Prizma ili optička prizma, u optici, je obično trostrana prizma, od stakla ili nekoga drugoga prozirnog materijala. Kada zraka monokromatske svjetlosti padne na jednu plohu trostrane prizme, ona se lomi pri ulazu i pri izlazu iz prizme. Kut za koji zraka skrene iz svoga prvotnoga smjera, prošavši kroz prizmu, naziva se kut devijacije θ, a ovisi o kutu prizme α i o indeksu loma n materijala od kojega je prizma načinjena. Mjerenjem kuta devijacije i pripadnoga kuta prizme može se izračunati indeks loma materijala prizme. Kut devijacije ovisi i o kutu upadanja zrake. On je najmanji θmin kada zraka prolazi kroz prizmu simetrično. Za prizmu prikazano desno vrijedi:

gdje je n - indeks loma materijala prizme. Budući da kut devijacije ovisi o indeksu loma, a indeks loma o valnoj duljini svjetlosti, prizmom se može svjetlost rastaviti na komponente i tako dobiti disperzija svjetlosti. To svojstvo prizme iskorištava se za dobivanje spektara kod spektroskopskih instrumenata. Prizma za totalnu refleksiju trostrana je pravokutna prizma kojom se, zbog totalne refleksije, može zraka svjetlosti zakrenuti za 90° ili vratiti natrag i preokrenuti. Te se prizme upotrebljavaju kod mnogih optičkih instrumenata (na primjer Nicolova prizma).

Lom svjetlosti u prizmi
Optička prizma je prozirno tijelo omeđeno s dvije ravnine koje se sijeku pod oštrim kutom koji se zove lomni kut prizme ρ. Zraka se lomi kod ulaza u prizmu u točki A i kod izlaza iz prizme u točki B. U točki A zraka se otklonila od prvobitnog smjera za kut δ1 = α1 - β1. U točki B za kut δ2 = α2 - β2, pa je ukupni otklon ili devijacija zrake svjetlosti od svoga prvobitnog smjera:

Kako je zbroj kutova u trokutu 180°:

a odatle je:

Uvrstimo li to u izraz za devijaciju, dobit ćemo:

Devijacija će biti najmanja kada zraka svjetlosti bude simetrično prolazila kroz prizmu, to je kad bude α1 = β2. Ako je lomni kut ρ malen, imamo tanku prizmu, pa su i svi ostali kutovi maleni. Stoga u izrazu za indeks loma možemo sinuse zamijeniti samim kutovima, to jest:

pa je:

Uvrstimo li to u izraz za devijaciju:

ili, jer je:

dobivamo:

Odatle vidimo da je devijacija kod prizme to veća što je veći indeks loma i lomni kut prizme. Zraka iz prizme izlazi otklonjena prema debljem kraju za kut devijacije.

Nicolova prizma

Nicolova prizma je jedna od najpoznatijih naprava za stvaranje linearno polarizirane svjetlosti. Upotrebljava se kao polarizator i analizator. Sastoji se od dvaju komada kristala islandskoga dvolomca, zalijepljenih kanadskim balzamom u obliku romboedarske prizme. Nepolarizirana zraka svjetlosti koja padne na brid Nicolove prizme dvostruko se lomi te daje ordinarnu i ekstraordinarnu zraku. Za ordinarnu je zraku indeks loma islandskoga dvolomca 1,658, a za ekstraordinarnu 1,486. Indeks loma kanadskoga balzama za obje je zrake jednak, i to 1,53 (za žutu natrijevu svjetlost). Ordinarna zraka koja na spojnicu od kanadskoga balzama dolazi pod kutom većim od kritičnoga totalno se reflektira, a ekstraordinarna zraka prolazi gotovo nesmetano kroz prizmu. Rezultat je da je izlazna zraka potpuno polarizirana. Taj sustav prizmi konstruirao je škotski fizičar William Nicol (1768. – 1851.). Modifikacije Nicolove prizme upotrebljavaju se i za druge, specijalne svrhe.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Optika

Prizma (optika)


An Paspalum penicillatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Paspalum penicillatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum penicillatum


سميسمة هي قرية تقع على ساحل دولة قطر الشرقي وتبعد حوالي 30 كم شمال العاصمة الدوحة. هذه القرية تتبع بلدية الضعاين. تتميز سميسمة بشاطئ جميل، ومواقع تراثية قديمة وبها محمية طبيعية.

عاش فيها سكان قطر قديما، وكان أبناء هذه القرية يعملون بالغوص والبحث عن اللؤلؤ. في الصيف وأصحاب سفن وتجارة ومنازلهم أمام البحر مباشرة
والبعض كانوا يعمل على رعي الإبل والأغنام وكانوا يردون من بئر (عوينة أبا حسين) وهي قبل القرية وتبعد 5 كيلو متر .

مراجع

أماكن ساحلية مأهولة بالسكان في قطر
أماكن مأهولة في الخور والدخيرة
قرى قطر

سميسمة


Izomorfija (izo- + -morfija), pojava jednakosti kristala različitih tvari.

Uvjeti su izomorfije:
isti tip kemijske formule,
jednaki polarizacijski odnosi između čestica (narav kemijske veze),
jednaki ili približno jednaki omjeri veličina konstitutivnih čestica: iona, atoma ili molekula (geometrijski uvjeti).

Valencija ili kemijska sličnost čestica sama po sebi nije presudna.

Tako su kristali kalijeva permanganata (KMnO4), kalijeva tetrafluoroborata (KBF4) i barijeva sulfata (BaSO4) međusobno izomorfni, iako se njihovi konstituenti kemijski znatno razlikuju. Nisu izomorfni oni kristali kod kojih izostaje bilo koji od navedenih uvjeta. Npr. kristali kalijeva i natrijeva klorida (KCl i NaCl) nisu izomorfni, jer ne zadovoljavaju geometrijske uvjete izomorfije.

Primjer: kalijeva stipsa, KAL(SO4)2·12H2O i kromova stipsa KCr(SO4)2·12H2O kristaliziraju u istom kristalnom sustavu i kristalne strukture su im jednake. Načini li se otopina koja sadrži obje tvari iz otopine će kristalizirati kristali koji sadrže ione Al3+ i Cr3+ u istom omjeru u kojem se nalaze u otopini. Nastala je izomorfna zamjena iona aluminija i kroma, koja se može dogoditi u bilo kojem omjeru. Kako su kristali kromove stipse tamnoljubičaste boje a kristali kalijeve stipse bezbojni, izomorfnom zamjenom možemo dobiti kristale raznih intenziteta ljubičaste boje. Zamjenom se stvaraju homogeni kristali mješanci. Pojava kristala mješanaca kod minerala više je pravilo nego iznimka. Ako se kristal kromove stipse uroni u zasićenu otopinu kalijeve stipse i obrnuto, rast kristala će se nastaviti. Tako se mogu dobiti kristali građeni naizmjenično od obojenih i bezbojnih slojeva. Slična pojava se opaža i kod para magnezijev sulfat i niklov sulfat.

Na velikoj slici je mineral sulfid olova, bakra i bizmuta formule PbCuBiS3.

Izvori

Kemija
Kristalografija

Izomorfija


التحول الطوري في الديناميكا الحرارية، التحول الطوري هو تحول النظام الدينامي الحراري من طور إلى آخر. وعند نقطة التحول الطوري، قد تخضع الخواص الفيزيائية إلى تغير تام، ففي لحظة يمكن للحجم في الطورين أن يتغير بشكل كبير. وكمثال على ذلك، يمكنك أن تتخيل تحول الماء السائل إلى بخار عند نقطة الغليان.

وفي المفهوم المتداول للمصطلح، يستخدم لوصف التحول بين الأطوار الصلبة والسائلة والغازية للمادة، وفي حالات نادرة يستخدم للتحول إلى البلازما.

تحول أطوار المادة

بصفة عامة توجد من الأطوار أربعة حالات: الحالة الصلبة والحالة السائلة والحالة الغازية - وهذه نعهدها في حياتنا العادية - والحالة الرابعة هي حالة البلازما. فالماء يوجد عند درجة الصفر المئوي في صورة الثلج (حالة صلبة) وعند رفع درجة حرارته إلى 4 مئوية مثلا يصبح ماء (الحالة السائلة) وعندما نستمر في تسخينه حتى 100 درجة مئوية فهو يغلي ويتصاعد في هيئة بخار (الحالة الغازية). فماذا يحدث لو استمر تسخين البخار؟ سنجد انه عند درجة حرارة عالية جدا تنقسم جزيئات الماء إلى ذرةأكسجين وذرتي هيدروجين.

هل يتوقف الأمر على ذلك؟ سنجد أنه برفع درجة الحرارة إلى درجات أعلى أن بعض ذرات الهيدروجين وبعض ذرات الأكسجين تفقد إلكترونات وتصبح متأينة، تلك الحالة المتأينة هي الطور الرابع ويسمى هذا الخليط بلازما. توجد البلازما في أجواء الشمس والنجوم حيث درجات الحرارة العالية جدا. كما أن عملية اللحام بالهيدروجين يقوم خلالها أيضا اللحام بالحام بالبلازما، وهي شعلة الهيدروجين مرتفعة الحرارة، لأن درجة حرارة الشعلة تكون عالية جدا قد تبلغ 1400 درجة مئوية. وعندها يتأين الهيدروجين تماما ويتفاعل مع أيونات الأكسجين.

هذا ينطبق على جميع العناصر والمواد، فمثلا الحديد يوجد في الحالة الصلبة في درجة الحرارة العادية، وينصهر عند بلوغ درجة حرارته نقطة الانصهار. يتطاير من سائل الحديد الساخن ذرات حديد (الحالة الغازية)، وإذا قمنا بتسخين بخار الحديد إلى درجات أعلى تفككت وفقدت بعضا من إلكتروناتها وتصبح أيونات، أي تصبح «بلازما».

