New York Point (New York Point: ) is a braille-like system of tactile writing for the blind invented by William Bell Wait (1839–1916), a teacher in the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind. The system used one to four pairs of points set side by side, each containing one or two dots.  (Letters of one through four pairs, each with two dots, would be    .)  The most common letters are written with the fewest points, a strategy also employed by the competing American Braille.

Capital letters were cumbersome in New York Point, each being four dots wide, and so were not generally used. Likewise, the four-dot-wide hyphen and apostrophe were generally omitted. When capitals, hyphens, or apostrophes were used, they sometimes caused legibility problems, and a separate capital sign was never agreed upon. According to Helen Keller, this caused literacy problems among blind children, and was one of the chief arguments against New York Point and in favor of one of the braille alphabets.

New York Point competed with the American Braille alphabet, which consisted of fixed cells two points wide and three high.  Books written in embossed alphabets like braille are quite bulky, and New York Point's system of two horizontal lines of dots was an advantage over the three lines required for braille; the principle of writing the most common letters with the fewest dots was likewise an advantage of New York Point and American Braille over English Braille.

Wait advocated the New York System as more logical than either the American Braille or the English Braille alphabets, and the three scripts competed in what was known as the War of the Dots. Around 1916, agreement settled on English Braille standardized to French Braille letter order, chiefly because of the superior punctuation compared with New York Point, the speed of reading braille, the large amount of written material available in English Braille compared with American Braille, and the international accessibility offered by following French alphabetical order.

Wait also invented the "Kleidograph", a typewriter with twelve keys for embossing New York Point on paper, and the "Stereograph", for creating metal plates to be used in printing.

Alphabet
New York Point is not supported by Unicode, as of version 14.0.  In the charts below, the first row of NYP are graphic images, and the second row are braille cells turned on their side.  Older browsers may not support the latter.

Like braille, there are contractions: single letters in New York Point that correspond to sequences of letters in print.

New York Point is read from left to right. A symbol consists of one to four consecutive cells that are each two points high and one point wide. Capital letters all consist of four cells. Each capital letter is derived from the corresponding lower-case letter by adding at the end a horizontal line consisting of as many points as are needed for the capital letter to be four points wide (i.e. a line of three points to a lower-case letter that is one cell wide, a line of two points to a lower-case letter that is two points wide, and one point to a lower-case letter that is three points wide). The points are added in the lower halves of the cells if the final cell of the lower-case letter only has a point in the upper half; otherwise, the points are added in the upper halves of the cells.

Punctuation
Like in braille, there is a number sign that converts letters to digits. The ten digits are the same four-dot patterns found in braille, but with entirely different values:

The only punctuation marks three-dots wide are the number sign above and the quotation mark, which has the same form as the letter q.  The dash, hyphen, and apostrophe are four dots wide.

Musical notation

Notes are made by combining two 'primitives', which are the digits 1–7:

 is thus a whole C note,  a quarter D note, etc.  In chords, the length is only given for the first note mentioned.

These may be prefixed by  ♯,  ♭, or  ♮, and suffixed by  dot (length × 1½).  These may be doubled, as in print.

The note is preceded by its octave, which is written as the number plus an upper dot:   5th 8va,  2nd 8va, etc.

Rests are two lower dots plus the length:   a whole rest,  a half rest, etc.

Chords are written as intervals, which is the number plus a lower dot:   is a third, etc.  The sign  signals a change in octave.  Thus a chord of three notes spanning the 4th to 5th octaves is

4th-8va C-whole 5th-inv'l with 5th-8va E

See Wait's publications for additional conventions.

See also
 Blindness education
 Korean Braille#History – A script like New York Point was used for Korean before 6-dot braille was introduced.

References

External links

A Look Back, published in JVIB, March 2006, documents the War of the Dots.

Tactile alphabets
1868 introductions

New York Point


Marcel Rohrbach (* 8. April 1933 in Molles; † 14. März 2012 in Vélizy-Villacoublay) war ein französischer Radrennfahrer.

Marcel Rohrbach war Profi von 1957 bis 1963. Gleich in seinem ersten Profijahr gelang ihm sein größter Einzelerfolg, als er das Rennen Critérium du Dauphiné für sich entschied. Zweimal (1957 und 1962) wurde er französischer Vizemeister im Straßenrennen und belegte bei der Tour de France 1960 den Platz neun und in der Bergwertung Platz zwei.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Radsportler (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1933
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Marcel Rohrbach


Die Chrysopeleiidae sind eine Familie der Schmetterlinge (Lepidoptera).

Merkmale
Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 6 bis 18 Millimeter. Der Kopf ist mit dicht anliegenden Schuppen bedeckt. Die Fühler sind deutlich kürzer als die Vorderflügel, das Fühlerbasisglied (Scapus) hat keinen beborsteten Kamm. Die Augen sind mittelgroß, Ocellen fehlen. Die Labialpalpen sind ziemlich lang und nach oben gebogen. Sie haben vorn keine Schuppenbüschel. Das dritte Segment gleicht normalerweise dem zweiten Segment und ist apikal gestutzt. Die Vorderflügel sind schmal und lanzettlich, manchmal sind sie mit kleinen Büscheln abstehender Schuppen versehen. Es sind zwei oder drei Medianadern angelegt, M1 ist manchmal mit R4+5 gestielt. Die Hinterflügel sind lanzettlich linear oder linear. Die Ader M1 ist gewöhnlich mit der Ader Rs gestielt. Das mittlere Spornpaar der Tibien der Hinterbeine befindet sich vor der Mitte. Die Abdominaltergite haben keine spezialisierten lanzettlichen Schuppen. Die längs verlaufenden Sklerotisierungen des zweiten Tergits sind sehr kurz oder fehlen.

Bei den Männchen ist der Uncus fingerförmig und an der Basis mit dem sehr kurzen bandförmigen Tegumen verschmolzen oder reduziert. Der Gnathos fehlt. Die Valven sind symmetrisch oder leicht asymmetrisch. Sie sind gleichlappig oder apikal in zwei oder drei verschieden geformte Lappen geteilt. Der Aedeagus ist sklerotisiert, manchmal lang und an der Basis mit Vinculum und Saccus verschmolzen. Cornuti sind nicht ausgebildet. Manchmal treten besondere zusätzliche Strukturen in Erscheinung, wie beispielsweise blasenförmige Anhänge auf den Valven mit großen sklerotisierten Stacheln oder verschiedene Auswüchse auf dem 8. Segment.

Bei den Weibchen ist der Ovipositor mäßig lang. Das Ostium ist häufig von typischen kornartigen Strukturen umgeben oder tritt als hervorstehende Genitalplatte heraus (Sterigma). Der Ductus seminalis verschmilzt unmittelbar vor dem ziemlich breiten und normalerweise sklerotisierten Antrum mit dem Ductus bursae. Der Ductus bursae ist mehr oder weniger gebogen, hat eine raue Oberfläche oder ist mit sklerotisierten Längsbändern versehen. Die Bursa copulatrix ist rundlich oder oval und hat paarige reißzweckenartige oder kappenförmige Signa.

Die Raupen sind ziemlich kurz und dick. Sie sind spindelförmig und bewegen sich nur langsam. Sie sind farblos und verfärben sich vor der Verpuppung braun. Sekundärborsten sind nicht angelegt.

Die Puppen haben eine ziemlich harte Cuticula, die Labialpalpen und die Femura der Vorderbeine sind verdeckt. Die Segmente des Abdomens sind unbeweglich, da die Flügelscheiden beinahe die gesamte Bauchseite bedecken. Ein Kremaster ist nicht vorhanden, an der Spitze des Abdomens befinden sich lediglich kleine gebogene Häkchen.

Verbreitung
Die Familie ist besonders in Zentralasien, Südasien, in Afrika und in Amerika artenreich vertreten. In der Paläarktis kommen mehr als 50 Arten vor. In Europa sind 16 Arten beheimatet, die sich auf sechs Gattungen verteilen.

Biologie
Die Vertreter der Familie sind hauptsächlich in ariden und semiariden Gebieten wie Wüsten, Steppen und Savannen beheimatet. Nur wenige Arten kommen auch in den Wäldern der gemäßigten Zone vor. Die Raupen leben hauptsächlich an Hülsenfrüchtlern (Fabaceae), Tamariskengewächsen (Tamaricaceae), Knöterichgewächsen (Polygonaceae) und Kreuzdorngewächsen (Rhamnaceae). Sie minieren in Samenkapseln, Blättern und Zweigen, selten leben sie auch in Gespinsten zwischen zusammen gesponnenen Blättern und Blüten. Einige Arten rufen Pflanzengallen hervor. Die Falter sind nachtaktiv und kommen ans Licht. In Ruhehaltung drücken sie sich eng an den Boden und beginnen bei Störung zu springen.

Systematik
Bei den Chrysopeleiidae handelt es sich um eine hochspezialisierte Familie mit sehr wenigen plesiomorphen Merkmalen. Breitflügelige Flügelformen fehlen völlig. Bei der Genitalarmatur der Männchen sind einige Apomorphieen erwähnenswert. Dazu gehören beispielsweise das reduzierte Tegumen, die morphologische Integration verschiedener Teile wie die Verschmelzung der Valvenbasen mit dem Aedeagus und das veränderte achte Segment. Apomorphien sind auch in den Genitalarmaturen der Weibchen vorhanden. Die Chrysopeleiidae ähneln in vielerlei Hinsicht den am meisten spezialisierten Arten der Prachtfalter (Cosmopterigidae) und werden häufig als Unterfamilie dieser Familie betrachtet. Eine genaue Analyse morphologischer Daten hat allerdings gezeigt, dass sich die meisten speziellen Eigenschaften unabhängig voneinander entwickelt haben oder fälschlicherweise als homolog betrachtet wurden. Aus diesem Grund werden die Chrysopeleiidae von einigen Autoren als separate Familie betrachtet. Die beträchtliche Ähnlichkeit mit einigen Vertretern der Fransenmotten (Momphidae) und der Prachtfalter hat in der Vergangenheit dazu geführt, dass viele Arten aus tropischen Regionen diesen beiden Familien zugeordnet wurden.

 Afeda , 1978
 Ascalenia , 1877
 Bifascia , 1961
 Bifascioides , 1968
 Calanesia , 1990
 Calycopathra , 1891
 Chrysopeleia , 1874
 Gisilia , 1968
 Ithome , 1875
 Nepotula , 1964
 Obithome , 1964
 Perimede , 1874
 Periploca , 1919
 Pristen , 1978
 Siskiwitia , 1969
 Sorhagenia , 1910
 Stilbosis , 1860
 Walshia , 1864

Belege

 Chrysopeleiidae

Chrysopeleiidae


La controverse autour de la promesse de non-entrée de l'Ukraine dans l'OTAN est une controverse historique et géopolitique au sujet de l'existence ou de l'inexistence d'une promesse qui aurait été faite par les États-Unis et l'OTAN à la Russie, selon laquelle l'Ukraine ne serait jamais invitée à rejoindre l'OTAN. Cette controverse a été mobilisée par Vladimir Poutine durant l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022.

Histoire
Durant l'invasion de l'Ukraine en 2022, Vladimir Poutine justifie l'intervention en affirmant que . Des documents d'archives montrent en effet qu'il a été évoqué, à l'oral, que l'OTAN n'avancerait pas vers l'Est, notamment par James Baker, le Secrétaire d'État des États-Unis.

Toutefois, Baker promet à Gorbatchev le 9 février 1990 que l'OTAN ne s'étendrait pas d'un inch à l'Est sur le territoire de l'Allemagne, non encore unifiée. Ces promesses sont réalisées en 1990, dans un contexte où le pacte de Varsovie existe toujours. Il était alors inimaginable que l'OTAN puisse s'étendre vers l'Est. Mikhaïl Gorbatchev, en 2014, déclare que .

Aussi, cet engagement n'a jamais été présent dans aucun traité, alors que les négociations fonctionnaient alors déjà par l'écrit. Dans une publication en défense, l'OTAN rappelle qu . Le seul engagement écrit est celui du traité portant règlement définitif concernant l'Allemagne, signé en décembre 1990, qui prévoyait que l'OTAN ne déploierait pas de forces non-allemandes en Allemagne de l'Est, ni des armes nucléaires, promesse qui fut tenue.

En 2015, Vladimir Poutine admet que . En revanche, le mémorandum de Budapest garantissait que l'intégrité territoriale de l'Ukraine devait être respectée.

Notes et références

Controverse en histoire
Relations entre la Russie et l'Ukraine

Controverse autour de la promesse de non-entrée de l'Ukraine dans l'OTAN


زعرارة تعتبر زعرارة من القري المنتشرة في الجبل الغربي بليبيا حيت تقع على بعد 250 كم جنوب غرب مدينة طرابلس وعلى بعد سبعين كم شرق مدينة نالوت ويحدها من الشمال منطقة الجوش ومن الغرب منطقة الحرابة ومنطقة تيجي ومن الجنوب تمتد ارضيها عبر الظاهر خاصة في مناطق سيح القفول وسيح الغار وصولا إلى رميلة الغزالة وبير ولاس وغيرها من المناطق التي تشترك فيها مع وطن الحرابة اما من الشرق فيحدها وطن فساطو وهو ما يعرف بالرحيبات حاليا.

