La Nuit des tambours silencieux est un événement du carnaval de Recife, créé par Paulo Viana en 1961. Le Lundi gras, elle réunit les maracatus nations de la ville, dont les tambours cessent de battre à minuit, et des lamentations ou des prières sont dites ou chantées en mémoire des Afro-Brésiliens morts en esclavage…

Origines
Les premiers esclaves africains sont arrivés à Recife en 1539. Ils sont venus avec leur culture et leurs traditions, qui se sont rapidement mêlées à celles des colons européens, principalement portugais, et des Amérindiens.

À vrai dire, avant même la « découverte » du Brésil, une telle tradition avait été observée au Portugal : Nicolau Lanckmann, que le futur empereur Frédéric III a envoyé au Portugal chercher sa fiancée, la princesse Eleanor, mentionne à plusieurs reprises dans ses Jornadas des processions et des danses d'Africains en 1451.

Au Brésil, les manifestations les plus anciennes de ces cultures remontent au moins au  : un couronnement de roi et de reine du Congo est attesté le 10 septembre 1666, puis des couronnements de rois et de reines des Créoles ou des Angolas. Ce sont ces cortèges royaux, dont le rituel et les costumes sont restés ceux de cette époque, qui donneront naissance aux cortèges de carnaval des maracatus, déjà présents au début du  : les maracatus développent les orchestres de percussions qui les accompagnent. Ils sont appelés maracatu nação (« nation », référence à leur ethnie d'origine, par opposition au maracatu rural, plus métissé d'indianité). Né à Recife, le maracatu s'est depuis répandu ailleurs au Brésil et dans d'autres pays — souvent réduit au seul groupe de percussionnistes.

Parallèlement, interdits de leurs religions originelles (culte yoruba des orishas, culte angolais des inquices…), les esclaves et les affranchis les perpétuent en adorant les saints catholiques avec lesquels ils syncrétisent leurs demi-dieux. À Recife, ce sont principalement les cultes de xangô ou de candomblé, où les tambours (les ilus) ne sont pas que des instruments de musique : ils sont eux-mêmes dotés de pouvoirs et à ce titre salués par les participants. Et tout maracatu, groupe profane, est lié à un terreiro de candomblé, culte religieux.

Les Afro-Brésiliens continuent aussi d'honorer leurs ancêtres, tels que les eguns dans la religion yoruba, et le jour traditionnel de cette dévotion est le lundi. Les rites funéraires d'ailleurs tiennent une place importante dans le candomblé.

Histoire
Curieusement, la seule mention d'une Nuit des tambours silencieux antérieure à 1961 est un texte de l'Action intégraliste brésilienne, mouvement « fasciste tropical » des années 1930 qui se voulait fondé sur l'« Union de tous les peuples et de toutes les races ». Ce projet n'a rien à voir avec la mémoire de l'esclavage, il s'agit de commémorer… la « douleur de l'interdiction de la milice intégraliste » le 4 avril 1935. On n'a pourtant aucune trace d'une Nuit des tambours silencieux antérieure dont le mouvement fasciste aurait récupéré le nom.

Les premières Nuits

C'est pour le carnaval de 1961 que le journaliste afro-brésilien Paulo Viana conçoit le projet d'une Nuit consacrée à la mémoire de l'esclavage (il pensait d'ailleurs y intégrer les Amérindiens, qui en avaient également été les victimes). Il s'appuie pour cela sur deux connaissances : Edvaldo Ramos, qui deviendra une personnalité incontournable du Movimento negro (Mouvement noir) autant que du carnaval de Recife, et Dona Badia, héritière des « mères noires » qu'étaient Sinhá et Yayá, aux côtés de Dona Santa, reine du maracatu Elefante (Éléphant), dont le prestige était alors immense à Recife. Les mères noires participent d'ailleurs toutes les trois à la première Nuit, le lundi 13 février 1961, sur la place du pátio do Terço.

Lors des premières Nuits, les maracatus se regroupent sur le pátio do Terço et leurs tambourinaires battent ensemble. Une troupe de théâtre de la ville, Equipe, exécute des danses afro-brésiliennes, et joue le poème Lamento negro (« Lamentation noire ») qui dénonce l'esclavage, rend hommage aux esclaves morts et révère les orishas. Les tambours cessent de battre à minuit, un silence très long, évalué entre 5 et 30 minutes selon les participants. Le silence des tambours, chargés d'une fonction magique, n'est pas doté que d'une seule puissance émotionnelle. Ce déroulement subira peu de modifications jusqu'en 1989, si ce n'est que la frappe en commun des maracatus semble avoir été abandonnée : ils défilent les uns après les autres devant l'église du Terço.

Un incident a lieu en 1979 : si Equipe est une troupe liée au Mouvement noir, elle comporte également des acteurs blancs. Or pour déclamer le poème Lamento negro, ils sont grimés en Noirs. Les militants du Movimento negro, scandalisés par ce « blackface », interrompent la représentation, ce qui attriste profondément Paulo Viana. Et en 1987, la mort de son fondateur porte un coup à la tradition de la Nuit.

Les Nuits modernes
Aussi, en 1990, la ville de Recife et Raminho de Oxossí, père de saint de candomblé et neveu de Yayá, reprennent-ils les rênes de la manifestation pour la dynamiser. La Nuit bénéficie dès lors de la caisse de résonance des services touristiques de Recife, et l'assistance d'une centaine de spectateurs des premières Nuits, passe maintenant à de l'ordre de , entassées derrière les barrières de sécurité de la petite place qui peine à les contenir. Les aspects profanes, danses et lamentations, disparaissent pour faire place à une cérémonie plus directement inspirée du candomblé. Lâcher de colombes et feu d'artifice complètent le spectacle, dans lequel les tambours ne marquent pratiquement plus de silence. De plus, les quatre maracatus présents en 1961 sont devenus plus d'une vingtaine et leur défilé se prolonge très tard dans la nuit.

Ceux qui ont connu la Nuit instituée par Paulo Viana, Edvaldo Ramos et Dona Badia peinent à retrouver dans les grandioses Nuits actuelles l'intensité et l'émotion qu'elles leur procuraient alors.

Le succès de la Nuit des tambours silencieux de Recife lui a donné depuis longtemps des échos dans d'autres villes, comme celle d'Olinda. Le carnaval de Recife connaît également une Nuit mirim (Nuit des enfants).

Signification
La littérature présente parfois à la Nuit comme une nuit de dévotion à Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Homens Pretos (Notre Dame du rosaire des Noirs), protectrice des Noirs et des esclaves avec São Benedito. Il s'agit d'une confusion avec l'arrêt marqué par les maracatus devant l'église de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Homens Pretos lors de leurs défilés.

Mais le déroulement des Nuits tant anciennes que modernes, comme le Lamento negro et les autres écrits ou dits de leurs initiateurs démentent cette interprétation. Elle est clairement un hommage à la mémoire des souffrances de l'esclavage. La Nuit perpétue le culte des eguns (esprits des morts) de la tradition yoruba, et plus généralement africaine, en le surchargeant du sens douloureux qu'il peut avoir pour les descendants actuels des esclaves déportés, qui ont perdu le lien avec la terre de ses ancêtres, essentiel pour un Africain. Ce sens s'inscrit parfaitement dans celui du carnaval, fête de la transgression, mais d'abord événement spirituel.

C'est la raison pour laquelle la Nuit est célébrée le lundi, jour des eguns, en l'occurrence le Lundi gras, et c'est la raison pour laquelle la Nuit est célébrée sur le pátio du Terço.

Ce choix peut paraître étrange, cette église n'étant pas chargée d'un sens particulier pour les Afro-Brésiliens, contrairement à celle de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Homens Pretos. Fort de ce sens, la direction de la Culture de l'État du Pernambouc y avait d'ailleurs déplacé la cérémonie en 1980. Les initiateurs de la Nuit, en désaccord avec une décision qui semblait pourtant logique, ont obtenu son retour sur le pátio du Terço dès l'année suivante.

En réalité, ce n'est pas l'église du Terço qui motive le choix de ce lieu : cette place abrite aussi la maison des « mères noires », appelée à Recife casa das tias (« maison des tantes ») : la maison de Sinhá et Yayá, puis de Dona Badia. Sinhá et Yayá, nées en 1874 et 1877 de parents africains, jouissaient de beaucoup de respect dans les milieux du candomblé et du maracatu. Mais surtout, cette maison, du moins son emplacement, était considérée comme la demeure du premier esclave arrivé à Recife, réellement ou symboliquement, le pátio étant alors au cœur du quartier des esclaves et des affranchis de la ville.

Les fondations de cette demeure contiennent aux yeux de la communauté noire de Recife des , source d'énergie à la base des cultes, qui visent à les canaliser. Aussi les , ces poupées sacrées du maracatu, portées par les dames du palais du cortège, marquent-elles toujours un arrêt et font-elles toujours une révérence devant la casa das tias à leur passage.

Paulo Viana fréquentait cette maison et ses occupantes, Sinhá et Yayá. Il s'entretenait avec son amie Badia de ses projets, et ce serait dans ces visites qu'aurait germé l'idée d'une Nuit des tambours silencieux.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Maracatu
 Candomblé
 Eguns

Liens externes

Recife
Carnaval
Silence

Nuit des tambours silencieux


جمال عبدون  ، لاعب كرة قدم جزائري.ولد في 14 فبراير 1984 م في باريس,كان يلعب في فريق نادي نانت وهو الآن ينشط في فريق نادي كافالا اليوناني، فاز مع منتخب فرنسا تحت 17 سنة بكأس العالم سنة 2001 كما أنه لعب في منتخب فرنسا تحت 21 سنة لكنه في 11 أكتوبر 2009 تم إستدعائه للعب في صفوف منتخب الجزائر بقيادة رابح سعدان.

مسيرته الكروية

عبدون بدأ مسيرته كلاعب شباب لباريس سان جيرمان في عام 2002، . في عام 2003 الذي وقع لاجاكسيو حيث لعب سوى 10 مباراة على مدى ثلاثة مواسم وسجل أهداف 2.

وقع لمانشستر سيتي على سبيل الإعارة في فترة الانتقالات الشتوية لعام 2007 ظهوره الوحيد لالبلوز كبديل في 28 يناير، 2007 في بطولة كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي فوز 3-1 على نادي ساوثمبتون. عاد إلى نادي أجاكسيو في نهاية الموسم بعد مانشستر سيتي.