عندما تتحول مادة من طور لآخر فهي إما تكتسب طاقة أو تفقد طاقة. فمثلا ينبخر الماء وتبتعد جزيئات البخار عن الماء بسبب اكتسابها طاقة حركية عالية تجعلها تتغلب على القوى الماسكة للماء (تلك الطاقة تسمى إنثابي التبخر). والعملية العكسية، وهي تكثيف البخار فيصاحبها انخفاض في طاقة البهار. تسمى الحرارة الازمة لتحويل مادة صلبة إلى سائل حرارة الانصهار وتسمى تلك الحرارة أو الطاقة اللازمة بتحويل مادة صلبة إلى غاز انثالبي التسامي.

يحدث تحول المادة أيضا عند تغير النظام البلوري لمادة. يتغير النظام البلوري للحديد مثلا عند درجات حرارة معينة وضغط معين. وكما أن تبخر المادة يعتمد على حرارة التبخر كما نعهده في الماء وفي المواد الأخري فيعتمد تغير النظام البلوري للحديد على ما يسمى حرارة التبلور أو «إنثالبي التبلور».

الشكل المجاور يبين تغير حالات تبلور الحديد المختلفة عندما نخلط فيه كمية من الكربون (بين 0 و 6%)، وهي تعتمد على درجة الحرارة والضغط، وكل خط بين طورين يبين درجة الحرارة التي عندها يتغير النظام البلوري للحديد، وكما نرى فللحديد أنواع عديدة متبلورة وبالتالي تختلف في خواصها الفيزيائية من وجهة صلابتها ومقاومتها للقص وغيرها. ويتضح من الشكل أن الحديد النقي (0% كربون) ينصهر عند
درجة حرارة نحو 1500 درجة، بينما عندما يكون فيه نسبة كربون 3و4% تنخفض درجة انصهاره إلى نحو 1200 درجة مئوية.

اقرأ أيضا
 طور (مادة)
 انثالبي التسامي
 حرارة تبخر

مراجع

تغيرات الطور
ظاهرة حرجة
ظاهرة فيزيائية
مفاهيم فيزيائية

تحول طوري


Une plante urticante, ou plante à poils urticants, est une plante dont les feuilles ou les tiges sont couvertes de poils (trichomes) capables d'injecter des substances qui provoquent des douleurs ou des irritations .

D'autres plantes, comme les Opuntia, ont des poils ou des épines qui provoquent une irritation mécanique, mais n'injectent pas de produits chimiques. Les poils urticants sont particulièrement présents dans les familles des Urticaceae, Loasaceae, Boraginaceae (sous-famille des Hydrophylloideae) et Euphorbiaceae.

On a démontré que ces poils dissuadent les mammifères au pâturage, mais ne sont pas plus efficaces contre les attaques d'insectes que les poils non urticants.

Bien que les poils urticants sont présents dans plusieurs familles de plantes non apparentées, leur structure est généralement similaire. Une base solide supporte une seule cellule allongée à l'extrémité cassante. Lorsque l'extrémité est cassée, la pointe aigüe exposée pénètre dans la peau et la pression injecte des toxines. Les produits chimiques précis impliqués dans la douleur et l'irritation ne sont pas encore entièrement identifiés.

Structure et fonction des poils urticants
[[Fichier:Urtica stinging hair-fr.svg|vignette|upright|Structure d'un poil urticant dUrtica dioica.]]
 Types de poils
Des poils raides ou des trichomes sans la capacité d'injecter des composés irritants existent sur les feuilles et les tiges de nombreuses espèces de plantes. Ces poils semblent dissuader dans une certaine mesure les insectes de se nourrir en entravant leurs déplacements et en restreignant l'accès à la surface des tiges ou des  feuilles. Certaines plantes ont des poils glandulaires, en plus des poils non glandulaires ou à leur place. Les poils glandulaires possèdent des régions de tissu secrétant des métabolites secondaires. Ces substances chimiques peuvent repousser ou empoisonner les insectes qui se nourrissent des plantes.

Les poils urticants peuvent être définis comme étant capables d'injecter une substance chimique dans la peau d'un animal, provoquant une irritation ou une douleur. Étant donné que certains poils glandulaires peuvent provoquer une irritation par simple contact, la différence entre « poils urticants » et « poils irritants » n'est pas toujours claire. Par exemple, chez les espèces du genre Mucuna on a décrit des poils correspondants à ces deux acceptions. Certaines espèces de Mucuna ont des poils pointus, dont la partie supérieure se détache facilement, tandis que d'autres espèces ont des poils plus émoussés. Chez les sous-espèces de Urtica dioica  pourvues de poils urticants (orties), ceux-ci ont également une pointe qui se détache facilement, permettant aux substances irritantes de la cellule située au-dessous d'entrer dans la peau. Des études ont montré que ce type de piqûre dissuade les mammifères de brouter les plantes, que ce soit des lapins, et même de grands herbivores comme les vaches. De nombreuses espèces de plantes réagissent aux agressions physiques en produisant une densité plus élevée de trichomes de toutes sortes.

 Structure

La structure générale d'un poil urticant est très similaire dans toutes les familles de plantes qui en possèdent (sauf dans les genres Tragia et Dalechampia). Une base multicellulaire supporte une seule cellule longue et fine, généralement de 1 à 8 mm de long, avec une extrémité cassante qui se brise facilement pour former une pointe acérée pouvant pénétrer la peau. Les poils urticants des espèces du genre  Urtica ont été étudiés en détail. Chaque poil contient un tube fin, rigidifié, calcifié à la base (par du carbonate de calcium) et silicifié à son extrémité. Chez Urtica thunbergiana, les poils contiennent chacun environ 4 nanolitres () de liquide. L'extrémité silicifiée se rompt au contact et la pointe fine qui en résulte perce la peau. La pression force le fluide à sortir des poils.

Différentes toxines peuvent être impliquées. Les poils urticants de Tragia volubilis, espèce d'''Euphorbiaceae sud-américaine, sont capables d'injecter un cristal d'oxalate de calcium. La sensation de picotement est d'abord provoquée par l'entrée mécanique des poils rigides dans la peau, mais est ensuite intensifiée par l'effet de l'oxalate.
 Effets

Les effets des poils urticants des espèces du genre Urtica, en particulier chez certaines sous-espèces de Urtica dioica, ont été attribués à un certain nombre de substances, dont l'histamine, l'acétylcholine, la sérotonine et l'acide formique. L'histamine est présente dans les poils urticants d'autres espèces dUrtica ( par exemple Urtica urens et Urtica parviflora) et chez Cnidoscolus urens ainsi que chez des espèces du genre Laportea. Chez les Vertébrés, l'histamine est un neurotransmetteur. Lorsqu'elle est libérée naturellement, il en résulte une inflammation de la peau, provoquant des douleurs et des démangeaisons. On considère généralement que l'injection d'histamine par les poils urticants produit les mêmes effets.
Cette interprétation traditionnelle a été remise en cause en 2006 par des recherches sur Urtica thunbergiana, la principale espèce du genre Urtica présente à Taïwan. Dans des essais sur des rats, la douleur durable causée par les piqûres a été attribuée à l'acide oxalique et à l'acide tartrique, bien qu'un effet synergique des autres composants des poils urticants n'ait pas été exclu. Fu et al. ont conclu que « les poils urticants, bien qu'étudiés depuis longtemps, sont encore mystérieux, en particulier en ce qui concerne le mécanisme de la réaction cutanée après une piqûre ».

 Plantes à poils urticants

 Genre Urtica

De nombreuses plantes à poils urticants appartiennent au genre Urtica. Entre vingt-quatre et trente-neuf espèces de plantes à fleurs du genre Urtica (famille des Urticaceae) entrent dans cette catégorie, avec une répartition cosmopolite bien que principalement tempérée. Ce sont pour la plupart des plantes herbacées vivaces, mais certaines sont des plantes annuelles et quelques-unes des plantes arbustives. L'espèce la plus importante du genre Urtica est la Grande ortie, Urtica dioica, originaire d'Europe, d'Afrique, d'Asie, et d'Amérique du Nord.

 Autres Urticaceae

La famille des Urticaceae contient également d'autres espèces de plantes à poils urticants qui ne font pas partie du genre Urtica, notamment :

 Dendrocnide sp.
 Dendrocnide excelsa Dendrocnide moroides (gympie-gympie)
 Dendrocnide peltata Girardinia diversifolia (synonyme : G. leschenaultiana)
 Laportea canadensis (Ortie des bois ou Ortie du Canada)
 Urera sp.
 Urera baccifera (Uréra baccifère)
 Urera tenax Autres familles

Il existe aussi des plantes à poils urticants qui ne sont pas apparentées aux Urticaceae :

 Boraginaceae : Hydrophylloideae Phacelia malvifolia (Yerba buena)
 Wigandia sp.
 Euphorbiaceae Cnidoscolus sp.
 Cnidoscolus stimulosus (Épurge urticante)
 Cnidoscolus urens ('Jatrophe urticant)
 Croton ciliato-glandulosus (Croton mexicain, ciega-vista)
 Dalechampia sp.
 Tragia sp.
 Fabaceae Mucuna sp.
 Mucuna pruriens (Pois mascate, Pois pouillieux)
 Loasaceae Loasa sp.
 Caiophora sp.
 Cevallia sp.
 Solanaceae Solanum carolinense (Morelle de Caroline)

 Toxicité

Bien que les plantes à poils urticants puissent provoquer douleur et urticaire aiguës, seules quelques-unes sont gravement nocives. On dit que le genre Dendrocnide (arbres urticants) cause le plus de douleur, en particulier Dendrocnide moroides (gympie-gympie) d'Australie, bien que d'autres sources indiquent que la douleur causée par les arbres urticants ne diffère de celle des orties qu'en termes de persistance plutôt que de gravité. Des chiens et des chevaux ont été tués par ces plantes, et une mort humaine a été signalée. La chercheuse Marina Hurley rapporte qu'elle a dû être hospitalisée après avoir été piquée par une feuille morte. Les décès sont probablement dus à une insuffisance cardiaque causée par la douleur et le choc. Urtica ferox (Ortie arborescente ou ongaonga) est une espèce  endémique de  Nouvelle-Zélande. Une mort humaine a été enregistrée : un jeune homme légèrement vêtu est décédé cinq heures après avoir traversé une zone dense.