أماكن مأهولة في ليبيا

زعرارة


Yazīd ibn al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik (701 – 3/4 October 744) () usually known simply as Yazid III was the twelfth Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from April 15 to October 3 or 4, 744, and he reigned until his death.

Birth and background
Yazid was the member of the influential Umayyad dynasty.
His father, al-Walid was survived by several sons: al-Ya'qubi names sixteen, while historian al-Tabari (d. 923) names nineteen. Yazid III was the grandson of great Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and his grand mother was Wallada bint al-Abbas ibn al-Jaz al-Absiyya.

Yazid was the son of a Persian princess who had been given as a concubine to Caliph al-Walid I. His mother was Shah-i Afrid, a daughter of Peroz. Al-Tabari quotes a couplet of Yazid's on his own ancestry:
I am the son of Chosroes, my ancestor was Marwan,
Caesar was my grandsire and my grandsire was Khagan.
Tabari further records descriptions of Yazid as being tall and handsome.

Downfall of Al-Walid
During the reign of his cousin al-Walid II, Yazid spoke out against Walid's "immorality" which included discrimination on behalf of the Banu Qays Arabs against Yemenis and non-Arab Muslims, and Yazid received further support from the Qadariya and Murji'iya (believers in human free will). Yazid slipped into Damascus and deposed Walid in a coup, following this up with a disbursement of funds from the treasury.

According to Yazid's own account, Yazid sent Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hajjaj ibn Abd al-Malik to meet Walid at al-Bakhra'. 'Abd al-Aziz offered to set up a tribal assembly (shura) to decide the future of the realm. Walid rejected this offer and attacked, by which action he lost his life. Yazid had Walid's head hoisted "on a lance and paraded around Damascus"; Yazid then imprisoned Walid's sons 'Uthman and Hakam, whom Walid had designated as his heirs.

Accession

On accession, Yazid explained that he had rebelled on behalf of the Book of Allah and the Sunna of His Prophet, and that this entailed ensuring that the strong not prey upon the weak. He promised "to engage in no building works, squander no money on wives or children, transfer no money from one province to another" without reason, "keep no troops on the field too long", and not to overtax the ahl al-dhimma; instead, he would eschew discrimination and would make his payments on time. He promised abdication if he failed to meet these goals, and held in principle to al-amr shura – to an elected caliphate.

Tabari records Yazid's nickname "the Diminisher" (Naqis), given because he reduced military annuities by 10%, whereas his predecessor had promised a raise. According to Islamic popular tradition, recorded in an apocalyptic style, Yazid would go himself into the marketplace.

The city of Homs refused allegiance to Yazid, and there were several other dissident movements against him. Another cousin, Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan, governor of Armenia, had initially supported Walid and on Walid's death entered Iraq to avenge him. Marwan eventually rallied around Yazid.

Reign
Yazid appointed Mansur ibn Jumhur to replace Yusuf ibn 'Umar as governor of Iraq. On May 15, Yazid wrote a letter, preserved from oral sources in al-Mada'ini (reproduced in Tabari) and in al-Baladhuri. It supports the Umayyad dynasty up to but not including "the enemy of Allah" al-Walid II, at which point it lays out Yazid's version of the event at al-Bakhra'. At the end, Tabari's rendition has Yazid exhorting the Iraqis to follow Mansur ibn Jumhur.

Yusuf ibn 'Umar was subsequently imprisoned and later killed by the son of Khalid ibn 'Abdallah al-Qasri. Mansur attempted to dismiss the Khurasani governor Nasr ibn Sayyar, but Nasr refused to accept this. Facing opposition from Juday al-Kirmani, Nasr invited al-Harith ibn Surayj to return from his thirteen-year stay in Turgesh territory. Al-Harith arrived wearing a fine suit of armour the Khaqan had given him and gained the support of many people in Khurasan.

Death
Yazid ruled the Caliphate from April 744 to 4 October 744. Yazid named his brother Ibrahim as his successor. Yazid fell ill of a brain tumour and died on October 3 or 4, 744. Ibrahim duly succeeded him.

See also
 Umar ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military leader
 Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military leader
 Al-Abbas ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military general
 Bishr ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military general
 Sulayman ibn Hisham, an Umayyad military general and cousin of Yazid III

References

Bibliography

701 births
744 deaths
8th-century Umayyad caliphs
8th-century monarchs in Asia
8th-century monarchs in Africa
8th-century monarchs in Europe
Deaths from brain tumor
People of the Third Fitna

Yazid III


În Franța, Chemin des Dames (literal, "drumul doamnelor") este o parte a drumului departamental D18 și traversează de la est la vest  departamentul Aisne, făcând legătura între Route Nationale 2, (de la Laon către Soissons), la vest, și D1044 la Corbeny, la est. El are o lungime de aproximativ 30 de kilometri și se întinde de-a lungul unei coame de deal ce separă văile râurilor Aisne și Ailette. A primit acest numele în secolul al XVIII-lea, datorită faptului că acesta era traseul pe care se deplasau cele două fiice ale regelui Ludovic al XV-lea, Adélaïde și Victoire, care erau cunoscute ca Doamnele Franței. La momentul respectiv, el era doar un drum pentru trăsuri, dar era calea cea mai directă între Paris și Château de Boves, din apropiere de Vauclair. Castelul a aparținut lui Françoise de Châlus, fosta amantă a lui Ludovic al XV-lea, contesă de Narbonne-Lara și fosta doamnă de onoare a Adélaïdei, pe care cele două doamne o vizitau frecvent. Pentru a face drumul mai ușor, contele a pavat traseul, iar acesta a primit un nume nou. Importanța strategică a coamei de deal a devenit evidentă mai întâi în 1814, când tinerii recruți ai lui Napoleon au învins o armată prusaco-rusă în Bătălia de la Craonne.

Primul Război Mondial

Trei bătălii s-au purtat de-a lungul coamei de deal de pe Chemin des Dames, situată la nord de Paris, în timpul Primului Război Mondial. Toate sunt numite după râul care curge la sud de această coamă. Numele lor sunt următoarele:
 Prima bătălie de pe Aisne (1914) - contraofensivă anglo-franceză după Prima bătălie de pe Marna.
 A doua bătălie de pe Aisne (1917) - componentă principală a Ofensivei Nivelle.
 A treia bătălie de pe Aisne (1918) - a treia fază (Operațiunea Blücher) a Ofensivei germane de Primăvară.
În timpul Primului Război Mondial, Chemin Des Dames se afla în sectorul francez al Frontului de Vest. Importanța sa strategică l-a transformat într-un câmp de luptă al unor bătălii majore care au avut loc între 1914 și 1918. Armata germană a avut o poziție defensivă pe coasta dealului în septembrie 1914, oprind avansarea armatelor aliate după Bătălia de pe Marna. După o luptă intensă, germanii au preluat controlul platoului în noiembrie 1914.

Linia frontului a rămas stabilă până în martie 1917, timp în care mai multe mii de soldați au murit în atacuri locale sau în operațiuni militare surpriză. Pe 25 ianuarie 1915 forțele germane au capturat ferma Creute (azi La Caverne du Dragon sau Caverna dragonului), ultima poziție franceză de pe platou.

Cea mai cunoscută bătălie, denumită A doua bătălie de pe Aisne, a avut loc între 16 aprilie și 25 aprilie 1917. Pentru a slăbi apărarea germană, generalul Robert Nivelle, de formație artilerist, a ordonat un atac de artilerie ce a durat șase zile și în care au fost folosite 5.300 de arme. Acest atac a reprezentat un avertisment al unei ofensive franceze majore. Apoi, pe 16 aprilie, șapte corpuri de armată franceze au atacat linia germană de-a lungul coastei Chemin des Dames. Dar Nivelle a subestimat pregătirile defensive inamice; germanii creaseră o rețea de adăposturi subterane adânci în carierele de piatră de sub creastă, unde trupele lor s-au adăpostit de atacul francez. Germanii dominau panta sudică pe care încercau să avanseze trupele franceze. În prima zi, infanteria franceză și trupele coloniale senegaleze au avansat către partea de sus a coastei, în ciuda bombardamentului artileriei germane și a condițiilor meteorologice nefavorabile. Cu toate acestea, când infanteria franceză a ajuns pe platou, ea a fost încetinită și apoi oprită de focul intens al mitralierelor germane MG08/15. Ca urmare, francezii au avut 40.000 de victime doar în prima zi. În plus, în următoarele 12 zile ale luptei, pierderile franceze au continuat să crească până la 120.000 de victime (morți, răniți și dispăruți). Numărătoarea finală, când ofensiva s-a încheiat, a fost de 271.000 de victime franceze și de 163.000 de victime germane. Armata Germană a suferit mult mai puțin, dar a pierdut 20.000 de prizonieri, 40 de tunuri și 200 de mitraliere. Numărul mare de victime franceze într-un număr atât de mic de zile și obținerea unor câștiguri minime a fost perceput de cartierul general al Armatei Franceze și de publicul francez ca un dezastru. În plus, evacuarea chinuitor de lentă a răniților francezi a demonstrat, de asemenea, lipsa pregătirii logistice. Nivelle a fost nevoit să demisioneze, iar Armata Franceză s-a confruntat cu multe refuzuri de a lupta ce s-au transformat în revolte în mai multe divizii de infanterie.

Această situație risca să degenereze până la dezintegrarea completă a Armatei Franceze. Generalul Petain, care s-a opus acestei ofensive, a fost chemat să preia conducerea Armatei Franceze și să restabilească ordinea. El a realizat acest lucru fără a apela la pedepse colective aspre. Un total de 629 de oameni au fost condamnați la moarte, dar numai 28 de oameni, care și-au împușcat superiorii, au fost executați. În schimb, el a instituit schimbări pozitive precum permisii lungi, o alimentație mai bună a trupelor și o asistență medicală/chirurgicală superioară. Normalitatea s-a reinstaurat în toamna anului 1917. Armata Britanică a preluat apărarea capătului vestic al coastei în următoarele douăsprezece luni, ușurând sarcina armatei franceze.

În vara anului 1917, Bătălia Observatoarelor a fost o serie de atacuri și contraatacuri locale pentru a obține controlul unor poziții înalte între Craonne și Laffaux. În luna octombrie, după victoria aliaților în bătălia de la Malmaison, forțele germane au părăsit Chemin des Dames și s-au mutat în nordul văii râului Ailette.

A treia bătălie de pe Aisne a venit ca o surpriză totală pentru aliații, inclusiv pentru trupele britanice care fuseseră trimise acolo pentru a se odihni într-un sector liniștit. Pătrunderea germană a fost ajutată de ordinele unui general francez către soldații din prima linie - o tactică de această dată discreditată. Luptele au continuat în perioada 27 mai - 6 iunie 1918, dar nu au avut energia necesară din cauza lipsei unui obiectiv strategic și a prelungirii liniilor de alimentare.
Ultima luptă de pe Chemin des Dames din cea de-a doua bătălie de pe Marna a avut loc între 2 august și 10 octombrie 1918.

Astăzi

Există numeroase cimitire și memoriale de război dedicate militarilor germani, francezi și britanici, de-a lungul Chemin des Dames.

Sub creasta este o rețea de grote lungă de aproape un kilometru numită "Caverna dragonului" (La Caverne du Dragon). Cavernele subterane erau inițial un sistem de tuneluri create în urma excavării de calcar în scopuri constructive în secolul al XVII-lea. Peșterile se află la circa 20-40 de metri sub nivelul solului. În timpul Primului Război Mondial peșterile au fost folosite de forțele franceze și germane ca spital de campanie și posturi de comandă, uneori simultan. Bombardamentul de artilerie din zonă a spart unele dintre stâncile de deasupra, care pot fi văzute astăzi. Aici se află acum un centru turistic care oferă tururi ghidate ale grotelor.

Traseul a fost folosit în timpul Etapei 6 din Turul Franței 2014, ca parte a cursei omagiale dedicate celor uciși în Primul Război Mondial.

Cimitire
Au putut fi identificați aproximativ jumătate dintre cei care sunt îngropați în cimitirele din Chemin des Dames. Alții au fost îngropați în osuare sau în morminte colective. Notă: următoarea listă de cimitire naționale nu includ numele cimitirelor municipale în Franța care adăpostesc mormintele soldaților căzuți în lupte.

Cimitire naționale franceze

 Soupir (I & II)
 Berry-au-Bac
 Braine
 Cerny-en-Laonnois

 Craonnelle
 Crouy
 Oeuilly
 Pontavert

 Vailly-sur-Aisne
 Vauxaillon
 Vauxbuin

Cimitire naționale germane

 Cerny-en-Laonnois
 Laon "Bousson"
 Laon "Champ de Manoeuvre"

 Montaigu (I & II)
 Mons-en-Laonnois
 Soupir

 Sissonne
 Veslud

Cimitire naționale britanice

 Soupir
 Seraucourt-le-Grand "Grand Seraucourt"
 Montcornet

 Sissonne
 Vailly British Cemetery

 Vendresse
 La Ville-aux-Bois-les-Pontavert

Cimitirul național italian
 Soupir

Porțiuni din cimitire dedicate militarilor altor națiuni
 Danemarca: o porțiune în cimitirul național francez din Braine
 Statele Unite ale Americii: secțiunea Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial lângă Fère-en-Tardenois

Referințe

Bibliografie

 Rouquerol, J., 1934, "Le Chemin des Dames 1917", Editions Payot, Paris, 1937.

