The International Shooting Sport Federation recognizes several shooting events, some of which have Olympic status. They are divided into four disciplines: rifle, pistol, shotgun and running target.

The main distinctions between different rifle events are the distances to the target and the shooting positions used. For the other disciplines, the position is always standing, and changes include limits to shooting times and different types of targets.

The present events

Discontinued events

Due to the ISSF, some Olympic events have been discontinued in the past.  In total, Forty-five ISSF events have been discontinued.

Common principles
All ISSF shooting events consist of precision shooting in the sense that only the position of the shot on the target determines the result, not the time used to produce that shot (provided the time was within the set constraints, of course). This separates them from International Practical Shooting Confederation events and other kinds of action shooting. In rifle, pistol and running target events, the maximum score for each shot is 10 if shots are scored as integers, or 10.9 if scored decimally. In shotgun events, there is only hit or miss.

Elimination, qualification, final
In the 300 metre rifle events and the 50 metre rifle and pistol events, all participants of a main competition must compete at the same time. If the range capacity is not enough for this, an elimination round is conducted the day before the main competition. From this round, only so many shooters advance as the range capacity can allow. The program of the elimination round is the same as that of the match or qualification round.

The match, or qualification round in case of Olympic events, is then the major part of the competition. In all events except those where elimination rounds are held, shooters are divided as necessary into relays and shoot the match at different times during the competition day. In matches consisting of two stages, all shooters must complete the first stage before the second stage may commence. The stages are often completed on two consecutive days (especially so in 25 metre rapid fire pistol, the shotgun events, and the running target events).

In larger matches, but only in the Olympic events, a final is added to the qualification round. (At a national level, there may be finals even in some non-Olympic events, such as 50 metre rifle prone.) The top eight contestants (or top six in case of the shotgun events and 25 metre rapid fire pistol), qualify for the final. The final consists of 24 shots in the 10 meter air rifle and 10 meter air pistol events, 45 shots across all three positions in the 50 meter rifle three positions event, 20 shots (four five-shot series) in the 25 metre events, and two series in the shotgun events (that is, 50 targets in trap and skeet.)  In rifle and pistol finals, the score zones are divided into decimals, so that each final shot may give up to 10.9 points. In shotgun finals, there is still only a hit or a miss, but a special type of clay target with coloured powder is used to make it easier for spectators to immediately see the result. In determining the final result, the qualification score is discarded, so the winner is the shooter with the best aggregate score. Ties are resolved by shooting as many additional shots (or series at 25 metres) as needed to break them.

Scoring and tie-breaking
In all rifle, pistol and running target events results are recorded in ten-shot series, despite the fact that none of them are actually shot this way; the pure precision events at 300 metres, 50 metres and 10 metres are shot at the shooter's own pace, the 25 metre pistol events are shot in five-shot strings, and the running target events are shot one shot at the time. However, the recorded ten-shot series are used for tie-breaking, so that the participant with the better last series comes before the other. From 2009 however, the number of inner tens, where applicable, will be the first tie-breaking criterion. In events without finals this tie-breaking system can decide championships, while in Olympic events it only decides the qualification and starting order for the finals (or starting order only, in the case of six-shooter finals, where a special shoot-off is held if shooters are tied for the last final place). In 25 metre center-fire pistol and 25 metre standard pistol, ties for medal places are resolved by a one-string shoot-off.

Shotgun events are recorded in series of 25 targets (trap and skeet), 40 targets (women's double trap) or 50 targets (men's double trap).

History and admittance of new events

The first ISSF World Shooting Championships were held in 1897, and while the Olympic shooting program changed heavily until the 1930s, the World Championship program was quite stable. The early events were 300 metre rifle, 50 metre pistol (added 1900), and 300 metre army rifle (added 1911). In 1929, the program was extended with 100 metre running deer, 50 metre rifle and trap. Rapid fire pistol, although a popular Olympic event, was not added until 1933. After World War II, a number of new events were introduced. After the inclusion of the airgun events and 25 metre standard pistol in 1970, however, there have not been many additions, double trap being an exception.

Events can have a status as test events, with rules provided by the ISSF but not actually counted among the ISSF shooting events. 5-shot air pistol is such an event. The development of this 10 metre version of rapid fire pistol is more or less stalled however, as relatively few shooters have the special airguns needed, and several of the countries where the shooting form has some popularity use other rulesets instead of the one suggested by the ISSF. There are also official ISSF rules for automatic trap (also known as ball trap), although there are no ISSF championships in that event.

Manufacturers
Several companies design and manufacture firearms specifically for use in ISSF shooting events. Some companies specialize in air guns (rifle and pistol), while others specialize in pistols whether air powered or small caliber. For shotgun events, guns from traditional shotgun manufacturers are used.

Some manufacturers:
Anschütz (Germany)
Benelli (Italy)
Beretta (Italy)
Bleiker (Switzerland)
Feinwerkbau (Germany)
Hämmerli (Switzerland)
Morini (Switzerland), specializes in pistols
Pardini Arms (Italy), specializes in pistols
Perazzi (Italy), shotguns
Steyr (Austria), air rifles and air pistols.
Walther Arms (Germany)

Books addressing ISSF events

Buhlmann et al., Ways of the Rifle, Rev. Ed. (2009)
Leatherdale, Frank & Paul Leatherdale, Successful Pistol Shooting, Rev. Ed., Wiltshire, Eng.:  Crowood, 1995
Antal, Dr. Laslo, Competitive Pistol Shooting, 2nd Ed., London:  A & C Black, 1989
Leatherdale, Frank & Paul Leatherdale, Successful Pistol Shooting, Wiltshire, Eng.:  Crowood, 1988
Yur'Yev, A.A., Competitive Shooting, [translation of 1973 work], Washington: National Rifle Association, 1985
Antal, Dr. Laslo, The Target Gun Book of UIT Pistol Shooting, Droitwitch, Eng.: Peterson, 1985
Antal, Dr. Laslo & Ragnar Skanaker, Pistol Shooting, Liverpool, [authors], 1985
Chandler, John, The Target Gun Book of Pistol Coaching, 2nd Ed., Droitwich, Eng.: Peterson, 1985
Antal, Dr. Laslo, Competitive Pistol Shooting, West Yorkshire:  EP, 1983
Chandler, John, The Target Gun Book of Pistol Coaching, Droitwich, Eng.:  Peterson, 1983
Freeman, Maj Peter Cuthbert, Target Pistol Shooting, London, Faber and Faber, 1981
Hinchliffe, K.B., Target Pistol Shooting, London:  David and Chartes, 1981
Antal, Dr. Laslo, Pistol Shooting, Small-Bore Pistols and Air Pistols, Know the Game Series, West Yorkshire: EP, 1980
Standl, Hans, Pistol Shooting as a Sport, New York:  Crown, 1976
Freeman, Maj Peter Cuthbert, Modern Pistol Shooting, London:  Faber and Faber, 1968

See also
 List of Olympic medalists in shooting
 List of medalists at the European Shooting Championships
 List of medalists at the European Shotgun Championships
 Discontinued ISSF shooting events

References

External links

 ISSF official website
 ShootingWiki.org

Shooting sports events

ISSF shooting events


Slowly We Rot je prvi studijski album američkog death metal-sastava Obituary objavljen 14. lipnja 1989. godine. To je jedan od najvažnijih albuma u žanru death metal. Album objavila Diskografska kuća Roadrunner Records. Drugi je put bio pušten u prodaju 1997. godine s dvije demopjesme "Find the Arise" i "Like the Dead". Jedini je studijski album s basistom Danielom Tuckerom. Nakon objave albuma sastav je također napustio gitarist Allen West.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Obituary

 John Tardy - vokali, tekstovi, glazba, miks
 Allen West - solo-gitara, glazba
 Trevor Peres - ritam gitara, glazba
 Donald Tardy - bubnjevi, glazba, miks
 Daniel Tucker - bas-gitara, glazba

Ostalo osoblje

 Rob Mayworth - naslovnica
 Tim Hubbard - fotografije
 Scott Burns - produkcija, inženjer zvuka
 Monte Conner - produkcija
 Mike Fuller - mastering

Izvori

Albumi sastava Obituary
Albumi iz 1989.

Slowly We Rot


Frances Glessner Lee (March 25, 1878 – January 27, 1962) was an American forensic scientist. She was influential in developing the science of forensics in the United States. To this end, she created the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death, 20 true crime scene dioramas recreated in minute detail at dollhouse scale, used for training homicide investigators. Eighteen of the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death are still in use for teaching purposes by the Maryland Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, and the dioramas are also now considered works of art. Glessner Lee also helped to establish the Department of Legal Medicine at Harvard University, and endowed the Magrath Library of Legal Medicine there. She became the first female police captain in the United States, and is known as the "mother of forensic science".

Early life
Glessner Lee was born in Chicago on March 25, 1878. Her father, John Jacob Glessner, was an industrialist who became wealthy from International Harvester. She and her brother were educated at home; her brother went to Harvard.

As a child Frances fell ill with tonsillitis, and her mother took her to the doctor. When the first doctor prescribed a dangerous treatment for her illness, the Glessners sought a second opinion and Frances underwent a successful surgery at a time when surgery was very dangerous and deathly.

Frances became interested in learning more about medicine because of this experience. When summering in the White Mountains, local doctors allowed her to attend home visits with them. There Glessner learned the skills of nursing.

She inherited the Harvester fortune and finally had the money to pursue an interest in how detectives could examine clues.

Career
Glessner Lee was inspired to pursue forensic investigation by one of her brother's classmates, George Burgess Magrath, with whom she was close friends. He was studying medicine at Harvard Medical School and was particularly interested in death investigation.  Magrath would become a professor in pathology at Harvard Medical School and a chief medical examiner in Boston and together they lobbied to have coroners replaced by medical professionals.

In 1931, Glessner Lee endowed the Harvard Department of Legal Medicine—the first such department in the country—and her gifts would later establish the George Burgess Magrath Library, a chair in legal medicine, and the Harvard Seminars in Homicide Investigation.

She also endowed the Harvard Associates in Police Science, a national organization for the furtherance of forensic science; it has a division dedicated to her, called the Frances Glessner Lee Homicide School.

Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death

In 1945 Glessner Lee donated her dioramas to Harvard for use in her seminars. She hosted a series of semi-annual seminars, where she presented 30 to 40 men with the "Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death", intricately constructed dioramas of actual crime scenes, complete with working doors, windows and lights. The 20 models were based on composites of actual cases and were designed to test the abilities of students to collect all relevant evidence. The models depicted multiple causes of death, and were based on autopsies and crime scenes that Glessner Lee visited.

Glessner Lee paid close attention to detail in creating the models. The rooms were filled with working mousetraps and rocking chairs, food in the kitchens, and more, and the corpses accurately represented discoloration or bloating that would be present at the crime scene. Each model cost about $3,000-$4,500 to create. Viewers were given 90 minutes to study the scene. Eighteen of the original dioramas were still used for training purposes by Harvard Associates in Police Science in 1999.

For her work, Glessner Lee was made a captain in the New Hampshire State Police on October 27, 1943, making her the first woman to join the International Association of Chiefs of Police.  This has been reported as honorary, but in 18 Tiny Deaths by Bruce Goldfarb New Hampshire Police Superintendent Ralph Caswell (who appointed her captain) is quoted as saying "This was not an honorary post.  She was actually a full fledged captain with all the authority and responsibility of the post."

The dioramas of the crime scenes Glessner depicted were as follows; three room dwelling, log cabin, blue bedroom, dark bathroom, burned cabin, unpapered bedroom, pink bathroom, attic, woodsman's shack, barn, saloon and jail, striped bedroom, living room, two story porch, kitchen, garage, parsonage parlor, and bedroom. The models can now be found at the Maryland Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in relation to Harvard Medical School. They were once part of a exhibit in the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Personal life
Glessner married a lawyer, Blewett Harrison Lee, who was from the family line of General Robert E Lee, with whom she had three children. The marriage ended in divorce in 1914.

Glessner Lee's perfectionism and dioramas reflect her family background. Her father was an avid collector of fine furniture with which he furnished the family home. He wrote a book on the subject, and the family home, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, is now the John J. Glessner House museum.

The first miniature Glessner built was of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. She did so for her mother's birthday and it was her biggest project at the time. Glessner Lee was fond of the stories of Sherlock Holmes, whose plot twists were often the result of overlooked details. Many of her dioramas featured female victims in domestic settings, illustrating the dark side of the "feminine roles she had rehearsed in her married life."

