen je prostranim parkom unutar kojeg se nalazi još pet objekata, nekada korištenih u gospodarske svrhe. Dvorac je jednokatna građevina L tlocrta s kulom na unutrašnjem spoju krila. Gradi ga u drugoj polovini 18. st. Franjo pl. Tisztpataky i tada se definira njegova prostorna dispozicija sačuvana do danas, ustrojena nizom prostorija kojima se pristupa iz uzdužnog hodnika. U drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća dvorac je obnovljen, a današnje stanje interijera potječe iz tog vremena. Intervencija 20. stoljeća uključuje postavu balkona u prvom katu sjevernog pročelja, te zidane kontrafore uz zapadno pročelje. Riječ je o cjelini visokih arhitektonskih i ambijentalnih vrijednosti. U ovoj zgradi danas je smješten Muzej Samobora.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1721 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambeno-gospodarske građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Građevine u Samoboru
Dvorci u Hrvatskoj

Dvorac Livadić


Kassia, Cassia or Kassiani (, ;  – before 865) was a Byzantine-Greek composer, hymnographer and poet. She holds a unique place in Byzantine music as the only known woman whose music appears in the Byzantine liturgy. Approximately fifty of her hymns are extant, most of which are stichera, though at least 26 have uncertain attribution. The authenticity issues are due to many hymns being anonymous, and others ascribed to different authors in different manuscripts. She was an abbess of a convent in the west of Constantinople.

Additionally, many epigrams and gnomic verses are attributed to her, at least 261. Kassia is notable as one of at least two women in the middle Byzantine period known to have written in their own names, the other being Anna Comnena. Like her predecessors Romanos the Melodist and Andrew of Crete, the earliest surviving manuscripts of her works are dated centuries after her lifetime.

Name
Her name is a feminine Greek form of the Latin name Cassius. It is variously spelled Κασσιανή (contemporary pronunciation ), Κασ(σ)ία (Kas[s]ia), Εικασία (Eikasia), Ικασία (Ikasia), Kassiani, Cas[s]ia, Cassiane, Kassiana.  Modern English-language references to her as a composer generally use the name "Kassia," while references to her religious life tend to use Kassia or Kassiani.

Life

Kassia was born between 805 and 810 in Constantinople into a wealthy family and grew to be exceptionally beautiful and intelligent. Three Byzantine chroniclers, Pseudo-Symeon the Logothete, George the Monk (a.k.a. George the Sinner) and Leo the Grammarian, claim that she was a participant in the "bride show" (the means by which Byzantine princes/emperors sometimes chose a bride, by giving a golden apple to his choice) organized for the young bachelor Theophilos by his stepmother, the Empress Dowager Euphrosyne. Smitten by Kassia's beauty, the young emperor approached her and said: "Through a woman [came forth] the baser [things]," referring to the sin and suffering coming as a result of Eve's transgression.  Kassia promptly responded, "And through a woman [came forth] the better [things]," referring to the hope of salvation resulting from the Incarnation of Christ through the Virgin Mary.   According to tradition, the verbatim dialogue was:
"-." "-."
Unsatisfied with her response, Theophilos rejected her and chose Theodora as his wife.

When next we hear of Kassia in 843 she had founded a convent in the west of Constantinople, near the Constantinian Walls, and became its first abbess. Although many scholars  attribute this to bitterness at having failed to marry Theophilos and to become Empress, a letter from Theodore the Studite indicates that she had other motivations for wanting a monastic life. It had a close relationship with the nearby monastery of Stoudios, which was to play a central role in re-editing the Byzantine liturgical books in the 9th and 10th centuries, thus ensuring the survival of her work (Kurt Sherry, p. 56). However, since the monastic life was a common vocation in her day, religious zeal is as likely a motive as either depression or aspiration for artistic renown.

The Emperor Theophilos was a fierce iconoclast, and any residual feelings he may have had for Kassia did not preserve her from the imperial policy of persecution for her defence of the veneration of icons. Among other things, she was subjected to scourging with a lash. In spite of this, she remained outspoken in defence of the Orthodox Faith, at one point saying, "I hate silence when it is time to speak."