إنجازاته

مع المنتخب الجزائري
 مرتبة رابعة في كأس أمم إفريقيا 2010 بأنغولا
 المشاركة في كأس العالم 2010 بجنوب أفريقيا

مع الأندية
 ثاني أحسن لاعب موسم 2009-2010 مع نادي نانت
 أحسن ممر بالدوري اليوناني مع نادي كافالا موسم 2010-2011
 أحسن لاعب موسم 2010-2011 مع نادي كافالا
 رشح لنيل جائزة أفضل لاعب بالدوري اليوناني

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 البطاقة الشخصية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
جزائريون مغتربون في اليونان
جزائريون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون فرنسيون من أصل جزائري
رياضيون من مونتروي (سين سان دوني)
فرنسيون من أصل جزائري
قبائليون
لاعبو أجاكسيو
لاعبو أولمبياكوس
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو سيدان
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2010
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو مانشستر سيتي
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر في كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي كافالا
لاعبو نادي لوكيرين
لاعبو نانت
لاعبو نوتنغهام فورست
مواليد 1406 هـ
مواليد 1986
مواليد في مونتروي (سين سان دوني)
لاعبو كرة قدم رجال جزائريون

جمال عبدون


Wiser.org (vormals WiserEarth.org) war eine von Nutzern erzeugte Online-Community der sozialen und ökologischen Bewegung, die die Arbeit von Nonprofit-Organisationen rund um den Globus erfasste.

Überblick

Die Seite verzeichnete und vernetzte Nichtregierungsorganisationen (englisch non-governmental organizations, NGOs), Unternehmen, Regierungen, Gruppen und Einzelpersonen, die sich mit globalen Herausforderungen wie Klimawandel, Armut, Ökologie, Frieden, Wasser, Welthunger, Soziale Gerechtigkeit, Umweltschutz, Menschenrechte u. a. beschäftigten. Der Begriff WISER ist ein Akronym und steht für World Index of Social and Environmental Responsibility ("Weltindex der sozialen und ökologischen Verantwortung"). Betreiber der Website Wiser.org war die Nonprofit-Organisation WiserEarth.

Geschichte
Wiser.org wurde am Tag der Erde (22. April) 2007 als ein Onlineverzeichnis von mehr als 100.000 Organisationen, die in Paul Hawkens Buch, Wir sind der Wandel (englisch "Blessed Unrest") erwähnt wurden, gegründet. Hawken hatte im Laufe der Jahre unzählige Visitenkarten von tausenden Organisationen angehäuft, konnte jedoch kein umfassendes Verzeichnis aller Nonprofit-Organisationen finden, die sich in den Bereichen soziale Gerechtigkeit und Ökologie engagieren. Er selbst schätzte die gesamte Anzahl solcher Organisationen auf gut über eine Million und gründete daraufhin Wiser.org als ein Onlineverzeichnis, um die Arbeit dieser Organisationen zu erfassen. Später bot Wiser.org zudem die Funktionalitäten eines sozialen Netzwerkes wie z. B. Gruppen und einer Funktion, mit der man Nachrichten versenden konnte. Dadurch wurden mehr Möglichkeiten für gegenseitige Zusammenarbeit geschaffen. Obwohl API und Medieninhalte für die nichtkommerzielle Nutzung lizenziert waren (siehe unten), weitete Wiser.org sein Onlineverzeichnis auf gewinnorientierte Unternehmen und Regierungsbehörden aus.

Das Verzeichnis wiser.org wurde am 22. April 2014, sieben Jahre nach seiner Gründung, offiziell geschlossen.

Zahlen und Fakten
Am 26. Januar 2012 umfasste das Verzeichnis mehr als 113.000 weltweit verteilte Organisationen, mehr als 64000 registrierte Mitglieder und mehr als 2800 Gruppen. Die Inhalte waren gegliedert in 47 Themenbereiche und 381 Unterbereiche. Wiser.org wurde auf Englisch, Chinesisch, Französisch, Deutsch, Indonesisch, Italienisch, Portugiesisch und Spanisch bereitgestellt.

Wiser.org-Verzeichnis
Das Wiser.org-Verzeichnis bezog sich auf eine Stammliste von Themenbereichen, die auf bestimmte Weise "vernetzt" waren: Registrierte Mitglieder konnten die "Verknüpfung" jedes Themas zu Organisationen, Ressourcen, Stellenangeboten, Veranstaltungen und Gruppen bearbeiten. Die Seite bot Groupware, Funktionalitäten eines sozialen Netzwerkes sowie eine visualisierte Darstellung des Netzwerkes. Einzigartig war die Möglichkeit, "Lösungen" vorzuschlagen. Diese erlaubte es jedem registrierten Mitglied, ein bestimmtes soziales oder ökologisches Problem zu formulieren und eine dazugehörige Lösung zu unterbreiten. Diese konnte dann mit anderen geteilt, modifiziert und in der Praxis angewendet werden. Jede Lösung erhielt eine Veröffentlichungs- und eine Netzwerkseite sowie ein dazugehöriges Diskussionsforum. Wiser.org bot zudem eingebettete Google Maps mit den zugehörigen geografischen Daten. Wiser.org war nicht gewinnorientiert und stand zur freien Nutzung zur Verfügung. Die Inhalte wurden unter der "Creative Commons 3.0"-Lizenz zur Verfügung gestellt.

Wiser.org-Programmierschnittstelle
Ab Juni 2009 bot Wiser.org eine RESTful-Programmierschnittstelle an, entwickelt unter der "Creative Commons 3.0"-Lizenz. Die Wiser.org-Programmierschnittstelle ermöglichte den Zugang zur ausführlichen Datenbank von Datensätzen wie z. B. Organisationen, Gruppen, Stellenangeboten, Veranstaltungen, Ressourcen und Lösungen. Daran angegliedert war eine Liste mit häufig gestellten Fragen und eine Dokumentationsseite der Entwickler.

Siehe auch
 Earth Charter

Weblinks

 deutsche Startseite (user)
 PRWatch.org Wir sind der Wandel für eine bessere Welt: John Stauber im Gespräch mit Paul Hawken (englisch)
 Social-NetworkReviews.com Bewertung von Wiser.org als Soziales Netzwerk (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Umweltschutzorganisation
Online-Community

Wiser.org


Carol Ann Windley (* 18. Juni 1947 in Tofino, British Columbia, Kanada) ist eine kanadische Schriftstellerin, die Romane und Kurzgeschichten verfasst. 2007 gewann sie den Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize.

Leben

Carol Windley wurde 1947 in Tofino, British Columbia, geboren. Sie wuchs in British Columbia und Alberta auf und arbeitete als Bürokraft bei einer Radiostation und als Bibliothekarin. Ihre erste Kurzgeschichtensammlung, Visible Light (1993), gewann den Bumbershoot Award, und war für den Governor General's Award for English Fiction 1993 sowie für den Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize 1994 nominiert.

Danach folgte 1998 ihr erster Roman, Breathing Underwater. 2002 gewann Carol Windley den Western Magazin Award für die einzelne Kurzgeschichte What Saffi Knows, die später zur einleitenden Erzählung in ihrer Kurzgeschichtensammlung Home Schooling (2006) wurde. Dieses Buch stand 2006 auf der Shortlist des Scotiabank Giller Prize und erhielt 2007 den zu den BC Book Prizes gehörenden Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize.

Darüber hinaus unterrichtet Windley Kreatives Schreiben am Malaspina University-College. Ihre Geschichten lässt sie meist in der ländlichen Umgebung von Vancouver Island oder in den Städten am nördlichen Pazifik spielen. Sie lebt mit ihrem Ehemann in Nanaimo.

Werk
 Visible Light (1993)
 Breathing Underwater (1998)
 Home Schooling (2006)

Auszeichnungen und Nominierungen

 1993: Bumbershoot Award für Visible Light
 1993: Shortlist des Governor General's Award for Fiction für Visible Light
 1994: Shortlist des Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize für Visible Light
 2002: Western Magazin Award für What Saffi Knows
 2006: Shortlist des Scotiabank Giller Prize für Home Schooling
 2007: Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize für Home Schooling

Weblinks
 Online-Interview – CBC Words at Large
 Autorenporträt auf ABCbookworld.com

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Roman, Epik
Kurzgeschichte
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Kanadische Literatur
Kanadier
Geboren 1947
Frau

Carol Windley


Eva Beer ( ?1892 - ?1977 ) fue una botánica, y profesora neerlandesa.

Algunas publicaciones

Libros
 . 1936. The Verbenaceae, collected in Papua by L. J. Brass for the Archbold Expedition. Ed. Am. Museum of Natural History

Fuente
 Jacobs, M. 1984. Herman Johannes Lam (1892-1977) : the life and work of a Dutch botanist. 271 p. ISBN 90-6203-545-0

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicas de los Países Bajos
Botánicos de los Países Bajos del siglo XX
Científicas de los Países Bajos
Profesores de los Países Bajos
Escritores en inglés del siglo XX
Neerlandesas del siglo XX

Eva Beer


حزام الأمان أو حزام السلامة هو جهاز سلامة للمركبة مصمم لحماية الرّاكب من الأذى عند التصادم أو التوقف المفاجئ. تهدف أحزمة الأمان إلى تقليل الإصابات بإيقاف مرتديه من الاصطدام في الأجزاء القاسية من المركبة ويمنع الراكب من أن يُقذف خارج المركبة.

أحزمة الأمان هي أحد تطبيقات القانون الأول لنيوتن (الجسم الساكن يبقى ساكنا والجسم المتحرك يستمر في حركته بسرعة منتظمة في خط مستقيم ما لم تؤثر عليه قوة خارجية تجبره على تغيير ذلك) فالجسم قاصر بذاته على تغيير حالته، وهذا ما يفسر ظاهرة (القصور الذاتي)للأجسام المتحركة، فمثلا عندما تتحرك سيارة وعليها أمتعة غير مثبتة بسرعة منتظمة تكون السيارة والأمتعة في حالة حركة، وعندما تتوقف السيارة فجأة فإن حالة السيارة تتحول من الحركة للسكون بينما تظل الأمتعة غير المثبتة في حالة حركة تبعا لخاصية القصور الذاتي أي أنه لا توجد قوة تغير من حالة حركة الأمتعة بعدما أثرت قوة المكابح (الاحتكاك) على السيارة فغيرت من حالتها، فتسقط الأمتعة، ومن هنا جاءت فكرة عمل أحزمة الأمان.ان سبب اندفاع الراكب إلى الامام أو الخلف يرجع بسبب القصور الذاتي وتعريف القصور الذاتي: ممانعه الجسم من احداث تغير في حالته الحركيه من الحركة إلى السكون والعكس.

أنواع أحزمة الأمان

الحزام ذو النقطتين
الحزام ذو النقطتين هو حزام يثبت في جسم المركبات عند طرفي النهاية للحزام.

حزام الخصر

حزام الخصر (بالإنجليزية: Lap Belt) هو حزام قابل للتعديل يربط حول الخصر، كان أكثر الأنواع شيوعاً في السيارات القديمة قبل صدور قوانين تلزم صناع السيارات بتركيب أحزمة ثلاثية النقاط. بعض الحافلات تكون مجهزة بهذا النوع من الأحزمة كما تستعمل أيضاً في مقاعد الطائرات.