In popular culture
 The first book about Frances Glessner Lee and her dioramas, "The Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death" by Corinne May Botz, is published by Monacelli Press in 2004.
 Frances Glessner Lee's biography, 18 Tiny Deaths: The Untold Story of Frances Glessner Lee and the Invention of Modern Forensics, by Bruce Goldfarb, was released by Sourcebooks on February 4, 2020.
The Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death provided the inspiration for the Miniature Killer in the television show CSI: Crime Scene Investigation.
 Glessner Lee is paid tribute to in the book Encyclopedia Horrifica by Joshua Gee.
 Frances Glessner Lee and Erle Stanley Gardner were friends, and he dedicated several of his detective novels to her, including The Case of the Dubious Bridegroom.
 The character of Agnes Lesser in the Father Brown episode "The Smallest of Things" is based on Glessner Lee.
 The Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum exhibited 18 of the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death from October 20, 2017 to January 28, 2018. Sponsors included the American Academy of Forensic Sciences.
 On November 18, 2017, the film Murder in a Nutshell: The Frances Glessner Lee Story, directed by Susan Marks, premiered at the Renwick Gallery, followed by a moderated discussion with filmmaker.
 Frances Glessner Lee and her pioneering work with crime scene dioramas is cited in some detail and plays a crucial role in episode 17 of the 17th season of NCIS, "In a Nutshell".

See also
 New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 257: Frances Glessner Lee (1878–1962) 'Mother of Forensic Science'

References

Further reading
Botz, Corinne May. The Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death. New York: Monacelli, 2004. ,
Goldfarb, Bruce. 18 Tiny Deaths: The Untold Story of Frances Glessner Lee and the Invention of Modern Forensics Naperville, IL. Sourcebooks 2020
 , October 23, 2017.
 Jeltsen, Melissa. "These Bloody Dollhouse Scenes Reveal A Secret Truth About American Crime." Huffington Post, February 2, 2018.
 Rosberg, Gerald M. "A Colloquium on Violent Death Brings 30 Detectives to Harvard". The Harvard Crimson, December 6, 1966.
 "Murder Is Her Hobby: Frances Glessner Lee and The Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death | Smithsonian American Art Museum." https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/nutshells.

External links
 The Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death Photographs
Of Dolls and Murder documentary website
Glessner House website

1878 births
1962 deaths
American forensic scientists
Women forensic scientists
American women philanthropists
Philanthropists from Illinois
Scientists from Chicago
Women in law enforcement
Model makers
Harvard Medical School people

Frances Glessner Lee


Lester George Hornby, né le  à Lowell et mort le , est un peintre, graveur, dessinateur et illustrateur américain.

Biographie
Lester George Hornby naît le  à Lowell dans l'État du Massachusetts. Il étudie à l'École de design de Rhode Island avant de partir pour Boston. Il voyage en Angleterre et en France où il est élève de Jean-Paul Laurens. Il est connu en Angleterre pour ses dessins et comme illustrateur de la Première Guerre mondiale.

Il meurt le .

Collections particulières
 Pages from the Book of Paris, 1910, illustrations, livre

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Peinture américaine
 Colonie artistique d'Étaples

Liens externes

Peintre américain du XXe siècle
Graveur américain du XXe siècle
Aquafortiste américain
Dessinateur américain
Illustrateur américain
Naissance en mars 1882
Naissance à Lowell (Massachusetts)
Décès en décembre 1956
Décès à 74 ans
Peintre de l'école d'Étaples

Lester George Hornby


Na ovom popisu navedeni su slučajevi u kojima su Hrvati ili imovina Republike Hrvatske bili oštećeni napadima
islamističkih terorista.

Izvori

Popisi (Hrvatska)
Islamistički teroristički napadi
Povijest neovisne Hrvatske

Popis slučajeva islamističkog terorizma povezanih s Hrvatskom


Ababinili (Aba Binili, Aba-Binili, Ubabeneli), Ababinili je Bog Stvoritelj kod plemena Chickasaw. Njegovo ime znači "onaj koji sjedi iznad" ili "stanuje iznad", a povezan je sa Suncem. Ababinili se smatra božanskim duhom bez ljudskog oblika ili atributa i obično se ne personificira u mitovima  Chickasawa.

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija (bogovi stvaratelji)
Chickasaw

Ababinili


O Campeonato Sul-Americano de Clubes de Voleibol Feminino de 2022 foi a vigésima segunda edição do torneio organizado anualmente pela CSV, disputado entre os dias 6 a 10 de maio de 2022, no Ginásio Municipal Tancredo Neves (Ginásio Sabiazinho), localizada na cidade de Uberlândia. Foi o torneio classificatório para edição do Campeonato Mundial de Clubes de 2022.

O Minas Tênis Clube conquistou o tetracampeonato, e a oposta Kisy, além de premiada como melhor na posição, também foi eleita a melhor jogadora da edição.

Formato de disputa
Para a classificação dentre dos grupos na primeira fase, o placar de 3-0 ou 3-1 garantiriu três pontos para a equipe vencedora e nenhum para a equipe derrotada; já o placar de 3-2 garantiriu dois pontos para a equipe vencedora e um para a perdedora.

As duas equipes melhores classificadas de cada grupo na fase classificatória avançaram para as semifinais, enquanto os terceiros colocados disputaram o quinto lugar na classificação final.

Participantes
As seguintes equipes foram qualificadas para a disputa do Campeonato Sul-Americano de Clubes de 2022, a divulgação da tabela e participantes:

Fase classificatória

Grupo A
Classificação

|}

Resultados

Grupo B
Classificação

|}

Resultados

Fase final

Disputa pelo 5º lugar

Semifinais

Disputa pelo 3º lugar

Final

Premiação

Classificação Final

Prêmios individuais
A seleção do campeonato foi composta pelas seguintes jogadoras:

 MVP (Most Valuable Player):  Kisy ()

Ligações externas

 Campeonato Sul-Americano de Clubes de Voleibol Feminino de 2022 no Volleybox

2|2022
Sul-Americano de Clubes de Voleibol 2022
Sul-Americano de Clubes Feminino
Voleibol de 2022 no Brasil
Esporte no Brasil em 2022
2022 em Minas Gerais


Die Wietser Teiche sind ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Stadt Bückeburg im Landkreis Schaumburg.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG HA 075 ist 13 Hektar groß. Es liegt im Westen des Schaumburger Waldes östlich des Mindener Stadtteils Päpinghausen und stellt den Wietser Teich und ein daran angrenzendes Feuchtgebiet am Rande des Schaumburger Waldes unter Schutz. Der Wietser Teich verfügt im Westen des Schutzgebietes über freie Wasserflächen mit Schwimmblattpflanzengesellschaften. Nach Osten geht er in ausgedehnte Verlandungszonen mit Röhrichten, Klein- und Großseggenriedern sowie Weich- und Hartholzauen über.

Das Naturschutzgebiet hat eine hohe ökologische Bedeutung als Lebensraum für bedrohte Tier- und Pflanzenarten.

Das Gebiet steht seit dem 9. August 1984 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Schaumburg.

Weblinks

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Schaumburg
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Geographie (Bückeburg)

Wietser Teiche


Sun Microsystems, merkezi Santa Clara, Kaliforniya'daki Silikon Vadisi olan, 24 Şubat 1982 tarihinde kurulmuştur. Bilgisayar ve bilgisayar parçaları, yazılım ve bilgi teknolojileri de dahil olmak üzere birçok alanda üretim ve satış yapan şirkettir.

Sun, 27 Ocak 2010 tarihinde, 20 Nisan 2009 tarihinde imzalanan bir anlaşmaya göre, 7.4 milyar $ karşılığında Oracle tarafından satın alındı . Takip eden ay Sun Microsystems; Oracle, USA, Inc ile birleşti Oracle America, Inc. adını aldı.

Şirketin üretim tesisleri İskoçya'da, Hillsboro, Oregon ve Linlithgow yerleşimlerinde bulunmaktadır. Sun ürünleri, bilgisayar sunucuları ve iş istasyonlarını da içermekte olup, ürünler, Sun'ın kendi işlemcisi SPARC, AMD'nin işlemcisi Opteron, Solaris İşletim Sistemi ve Java platformu ile uyumlu üretilip, temelleri bu işlemci ve yazılımlara dayanmaktadır.

Sun firmasının merkezinin bulunduğu Kaliforniya, Santa Clara, 1888 - 1972 yılları arasında, ruh ve sinir hastalıkları merkezi olan Agnews Geliştirme Merkezi'nin batı yerleşkesiydi.

Tarihçe
Sun'ın ilk Unix tabanlı iş istasyonu tasarımı, Andy Bechtolsheim tarafından henüz Stanford Üniversitesi'nde lisans öğrencisiyken yapıldı. Bechtolsheim, Stanford Üniversitesi Ağı iletişim projesi için, üniversitenin bilgisayar bilimleri bölümündeki yedek parçaları ve Silikon Vadisi'nden aldığı malzemeleri kullanıp "68000 Unix Sistemi'ni" tasarladı. İlk Sun iş istasyonu Unix 7 kullanmaktaydı. Unix 7 sistemi, Unisoft yazılımı aracılığla tüm 68000 işlemcili makinelere yüklendi.

1982 Şubat'nda, Bechtolsheim ve takiben Stanford lisans öğrencileri Vinod Khosla, Scott McNealy ve Berkeley'den Bill Joy (Berkeley Yazılım Dağıtımı'nın (BSD Unix) ilk geliştiricisi), Sun Microsystems şirketini kurdular.

Şirket ismi Stanford (S), University (U) ve Network (N) kelimelerinin baş harflerinden oluşturuldu ve şirketin borsadaki adına da yansıdı (SUNW - Sun Worldwide).

Sun'ın önde gelen diğer isimleri ise avukat John Gilmore ve James Gosling'tir. Sun Unix tabanlı ağ programlaması, TCP/IP ve NFS (Network File System) kavramlarının ilk savunucularındandır. Öyle ki, bu şirket sloganını da etkilemiştir, "Ağ Bilgisayardır" ("The Network Is The Computer") James Gosling, Java programlama dilini geliştirerek ekibe liderlik etti. Yakınlarda ise, Jon Bosak W3 Konsorsiyumu'ndaki, XML patenti yaratımı ile öne çıkmıştır.

Sun'ın "s", "u" ve "n" harflerinden oluşturulan amblemi yine Stanford Universitesi'nden profesör Vaughan Pratt tarafından tasarlandı. İlk tasarımında amblem dik durmaktaydı, daha sonra ise bir köşesinin üzerinde duracak şekilde yeniden tasarlandı.

Sun Microsystems'in Oracle Corporation'a 7.4 milyar Amerikan Doları bedelle satışı 20 Nisan 2009 tarihinde imzalanan anlaşma ile başlamış ve 27 Haziran 2010 tarihinde tamamlanmıştır.

Donanım
Sun firmasının geçmişindeki ilk 10 seneye baktığımızda, şirketin teknik iş istasyonları satışında piyasaya hakim olan firma olduğunu görüyoruz. 1980'lerdeki "iş isyasyonu savaşlarında" düşük fiyatları ile piyasada başarılı bir şekilde mücadele vermiştir...

Motorola
Sun orijinal olarak, Sun-1'den Sun-3'e kadarki bilgisayarlarında Motorola 68000 işlemci ailesini kullanmıştır. Sun-1 sistemlerinde 68000, Sun-2 sistemlerinde 68010, Sun-3 sistemlerinde 68020 ve Sun-3x türevlerinde 68030 tabanlı işlemcileri kullanılmıştır.

x86-1
1980'li yılların sonunda, Sun ayrıca Intel 80386 tabanlı makinası Sun386i piyasaya sürmüştür. Sun386i hibrid bir makina olarak tasarlanmış, SunOS sistemini kullanan ama aynı zamanda DOS uygulamalarını da destekleyen bir makinaydı. Makina piyasada çok kısa bir süre kalmıştış. 486i yükseltimi açıklanmış ancak sadece birkaç prototipi üretilmiştir.

SPARC

Sun-4 serisinin başlaması ile şirket kendi işlemci mimarisi olan SPARC'ı kullanmaya başlamıştır. SPARC, 32-bit RISC mimarisine sahip ve daha sonraları IEEE 1754 mimarisi ile de mikroişlemcilerde standart olacak bir işlemciydi. 64-bit uzantılı SPARC mimarisi olan SPARC V9 ile ise daha sonraları tanışılacaktı.