After the death of Theophilos in 842 his young son Michael III became Eastern Roman Emperor, with Empress Theodora acting as Regent. Together they ended the second iconoclastic period (814-842); peace was restored to the empire.

Kassia traveled to Italy briefly, but eventually settled on the Greek Island of Kasos where she died sometime between 867 and 890. In the city of Panaghia, there is a church where Kassia's tomb/reliquary may be found

Works

Overview
Kassiani wrote many hymns which are still used in the Byzantine liturgy to this day. She became known to the great Theodore the Studite, while she was still a young girl, and he was impressed by her learning and literary style. She not only wrote spiritual poetry, but composed music to accompany it. She is regarded as an "exceptional and rare phenomenon" among composers of her day At least twenty-three genuine hymns are ascribed to her. Her oeuvre as a whole demonstrates influence from classical Greek literature, which she studied early in life.

Sacred music

Hymn of Kassia
The most famous of her compositions is the eponymous Hymn of Kassia (also known as the Troparion of Kassiani), which is chanted each year for Great and Holy Wednesday as a doxastichon occurring at the end of the aposticha of orthros and the lamp-lighting psalms of the Presanctified Liturgy.

Tradition says that in his later years the Emperor Theophilus, still in love with her, wished to see her one more time before he died, so he rode to the monastery where she resided. Kassia was alone in her cell, writing her Hymn when she realized that the commotion she heard was because the imperial retinue had arrived.  She was still in love with him but was now devoted to God and hid away because she did not want to let her old passion overcome her monastic vow.  She left the unfinished hymn on the table. Theophilus found her cell and entered it alone. He looked for her but she was not there; she was hiding in a closet, watching him. Theophilus, overcome with sadness, cried and regretted that moment of pride when he rejected such a beautiful and intellectual woman; then he noticed the papers on the table and read them.  When he had finished reading, he sat and added one line to the hymn; then he left. The line attributed to the Emperor is the line "those feet whose sound Eve heard at dusk in Paradise and hid herself for fear." Legend says that as he was leaving he noticed Kassia in the closet but did not speak to her, out of respect for her wished privacy. Kassia emerged when the emperor was gone, read what he had written and finished the hymn.

The music for the hymn is slow, sorrowful and plaintive, lasting about ten to twenty minutes, depending on tempo and style of execution.  It requires a very wide vocal range, and is considered one of the most demanding pieces — if not the most demanding one — of solo Byzantine chant, and cantors take great pride in delivering it well.  It is also sung by choirs in unison, often underpinned by Byzantine vocal bass drone.  The faithful make a point of going to church specifically "to listen to Kassiani" that evening.

Other hymns
Among the other hymns she composed are the following:

The Doxastichon chanted at the Vesperal Divine Liturgy on Christmas Eve
Numerous hymns in honor of saints found in the Menaion (fixed cycle of the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar), such as Feast of the Nativity of the Forerunner, 24 June.
 Among her hymns in the Triodion (liturgical book used during Great Lent) are the irmoi for the Matins Canons of Great and Holy Thursday and Great and Holy Saturday.
 Her longest composition is a Canon for the Departed, consisting of 32 strophes, to be chanted at a Parastas (memorial services).

Secular writings
261 works of secular literature are attributed to Kassia, consisting of epigrams and gnomic verses. Never set to music, they were written during the reigns of Theophilos and Michael III. Akin to the rest of her oeuvre, her writings demonstrate influence from classical Greek literature, which she studied early in life. These literary genres were chiefly dominated by men, so her contributions would have been unusual; Byzantinist Andrew Mellas noted that "perhaps this was an advantage for Kassia and accounts for her originality".