Après cuisson, certaines plantes à poils urticants, comme Urtica dioica'' (Grande ortie), peuvent être consommées comme légumes.

Notes et références

Articles connexes

 Plante toxique

Plante toxique

Plante urticante


2020 GE est un astéroïde Apollon et Arjuna mesurant .

Il sera la cible de la sonde Near-Earth Asteroid Scout.

Références

Astéroïde Apollon
Astéroïde Arjuna
Astéroïde exploré par une sonde
Planète mineure découverte en 2020
Planète mineure non numérotée

2020 GE


Alfred Boskovsky (né le  à Vienne, décédé le  à Vienne) est un clarinettiste classique autrichien.

Violoniste de formation, Alfred Boskovsky joue dans des concerts en famille au sein d'un quatuor à cordes. Il commence à jouer de la clarinette à l'âge de 16 ans, lorsqu'il entre à l'Académie de musique de Vienne dans la classe de Leopold Wlach. Peu après sa sortie de l'Académie (1936), il est invité par Felix Weingartner à rejoindre l'orchestre du Wiener Staatsoper, et un an plus tard, il entre au Wiener Philharmoniker, où il devient clarinette solo en 1941.

À partir de 1940, il enseigne à l'Académie et après la guerre, il donne de nombreux concerts avec le Wiener Oktett (octuor de Vienne), fondé en 1947 avec son frère Willi Boskovsky, célèbre chef d'orchestre.

Alfred Boskovsky possèdait un son propre et un style classique pour ses interprétations. Il excellait également à la clarinette basse.

Alfred Boskovsky a également été secrétaire général des Philharmoniker.

Les enregistrements de Boskovsky du trio pour clarinette de Johannes Brahms (1954 et 1962) ont été particulièrement bien accueillis par la critique.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Clarinettiste classique
Clarinettiste autrichien
Naissance en février 1913
Naissance à Vienne (Autriche)
Décès en juillet 1990
Décès à Vienne (Autriche)
Décès à 77 ans
Naissance en Autriche-Hongrie

Alfred Boskovsky


Die Bonda-Samtfledermaus (Molossus currentium) ist eine Fledermausart aus der Familie der Bulldoggfledermäuse (Molossidae), welche in Zentral- und Südamerika beheimatet ist.

Verbreitung & Taxonomie
Es werden drei Unterarten der Bonda-Samtfledermaus unterschieden:
 Molossus currentium currentium Thomas 1901, Argentinien bis Brasilien
 Molossus currentium bondae Allen 1904, Kolumbien, Ecuador und Panama
 Molossus currentium robustus López-González & Presley 2001, Honduras bis Costa Rica

Die Bonda-Samtfledermaus wurde bis 2001 als Molossus bondae bezeichnet, basierend auf einem Holotyp, welcher 1904 in Bonda (Kolumbien) gesammelt wurde. Der Zoologe Joel Asaph Allen benannte daraufhin die Art als Molossus bondae. Drei Jahre zuvor beschrieb Oldfield Thomas dieselbe Art als eine Unterart von Molossus obscurum und nannte sie Molossus obscurum currentium. Später wurde ihr der Artstatus anerkannt und sie somit in Molossus currentium umbenannt. Eine 2001 veröffentlichte Studie konnte jedoch zeigen, dass Molossus bondae mit Molossus obscurum currentium identisch ist, und somit die Art tatsächlich zweimal unabhängig voneinander beschrieben wurde. Nach der gängigen Regel der Nomenklatur in der Biologie wird die Art nach dem Erstbeschreiber benannt und heißt daher seit 2001 offiziell Molossus currentium Thomas, 1901.

Beschreibung
Die Bonda-Samtfledermaus erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von etwa 70 mm, und ein Gewicht von durchschnittlich 18 g, wobei die Weibchen größer sind als die Männchen. Der Schwanz kann bis zu 40 mm lang werden. Das Fell der Bonda-Samtfledermaus ist 2–2,5 mm lang und erscheint am Rücken meist rötlich braun. Individuen können jedoch unterschiedlich gefärbt sein, von Orange-Braun bis zu Schwarz.

Lebensweise
Die Bonda-Samtfledermaus lebt hauptsächlich in Wäldern. Die Art ist streng insektivor und wahrscheinlich auf Nachtfalter spezialisiert. Kolonien findet man nebst in Höhlen, Felsspalten und hohlen Bäumen in Gebäuden, wo die Tiere in den engen Zwischenräumen unter dem Dach extreme Temperaturen aushalten können. Manchmal findet man im selben Gebäude mit einer Kolonie von Bonda-Samtfledermäusen auch Sinaloa-Samtfledermäuse (Molossus sinaloae). Die Weibchen der Bonda-Samtfledermaus sind polyöstrisch und bringen jeweils ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt.

Gefährdung
Der Bestand wird von der IUCN dank der weiten Verbreitung und großen Populationen als stabil und ungefährdet eingestuft.

Literatur
 S. E. Burnett, J. B. Jennings, J. C. Rainey, T. L. Best: Molossus bondae, Mammalian Species, No. 668 (2001): S. 1–3

Quellen

Samtfledermäuse

Bonda-Samtfledermaus


Nikolai Pavlovici Eghipko (în ; ) a fost un ofițer al Forțelor Navale Sovietice, distins cu titlul de Erou al Uniunii Sovietice. A luat parte la Războiul Civil Rus, Războiul Civil Spaniol și la Al Doilea Război Mondial, avansând până la gradul de viceamiral.

Nașteri în 1903
Decese în 1985
Amirali sovietici
Eroi ai Uniunii Sovietice
Decorați cu Ordinul Lenin
Decorați cu Ordinul Steagul Roșu
Oameni din Nicolaev

Nikolai Eghipko


McKie ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Aaron McKie (* 1972), US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler
 Bjorn Aubre McKie (* 1977), US-amerikanischer Basketballer
 Douglas McKie (1896–1967), britischer Chemiker und Chemiehistoriker

McKie


Karacasu, Ege Bölgesi'ndeki Aydın ilinin bir ilçesidir. İlçe sınırları içinde Afrodisias Antik Kenti bulunmaktadır. Aydın il merkezine 87 km uzaklıktadır. Aydın-Denizli Karayolu'nun tali yolu, Kuyucak ilçesinden Karacasu'ya giden kara yolu, Dandalaz (Antik adı Marsyas Çayı) çayı boyunca zeytin, narenciye ve daha sonra çam ağaçları arasından kıvrılarak ilçeye ulaşır. Kuzeyinde Kuyucak, Kuzeybatısında Nazilli ve Batısında Bozdoğan ilçeleri bulunmaktadır.

Coğrafya
Büyük Menderes vadisine güneydoğudan açılan Dandalaz Vadisi yamaçlarında kurulmuştur. Menderes havzasının coğrafi yerleşme ve iklim yapısından farklı olarak, yayla özellikleri gösterir.

Tarihi
Karacasu ilçesinin ilk adı "Yenişehir" idi, Tanzimat'tan sonra "Karacasu" olarak değiştirildi. Bazı görüşlere göre, Oğuz Han'ın oğullarından biri olan Eymür aşiretine bağlı Karasu boyu, günümüzdeki kentin olduğu yerde Karasu adında bir köy kurmuştur. 1867'de Aydın'a bağlı bir kaza durumuna getirildi. 1923'te Aydın'a bağlı bir ilçe oldu.

Kültür
İlçenin kıymalı, peynirli, yumurtalı, tahinli pidesi meşhurdur. Pide ustaları Ege bölgesi başta olmak üzere tüm ülkeye yayılmıştır. Damak tadına düşkün olanlar yalnız bu tatları denemek için buraya gelir. Ayrıca bardak, testi yapan seramik atölyeleri; (Kerne) deri ve demirci ustaları tanınmıştır. Bu yüzden ilçe; "deriye, demire, hamura ve çamura şekil veren memleket" diye tanıtılır.

Turizm
İlçenin Meşhur Kahve deresi başta olmak üzere turlar düzenlenen 18 yaylası vardır.

Afrodisias Antik Kenti
UNESCO Dünya Mirası listesine giren Afrodisias Antik Kenti burada yer almaktadır. 1961 yılında, New York Üniversitesi adına Prof. Kenan Erim'in Kazı Başkanı olarak başlattığı Afrodisias Antik Kenti kazılarının ilk ortaya çıkması, fotoğraf sanatçısı merhum Ara Güler sayesinde olmuştur. Yolunu kaybettiği için geceyi geçirmek zorunda kaldığı Geyre köyünde, çok değerli tarihi eserlerin, köy meydanı ve köy içindeki her köşede, türlü şekillerde kullanıldığını gören Ara Güler'in çektiği fotoğrafların National Geographic dergisinde yayınlanması bu tarihi kentin keşfini sağlamıştır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 T.C. Karacasu Belediyesi
 T.C. Karacasu Kaymakamlığı

Karacasu


HMS J7 (later HMAS J7) was a J-class submarine operated by the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy.

Design and construction

The J class was designed by the Royal Navy in response to reported German submarines with surface speeds over . The submarines had a displacement of 1,210 tons surfaced, but J7 had a lighter submerged displacement than her sister boats, at 1,760 tons. Each submarine was  in length overall, with a beam of , and a draught of . The propulsion system was built around three propeller shafts; the J-class were the only triple-screwed submarines ever built by the British. Propulsion came from three 12-cylinder diesel motors when on the surface, and electric motors when submerged. Top speed was  on the surface (the fastest submarines in the world at the time of construction), and  underwater. Range was  at .

Armament consisted of six 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes (four forward, one on each beam), plus a 4-inch deck gun. Originally, the gun was mounted on a breastwork fitted forward of the conning tower, but the breastwork was later extended to the bow and merged into the hull for streamlining, and the gun was relocated to a platform fitted to the front of the conning tower. The conning tower on J7 was sited  further back than her sister boats, as the control room was located behind the machinery spaces. 44 personnel were aboard.

J7 was built by HM Dockyard Devonport in Plymouth and launched on 12 February 1917.