Sun, çoklu üst sınıf SPARC mimarisi nesilleri oluşturmaktadır. SPARC, SuperSPARC, UltraSPARC I, UltraSPARC II, UltraSPARC III, UltraSPARC IV ve günümüzde de UltraSPARC IV+ & UltraSPARC T1 bunlara örnektir. Sun çeşitli iş istasyonu ve sunucu nesilleri de geliştirmektedir. SPARCstation, Sun Ultra, Ultra Enterprise sunucuları, Sun Blade iş istasyonları ve Sun Fire sunucuları bunlar arasında sayılabilir. Ayrıca düşük maliyetli microSPARC I, microSPARC II, UltraSPARC IIe, UltraSPARC IIi ve  UltraSPARC IIIi gibi alt sınıf işlemci modelleri de mevcuttur.

1990'ların sonunda şirket, alanını geniş ürün yelpazesi ile birlikte  simetrik çoklu işleme sunucuları satışına dönüştürdü. Sun kendisine ait 20 işlemcili sistemi SPARCcenter 2000 tasarladı ve oluşturdu. Bu geçiş Silicon Graphics'ten Cray Business Systems'in satın alınmasıyla da ivme kazandı. Cray ve Sun tarafından tasarlanan Cray CS6400 sunucu serisi çok başarılı ve geniş yelpazeli Sun Enterprise 10000 sunucuları takip etti.

UltraSPARC T1 sekiz çekirdek kullanmasıyla ayrıca dikkat çekicidir. Her çekirdekte 4 kod parçası mevcuttur. Bu da daha fazla işlemcinin daha düşük saat değerleri ile kullanılması demektir.   Özellikle havalandırma ve donanım güç tüketiminin ana maliyet olarak nitelendirildiği veri merkezleri (İngilizce: Data Center) için bu konu çok önemlidir.

Aralık 2005'te, Sun OpenSPARC T1'i açıkladı. OpenSPARC T1, UltraSPARC T1'in açık kaynak donanım halidir.

Önemli isimler
Sun şirketinde çalışan veya halen çalışmakta olan önemli isimler:

 Jonathan I. Schwartz, Başkan ve icra kurulu başkanı
 Carol Bartz, Autodesk yönetim kurulu başkanı
 Steve Bourne, Bourne hücresinin yazarı
 Tim Bray, İnternet teknolojileri yöneticisi
 Bill Coleman, BEA Systems kurucularından
 Bryan Cantrill, Technology Review 2005'e göre zirvedeki 35 genç yenilikçiden biri
 Alfred Chuang, BEA Systems kurucularından
 Whitfield Diffie, Güvenlik yönetim şefi, genel anahtar şifrelemesi kurucularından
 Robert Drost, Technology Review 2004'e göre zirvedeki 100 yenilikçiden biri
 John Gage, Araştırma şefi
 James Gosling, Java dilinin mucitlerinden
 Steve Kleiman, Sanal dosya sistemi (İngilizce:Virtual file system)
mekanizmasının mucidi, NFS'yi bulanlardan biri, Solaris çoklu kernel kodunun mimarlarından biri, günümüzde Network Appliance şirketinin teknoloji yönetimi şefi
 Chris Malachowsky, NVIDIA şirketinin kurucularından
 Patrick Naughton, Java dili projesini başlatan isim
 Jakob Nielsen
 John Ousterhout Tcl dilinin mucidi
 Greg Papadopoulos, Genel müdür yardımcısı ve teknoloji müdürü
 Radia Perlman, İnternetin annesi olarak adlandırılan isim
 Kim Polese, .com çağının tartışmasız yöneticisi
 Curtis Priem, NVIDIA şirketinin kurucularından
 Bob Scheifler, X Window System 1984 - 1996 gelişiminin lideri
 Eric Schmidt, eski Sun teknoloji müdürü, bugün Google icra kurulu başkanı
 Ed Scott, BEA Systems kurucularrından
 Mike Sheridan, Java dilinin mucitlerinden
 Bert Sutherland, Sun Labs, Xerox PARC, BBN bilgisayar bilimleri bölümü yöneticisi
 Ivan Sutherland, Bilgisayar grafikleme öncüsü
 Marc Tremblay, İşlemci mimarileri şefi, 1995'teki 64-bit UltraSPARC I işlemcisinin mimarlarından
 Bill Vass, Bilgi sistemleri müdürü
 Edward Zander, Motorola icra kurulu başkanı

Kurucular
 Andy Bechtolsheim
 Bill Joy
 Vinod Khosla

Kaynakça

İç bağlantılar
 OpenSolaris
 Nexenta OS
 BeleniX

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmi Sun sitesi
 Resmi Sun Enterprise sitesi
 Sun Developers Network
 Sun Microsystems - Company Profile
 SunHELP - Sun News & Resources
 Online Sun Information ArcHive website
 Old Sun workstation information
 Sun3 Archive website
 Sun3 Archive website (mirror)* Sun3 Zoo website
 Sun2 Archive website
 Sun-2 Workstation Review, from Unix/World October 1984
 Sun2 Emulator running on NetBSD
 "The Early Days of Sun"
 www.ProjectLiberty.org - Liberty Alliance Website (Alternative to Yahoo IDS, AOL and Microsoft's  Passport technology)
 blogs.sun.com - Sun employees openly blogging about work and non-work

1982'de kurulan yazılım şirketleri

Sun Microsystems


El Distrito Escolar Independiente de Channelview (Channelview Independent School District, CISD) es un distrito escolar de Texas. Tiene su sede en Channelview, un área no incorporada en el Condado de Harris.

Channelview tiene aproximadamente 8.000 estudiantes. Gestiona doce escuelas (un centro Pre-K, seis escuelas primarias, un centro del grado sexto, una escuela media, una escuela secundaria, una escuela secundaria alternativa y una "discipline school"), un edificio administrativo, un "fairground", una sede para mantenimiento y una instalación para transporte.

Notas

Enlaces externos
 Distrito Escolar Independiente de Channelview (en inglés)

Channelview


25. Šahovska olimpijada održana je 1982. u Švicarskoj. Grad domaćin bio je Luzern.

Poredak osvajača odličja

1982.
Šah u Švicarskoj
Međunarodna športska natjecanja u Švicarskoj

Šahovska olimpijada 1982.


Kotaro Fukuma (født 29. august 1982 i Tokyo, Japan) er en japansk klassisk pianist. Han har vundet priser for den yngste pianist nogensinde.

Klassiske pianister
Musikere fra Japan
Personer fra Tokyo

Kotaro Fukuma


An Eulophia obstipa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Phillip James Cribb ngan La Croix. An Eulophia obstipa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eulophia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eulophia

Eulophia obstipa


O Campeonato Português de Hóquei de Patins de 1981-82 foi a 41.ª edição do principal escalão da modalidade em Portugal.

Este foi o primeiro campeonato com as equipas a jogaram todas contra todas, sem divisão regional ou com fase de campeão.

Num campeonato disputado até ao fim, o Sporting CP conquistava o 6.º campeonato da sua história, ao ter vantagem na diferença de golos em relação ao SL Benfica, após os dois clubes terem acabado com o mesmo número de pontos e o mesmo resultado direto entre ambos (Benfica 4 - Sporting 8; Sporting 4 - Benfica 8).

Estrutura da Competição

 16 Equipas
 30 jornadas divididas em duas voltas de 15 jornadas
 Campeão apura-se para a Taça dos Campeões Europeus (TCE)
 Vencedor da Taça apura-se para a Taça dos Clubes Vencedores de Taças (TCVT)
 Dois melhores classificados, fora da TCE e TCVT, apuram-se para a Taça CERS
 Três últimos despromovidos para a Segunda Divisão
 Pontuação: 3 pontos por vitória, 2 pontos por empate e 1 ponto por derrota

Equipas participantes

Classificação Final

Fonte:

Campeonato Português de Hóquei em Patins
Desporto em Portugal em 1981
Desporto em Portugal em 1982
1981 no hóquei em patins
1982 no hóquei em patins

Campeonato Português de Hóquei em Patins de 1981–82


HMS Liverpool, named after the port city of Liverpool in north-west England, was a Town-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy in service from 1938 to 1952.

During the Second World War, Liverpool gained four battle honours and was seriously damaged in two attacks by Italian torpedo bombers. The cruiser operated variously with the naval stations in the East Indies and China and with the Mediterranean and Home fleets. While assigned as flagship to the China Station in January 1940, the cruiser instigated a diplomatic incident with Japan when she intercepted the liner Asama Maru off the coast of Japan. Liverpool took part in the battles of the Espero Convoy and Calabria, the Arctic Convoys, and Operation Harpoon during the Malta Convoys. On 14 June 1942, during Operation Harpoon, Liverpool suffered an air attack and had to undergo repairs and refitting at Rosyth, Scotland for the remainder of the war.

Liverpool returned to service in 1945 and was assigned as flagship to the Mediterranean Fleet. In the early 1950s, the cruiser harboured in Port Said to support the British Administration of the Suez Canal Zone, when Egyptian guerrillas campaigned against it. The cruiser was decommissioned in 1952 at a time when the Royal Navy was rapidly contracting in strength. Liverpool was broken up in 1958, at Rosyth.

Design and description

The Town-class light cruisers were designed as counters to the Japanese s built during the early 1930s and the second batch of three ships was enlarged, with the most powerful engines and widest beam of any post 1927 Royal Navy cruisers, to maintain speed and stability with the weight of, a second low angle main director (2) T284 LADCT, to give two channel fire control of the six inch turrets enabling, simultaneous engagement with surface targets fore and aft of the cruisers and to give a second level of deck armour over the top of the  armour box around the four main magazines  (In HMS Gloucester and the third 'Belfast' group, the extra deck armour belt also extended further over the engines). Liverpool displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . She was powered by four Parsons geared steam turbine sets, each driving one shaft, which developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Liverpool also mounted a catapult with three Supermarine Walrus. Steam for the turbines was provided by four Admiralty 3-drum boilers. The ship carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which gave her a range of  at . The ship's complement was 800–850 officers and ratings.

The Town-class ships mounted twelve BL six-inch (152 mm) Mk XXIII guns in four triple-gun turrets. The turrets were designated 'A', 'B', 'X' and 'Y' from front to rear. Their secondary armament consisted of eight QF  Mk XVI dual-purpose guns in twin mounts. Their light anti-aircraft armament consisted of a pair of quadruple mounts for the two-pounder (40 mm) AA gun ("pom-pom") and two quadruple mounts for  Vickers AA machine guns. The ships carried two above-water, triple mounts for  torpedoes.

The ship lacked a full-length waterline armour belt. The sides of Liverpools boiler and engine rooms and the sides of the magazines were protected by  of armour. The top of the magazines and the machinery spaces were protected by  of armour. The armour protecting the main gun turrets had a thickness of 2–4 inches.

History

Commission (1935–1939)

Procured in response to the American  and Japanese  classes of light cruiser, the Town class consisted of three variants for a total of 10 ships. These ships were intended for fleet duties rather than trade protection, which their predecessors had been designed for. The class represented a significant improvement in armament and armour, which provided reasonable protection against  shells. Their primary armament of twelve  guns in triple turrets, compared to the eight and six guns possessed by the preceding  and  classes, still adhered to the constraints of the London Naval Treaty.  Liverpool became one of the three Town-class cruisers—with  and —ordered to a slightly revised design referred to as the Liverpool, Liverpool, or Type II sub-class. The second group retained an almost identical configuration, differentiated only by a beam enlarged to  (compared to Southamptons beam of ), a redesigned bridge, and improved fire control equipment.

Ordered under the 1935 estimates, the keel of Liverpool was laid down at Govan on 17 February 1936 and launched on 24 March 1937 by Priscilla Norman, wife of the Governor of the Bank of England Montagu Norman. Liverpool became the first cruiser launched at the Fairfield shipyard since the  . After being commissioned into the navy on 2 November 1938, Liverpool was assigned to the East Indies Station under the command of Captain A.D. Read. Before the deployment, the cruiser visited her namesake port in January 1939. The Liverpool Woman's Service Bureau presented the cruiser with a Union flag and White Ensign, while the city's Corporation gave the crew "three pairs of candlesticks, a silver cup, and two bugles". Liverpools crew had already received a silver bell and plate originally in the possession of her predecessor.