The genre of epigrams had existed from classical antiquity and into the Byzantine empire, being defined as somewhere in between the scope of lyric and epic poetry. Their exact organization was unformalized, ranging from the use of couplets to iambic pentameter, among others. The works are generally rooted in the long tradition, though they include her own unique innovations. In this genre, she is credited with first synthesizing secular and sacred values. While the works are secular in character, they promoted ethical teachings for the lives of Christians. Byzantinist  described this approach as "An osmosis of ancient wisdom and monastic truth". Kassia abandoned typical themes found in Greek prosody, preferring to discuss more individual and personal issues. In addition to ethnical ideals, the themes Kassia covers include ethnical ideals and weaknesses (her examples include 'foolishness' and 'friendship'); social structures; femininity (particularly 'beauty'); and the defense of women's rights. This approach would have made the genre more relevant and accessible to the Byzantine people, though the extent of her epigrams' circulation remains unclear. Her epigrams are particularly reminiscent of similar works by her colleague Theodore the Studite, and are characterized by a concise and straight forward presentation, often including witty or humorous elements. According to Mellas, it is probable that they were "a form Catechism for her nuns and perhaps any friends of the monastery."

Kassia's gnomic verses were much shorter, usually a single-verse teachings. They often include moral adages and like the epigrams, were succinct.

Portrayals
Many fictitious stories were created around her relationship with Emperor Theophilos. Contemporary historians such as Glykas, Ptochoprodromos, Kodinos, Zonaras, and Georgios Amartolos described her exile in Italy during the Iconoclasy wars and later settled and died in Kasos sometime between 867 and 890.

She is portrayed by Karima McAdams in the 5th season of the television series Vikings.

In August 2019, English singer-songwriter Frank Turner included a song told from her point of view on his album No Man's Land.

Religious commemoration
The feast day of Saint Kassiani is celebrated by the Orthodox Church on 7 September.

She is often depicted on the icon of the Sunday of Orthodoxy (the First Sunday of Great Lent), because of her strong defence of the veneration of icons.

In 2022, Kassia was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day on 7 September.

Recordings
The following are commercial recordings of the music of Kassia:

 Kronos Quartet: Early Music (Lachrymæ Antiquæ), USA 1997. Includes an instrumental arrangement of Kassia's "Using the Apostate Tyrant as His Tool".
 Sarband : Sacred Women, Women as Composers and Performers of Medieval Chant. Dorian, USA 2001. Album contains one piece by Kassia, Augustus-Sticheron Idiomelon Doxastikon: Vespers of 25 December (Athens MS 883) which is also recorded on the album by VocaMe.
 Deborah Kayser & Nick Tsiavos The Fallen Woman CD released 2008. Includes a recording of the Kassia Hymn.
 VocaMe : Kassia - Byzantine hymns of the first woman composer. Christophorus, Germany 2009. 18 tracks, with full sung texts in Greek script, German and English translations.
Choral Settings of Kassiani: with members of Cappella Romana and the English Chamber Choir. Various recordings of the Troparion of Kassiani and When Augustus Reigned. Released in 2011.
Hymns of Kassiani, hymns of Christmas, the Triodion and Holy Week. Cappella Romana, Alexander Lingas. Released in 2021.

References

Sources
Books and chapters

Encyclopedia and journal articles

Further reading

External links

 Works by Kassia at the Princeton University Library

9th-century births
9th-century deaths
9th-century women writers
9th-century Christian saints
9th-century Byzantine writers
9th-century Byzantine nuns
9th-century composers
9th-century women composers
Byzantine composers
Byzantine poets
Byzantine women writers
Greek women composers
Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Christian abbesses
Christian hymnwriters
Byzantine hymnographers
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
Women hymnwriters
9th-century Greek musicians
Anglican saints
Constantinopolitan Greeks
Saints from Constantinople

Kassia


Ivan (Ivo, Dživo, Živo) Bolica Kokoljić (Kotor, na početku 17. st. — Kotor, nakon 1674.), hrvatski pjesnik iz Crne Gore.

Potomak je kotorske hrvatske plemićke obitelji Bolica, među čijim članovima je u 17. st. bilo više Ivana, pa im se biografski podatci miješaju. U. Raffaelli pogrešno ga je poistovjetio s donatorom Ivanom (1637. – 1704.), što je poslije opovrgnuo. Brat je hrvatskog pjesnika i pisca Marina. Bio je pravnik, a studije s doktoratom vjerojatno je završio u Padovi, gdje je 1645. bio savjetnik »dalmatinske nacije« na sveučilištu. U Kotoru je obnašao više javnih službi: 1647. redoviti godišnji sudac, 1654. poslanik u Veneciji, 1658. – 63. zapovjednik ratne galije, 1665. – 70. gradski sudac.