حتى عام 1980، كان الحزام الثلاثي النقاط شائع الاستخدام فقط في المقاعد الخارجية الأمامية للسيارات وكانت المقاعد الخلفية تزود بأحزمة للخصر فقط. ولكن بظهور دلائل على أن أحزمة الخصر يمكن أن تسبب انفصال للفقرات القطنية وفي بعض الأحيان ترتبط بالشلل، أو «متلازمة حزام الأمان»، قامت أغلب البلدان المتقدمة بمراجعة تدريجية لقوانين سلامة الركاب لكي تشترط القوانين علي تركيب أحزمة ثلاثية النقاط لجميع المقاعد الخارجية في سيارات الركاب في بداية الأمر، ثم في جميع مواقع الجلوس في نهاية المطاف.

منذ 1 سبتمبر 2007، جميع السيارات الجديدة التي تباع في الولايات المتحدة تتطلب حزام للخصر والكتف في المقعد الخلفي الأوسط. لقد أدت «متلازمة حزام الأمان»، بالإضافة إلي التعديلات التشريعية، إلي إلقاء مسؤولية هائلة علي عاتق صانعي السيارات. فمثلاً أسفرت قضية واحدة فقط في لوس انجيلوس عن حكم قضائي بتعويض قدره 45 مليون دولار ضد شركة فورد للسيارات، ونتج عن ذلك تقدير للتعويض في محكمة الاستئناف بقيمة 30 مليون دولار في عام 2006 (بعد خصم استقطاعات من مدعي عليه آخر كان قد رضي بالتسوية قبل المحاكمة).

حزام الكتف «الوشاح»

«الوشاح» (بالإنجليزية: Sash Belt) أو «حزام الكتف» هو عبارة عن حزام يشد قطرياً على جسم الراكب أو الراكبة من ناحية الكتف المواجه للخارج ويشبك في داخل السيارة عند الحجر. حزام الكتف قد يتصل باللسان الخاص بحزام الحجر، أو قد يصنع له لسان ومشبك منفصلين تماما عن التركيبات الخاصة بحزام الحجر. لقد بدأ تركيب تلك الأحزمة المنفصلة أو شبه المنفصلة بكثرة، جنبا إلى جنب مع أحزمة الخصر، في المقاعد الخارجية الامامية للسيارات في الاسواق الأمريكية مع ظهور اشتراطات استخدام حزام الأمان في المواصفات الفيدرالية القياسية لسلامة السيارات 208 الصادرة عن الإدارة القومية الأمريكية لسلامة المرور على الطرق السريعة في 1 يناير 1968.

إذا تم استخدام حزام الكتف دون حزام الخصر من المرجح أن الراكب سوف «يغوص»، أو ينزلق إلى الأمام في المقعد ويخرج من تحت الحزام، وذلك في حالة حدوث التصادم من الأمام. في منتصف السبعينيات، بدأت أنظمة الأحزمة الثلاثية النقاط مثل نظام كرايسلر «أحادي الحزام» (بالإنجليزية: Uni-Belt) تحل محل أحزمة الخصر والكتف المنفصلة في السيارات المصنعة في أمريكا. ذلك على الرغم من ظهورها لعدة سنوات في السيارات الأوروبية مثل فولفو، ومرسيدس، وساب قبل تلك الفترة.

الحزام ثلاثي النقاط

الحزام الثلاثي النقاط هو الحزام الموجود في السيارات الحديثة، وهو حزام مفصل على شكل حرف Y في الأبجدية الإنجليزية بحيث يماثل في الشكل أحزمة الحجر والكتف المنفصلة، ولكنه يدمج الحزامين في حزام واحدحيث تتركز قوة رد الفعل في هذا التشكيل على ثلاث نقاط. يتشابه هذا التشكيل مع أحزمة الخصر والكتف المنفصلة في أنه يساعد على تشتيت طاقة الجسم المتحرك في حالة التصادم على الصدر، الحوض والأكتاف. قدمت فولفو أول إنتاج من الأحزمة ثلاثية النقاط عام 1959. وكانت أول سيارة تصدر بحزام ثلاثي النقاط هي فولفو بي في 544 حيث تم تسليمها إلى تاجر في كريستيانستاد في 13 أغسطس عام 1959. ومع ذلك، كان أول طراز للسيارات فيه خاصية حزام الأمان ثلاثي النقاط كبند قياسي في الطراز هي فولفو 122 لسنة 1959، وكانت قد تم تجهيزها في البداية بحزام أمان ذو نقطتين في الدفعة الأولي عام 1958، ثم تم استبدال حزام الأمان بحزام ثلاثي النقاط في العام التالي. تطوير فكرة «حزام أمان ثلاثي النقاط» يرجع إلي نيلز بوهلين الذي حيث كان يعمل في وقت سابق أيضاً في أبحاث حول مقاعد الطرد من المركبات في شركة ساب. ثم قامت فولفو بعد ذلك، من أجل صالح أمان الركاب، بجعل براءة اختراع وتصميم أحزمة الأمان الجديدة مفتوحة ومتاحة لشركات صناعة السيارات الأخرى مجاناً.

حزام الأمان المدمج في المقعد
حزام الأمان المدمج في المقعد (بالإنجليزية: Built-in-Seat or BIS) هو حزام أمان ثلاثي النقاط ولكن حزام الكتف في هذا التشكيل يثبت في المقعد نفسه، وليس في هيكل السيارة.كانت أول سيارة تستخدم هذا النظام في الولايات المتحدة هي مرسيدس-بنز إس إل لعام 1990. أيضاً، بعض السيارات مثل رينو فيل ساتيس تستخدم هذا النظام للمقاعد الأمامية. وخلصت جنرال موتورز بعد تقييم أداء هذه الأحزمة إلي أن أحزمة الأمان ثلاثية النقاط والمركبة كوحدة واحدة مع المقعد توفر حماية أفضل خاصة للركاب الأصغر حجماً، على الرغم من أن جنرال موتورز لم تجد أي تحسن ملحوظ في أداء السلامة للمركبات المزودة بالأحزمة المدمجة في المقعد مقابل تلك المثبته في جسم السيارة.

أحزمة أمان 4-، 5-، 6- نقاط

تستخدم الأحزمة أو السروج ذات الخمس نقاط عادة في مقاعد الأمان للأطفال وفي سباق السيارات. في هذا التشكيل يتم ربط الجزء خاص بحزام الخصر بحزام آخر يمر بين الساقين ويكون هناك أيضاً حزامين للكتفين، مما يجعل مجموع النقاط المثبته في المقعد هو خمس نقاط. الأحزمة أو السروج ذات الاربع نقاط تكون مشباهه لذلك ولكن بدون حزام بين الساقين، في حين أن الأحزمة أو السروج ذات الست نقاط تحتوي علي حزامين بين الساقين. في حالة حوادث انقلاب المركبات، يمكن أن تتسبب الأحزمة أو السروج من هذا النوع في شلل أو إصابات أخرى خطيرة عندما يتم تركيبها في مركبات غير مصممة لتناسب هذا النوع من أحزمة الأمان وأيضاً حيث لا تتوافر المتانة الكافية لمنع انهيار السقف أثناء انقلاب المركبة ولذلك هي تستخدم أساسا في سباق السيارات. بعد وفاة دايل إيرنهاردت في سباق ناسكار أصبحت لأحزمة الأمان ذات الست نقاط شعبية؛ حيث كان دايل يرتدي حزام ذا خمس نقاط عندما تعرض للحادث القاتل. في رد فعل علي هذا الحادث قامت بعض الفرق المتسابقة بطلب أحزمة أمان ذات ست نقاط حيث كان يعتقد في الماضي أن حزامه قد انقطع.

أحزمة ذات 7 نقاط

الطائرات البهلوانية كثيرا ما تستخدم حزام أمان يتألف من تركيبة من حزام ذي خمس نقاط مضاف إليه حزام للخصر زائد عن الحاجة يثبت في جزء مختلف من هيكل الطائرة. في الوقت الذي توفر فيه هذه الأحزمة أمان فائض للمناورات المضادة للجاذبية (التي ترفع الطيار عن مقعد)، فإنها أيضا تتطلب من الطيار أن يفتح مشبكين للأمان إذا كان من الضروري القفز بمظلة من طائرة في حالة عطل.

تاريخ أحزمة ب
عرض الحزام لأول مرة في السيارات الأمريكية عام 1947 م، وفي عام 1956 م وفرت شركة فورد الحزام في السيارات التي ستباع داخل أمريكا، وفي عام 1964 م أصبح الحزام صفة قياسية للسيارات الأمريكية. وفي عام 1966 م أصبح الحزام الخلفي قياسياً، وفي عام 1967 م أصبح الحزام الأمامي إلزامياً، وفي عام 1968 م أصبح حزام الكتف إلزامياً.

التنبيه والاجراس والأضواء

بعض السيارات الحديثة مثل آودي، وستروين. بي‌إم‌دبليو، فورد، هوندا، هيونداي، مرسيدس-بينز، تويوتا تظهر وميض كتذكير ضوئي وصوت تنبيه مستمر حتى يثبت السائق حزام الأمان.

أول سيارة أدخل فيها حزام الأمان

فولفو هي شركة سويدية لتصنيع السيارات والسيارات الثقيلة تم إنشاؤها سنة 1927. تعتبر رائدة السلامة في السيارات تعتبر أول سيارة يتم ادخال حزام الامان بها، علماً بأن اسم «فولفو» تعني باللاتينية «أنا أتدحرج».

انظر أيضاً
 مولد الضباب

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
حزام امان سيارة  فيديو

أجزاء المركبة
اختراعات إنجليزية
تجهيزات السلامة
تقنيات أمان السيارات

حزام أمان


دائرة عين تاغروت هي دائرة في ولاية برج بوعريريج، الجزائر. تتمتع بمناخ رائع وموقعها معرض للإهمال مما دعى أن تكون محط اهتمام المستثمرين ورجال أعمال أوروبا وآسيا.

مواضيع ذات صلة
 دوائر ولاية برج بوعريريج

مراجع

دوائر ولاية برج بوعريريج

دائرة عين تاغروت


Alexander Christiani (* 31. Mai 1940 Wien) ist ein ehemaliger österreichischer Botschafter.

Leben
Alexander Christiani besuchte von 1964 bis 1966 die Diplomatische Akademie Wien.
1967 bis 1981 war er Mitglied der Delegation zur Generalversammlung der UNO und von 1981 bis 1986 Leiter der Österreichischen Delegation in West-Berlin und Generalkonsul. Am 27. Juli 1986 wurde er zum Botschafter in Pretoria ernannt, wo er vom 17. September 1986 bis 23. Juni 1990 akkreditiert war. Er leitete die Abteilung naher und mittlerer Osten im Außenministerium von 1990 bis 1996.