Legături externe
 Panoramic views of The Dragon's Lair site, the visitors' centre, and the museum
 Pictures of Chemin des Dames - Fort de Conde, Caverne du Dragon
 Site covering Chemin des Dames in WW1 (in French)

Primul Război Mondial

Chemin des Dames


Hâdi Hün (1907, İstanbul - 17 Aralık 1969, İstanbul), Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu.

Hâdi Hün, tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu, yönetmen Agah Hün'ün ağabeyidir. Mezarı Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'ndadır.

Filmografisi

Oyuncu olarak

 1932: Bir Millet Uyanıyor
 1933: Cici Berber
 1934: Aysel Bataklı Damın Kızı
 1939: Allahın Cenneti
 1940: Şehvet Kurbanı
 1941: Kahveci Güzeli
 1945: Yayla Kartalı
 1946: Harman Sonu (Köy Güzeli)
 1946: Kızılırmak-Karakoyun
 1947: Bağdagül
 1947: Kılıbıklar
 1947: Yara
 1948: Canavar
 1948: Çıldırtan Kadın
 1949: Şehitler Kalesi
 1950: Kapanan Gözler
 1951: Allahaısmarladık
 1952: Yavuz Sultan Selim Ağlıyor
 1953: Beklenen Şarkı
 1953: Gizli Yara
 1954: Paydos
 1955: Hayatımı Mahveden Kadın
 1955: Kadın Severse
 1956: Günah Yolcuları
 1956: Sönen Yıldız
 1957: Dertli Gönül/Çıksın Bu Can
 1957: Hata/Bırakın Ağlayım
 1957: Uçurum
 1958: Daha Çekecek Miyim?
 1958: Yaprak Dökümü
 1959: Beklenen Bomba
 1959: Ben Bir Günahsızım
 1959: Evlatlık
 1959: İzmir Ateşler İçinde
 1959: Sokak Şarkıcısı
 1959: Şehvet Uçurumu
 1961: Senin İçin Affettim
 1961: Şahane Kadın

Yönetmen olarak
 1946: Harman Sonu (Köy Güzeli)

Senarist olarak
 1946: Harman Sonu (Köy Güzeli)
 1950: Kapanan Gözler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 IMDB Sayfası

1907 doğumlular
Türk erkek sinema oyuncuları
Türk erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
1969 yılında ölenler
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler

Hâdi Hün


Tarcisius Gervazio Ziyaye (Khombe, 19 de maio de 1949 - Windhoek, Namíbia, 14 de dezembro de 2020) foi um clérigo malauiano e arcebispo católico romano de Lilongwe.

Tarcisius Gervazio Ziyaye recebeu o Sacramento da Ordem em 14 de agosto de 1977.

Em 26 de novembro de 1991, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo Titular de Macon e o nomeou Bispo Auxiliar de Dedza. O Arcebispo de Blantyre, James Chiona, o consagrou em 23 de maio de 1992; Co-consagradores foram o Bispo de Dedza, Gervazio Moses Chisendera, e o Bispo de Lilongwe, Matthias A. Chimole.

Em 4 de maio de 1993, João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo Coadjutor de Lilongwe. Tarcisius Gervazio Ziyaye tornou-se bispo de Lilongwe em 11 de novembro de 1994, sucedendo Matthias A. Chimole, que renunciou por motivos de idade. Em 23 de janeiro de 2001, João Paulo II o nomeou Arcebispo de Blantyre.

Em 3 de julho de 2013, o Papa Francisco o renomeou como pároco-chefe da diocese de Lilongwe, que desde então foi elevada ao status de arquidiocese.

Tarcisius Gervazio Ziyaye foi Presidente da Conferência Episcopal do Malawi de 2000 a 2012 e Presidente da União das Conferências Episcopais da África Oriental de 2008 a 2014.

Ver também

Arcebispos católicos do Malawi

Tarcisius Gervazio Ziyaye


An Pennisetum latifolium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Spreng.. An Pennisetum latifolium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pennisetum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pennisetum

Pennisetum latifolium


Équateur (French for "Equator") was a province in the northwest of the Belgian Congo and the successor Republic of the Congo, now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo.
It had its origins in the Équateur District of the Congo Free State, the private property of King Leopold II of Belgium.
It was upgraded to the status of a province in 1917. Between 1933 and 1947 it was named Coquilhatville.
In 1962 it was divided into three smaller provinces, but there were recombined in 1966.
Équateur was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo until 2015, when it was split into the new, smaller Équateur province, as well as the Tshuapa, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi and Sud-Ubangi provinces.

Located in the north of the country, the province bordered the Republic of the Congo to the west, the Central African Republic to the north, to the east the Orientale province, and to the south the Kasai-Oriental, Kasai-Occidental, and Bandundu provinces.
The word "Équateur" is French for the Equator, which lies less than  south of the provincial capital of Mbandaka, a city on the Congo River.

History

The District of Équateur was created by decree of Leopold II on 1 August 1888, which defined the limits of the Congo Free State and the eleven districts, including Équateur.
The first district commissioners were named on 27 October 1888.
At first there was no commissioner for Equateur, but on 25 June 1889 the governor general placed Van Kerchhoven, successor to Camille Coquilhat, in command of the District of Ubangi and Uele based at Nouvelle-Anvers (formerly Bangala Station).
The first true head of Équateur was Charles-François-Alexandre Lemaire (1863-1925), appointed in December 1890.
He moved the district capital to the newly named Coquilhatville.

In 1908 the state of Belgium annexed the Congo Free State as the Belgian Congo.
In 1917 Équateur District became Équateur Province under Georges Moulaert (1875-1958), who became deputy governor general of the province on 20 August 1917.
In 1933 the province was renamed Coquihatville Province, under a provincial commissioner.
The first commissioner was J. Jorrissen.
On 27 May 1947 the province regained the name of Équateur/Evenaar. It became an autonomous province of the Congo republic on 30 June 1960.
On 14 August 1962 Équateur was split into the provinces of Cuvette Centrale, Ubangi, and a centrally administered portion that became Moyen-Congo on 5 February 1963.

On 25 April 1966 Cuvette Centrale, Moyen-Congo and Ubangi were reunited as Équateur province.
In 2015 when it was again split under the terms of the 2006 Constitution, it formed five new provinces:
Nord-Ubangi, consisting of 56.644 km², with its capital at the city of Gbadolite
Mongala, consisting of 58.141 km², with its capital at the city of Lisala
Sud-Ubangi, consisting of 51.648 km², with its capital at the city of Gemena
Équateur, consisting of 103.902 km², with its capital at the city of Mbandaka
Tshuapa, consisting of 132.957 km², with its capital at the city of Boende

Divisions

Under the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the province was divided into the cities of Mbandaka, Gbadolite and Zongo and the districts of Équateur, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi, Mongala and Tshuapa.

Education
 University of Mbandaka

See also

List of governors of Équateur (former province)

References

Sources

Bibliography

Konda ku Mbuta, A. et al. (2012); Plantes medicinales de traditions - Province de l'Equateur, R.D. Congo; I.R.S.S. Kinshasa; ; 419 pp.

Équateur (former province)
Former provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–2015)

Équateur (former province)


Elena Doamna este o stradă situată în Municipiul Iași.

Descriere
Strada începe din zona Târgu Cucului și se termină în Bucșinescu.

Etimologie
Numele străzii, Elena Cuza, a fost dat prima dată în noiembrie 1910, fiind închinat Doamnei Elena Cuza.

Istoric
Actuala stradă Elena Doamna s-a numit, înainte de noiembrie 1910, "Ulița Albă". Documente din secolul al XVIII-lea atestă prezența Uliței Fânului (Ulița Fânăriei).

Monumente istorice

Note

Legături externe

Străzi din Iași

Strada Elena Doamna din Iași


Limbo est un film britannique réalisé par Ben Sharrock, sorti en 2020.

Synopsis
Quitter Damas, une belle maison et son jardin d'Éden pour une île désolée de l'Écosse, c'est ce qui arrive à Omar, réfugié syrien chassé de son pays par la répression de l'un des Printemps arabes du début des années 2010. Loin des siens, déprimé, pour ne pas dire dépressif, Omar endure mal ce dépaysement forcé dans l'attente de sa régularisation éventuelle, il traîne avec lui un oud dont il ne veut plus jouer. Va-t-il sombrer ? Son nouvel ami Farhad, un Afghan dans la même situation que lui mais plus optimiste et combatif, va tout faire pour l'en empêcher.

Fiche technique

 Titre français : Limbo
 Titre original :
 Réalisation et scénario : Ben Sharrock
 Musique : Hutch Demouilpied
 Décors : Andy Drummond
 Costumes : Holly Rebecca
 Photographie : Nick Cooke
 Son : Ben Baird
 Montage : Karel Dolak et Lucia Zucchetti
 Production : Angus Lamont, Irune Gurtubal
 Société de production : Caravan Cinema
 Société de distribution (France) : L'Atelier Distribution
 Pays de production :
 Format : couleur
 Genre : drame
 Durée : 104 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 France :  (festival de Cannes 2020),  (sortie nationale)
 Royaume-Uni :

Distribution
 Amir El-Masry  : Omar
 Vikash Bhai  : Farhad
 Ola Orebiyi : Wasef
 Kwabena Ansah  : Abedi
 Kenneth Collard : Boris
 Sidse Babett Knudsen  : Helga
 Sodienye Ojewuyl : Hamad
 Adam Abdalrhaman : l'homme qui pleure dans la cabine téléphonique
 Cameron Fulton : Plug
 Lewis Gribben : Stevie
 Silvie Furneaux : Cheryl
 Iona Elizabeth Thomson : Tia

Accueil

Critique
En France, le site Allociné recense une moyenne des critiques presse de 3,9/5.

Distinctions

Récompenses
 Festival du film britannique de Dinard 2021 : Hitchcock d'or et prix du public

Sélections
 Festival de Cannes 2020 : sélection Les nouveaux venus
 Festival international du film de Toronto 2020 : sélection en section Discovery
 Festival international du film de Saint-Sébastien 2020 : sélection en section Nouveaux réalisateurs

Nominations
 British Academy Film Awards 2021 : meilleur film britannique et meilleur nouveau scénariste, réalisateur ou producteur britannique

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Lorenzo Codelli, « Immigrés Welcome », Positif , Institut Lumière-Actes Sud, Paris, , ,

Liens externes

Film britannique sorti en 2020
Film dramatique britannique
Hitchcock d'or
Film sur l'immigration

Limbo (film, 2020)


Astral Media Inc. was a Canadian media conglomerate. It was Canada's largest radio broadcaster, with 84 radio stations in eight provinces. Astral was also a major player in premium and specialty television in Canada, with 23 specialty channels and two conventional stations. In addition, Astral had a presence in out-of-home advertising.

In March 2012, Bell Media announced its intent to acquire Astral for $3.38 billion. Although an attempt to purchase the entirety of the company was blocked under competition law, the CRTC approved a revised offer on June 27, 2013, which saw various Astral specialty channels and radio stations divested to competitors. The sale was consummated on July 5, 2013. Astral was dissolved later the same year as a result of Bell Media completing its acquisition of the company. Bell Media assumed some of Astral's television functions and absorbed some of its premium television services.

History

Angreen Photo and Astral Photo

Astral Media's roots lie with Angreen Photo, a Canadian company founded in 1961. It was created when Montreal's Greenberg brothers, led by Harold Greenberg, founded it to operate the photography concession in Miracle Mart, a department store chain. Its acquisition in 1963 of Bellevue Pathé led to photography rights at the Montreal Expo 67 World's Fair, and it eventually grew into a 125-store chain, Astral Photo, the remnants of which are now owned by the Black's Photography chain. The company grew quickly into motion picture processing after acquiring the Pathé-Humphries motion picture lab in 1968 and Associated Screen News Industries of Montreal in 1969.

Astral Communications Limited
The company was constituted in 1973 under the name Astral Bellevue Pathé Limited. It eventually undertook videocassette duplication and video wholesaling. The company also produced or executive produced over 100 feature films, television programs and television miniseries. The films were released by American Cinema Releasing. The company had operated such subsidiaries as Astral Films, Astral Film Productions Ltd. and Astral Video, as well as in 1987, a development consortium that was led by Harold Greenberg with funding from the CBC called the Centre De Production De Montreal, which is set for open in 1989.

In 1983, the Greenbergs acquired complete control of two pay television networks, First Choice (now known as The Movie Network) and Premier Choix TVEC (now Super Écran), at which point Astral ceased to be directly involved in film and program production. The company would later expand its television operations by launching new specialty networks. In addition, it became involved with the home video and feature film market, lasting from the mid-1980s until at least 1996. In 1987, Astral Film Enterprises had teamed up with Management Company Entertainment Group to produce three feature films by 1988, with the first film slated to be in the co-production pact was Boris and Natasha, Boardwalk, and Villa Golitsyn, which were proposed in the three-picture pact, but the projects, aside from Boris and Natasha were never realized. In 1996, Astral Communications decided to sell all of the program development and distribution divisions to Coscient Group. In February 2000, Astral Communications changed its name to Astral Media, alongside Access Media.