Vodio Akademiju rasvijetljenih (Accademia de' Rischiarati). Pisao je na hrvatskom, talijanskom i latinskom jeziku. Najveći dio Boličina pjesništva ostao je u prijepisima (Arhiv Arneri, rkp. br. 201, Historijski arhiv u Dubrovniku; Zbirka rijetkosti NSB-a), a sačinjava ga više od 300 talijanskih i oko 60 hrvatskih pjesama te jedan latinski epigram. Poznat je ponajviše po svom epu Il San Trifone, u kojemu je opjevao život kotorskog zaštitnika sv. Tripuna prema legendi iz 1466. godine. Urbano Raffaelli posjedovao je rukopis tog epa. Danas je izgubljen. Pod utjecajem Ariosta i Tassa, pisan je u jedanaesteračkim oktavama. Sadržavao opise bokokotorskog zaljeva, Kotora i njegove katedrale, opsade grada 1539. pod vodstvom Hajredina Barbarosse i Muhameda–paše Varlaca 1657. godine.

Boličine pjesme raznih su žanrova (prigodnice, ljubavne, pastoralne, moralistične, refleksivne i satirične). Po metru i versifikaciji pretežu soneti, slijede ottave rime, sestine, kvartine, madrigali, tercine, osmerački, jedanaesterački i dvanaesterački distisi. Prigodnice na talijanskom su najbrojnije i u čast su predstavnika mletačke vlasti, a većina prigodnica karakterizira protuturski stav, ljubav prema rodnom Kotoru i njegovoj slobodi. Jedna pjesma je o velikom potresu 1667. Alla Patria nel tempo di Guerra, e del Terremoto, u kojem mu smrtno stradava jedina kći. Napisao je podosta prigodnica i poslanica upućenih sumještanima (iz obitelji Bizanti, Bolica, Buća, Drago, Jakonja, Paskvalić, Pellegrina, Pima, Skura, Vraćen, slikaru A. Ciniju (Cigniju) i dr.).

Razmjenjivao je pjesme s članovima kotorskoga baroknog kruga (Vicko Meksa, Aleksandar, Franjo, Mihovil i Vicko Paskvalić, Nikola Vraćen) i poticao ih na pjesnikovanje. Pjesme na hrvatskome jeziku upućivao je i istaknutijim pojedincima izvan Kotora, ističući svoja »ilirska« i slavenska čuvstva. Adresanti su mu uzvraćali svojim sastavcima, što svjedoči o kulturnoj povezanosti hrvatskih pjesnika duž primorja: pjesme Trogiraninu Ivanu Luciću, bračkom kroničaru Vicku Prodiću, Bračaninu Vicku Mikeloviću, Dubrovčaninu Franu Bobaljeviću, Šibenčaninu Šimunu Šimuniću te generalu Marku Sinovčiću Splićaninu.

Posebni dio opusa su ljubavne pjesme, njih tridesetak, od kojih je i desetak na hrvatskom. Po žanru su slične začinke, ljubavno-pastoralne, nekoliko njih pod nazivom Pjesan od kola. Nabožni opus pjesama je veća cjelina naslovljena Pohođenje crkava koje su u Kotoru od bratstva svetoga Križa. Složeno pri Givu Bolici Kokoliću vlastelinu kotorskomu... Manji je broj refleksivnih sastavaka. Tematsku zasebnost čini nekoliko satiričnih pjesama. Satiri se priklanjao razočaran mjesnim prilikama i zavišću sugrađana (Satira složena suproć nekima kojima se ime ne govori). Od Boličinih hrvatskih pjesama objavljene su dvije u čast posvećenja Andrije Zmajevića za barskog nadbiskupa 1671., čiju ljubav prema materinskom hrvatskom jeziku Bolica posebno ističe, jer je u njega »u slavi i dici / nad svijem pod nebom vrednima jezici« (rkp. iz 1671. pohranjen u Arhivu JAZU u Zagrebu – Arhiv Balović, br. 63; pjesme objavio S. Vulović u Spomen knjizi radostnom prigodom posvećenja... pragospodina Tripa Dra Radoničića za boko-kotorskoga biskupa, Zagreb 1888, te Miloš Milošević i Gracija Brajković u antologiji Poezija baroka XVII i XVIII vijeka) te pjesma Cur mundus militat, možda prepjev s latinskoga (u Milošević-Brajkovićevoj antologiji).