Später war er Botschafter in Den Haag und bei der Organisation für das Verbot chemischer Waffen (OPCW) akkreditiert. Als Wolfgang Schüssel mit einer Koalition aus ÖVP und Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs regierte, wurde dagegen protestiert. So wurde Alexander Christiani von einer Gästeliste für ein Botschafter-Diner am 10. Mai 2000 mit Beatrix (Niederlande) gestrichen. Von 2000 bis 2005 war er Ambassador to the Court of St James's.

Christiani ist Vizepräsident der Österreichisch-Britischen Gesellschaft, Vorstandsmitglied der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Außenpolitik und die Vereinten Nationen., Ordensritter des Souveränen Malteser-Ritter-Ordens und Mitglied des Rotary Club Wien.

Auszeichnungen
 2006: Großes Goldenes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich
 1979 Dank und Anerkennung der österr. Bundesregierung im Zusammenhang mit dem Internationalen Zentrum Wien
 1978 Kommandeur-kreuz des luxemburgischen Ordens der Eichenkrone
 1978 Großes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich
 1993 Großkreuz des jordanischen Verdienstordens
 1994 Großoffizier des syrischen Verdienstordens
 2000 Großkreuz des Königlichen Ordens von Oranje-Nassau

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Österreichischer Botschafter im Vereinigten Königreich
Österreichischer Botschafter in den Niederlanden
Österreichischer Botschafter in Südafrika
Botschafter (Republik Österreich)
Träger des Großen Goldenen Ehrenzeichens für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich
Österreicher
Geboren 1940
Mann

Alexander Christiani (Diplomat)


Nižná Olšava este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Stropkov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 431 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Nižná Olšava este atestată documentar din 1390.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Nižná Olšava, Stropkov


Göltepe, Samsun ilinin Bafra ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Gökçeağaç köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 17 Mayıs 1955'te yine aynı köye bağlı Bedeş mahallesi ile birleşerek köy statüsü kazandı. 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra yeniden mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Samsun il merkezine 60 km, Bafra ilçe merkezine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Bafra'nın mahalleleri

Göltepe, Bafra


Bardağın yarısı boş mu yoksa yarısı dolu mu? (İngilizce: Is the glass half empty or half full?), retoriksel biçimde belirli bir durumun hem iyimserlik (optimizm, yani yarısı dolu) hem de kötümserlik (pesimizm, yani yarısı boş) kaynağı olabileceğini belirten deyiştir. Deyiş aynı zamanda soruyu cevaplayacak bireyin iyimser mi kötümser mi olacağını basitçe belirleyecek bir test olarak da kullanılabilir.

Soruda kastedilen yarısına kadar dolu, kalan yarısı boş bir bardağın birey tarafından ne şekilde görüldüğüdür: yarısı boş veya yarısı dolu. Sorunun amacı durumun, gözlemcinin bakış açısına göre farklı şekillerde görülebileceğini ve durumda olumsuzluğun yanı sıra olumluluğun da var olduğunu göstermektir.

Ünlü bir deyiş olan bardağın yarısı boş mu yoksa yarısı dolu mu? deyişi birçok farklı dilde kullanılmaktadır.

İngilizce deyişler


La route régionale 846 () est une route régionale courte au centre de Kempele en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 846 est une route régionale d'Ostrobotnie du Nord.
La route 846 et la yhdystie 18637 forment la route Ketolanperäntie qui relie le centre de Kempele à Murto dans la municipalité de Tyrnävä.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

846

Transport à Kempele

Seututie 846


19188 Dittebesard este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
19188 Dittebesard este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatoire de Haute-Provence de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,70 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 11,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 19001-20000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

19188 Dittebesard


Isla Čiovo (en croata: Otok Ciovo) es una pequeña isla situada frente a la costa del Adriático, en Croacia, con una superficie de 28,8 kilómetros cuadrados (15,3 kilómetros de longitud, y anchura de hasta 3,5 km), posee una población de 6.071 habitantes (datos de 2001) y su pico más alto alcanza los 218 m (Rudine).

El centro de la isla tiene las coordenadas geográficas , y la precipitación anual es de unos 900 mm.
Čiovo se encuentra en el centro de Dalmacia, protegiendo la ciudad de Trogir y el golfo Kaštela.

Véase también
 Geografía de Croacia
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Croacia

Čiovo


ව්‍යාපම් වංචාව ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ කෙටියෙන් ව්‍යාපම් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන මධ්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ් ව්‍යවසායික පරික්‍ෂා මණ්ඩල් හරහා සිදුවූ බවට සැලකෙන මහා පරිමාන විභාග වංචා දාමයකිි.

ව්‍යාපම් වංචා දාමය


Gara Golești este o gară care deservește orașul Ștefănești, România.

Golești

Gara Golești


سنان بن عبد الله بن صالح أبو لحوم (1922 - 9 يناير 2021)  شيخ مشايخ قبائل بكيل اليمنية وإن كان إبنه سبأ أبو لحوم الشيخ الفعلي للقبائل  يعد سنان من أبرز القيادات القبلية في تاريخ اليمن المعاصر لدوره في ثورة 26 سبتمبر ضد حكم الإمامة. وكان من أبرز المعارضين لحرب صيف 1994 ومؤيدا لإستقالة الرئيس عبد الرحمن الأرياني بسبب اعتقاد أن الأرياني كان يميل للاشتراكيين والبعثييين وخشية مشايخ القبائل من توليهم مناصب حساسة في الدولة  وهو رأي كان عبد الله بن حسين الأحمر أكثر صراحة فيه من سنان بتأثير من الملك السعودي فيصل بن عبد العزيز حسب ماجاء في مذكرات أبو لحوم

المراجع

ثوار يمنيون
مواليد 1922
وفيات 2021

سنان أبو لحوم


Sarah Brunet Dragon, née à Saint-Hyacinthe en 1988, est une poète, romancière et essayiste québécoise.

Biographie
Sarah Brunet Dragon poursuit un doctorat en littérature en plus de travailler pour le réseau des bibliothèques publiques de Longueuil. Elle a publié À propos du ciel, tu dis (Éditions du Noroît, 2017), Cartographie des vivants (Éditions du Noroît, 2018) ainsi que Faule (Éditions Leméac, 2020). Sarah Brunet Dragon est finaliste au Prix Émile-Nelligan (2017, 2018) ainsi qu'au Prix du Gouverneur général (2019).

Œuvres

Roman
 Faule, Montréal, Éditions Leméac, 2020, 156 p.

Essai
 Cartographie des vivants, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 2018, 179 p.

Poésie
 À propos du ciel, tu dis, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 2017, 128 p.

Prix et honneurs
 2017 - Finaliste : Prix Émile Nelligan (pour À propos du ciel, tu dis)
 2018 - Finaliste : Prix Émile Nelligan (Pour Cartographie des vivants)
 2019 - Finaliste : Prix littéraires du Gouverneur général dans la catégorie Essais (Pour Cartographie des vivants)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Étudiant de l'Université du Québec à Montréal
Femme de lettres québécoise
Poétesse québécoise
Romancière québécoise
Essayiste québécois
Naissance en 1988
Naissance à Saint-Hyacinthe
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Sarah Brunet Dragon


The flag of Louisiana consists of a rectangular field of blue with the arms of Louisiana, a pelican vulning herself, in white in the center, with a ribbon beneath, also in white, containing in blue the state motto: "Union Justice Confidence". The flag was officially adopted July 1, 1912, and is often referred to as the Pelican flag.

History
As early as 1812 the brown pelican appeared on the Louisiana state seal, various militia company colors, and uniform buttons.

First flag
On February 11, 1861, the state adopted a flag with a pale yellow star in a red canton and thirteen blue, white, and red stripes. The first flag was used until the end of the Civil War.

1912 Flag
On July 1, 1912, the centennial of statehood, the State Legislature adopted the flag design depicting a pelican vulning herself. However, beyond stating that the pelican be rendered "in white," the 1912 law did not specify details about the design of the pelican, its number of chicks, or other details. This led to the bird's appearance varying.

21st Century Standardization
During the 19th century it was traditional on the state flag and seal for the pelican in her piety to have three drops of blood on her chest. In later years, however, the tradition (on both the state flag and seal) was haphazardly followed, which was noticed by an eighth-grader at Vandebilt Catholic High School in Houma, who brought this to the attention of his state legislator.

On May 25, 2006, a law was enacted requiring the flag to include "an appropriate display of three droops of blood" on the pelican's breast; however, it wasn't until November 22, 2010, that a formal redesign of the flag with standardized imagery was formally introduced. Baton Rouge artist Curtis Vann Jr., who was hired to design a standardized pelican for the updated flag, used a more realistic depiction of a brown pelican for his design, although rendered in white as required by law, but he also incorporated the brown pelican's yellow–brown crown. The design also specified an azure field and removed "and" from the banner beneath the pelican's nest.

Symbolism

In medieval lore, pelicans were believed to be attentive to the needs of their chicks to the point of drawing their own blood to feed their chicks when no other food was available. This image of the pelican in her piety came to symbolize the Passion of Jesus and the Eucharist.

William C. C. Claiborne, the first governor of the Orleans Territory, selected a pelican for the territory's first seal and it was a common state symbol prior to being formally adopted in 1912 as part of the state flag. The shape of the mother pelican's head and outspread wings covering the three chicks nestled below her also form a stylized fleur-de-lis, another emblem popular in Louisiana.

Pledge of allegiance
The Louisiana Pledge of Allegiance, adopted in 1981, is as follows:
"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the state of Louisiana and to the motto for which it stands: A state, under God, united in purpose and ideals, confident that justice shall prevail for all of those abiding here."

See also

 List of flags by design
 List of Louisiana state symbols
 List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insignia

References

External links

Lou
Lou
1912 establishments in Louisiana
Lou

Flag of Louisiana


Sanguo Zhi eller "Optegnelser om de Tre Kongeriger" er en kinesisk historisk tekst, der dækker historien for den sene østlige Han-dynasti (ca. 184-220 e.Kr.) og De tidlige tre kongedømmers periode (220-280 e.Kr.). Det er bredt anerkendt som den officielle og autoritative historiske tekst for denne periode. Den er skrevet af Chen Shou i det tredje århundrede, og arbejdet kombinerer de mindre historier af de rivaliserende stater i Cao Wei, Shu Han og østlige Wu i De Tre Kongedømmers periode i en enkelt tekst. Referaterne af tre kongeriger dannede grundlag for den historiske roman "Beretningen om de tre kongedømmer" skrevet af Luo Guanzhong i det 14. århundrede.

Oprindelse og struktur

Sammen med Annalerne af Den Store Historiker, Han's Bog og Bogen om Det Sene Han, er Sanguo Zhi en del af de tidlige fire historieskrivninger i De 24 historieværker. Det indeholder 65 bind og omkring 360.000 kinesiske tegn, der er opdelt i tre bøger. Wei's Bog indeholder 30 bind, Shu's Bog indeholder 15 bind, mens Wu's Bog indeholder 20 bind. Hvert bind er organiseret i form af en eller flere biografier. Omfanget af hver biografi bestemmes af hovedpersonens betydning.