East Indies and China stations (1939–1940)
Before arriving in the East Indies, Liverpool prepared for the deployment in the Mediterranean for two months and had engine defects corrected. At the beginning of the Second World War, Liverpool formed part of the 4th Cruiser Squadron, which she left in November to transfer to the 5th Cruiser Squadron, China Station.  While part of the station, the cruiser became involved in a diplomatic incident when she intercepted the Japanese passenger liner Asama Maru on 21 January 1940. Alerted to reports that German sailors in the United States had arranged transport to Germany, the British Government authorised the station's commander-in-chief to direct a warship to board Asama Maru and detain suspected passengers, provided the procedure did not occur within sight of the coast of Japan. Just  east of Niijima, off Honshū, Liverpool located the liner and removed 21 of the ship's passengers, believed by the British to be survivors of the scuttled German liner . Asama Maru had been late and had deviated from her expected course, necessitating an operation much closer to Japan's coast.

Liverpool discharged a warning shot across Asama Marus bows to compel the liner to halt, afterwards deploying 12 men to conduct the search. Four days after the incident, the NYK Line dismissed Captain Watanabe, under the pretense of retirement, accusing him of "misconduct". The Government of Japan condemned the operation as an abuse of belligerent rights and formally protested the action, which further escalated tensions between the two countries. The Japanese and British governments sought to defuse the dispute through negotiation, and on 5 February, the two countries accepted a proposal which entailed the release of nine Germans in exchange for Japan pledging to deny military-age German citizens access to their vessels. In Australia's official history of the war, it was said that the most senior of the nine Germans, Captain Groth, remarked during his passage to Japan aboard the armed merchant cruiser  that the operation had been "an excellent piece of work, and an action which would deter the remainder of the German crews still in the United States, approximately 1000 men, from making the passage".

In April, Liverpool became the flagship of Rear-Admiral Arthur Murray's Red Sea Force, which was formed with the Australian cruiser . The Red Sea Force was intended to help execute naval strategy in the area by performing a variety of duties, such as patrols and blockade enforcement in the event of war with Italy. While in the area, Liverpool escorted a convoy transporting contingents from the Australian military to Suez. When ordered to the Mediterranean in June, Liverpool relinquished her status as flagship with the transfer of Admiral Murray to the New Zealand cruiser  at Port Sudan. To accommodate the admiral and his staff, Leander transferred three officers and seven ratings to Liverpool.

First torpedoing (1940–1941)

Liverpool formed part of the 7th Cruiser Squadron, becoming one of nine cruisers that could be fielded by the Mediterranean Fleet shortly after Fascist Italy entered the war. She first encountered Italian vessels off the coast of Libya on 12 June 1940 while shelling positions near Tobruk with Gloucester and four destroyers. The cruisers attacked five vessels, including the obsolete armoured cruiser , and sank the minesweeper . On 28 June, a British Short Sunderland patrol aircraft detected three Italian destroyers west of Zante. The 7th Cruiser Squadron was at sea in support of convoy Operation MA.3 when it altered course to engage the destroyers. Liverpool sighted them  south-west of Cape Matapan at 18:30 and opened fire three minutes later. The ensuing action, carried out at a minimum range of about , resulted in the destruction of the Italian Espero The two surviving destroyers reached Benghazi with their supplies. Liverpool took light damage in the engagement. Ammunition had been rapidly depleted by the cruiser squadron. By the close of the action, Liverpools crew had almost expended the contents of her shellrooms, reporting that each gun had 40 shells remaining. The Admiralty criticised the squadron's expenditure of some 5,000  rounds, which Admiral Andrew Cunningham, commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, attributed to its inexperience and his insistence on confronting the Italian warships before nightfall. Nevertheless, the use of such a large volume of shells caused the cancellation of MA.3, which had encompassed two convoys from the besieged island of Malta.

The Mediterranean Fleet followed MA.3 with Operation MA.5 in early July. During the course of the deployment, Admiral Cunningham received reports of a large formation of Italian warships and changed course towards Taranto to intercept. On 9 July, the fleets encountered each other off Calabria, in the first major battle between the Allied and Italian navies in the Mediterranean theatre. Liverpool and fellow cruiser  commenced firing at 15:22, eight minutes after Italian cruisers started their barrage at a range of . After a continuous exchange of fire, the battleship  struck the  at 16:00, inducing the Italian fleet to disengage from the battle. Italian aircraft attacked Liverpool with bombs on 12 July while she was returning to Alexandria, Egypt, causing fatalities and wounding three, including the cruiser's commander. Later in July, Liverpool escorted convoy AN.2 from Egypt on its way to Greek ports in the Aegean and the southward-convoy AS.2 from the Aegean. The latter convoy came under substantial attack by Italian aircraft on the 29th; Liverpool was the only vessel hit when an unexploded bomb penetrated two decks, killing a rating.  The casualty was Stoker First Class Patrick Leslie Harney, aged 32, from Stalybridge, Cheshire.

When the Mediterranean Light Forces restructured in August, Liverpool was switched to the 3rd Cruiser Squadron, grouped with Gloucester and  under the command of Rear-Admiral Edward de Faye Renouf. On 28 September, as part of Operation MB.5, Liverpool and Gloucester proceeded to Malta, transporting reinforcements, airmen, and RAF provisions. The cruisers—briefly protected by a force consisting of the battleships  and Warspite, aircraft carrier  with her aircraft, cruisers ,  and the Australian , and 11 destroyers—came under repeated aerial attack.  Both cruisers later detached from the naval force and reached the island on the 30th.

The fleet again put to sea on 8 October with the intention of supporting Malta convoy MF.3 and the Alexandria-bound convoy MF.4, while seeking to engineer an encounter with the main assets of the Italian Navy. Although Admiral Cunningham did not realise his latter objective, which was limited to an engagement with Italian destroyers, the convoys reached their respective destinations. Illustrious then conducted aerial operations against Italian installations on the island of Leros. While Liverpool and other escorts were returning from the sortie on 14 October, Italian torpedo-bombers attacked the cruiser, inflicting considerable damage to the forward section and causing fuel to be released from the aviation tank. The Liverpool was torpedoed by a Savoia-Marchetti 278-6 piloted by Capitano Massimiliano Erasi. According to Captain Read, despite the petrol being surrounded with 70 tons of water in accordance with regulation, the fuel reached the mess decks and became exposed to an electrical short circuit. The subsequent explosion, at 19:20, seriously compromised Liverpools bow structure, enveloped the forecastle in flames, and blew up the vacated "A" turret.

Liverpools crew prepared the cruiser's Carley floats and other small craft while warships, including  ?, began to arrive at the scene. Orion, screened by the anti-aircraft cruisers  and , took her in tow at the stern. While being towed on 15 October, Liverpools bow separated from the hull. Later in the day, 12 of the cruiser's sailors (including one unidentifiable at the time) were buried at sea. Three more died in the night and were buried before the two cruisers reached the port of Alexandria on 16 October. Liverpools losses in the attack had amounted to 3 officers and 27 crewmen killed and 35 crewmen wounded. Her captain transferred in late October to the battleship ; his successor being Commander Welby. According to the journal of Midshipman William Hayes, Liverpool, like nearby warships, had been forewarned of an imminent attack via radio direction finder (RDF), but the inexperienced rating on watch at his post did not report this to his superiors because of apparent confusion.

As part of the ship's interim repairs, Liverpool had a provisional false bow constructed and fitted. Once able to embark on a prolonged voyage, Liverpool steamed to the United States to have her bow reconstructed at Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, California.  The ship's presence would not be disclosed until September when the US Navy Department released a list identifying 12 ships situated in various ports. At the shipyard, Liverpool had her anti-aircraft armament increased with the addition of nine single 20 mm Oerlikon cannons. She departed in November for Britain, principally to have upgraded radar systems installed.

Second torpedoing (1942–1945)
After returning to active service, Liverpool became subordinate to the 18th Cruiser Squadron at Scapa Flow and deployed in support of the Arctic convoys. The conditions that Allied ships endured during the convoys proved extreme, with freezing weather, snowstorms, and frequent attacks by the Luftwaffe and Germany Navy. Liverpool arrived in the Arctic as a replacement for the damaged cruiser . She joined Convoy QP 10, comprising 16 merchant vessels and five destroyers, on 12 April 1942 as an escort on its journey from the Russian Kola Peninsula to Iceland. The convoy came under repeated attack from U-boats and aircraft for three days. Four vessels were sunk (two of which sank on 11 April) and one was damaged; QP 10 arrived at Reykjavík on the 21st.

In mid-May, Liverpool joined a group of warships that was to have escorted Trinidad on her return journey to Britain. After temporary repairs in Russia, Trinidad got underway on 13 May. The group that included Liverpool positioned itself west of Bear Island, in the Barents Sea, to rendezvous with the cruiser. On 14 May, Trinidad came under repeated attack and was set ablaze by bombs. The British had to evacuate and sink her the following day when the fire became uncontrollable. Liverpool and the rest of Rear-Admiral Burrough's group came under attack themselves on the return journey. On 25 May, Liverpool began escorting PQ 16, a convoy of 35 merchant vessels bound for Murmansk, the largest convoy yet undertaken in support of the Soviet Union. PQ 16 had considerable protection, including the light and heavy cruisers , Kent, and Norfolk, and numerous destroyers and submarines, with distant cover provided by the Home Fleet. Inevitably, the convoy came under attack, beginning with a sortie on 25 May that damaged the freighter SS Carlton. Sustained attacks from U-boats and at least 242 German aircraft yielded a total of seven vessels sunk on 26–27 May. The cruiser escort switched to the returning convoy QP 12 on 26 May.

Liverpool returned to the Mediterranean in June to participate in Operation Harpoon, part of the Malta Convoys. While assigned to Force W covering convoy WS.19 on 14 June, Liverpool and the convoy came under attack by at least 38 Axis aircraft. They crippled Liverpool and sunk the Dutch freighter Tanimbar, ultimately depriving the convoy of a close cruiser escort as  and  were covering Force W's aircraft carriers when Italian ships attacked the surviving merchantmen and destroyers. The torpedo that impacted Liverpools starboard side hit the engine room, partially flooding the cruiser and disabling her machinery and steering gear. Reduced to a speed of , Liverpool had to be taken under tow by the destroyer . For the rest of the day, Italian aircraft focused on Liverpool  rather than the convoy. Before arriving at Gibraltar on 17 June, the group came under further air attack and Liverpool incurred additional damage due to near misses. For Liverpool, casualties from the original attack were recorded in the ship's log as 15 killed and 22 wounded. The fatalities from the torpedoing had remained in the engine room and been affected by heat exposure, requiring the distribution of an additional tot of rum to the volunteer retrieval party.

Liverpool received temporary repairs at Gibraltar and returned to Britain in August. Although repairs at Rosyth were completed by July 1943, sufficient personnel would not be assigned to Liverpool until late 1945. At Rosyth, Liverpool underwent an extended period of refitting and maintenance. The refit upgraded Liverpools radar equipment, removed "X" turret and the aircraft catapult, and enlarged the cruiser's defensive armament (which included an increase to 28 pom-poms, in six quadruple and four single mounts, seven Bofors 40 mm guns in single mounts, and the addition of five 20 mm Oerlikon cannons).

Post-Second World War (1945–1958)
Liverpool returned to service in October 1945 to join the 15th Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet, in which she served mostly as a flagship. In October 1946, Liverpools visit to Greece was interrupted by the Corfu Channel mining of the destroyers  and . With Admiral Algernon Willis embarked, Liverpool steamed to Corfu in response, and briefly received the wounded captain of Saumarez at Corfu Bay. In April 1948, the cruiser transported Olympic torches and related items in preparation for the ceremonial prelude to the Summer Olympic Games in London.

While docked in the harbour of Alexandria on 22 January 1950, Liverpool entertained King Farouk. Given a 21-gun salute by the cruiser, Farouk met Vice-Admiral Louis Mountbatten and the ambassador to Egypt and later expressed his "pleasure at the visit and at renewing my acquaintance with the Royal Navy." In September 1951, Liverpool, as flagship of Admiral John Edelsten, became the first British warship to visit Yugoslavia post-war and was inspected by the country's leader Marshal Tito in the city of Split. It had been the Royal Navy's first official visit to the country in 12 years.