Astral then expanded into radio, beginning with the 2000 acquisition of Radiomutuel, and the 2002 purchase of most of the radio assets of Telemedia, although those companies' joint AM radio network Radiomedia was ultimately sold to Corus Entertainment for competitive reasons. Radiomutuel also owned a controlling share of outdoor advertising firm Omni Outdoor (which eventually became the fully owned Astral Out-of-Home division), as well as several French-language specialty channels such as Canal Vie, Ztélé, Séries+, VRAK.TV, and 50% stakes in MusiquePlus and MusiMax (then co-owned with CHUM Limited).

On February 23, 2007, Astral Media announced that it had signed a letter of intent and had entered into exclusive negotiations regarding the acquisition of "substantially all of the assets" of Standard Radio. A formal agreement was later announced, with the proposed transaction being approved by the CRTC on September 28, and completed on October 29 of the same year. The transaction gave Astral Media a significant foothold in English-language radio.

In 2010, Astral Media relocated its headquarters to 1800 McGill College Avenue, in a skyscraper rechristened Maison Astral. In May 2010, the company unveiled a new logo featuring a multi-coloured "a" insignia (reflecting ideals of "collaboration" and "creativity"). At this time, the company began to trade as simply "Astral".

In the fall of 2011, Teletoon (co-owned with Corus Entertainment at the time) adopted a new logo to reflect Astral's 50th anniversary.

Acquisition by Bell Media
On March 16, 2012, Astral Media announced that it had agreed to be acquired by Bell Canada through its Bell Media division for $3.38 billion. Astral Media shareholders approved the acquisition of all of its issued and outstanding shares by Bell Media on May 24, 2012; the acquisition of Astral Media's issued and outstanding shares by Bell received approval by the Quebec Superior Court during a hearing on May 25, 2012.

The proposed sale faced opposition: a coalition of Cogeco, Vidéotron, and Eastlink argued that Bell's market share following the merger would harm consumer choice, and that Bell would raise carriage fees for Astral's channels (impacting smaller providers). During a CRTC's hearing, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation argued that Bell's proposal to use its mandatory tangible benefits to launch a French-language news channel (which would compete with its own Réseau de l'information) was "self-serving and unprecedented." In September 2012, the Competition Bureau stated that it was becoming "increasingly concerned" about the implications of the merger, and warned that it could oppose the deal even if it were to be approved by the CRTC.

On October 18, 2012, the CRTC announced that it had rejected BCE's proposal to acquire Astral Media. The commission cited that their combined market power could "threaten the availability of diverse programming for Canadians and endanger the ability of distribution undertakings to deliver programming at affordable rates and on reasonable terms on multiple platforms", and also stated that allowing the merger would have required the implementation of "extensive and intrusive safeguards" across the entire broadcasting industry. The CRTC also felt that Bell did not adequately demonstrate how having most of Canada's French-language media owned by two vertically integrated companies would improve competition, and how being bigger would allow it to compete against foreign services.

Second attempt
Following the rejection of the deal by the CRTC, Bell Canada CEO George A. Cope asserted that calling the merger dead was "premature", citing that the formal merger agreement between Bell and Astral did not expire until December 16, 2012, and either company could extend it to January 15, 2013. Bell attempted to ask the Cabinet to overturn the CRTC's decision, but was told that they did not have the ability to do so. Bell also reportedly considered going to the Federal Court of Appeal, or restructuring the deal to selectively sell Astral assets to competing companies. Rogers Media expressed interest in acquiring some of Astral's channels if such a sale were to occur. On November 16, 2012, Astral confirmed that it was in talks with Bell to negotiate a new offer, which would involve the sale of the majority of its English-language television channels to third parties.

On March 4, 2013, the Competition Bureau approved a new proposal by Bell to acquire Astral Media, which would involve the divestiture of certain television channels and radio stations owned by the combined company, and was subject to restrictions preventing Bell from imposing restrictive bundling requirements on any provider seeking to carry The Movie Network or Super Écran. The CRTC made the proposed takeover proposal public on March 6, 2013. Unlike the previous deal, which would have given Bell a 42% share of the English-language television market, the new deal gave Bell a total market share of 35.7%, and increased its French-language market share to 22% (in comparison to 8% before). On March 18, 2013, the Competition Bureau cleared a proposed deal to sell Astral's stakes in several channels to Corus Entertainment in preparation for regulatory approval.

In a speech to the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television prior to the hearings, Bell Media's president Kevin Crull detailed plans to invest in French-language productions and maintain a distinct operation in Montreal devoted to its French-language outlets. Crull also praised the role of Québecor Média (despite the company being opposed to the merger) in using its own vertical integration strategy to help promote Francophone talent, and revealed his intention to try and emulate its "star system" in English Canada.

Hearings and approval
CRTC hearings on the new proposals began in May 2013. Asserting that it would have to sell or shut down the station without one, Bell organized a petition proposing an exception to the ownership cap that would allow it to maintain ownership of CKGM, under the condition that Bell maintain the TSN Radio format on the station and provide $245,000 in funding for local amateur sports and scholarships in sports journalism over a seven-year period. Commissioner Suzanne Lamarre commented that Bell could have sold another station instead, given most of the comments on Bell's petition only supported CKGM maintaining a sports radio format, and not Bell's purchase of Astral. In response, Bell's CEO George A. Cope commented that the company did not want to sell off profitable radio stations, and Astral CEO Jacques Parisien remarked that breaking up its Montreal cluster would affect their operation.

Rogers called on the CRTC to require that Bell divest The Movie Network, claiming that Bell would make it harder and more expensive for competing service providers to access The Movie Network's content (especially on its own Anyplace TV and on-demand services) if Bell were to own the service. Bell disputed Rogers' claims, stating that the company already had a long-term deal to distribute The Movie Network on its cablesystems, and noted that Rogers had expressed interest in purchasing the service if it were to be divested. Bell indicated that it would not go ahead with the deal if it were forced by the CRTC to sell additional media outlets. Rogers also showed interest in making a "reasonable offer" to purchase CKGM as a complement to its recently acquired TV station CJNT-DT. Under Rogers ownership, CKGM would have kept its sports talk format, but as a Sportsnet Radio station instead of TSN Radio.

On June 27, 2013, the CRTC approved Bell's acquisition of Astral Media, which closed on July 5, 2013. The deal was subject to conditions, including the requirement for Bell to provide fair treatment to its competitors, to not impose "restrictive bundling practices" on Astral's premium movie channels, invest $246.9 million over the next seven years on Canadian-produced programming, and to maintain the operation and local programming levels of all of its television stations through 2017. The CRTC also approved Bell's proposed exemptions for maintaining ownership of CKGM.

Divestments
Following the approval of the new proposal by the Competition Bureau, Corus Entertainment reached a tentative deal to acquire 2 radio stations (CJOT, CKQB), along with Astral's stakes in Historia, Séries+, and the Teletoon networks from Bell for just over $400 million. Corus acquired the stakes in Historia and Séries+ from Shaw Media as well. On January 1, 2014, the acquisition was completed. In 2017, Corus attempted to sell Historia and Séries+ to Bell for $200 million, but the deal was blocked and rejected by the Competition Bureau for violations of conditions forbidding Bell from re-acquiring divested Astral properties for ten years.

Bell Media also divested Family, Disney Junior's English and French services, Disney XD, MusiMax, MusiquePlus, and 5 other radio stations in Toronto and Vancouver (CHBM-FM, CFXJ-FM, CKZZ-FM, CHHR-FM and CISL) at auction. These divested stations and channels were temporarily held in a blind trust by Pierre Boivin until the completion of their acquisitions.

On May 16, 2013, the Jim Pattison Group announced a deal to acquire three stations in Calgary and Winnipeg from Bell and Astral—CKCE-FM, CHIQ-FM, and CFQX, for an undisclosed amount. The deal expanded the Jim Pattison Group's operations in Calgary (where it was planning to launch a new station, CHPK-FM), and gave the company its first stations in Manitoba. On August 26, 2013, Newcap Radio announced its intent to acquire the five aforementioned Toronto and Vancouver stations. Eventually, Newcap was in turn acquired by Stingray Digital Group in 2018.

On November 28, 2013, DHX Media announced that it had reached a deal to acquire Family Channel and its sister networks for $170 million, the deal was completed in late July 2014. On December 4, 2013, Remstar, owners of the French television system V, announced that it would acquire MusiquePlus and MusiMax for an undisclosed amount.

Corporate governance
Members of the board of directors of Astral prior to the close of the Bell-Astral transaction were: Austin Beutel, Paul Bronfman, André Bureau (chairman), Jack Cockwell, George Cohon, Paul Godfrey, Stephen Greenberg, Ian Greenberg, Sidney Greenberg, Sidney Horn, Timothy Price, Phyllis Yaffe and Monique Jérôme-Forget.

Former assets
Any listing with a cross (†) character at the end indicates an asset which was not acquired by Bell Canada.

Radio

Alberta
 Calgary - CIBK, CJAY, CKMX, CKCE-FM
 Edmonton - CFBR, CFRN, CFMG

British Columbia
 Dawson Creek - CJDC
 Fort Nelson - CKRX
 Fort St. John - CHRX, CKNL
 Golden - CKGR
 Invermere - CKIR
 Kelowna - CHSU, CILK, CKFR
 Kitimat - CKTK
 Nelson - CKKC
 Osoyoos - CJOR
 Penticton - CJMG, CKOR
 Prince Rupert - CHTK
 Princeton - CIOR
 Revelstoke - CKCR
 Salmon Arm - CKXR
 Summerland - CHOR
 Terrace - CFTK, CJFW
 Trail - CJAT
 Vancouver - CKZZ †, CHHR †, CISL †
 Vernon - CICF

Manitoba
 Brandon - CKX, CKXA
 Selkirk - CFQX †
 Winnipeg - CHIQ-FM†, CKMM

New Brunswick
Bathurst - CKBC-FM
Fredericton - CFXY-FM, CIBX-FM, CKHJ
Grand Falls - CIKX-FM
Woodstock - CJCJ-FM

Nova Scotia
Truro - CKTO-FM, CKTY-FM

Ontario
 Hamilton - CHAM, CKLH, CKOC
 London - CIQM, CJBK, CJBX, CKSL
 Ottawa - CJOT †, CKQB †
 Pembroke - CHVR
 St. Catharines - CHRE, CHTZ, CKTB
 Toronto - CFRB, CHBM †, CKFM

Quebec
 Montreal - CHOM, CJAD, CJFM

NRJ network
 CHIK-FM 98.9, Quebec City
 CIGB-FM 102.3, Trois-Rivières / Mauricie
 CIKI-FM 98.7, Rimouski
 CIMO-FM 106.1, Magog / Estrie
 CJAB-FM 94.5, Saguenay
 CJDM-FM 92.1, Drummondville
 CJMM-FM 99.1, Rouyn-Noranda
 CJMV-FM 102.7, Val-d'Or
 CKMF-FM 94.3, Montreal
 CKTF-FM 104.1, Gatineau / Outaouais

Rouge FM network
 CFIX-FM 96.9, Saguenay
 CFVM-FM 99.9, Amqui
 CHEY-FM 94.7, Trois-Rivières / Mauricie
 CHRD-FM 105.3, Drummondville
 CIMF-FM 94.9, Gatineau / Outaouais
 CITE-FM 107.3, Montreal
 CITE-FM-1 102.7, Sherbrooke / Estrie
 CITF-FM 107.5, Quebec City
 CJOI-FM 102.9, Rimouski

Boom FM network
 CFEI-FM 106.5, Saint-Hyacinthe
 CFZZ-FM 104.1, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu

Saskatchewan
 Regina - CHBD

Television

Over-the-air television stations

 Dawson Creek - CJDC (now owned by Bell Media, reverted from CBC Television affiliation to CTV 2 affiliation in 2016)
 Terrace - CFTK (now owned by Bell Media, reverted from CBC Television affiliation to CTV 2 affiliation in 2016)

Specialty & pay television (English)
 Family - 2 multiplex channels (now owned by WildBrain)
 Disney Junior (English) (renamed Family Jr. by owner DHX Media after DHX lost the rights to Disney Channel programming to Corus)
 Disney XD (renamed Family Chrgd by owner DHX Media after DHX lost the rights to Disney Channel programming to Corus, but eventually rebranded to WildBrainTV on March 1, 2022, with no change in programming)
The Movie Network - 4 multiplex channels, including HBO Canada (now owned by Bell Media and renamed Crave as of November 1, 2018)
 MExcess - renamed TMN 2 in 2016 and later Crave 2 in 2018
 MFun! - renamed TMN 3 in 2016 and later Crave 3 in 2018
 MFest - ceased operations March 1, 2016
 The Movie Network Encore - 2 multiplex channels (renamed Starz by new owner Bell Media in 2019)
 Teletoon (now fully owned by Corus Entertainment as of January 1, 2014, rebranded to Cartoon Network on March 27, 2023)
Teletoon Retro (shut down on September 1, 2015, license and carriage subsumed by Cartoon Network)
Cartoon Network (ceased operating as a separately-licensed service on September 1, 2015, moving under Teletoon Retro's license thereafter, relaunched as Boomerang on March 27, 2023)

Specialty & pay television (French)
 Canal D (now owned by Bell Media)
Upcoming spin-off channel focusing on justice and forensic programming in the form of documentaries, magazine series, dramas and reality television series (launched by Bell Media as Canal D/Investigation on December 12, 2013, following the Astral Media acquisition before renaming itself to just Investigation)
 Canal Vie (now owned by Bell Media)
 Cinépop (now owned by Bell Media)
 Disney Junior (French) (renamed Télémagino by owner DHX Media after DHX lost the rights to Disney Channel programming to Corus)
 Historia (now fully owned by Corus Entertainment as of January 1, 2014)
 MusiMax (now owned by V Media Group, later became a general entertainment channel now known as Max)
 MusiquePlus (now owned by V Media Group, and renamed Elle Fictions as of 2019)
 Séries+ (now fully owned by Corus Entertainment as of January 1, 2014)
 Super Écran - 4 multiplex channels (now owned by Bell Media)
 Télétoon (now fully owned by Corus Entertainment as of January 1, 2014)
Télétoon Rétro (shut down on September 1, 2015, and replaced by Disney La Chaîne in its channel allotments under Corus ownership)
 Vrak.TV (now owned by Bell Media and known as Vrak)
 Ztélé (now owned by Bell Media and known as Z)

Pay-per-view television
 Viewers Choice (50.1%, shut down on September 30, 2014, due to redundancy with Bell and Rogers PPV services, Vu! and Sportsnet PPV)

See also
Media ownership in Canada

References

External links
Official website (website defunct for Astral Media, now owned by Bell Media)
History of Astral Media Inc. - Canadian Communications Foundation

Mass media companies disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in Quebec
Companies based in Montreal
Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Defunct broadcasting companies of Canada
BCE Inc. acquisitions
1961 establishments in Quebec
Mass media companies established in 1961
Bell Media
2013 mergers and acquisitions
Canadian companies established in 1956

Astral Media


Margaret Hunt, née Raine le  à Durham (Royaume-Uni) et morte en , est une romancière et traductrice britannique. Elle écrit parfois sous le nom de plume Averil Beaumont.