Den oprindelige forfatter var Chen Shou, der blev født i det nuværende Nanchong, i staten Shu. Efter faldet af Shu i 263, blev han en officiel historiker under regeringen i Jin-dynastiet og fik til opgave at skrive en historie om de tre kongerigers periode. Efter faldet af Wu i 280 fik hans arbejde anerkendelse af det ledende minister Zhang Hua. Forud for Jin-dynastiet havde begge de to stater Wei og Wu allerede deres officielle historie, såsom Bogen om Wei af Wang Chen, Weilüe af Yu Huan, og Bogen om Wu af Wei Zhao. Chen Shou skabte Sanguo Zhi med udgangspunkt i disse allerede eksisterende værker. Men da staten Shu manglede dokumenter om sin historie, blev Bogen om Shu i Sanguo Zhi komponeret af Chen Shou selv baseret på hans personlige erindringer om hans tidlige liv i Shu og andre primære kilder, han indsamlede, såsom skrifter Zhuge Liang. Sanguo Zhi brugte året 220 e.Kr. - hvilket markerede afslutningen på Han-dynastiet - som det år, hvor staten Wei blev etableret. Sanguo Zhi betegnede herskerne i Wei som "kejsere" og dem i Shu og Wu som "fyrster" eller ved deres personlige navne. Det var for at opretholde legitimitet for Jin-dynasti som arvtager af det himmelske mandat fra Wei, eftersom Wei først måtte være blevet "udpeget" som den sande efterfølger til Han-dynastiet for, at Jin-dynastiets påstand kunne være effektiv.

Historisk fremstilling

De romantiske og historiske traditioner om De Tre Kongedømmers periode har været så forvirret i århundredernes, at Sanguo Zhi må betragtes som en uvurderlig historisk kilde. Selv om værket indeholder fejl, er det dog mere historisk korrekt end de konstruktioner, som er gjort af forfattere i senere perioder. Mange af de politiske, økonomiske og militære personer fra De Tre Kongedømmers periode har deres egne biografier i Sanguo Zhi, som er dem, der har bidraget til områderne kultur, kunst og videnskab. I sagens natur er arbejdet en faktisk krønike, ligesom dem, der blev skrevet i det tidlige middelalder Europa noget senere. Teksten er kedelig og lidt mere end en samling af historiske fakta.

En grov oversættelse af en typisk uddrag af Guan Yu's biografi er som følger:
"I det 24. år (af Jian'an), blev den Tidligere Herre konge af Hanzhong, og han udnævnt (Guan) Yu som "general over hæren". Det samme år førte (Guan) Yu sine mænd i et angreb på Cao Ren ved Fan. Herren Cao sendte Yu Jin for at støtte (Cao) Ren. I efteråret fik store regnskyl Han-floden til at oversvømme, og (Yu) Jin og de syv hære gik tabt."

På grundlag heraf er det muligt at etablere et rimeligt præcist billede af begivenhedernes rækkefølge, og hvordan historien udfoldede men næsten intet om samfundet eller om dets institutioner eller politikker.

Mængden af kreativ fantasi anvendt i gamle kinesiske historiske fortællinger er umulig at vurdere præcist. Sima Qian beskæftigede sig med denne virksomhed i sine "Optegnelser fra Den Store Historiker" og det kan antages, at Chen Shou også gjorde det samme i Sanguo Zhi. Det er højst usandsynligt, at forskellige bemærkninger, som ledere eller soldater formodes at have gjort i kampens hede kunne have været taget ned stenografisk, og derfor kan mange af dem være forkerte.

Chen Shou, en tidligere Shu undersåt, begunstigede sin fremstilling af Wu i sit arbejde, men denne præference var underordnet Jin-dynastiets synspunkt, hvor man anså Wei som den legitime efterfølger til Han-dynastiet. Han henviste til Wei's herskere som "kejsere", Shu's herskere som" "fyrster", og Wu's herskere ved deres personlige navne. Han heller aldrig henvist til Wu's kejserinder som "kejserinder", i stedet kalder han dem for "fruer".

Bogen er også vigtigt for udforskningen af japanske historie (hvor den er kendt som Sangokushi (三国 志?)), eftersom den i sit bind om Wa er det første historiske dokument, som udtrykkeligt omtaler Japan. Den beskriver det gamle land Yamatai og dets dronning Himiko.

Indhold

Datoer

På grund af den biografiske snarere end primært annalistiske opbygning af arbejdet, er fastlæggelsen af datoer for det historiske indhold både upræcis og utriviel. Visse bind indeholder baggrundsinformation om deres personernes forfædre, som går tilbage århundreder før den vigtigste omtale. For eksempel begynder biografien om Liu Yan med at diskutere hans forfader Liu Yu fik lensmandsstatus ved Jingling (nuværende Tianmen, Hubei) i omkring 85 e.Kr. Den første begivenhed som får en detaljeret beskrivelse i hele arbejdet, er De gule turbaners oprør i 184. Mange biografier omtale begivenheden i forbifarten, men mere konkrete oplysninger, såsom korrespondance og troppebevægelser under opstanden, kan findes i fragmentarisk form i mindst fire bøger: i biografierne om Cheng Yu, Yu Jin, Liu Bei og Sun Jian.

De tre bøger i Sanguozhi ender på forskellige tidspunkter, idet hovedafsnittet i Wei's Bog slutter med Cao Huans abdikation i 265, Shu's Bog slutter med Liu Shans død i 271, og Wu's Bog slutter med Sun Haos død i 284.

Engelske oversættelser
 Mark E. Byingtom: "An Account of the Han in the Sanguozhi - an annotated translation" (Early Korea, vol. Two: The Samhan Peruiod in Korian History; Harward University 2009; s. 125-152)

Noter

Litteratur

 Roberts, Moss, tr. Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel (1991) University of California Press.

Koreas historie

Sanguo Zhi


Nielsen Holdings PLC (tidligere kendt som Nielsen N.V.) er et globalt informations, -data og -målingsfirma med hovedkvarter i Storbritannien. Nielsen opererer i mere end 100 lande, og har omkring 44.000 ansatte på verdensplan. De tjente $6,3 milliarder i 2016.

Firmaet er placeret på Børsen i New York (NYSE) og er i øjeblikket en del af S&P 500.

I 2016 rangerede American Marketing Association Nielsen som nummer 1 blandt de 50 bedste undersøgelsesfirmaer i USA. Blandt firmaets mest kendte produkter er den amerikanske seertalsmåling Nielsen ratings.

Virksomheden blev grundlagt i 1923 af dansk-amerikaneren Arthur C. Nielsen. Han udviklede en ny måde at måle salgsresultater på, som gjorde konceptet "markedsandel" til et anvendeligt markedsføringsredskab. Mellem 1999 og 2001 blev virksomheden opkøbt af det nederlandske forlag Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen, som senere frasolgte sine andre aktiviteter og skiftede navn til The Nielsen Company i 2007.

Referencer

Etableret i 1923
Markedsføringsvirksomheder fra Storbritannien
Hitlister
Analyseinstitutter

Nielsen Company


Carlo Casap ()

Note

Nașteri în 1998
Mijlocași
Fotbaliști ai FC Viitorul
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști români
Nașteri pe 29 decembrie

Carlo Casap


Pasquale Villari (3 October 1827 – 11 December 1917) was an Italian historian and politician.

Early life and publications
Villari was born in Naples and took part in the risings of 1848 there against the Bourbons and subsequently fled to Florence. There he devoted himself to teaching and historical research in the public libraries with the object of collecting new materials on Girolamo Savonarola. He published the fruits of his researches in the Archivio Storico Italiano in 1856, and in 1859 he published the first volume of his Storia di Girolamo Savonarola e de' suoi tempi, in consequence of which he was appointed professor of history at Pisa. A second volume appeared in 1861, and the work, which soon came to be recognized as an Italian classic, was translated into various foreign languages.

It was followed by a work of even greater critical value, Niccolò Machiavelli e i suoi tempi (1877–82). In the meanwhile Villari had left Pisa and was transferred to the chair of philosophy of history at the Institute of Studii Superiori in Florence, and he was also appointed a member of the council of education (1862). He served as a juror at the international exhibition of that year in London, and contributed an important monograph on education in England and Scotland.

Enters politics
In 1869 he was appointed under-secretary of state for education, and shortly afterwards was elected member of parliament, a position which he held for several years. In 1884 he was appointed senator, and became vice-president of the senate in 1887. In 1891-1892 he was minister of education in the Marchese di Rudini's first cabinet, and introduced valuable reforms into the curriculum of the schools. In 1893-1894 he collected a number of essays on Florentine history, originally published in the Nuova Antologia, under the title of I primi due secoli della storia di Firenze, and in 1901 he produced Le Invasioni Barbariche in Italia, a popular account in one volume of the events following the dissolution of the Roman empire.

Other works
Among his other literary works may be mentioned: Saggi Critici (1868); Arte, Storia, e Filosofia (Florence, 1884); Scritti varii (Bologna, 1894); another volume of Saggi Critici (Bologna, 1896); and a volume of Discussioni critiche e discorsi (Bologna, 1905), containing his speeches as president of the Dante Alighieri Society. His most important political and social essays are collected in his Lettere Meridionali ed altri scritti sulla questione sociale in Italia (Turin, 1885), and Scritti sulla questione sociale in Italia (Florence, 1902). The Lettere Meridionali (originally published in the newspaper L'Opinione in 1875) produced a deep impression, as they were the first exposure of the real conditions of southern Italy. Many of his works were translated into English by his wife, Linda White Mazini Villari, with whom he had Luigi Villari. His stepdaughter, Costanza, married the artist William Stokes Hulton. They had two daughters, Gioconda Mary Hulton and Edith Teresa Hulton. Edith Teresa Hulton became the 8th Lady Berwick of Attingham Park in Shropshire upon her marriage to Thomas Henry Noel-Hill, 8th Lord Berwick, in 1919.

Family
His younger brother Emilio Villari became a physicist.

Notes

References

Attribution

External links

1827 births
1917 deaths
20th-century Italian historians
Italian politicians
19th-century Neapolitan people
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Academic staff of the University of Pisa
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
19th-century Italian historians
Writers from Naples

Pasquale Villari


Frederik Sundram (født 17. december 1932, død 14. oktober 2000) var en dansk filmmand.

Frederik Sundram blev født 17. december 1932 i Indien, af Missionær Johan Andersen og Caroline Marie Jakobsen , der begge stammede fra Skagen. Han var tvilling, og havde tre søskende (Elsi, Grethe og en tvillingbror Johan). Familien kom i 1938 tilbage til Danmark.

Efter at have været soldat i forsyningstropperne fik han en uddannelse fra Niels Brock. Han gjorde karriere i filmselskabet Palladium, hvor han i 1955 avancerede til regnskabschef og i 1968 til direktør for Palladium biograferne. Sideløbende med det var han fra 1963 og til 1971 inspektør i Husum Bio, som han i 1978 købte sammen med sin daværende ægtefælle, Eva Sundram, og afhændede til Nordisk Films biografer i 1984.