Following the abrogation of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty in October 1951, the Royal Navy dispatched vessels to Port Said after dock workers declared a strike protesting the British administration of the Suez Canal Zone. The cruisers  and Liverpool consecutively assumed responsibility for dock operations, supplying men to replace unavailable workers and guard against guerrilla attacks on facilities. In January, Egyptian media accused Liverpool of firing her guns into the port during an engagement with guerrillas, which the British military vehemently denied and attributed to misidentification.

Upon decommission in 1952, Liverpool entered the reserve at Portsmouth Naval Dockyard. Liverpool became an accommodation ship at Portsmouth and was used by  the "Senior Officer, Reserve Fleet" and his staff. Comprehensive plans were drawn up for the modernisation of HMS Liverpool. The Town class cruisers were assessed as suitable for mounting three of the new twin Mk 26 twin 6 inch guns, while the smaller Fiji and Minotaur class cruisers could accommodate only two.  HMS Belfast and HMS Liverpool as the two largest Town-class cruisers were considered priorities for modernisation in the early 1950s  and with the  Minotaur-class cruisers, HMS Superb and HMS Swiftsure, were the only wartime legacy cruisers for which a full ships cover was drawn, for modernisation with postwar weapons systems. However, the gradual rationalisation of the Royal Navy began in earnest in the 1950s under Duncan Sandys' 1957 Defence White Paper, and the reserve of at least 551 ships was abolished. With the complete withdrawal from service of wartime cruisers by the 1960s, the roles of Liverpool and her contemporaries effectively became superseded by the  guided missile destroyers and the three cruisers of the . Liverpool was sold in 1958 for breaking up at Bo'Ness, Scotland; more than 12 months elapsed before the vessel had been completely dismantled.

Notes

References
 Basset, Ronald (1988). HMS Sheffield: The Life and Times of "Old Shiny". Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. .
 Best, Anthony (1995). Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbor: Avoiding War in East Asia, 1936–41. London: Routledge. .
 Bishop, Chris (2002). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York: Sterling Publishing. .
 Brown, Paul (2009). Britain's Historic Ships: The Ships That Shaped a Nation. London: Anova Books. .
 Bunker, John (2006), Heroes in Dungarees: The Story of the American Merchant Marine in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. .

 Clark, Chris (2001). The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. .
 Colledge, J.J.; Warlow, Ben [1970] (2010). Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy. London: Casemate. .
 Connell, G.G. (1979). Valiant Quartet: His Majesty's Anti-Aircraft Cruisers Curlew, Cairo, Calcutta, and Coventry. London: William Kimber. .
 Coulter, J.L.S. (1954). The Royal Naval Medical Service, Volume II: Operations, History of the Second World War. London: HMSO. OCLC 59027794.
 Edwards, Bernard (2002). The Road to Russia: Arctic Convoys 1942. Annapolis, MD. Naval Institute Press.
 Fitzsimons, Bernard (1969), The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare, Volume 22. New York: Columbia House. OCLC 177305886.

 George, James L. (1998). History of Warships: From Ancient Times to the Twenty-First Century, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. .
 Gill, G. Hermon (1957). Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942, Volume I, archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial; reprinted electronically by the Australian War Memorial, awm.gov.au. Retrieved 14 September 2010. OCLC 848228.
 Haggie, Paul (1981). Britannia at Bay: The Defence of the British Empire Against Japan, 1931–1941. Oxford: Clarendon Press. .
 Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945: Its Organization, Defence and Operation. Ontario: Vanwell Publishing. .
 Hill, J. R.; Ranft, Bryan (2002). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. London: Oxford University Press. .
 Kemp, Paul (2004). Convoy: Drama in Arctic Waters. Edison, NJ: Castle Books. .
 Leggett, Eric (1974). The Corfu Incident. London: Seeley. .
 Marder, Arthur Jacob. (1981). Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy. London: Oxford University Press. .

 Morris, Douglas (1987). Cruisers of the Royal and Commonwealth Navies. Cornwall: Maritime Books. .
 Moses, Sam (2006). At All Costs: How a Crippled Ship and Two American Merchant Mariners Turned the Tide of World War II. New York: Random House Trade. .
 O'Brien, Phillips Payson (2001). Technology and Naval Combat in the 20th Century and Beyond. London: Routledge. .
 Preston, Antony (1987). History of the Royal Navy in the 20th Century. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. .

 Read, A.D. (1949). Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects. London: Royal Institution of Naval Architects.
 Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. .
 Roskill, Stephen Wentworth (1954). The War at Sea, 1939–1945, Volume II: The Period of Balance, History of the Second World War. London: HMSO; reprinted electronically by ibiblio, ibiblio.org. Retrieved 20 September 2010. OCLC 603469054.
 Smith, Peter C. (2002). Pedestal. Manchester: Crécy Publishing. .
 Smith, Peter Charles; Dominy, John (1981). Cruisers in Action, 1939–1945. London: William Kimber. .
 Stevens, David (2005). The Royal Australian Navy in World War II. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. .
 Titterton, G.A. [1952] (2002), The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean, Volume I. Naval Staff Histories. London: Routledge. .
 Tovey, John C. (1950). Convoys to North Russia, 1942, Supplement to the London Gazette (39041). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Retrieved 14 September 2010.

 Waters, Sydney David [1956] (2004), The Royal New Zealand Navy, Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs; reprinted electronically Official War History project, Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Electronic Text Centre, nzetc.org. Retrieved 8 September 2010. OCLC 11085179.
 Wettern, Desmond (1982). The Decline of British Seapower. London: Jane's. .
 Whitley, M. J. (2000). Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Caxton Editions .

External links

 Service History of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2: HMS Liverpool – Town-type Light Cruiser
 HMS Liverpool: History, royal-navy.mod.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2008.

Town-class cruisers (1936)
Ships built in Govan
1937 ships
World War II cruisers of the United Kingdom
Cold War cruisers of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in October 1941
Maritime incidents in June 1942

HMS Liverpool (C11)


An Sporobolus consimilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Baptist Georg Wolfgang Fresenius. An Sporobolus consimilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sporobolus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sporobolus

Sporobolus consimilis


Elizabeth Maria Hesselblad () a fost o asistentă medicală suedeză care s-a convertit la Biserica Romano-Catolică. Ea a reînființat și a condus Ordinul Mântuitorului, înființat de sfânta Brigita a Suediei.

A fost beatificată de papa Ioan Paul al II-lea în data de 9 aprilie 2000 și canonizată de papa Francisc în data de 5 iunie 2016. Slujba canonizării a fost oficiată în Piața Sfântul Petru din Roma.

Ca o recunoaștere a faptelor de eroism din timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, când a salvat viața multor evrei în Holocaust, Elizabeth Maria Hesselblad a fost onorată de Statul Israel cu cetățenia de onoare și titlul de Drept între Popoare (2004).

Distincții
 Israel: Drept între Popoare și cetățenia de onoare a Israelului (2004);
 Ordinul Suveran de Malta: Ordinul Pro Merito Melitensi

Referințe

Nașteri în 1870
Decese în 1957
Sfinți romano-catolici
Suedezi
Drept între popoare
Infirmiere
Decese pe 24 aprilie
Călugărițe creștine

Elizabeth Hesselblad


Colin Baker, (født 8 juni 1943 i London), er en britisk skuespiller mest kendt som den sjette inkarnationen af Doktoren i BBC-serien Doctor Who.

Baker spillede i Doctor Who mellem årene 1984 og 1986.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra England
Personer fra London

Colin Baker (skuespiller)


Count de Sade Donatien Alphonse François (උපත:1740 විපත:1814) වඩාත් ප්‍රකට වූයේ මාර්ක්විස් ඩි සේඩ් යන නමිනි. ලේඛකයෙකි. පැරිස් නුවර දී උපත ලැබී ය. ඔහුගේ අතිශය කෲරතර පරපීඩක ලිංගික චර්යාවන් නිසා ඒක්ස්(Aix) හිදී ඔහුට මරණ දඬුවම නියම විය. ඔහු පලා ගිය නමුදු, අත්තඩගුවට ගනු ලදුව වින්සෙන්ස්(1777) හා බැස්ටීල්(1784) බන්ධනාගාරයන්හි රඳවා තබනු ලැබිණි. 1784 දී පමණ ඔහු The 120 Days of Sodom කෘතිය රචනා කළේ ය. පරපීඩක කාමය හැඳින්වීමට යොදන සේඩිසම් (Sadism) යන වදන බිහි වූයේ මොහුගේ නමිනි.

චරිත කතා
1740 උපත්
1814 මරණ

මාර්ක්විස් ඩි සේඩ්


Spreadsheet එකක් හෝ පැතුරුම් පතක් යනු පරිගණකය තුළ ඇති ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික කොටුරූල් කොළයක් (Electronic Grid) හෝ කොටුරූල් පොතක් ලෙස පැහැදිලි කළ හැකිය. මෙහි ඕනෑම කොටුවකට පෙළක්, එනම් වචනයක් හෝ වචන සමූහයක් (Text) , අගයක් (Value), සූත්‍රයක් (Formula) යන ඕනෑම දෙයක් ඇතුළු  කළ හැකි වන අතර විශේෂ ගණනය කිරීම් සඳහා ම වෙන් වූ  ශ්‍රිත (Functions) ගණනාවක් ද ඕනෑම පැතුරුම් පතක අන්තර්ගත කර ඇත.

මුල් යුගයේ බොහෝ පැතුරුම්පත්වල එක් පිටුවක් පමණක් තිබූ අතර එයට උදාහරණ ලෙස Visicalc හා Multiplan  යන පැතුරුම්පත් නම් කළ හැකිය. මේවායින් Visicalc නම් පැතුරුම්පත පළමු පැතුරුම්පත ලෙස සැලකෙන අතර එය නිර්මාණය වූයේ Apple II නම් වූ පරිගණකයටයි.

පසු කලෙක මෙම ලැයිස්තුවට SuperCalc හා Quattro Pro යන ඒවා ද එකතු විය. ක්‍රම ක්‍රමයෙන් පැතුරුම්පත්වලට පිටු බොහෝ ගණනක් එකතු වූ අතර එයට උදාහරණ වශයෙන් Lotus 123  මෙන්ම MS Excel හා OpenOffice.org Calc ද දැක්විය හැකිය.

මුල් කාලයේ සිටම පැතුරුම්පත්වල ගුණාත්මක බව ඉතා ඉහළ මට්ටමක පැවතිණි. Visicalc නම් පැතුරුම්පතෙහි ද ගණිතමය හා මූල්‍ය අංශයේ බොහෝ ගණනය කිරීම් සඳහා ශ්‍රිත ගණනාවක් තිබීම අද කෙනෙකුට විශ්වාස නොකළ හැකි තරමේ කාරණයක් වනු ඇත. Lotus 123 (Version 2.0) වන විට න්‍යාස ගුණනය (Matrix Multiplication) මඟින් සමගාමී සමීකරණ (Simultaneous Equations) විසඳීමේ පහසුකම පවා පැතුරුම්පතට ඇතුළු කර තිබීම මෙයට දිය හැකි හොඳම උදාහරණයකි.

Lotus 123 නම් පැතුරුම්පත ලෝකයට බිහි වීමත් සමඟම පැතුරුම්පතකින් ප්‍රධාන අවශ්‍යතා තුනක් ඉෂ්ඨ කර ගත හැකි විය. ඒවා නම් පැතුරුම්පතක කොටු භාවිතා කාරමින් සාමාන්‍ය ගැටළු විසඳීම (Spreadsheet Applications), ඇතුළු කළ දත්ත මඟින් අවශ්‍ය ප්‍රස්ථාරයක් ලබා ගැනීම හා දත්ත ඇතුළු කිරීමේදී ඒවා දත්ත ගොනු (Databases) ලෙස ඇතුළු කිරීමෙන් දත්ත ගොනුවලට අදාල ගැටලු විසඳීම යන කාරණා තුනයි. Lotus 123 වල 123 යන ඉලක්කම් 3න් හැඟවෙන්නේ මෙයයි.

පැතුරුම්පත්

පැතුරුම් පත්


Operacija Zid naziv je za obrambene pripreme i moguće napadne mjere Zbornoga područja Osijek Hrvatske vojske u sklopu operacije Bljeska. Akcija nije bila tek pasivne naravi t.j. trpljenje srpskih zračnih, topničkih i pješačkih napada. U slučaju aktiviranja srpskog napada, diplomatskih prepreka više nije bilo s obzirom na srpsko kršenje primirja na tom dijelu bojišta i hrvatske snage smjele su prijeći u protunapad i oslobađanje sjeveroistoka Hrvatske. HV je ovim planom predvidila izravno uključivanje SRJ. Slična je operaciji Fenixu sprovedenoj nekoliko mjeseci poslije.