Biographie

Margaret Raine naît à Durham le 14 octobre 1831. Elle est la deuxième fille des quatre enfants de  (1791-1858), antiquaire et topographe, et de Margaret Peacock, fille aînée du révérend Thomas Peacock (1756-1851), vicaire et directeur d'école.

À l'âge de vingt ans, Margaret reçoit une formation formelle du peintre William Bell Scott, directeur de la Government School of Design de Newcastle, qui l'introduit aux idées de la confrérie préraphaélite. Mais des problèmes de vue l'empêchent de poursuivre une carrière de peintre et elle se tourne vers la littérature. Elle passera plusieurs années dans une clinique en Allemagne pour tenter de maintenir sa vision.

En 1861, elle épouse , peintre. Dans les années 1880, la famille est proche d'Oscar Wilde. Ils s'installent à Londres en 1865 et gravitent au sein du mouvement des Pre-Raphaelite, proche de John Ruskin et William Morris. L'aînée du couple est la romancière Violet Hunt.

Margaret Hunt publie parfois sous le pseudonyme d'Averil Beaumont ou sous le nom de Mrs Alfred W. Hunt. Elle traduit également une édition définitive des Contes de Grimm.

Elle meurt en 1912. Sa tombe, où gisent également son époux et sa fille Violet, se trouve au cimetière de Brookwood.

Œuvres
Margaret Hunt publie plusieurs romans, dont :
 Magdalen Wynyard, or the provocations of a pre-Raphaelite (1872, 2 volumes)
 Thornicroft's Model (1873, 3 volumes) sous le pseudonyme Averil Beaumont
 This Indenture Witnesseth (1875, 3 volumes)
 Under Seal of Confession (1874), sous le pseudonyme Averil Beaumont
 The Leaden Casket (1880)
 Our Grandmother's Gowns (1885)
 The Governess (1912) avec Violet Hunt, préfacé par Ford Madox Brown.

En 1884, elle traduit les deux volumes des Contes de l'enfance et du foyer des frères Grimm, préfacé par Andrew Lang et publié chez Bell & Sons.

Références

Liens externes

Romancière britannique
Naissance en octobre 1831
Naissance à Durham (Royaume-Uni)
Décès en 1912
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de Brookwood
Traducteur britannique du XIXe siècle

Margaret Raine Hunt


مركز التجارة الدولية  هي وكالة للتعاون التقني لمؤتمر الأمم المتحدة للتجارة والتنمية ومنظمة التجارة العالمية. تأسس عام 1964، ويُمكن مركز التجارة الدولي من نجاح أعمال التصدير الصغيرة الناجحة في البلدان النامية عن طريق توفير الشركاء، وحلول لتنمية التجارة مع القطاع الخاص، ومؤسسات دعم التجارة وصانعي السياسات.

تاريخ المركز
مركز التجارة الدولية هو خليفة مركز معلومات التجارة الدولية، الذي أنشأته الاتفاقية العامة للتعريفات الجمركية والتجارة في عام 1964 لمساعدة صادرات البلدان النامية. تم التوصل إلى اتفاق بين الجات والأونكتاد الذي تم إنشاؤه حديثًا، لإنشاء شركة فرعية مشتركة في عام 1967. وقد تم إنشاء مركز التجارة الدولي في 1 يناير 1968. يتمتع مركز التجارة الدولية بتفويض مشترك مع منظمة التجارة العالمية والأمم المتحدة من خلال الأونكتاد. مركز التجارة الدولية هو النقطة المحورية للمساعدة الفنية المتعلقة بالتجارة.

مجالاته

 تطوير المنتجات والأسواق.
 تطوير خدمات دعم التجارة.
 المعلومات التجارية.
 تنمية الموارد البشرية.
 إدارة المشتريات والإمدادات الدولية.
 تقييم الاحتياجات وتصميم البرامج لتعزيز التجارة.

أعماله

تركز المساعدة التقنية لمركز التجارة الدولية على مسائل ثلاث التي يعتقد أنها الأكثر ضرورة لبناء القدرات الوطنية:
 مساعدة الشركات في فهم قواعد منظمة التجارة العالمية.
 تعزيز القدرة التنافسية للمشاريع.
 وضع استراتيجيات جديدة لتشجيع التجارة.

البرامج
يشارك مركز التجارة الدولي في مشاريع تقدم المساعدة الفنية للتجارة في البلدان في جميع أنحاء العالم.

النهوض بالتجارة الأفغانية
تم إطلاق البرنامج في عام 2016 بعد انضمام أفغانستان إلى منظمة التجارة العالمية تحت اسم «أفغانستان: التجارة من أجل النمو الاقتصادي والتعاون الإقليمي»، وهي مبادرة اتخذها الاتحاد الأوروبي ومركز التجارة الدولي والتي تستخدم التجارة كوسيلة لتحقيق النمو الاقتصادي والوظائف للحد من الفقر وتعزيز التعاون الإقليمي. يتكون البرنامج من خطة مدتها ثلاث سنوات (2016-2019) وتشارك وزارة التجارة والصناعة في تنفيذه. يتم تمويله من قبل الاتحاد الأوروبي وتبلغ ميزانيته حوالي 4.5 مليون يورو.

آلية تسهيل التجارة والاستثمار الأورومتوسطي
تتكون آلية تسهيل التجارة والاستثمار الأورومتوسطي من بوابة إلكترونية مجانية للمعلومات الخاصة بالبلد والمنتج وتشمل التعريفات والرسوم وإجراءات الاستيراد والتصدير ومتطلبات السوق. هناك تحديثات منتظمة للمعلومات بفضل شبكة من نقاط الاتصال الوطنية في كل بلد متوسطي مشارك. مكتب المساعدة الأورومتوسطي متاح باللغات الإنجليزية والفرنسية والعربية والتركية.

والهدف من ذلك هو تعزيز التكامل الاقتصادي لأن التكامل يفتقر جزئيا من ناحية توافر شفافية المعلومات المتعلقة بالتجارة، ولا تشارك الدول الأورومتوسطية كثيرًا في التكامل الإقليمي.

المشروع ممول من قبل الاتحاد الأوروبي، ومركز التجارة الدولي مسؤول عن تنفيذ آلية تسهيل التجارة والاستثمار الأورومتوسطي.

التجارة في آسيا الوسطى
يعمل برنامج التجارة في آسيا الوسطى على تعزيز التجارة الدولية في كازاخستان وقيرغيزستان وطاجيكستان وتركمانستان وأوزبكستان ويتم تمويله من قبل الاتحاد الأوروبي.

المساعدة المتعلقة بالتجارة بين الاتحاد الأوروبي وسريلانكا
يهدف مشروع المساعدة المتعلقة بالتجارة بين الاتحاد الأوروبي وسريلانكا إلى زيادة القدرة التنافسية التجارية للمؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم في سريلانكا في الأسواق الإقليمية وأسواق الاتحاد الأوروبي.

مدة المشروع أربع سنوات وتبلغ قيمته 8 ملايين يورو. يتم تمويله من قبل الاتحاد الأوروبي. وهو يدعم القدرة التنافسية التصديرية للشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة في مختلف القطاعات مثل التوابل والأغذية وتكنولوجيا المعلومات.

يتناول المشروع معايير الامتثال والكفاءات في الإجراءات عبر الحدود، والتي تمثل قيودًا رئيسية للوصول إلى الأسواق، وخاصة بالنسبة للشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة.

مشروع تمكين الشباب الغامبي (YEP)
يهدف مشروع تمكين الشباب الغامبي (YEP) إلى تعزيز المهارات وإمكانية توظيف المهاجرين المحتملين والعائدين. يدعم مركز التجارة الدولي توظيف الشباب وريادة الأعمال من خلال التدريبات المهنية والشراكات مع: مؤسسات تنمية المهارات المحلية والدولية، والقطاع الخاص.

الصندوق الاستئماني الهولندي - المرحلة الثالثة (NTF III)
بدأ الصندوق الاستئماني الهولندي الثالث (NTF III) برنامج القدرة التنافسية لقطاع الصادرات في عام 2013. وهي شراكة بين المركز الهولندي لتعزيز الواردات من البلدان النامية (CBI) التابع لوزارة الشؤون الخارجية الهولندية ومركز التجارة الدولي. والهدف هو تعزيز القدرة التنافسية لخدمات تكنولوجيا المعلومات في بنغلاديش وكينيا وأوغندا،  وكذلك قطاع السياحة في ميانمار،  ومنتجي الأفوكادو في كينيا، ومزارع البن في أوغندا.

الإجراءات غير الجمركية
يوفر برنامج الإجراءات غير الجمركية منصة تفاعلية تعزز الشفافية وفهم العقبات التي تشكلها الحواجز التجارية غير الجمركية على التجارة الدولية من خلال الحد من الصادرات والواردات من خلال الامتثال لمتطلبات محددة.

البرنامج عبارة عن مبادرة متعددة الوكالات تساعد البلدان على إيجاد حلول تأخذ احتياجاتها الخاصة بعين الاعتبار. والبرنامج لديه تعاون وثيق مع أصحاب المصلحة (المحليين والإقليميين).

تعزيز التجارة البينية
يركز برنامج تعزيز التجارة البينية الذي تم إطلاقه في عام 2013 على زيادة القدرة التنافسية التصديرية للمشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم المنتجة للعسل والمانجو والتوابل في كينيا وتنزانيا  وزامبيا. وهو برنامج مدته ثلاث سنوات يتم تنفيذه من قبل مركز التجارة الدولي بالتعاون مع المنظمات الرائدة في كل بلد.

تمول حكومة فنلندا برنامج تعزيز التجارة البينية.

المرأة والتجارة
برنامج المرأة والتجارة هو مبادرة تهدف إلى ربط مليون سيدة أعمال بالتجارة بحلول عام 2020. وبالتالي تساهم هذه المبادرة بشكل مباشر في الهدف الخامس من أهداف التنمية المستدامة من خلال تمكين المرأة.

هي تتاجر
تقدم مبادرة هي تتاجر (SheTrades) لرائدات الأعمال منصة عبر الإنترنت للاتصال بالأسواق. يسمح تطبيق هي تتاجر لرائدات الأعمال بمشاركة المعلومات حول شركاتهن مما يزيد من ظهورهن وتمكينهن من التدويل. وهذا يساعد على إشراك المزيد من رائدات الأعمال في سلاسل التوريد للشركات.

تعاونت شركة جرين بيل للاتصالات في كينيا مع جوجل وشركة سي آي أند تي لوضع اقتراح. تم إطلاق منصة SheTrades في عام 2015 في المنتدى الدولي للمرأة في الأعمال في نيروبي.

برنامج الشباب والتجارة
يركز برنامج الشباب والتجارة على توفير بيئة قوية يستطيع فيها رواد الأعمال الشباب التطور وتلقي المساعدة عند الحاجة. هذا يساعدهم على النمو والتدويل مع توفير فرص الدخل وبالتالي مساعدة الاقتصاد على النمو.

يساهم البرنامج بشكل مباشر في الهدف 4 من أهداف التنمية المستدامة (مهارات ريادة الأعمال) وكذلك الهدف 8 (العمل اللائق والنمو الشامل).

المؤتمرات والمنتديات

مؤتمر هي تتاجر العالمي
مؤتمر هي تتاجر العالمي (SheTrades Global) هو مؤتمر سنوي لمدة يومين. عُقد المنتدى الأول في عام 2011 وحتى عام 2018 كان المؤتمر يسمى معرض ومنتدى البائعات.