Sundram var biografdirektør i en periode, hvor der var stort behov for tilpasning til konkurrencen fra TV og video. Derfor skulle en del biografer lukkes, andre ombygges fra store sale til biografer med flere sale i forskellig størrelse, så den samme film kunne flyttes i mindre sale i takt med at der kom færre tilskuere. Sundram fulgte salgstallene meget tæt, og udviklede en næse for, om – og hvor - film skulle sættes op. Branchen betragtede Sundram som "Danmarks dygtigste biografmand".

Han var i perioden 1977-1995 direktør i Nordisk Films biografer, i hvilken periode Palads bio blev ombygget til en multibiograf og Imperial bio blev tilkøbt.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisning
 Biografmuseet - Husum Bio  med omtale af Frederik Sundram
 kondigrafen.dk - Historien om Husum Bio

Filmselskabsdirektører fra Danmark

Frederik Sundram


El Club Atlético Olimpia es un club deportivo uruguayo.

Fue a principios de 1924 cuando un grupo de amigos decidieron formar un club para ser presentado en la Liga Minuana de Minas (Uruguay), en el local comercial de Ramón Quintans se reunían para poner nombre al club que iban a fundar, en un rincón de la sala se encontraba una bicicleta cuyo dueño era Ulpiano Moreira, la cual no pasó desapercibida porque prestaba curiosidad en todos los presentes por su esplendor y por tratarse de un modelo nuevo para la época, después de tantos nombres que iban y venían, surge la idea de ponerle al club Olimpia, marca de la bicicleta que se encontraba entre ellos.

Se fundó el 24 de abril de 1924, luego de la reunión que se realizó en la casa del Sr. Ulpiano Moreira, la mayoría de los fundadores provenían del Club Piendibene que por controversias con la AUF habían solicitado afiliación a la Liga Minuana. Su primer presidente fue el Sr. Bautista Vaghetti, la Secretaría la ocupó el Sr. Diego Amilivia y en la Tesorería el Sr. Perpetuo Prieto.
El club tiene su barriada en el B° la Filarmónica, B° Santos Garrido e inmediaciones, posee el Campo de juego en el B° Santos Garrido. Su escenario en forma oficial lo inauguró el 13 de septiembre de 1998, el primer rival fue Lavalleja, el conjunto local cayó derrotado por dos tantos contra uno.

Instalaciones
Tiene su sede en Brígido Silveira 436, la cancha para mayores fue inaugurada el 13 de septiembre de 1998 en el Barrio la Usina (Santos Garrido); en el mismo predio, tiene una cancha para su club de Baby fútbol que participa con el nombre de Club Atlético Filarmónica.

Uniforme
 Uniforme titular: La camiseta es blanca con las alas rojas.

 Uniforme alternativo: camiseta color Rojo con las alas rojas

Cuerpo Técnico
 Director Técnico: Donato Trabuco,Hugo Diaz Ledesma
 Ayudante Técnico y DT de Juveniles: Carlos Villete Y Sergio Orique
 Preparador Físico : Santiago Guadalupe
 Entrenador de Arqueros : Gerardo Zeballos
 Kinesiólogo : Fabio Demetrio Larrosa

Mejor participación en Copa el País o Copa de clubes Campeones del Interior
En el año 2001 se ubicó entre los 8 mejores equipos del país.

Participación en Copas Internacionales
En el 2012 fue el primer club uruguayo en participar en la Copa Browiser o Bud Cup en Córdoba, Argentina ubicándose en el 9° puesto.

Palmarés
 Campeonato Minuano (9): 1927, 1935, 1958, 1983, 1989, 1991, 2000, 2001, 2008 y 2021.

 Mejor actuación en Copa Internacional : 9° en Bud Cup 2012 Córdoba, Argentina

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  Oralsport / Fútbol Minuano / Clubes extraído del libro Recordar es volver a vivir de César García - Olimpia

Equipos de fútbol de ligas regionales de Uruguay
Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1924
Deporte en Lavalleja
Minas (Lavalleja)

Club Atlético Olimpia (Minas)


පර්සවරන්ස් (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Perseverance; අර්ථය: "නොපසුබස්නා උත්සාහය") හෝ කෙටියෙන් පර්සි (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Percy) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ නාසා ආයතනයේ මාස් 2020 මෙහෙයුමේ කොටසක් ලෙස, අඟහරු ලොවේ ජෙසරෝ ආවාටය ගවේශනය කිරීම සඳහා දියත් කරන ලද කාරයක ප්‍රමානයේ රෝවරයකි. නාසා ආයතනයට අයත් ක්ෂේප ප්‍රචාලන පර්‍යේෂනාගාරයේ දී නිෂ්පාදනය කෙරුනු රෝවරය, 2020 ජුලි මස 30 වැනිදා පැය 11:50 ට ඇට්ලස් V රොකට්ටුවක් මගින් දියත් කරනු ලැබීය. ඉන් මාස හතකට පමණ පසු, 2021 පෙබරවාරි 18 දින පැය 20:55 ට පර්සවරන්ස් සාර්ථකව අඟහරු මතට ගොඩ බසින ලදී.  වන විට රෝවරය අඟහරු මතුපිට සූර්‍ය දවස් (සොල්)  ක් ගතකර තිබේ.

පර්සවරන්ස්, එයට පෙර නාසා ආයතනය දියත් කළ කියුරියෝසිටි රෝවරයට සමාන සැලසුමකට නිමවා ඇත. එයට ප්‍රධාන උපකරණ 7ක්, කැමරා 19 ක් සහ මයික්‍රෆෝන 2 ක් ස්ථාපනය කොට තිබේ. තවද එය ඉන්ජෙනුයිටි නම් අත්හදා බැලීමේ මට්ටමේ ඇති කුඩා හෙලිකොප්ටරයකින්ද සමන්විත ය. 2021 අප්‍රේල් 19 වැනිදා ඉන්ජෙනුයිටි ප්‍රථම වරට අඟහරු මත ගුවන් ගත වූ අතර, කෘතීම ගුවන් යානයක් විසින් වෙනත් ග්‍රහලෝකයක සිදු කෙරුනු ලැබූ ප්‍රථම, පාලිත ගුවන් ගමන එය වෙයි. 2022 සැප්තැම්බර් 24 වන විට, ඉන්ජෙනුයිටි විසින් සාර්ථක ගුවන් ගමන් 33 ක් සිදු කර ඇත.

රෝවරයේ ප්‍රධාන අරමුණ වන්නේ අතීතයේ අඟහරු පරිසරයේ ජීවයට සුදුසු තත්වයක් තිබූ බවට සාක්ෂි ඇත්දැයි පරීක්ෂා කිරීමයි. එය අඟහරු මතුපිටින් පස් සහ පාෂාණ සාම්පල රැස්කර ගෙන (තවමත් සැලසුම් කර නොමැති) අනාගත මෙහෙයුමකින් රැගෙන ඒම සඳහා ඒවා පොළොව මත තැන්පත් කරනු ඇත. මෙහෙයුමෙහි තවත් ප්‍රධාන අරමුණක් වන්නේ අනාගතයේ සිදුවන මිනිසුන්-සහිත-මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා අඟහරු වායුගෝලයෙන් ඔක්සිජන් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම සඳහා පර්‍යේෂන කිරීමයි.

මෙහෙයුම

විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු

 ජීවත්වීමට සුදුසු දැයි සෙවීම: අතීතයේ ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීවී වර්ධනයට උපකාර කළ හැකි පරිසර තත්වයන් තිබුනාදැයි හඳුනාගැනීම.
 අතීතයේ ජීවය පැවතුනේදැයි සෙවීම: අතීතයේ දී අඟහරු මත ජීවය පැවතුනේ දැයි හඳුනාගැනීමට සාක්ෂි සෙවීම.
 සාම්පල රැස් කිරීම: පාෂාන සහ පස් සාම්පල එකතු කර මතුපිට තැන්පත් කිරීම.
 මිනිසුන් සඳහා සූදානම් කිරීම: අඟහරු වායුගෝලයෙන් ඔක්සිජන් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම අත් හදා බැලීම.

ඉන්ජෙනුයිටි

රෝවරය සමග ඉන්ජෙනුයිටි (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Ingenuity) නමැති හෙලිකොප්ටර් යානයක්ද රැගෙන යන ලදි. එය සූර්‍ය බලශක්තියෙන් ක්‍රියා කරවන අතර කිලෝ ග්‍රෑම් 1.8 ක ස්කන්ධයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය විසින් ප්‍රථම වරට වෙනත් ග්‍රහලෝකයක පාලිත ගුවන් ගමනක් සිදු කරන ලදී. එයට කැමරාවක් හැර වෙනත් කිසිම විද්‍යාත්මක උපකරණයක් නොමැති අතර, අඟහරු මත හෙලිකොප්ටරයක් සාර්ථකව ක්‍රියා කළ හැකිදැයි දැනගැනීම සඳහා ම යවන ලදි.

නම් තැබීම
රෝවරයට 'පර්සවරන්ස්' නොහොත් "නොපසුබස්නා උත්සාහය" යන නාමය තෝරාගන්නා ලද්දේ එක්සත් ජනපද පාසල් සිසුන්ගෙන් ලැබුනු 28000 කට අධික නම් රාශියක් අතරිනි. තෝරාගැනීම සිදු කළේ නාසා ආයතනයේ, විද්‍යා මෙහෙයුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂ මන්ඩලයේ, සහකාර අධ්‍යක්ෂ තෝමස් සර්බකන් විසිනි. "පර්සවරන්ස්" නාමය ඉදිරිපත් කර තිබුනේ වර්ජීනියා ප්‍රාන්තයේ පදිංචි හත්වැනි ශ්‍රේණියේ සිසුවෙකු වූ ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් මැදර් ය.

දියත් කිරීම සහ අඟහරු දක්වා ගමන
2020 ජුලි 30 වැනිදා පැය 11:50 ට රෝවරය රැගත් Atlas-V රොකට්ටුව කැනවරල් තුඩුවේ ගුවන් හමුදා ස්ථානයේ 41 වෙනි සංකීර්ණයෙන් දියත් කෙරුනි. ආසන්න වශයෙන් මාස හතක ගමනකින් පසු එය 2021 පෙබරවාරි 18 වැනිදා ජෙසරෝ ආවාටය තුලට ගොඩබසින ලදි. පර්සවරන්ස්, කියුරියෝසිටි මෙන් අඟහරු වටා කක්ෂගත වීමක් නොකර, කෙලින්ම අඟහරු මතට ගොඩ බැසීම සිදු කළා ය.