Operational history
After the war, the British Admiralty decided that the best way to protect the Pacific region was with a force of submarines and cruisers. To this end, they offered the six surviving submarines of the J-class to the Royal Australian Navy as gifts. J1 and her sisters were commissioned into the RAN in April 1919, and sailed for Australia on 9 April, in the company of the cruisers  and , and the tender . The flotilla reached Thursday Island on 29 June, and Sydney on 10 July. Because of the submarines' condition after the long voyage, they were immediately taken out of service for refits.

By the time J7 was returned to service in June 1922, the cost of maintaining the boats and deteriorating economic conditions saw the six submarines decommissioned and marked for disposal.

Fate

J7 was paid off on 12 July 1922, and was sold on 26 February 1924. The hulk was scuttled in 1930, for use as a breakwater at the Sandringham yacht club in Port Phillip. Some years later a stone marina was constructed around the wreck, which was left in situ and visible, being too expensive to remove, where it continues to deteriorate.

Citations

References

External links
 Map of Sandringham yacht club marina

British J-class submarines
Ships built in Plymouth, Devon
1917 ships
World War I submarines of the United Kingdom
Scuttled vessels of Australia
Royal Navy ship names
Shipwrecks of Victoria (state)

HMS J7


In organic chemistry, a carbanion is an anion in which carbon is negatively charged.

Formally, a carbanion is the conjugate base of a carbon acid:

where B stands for the base. The carbanions formed from deprotonation of alkanes (at an sp3 carbon), alkenes (at an sp2 carbon), arenes (at an sp2 carbon), and alkynes (at an sp carbon) are known as alkyl, alkenyl (vinyl), aryl, and alkynyl (acetylide) anions, respectively.

Carbanions have a concentration of electron density at the negatively charged carbon, which, in most cases, reacts efficiently with a variety of electrophiles of varying strengths, including carbonyl groups, imines/iminium salts, halogenating reagents (e.g., N-bromosuccinimide and diiodine), and proton donors. A carbanion is one of several reactive intermediates in organic chemistry. In organic synthesis, organolithium reagents and Grignard reagents are commonly treated and referred to as "carbanions." This is a convenient approximation, although these species are generally clusters or complexes containing highly polar, but still covalent bonds metal–carbon bonds (Mδ+–Cδ−) rather than true carbanions.

Geometry
Absent π delocalization, the negative charge of a carbanion is localized in an spx hybridized orbital on carbon as a lone pair. As a consequence, localized alkyl, alkenyl/aryl, and alkynyl carbanions assume trigonal pyramidal, bent, and linear geometries, respectively. By Bent's rule, placement of the carbanionic lone pair electrons in an orbital with significant s character is favorable, accounting for the pyramidalized and bent geometries of alkyl and alkenyl carbanions, respectively. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory makes similar predictions. This contrasts with carbocations, which have a preference for unoccupied nonbonding orbitals of pure atomic p character, leading to planar and linear geometries, respectively, for alkyl and alkenyl carbocations.

However, delocalized carbanions may deviate from these geometries. Instead of residing in a hybrid orbital, the carbanionic lone pair may instead occupy a p orbital (or an orbital of high p character). A p orbital has a more suitable shape and orientation to overlap with the neighboring π system, resulting in more effective charge delocalization. As a consequence, alkyl carbanions with neighboring conjugating groups (e.g., allylic anions, enolates, nitronates, etc.) are generally planar rather than pyramidized. Likewise, delocalized alkenyl carbanions sometimes favor a linear instead of bent geometry. More often, a bent geometry is still preferred for substituted alkenyl anions, though the linear geometry is only slightly less stable, resulting in facile equilibration between the (E) and (Z) isomers of the (bent) anion through a linear transition state. For instance, calculations indicate that the parent vinyl anion or ethylenide, , has an inversion barrier of , while allenyl anion or allenide, ), whose negative charge is stabilized by delocalization, has an inversion barrier of only , reflecting stabilization of the linear transition state by better π delocalization.

Trends and occurrence
Carbanions are typically nucleophilic and basic. The basicity and nucleophilicity of carbanions are determined by the substituents on carbon. These include
the inductive effect. Electronegative atoms adjacent to the charge will stabilize the charge;
the extent of conjugation of the anion. Resonance effects can stabilize the anion. This is especially true when the anion is stabilized as a result of aromaticity.

Geometry also affects the orbital hybridization of the charge-bearing carbanion. The greater the s-character of the charge-bearing atom, the more stable the anion.

Carbanions, especially ones derived from weak carbon acids that do not benefit sufficiently from the two stabilizing factors listed above, are generally oxygen- and water-sensitive to varying degrees. While some merely degrade and decompose over several weeks or months upon exposure to air, others may react vigorously and exothermically with air almost immediately to spontaneously ignite (pyrophoricity). Among commonly encountered carbanionic reagents in the laboratory, ionic salts of hydrogen cyanide (cyanides) are unusual in being indefinitely stable under dry air and hydrolyzing only very slowly in the presence of moisture.

Organometallic reagents like butyllithium (hexameric cluster, ) or methylmagnesium bromide (ether complex, ) are often referred to as "carbanions," at least in a retrosynthetic sense. However, they are really clusters or complexes containing a polar covalent bond, though with electron density heavily polarized toward the carbon atom. The more electropositive the attached metal atom, the closer the behavior of the reagent is to that of a true carbanion.

In fact, true carbanions (i.e., a species not attached to a stabilizing covalently bound metal) without electron-withdrawing and/or conjugating substituents are not available in the condensed phase, and these species must be studied in the gas phase. For some time, it was not known whether simple alkyl anions could exist as free species; many theoretical studies predicted that even the methanide anion  should be an unbound species (i.e., the electron affinity of  was predicted to be negative). Such a species would decompose immediately by spontaneous ejection of an electron and would therefore be too fleeting to observe directly by mass spectrometry. However, in 1978, the methanide anion was unambiguously synthesized by subjecting ketene to an electric discharge, and the electron affinity (EA) of  was determined by photoelectron spectroscopy to be +1.8 kcal/mol, making it a bound species, but just barely so. The structure of  was found to be pyramidal (C3v) with an H−C−H angle of 108° and inversion barrier of 1.3 kcal/mol, while  was determined to be planar (D3h point group).

Simple primary, secondary and tertiary sp3 carbanions (e.g., ethanide , isopropanide , and t-butanide  were subsequently determined to be unbound species (the EAs of , ,  are −6, −7.4, −3.6 kcal/mol, respectively) indicating that α substitution is destabilizing. However, relatively modest stabilizing effects can render them bound. For example, cyclopropyl and cubyl anions are bound due to increased s character of the lone pair orbital, while neopentyl and phenethyl anions are also bound, as a result of negative hyperconjugation of the lone pair with the β-substituent (nC → σ*C–C). The same holds true for anions with benzylic and allylic stabilization. Gas-phase carbanions that are sp2 and sp hybridized are much more strongly stabilized and are often prepared directly by gas-phase deprotonation.

In the condensed phase only carbanions that are sufficiently stabilized by delocalization have been isolated as truly ionic species. In 1984, Olmstead and Power presented the lithium crown ether salt of the triphenylmethanide carbanion from triphenylmethane, n-butyllithium and 12-crown-4 (which forms a stable complex with lithium cations) at low temperatures:

Adding n-butyllithium to triphenylmethane (pKa in DMSO of  = 30.6) in THF at low temperatures followed by 12-crown-4 results in a red solution and the salt complex [Li(12-crown-4)] precipitates at −20 °C. The central C–C bond lengths are 145 pm with the phenyl ring propellered at an average angle of 31.2°. This propeller shape is less pronounced with a tetramethylammonium counterion. A crystal structure for the analogous diphenylmethanide anion ([Li(12-crown-4)]), prepared form diphenylmethane (pKa in DMSO of  = 32.3), was also obtained. However, the attempted isolation of a complex of the benzyl anion  from toluene (pKa in DMSO of  ≈ 43) was unsuccessful, due to rapid reaction of the formed anion with the THF solvent. The free benzyl anion has also been generated in the solution phase by pulse radiolysis of dibenzylmercury.

Early in 1904 and 1917, Schlenk prepared two red-colored salts, formulated as  and , respectively, by metathesis of the corresponding organosodium reagent with tetramethylammonium chloride. Since tetramethylammonium cations cannot form a chemical bond to the carbanionic center, these species are believed to contain free carbanions. While the structure of the former was verified by X-ray crystallography almost a century later, the instability of the latter has so far precluded structural verification. The reaction of the putative "" with water was reported to liberate toluene and tetramethylammonium hydroxide and provides indirect evidence for the claimed formulation.

One tool for the detection of carbanions in solution is proton NMR. A spectrum of cyclopentadiene in DMSO shows four vinylic protons at 6.5 ppm and two methylene bridge protons at 3 ppm whereas the cyclopentadienyl anion has a single resonance at 5.50 ppm. The use of  and  NMR has provided structural and reactivity data for a variety of organolithium species.

Carbon acids
Any compound containing hydrogen can, in principle, undergo deprotonation to form its conjugate base. A compound is a carbon acid if deprotonation results in loss of a proton from a carbon atom. Compared to compounds typically considered to be acids (e.g., mineral acids like nitric acid, or carboxylic acids like acetic acid), carbon acids are typically many orders of magnitude weaker, although exceptions exist (see below). For example, benzene is not an acid in the classical Arrhenius sense, since its aqueous solutions are neutral. Nevertheless, it is very weak Brønsted acid with an estimated pKa of 49 which may undergo deprotonation in the presence of a superbase like the Lochmann–Schlosser base (n-butyllithium and potassium t-butoxide). As conjugate acid–base pairs, the factors that determine the relative stability of carbanions also determine the ordering of the pKa values of the corresponding carbon acids. Furthermore, pKa values allow the prediction of whether a proton transfer process will be thermodynamically favorable: In order for the deprotonation of an acidic species HA with base  to be thermodynamically favorable (K > 1), the relationship pKa(BH) > pKa(AH) must hold.