Cilj
Operacijom se htjeli spriječiti prodor srpskih snaga preko crte razdvajanja u sjeveroistočnoj Hrvatskoj. Vojska Jugoslavije imala je vojne planove akcija za obranu osvajačkih stečevina (plan Kopaonik, plan Drina, plan Gvozd).

Usprkos obvezivanju prema tim planovima, nije se uplela. Jedino što je poduzela jest na teritoriju SRJ na dijelu ka okupiranom hrvatskom Podunavlju gdje je poduzela mjere osiguranja i pripravnosti.

Izvori

Domovinski rat

Operacija Zid


A Sociedade Matemática Chinesa (CMS, ) é uma organização acadêmica para matemáticos chineses. É membro da Associação Chinesa de Ciência e Tecnologia. O objetivo do CMS é unir matemáticos chineses para promover o desenvolvimento da matemática, impulsionar a ciência e tecnologia chinesas, estimular o crescimento e o avanço dos talentos científicos e tecnológicos, além de contribuir para a revitalização da economia, promovendo a construção de duas civilizações, e acelerando a modernização socialista da China.

História
A Sociedade Matemática Chinesa foi fundada em julho de 1935 em Xangai. A conferência inaugural foi realizada na biblioteca da Universidade Jiao Tong de Xangai em 25 de julho, e 33 pessoas compareceram à reunião. Seus membros fundadores incluíam Hu Dunfu, Feng Zuxun, Zhou Meiquan, Jiang Lifu, Xiong Qinglai, Chen Jiangong, Gu Deng, Su Buqing, Jiang Zehan, Qian Baozong e Fu Zhongsun.

Ciência e tecnologia na China
Sociedades de matemática

Sociedade Matemática Chinesa


Das Wasserkraftwerk McCormick () ist ein Speicherkraftwerk in der kanadischen Provinz Québec. Es befindet sich in der Region Côte-Nord, etwa drei Kilometer westlich von Baie-Comeau und kurz vor der Mündung des Rivière Manicouagan. Zusammen mit dem benachbarten Wasserkraftwerk Manic-1 nutzt es den Réservoir Manic 1 als Stausee. Das Kraftwerk besitzt acht Francis-Turbinen, die installierte Leistung beträgt 304 MW bei einer Fallhöhe von 37,8 Metern.

Geschichte
Benannt ist das Kraftwerk nach Robert R. McCormick (1880–1955), dem Besitzer und Herausgeber der Zeitung Chicago Tribune. 1936 ließ er eine Papierfabrik errichten, die zwei Jahre später ihren Betrieb aufnahm. Damit gab er auch den Anstoß zur Gründung der Stadt Baie-Comeau in der bisher weitgehend unberührten Gegend. Um die Papierfabrik und weitere Industriebetriebe mit genügend Energie versorgen zu können, vereinbarte er eine Partnerschaft mit dem Aluminiumkonzern Alcoa. 1951 begann der Bau des Wasserkraftwerks, das am 18. Juli 1953 in Betrieb genommen wurde.

McCormicks Anteil von 60 % an der Manicouagan Power Company ging später an den Papierkonzern AbitibiBowater über, während Alcoa seinen Anteil von 40 % bis heute hält. Bereits in den 1950er Jahren erfolgte die erste Kapazitätserweiterung, ermöglicht durch den Bau eines Regulierungsbauwerks am Rivière Toulnustouc durch Hydro-Québec im Jahr 1959. Da das Kraftwerk McCormick ausschließlich für seine Besitzer und nicht für den allgemeinen Bedarf produzierte, war es von der Verstaatlichung der Quebecer Elektrizitätswirtschaft im Jahr 1963 ausgenommen.

Nachdem AbitibiBowater Gläubigerschutz beantragen musste, um den Konkurs abzuwenden, wurde der 60-Prozent-Anteil am Kraftwerk McCormick im Dezember 2009 für 615 Millionen CAD an Hydro-Québec verkauft.

Einzelnachweise

Wasserspeicherkraftwerk in Nordamerika
Wasserspeicherkraftwerk in Kanada
Hydro-Québec-Kraftwerk
Bauwerk in Québec
Erbaut in den 1950er Jahren
Côte-Nord

Wasserkraftwerk McCormick


Raluca Maria Petruș (n. 26 decembrie 1998, în Cluj-Napoca) este o handbalistă română care joacă pentru clubul Minaur Baia Mare pe postul de intermediar stânga. Petruș a fost componentă a echipei naționale pentru junioare a României și echipei naționale pentru tineret a României.

Biografie
Raluca Petruș este fata antrenoarei Rodica Petruș și și-a efectuat perioada de juniorat în handbal la echipa Clubului Sportiv Școlar "Viitorul" Cluj. Din 2014, ea a fost dublu legitimată, la "Viitorul" și "U" Alexandrion Cluj.

În 2015, handbalista a fost convocată la echipa U17 a României pentru a participa la ediția din acel an a FOTE și la Campionatul European din Macedonia, iar în 2016 a jucat la Campionatul Mondial din Slovacia.

În 2016–2017, Petruș a evoluat la Dinamo București, revenind apoi la "U" Cluj. În 2018, ea a făcut parte din echipa U20 la Campionatul Mondial din Ungaria. La sfârșitul sezonului 2018-2019, s-a transferat la SCM Gloria Buzău, iar în februarie 2022 s-a transferat la CS Minaur Baia Mare.

Palmares
Campionatul European U17
Locul IV: 2015

Liga Europeană:
Locul 4 (Turneul Final Four): 2022
Turul 3: 2021, 2022

 Cupa României:
 Câștigătoare: 2021
 Medalie de bronz: 2020

Supercupa României:
 Câștigătoare: 2021

Note

Legături externe
Raluca Petruș pe pagina EHF

Jucătoare de handbal din România
Nașteri în 1998
Sportivi români în viață
Handbaliste ale CS Universitatea Cluj-Napoca
Clujeni

Raluca Petruș


Bulgaristan'daki Kırım Tatarları, Bulgaristan'da yaşayan Kırım Tatarı azınlığıdır. Yapılan nüfus sayımına göre 2001 yılında ülkede 1803 Kırım Tatarı yaşamaktaydı. Bu kişilerin çoğu, 1860'lı yıllarda ülkeye gelmiştir. Bazı kaynaklara göre 1860'larda Bulgaristan'a gelen Kırım Tatarı sayısı 110,000 idi. Daha sonra bu kişilerin bir kısmı Bulgaristan'dan göç etmiştir.

bu bölgeler 1900'lü yıllarda Romanya'nın olduğu için Tatarlar aslında Romanya'da yaşamaktadır. Türkiye'ye göç eden Tatar Türklerinin çoğu Eskişehir'dedir. Meşhur yemekleri cantık ve çiğ börektir

1920 sonrası Atatürk Romanya'ya gönderdiği gemilerle Tatar Türklerini savaştan Türkiye ye getirtip Türkiye'de çeşitli yerlere yerleştirmiştir. Edirne, Çanakkale gibi yerlerde tatarlara yer vermiştir.

Bulgaristan'daki Kırım Tatarları'nın en çok yaşadığı bölgeler ise Varna, Tatar Pazarcık, Balçık kadı-köy Dobriç ve Şumnu'dur.

Kaynakça

Kırım Tatarları
Kırım Tatarları
Romanya Tatarları

Bulgaristan'daki Kırım Tatarları


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 8 Aralık - Wang Anshi, Çinli ekonomist, devlet adamı ve şair (ö. 1086)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Eudokia Makrembolitissa, Bizans İmparatoru X. Konstantinos'un ikinci karısı (ö. 1096)

Ölümler
 Hâkim, Fâtımî halifesi (d. 985)

1021


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Astronomske pojave
 7. veljače  prstenasta pomrčina Sunca
 1. kolovoza  potpuna pomrčina Sunca

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Astronomija u 2008.


بطولة  كوبا أمريكا 1993  لكرة القدم هي النسخة السادسة والثلاثون من مسابقة كأس أمم أمريكا الجنوبية لكرة القدم والتي استضافتها الإكوادور. تمكن خلالها منتخب الأرجنتين من الظفر باللقب، بعد أن فاز على المكسيك 2-1. شارك جميع أعضاء كونميبول (10) في البطولة، بالإضافة إلى المكسيك والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والتي دعيت إلى البطولة كمنتخبات زائرة والوصول إلى 12 فريقا.

البطولة

دور المجموعات
قسمت الفرق إلى ثلاث مجموعات كل مجموعة أربعة فرق. جرى تشكيل مجموعات من قبل اتحاد أمريكا الجنوبية لكرة القدم من خلال القرعة.
كل فريق يلعب مباراة واحدة ضد كل من الفرق الأخرى ضمن نفس المجموعة. ويتم منح ثلاثة (3) نقاط للفوز ونقطة للتعادل وصفر للخسارة.
يتأهل الحاصلون على المراكز الأولى والثانية من كل مجموعة مباشرة إلى الدور ربع النهائي، ويتم اختيار أفضل فريق صاحب المركز الثالث وثاني أفضل فريق صاحب المركز الثالث للتقدم إلى الدور ربع النهائي.

نظام كسر التعادل.

إذا تساوى فريقين بالنفاط يتم اللجوء إلى كسر التعادل حسب التسلسل:
 أكبر فارق الأهداف في بمجموع مباريات الفريق في المجموعة ؛
 أكبر عدد من الأهداف سجل بمجموع مباريات الفريق في المجموعة ؛
 الفائز في المواجهة المباشرة بين الفريقين.؛
 سحب القرعة.

المجموعة A

المجموعة B

المجموعة C

أفضل مركز ثالث
في نهاية المرحلة الأولى، تمت المقارنة لأفضل فريقين صاحبة المركز الثالث في كل مجموعة لتتقدم إلى الدور ربع النهائي.

باراغواي (أفضل مركز ثالث) والمكسيك (ثاني أفضل مركز ثالث) تأهلت لدور الثمانية.

المرحلة النهائية

دور ربع النهائي

دور نصف النهائي

المركز الثالث

النهائي

الفائز

الهدافين

4 أهداف
  خوسيه لويس دولغيتا

3 أهداف
  غابرييل باتيستوتا
  بالينا
  ناي افيلس
  ادواردو هورتادو
  خوسيه دل سولار

 هدفين
  مولر
  ريتشارد زامبرانو
  ادولفو فالنسيا
  أليكس أجويناجا
  انغل فرنانديز
  لويس روبرتو الفيس
  البرتو غارسيا اسبي
  ديفيد باتينيو
  فرناندو كانبكس
  مارسيلو ساراليغي

بالخطأ في مرماه
  ماريو راميريز

 هدف وحيد
  ليوناردو رودريغيز
  اوسكار روجيري
  دييغو سيميوني
  ماركو ايتشيفيري
  ادموندو
  خوسيه لويس سييرا
  فيكتور اريستيزابال
  اورلاندو ماتورانا
  لويس كارلوس بيريا
  فريدي رينكون
  انطونيو كارلوس مونيوز
  راوول نورييغا
  بنجامين غاليندو
  رامون راميريز
  هوغو سانشيز
  روبيرتو كاباناس
  لويس مونزون
  خوان رينوسو
  سانتياغو استولازا
  اليكسي لالاس
  كريس هاندرسون
  دومينيك كينير
  ميغيل تشيناسي
  ستالين ريفاس

إحصاءات

وصلات خارجية
 Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation Copa América 1993

هوامش

الإكوادور في 1993
أحداث يوليو 1993 الرياضية
أحداث يوليو 1993 الرياضية في أمريكا الجنوبية
أحداث يونيو 1993 الرياضية
أحداث يونيو 1993 الرياضية في أمريكا الجنوبية
غواياكيل في القرن 20
كيتو في القرن 20
بطولات كوبا أمريكا
كرة القدم الأمريكية الجنوبية في 1993
كرة القدم الإكوادورية في 1993
ماتشالا
منافسات رياضية في غواياكيل
منافسات رياضية في كيتو
منافسات كرة قدم دولية تستضيفها الإكوادور
أمباتو

كوبا أمريكا 1993


Et cetera, çoğunlukla etc. olarak kısaltılan (&c. ve &/c. arkaik kısaltmalarındandır) Latince söz; "ve diğerleri" anlamındadır. Genellikle, bir tür tanımlar dizesinin mantıki açıdan devamını anlatmak için kullanılır. Örneğin:

Birçok sebzeye ihtiyacımız var: pırasa, ıspanak, kereviz, et cetera.