ගොඩබැසීම

පර්සවරන්ස් සාර්ථකව අඟහරු මත ගොඩබැසූ බව නිවේදනය කරන ලද්දෙ 2021 පෙබරවාරි 18 පැය 20:55 ටය. අඟහරුගේ සිට පණිවුඩය ලැබීමට මිනිත්තු 11 ක කාලයක් ගතවූ නිසා රෝවරය මතුපිටට පතිත වන්නට ඇත්තේ පැය 20:44 ට පමණය. රෝවරය ගොඩබැස්සේ අඟහරු අක්ෂාංශ දේශාංශ වලින් 18.4447°උ 77.4508°නැ ස්ථානයට ය. මෙම ගොඩබැසීම මීට පෙර වෙනත් යානා සිදු කළ සියලුම අඟහරු ගොඩබැසීම් වලට වඩා නිරවද්‍ය විය. ඒ කියුරියෝසිටි ගෙන් ලැබුනු අත්දැකීම් හා නවීන මගසෙවීමේ තාක්ෂනයන් ගේ උදවුවෙනි.

එක් එවැනි නවීන තාක්ෂනයක් වන්නේ "භූමි සාපෙක්ෂ යාත්‍රණය" (Terrain Relative Navigation) යි. මතුපිටට ළඟාවන අතරදී ගන්නා භූමියේ පින්තූර, සිතියම් සමග සංසන්දනය කරමින් පතිත වන ගමන් පථය වෙනස් කිරීමට එයට හැකිය. එමෙන්ම අවසාන මිනිත්තුවේ දී ගොඩ බැසීමට (සාපෙක්ෂව) ආරක්ෂිතම ස්ථානය තෝරාගැනීමට ද මෙම පද්ධතිය උපකාරී වේ.

පැරෂූට ආධාරයෙන් පර්සවරන්ස් අවරෝහනය වන අයුරු නාසා ආයතනයේ අඟහරු නිරීක්ෂන චන්ද්‍රිකාවේ (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) ඇති අධි-විභේදන කැමරාවෙන් ඡායාරූපයට නගන ලදි.

වියදම
නාසා ආයතනය සැලසුම් කරන්නේ ඉදිරි වසර 11 කාලයක් තුල මෙහෙයුම සඳහා අමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.75 ක මුදලක් වියදම් කිරීමටයි.

ඡායාරූප

පළමු ඡායාරූප

පුළුල් ඡායාරූප

ආශ්‍රිත

අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා
අඟහරු

පර්සවරන්ස්


Ecgberht I (also spelled Egbert) (died 4 July 673) was a King of Kent (664-673), succeeding his father Eorcenberht.

He may have still been a child when he became king following his father's death on 14 July 664, because his mother Seaxburh was recorded as having been regent.

Ecgberht's court seems to have had many diplomatic and ecclesiastic contacts. He hosted Wilfrid and Benedict Biscop, and provided escorts to Archbishop Theodore and Abbot Adrian of Canterbury for their travels in Gaul.

The various versions of the Kentish Royal Legend state that, spurred on by his adviser Thunor, he had his cousins Æthelred and Æthelberht (sons of his uncle Eormenred) killed, and so had to pay Weregild to their sister Domne Eafe, enabling her to build a Monastery at Thanet; this may reflect a dynastic struggle that ended in the success of Eorcenberht's line. The two murdered princes were later venerated as saints at Ramsey Abbey in Huntingdonshire.

A charter records Ecgberht's patronage of the monastery at Chertsey Abbey in Surrey.

Ecgberht was succeeded by his brother Hlothhere, who was in turn succeeded by Ecgberht's sons, Eadric and still later Wihtred.

See also
List of monarchs of Kent

References

Sources
 Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People

External links

Kentish monarchs
673 deaths
7th-century English monarchs
Medieval child monarchs
7th-century births
House of Kent

Ecgberht of Kent


Le Raja Club Athletic Water-polo abrégé en RCA Water-polo
(en arabe : نادي الرجاء الرياضي لكرة الماء ), est un club marocain de water-polo fondé en  et affilié à la Fédération royale marocaine de natation.

Basée à Casablanca, le club est l'une des nombreuses sections du Raja Club Athletic, club omnisports fondé le .

La section water-polo est indépendante administrativement de celle de la natation.

Histoire

Prémices

L'histoire du water-polo à Casablanca remonte au temps du Protectorat français où les compétitions sportives était organisées par une ligue dépendante de la Fédération française de natation. Après l'indépendance du Maroc en 1956, les clubs casablancais ont bénéficiés alors des installations et des joueurs laissés par les Français, ce qui se reflétera positivement sur leurs rendements durant les années à venir.

Lors des années 1970 et 1980, le championnat national de water-polo était marqué par la domination de certains clubs et de l'absence totale de compétitivité.

Genèse
La section natation du Raja Club Athletic sera enfin créé le 8 novembre 1984 par Abdelkader Retnani, qui est notamment connu pour avoir été élu à la présidence de la section football quelque temps après. Au Maroc, sur une soixantaine de clubs de natation, une dizaine seulement pratiquaient le water-polo. Faute d'infrastructures adéquates, les poloïstes casablancais prennent leur mal en patience dans l'attente de l'ouverture d'écoles spécialisées dans le water-polo, séparément des autres disciplines liées à la natation.

Malgré le manque d'installations dédiées à cette discipline, la section water-polo du Raja est fondée en 1989, soit cinq ans après celle de natation.

Considéré comme l'entraîneur fondateur, Mohamed Ruiz s'occupera de la direction technique. Sous sa houlette, le club entama ses premières activités à la Salle Mohammed V, à Casablanca.

Âge d'or
Comme dans tous les sports, le Raja a grand un rival, le Wydad AC, le club de water-polo le plus titré du pays. Les Verts vont cependant réussir à mettre fin à leur suprématie durant les années 1990.

En 1992, le Raja parvient à remporter le triplé Championnat Maghrébin-Coupe du trône-Coupe Feu Ahmed Yamani. Régulièrement champions du Maroc depuis 1995, les Rajaouis monopolisent la première place jusqu'en 2000.

Le Raja remportera le Championnat du Maroc 6 fois d'affilée pour la première fois depuis 10 ans grâce à une génération dorée dans l'histoire du water-polo marocain, avec une formation contenant Mohamed Sarah, Mohamed Ali Al Hyane, Adil Raki, Mohamed Dinouri, Tarik Kablaoui, Saâd Zakaria, Adil Zamaoui, Houssine Belhadi, Mohamed Bourzki, Anas Haji, Othmane Benhannoun, Lahcen Sadouk, Karim Boutaïb et d'autres. L'équipe était menée par l'entraîneur Mohamed Ruiz, qui a en même temps occupé le poste de sélectionneur national pendant 30 ans, et des dirigeants comme Sedraoui.

D'autre part, le club veillera à avoir une forte présence dans les compétitions internationales officielles et amicales. Le Raja a porté le drapeau marocain dans plusieurs tournois à l'étranger. Les Verts ont réussi à s'imposer face à de grands clubs nord-africains en remportant le Championnat Maghrébin en 1992, ce tournoi qui a connu également la participation du Wydad AC comme les deux représentants du pays.

Entre le 27 et 31 juillet 1998, le Raja prendra part au Championnat arabe des clubs champions de water-polo, organisé en Égypte. Le Rajaouis ont terminé la compétition en deuxième position devant le champion de Tunisie, le Club Africain qui a accaparé la troisième place. Durant leur parcours, les Verts ont enregistré trois victoires et deux défaites, marquant 41 buts et concédant 30, avant de s'incliner en finale devant le champion d'Égypte Al Ahly SC sur le score de (9-6). En outre, le titre de meilleur joueur de la compétition était revenu à l'unanimité au Rajaoui Mohamed Ali Al Hyane.

Renouveau
En 2014, le Raja remportera la Coupe du trône après une large victoire (20-3) en finale face à l'ADM. Il faut rappeler que les Verts avaient battu l'USCM en demi-finale (13-4) et le Wydad AC en quart de finale (6-4).

En 2016, le Raja WP est frappé par une crise financière. Cette année même, le club a été invité à participer au Championnat arabe des clubs organisé en Égypte.

Palmarès

Personnalités

Présidents

Anciens joueurs

  Mohamed Sarah
  Mohamed Dinouri
  Mohamed Ali Al Hyane
  Abdelkarim Wafir
  Adil Raki
  Mohamed Metoua
  Houssine Belhadi
  Feu Adnane
  Saâd Tritki
  Mounir Cawni

Section féminine

La section féminine de water-polo est réanimée en 2018. Le club possède depuis une équipe de water-polo féminine qui évolue en championnat du Maroc élite.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Club de water-polo au Maroc
Club sportif à Casablanca

Raja Club Athletic (water-polo)


පුලස්ති ඍෂිතුමන් යනු රාවණ රජතුමගේ මුත්තනුවන් ය. විශ්‍රවස් මුණි යනු පුලස්ති ඍෂිතුමන්ගේ පුත්‍රයා වේ. මෙතුමාගේ නගරය පුලතිසි පුරය යි. එය වර්තමානයේ පොළොන්නරුව ලෙස හැදින්වේ. පොත්ගුල් විහාර පරිශ්‍රයේ ඇති ප්‍රතිමාව පුලස්ති ඍෂිවරයාගේ ය. පුලස්ති ඍෂිවරයා යනු හෙළයේ මහා විද්වතා ය. ලං‍කාවේ ප්‍රධාන ඍෂිවරයන් වන කපිල, ඉසුරු, වෙස්ස හා අගස්ති යන අයගෙන් ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස මෙතුමා සැලකෙයි. මෙතුමා තුන් වේදයේම සමර්ථ ව සිටි බව කියවේ. පුලතිසි ඉසිවරයා විසින් ලංකාවේ සංගීතය ඇති කළ බවට ද මතයක් සංගීත ඉතිහාසය නැමති ග්‍රන්ථයේ සඳහන් වේ. මාලිගාවිල ආශ්‍රිතව මෙතුමා විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද ඇස්රෝහලක් තිබී ඇත. හිමාලයේ තිබූ වෛද්‍ය සමුළුවට ලංකාවෙන් පුලතිසි ඉසිවරයා ගිය බව සඳහන් වේ. මෙතුමාගේ ඔසු උයන් පිහිටියේ  රාවණා ඇල්ල අසල හා බඹර කන්ද ඇල්ල අසල බවට මතයක් ඇත.
පුලස්ති සෘෂි සප්ත සෘෂින්ගේ කෙනෙකු ලෙසද සදහන් වෙයි .

මේවාද බලන්න

 රාවණ රජතුමා
 විශ්‍රවස් මුණි
 යක්කයින්

මූලාශ්‍ර

ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගය - ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
සාම්පදායික සිංහල දැණුම

පුලස්ති


Luigi Moretti (6 de Junho de 1944) é um político italiano, expoente da Liga Lombarda e da Liga do Norte e ex-parlamentar europeu.

Luigi Moretti começou a sua carreira de deputado europeu nas eleições de 1989.