These values below are pKa values determined in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), which has a broader useful range (~0 to ~35) than values determined in water (~0 to ~14) and better reflect the basicity of the carbanions in typical organic solvents. Values below less than 0 or greater than 35 are indirectly estimated; hence, the numerical accuracy of these values is limited. Aqueous pKa values are also commonly encountered in the literature, particularly in the context of biochemistry and enzymology. Moreover, aqueous values are often given in introductory organic chemistry textbooks for pedagogical reasons, although the issue of solvent dependence is often glossed over. In general, pKa values in water and organic solvent diverge significantly when the anion is capable of hydrogen bonding. For instance, in the case of water, the values differ dramatically: the pKa in water of water is 14.0, while the pKa in DMSO of water is 31.4, reflecting the differing ability of water and DMSO to stabilize the hydroxide anion. On the other hand, for cyclopentadiene, the numerical values are comparable: the pKa in water is 15, while the pKa in DMSO is 18.
{|align="center" class="wikitable collapsible" style="background: #ffffff; text-align: center;"
|+Carbon acid acidities by pKa in DMSO.These values may differ significantly from aqueous pKa values.
|-
!Name
!Formula
!Structural formula
!pKa in DMSO
|-
|Cyclohexane
|
|
|~60
|-
|Methane
|
|
|~56
|-
|Benzene
|
|
|~49
|-
|Propene
|
|
|~44
|-
|Toluene
|
|
|~43
|- style="background: lightgray;"
|Ammonia (N–H)
|
|
|~41
|-
|Dithiane
|
|
|~39
|-
|Dimethyl sulfoxide
|
|
|35.1
|-
|Diphenylmethane
|
|
|32.3
|-
|Acetonitrile
|
|
|31.3
|- style="background: lightgray;"
|Aniline (N–H)
|
|
|30.6
|-
|Triphenylmethane
|
|
|30.6
|-
|Fluoroform
|
|
|30.5
|-
|Xanthene
|
|
|30.0
|- style="background: lightgray;"
|Ethanol (O–H)
|
|
|29.8
|-
|Phenylacetylene
|
|
|28.8
|-
|Thioxanthene
|
|
|28.6
|-
|Acetone
|
|
|26.5
|-
|Chloroform
|
|
|24.4
|-
|Benzoxazole
|
|
|24.4
|-
|Fluorene
|
|
|22.6
|-
|Indene
|
|
|20.1
|-
|Cyclopentadiene
|
|
|18.0
|-
|Nitromethane
|
|
|17.2
|-
|Diethyl malonate
|
|
|16.4
|-
|Acetylacetone
|
|
|13.3
|-
|Hydrogen cyanide
|HCN
|
|12.9
|- style="background: lightgray;"
|Acetic acid (O–H)
|
|
|12.6
|-
|Malononitrile
|
|
|11.1
|-
|Dimedone
|
|
|10.3
|-
|Meldrum's acid
|
|
|7.3
|-
|Hexafluoroacetylacetone
|
|
|2.3
|- style="background: lightgray;"
|Hydrogen chloride (Cl–H)
|HCl
|HCl (g)
|−2.0
|-
|Triflidic acid
|
|
|~ −16
|-
|}
Note that acetic acid, ammonia, aniline, ethanol, and hydrogen chloride are not carbon acids, but are common acids shown for comparison.

As indicated by the examples above, acidity increases (pKa decreases) when the negative charge is delocalized. This effect occurs when the substituents on the carbanion are unsaturated and/or electronegative. Although carbon acids are generally thought of as acids that are much weaker than "classical" Brønsted acids like acetic acid or phenol, the cumulative (additive) effect of several electron accepting substituents can lead to acids that are as strong or stronger than the inorganic mineral acids. For example, trinitromethane , tricyanomethane , pentacyanocyclopentadiene , and fulminic acid HCNO, are all strong acids with aqueous pKa values that indicate complete or nearly complete proton transfer to water. Triflidic acid, with three strongly electron-withdrawing triflyl groups, has an estimated pKa well below −10. On the other end of the scale, hydrocarbons bearing only alkyl groups are thought to have pKa values in the range of 55 to 65. The range of acid dissociation constants for carbon acids thus spans over 70 orders of magnitude.

The acidity of the α-hydrogen in carbonyl compounds enables these compounds to participate in synthetically important C–C bond-forming reactions including the aldol reaction and Michael addition.

Chiral carbanions
With the molecular geometry for a carbanion described as a trigonal pyramid the question is whether or not carbanions can display chirality, because if the activation barrier for inversion of this geometry is too low any attempt at introducing chirality will end in racemization, similar to the nitrogen inversion. However, solid evidence exists that carbanions can indeed be chiral for example in research carried out with certain organolithium compounds.

The first ever evidence for the existence of chiral organolithium compounds was obtained in 1950. Reaction of chiral 2-iodooctane with s-butyllithium in petroleum ether at −70 °C followed by reaction with dry ice yielded mostly racemic 2-methylbutyric acid but also an amount of optically active 2-methyloctanoic acid, which could only have formed from likewise optically active 2-methylheptyllithium with the carbon atom linked to lithium the carbanion:

On heating the reaction to 0 °C the optical activity is lost. More evidence followed in the 1960s. A reaction of the cis isomer of 2-methylcyclopropyl bromide with s-butyllithium again followed by carboxylation with dry ice yielded cis-2-methylcyclopropylcarboxylic acid. The formation of the trans isomer would have indicated that the intermediate carbanion was unstable.

In the same manner the reaction of (+)-(S)-l-bromo-l-methyl-2,2-diphenylcyclopropane with n-butyllithium followed by quenching with methanol resulted in product with retention of configuration:

Of recent date are chiral methyllithium compounds:

The phosphate 1 contains a chiral group with a hydrogen and a deuterium substituent. The stannyl group is replaced by lithium to intermediate 2 which undergoes a phosphate–phosphorane rearrangement to phosphorane 3 which on reaction with acetic acid gives alcohol 4. Once again in the range of −78 °C to 0 °C the chirality is preserved in this reaction sequence. (Enantioselectivity was determined by NMR spectroscopy after derivatization with Mosher's acid.)

History
A carbanionic structure first made an appearance in the reaction mechanism for the benzoin condensation as correctly proposed by Clarke and Arthur Lapworth in 1907. In 1904 Wilhelm Schlenk prepared  in a quest for tetramethylammonium (from tetramethylammonium chloride and
) and in 1914 he demonstrated how triarylmethyl radicals could be reduced to carbanions by alkali metals  The phrase carbanion was introduced by Wallis and Adams in 1933 as the negatively charged counterpart of the carbonium ion

See also
Carbocation
Enolates
Nitrile anion

References

External links
 Large database of Bordwell pKa values at www.chem.wisc.edu Link
 Large database of Bordwell pKa values at daecr1.harvard.edu Link

Anions
Reactive intermediates

Carbanion


Deux membres de la même famille :

 John Trenchard (1662-1723), écrivain
 John Trenchard (1649-1695), membre du Parlement anglais

Paronymie

John Trenchard


Jean  d'Egmont (en néerlandais : Jan  van Egmont), né en 1499 et mort en avril 1528 à Ferrare, est un noble néerlandais de l'époque de Charles Quint, second comte d'Egmont et seigneur de Baer et dixième seigneur de Purmerend, Purmerland et Ilpendam.

Il est le père de Lamoral d'Egmont, exécuté en 1568 à Bruxelles au début du soulèvement néerlandais contre Philippe II et héros de la pièce de Goethe Egmont.

Biographie
Membre de la puissante famille néerlandaise d'Egmont, dont les chefs sont ducs de Gueldre de 1423 à 1473 et de 1492 à 1538, il est le huitième enfant de Jean III, comte d'Egmont, et de Magdalena van Werdenburg.

En 1516, il succède à son père comme comte d'Egmont, devient chevalier de l'ordre de la Toison d'or et se marie avec Françoise de Luxembourg.

En 1527, l'empereur Charles Quint le nomme commandant de la cavalerie légère napolitaine et milanaise.

À peine un an plus tard, le , Jean meurt à Ferrare, âgé de 29 ans.

Il est inhumé dans l'église San Marco de Milan.

Mariage et descendance
En 1516, il épouse à Bruxelles Françoise de Luxembourg (morte le  septembre 1557), fille de Jacques II de Luxembourg-Fiennes, seigneur de Fiennes et de Gavre, et de Marguerite de Brugge-Gruuthuse.

De cette union sont issus trois enfants :
 Marguerite, née en 1517 et morte le 10 mars 1554 à Bar-le-Duc), mariée au prince lorrain Nicolas de Mercœur (1524–1577) ;
 Charles (mort à Carthagène le 7 décembre 1541), troisième comte d'Egmont et seigneur de Baer ;
 Lamoral (1522-1568), quatrième comte d'Egmont et seigneur de Baer, mort décapité à Bruxelles et héros de la pièce de Goethe, Egmont.

En 1530, Françoise hérite de son frère Jacques III de Luxembourg les seigneuries de Fiennes, d'Auxy, d'Armentiers, de Lahamaide, de Zottegem, et quelques autres.

Armoiries

Blasonnement : Ecartelé au 1 et 4 aux armes d'Egmont, au 2 aux armes de Baer et au 3 aux armes d'Arkel, sur le tout les armes de Gueldre.