منتدى التجارة من أجل التنمية المستدامة (T4SD)
منتدى التجارة من أجل التنمية المستدامة (T4SD) هو حدث سنوي ينظمه مركز التجارة الدولي.

يربط (T4SD) المجتمعات في السياسة والأعمال والتجارة والاستدامة، مع تحدي قادة الفكر لسد الفجوة بين المناقشات حول معايير الاستدامة وسلاسل التوريد والتجارة الدولية، للعمل من أجل تحقيق أهداف الأمم المتحدة العالمية للتنمية المستدامة (SDGs).

مؤتمر الشبكة العالمية لمنظمة ترويج التجارة (TPO)
تم إنشاء منظمة ترويج التجارة في عام 1996 بهدف تقديم منصة لتسهيل التبادل الديناميكي للمعلومات والممارسات الجيدة والخبرات والتعاون حول تقديم الخدمات الموجهة للتصدير بين منظمات ترويج التجارة (TPOs)، وتوفر شَبَكة مُنَّظمة ترويج التجارة منصة حيث يمكن للمنظمات الفردية الاستفادة من تآزر منظمات ترويج التجارة التي تعمل معًا من أجل تحقيق التحسين المستمر والمتبادل من خلال المنتديات المتصلة عبر الإنترنت وغير المتصلة.

يُعقد المؤتمر العالمي لشبكة منظمة ترويج التجارة كل عامين وهو مفتوح لجميع مؤسسات دعم التجارة المكلفة بتقديم خدمات الدعم الفني المتعلقة بالتجارة.

خلال المؤتمر، تُمنح جوائز شبكة منظمة ترويج التجارة لمنظمات ترويج التجارة المحلية الرائدة التي فوضتها حكوماتها لتعزيز إستراتيجية ترويج الصادرات في بلدانهم. تشارك منظمات ترويج التجارة في جوائز منظمة ترويج التجارة في فئات محددة وفقًا لحالة التنمية الاقتصادية للبلدان التي يقع فيها مقرها الرئيسي.

المنتدى العالمي لتنمية الصادرات (WEDF)
المنتدى العالمي لتنمية الصادرات (WEDF) هو عبارة عن منصة عالمية سنوية تهدف إلى تطوير الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة. عقد المؤتمر الأول عام 1999. حضر الحدث أكثر من 600 من كبار صانعي السياسات على الصعيدين المحلي والدولي، ورؤساء منظمات دعم التجارة، وقادة الأعمال وممثلي الوكالات الدولية.

يتألف WEDF من الجلسات العامة رفيعة المستوى وورش العمل والاجتماعات الميسرة بين الشركات والتي تمكن المشاركين من زيادة معرفتهم العملية في أحدث الابتكارات والعمليات والسياسات مع توسيع شبكاتهم.

مؤتمرات الشركاء
بهدف دعم الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة وتأثيرها الإنمائي في التجارة الدولية، يتعاون مركز التجارة الدولية مع المنظمات الشريكة له، منظمة التجارة العالمية ومؤتمر الأمم المتحدة للتجارة والتنمية، من أجل الأحداث من أجل تحقيق هدفه. ومن الأمثلة على هذه الشراكة، من بين أمور أخرى، المنتدى العام لمنظمة التجارة العالمية ومؤتمر المعونة من أجل التجارة.

المدراء التنفيذيون
كان لمركز التجارة الدولية منذ إنشائه في عام 1964 ستة مديرين تنفيذيين. كان المنصب شاغرا مرتين في تاريخه: في أوائل السبعينيات وأوائل التسعينيات من القرن الماضي.

المدير التنفيذي لمركز التجارة الدولية هو أحد كبار موظفي الخدمة المدنية الدولية في الأمم المتحدة بمستوى الأمين العام المساعد. يتم تعيين المدير التنفيذي لمركز التجارة الدولية وكذلك نائب المدير التنفيذي من قبل رئيسي المنظمتين الأم: المدير العام لمنظمة التجارة العالمية والأمين العام لمؤتمر الأمم المتحدة للتجارة والتنمية.

التمويل
يتم تمويل عمل مركز التجارة الدولي من خلال مساهمات من القطاع الخاص بالإضافة إلى الموارد المقدمة من البلدان المستفيدة والمنظمات الدولية.

وصلات خارجية
 مركز التجارة الدولي
 مؤتمر الأمم المتحدة للتجارة والتنمية
 منظمة التجارة العالمية

مراجع

الهيئات الفرعية للجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة
تنمية عالمية
مجموعة الأمم المتحدة الإنمائية
منظمات الأمم المتحدة مقرها في جنيف
منظمات أسست في 1964
منظمات تجارة دولية
منظمة التجارة العالمية
المنظمات التنموية الدولية

مركز التجارة الدولي


Bagheera  ( / Baghīrā) is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli stories in The Jungle Book (coll. 1894) and The Second Jungle Book (coll. 1895). He is a black panther (melanistic Indian leopard) who serves as friend, protector and mentor to the "man-cub" Mowgli. The word bagheera is Hindi for panther or leopard, although the root word bagh means any form of panthera and is nowadays mostly used to refer to the Royal Bengal tiger.

Character history
Born in captivity in the menagerie of the Raja of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, Bagheera begins to plan for his freedom after his mother dies. Once he is mature and strong enough, he breaks the lock on his cage and escapes into the jungle, where his ferocity and cunning nature win him the respect of all its other inhabitants, except for Shere Khan the Tiger. Bagheera reveals all this to Mowgli later. None but Mowgli ever learn that Bagheera once wore a collar and chain, explaining the cat's special insight concerning men. Because he had learned the ways of men, he was also more loving to the abandoned human child who came to be under his care and protection.

When Father Wolf and Mother Wolf of the Seeonee (Seoni) wolf pack adopt the human "cub" Mowgli and the pack demands that the new cub should be spoken for, Bagheera buys Mowgli's life with a freshly killed bull and helps to raise him as one of the pack. Because his life has been bought by a bull, Mowgli is forbidden to eat cattle (coincidentally, just as the Hindu villagers of the region are also forbidden). Bagheera will frequently remind Mowgli of this debt by swearing an oath referencing his own previous captivity. As Bagheera swears, "By the broken lock that freed me," so Mowgli answers back "By the bull that bought me."

At one point, during one of Mowgli's many lessons in the Laws of the Jungle under the tutelage of Baloo the Bear, Bagheera says "I am more likely to give help than to ask it," as Mowgli learns the many sacred words needed to call on the assistance of all kinds of species of animals living in the jungle. Bagheera, having freed himself from the captivity of humans, is a proud animal aware of his own abilities, though he acknowledges Mowgli's growing power over each of the animals as the boy grows older. Bagheera shows Mowgli that none of the animals may stare into his eyes, even those who love him.

Bagheera shares in many of Mowgli's adventures as he grows, but eventually the time comes when the man-cub becomes a man and has to return to human society. Bagheera frees Mowgli of his debt to the wolf pack by killing another bull, and Mowgli returns to his adopted human mother Messua.

Bagheera is one of Mowgli's mentors and best friends. He, Baloo and Kaa sing for Mowgli "The Outsong" of the jungle. He also calls out to Mowgli in farewell, "Remember, Bagheera loved thee...Remember, Bagheera loved thee."

Disney adaptations

1967 animated film
Bagheera appears in the 1967 animated adaptation by Walt Disney Productions. His voice is provided by Sebastian Cabot. As in the Kipling books, Bagheera is Mowgli's rational guardian; however, while developing the film, Walt Disney chose to omit Bagheera's past and scars and not let him spoil Mowgli more. Baloo in the film often calls Bagheera "Baggy" as a nickname.

Bagheera finds Mowgli as a baby and brings him to a pack of wolves to ensure his survival, knowing Mowgli will eventually need to return to the human world. When Shere Khan returns to the jungle, Bagheera offers to take Mowgli to a nearby human village for his safety. Bagheera conflicts with Baloo regarding Mowgli, but Bagheera reminds him of Shere Khan and convinces him to help him. When Mowgli runs away from Baloo, Bagheera tries to gain help from Hathi and his herd of elephants in finding him. Bagheera consoles Mowgli when he thinks Shere Khan has killed Baloo trying to defend him, but Baloo wakes much to Bagheera's anger, having thought him dead. When Mowgli follows Shanti a human girl into the village, Bagheera encourages him and consoles Baloo, assuring him of Mowgli's safety. He and Baloo walk off afterward singing "The Bare Necessities" as the film ends.

Though Bagheera is absent from the series TaleSpin, which uses several characters from the 1967 film, many of Shere Khan's employees and military personnel are black panthers strongly resembling him.

Bagheera appears as a cub in the prequel series Jungle Cubs, where his friends often make fun of him. Like Shere Khan and Hathi, Bagheera has an American accent as opposed to his English accent in the 1967 film. Bagheera is voiced in Jungle Cubs by E.G. Daily and Dee Bradley Baker as a cub and by Jim Cummings as an adult on special animated segments.

Bagheera appears in The Jungle Book 2, voiced by Bob Joles. When Shere Khan returns to take revenge on Mowgli, Bagheera tries to stop Baloo from helping Mowgli, suspecting he wants to bring him back to the jungle. Bagheera fails despite gaining the aid of Hathi, and Baloo tricks him into thinking Mowgli is not with him, though Bagheera is unsure. Bagheera rushes to help Mowgli and his friend Shanti after Shere Khan attacks them but has to wait outside the temple where they are trapped, warning Baloo to be careful as he travels inside. Mowgli manages to trap Shere Khan, after which he introduces Shanti to Bagheera. At the end of the film, he is shown playing with Mowgli's adoptive brother Ranjan.

1994 live-action film
In the 1994 live-action film, Bagheera is portrayed by a black leopard named Shadow. As opposed to other adaptations, Bagheera and the other animals in the 1994 film do not speak.

Bagheera finds Mowgli and his pet wolf, Grey Brother, after they are separated from civilization. Hearing Shere Khan's roar, Bagheera leads them by his tail to a pack of wolves, who adopt them as Mowgli is kind to one of their species. When Mowgli is an adult and has learned the ways of men, he introduces Bagheera to his love interest Kitty Brydon, though he is hostile toward Kitty's fiancé Captain Boone and his soldiers. Bagheera saves Mowgli from being shot by soldiers working for Boone, and later saves their friend Dr. Plumford from being killed by Buldeo and a caravan of bandits. When Mowgli is tied to a tree, Bagheera arrives and chews through the ropes, freeing him. At the end of the film Bagheera is seen crossing a bridge with a triumphant Mowgli and Kitty.

2016 live-action/CGI hybrid film
Bagheera appears in the 2016 remake of the 1967 film as a computer-generated character, where he is voiced by Ben Kingsley. Bagheera's role in the 2016 film is largely similar to the 1967 animated version, serving as a mentor to Mowgli and a voice of reason to him and Baloo.

Bagheera rescues Mowgli after Shere Khan kills the boy's father and raises him to be a creature of the jungle as part of Akela's wolf pack. When Shere Khan threatens Mowgli's life, Bagheera agrees to guide him to a human village, but Shere Khan ambushes them en route. Bagheera fights Shere Khan, buying Mowgli enough time to escape. He reunites with Mowgli after Baloo saves him from Kaa, and tries to have Baloo lie to Mowgli in order to ensure he stays in the village. Bagheera and Baloo help Mowgli escape King Louie and his gang of monkeys, but Mowgli is furious with them for failing to tell them Shere Khan has killed Akela. Bagheera helps Baloo and the wolf pack fight Shere Khan long enough to allow Mowgli to lure the tiger over a pit of fire, into which he falls to his death. Bagheera is seen sitting with Baloo and Mowgli as the film ends, Mowgli having found his true home in the jungle.

Kingsley described Bagheera in an interview as an adoptive parent to Mowgli whose personality was somewhat militaristic, saying "he's instantly recognizable by the way that he talks, how he acts, and what his ethical code is." Kingsley's voice acting was praised by Rotten Tomatoes as "[bringing] the appropriate level of gravitas to the strait-laced Bagheera," and was ranked as the best animal performance in the film by Vox, who called Bagheera "the concerned parent, worried about what his child will find around the next corner, the big cat who knows he has to let go just a little but can't find it in himself to do so".