Rado se ponosio svojim kanconijerom na hrvatskome jeziku. Poezija mu zaslužuje svestranu suvremenu valorizaciju, bez obzira na mnoge konvencionalnosti i pomodnosti.

Izvori

Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvati u Crnoj Gori
Životopisi, Kotor
Dalmatinsko komunalno plemstvo
Barok
Pravnici

Ivan Bolica Kokoljić


La batalla de Tapae del 88 d. C. entre el ejército romano y los dacios fue una consecuencia de la campaña del emperador romano Domiciano para proteger la provincia romana de Mesia, habitualmente conocida como guerra dacia de Domiciano, casi dos décadas antes de la conquista regional durante las guerras dacias en el reinado de Trajano.

Antecedentes
En el 86, el rey dacio Duras ordenó a sus tropas atacar al sur del Danubio la provincia romana de Moesia provocando la inmediata reacción romana, el emperador Domiciano llegó personalmente a Mesia, reorganizó la provincia dividiéndola en Mesia Inferior y Mesia Superior, y planeó la futura invasión de Dacia.

La primera ofensiva romana fracaso estrepitosamente en el año 87 en el paso de Tapae.

La batalla
La ofensiva romana continuó el año siguiente con el general Lucio Tetio Juliano, quien tomó de nuevo el mando. El ejército romano (compuesto de 4 legiones) entró en Dacia siguiendo la misma ruta que tomó Cornelio Fusco el año precedente. La batalla tuvo lugar en la misma zona, en Tapae, esta vez con resultado favorable a los romanos. Debido a la difícil carretera a Sarmizegetusa, la capital de Dacia, y debido a las derrotas sufridas por Domiciano en Panonia, la ofensiva romana se detuvo y Decébalo y Domiciano firmaron la paz.

Consecuencias
Según la paz del 89, Decébalo pasó a ser rey vasallo de Roma, recibiendo dinero, artesanos y máquinas de guerra por parte del Imperio romano, para defender las fronteras del Imperio. Unos pocos historiadores creen que esta paz, desfavorable para el poder romano, sería la causa del asesinato de Domiciano en septiembre del 96.

Decébalo, en lugar de emplear el dinero como esperaba Roma, decidió construir nuevas ciudadelas en las montañas, en importantes puntos estratégicos, y en reforzar las ya existentes. Esta fue una de los motivos del ataque romano del año 101, bajo el emperador Trajano.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Bibliotheca Dacica

Tapae 088
Tapae 088
88
Europa en el siglo I
Historia antigua de Rumania

Batalla de Tapae (88)


Valais İsviçre'nin kantonlarından birisidir.

Valais kantonu İsviçre'nin güneybatısında bulunmaktadır. Sınırları Alp dağlarında Rhône vadisinin üst kısmında Gletsch buzulundan başlar ve Cenevre Gölü'ne kadar uzanır. Yüzölçümü 5225 km²'dir. 2005 yılı itibarı ile 13 il ve 153 ilçe bulunmaktadır. Başkenti Sion'dur. Resmi dilleri Fransızca ve Almanca'dır.

Valais kantonu kuzeyinde Bern kantonu, batısında Vaud, doğusunda ise Uri ve Tessin kantonları bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca güney sınırı İtalya ve doğu sınırı Fransa ile komşudur.

Bölgede Akdeniz iklimi hakimdir. Alp Dağlarının arasında olmasına rağmen yılın dört mevsimi güneş görmektedir. Bu özelliğinden dolayı bölgede üzümcülük ve meyve yetiştiriciliği bölgenin önemli geçim kaynaklarındandır.

Valais kantonu