Ascendance

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des chevaliers de l'ordre de la Toison d'or

Liens externes

Naissance en 1499
Décès en avril 1528
Noblesse néerlandaise du XVIe siècle
Chevalier de l'ordre bourguignon de la Toison d'or
Maison d'Egmont
Décès à Ferrare

Jean IV d'Egmont


Kvam Station (Kvam stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Dovrebanen, der ligger ved det lille sted Kvam i Nord-Fron kommune i Norge. Stationen består af nogle få spor, en perron og en stationsbygning i træ, der er opført efter tegninger af Paul Due. Stationen betjenes kun af to tog om dagen i hver retning.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 2. november 1896, da banen blev forlænget fra Tretten til Otta. Den blev opgraderet til station 1. august 1908. Den blev fjernstyret 5. december 1967. I 2014 blev der åbnet en ny tømmerterminal ved en forlængelse af spor 3. Stationens krydsningsspor vil blive forlænget i løbet af 2017-2018, så 600 meter lange godstog kan krydse der.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Dovrebanen
Etableret i 1896
Jernbanestationer i Oppland

Kvam Station


Biscione (zu deutsch: Große Natter) ist der Name eines langgezogenen Wohnungskomplexes und Stadtviertels der norditalienischen Hafenstadt Genua. Es wurde in den 1960er Jahren an den Berghängen über den Stadtteilen Marassi und Quezzi erbaut. Das Viertel besteht aus fünf Wohnblocks mit einer Länge von jeweils über 300 Metern. Innerhalb des Wohnungskomplexes steht eine Kirche aus den 1990er Jahren. Sie wurde in Form eines Schiffsbugs erbaut. Das Projekt wurde von den Architekten Luigi Carlo Daneri und Eugenio Fuselli koordiniert, die auch das Haus A entworfen haben.

Das Viertel, das auch den Namen Forte Quezzi trägt, gehört zusammen mit San Fruttuoso, Marassi und Quezzi zu dem Munizip III – Bassa Val Bisagno und hat allein genommen eine Einwohnerzahl von 9283.

Der Name Biscione, also Große Natter, bezieht sich auf die Längsausdehnung der Wohnblocks, die im Komplex einer langen, gewundenen Schlange ähneln. Die Straßen entlang der Wohnblöcke sind vier italienischen Gelehrten und Entdeckern gewidmet: Lamberto Loria, Leonardo Fea, Elio Modigliani und Carlo Emery.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Stadtteile Genuas

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Genua

Biscione (Genua)


අධිභෞතික වාදය
අධ්‍යාත්ම විද්‍යාව - භාවනා හා යෝගී අභ්‍යාස මගින් පුද්ගල ආත්මය උසස් තත්වයනට පත්කරගැනීම. චිත්ත ශක්තිය දියුනුකිරීම.

මනෝ විද්‍යාව
 සිතුවිලි හා හැගීම් -චිත්ත හා චෛතසික ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය, ඉගෙනීම, ආකල්ප හා හුරු පුරුදු හා පීඩන ඇතිවන අන්දම හැදෑරීමඅධිභෞතික වාදය හා මනෝවිශ්ලේෂණය

අධිමනෝවිද්‍යාව
අධිමනෝවිද්‍යාව යනු ටෙලිපති, ප්‍රාග් ප්‍රජානනය (යමක් පිළිබඳ කලින් දැන සිටීම), අනාගත

සංජානනය/දිවැස, චිත්ත බලයෙන් වස්තූන් චලනය කිරීම, මරණාසන්න අත්දැකීම්,

පුනරුත්පත්තිය, අවතාර පිළිබඳ අත්දැකීම්, පංචේන්ද්‍රියන් පරිබාහිර සංවේදන,

මනෝචලනය, මරණයෙන් පසු සිහිකල්පනාවේ පැවැත්ම වැනි සම්මත විද්‍යා

ගවේෂණවලට පරිබාහිර අද්භූත හා අධ්‍යාත්මික සංසිද්ධීන් පිළිබඳ ව පර්යේෂණ සිදු

කෙරෙන ව්‍යාජ විද්‍යාව (විද්‍යාත්මකව තහවුරු කල නොහැකි දෑ පිළිබඳ විද්‍යාව)කි.

ආරම්භක අධි මනෝවිද්‍යා පර්යේෂණ සෙනර් පත් භාවිතයෙන් පරචිත්ත විජානනය සොයා

බැලීමට ප්‍රයත්න දරා ඇත.

පෞද්ගලිකව ආධාර දෙන විද්‍ය‍ාගාර සහ ඇතැම් විශ්ව විද්‍යාල ආශ්‍රීතව අධිමනෝවිද්‍යා

පර්යේෂණ විවිධ ක්‍රම මගින් පර්යේෂණ සහ ක්ෂේත්‍ර කාර්යයන් ආශ්‍රීතව පදනම් වී ඇත.

වර්තමානයේ පෙරට වඩා විශ්ව විද්‍යාල මගින් ලබා දෙන දායකත්වය අඩු වී ඇත. මෙම

ගවේෂණයන් විශේෂ අධිමනෝවිද්‍යා ප්‍රකාශනවල පලවන ලිපි අතර ස්වල්පයක් පමණක්

විද්‍යාවේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ එන සඟරාවල පල වේ. අධිමනෝවිද්‍යාඥයින් කරනු ලබන ප්‍රධාන

පර්යේෂණයන් ලෙස අහඹු අංක උපදවනය මගින් මනෝ චලනයන් ද , උත්තේජනය නැති

කිරීමේ ගෑනිස්ෆීල්ඩ් ගවේෂණය මගින් ඉන්ද්‍රීය පරිබාහිර සංවේදනය ද දුරස්ථ දර්ශන සඳහා

ඇමරිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ආධාර සහිතව කරනු ලබන ගවේෂණයන් ද හැඳින්විය හැක.

දර්ශන
GOD DIVYA BHARTI

අධිභෞතිකවාදය


Manabu Watanabe (født 5. oktober 1986) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Mito HollyHock.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Manabu Watanabe


Uma república democrática é uma forma de governo que opera em princípios adotados de uma república e uma democracia. Como um cruzamento entre dois sistemas totalmente separados, as repúblicas democráticas podem funcionar com base em princípios compartilhados por ambas as repúblicas e democracias.

Conceito
Independentemente do nome adotado pelo respectivo Estado (se república democrática ou não), a verificação dá existência de uma república democrática se dá com base nas práticas políticas cotidianas daquele Estado: se permite ou não que seus cidadãos influenciem as decisões do governo; igualdade formal (jurídica) entre os cidadãos; que todos possam votar e ser votados (sufrágio universal); que todos possam participar da gestão pública (direta ou indiretamente); que as pessoas possam expressar suas opiniões de forma livre (liberdade de opinião e de imprensa), inclusive, criticar o governo, sem medo represálias; a existência de uma Constituição, capaz de limitar os poderes do Estado; a separação dos poderes, com autonomia considerável entre os poderes legislativo, executivo e judiciário; proteção ativa mínima de direitos humanos e grupos minoritários (função contramajoritária), dentre outros requisitos.

As definições comuns dos termos democracia e república muitas vezes apresentam preocupações sobrepostas, sugerindo que muitas democracias funcionam como repúblicas, e muitas repúblicas operam com base em princípios democráticos, como mostrado por estas definições do Oxford English Dictionary:

 República : "Um estado em que o poder supremo é exercido pelo povo e seus representantes eleitos..."
 Democracia : "Um sistema de governo por toda a população ou todos os membros elegíveis de um estado, normalmente por meio de representantes eleitos."

Eugene Volokh, da Escola de Direito da UCLA, observa que os Estados Unidos exemplificam a natureza variada de uma república constitucional – um país onde algumas decisões (geralmente locais) são tomadas por processos democráticos diretos, enquanto outras (geralmente federais) são tomadas por representantes democraticamente eleitos. Tal como acontece com muitos grandes sistemas, a governança dos EUA é descrita de forma incompleta por um único termo. Também emprega o conceito, por exemplo, de uma democracia constitucional em que um sistema judicial está envolvido em questões de jurisprudência. No entanto, essas repúblicas eram, de fato, repúblicas democráticas que usavam a democracia soviética, uma forma complicada de democracia indireta.

Tal como acontece com outras democracias, nem todas as pessoas em uma república democrática são necessariamente cidadãos, e nem todos os cidadãos têm necessariamente o direito de votar. O sufrágio é comumente restringido por critérios como a idade de voto e às vezes por prática de crimes ou em caso de prisão do cidadão.

História
Nos EUA, a noção de que uma república era uma forma de democracia era comum desde a época de sua fundação, e os conceitos associados à democracia representativa (e, portanto, a uma república democrática) são sugeridos por John Adams (escrevendo em 1784):Nenhuma determinação é feita, é verdade, em uma simples democracia representativa, mas por consentimento da maioria ou de seus representantes. Historicamente, alguma inconsistência em torno do termo é frequente. A República da China (Taiwan) afirma ser a mais antiga das repúblicas democráticas da Ásia, embora sua história recente de processo democrático esteja amplamente ligada apenas a Taiwan. Da mesma forma, a mais antiga república democrática da África, a Libéria (formada em 1822), teve sua estabilidade política abalada por violência e golpes periódicos.

Uso global do termo
Muitos países que usam o termo "república democrática" em seus nomes oficiais (como Argélia, República Democrática do Congo, Etiópia, Coréia do Norte, Laos e Nepal) são considerados " regimes híbridos " não democráticos ou " regimes autoritários " pelo Índice de Democracia da Economist Intelligence Unit  e "não livres" pela organização não governamental Freedom House, sediada nos EUA e financiada pelo governo dos EUA.

Além disso, a Alemanha Oriental também era oficialmente conhecida como República Democrática Alemã, mas, como a República Democrática da Somália, a República Democrática do Vietnã, a República Democrática Popular do Iêmen, a República Democrática do Afeganistão e a República Democrática Popular da Etiópia, as quais eram controladas por um governo burocrático que defendia o marxismo-leninismo.

Há também países que usam o termo "República Democrática" no nome e têm um bom histórico de eleições gerais e foram classificados como "democracia falha" ou "democracia plena" no Índice de Democracia, como a República Democrática de Timor-Leste, a República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe e a República Democrática Socialista do Sri Lanka.

Ver também

 Democracia
 República
 Federalismo
 República popular
 Democracia liberal

Referências

Política
Governo
Democracia

República democrática


Saint-Germain-le-Fouilloux ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Mayenne in der Region Pays de la Loire. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Laval und zum Kanton Saint-Berthevin. Die Bewohner werden Germinois und Germinoises genannt.