Türkçede et cetera veya, etc. yerine vs., vb., vd. kullanılır, ki sözcük olarak karşılıkları, vs: "vesaire", vb: "ve benzeri", vd: "ve diğerleri" dir.

İngilizcede vs. veya vb. kısaltmaları yerine et cetera sözünün kısaltması olan etc. kullanılır ve her zaman önünde bir virgül, sonunda bir nokta bulunmalıdır.

İnsanların geçtiği liste veya dizilerde et cetera - etc. yerine, et al. kullanılır ki bu et alii sözünü kısaltmasıdır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Latince deyişler
 Latince kısaltmalar listesi

Latince deyişler
Kısaltmalar

Et cetera


John Cradock Maples, Baron Maples (22 April 1943 – 9 June 2012) was a British politician and life peer who served as Economic Secretary to the Treasury from 1989 to 1992. A member of the Conservative Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Lewisham West from 1983 to 1992 and Stratford-upon-Avon from 1997 to 2010.

Early life
John Cradock Maples was born at Fareham, Hampshire. His father, a businessman, lived in the Wirral; he was educated at Marlborough College, before going up to Downing College, Cambridge, where he read law, and played hockey for the college and performed with the Footlights. Maples received an MA in 1964, and later studied at the Harvard Business School. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1965.

In the 1960s, Maples founded the Cayman Islands law firm of Maples and Calder with James MacDonald and Douglas Calder.

Parliamentary career

1983–1992: MP for Lewisham West
Maples was the MP for Lewisham West from 1983, until he lost the seat at the 1992 general election. His business background attracted him to the Treasury benches: Margaret Thatcher appointed him Parliamentary Private Secretary to Norman Lamont, then Economic Secretary to the Treasury. On Nigel Lawson's resignation in 1989, Lamont was made Chief Secretary to the Treasury, with Maples moving up to take Lamont's former role. During his time as Economic Secretary from 1989 to 1990, Maples was instrumental in working with David Cameron on the policy to enter the Exchange Rate Mechanism, with the pound sterling pegged designed to track the German deutschmark. In 1990, Maples had been appointed as Economic Secretary before the change of Prime Ministers. He dealt with the BCCI (Bank of Credit and Commerce International) case. The Arab bank was based in London, and fell prey to the subsequent Arms to Iraq scandals and collapsed, bankrupting its depositors. He was also responsible for monitoring the Bank of England's monetary policy, which included bank regulation.

At the 1992 general election he lost the Lewisham seat to Labour. He returned to the House of Commons at the following general election, in 1997; in the interim he was Chairman of Saatchi and Saatchi, the advertising and lobbying group, which had supported Thatcher.

1997–2010: MP for Stratford-on-Avon
In 1995, after Stratford-upon-Avon MP Alan Howarth defected to Labour, Maples won the selection battle to replace him as Conservative candidate for the constituency, defeating local resident Maureen Hicks, former MP for Wolverhampton North East, who had likewise lost her seat in 1992. Maples went on to be elected for the seat, which was one of the Conservatives' safest, in 1997. He was re-elected in both the 2001 and 2005 general elections.

Maples was a member of William Hague's shadow cabinet from 1997 to 2000, holding the Health, Defence and Foreign Policy briefs in succession. While Shadow Foreign Secretary, he was caught apparently calling for Britain to help Vladimir Putin in the Second Chechen War, by saying that "because there is nothing we can do about it anyway."

In the reshuffle prompted by the return of Michael Portillo to the front bench, he lost his job to Francis Maude and left the shadow cabinet. Maples had been widely believed to be one of the main "plotters" behind the downfall of then Conservative party leader Iain Duncan Smith.

He returned to front bench politics in a minor reshuffle in November 2006, when David Cameron appointed him Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party with responsibility for candidate selection. He replaced ex-shadow cabinet minister Bernard Jenkin. Because of Cameron's high-profile attempts to have more female and minority candidates selected, which met with some opposition from local parties, the post was seen as an important one. Maples was a Cameron loyalist, and elevated to the House of Lords in July 2010. While an MP, Maples was president of the Conservative Friends of Israel.

In the 2009 MP's expenses scandal it emerged that Maples had claimed the Royal Automobile Club as his principal residence though according to his obituary he immediately denied any wrongdoing.
On 10 January 2010, Maples announced that he would stand down from the House of Commons at the general election which was held that May.

2010–2012: Life peer
On 24 June 2010, in the Dissolution Honours List, Maples was created a Life Peer as Baron Maples, of Stratford-upon-Avon in the County of Warwickshire.

During a Lords debate on voting reform in November 2010, Lord Maples compared Lewisham West unfavourably with his other former constituency, Stratford-upon-Avon, stating that they "could not be more different". He claimed that Lewisham West was "three square miles of concrete", did not have an "identity", and that many of its constituents "did not know which borough they lived in". He added that Stratford-upon-Avon had a "very articulate" electorate and Lewisham West had "immigration and housing problems". Lord Maples was working on the Financial Services Bill from the joint Parliamentary Finance Committee.

Personal life
Maples married designer Lawry Kennedy (1946–1982), who was one of the first people to renovate early 1900s brick townhouses to help gentrify abandoned and rundown areas in Boston in the United States and London in England.  They married on the Rhode Island oceanfront in July 1976; she divorced him in July 1980. He married journalist Jane Corbin in December 1986 in Westminster. The couple had a son and a daughter.

Maples died in Westminster, London, on 9 June 2012 from cancer, aged 69; his death was announced in the Lords by Baroness D'Souza.

References

External links
 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: John Maples MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com – John Maples MP

 Interview on On The Record in December 1999
 BBC Politics page

News items
 Speech at 1999 Conservative conference
 Answering questions on BBC News Online in July 1999

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1943 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge
Deaths from cancer in England
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English barristers
Harvard Business School alumni
Members of the Inner Temple
People educated at Marlborough College
People from Fareham
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010

John Maples


Jörg Immendorff (14 June 1945 – 28 May 2007) was a German painter, sculptor, stage designer and art professor. He was a member of the art movement Neue Wilde.

Early life and education
Immendorff was born in Bleckede, Lower Saxony, near Lüneburg on the west bank of the Elbe. When he was 11 years old, his father left the family. This traumatic experience has been used to explain Immendorff's later feelings of inadequacy and emotional remoteness.
He attended the boarding School ←Ernst-Kalkuhl Gymnasium as a student. At the age of sixteen he had his first exhibition in a jazz cellar in Bonn.

Beginning in 1963, Immendorff studied at the Art Academy in Düsseldorf (Kunstakademie Düsseldorf). Initially he studied for three terms with the theater designer Teo Otto. After Otto threw him out of his class for refusing to let one of his paintings serve as stage-set decoration, Immendorff was accepted as a student by Joseph Beuys. The academy expelled him because of some of his (left-wing) political activities and neo-dadaist actions.

From 1969 to 1980, Immendorff worked as an art teacher at a public school, and then as a free artist, holding visiting professorships all over Europe.
In 1989, he became professor at the Städelschule in Frankfurt am Main and in 1996 he became professor at the Art Academy in Düsseldorf—the same school that had dismissed him decades earlier as a student. His master students at the Düsseldorf Art Academy included Oda Jaune and Renata Jaworska.

Work

Jörg Immendorff often worked in "grand cycles of paintings" that often lasted years at a time and were political in nature. Notable cycles include LIDL, Maoist Paintings, Cafè Deutschland , and The Rake's Progress.

LIDL
The first body of work that Immendorff gave a name to were his LIDL paintings, sculptures, performances, and documents, that he executed during 1968–1970. The name, "LIDL" was inspired by the sound of a child's rattle makes and much of his work from this period included the iconography of new beginnings and innocence. LIDL is comparable to Dadaist but unlike the Dadist movement it never became an established group but rather consisted of a variety of artists (including James Lee Byars, Marcel Broodthaers, Nam June Paik, and Joseph Beuys) participating in actions and activities. The art-historian Pamela Kort wrote this of Immendorf's LIDL works:

"LIDL ridiculed elitist art traditions, the cult of creative 'genius', and the precious aesthetic object. The artist countered these hierarchies by assembling a body of pretentious iconographic motifs drawn from the make-believe world of the child – turtles, dogs, goldfish, playhouses, and polar bears – which he transformed into the 'working material' of what he hoped would be a new functional art form."

In January 1968 he appeared in front of the West German Parliament in Bonn with a wood block labeled "Lidl" tethered to his ankle and painted in the colors of the German flag; he was subsequently arrested for defaming the flag.

Café  Deutschland
Best known is his Café Deutschland series of sixteen large paintings (1977–1984) that were inspired by  Renato Guttuso's  Caffè Greco; in these crowded colorful pictures, Immendorff had disco-goers symbolize the conflict between East and West Germany. Since the 1970s, he worked closely with the painter A. R. Penck from Dresden (in East Germany). Immendorff was a member of the German art movement Neue Wilde.

Other activities
Immendorff created several stage designs, including two for the Salzburg Festival. He designed sets for the operas Elektra and The Rake's Progress. The latter also inspired a series of paintings in which he cast himself as the rake.

In 1984, Immendorff opened the bar La Paloma near the Reeperbahn in Hamburg St. Pauli and created a large bronze sculpture of Hans Albers there. He also contributed to the design of André Heller's avant-garde amusement park "Luna, Luna" in 1987. For three months, from 1987 until 1988, Immendorff was the foreign artist in residence at the Auckland Art Gallery in New Zealand, attracting a lot of attention in the local scene there.
Immendorff created various sculptures; one spectacular example is a 25 m tall iron sculpture in the form of an oak tree trunk, erected in Riesa in 1999.

In 2006, Immendorff selected 25 of his paintings for an illustrated Bible. In the foreword he described his belief in God.

Exhibitions
A major 2019 survey began at the Haus der Kunst in Munich and later traveled later to the Museo Reina Sofía in Madrid and the Fondazione Querini Stampalia in Venice, curated by Francesco Bonami.

Personal life
In 2000, Immendorff married his former student Oda Jaune. The two had a daughter, Ida, who was born on 13 August 2001.

In August 2003, Immendorff was caught in the luxury suite of the Steigenberger Parkhotel in Düsseldorf with seven prostitutes (and four more on their way) and some cocaine. More cocaine was found in his studio; all in all, the found substances contained 6.6 grams of pure cocaine, above the legal threshold for personal use. In interviews, Immendorff attempted to explain his actions with his terminal illness and as an expression of his "orientalism" that provided inspiration for his work. He also complained about prostitutes "who don't understand that a good whore does not divulge anything about her clients." He cooperated with the prosecution, admitted to having taken cocaine since the early 1990s and supplied the name of his dealer. At the trial in July 2004, he admitted to having organized 27 similar orgies between February 2001 and August 2003. He was sentenced to 11 months on probation and was fined €150,000. The mild sentence was justified with Immendorff's illness and his extensive confession. He had been suspended from his position at the university but was reinstated after the verdict.

In March 2004, a woman attempted to blackmail Immendorff, threatening to divulge further details of the orgies. Immendorff notified the police and she was arrested. Her trial started in September 2004.

Disease and death
Immendorff was diagnosed with ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) in 1998. When he could not paint with his left hand any more, he switched to the right. In 2004 he funded a stipend to research the disease.

In November 2005, he was treated by emergency physicians and was admitted to a hospital, where a tracheotomy had to be performed to help him breathe. As of 2006, he used a wheelchair full-time and did not paint anymore; instead he directed his assistants to paint following his instructions.

On 27 May 2007, at the age of 61, he succumbed to the disease. He died in Düsseldorf and his ashes were scattered in the Mediterranean Sea. In his will, he left his entire estate, estimated at €15–18 million, to his wife. A 12-year-old son from a former relationship who never knew his father went to court over the size of his legitime.