Other media
In the 1967 animated Soviet film, Adventures of Mowgli, Bagheera () is portrayed as female. This may be related to the fact that the Russian word for "panther" (, pantera) is a feminine noun, and a name ending with 'a' is considered to be a female name in the Russian language (a male panther would have been named Bagheer). As a matter of fact, Russian translators sometimes accidentally sought gender balance by changing the gender and name of fictional animals if they were behaving similar to local folklore trickster, e. g. there's a female fox character in an adaptation/translation of Italian The Adventures of Pinocchio made by A. Tolstoy). Additionally, in the Russian translation of the book, Bagheera is female. In this version, she has three cubs, one black and two yellow with rosette patterns. Bagheera is portrayed as friendly, loyal, trustworthy, and protective, yet somewhat cunning and tricky. She is voiced by Lyudmila Kasatkina in the original Soviet Russian-language version, and by Dana Delany in the 1996 American English version.
In a 1978 live-action sketch titled The Wonderful World of Ernie from Morecambe and Wise which parodied "I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song)" Bagheera is played by Derek Griffiths using a full costume, although lip-synching to Sebastian Cabot's original recorded dialogue in the middle of the song.
In the Japanese anime Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli, Bagheera is one of Mowgli's closest friends and strongest allies. Voiced by Hiroya Ishimaru in the Japanese and Arthur Grosser in the English Dub. Like in the literature, he was formerly a pet panther, but instead of breaking free on his own, he is set free on purpose, mainly to protect him as his owner was a cruel man, though the man's daughter Linda was compassionate to him and even went as far as taking a gunshot for him to ensure his escape. Bagheera later told Mowgli about her and also mourns her.
In the 1991 song "Bagheera" by Blues Traveler, Bagheera is depicted with blood-stained fur drinking at the bar, counseling a young man-cub about his choice to live as man or as a free creature. Mowgli remembers when he was in the midst of his decision to live with the world of Man or to return to the jungle and be free. The line says "some say if you could have seen him then, you would have noticed a tear fall from his majestic eye."
In the 1996 Hungarian play version, Bagheera is again a female panther. Her main role is bribing the wolf pack with a bull, so they accept Mowgli as Akela's cub, teaching Mowgli with Baloo about the Rules of the Jungle, and advising him throughout the play.
In the 1998 film The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story, Bagheera is portrayed as a female, voiced by Eartha Kitt.
In the 2002 comic book series Fables, Bagheera appears as one of the characters living in exile on the Farm in upstate New York. He participates in the farm uprising and, along with the other "Kipling" fables, he assists Goldilocks in tracking down Reynard the Fox. Bagheera actually succeeds in tracking down Reynard, though the Fox manages to escape from him. It is implied that Bagheera's primary motivation for capturing the Fox is to show up Shere Khan after Khan arrogantly rejects Bagheera's offer of help. After the uprising is defeated, a remorseful Bagheera agrees to imprisonment rather than forced labor. However, as he reveals to Mowgli, he has the memory of urinating on the deceased Shere Khan's grave to amuse himself.
A 2007 Swedish play version of The Jungle Book spoofed the confusion of Bagheera's sex in the media by portraying him as a transvestite.
In the 2018 Netflix film Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle, Christian Bale voiced Bagheera.

See also

Bagheera kiplingi

References

External links

Fictional adoptees
Fictional leopards
Fictional panthers
The Jungle Book characters
Literary characters introduced in 1894
Male characters in literature
Orphan characters in literature
Male characters in animation

Bagheera


IQ er en britisk neo-progressiv rockgruppe dannet i 1981 af Mike Holmes og Martin Orford efter opløsningen af deres tidligere band The Lens. Selv om bandet aldrig har opnået nogen større kommerciel succes og har undergået adskillige ændringer i medlemssammensætningen, så er der alligevel opstået en loyal fanskare omkring bandet over årene, og bandet er fortsat aktivt per marts 2018.

Den neo-progressive bevægelse
IQ var et blandt flere engelske bands, dannet i begyndelsen af 1980erne, herunder Marillion, Pendragon, Twelfth Night, Pallas, Quasar, LaHost og Solstice, som fortsatte den progressive rockstil, der opstod med progressive rockbands som Genesis og Yes i 1970erne. Medierne omtalte disse bands som "neo-progressive", og de blev ofte anklaget for simpelthen at kopiere de tidligere og mere populære 70er-bands. Anklagen er flere gange blevet afvist af IQ, som er imod brugen af betegnelsen "neo-progressiv", og som insisterer på, at de er inspireret af en bredere vifte af bands og genrer.

Musikstil

Bandets musikstil, særligt i begyndelsen af dets eksistens, havde tydelige ligheder med det tidlige Genesis med Peter Gabriel og Steve Hackett, som følge af sangeren Peter Nicholls sangstil og sceneshow, der mindede om Gabriel, og keyboard-spiller Martin Orfords storladne keyboard-spil. Guitaristen Mike Howe gav dog bandet end noget hårdere lyd end Genesis. Efter Nicholls forlod bandet i 1985 blev dets stil, på albummene Nomzamo (1987) og Are You Sitting Comfortably? (1989), mere kommerciel og radiovenlig - dog uden den store succes — selvom begge albums også indeholdt numre af den mere progressive slags. Efter Nicholls tilbagevenden i 1990 gik bandet tilbage til sine prog-rock rødder, først på albummet Ever, med længere og mere komplekse numre.

Medlemmer
Nuværende medlemmer
 Mike Holmes – guitar (1981–nu)
 Tim Esau – basguitar (1981–1989, 2011–nu)
 Peter Nicholls – forsanger og støttevokal(1981–1985, 1990–nu)
 Paul Cook – trommer (1982–2005, 2009–nu)
 Neil Durant - Keyboards (2010–nu)

Tidligere medlemmer
 Martin Orford – keyboard, støttevokal (1981–2007)
 Mark Ridout – trommer (1981–1982)
 Paul (P.L.) Menel – forsanger (1985–1990)
 Les 'Ledge' Marshall – basguitar (1989-1991)
 John Jowitt – basguitar, støttevokal (1991–2011)
 Andy Edwards – trommer (2005–2009)
 Mark Westworth – keyboard (2007–2010)

Lineups

Tidslinje

Diskografi

Album
 Tales from the Lush Attic (1983)
 30th anniversary remix plus extras (2013)
 The Wake (1985)
 25th anniversary edition plus extras (2010)
 Nomzamo (1987)
 Are You Sitting Comfortably? (1989)
 Ever (1993)
 Subterranea (1997)
 Seven Stories into '98 (1998)
 The Seventh House (2000)
 Dark Matter (2004)
 Frequency (2009)
 The Road of Bones (2014)

Opsamlinger
 Nine in a Pond is Here (1985) ("official bootleg" af demoer mv. CD-udgave er forkortet)
 The Lost Attic (1999) (sjældenheder)
 Limited edition Frequency Tour CD 1 (2008) (sjældenheder og live-udgaver)
 Limited edition Frequency Tour CD 2 (2008) (sjældenheder og live-udgaver)

Live album
 Living Proof (1986)
 J'ai Pollette d'Arnu (1991) (b-sider og live-udgaver)
 Forever Live (1993)
 Subterranea: The Concert (2000)
 The Archive Collection: IQ20 (2003) ("official bootleg" af live-koncert)
 The Wake: Live at De Boerderij (2010)
 The Archive Collection: IQ30 (2012) ("official bootleg" af live-koncert)
 The Archive Collection: Live on The Road of Bones (2016)

Videoer
 Forever Live (VHS/CD set 1996, DVD set 2007)
 Subterranea: The Concert (DVD, 2000)
 IQ20 - The Twentieth Anniversary Show (DVD 2004)
 Live from London (DVD, optaget 13. maj 1985 i London, 2005)
 IQ Stage (DVD, 2006)
 Forever Live (DVD, 2007)
 The Wake in Concert (DVD, 2010)
 Scrape Across the Sky (Blu-ray, 2017)

Singler

 Barbell is in (1984)
 Corners (1985)
 Passing Strangers (1987)
 Promises (as the years go by) (1987)
 Sold on you (1989)

Referencer

Eksterne links
 Official IQ web site
 The Museum of the band IQ
 Collection of IQ MIDI files (arkiveret)

Rockgrupper fra Storbritannien
Progressiv rock-grupper

IQ (gruppe)


Aceasta este o listă de actori nigerieni.

Actori

 Femi Adebayo
 Odunlade Adekola
 Muyiwa Ademola
 Gbenro Ajibade
 Yemi Ajibade
 Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje
 Jimoh Aliu
 Fred Amata
 Okey Bakassi
 Saheed Balogun
 John Boyega
 Femi Branch
 Richard Mofe Damijo
 Pete Edochie
 Yul Edochie
 Chiwetel Ejiofor
 Mike Ezuruonye
 Sola Fosudo
 Osita Iheme
 Chinedu Ikedieze
 Jim Iyke
 Olu Jacobs
 Hakeem Kae-Kazim
 Jide Kosoko
 Ayo Makun
 Chuma Mmeka
 Dele Momodu
 Ramsey Nouah
 Ali Nuhu
 Saint Obi
 Dele Odule
 Dede One Day
 Clem Ohameze
 John Okafor
 Dayo Okeniyi
 Nkem Owoh
 Emeka Ossai
 Babatunde Omidina
 Afeez Oyetoro
 Kola Oyewo
 Adebayo Salami
 Yemi Shodimu
 Tope Tedela
 O. C. Ukeje

Actrițe

 Nafisa Abdullahi
 Ayo Adesanya
 Taiwo Ajai Lycett
 Nikki Amuka-Bird
 Regina Askia
 Kehinde Bankole
 Liz Benson
 Monalisa Chinda
 Chioma Chukwuka
 Tonto Dikeh
 Rita Dominic
 Megalyn Echikunwoke
 Ini Edo
 Carmen Ejogo
 Omotola Jalade Ekeinde
 Tamara Eteimo
 Nse Ikpe Etim
 Hadiza Gabon
 Muma Gee
 Shan George
 Kate Henshaw
 Osas Ighodaro
 Chika Ike
 Mercy Johnson
 Carol King
 Bisi Komolafe
 Annie Macaulay–Idibia
 Lola Margaret
 Genevieve Nnaji
 Iyabo Ojo
 Stephanie Okereke
 Sophie Okonedo
 Chioma Okoye
 Oge Okoye
 Moji Olaiya
 Kiki Omeili
 Racheal Oniga
 Bimbo Oshin
 Patience Ozokwor
 Helen Paul
 Idowu Philips
 Tiwa Savage
 Mary Uranta
 Bukky Wright

Note

Vezi și
 Listă de regizori nigerieni
Nollywood

Actori
Listă

Listă de actori nigerieni


Grgur Orlovčić (?, prije 1510. – Mohač, 29. kolovoza 1526.), bio je hrvatski vojskovođa i uz Petra Kružića kapetan Senja i Klisa.

Podrijetlo
Pripadao je obitelji Orlovčić hrvatskog plemenitog roda Humljana iz gornjeg Pounja. Jedno od dobara ove obitelji bio je grad (castrum) Čovka smješten nešto sjevernije od Kruga, prema pretpostavkama većine povjesničara, rodnog mjesta Petra Kružića.

Životopis
O Orlovčićevu ranom životu poznato je vrlo malo informacija. Bio je sin Jurja Orlovčića, hrvatskog velikaša, koji je 1492. bio predstavnik Hrvatskog sabora u radu Ugarskog sabora i njegove supruge Klare Orlovčić.  Poznato je kako ga je nakon službe kraljeva kaštelana u Ripču, utvrdi bitnoj za obranu Bihaća, kralj Ludovik II. Jagelović 1521. godine imenovao kapetanom grada Senja i poslao ga Jeronimu Peteliniću kao sudruga u službi. Zbog nezadovoljstava Otočana i Senjana Petelinićevom upravom, koja su uskoro došla na vidjelo, kralj je na njegovo mjesto kao sukapetana Orlovčiću izabrao Petra Kružića.

Međusobna adopcija s Petrom Kružićem
Tri godine kasnije, prema službenoj evidenciji Senjskog kaptola 16. svibnja 1524., senjski su se kapetani međusobno posvojili kao braća i zaključili ugovor o uzajamnom nasljedstvu svih do tada stečenih imanja i svih onih koja će braća tek steći u slučaju da obitelj kojega od njih izumre po muškoj liniji nasljeđivanja. Do ove je odluke najvjerojatnije došlo zbog njihovog međusobnog odnosa zasnovanog na vojničkoj solidarnosti, te zbog sličnosti situacija u kojima su se nalazili (društvenog statusa, istoga zavičajnog podrijetla, raseljeničke povijesti i sl.). Osim navedenog, u to su vrijeme obojica bili i jedinim preostalim muškim pripadnicima vlastitih obitelji, te stoga i jedinim nasljednicima obiteljskih baština. U doba adopcije obojica su već imala malodobnu djecu, ali unatoč toj činjenici bili su, s obzirom na njihov izbor vojne profesije i karijere, svjesni opasnosti izumrća svojih obitelji po muškoj liniji, u slučaju pogibije jednoga od njih, pa su međusobnim posvojenjem zapravo jamčili sigurnu egzistenciju i pravo na uživanje svih stečenih dobara svojim suprugama i kćerima, koja će im svojom zaštitom omogućiti preživjeli "brat".

U približno isto vrijeme Orlovčić se Kružiću pridružuje u obrani grada Klisa kao sukapetan, čijim je Kružić bio kapetanom još od 1518. godine.

Smrt i nasljedstvo
Grgur Orlovčić jedan je od brojnih plemića koji je sudjelovao u bitci na Mohačkom polju, gdje je na posljetku i poginuo 29. kolovoza 1526. Iza sebe nije ostavio muških potomaka, te je time njegov rod po muškoj liniji izumro.