Geografie
Die Gemeinde Saint-Germain-le-Fouilloux liegt an einer Flussschleife der Ernée, neun Kilometer nördlich der Stadt Laval. Nachbargemeinden von Saint-Germain-le-Fouilloux sind Andouillé im Norden, Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne im Osten, Changé im Süden und Saint-Ouën-des-Toits im Westen.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Kirche Saint-Germain (12. Jahrhundert, Einrichtungsstücke als Monument historique) klassifiziert
 Schloss Fouilloux (18. Jahrhundert), seit 2016 als Monument historique eingeschrieben

Gemeindepartnerschaften
2010 trat die Gemeinde der Städtepartnerschaft der Nachbarkommune Changé mit Ichenhausen in Bayern bei.

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes de la Mayenne. Flohic Editions, Band 2, Paris 2002, ISBN 2-84234-135-X, S. 638–640.

Weblinks

Ort in Pays de la Loire

Saint-Germain-le-Fouilloux


Katerina Vasilivna Bilokur (ukr. Катерина Василівна Білокур; Bohdanivka, Ukrajina, 7. prosinca 1900. - Bohdanivka, Ukrajina, 10. lipnja 1961.) bila je ukrajinska naivna slikarica

Na većini slika Katerine Bilokur motiv je cvijeće. Često je na svojim slikama spajala proljetne i jesenske elemente, a takva slika se crtala od proljeća do jeseni. Na primjer, šest dalija na slici "Kolhovsko polje" naslikano je tijekom tri tjedna. Osim cvijeća, Bilokur je slikala pejzaže i portrete. Nekoliko puta pokušala je prikazati priču o rodi koja donosi dijete, ali je odustala od te ideje zbog zbunjenosti drugih. Pedesetih godina 20. stoljeća, Bilokur ima prve pokušaje slikanja akvarelom. Njezina najbolja djela tog vremena - "Selo Bohdanivka u rujnu", "Izvan sela" (1956.), "Rano proljeće" (1958.), "Jesen" (1960.) - odlikuju se izvanrednom emocionalnom ekspresivnošću. U posljednjim godinama života, obilježenim teškom bolešću, Bilokur je naslikala niz zapaženih platna: "Tratinčice" (1958.), "Božuri" (1958.), "Bohdanovske jabuke" (1959.), "Snop cvijeća" (1959.).

U Nacionalnom muzeju ukrajinske narodne dekorativne umjetnosti u Kijevu, u dijelu Kijevo-pečerske lavre, nalazi se zbirka njezinih slika, uključujući cvjetne mrtve prirode: "Cvijeće na ogradi" (1935.), "Cvijeće i Kalina" (1940.), "Divlje cvijeće" (1940.) i "Ukrasno cvijeće" (1945.).

U lipnju i srpnju 2015. održana je retrospektiva rada Katerine Bilokur u Nacionalnom kulturnom i umjetničkom i muzejskom kompleksu "Arsenal umjetnosti" u Kijevu.

Galerija

Izvori

Ukrajinski slikari
Naivni slikari

Katerina Bilokur


Refugio ("Refuge") may refer to:

Places:
Refugio County, Texas
Refugio, Texas, a town in Refugio County
Refugio State Beach, near Santa Barbara, California
Refugio Canyon, a region near Santa Barbara, California
Refugio Creek, a river running along Refugio Valley from the hills of western Contra Costa County, California

Other:
Refugio, a 2003 album by Apocalypse
Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio, the Spanish land grant in what is today Santa Barbara County, California
Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio near Refugio, Texas
Battle of Refugio, fought in 1836 near Refugio, Texas
Refugio railway station, a Guadalajara light rail station

Refugio


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Künzing

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Bruck

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Ebering

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Forsthart

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Girching

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Herzogau

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Hub

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Kohlstatt

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Langkünzing

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Loh

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Mairing

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Obernberg

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Reit

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Thannberg

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Unternberg

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Wallerdorf

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Weidenbach

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Zeitlarn

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Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

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Kunzing
Baudenkmaler Kunzing

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Künzing


Aleksei Valentinovici Selin (în ; n. 9 iulie 1979, Regiunea Moscova) este un fost scrimer rus specializat pe spadă, laureat cu argint pe echipe la Campionatul Mondial din 2002 și cu aur pe echipe la ediția din 2003.

Carieră
S-a apucat de scrimă din întâmplare în clasa a V-a: mama sa fiind nemulțumită de învățământul la școală sa, l-a inscris într-o clasă sportivă la o altă școală. Acolo a fost remarcat de antrenorul de scrimă Iuri Kuznețov.

În anul 1996 a câștigat atât Campionatul Național din Rusia, cât și Campionatul Mondial la categoria de vârstă cadeți. Trei ani mai târziu a cucerit medalia de aur la Campionatul Mondial pentru juniori din 1999. Pentru acest rezultat a fost numit maestru emerit al sportului. Împreună cu fratele său mai mic, Viaceslav, s-a alăturat lotului național de seniori, cu care a fost laureat cu argint la Campionatul Mondial din 2002 de la Lisabona, după ce Rusia a fost învinsă de Franța în finală. În anul următor fratele Selin au cucerit aurul pe echipe la  Campionatul Mondial din 2003 de la Havana, primul titlu mondial al Rusiei la această armă. Totuși, el nu a fost selecționat în lotul Rusiei pentru Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2004.

După ce s-a retras a devenit antrenor de scrimă la școală sportivă (SDIuȘOR) din Voskresensk, iar în prezent este directorul.

Referințe

Scrimeri ruși
Spadasini

Aleksei Selin


El New Brighton Tower Football Club, más conocido como New Brighton Tower FC o simplemente New Brighton Tower, fue un club de fútbol inglés, del baleario de New Brighton en el condado de Merseyside. New Brighton Tower jugó tres temporadas en el Football League Championship desde 1898 hasta 1901.

Historia
Cerca del término del siglo XIX, New Brighton fue un baleario popular para los trabajadores de las ciudades de Liverpool y Manchester. En 1896 el trabajo fue empezado para construir una torre de observación. La empresa que quiso construir la torre quiso también un club de fútbol para ganar dinero durante invierno. Con el dinero de la empresa, New Brighton Tower compró jugadores internacionales, y por eso fue conocido como The Team of Internationals (el equipo de internacionales), pero fue más conocido como The Towerites (los de la Torre).

El New Brighton Tower fue elegido para jugar en la Football League Championship en 1898 como un de cuatro nuevos equipos. El club no ganó muchos aficionados debido a los otros equipos del noroeste de Inglaterra: Manchester United, Manchester City, Liverpool FC y Everton FC. El New Brighton Tower fue mirando por una media de 1000 espectadores pero tenía un estadio para 100 000. Terminó en el 4.º lugar en la Championship de la temporada de 1900-01 pero renunció de la liga en septiembre de 1901 y fue reemplazado por Doncaster Rovers.

La torre, con una altura de 189,3 m, fue demolida después de la Primera Guerra Mundial. En 1921 otro club, New Brighton Football Club, fue fundado y fue elegido a la liga en 1923.

En su primera temporada (1898-99), New Brighton Tower llevó camisetas a mitades azules y blancos (como Blackburn Rovers), pantalones blancos y medias negras. La temporada siguiente, llevó camisetas blancas, pantalones negros y medias negras. En su última temporada el club llevó camisetas rosas con un cuello negro, pantalones negros y medias negras.

Referencias

Equipos de fútbol desaparecidos de Inglaterra
Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1896
Equipos de fútbol desaparecidos en 1901
Reino Unido en 1896
Reino Unido en 1901

New Brighton Tower Football Club


Biblioteca Austria Timișoara () wurde am 28. Februar 1992 am Bulevardul Vasile Pârvan Nummer 4 im III. Bezirk Elisabetin der westrumänischen Stadt Timișoara eröffnet und ist eine von insgesamt 61 Österreich-Bibliotheken im Ausland. Sie ist räumlich und organisatorisch der West-Universität Temeswar angegliedert. Träger sind die Österreichische Gesellschaft für Literatur in Wien und das Österreichische Kulturforum in Bukarest.

Beschreibung
Die Österreich-Bibliothek Temeswar wurde am 20. Februar 1992 im Beisein des damaligen österreichischen Außenministers Alois Mock eröffnet. An der Gründung beteiligten sich die West-Universität Temeswar und die österreichische Botschaft Bukarest.
2012  ist sie eine von 61 Österreich-Bibliotheken im Ausland, die seit den 1980er Jahren in 28 Staaten  Mittel-, Ost- und Südosteuropas eingerichtet wurden. Die  Österreich-Bibliothek Temeswar gilt mit einem Bestand von mehr als 10.000 Büchern und Periodika und mit zirka 2000 Lesern jährlich, als größte deutschsprachige Leihbücherei in der rumänischen Westregion.
Sie ist heute eine Filiale der Zentralen Universitätsbibliothek und wird von Roxana Nubert, Leiterin des Fachbereichs Germanistik, geleitet. Bibliothekarin ist Karin Dittrich. Die Betreuung der Bibliothek erfolgt in Wien durch die Österreichische Gesellschaft für Literatur und in Rumänien durch das Österreichische Kulturforum Bukarest.

Zielsetzung
Durch ihren Buchbestand und ihr Kulturprogramm mit Lesungen österreichischer Schriftsteller, Vorträgen, Konzerten und Ausstellungen trägt die Österreich-Bibliothek Temeswar dazu bei, die österreichische Kultur in Rumänien bekannt zu machen.
Zu Gast in Timișoara waren Autoren der modernen österreichischen Literatur wie Peter Rosei, Marianne Gruber, Ilse Tielsch, Lilian Faschinger, Karl Markus Gauß oder Martin Pollack.

Im Laufe der Jahre waren hier Vorträge von Kulturpersönlichkeiten wie Peter Kampits, Peter Wiesinger, Johannes Poigenfürst, Max Demeter Peyfuss, Harald Heppner, Harald Haslmayer oder Rainer Schubert zu hören.

Aus den die Grundausstattung umfassenden Bereichen haben sich österreichische Literatur, Kinder- und Jugendliteratur, Literaturwissenschaft und Geschichte als inhaltliche Schwerpunkte herausgebildet. Die Bibliothek wird vor allem von Studenten der Germanistikfakultät genutzt, aber auch von Studierenden anderer Fachbereiche der West-Universität sowie von der deutschsprachigen Minderheit.