Recognition
In 1997, Immendorf won the world's best endowed art prize at the time, the MARCO prize of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Monterrey, Mexico. In the following year he received the merit medal (Bundesverdienstkreuz) of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Immendorf was considered a friend and the favorite painter of former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, who chose him to paint his official portrait for the Federal Chancellery. The portrait, which was completed by Immendorff's assistants, was revealed to the public in January 2007; the massive work has ironic character, showing the former Chancellor in stern heroic pose, in the colors of the German flag, painted in the style of an icon, surrounded by little monkeys. These "painter monkeys" were a recurring theme in Immendorff's work, serving as an ironic commentary on the artist's business.

Art market
In 2008, the Estate of the Artist contested the authenticity of a work that was offered at an auction, and the work was withdrawn from the sale. The artist's widow sought permission to have the work destroyed, which was granted in 2012 after the work was declared a fake. The original owner of the piece contested this ruling, and in 2014 the High Regional Court of Düsseldorf overruled the decision, claiming the authenticity of the work was "irrelevant."

External links
 Jörg Immendorff in The Guardian 2021.

References

1945 births
2007 deaths
People from Bleckede
Neurological disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from motor neuron disease
20th-century German painters
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century German male artists
Modern painters
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Academic staff of Kunstakademie Düsseldorf
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century German male artists
German male sculptors
German contemporary artists
Neo-expressionist artists
Students of Joseph Beuys

Jörg Immendorff


As cartas dos índios Camarões, também conhecidas como cartas tupis dos Camarões, são uma série de seis correspondências trocadas entre índios potiguaras durante o ano de 1645, na primeira metade do século XVII, no contexto das invasões holandesas ao Brasil. São os primeiros e únicos textos conhecidos escritos por indígenas até a Independência do Brasil. Também são o único registro de indígenas alfabetizados que escreveram em tupi antigo no Período Colonial. Atualmente, as correspondências estão guardadas nos arquivos da Real Biblioteca de Haia, nos Países Baixos, lá preservadas há quase 400 anos.

Embora já fossem conhecidas desde 1885 e tenham-se verificado tentativas anteriores de tradução, as correspondências só tiveram o completo deciframento de seu conteúdo publicado pela primeira vez em outubro de 2022 pelo filólogo Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, que também as transcreveu e comentou.

Uma sétima carta foi encontrada recentemente no Arquivo Nacional, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro.

Contexto

Em 1624, por meio da Companhia das Índias Ocidentais, os holandeses organizaram uma invasão ao Nordeste brasileiro, a qual não logrou êxito. Nesse sentido, voltaram eles ao continente europeu juntamente com alguns indígenas, dentre os quais estavam Antônio Paraupaba e Pedro Poti, posteriormente convertidos ao calvinismo na Europa, onde viveram por cinco anos. Ambos foram alfabetizados em neerlandês.

Cinco anos depois, em 1630, os holandeses novamente invadiram Pernambuco a fim de estabelecer uma colônia no Brasil. Vindo com mais de sete mil homens e uma esquadra de 67 navios, eles obtiveram sucesso e, em 1640, já dominavam uma considerável porção do litoral nordestino — Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte e Sergipe.

Em 1644, contudo, João Maurício de Nassau retornou aos Países Baixos. Era ele quem conseguia manter em equilíbrio as complicadas relações entre a Companhia das Índias Ocidentais e os endividados senhores de engenho, além de fazer prevalecer a liberdade religiosa.

Dessa forma, em decorrência da constante cobrança de dívidas, os produtores de cana-de-açúcar começaram a visar à expulsão dos neerlandeses. Também após a partida de Maurício de Nassau, sucederam-se conflitos religiosos: em julho de 1645, fiéis católicos foram massacrados por holandeses em Cunhaú, na cidade de Canguaretama, e, em outubro, outra matança foi registrada, agora em Uruaçu. Assim, nesse mesmo ano, iniciou-se a Insurreição Pernambucana, movimento contrário ao domínio neerlandês e comandado por André Vidal de Negreiros, Henrique Dias e Antônio Filipe Camarão.

Índio potiguara e falante de tupi, Filipe Camarão era responsável por liderar os indígenas cristianizados (como seu tio Jaguarari Simão Soares e seu primo Diogo Pinheiro Camarão) contra os holandeses. Entretanto, alguns indígenas estavam do lado dos neerlandeses, dentre os quais os caciques Pedro Poti, também primo de Filipe Camarão, e Antônio Paraupaba.

É nesse contexto em que houve troca de cartas entre os índios potiguaras. Aqueles que estavam do lado dos portugueses enviaram cartas aos aliados dos holandeses tentando persuadir estes a passarem para o lado dos lusitanos. As mensagens foram escritas em tupi antigo porque seus destinatários, Pedro Poti e Antônio Paraupaba, haviam sido alfabetizados em neerlandês, à diferença de seus remetentes, alfabetizados em português. A língua tupi antiga era, portanto, um meio de comunicação entre os dois lados do conflito.

As cartas
A tabela a seguir busca sintetizar as informações a respeito das cartas dos índios Camarões. Incluem-se nela, assim, a data em que foram escritas, os nomes tanto dos remetentes, aliados dos portugueses, quanto dos destinatários, aliados dos holandeses, e as traduções já publicadas.

Conteúdo

Grosso modo, os indígenas favoráveis aos portugueses pediam àqueles que eram aliados dos holandeses que voltassem para o lado lusitano, alegando serem os protestantes hereges. É esse o argumento usado por Filipe Camarão em sua primeira carta a Pedro Poti, datada de 19 de agosto de 1645. Ele também afirma estarem os neerlandeses no "fogo do Diabo".

Pedro Poti ordenou que matassem o mensageiro de tal carta, e sua resposta é conhecida tão somente por meio de resumos em holandês feitos pelo pastor Johannes Edwards, pois os portugueses não preservaram as cartas dos indígenas. O cacique Pedro Poti teria feito críticas contundentes, respondendo que não poderia passar para o lado dos portugueses, pois estes só teriam feito mal a seu povo, escravizando-o e matando-o.

De modo geral, pode-se dizer que o conteúdo das cartas revela uma insatisfação à qual estavam sujeitos os indígenas na época, visto que desejavam que seus parentes se unissem, deixando de lutar uns com os outros, e voltassem a viver conforme suas antigas tradições. São esforços desesperados na tentativa de salvar seu povo da destruição. A desestruturação do mundo tradicional indígena é, de fato, perceptível nas seis missivas.

Em suas cartas, Filipe Camarão tentou apelar para o senso de identidade entre os potiguaras. Além disso, garantiu a Pedro Poti e a Antônio Paraupaba que os indígenas seriam perdoados se fossem para o lado dos portugueses, mas disse que, se resistissem, seriam mortos, uma vez que as honrarias concedidas pelos neerlandeses aos indígenas não eram válidas para os portugueses — os europeus, ao serem capturados, não eram mortos, mas viravam prisioneiros, sendo utilizados como moeda de troca.

Amostra de texto
O seguinte trecho foi retirado da carta de 21 de outubro de Diogo Pinheiro Camarão a Pedro Poti. A modernização de sua ortografia e a tradução de seu conteúdo foram realizadas por Eduardo Navarro já na primeira edição de seu livro Método moderno de tupi antigo, de 1998.

Tradução

Em 1906, o engenheiro Teodoro Fernandes Sampaio tentou traduzir as cartas em seu artigo Cartas tupis dos Camarões. Ele as recebeu do historiador José Higino Duarte Pereira, responsável por descobri-las no ano de 1885. Teodoro Sampaio confessou que apenas com muita dificuldade é que conseguia entender a língua em que estavam escritas, mas que não era capaz de traduzi-las em sua totalidade efetivamente. Limitou-se, portanto, a somente duas cartas.

Não se verificaram mais tentativas de tradução das cartas até a década de 1990, quando o linguista Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues, professor da Unicamp, dirigiu-se até os Países Baixos para buscá-las. Contudo, ele também não foi capaz de traduzi-las.

Tradução de Navarro
Nesse ínterim, o filólogo Eduardo de Almeida Navarro teve seu primeiro contato com as cartas e relacionou sua indecifrabilidade à inexistência de dicionários de tupi. Com efeito, em 2013, Eduardo Navarro publicou a obra Dicionário de tupi antigo e pôs-se a dedicar, ainda que intermitentemente, às cartas, cedidas em microfilmes pela Biblioteca de Haia.

Em 2021, após oito anos, Eduardo Navarro anunciou ter enfim traduzido as seis correspondências, fato este que teve ampla cobertura pela imprensa brasileira. A transcrição e tradução integral anotada das cartas dos índios Camarões foram publicadas no periódico Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi em outubro de 2022.

De acordo com Eduardo Navarro, o mistério relacionado ao conteúdo das cartas tinha a ver com o fato de que, por muito tempo, o conhecimento sobre o tupi era precário, com poucos estudos sistemáticos acerca da língua, como um dicionário que reunisse, em um único texto, tudo que se conhece a respeito dela.

Indo ao encontro de Teodoro Sampaio, ele vai além e cita também a ortografia adotada nas cartas, a qual era instável, visto que a língua tupi era usada sobretudo oralmente, não de modo escrito. Assim, palavras que deveriam ser escritas juntas eram escritas separadas, e vice-versa, e os mesmos vocábulos, não raro, escreviam-se de formas distintas. Os maneirismos da época, como abreviações e pontuação, igualmente oferecem dificuldades.

Ademais, os autores das cartas — Diogo da Costa, Diogo Pinheiro Camarão, Filipe Camarão e Simão Soares — foram provavelmente alfabetizados em português, não em tupi, e, por conta disso, na hora de escrever registravam sua língua nativa "de ouvido" (como um lusófono ao escrever "taquesse" em vez de "táxi", por exemplo), deixando de registrar alguns fonemas e fazendo reduzido uso de sinais de pontuação e acentuação gráfica. As correspondências também apresentam um tupi que era falado de modo coloquial, o que diverge dos escritos dos jesuítas, que adotavam uma linguagem bastante formal em suas obras.

Relevância

As cartas revelam a história pela perspectiva daqueles que sempre foram dominados, isto é, os indígenas, evidenciando a insatisfação existente entre eles por ocasião de conflitos entre europeus e a vontade de resgatar costumes passados. As missivas também trazem à tona informações até então desconhecidas, como nomes de localidades e de outros combatentes indígenas, além de revelarem detalhes sobre batalhas.

No que concerne ao estudo científico da linguagem, as cartas dos índios Camarões são consideradas os documentos mais valiosos no âmbito da linguística indígena brasileira, possibilitando que se observe de que maneira era o tupi antigo efetivamente falado e usado pelos indígenas, uma vez que as cartas foram escritas por eles próprios. Elas também são, nesse sentido, provas de que os missionários jesuítas descreveram a língua tupi corretamente, já que existem alguns estudiosos, como Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Júnior, que alegam terem os jesuítas adaptado a língua a seus próprios interesses, intitulando-a pejorativamente de "tupi jesuítico".

Para além disso, as cartas dos índios Camarões também ajudam a compreender a evolução linguística do tupi antigo, influenciado pelo português. Com efeito, verifica-se nesses escritos o uso do gerúndio em construções análogas a "estou falando" do português, quando era da índole do tupi inverter essa lógica e dizer "falo estando".

As cartas também revelam a predominância de uma sintaxe de tipo sujeito-verbo-objeto ( — "eis que enviei meus soldados para aí"), conquanto ainda existissem exemplos de sintaxe de tipo sujeito-objeto-verbo ( — "para aí também duas mulheres enviei"), tendência primitiva do tupi, como registrado em textos quinhentistas.

Em março de 2022, o então prefeito de Natal, Álvaro Costa Dias, recebeu Eduardo Navarro em uma reunião na qual se acertou que a cidade elaboraria um material didático a respeito das cartas. Esse material será distribuído para os alunos da rede pública municipal e utilizado para divulgação turística. O prefeito demonstrou intenção de democratizar o acesso a informações acerca das correspondências entre os índios potiguaras.

Ver também
 Indígenas e as invasões holandesas no Brasil
 Nova Holanda
 Protestantismo
 Santos Mártires de Cunhaú e Uruaçu
 Tratado de Taborda

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

 Cartas tupis dos Camarões, de Teodoro Sampaio, na Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú
 Cartas de indígenas potiguaras, de Cerno e Obermeier, na Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú

1645 no Brasil
índios Camarões
Colonização do Brasil
Língua tupi
Obras de 1645
Literatura indígena brasileira
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Povos Originários)

Cartas dos índios Camarões