Nakon njegove smrti dogodio se pretpostavljeni razvoj događaja u njegovoj obitelji vezan uz njegovu međusobnu adopciju s Petrom Kružićem, koji je taj ugovor poštovao, te postao službenim zaštitnikom Orlovčićeve udovice Marte i kćeri Katarine, te svih njihovih baštinskih i do tada novostečenih imanja. Primjer Kružićeva poštovanja ovog ugovora može se vidjeti u činjenici kako mu je kralj Ferdinand oko 1529. godine darovao baštinski grad i utvrdu Orlovčića, Sokol, na temelju izumrća ove obitelji po muškoj lozi, ali Kružić nakon toga nikad nije osporio vlasništvo nad istim dobrom Orlovčićevoj udovici i kćeri. Također, Marta Orlovčić je bez ikakvih Kružićevih zapreka, početkom veljače 1534. utanačila bračni ugovor s Pavlom Kercsenyijem za svoju kćer Katarinu i Pavlova sina Ladislava, u kojemu je kao dio Katarinina miraza naveden i grad Sokol u Kninskoj županiji. Prijenos vlasništva tako nikada nije doveden u pitanje, pa se Ladislav Kercsenyi i nakon Katarinine smrti navodi kao vlasnik istoga grada. Još jedan primjer dobrih odnosa između Marte Orlovčić i Petra Kružića, jest njihovo zajedničko upravljanje vlastelinstvom Brezovica. Ne postoje zapisi koji bi svjedočili o bilo kakvoj svađi ili nesuglasicama oko diobe dobara ili prihoda ovog vlastelinstva u Križevačkoj županiji, kojeg su Kružić i Orlovčić zajednički dobili u studenom 1524. od kralja Ludovika II. Jagelovića.

Izvori

Vidi još
 Petar Kružić
 Kliška tvrđava
Hrvatski vojni zapovjednici
Povijest Hrvatske (1102. – 1527.)

Grgur Orlovčić


Atchisson Assault Shotgun(Atchisson Stormhaglgevær) udviklet i 1972 af Maxwell Atchisson. Den mest fremtrædende funktion er den reducerede rekyl. Den nuværende 2005-version blev udviklet for over 18 år siden patentet blev solgt til Military Police Systems, Inc. Det oprindelige design var grundlaget for flere senere våben, herunder USAS-12 - kamp haglgevær. Våbenet er kun fuldautomatisk. Det skyder med en hastighed på 300 omgange pr. Minut, så det kan brænde et skud ad gangen med udtræk. Der er et 8 skud bar magasin 20 eller 32 skud barrel magazine.

Referencer

Skydevåben

Atchisson Assault Shotgun


Le Club Independiente Petrolero couramment appelé Independiente Petrolero est un club bolivien de football basé à Sucre.

Le club comprend également une section de football féminin, et une section volleyball (masculin et féminin).

Histoire
En 1932, des joueurs exclus du club San Francisco de La Recoleta forment un nouveau club, pour montrer leur indépendance ils le nomment Independiente Sporting Club. Le club commence avec les couleurs jaune et rouge, en hommage au drapeau de l'Espagne.

En 1935, le club se renomme Club Independiente Petrolero et change ses couleurs, d'abord le gris et le rouge puis quelques années plus tard le gris est remplacé par le blanc en hommage à la ville de Sucre.

Le club joue la première fois en première division bolivienne en 1972, puis trois autres périodes en 1975 et 1976, de 1981 à 1983 et de 1990 à 2003.

En 1998, le club termine à la  place et obtient la qualification pour la Copa CONMEBOL 1999 où il sera éliminé au premier tour par les Argentins de Talleres, futurs vainqueurs de la compétition.

En 2021, après dix-sept ans d'absence, l'Independiente Petrolero revient en première division après son titre de vice-champion de la Copa Simón Bolívar (le deuxième niveau en Bolivie). Dès son retour en première division le club remporte son premier titre de champion de Bolivie.

Palmarès

Rivalités
Le club entretient une rivalité avec Stormers Sporting Club, un autre club de Sucre avec qui il partage le stade olympique Patria, le derby s'appelle El Clásico Chuquisaqueño. Plus récemment un nouveau derby est né avec l'Universitario de Sucre.

Lorsque l'Independiente Petrolero rencontre le  on parle du Clásico refinero.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Club de football en Bolivie
Club de football fondé en 1932

Club Independiente Petrolero


Saimaa (čita se Sajma) najveće je finsko jezero, leži na jugoistoku zemlje.

Saimaa leži sjeverozapadno od ruske granice - sjeveroistočno od Helsinkija. Ima površinu od 1.377 km² i najveće je jezero velikog - Jezerskog sustava Saimaa. Jezero leži na 76 metara nadmorske visine, prosječna mu je dubina 17 metara, a najveća 82 metara. Danas je Kanalom Saimaa povezano s Finskim zaljevom, sagrađenim 1856. godine.

Jezerski sustav Saimaa
Jezerski sustav Saimaa ima čak 4.377 km² i najveći je jezerski kompleks u Finskoj. To je labirint jezera koji se račva u dvije grane i proteže na sjever u dužini od nekih 350 km od grada Lappeenranta, koji leži na samom jezeru Saimaa do Iisalmija na zapadnoj grani i Nurmesa na istočnoj grani. To je kompleks od oko 120 jezera. Najveća od tih jezera su: Saimaa 1377,03 km², Pihlajavesi 712,59 km², Puruvesi 416,35 km², Haukivesi 560,43 km², Orivesi 601,30 km², Pyhäselkä 361,10 km², Enonvesi 196,68 km², Pyyvesi 29,75 km² i Ukonvesi 24,23 km².

Kompleks Saimaa neprekinuti je niz jezera, rijeka i potoka čije se vode polako slijevaju od sjevera prema jugu u jezero Saimaa, iz kog istječu rijekom Vuoksi u pravcu jugoistoka i Rusije, gdje utječu u Ladogu, najveće europsko jezero. Sliv kompleksa Saimaa pokriva većinu jugoistočne Finske, područje veličine Belgije, koje se proteže od ruske granice na istoku gotovo do jezera Oulujärvi na sjeveru. Dužina svih obala toga kompleksa je najveća na svijetu, 14.850 km, uz impresivan broj otoka - 13.710 ukupne površine 1850 km², što svjedoči da se radi o pravom labirintu.

Saimaa je nastala za ledenoga doba kao ogromni glečer debljine više od kilometra koji je pokrivao čitav taj kraj, a kada se otopio nastala je Saimaa kao niz slatkovodnih bazena odvojenih od mora na 76 m prosječne nadmorske visine.
Eksploatacija šuma, poizvodnja celuloze i papira temelj su regionalnoga gospodarstva. Jezerski kompleks omogućuje bitne prometne veze, između većih gradova u regiji. Velike hidroelektrane podignute su na južnom dijelu jezerskoga kompleksa, naročito kod grada Imatre. Slikovit mozaik voda, brda i šuma Saimae privlači brojne turiste.

Izvori

Jezera u Finskoj

Saimaa


Bernart de Ventadorn (francuski: Bernard de Ventadour) (dvorac Ventadorn, između 1120. i 1130. – Dalon, oko 1195.) je bio jedan od najznačajnijih provansalskih trubadura. Sačuvano je 45 tekstova njegovih pjesama i 19 melodija. Od 1153. do 1155. djelovao je na dvoru Eleonore Akvitanske i Henrika II., a potom u službi Raimonsa iz Toulousea. Neke od njegovih pjesama, poglavito Quan vei la lauzeta mover, bile su vrlo raširene i popularne u srednjem vijeku.

Izvori

Trubaduri
Francuski skladatelji
Skladatelji srednjovjekovne glazbe

Bernart de Ventadorn


Blaise Rogeau né le 26 novembre 1994 en France, est un joueur de hockey sur gazon français. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant à la Gantoise, en Belgique et avec l'équipe nationale française.

Carrière

Coupe du monde
 Top 8 : 2018.

Championnat d'Europe
 Top 8 : 2021

Hockey Series
  : 2018-2019

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1994
Naissance en France
Joueur français de hockey sur gazon

Blaise Rogeau


بلدية بلاسكوسانتشو (بالإسبانية: Blascosancho) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية بلاسكوسانتشو 105 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية بلاسكوسانتشو

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

بلاسكوسانتشو


Đurđica Klancir, hrvatska novinarka, urednica i politička analitičarka.

Životopis
Diplomirala je politologiju na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu. Još kao studentica počinje pisati u Poletu i Danasu.
Kao istraživačka novinarka, devedesetih godina istraživala je zlouporabe u privatizaciji i korupciju. Od 1997. do 1999. godine bila je glavna urednica tjednika Globus. Nakon toga radi za švedsku izdavačku kuću Bonnier Press unutar koje je 2005. godine osmislila i pokrenula poslovne novine i portal Business.hr. Od 2014. do 2016. godine glavna je urednica tportala. Od 2017. do 2018. godine glasnogovornica je i direktorica komunikacija Socijaldemokratske partije Hrvatske. Nakon toga radi kao novinarka portala net.hr.

Od 2014. do 2015. godine bila je član Stručnog povjerenstva za neprofitne medije Ministarstva kulture Republike Hrvatske.

Nagrade i priznanja
 Novinarka godine za 2019. godinu

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Komentar Đurđice Klancir na tportalu
 Blog glavne urednice, arhivirana kolumna na portalu Business.hr
 U glavu, arhivirani blog na tportalu

Hrvatski novinari

Đurđica Klancir


Stambeno-poslovna zgrada Lloyda je stambeno-poslovna zgrada u Splitu, na adresi Bartola Kašića 21.

Građena je od 1962. do 1965. godine. Arhitekt je Neven Šegvić.

Pod oznakom Z-6824 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao profana graditeljska baština.

Povezani članci
 Lloyd's

Izvori

Zgrade u Splitu
Zaštićene stambeno-poslovne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

Stambeno-poslovna zgrada Lloyda u Splitu


Joseph Fontaine, né le 3 janvier 1879 à Lourches et mort le 11 avril 1934 à Hénin-Liétard, était un mineur adhérent à la Section française de l'Internationale communiste. Il est tué au cours d'une bagarre avec des Camelots du Roi alors qu'il participait à une contre-manifestation antifasciste.

Biographie
Il effectue son service militaire au 127e régiment d'infanterie de Valenciennes. Lorsqu'éclate la Première Guerre mondiale, il sert dans le 2e régiment d'infanterie avant d'être fait prisonnier et détenu pendant tout le reste du conflit. En janvier 1919, il s'installe durablement à Hénin-Liétard et travaille en tant qu'ouvrier mineur dans la fosse 7 des mines de Dourges. Après le congrès de Tours en 1920, Joseph Fontaine adhère au Parti communiste et se syndique à la Confédération générale du travail unitaire.

La contre-manifestation du 11 avril 1934
Le 11 avril 1934, il participe à une contre-manifestation antifasciste contre la tenue d'une réunion privée de l'Action française au Palais des Fleurs à Hénin-Liétard. La contre-manifestation rassemble plus d'un millier de personnes tandis qu'une quinzaine de Camelots du Roi armés assure le service d'ordre dans le corridor qui conduit à la salle de réunion. Une trentaine de militants de gauche, dont certains armés, tente de forcer le passage. Joseph Fontaine fait partie des agresseurs. Il est tué d'une balle de revolver au cours de la bagarre avec les Camelots du Roi.

Le procès
Un premier procès a lieu le 15 juin 1934 au tribunal correctionnel de Béthune. Six antifascistes et douze royalistes sont condamnés à des petites peines de prison pour coups et blessures ou port d'armes prohibées.

Les 20 et 21 juin 1934, deux autres Camelots du Roi sont sur le banc des accusés : Eugène Fritsch, inculpé du meurtre de Joseph Fontaine et Jean Théry, inculpé pour tentative de meurtre sur la personne de l'ouvrier Puchois sont jugés à la cour d'assises de Saint-Omer. Les accusés sont défendus par Marie de Roux, Charles Degrave et de l'Etoille qui invoquent la légitime défense. L'Action française se justifie en soulignant qu'il s'agit du « premier adversaire qui tombe sous les coups des Camelots du Roi » et que « toute la responsabilité de cette mort que l'AF fut la première à déplorer, retombe sur ceux qui, en faisant courir le bruit de la venue de Léon Daudet, excitèrent leurs partisans et donnèrent prétexte à leur odieuse agression contre nos amis ». Ils sont acquittés mais Eugène Fritsch est sommé de verser 50 000 francs de dommages-intérêts à la veuve de Joseph Fontaine.

Postérité
Une plaque commémorative située rue Montpencher à Hénin-Beaumont fait mémoire de la mort de Joseph Fontaine. Un hommage annuel est rendu chaque 11 avril par les sections locales des groupements politiques de gauche. En 2014, le Front national a discrètement déposé une gerbe pour Joseph Fontaine.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Personnalité de la Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière
Naissance en janvier 1879
Décès en avril 1934
Personnalité politique française assassinée
Décès à 55 ans

Joseph Fontaine (1879-1934)


Olaylar
 1301-1302, Halley kuyruklu yıldızı, Dünya'nın yakınından geçti (önceki: 1222 ; sonraki: 1378).
 Osman Gazi, Koyunhisar Savaşı'nı kazandı. Bu savaş, Osmanlı Beyliği'nin Bizans'la ilk savaşıdır.
 Bafeus Muharebesi gerçekleşti. Halil İnalcık'a göre Osmanlı Beyliği'nin kuruluşu bu muharebeyle başlamıştır.
 Germiyanoğulları Beyliği kuruldu (dağılışı 1428).

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Hâkim, Abbâsî Halifesi

1302


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Ashu Catering