Weblinks
oesterreich-bibliotheken.at, Österreich Bibliothek Temeswar
Österreich Bibliotheken (PDF; 1,7 MB), Magda Strebl: Bücher Menschen und Kulturen
adz.ro, ADZ, Balthasar Waitz: 20 Jahre Österreich-Bibliothek Temeswar. Internationale Festtagung / Ehrendoktorwürde für Ex-Botschafter Martin Eichtinger, vom Samstag, 21. April 2012
adz.ro, ADZ, Robert Tari: Kolloquium der Österreich-Bibliotheken im Ausland in Temeswar, 29. September 2012

Bildung in Timișoara
Bibliothek in Rumänien
Außenpolitik (Österreich)
Organisation (Timișoara)
Kultur (Timișoara)

Biblioteca Austria Timișoara


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 5. siječnja – Marko Marulić,  hrvatski književnik i humanist († 1450.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1524.


Theresa Anne Villiers (udtales Villers; født 5. marts 1968 i London) er en britisk politiker og medlem af Det Konservative Parti og medlem af den aristokratiske Villiers-familie.

Hun har været parlamentsmedlem for Chipping Barnet-kredsen siden 2005. Hun var minister for Nordirland fra 2012 til 2016..

Referencer

Transportministre fra Storbritannien
Britiske ministre for Nordirland
Personer fra London

Theresa Villiers


Boleslaus III may refer to:

 Boleslaus III of Bohemia (c. 965–1037), Duke of Bohemia
 Boleslaus III the Wrymouth (1086–1138), Duke of Poland

Boleslaus III


Yuri Isáievich Yankelévich (translitera al cirílico ruso: Юрий Исаевич Янкелевич) (1909-1973) fue un eminente maestro de violín soviético que nutrió de muchas generaciones de virtuosos de Rusia durante su permanencia en el Conservatorio de Moscú.

Vida y carrera
Yuri Yankelévich nació en Basilea, Suiza. En 1923 entró en el Conservatorio de Petrogrado en la clase de Ovanés Nalbandián (un estudiante de Leopold Auer). En 1932 se graduó en el Conservatorio de Moscú con el profesor Abram Yampolsky, y terminó su doctorado en 1937. Entre 1930 y 1937 fue violinista asistente de concertino de la Orquesta Filarmónica de Moscú y después se concentró principalmente en las actividades pedagógicas. Desde 1934 fue profesor en la Escuela de Moscú, Conservatorio Central de Música Especial, el Conservatorio de Moscú, Escuela de Música, y en el propio Conservatorio (en un principio como asistente de Yampolsky, y más tarde al frente de su propio estudio y convertirse en el jefe del departamento de violín). También se concentró en serio la teoría de tocar el violín, la creación de una serie de publicaciones metodológicas. El profesor Yankelévich murió en Moscú.

Estudiantes destacados
 Víktor Tretiakov
 Rubén Aharonyán
 Félix Andrievsky
 Ilyá Grubert
 Natalia Gvozdétskaya
 Ilyá Káler
 Grigori Zhislin
 Leonid Kogan
 Mijaíll Kopelman
 Borís Belkin
 Vladímir Landsman
 Lev Markiz
 Albert Márkov
Monterrey Cosío Rosendo

Nelli Shkólnikova
 Vladímir Spivakov
 Eva Graubin
 Arkadi Futer
 Borís Kuníev
 Dora Schwarzberg
 Tarás Gabora
 Tatiana Grindenko
 Borís Garlitsky
 Aleksandr Brussilovsky
 Mijaíl Bezverkhny

Referencias

 Virtuosos de Violín (de Paganini del siglo 21) - Henry Roth 1997 ISBN 1-8879395-15-0
 La forma de jugar - S. Applebaum

Pedagogos de Rusia
Violinistas clásicos de Rusia
Judíos de Rusia
Músicos judíos
Músicos clásicos del siglo XX de Rusia
Nacidos en Basilea
Fallecidos en Moscú

Yuri Yankelévich


Eduardo Cesti Vílchez (Lima, 8 de diciembre de 1941-Ib., 4 de diciembre de 2020) fue un actor peruano de cine y televisión. Protagonizó Gamboa, la serie policial peruana de mayor éxito de los años 80.

Carrera artística
Cesti, protagonista de una de las más importantes producciones de la televisión peruana, cumplió cincuenta años de carrera artística (1963–2013) sin dejar de luchar contra la diabetes que padece.

Uno de sus papeles más recordados es su protagónico en la serie Gamboa, la serie transmitida por Panamericana Televisión que lo lanzó a la fama y que lo mantuvo vigente en el recuerdo de sus seguidores. En vida, una de sus últimas apariciones fue en Tribulación en 2011.

Falleció en Lima el 4 de diciembre de 2020, cuatro días antes de cumplir 79 años.

Filmografía

Televisión
 2011: Tribulación como Ángel Caliel.
 2008: Sally, la muñequita del pueblo como Cervera.
 2008: Chapulin, el dulce como Gregorio.
 2006: Amores como el nuestro como Alfonso.
 2005: Nunca te diré adiós como Padre Iginio.
 2004: Eva del Edén como Hernando de Palomino (de viejo).
 2003: La mujer de Lorenzo
 2000: Estrellita como Gumercindo.
 1998: Amor Serrano como Aquiles Acuña.
 1997: La rica Vicky como Julio "Pocho" Carranza.
 1995: Los unos y los otros como Horacio.
 1994: Los de arriba y los de abajo como Felipe Arias Brady.
 1986-1987: "Gamboa" - 3a. temporada
 1985: No hay porqué llorar
 1983: Barragán
 1982-1984: "Gamboa" como el mayor Edgar Gamboa
 1974: Teatro Universal
 1974: Destino
 1972: Mujeres que trabajan
 1970: Natacha
 1969: Simplemente María
 1967: Ud. es el juez

Cine

 1975: El fuego del pecado
 1990: Ni con Dios ni con el Diablo
 1993: Fire on the Amazon como Rafael Santos.
 2003: Paloma de papel como el herrero

 2003: Confianza ...corto
 2008: Pasajeros como Pedro Hidalgo
 2012: El Afilador ...corto
 2015: Atacada: La teoría del dolor

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Lima
Fallecidos en Lima
Actores de televisión de Perú
Actores de cine de Perú
Actores masculinos de Perú

Eduardo Cesti


Cláudia Ramos (Rio de Janeiro) é uma cantora e compositora brasileira de MPB e Bossa Nova. Possui uma discografia com 3 álbuns autorais: Nada é por Acaso (2012), Sou o que Soa (2016), Som do Dom (2018).

Foi professora de inglês e descobriu o mundo da música quando iniciou aulas de canto para melhorar sua voz. Em sua música, aborda temas como a natureza, o sagrado feminino e a espiritualidade.

Biografia
Cláudia atuava como professora de inglês e descobriu o dom de cantar quase por acaso. Em 2005, durante uma aula, perdeu a voz. Para reforçá-la, aceitou o conselho de uma amiga para fazer aulas de canto e nunca mais parou. No mesmo ano iniciou seus estudos em canto popular com a professora e preparadora vocal Morana Silveira. Seu primeiro registro em voz foi o CD "DEScobrindo", com o qual presenteou amigos e familiares ainda no Natal de 2006.

Em 2007, passou a estudar teoria e percepção musical com o professor e regente Gabriel Szántó. Foi a partir dessa preparação que cantou o Réquiem de Mozart com o coro da Escola Alemã Corcovado no mosteiro de São Bento.

Em seguida, realizou parcerias musicais com nomes importantes do cenário: o pianista alemão Werner Driesen, a preparadora vocal americana Linda Nunez, a professora de canto lírico Elisabeth Ganter, o pianista, cantor e compositor uruguaio Sebastian Zinola, o guitarrista Victor Ribeiro, entre outros.

Sua primeira composição autoral é de novembro de 2012: a canção "Perfume". Neste mesmo ano lançou seu primeiro álbum: "Nada é por Acaso".

De 2013 em diante sua carreira passa a ser marcada por homenagens a grandes nomes da música brasileira, como Tom Jobim e Vinicius de Moraes. Realizou os seguintes tributos: "Vinicius Cem Idade" (2013), "Em Tom Maior - Um Tributo a Tom Jobim" (2013) e "Cláudia Ramos Canta Vinicius, sua Casa, seus Parceiros" (2014).

Entre 2016 e 2018 lançou dois novos álbuns autorais: " Sou o que Soa" (2016) e "Som do Dom" (2018), bem como participou de festivais de música no Brasil e no exterior.

Em 2022, dez anos depois, lançou o clipe de sua primeira música: "Perfume".

Em 2023 prepara o lançamento de uma nova canção: "Ah Ser Mulher".

Festivais

 Sua composição "Perfume" ficou entre as 12 finalistas do Festival da Rádio MEC e da Rádio Nacional. (2012)
 Em paceria com Elisa Maçãs, venceu o I Festival de Samba de Uberaba. (2015)
 Participou do festival Música no Museu Internacional, com apresentações no Palácio Foz (Lisboa) e na Biblioteca Joanina (Coimbra). (2016)
 Foi uma das 45 compositoras escolhidas para participar da 2ª edição do Festival SONORA Ciclo Internacional de Compositoras (Rio de Janeiro). (2017)
 Realizou um lançamento do álbum Som do Dom no festival Fri Jazz & Blues (Nova Friburgo). (2018)

Cantores do estado do Rio de Janeiro

Cláudia Ramos


Cladophoraceae, porodica zelenih algi iz reda Cladophorales. Postoji oko 330 vrsta u 10 rodova

Rodovi
 Bryobesia Weber-van Bosse
 Chaetomorpha Kützing
 Cladophora Kützing
 Lurbica Boedeker
 Lychaete J.Agardh
 Pseudorhizoclonium Boedeker
 Rhizoclonium Kützing
 Rama V.J.Chapman
 Spongiochrysis Rindi, J.López-Bautista, A.R.Sherwood & Guiry
 Willeella Børgesen

Izvori

Cladophorales

Cladophoraceae