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1944
Políticos da Itália
Prefeitos da Itália
Deputados no Parlamento Europeu

Luigi Moretti (político)


An Arundinella barbinodis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Keng f., Bi Sin Sun ngan Zhi Hao Hu. An Arundinella barbinodis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arundinella, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arundinella

Arundinella barbinodis


Allison Christin Mack (born July 29, 1982) is an American actress. She played Chloe Sullivan on the superhero series Smallville (2001–2011) and had a recurring role on the comedy series Wilfred (2012–2014).

Mack was a member of NXIVM, a multi-level marketing company selling professional and personal development seminars, widely described as a cult. In 2018, federal authorities arrested Mack on charges of sex trafficking, sex trafficking conspiracy, and forced labor conspiracy related to her involvement in NXIVM and its subgroup, DOS. She pleaded guilty to racketeering and racketeering conspiracy charges and in 2021 was sentenced to three years in prison. Mack served 21 months in Federal Correctional Institution, Dublin, in California and was released in July 2023.

Early life
Mack was born on July 29, 1982, in Preetz, West Germany, to American parents Jonathan Mack, an opera singer, and Mindy Mack, a schoolteacher and bookkeeper. Her parents were in Germany at the time of her birth because Jonathan was performing there; they lived in Germany for two years before moving to the US.

Career

Early work
Mack's first job was for a German chocolate company in a series of print ads and commercials. She went into modeling for a short period and studied at the Young Actors Space in Los Angeles at age seven.

Mack's first major television role was in an episode of the WB series 7th Heaven, in which she gained attention playing a teenager who cut herself. In 2000, she co-starred in the short-lived series Opposite Sex. Her film credits include roles in  My Horrible Year! (Eric Stoltz's directorial debut) as a girl having great difficulties in her life as she turns 16. She was also featured in Camp Nowhere and in the Disney film Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves.

Smallville

In October 2001, Mack began starring as Chloe Sullivan (an original character created for the show), one of Clark Kent's best friends in the WB/CW television series Smallville. Mack earned several awards and nominations for her portrayal of Chloe, including the Teen Choice Award for Best Sidekick in 2006 and 2007. She appeared as a series regular for nine seasons and returned as an intermittent main cast member in the tenth season, including the two-part series finale. From 2003 to 2006, Mack's character appeared in her own miniseries Smallville: Chloe Chronicles and Smallville: Vengeance Chronicles. In 2008, Mack made her directorial debut in Smallville season 8 episode "Power".

In 2002, she made a couple of appearances along with her Smallville castmate Sam Jones III in R. L. Stine's miniseries The Nightmare Room. In 2006, she voiced Clea, a museum curator, in an episode of The Batman. Adding to her Superman resume, she lent her voice for Power Girl in the animated feature Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009). Mack had been part of a project with the Iris Theatre Company.

After Smallville
In March 2012, Mack was cast in a recurring role in the second season of the FX sitcom Wilfred. She played Amanda, the love interest of Elijah Wood's lead character Ryan. Mack returned to Wilfred for one episode of the fourth and final season. In 2014, Mack guest-starred as a policewoman named Hilary in an episode of the Fox thriller The Following. On March 21, 2015, she tweeted that she would be appearing in American Odyssey as Julia, who befriends Suzanne, the daughter of Anna Friel's lead character Sgt. Odelle Ballard.

Personal life
Mack had a long-term relationship with Canadian actor Chad Krowchuk during the 2000s when she was residing in Vancouver, where Smallville was produced. Mack later married Canadian actress Nicki Clyne, a fellow NXIVM member, in February 2017. The marriage was alleged to have been a sham to get Clyne around US immigration laws, and only became public a year later during legal proceedings on the conspiracy and racketeering charges as part of Mack's involvement with NXIVM. In December 2020, Mack filed for divorce from Clyne. Mack and Clyne were both also NXIVM founder Keith Raniere's sexual partners. It was reported in 2020 that Mack had attended classes at UC Berkeley.

Involvement with NXIVM and fallout
Mack was a member of NXIVM, a cult founded by Keith Raniere and headquartered in Albany, New York. In a 2003 article from Forbes, advocates of NXIVM portrayed it as an organization focused on inspirational executive coaching, "like a practical MBA", while detractors accused Raniere of running "a cult-like program aimed at breaking down his subjects psychologically".

NXIVM and DOS
In 2006, Mack joined NXIVM after attending a two-day introduction to "Jness", a women's group within NXIVM and eventually became a high-ranking member of the NXIVM organization. Mack was co-creator of "The Source", a NXIVM program that recruited actors. Mack was a member of "Simply Human", an a cappella NXIVM singing group. She was also the emcee of "A Capella Innovations", a multi-day festival. Hosted by NXIVM in 2007 and 2008, the events were billed as a university singing showcase and were alleged to be "a front to draw impressionable undergrads into NXIVM."

In 2015, Raniere created a secret subgroup within NXIVM called "Dominus Obsequious Sororium" (DOS). Mack was allegedly second in command of DOS after Raniere. DOS was structured as a pyramid group with Raniere at the top (and the only man in DOS) with subordinates including Mack and others as Raniere's first-line DOS masters. DOS was ostensibly built around female empowerment but mainly provided a means to traffic women for Raniere's gratification. According to prosecutors, Mack and others recruited women by telling them they were joining a women-only organization that would empower them, with Raniere's status as the leader of DOS concealed from new recruits. As a pre-condition for joining DOS, women were required to provide "collateral", which included nude photographs, damaging information about family and friends and rights to recruit's assets. Recruits were told their collateral could be released if they left DOS or told anyone about DOS's existence. Recruits were also controlled in several other ways, including requirements to seek permission, physical isolation, forced participation in "readiness drills", sleep deprivation, extremely restrictive diets, and being subject to corporal punishment.

Mack reportedly recruited four women into DOS, including India Oxenberg, daughter of actress Catherine Oxenberg. As directed by Raniere, Mack and others required their recruits to be branded with a symbol representing Raniere's initials, with the branding ritual following a script created by Raniere. Mack's recruits were unaware the brand was Raniere's initials and said that Mack told them the brand was a symbol of the elements: air, earth, fire and water. Former NXIVM member Sarah Edmondson stated in a 2017 New York Times exposé and a 2018 A&E special on cults details about DOS that she had been branded in an initiation ceremony at Mack's house. In a New York Times interview, Mack claimed that the human branding was her idea.

Arrest and arraignment

On April 20, 2018, Mack was arrested by the FBI in Brooklyn on charges of sex trafficking, sex trafficking conspiracy and forced labor conspiracy. The federal indictment accused Mack of "recruiting women to join what was purported to be a female mentorship group that was, in fact, created and led by Keith Raniere." Mack was one of the "top members of a highly organized scheme which was designed to provide sex to [Raniere]." Prosecutors accused Mack of concealing Raniere's status as the leader of DOS as she coaxed recruits to provide highly damaging personal information, nude photos and rights to personal assets. After Mack recruited women to join DOS, "under the guise of female empowerment, she starved women until they fit [Raniere's] sexual feminine ideal." Mack directly or implicitly required her recruits to engage in sexual activity with Raniere. In exchange, Mack received financial and other benefits from Raniere.

On April 24, 2018, Mack was released from Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn on a $5 million bond and held under house arrest under the custody of her parents in California. During Mack's arraignment proceedings, prosecutors also accused her of entering a sham marriage with Nicki Clyne to help Clyne circumvent US immigration laws. India Oxenberg, a witness at Mack and Clyne's wedding ceremony, confirmed the marriage was fake and orchestrated by Raniere to keep Clyne in the United States.

Guilty plea and sentencing
Under the original indictment, Mack faced a minimum of 15 years to life in prison if found guilty. In March 2019, it was revealed in court that Mack and the other defendants in the case were in "active plea negotiations" as Raniere appeared in court to plead not guilty to additional child pornography charges related to the case.

According to a filing by the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Mack sat down for proffer sessions to assist the government in the prosecution of Raniere starting in April 2019. Mack detailed the inner workings of DOS. "Mack also provided details regarding crimes committed by other first-line DOS masters, including assignments to seduce Raniere and efforts to find Raniere a virgin successor. Mack detailed Raniere's role in devising assignments for Mack's slaves, including, among other things, Raniere's repeated requests for nude photographs from Mack's DOS slaves; Raniere's instructions regarding the seduction assignment; and Raniere's encouragement of the use of demeaning and derogatory language, including racial slurs, to humiliate DOS slaves." Mack provided information to the government about Clare Bronfman's attempts to harass and threaten DOS victims. Mack also provided a recording in which Raniere detailed how he wanted the branding ceremony conducted.

On April 8, 2019, Mack pleaded guilty to racketeering and racketeering conspiracy and admitted to state law extortion and forced labor. In June 2019, Raniere was found guilty on all charges and was sentenced to 120 years in October 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States delayed court proceedings, including the sentencings of Mack and other NXIVM defendants. In 2021, prosecutors began the process of sentencing Mack. Under advisory sentencing guidelines, Mack faced 14 to 17.5 years behind bars. The U.S. Attorney credited Mack with providing "detailed and highly corroborated information" and advocate for favourable sentencing for Mack.

Days before the sentencing, Mack released a statement in which she repudiated Raniere, saying that her involvement with NXIVM was "the biggest mistake and greatest regret of [her] life" and expressed remorse in regard to those affected. In addition to the letter, her attorneys asked for no jail time in consideration for Mack's remorse and her cooperation with Raniere's prosecution.

On June 30, 2021, Mack was sentenced to three years in prison and three years of probation, 1,000 hours of community service and a fine of $20,000. In September 2021, Mack reported to Federal Correctional Institution, Dublin, in Dublin, California. She was released early on July 3, 2023, after serving 21 months of her three-year sentence.

Civil lawsuit
In January 2020, Mack, Raniere, Clyne and other NXIVM individuals were named as defendants in a civil lawsuit filed in federal court by 80 former NXIVM members. The lawsuit details allegations of fraud and abuse and charges of being a pyramid scheme, exploitation of its recruits, conducting illegal human experiments, and making it "physically and psychologically difficult, and in some cases impossible, to leave the coercive community."

Fictional portrayal
In 2019, Catherine Oxenberg produced the Lifetime television film Escaping the NXIVM Cult: A Mother's Fight to Save Her Daughter with actress Sara Fletcher as Mack.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1982 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American criminals
American female gangsters
Actresses from Los Angeles
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Criminals from California
Female sex offenders
Living people
NXIVM people
People convicted of racketeering
People convicted of sex trafficking
Prisoners and detainees of New York (state)
People from Preetz

Allison Mack


ENT Ltd, standing for Examiner-Northern TV Ltd, is a private shell company owned by WIN Corporation. In its heyday, ENT was a publicly listed Australian media company based in Launceston, Tasmania. It was run by major shareholder Edmund Rouse until 1994, when a bribery scandal led to Rouse stepping down as managing director and it was taken over by WIN Corporation.

Previous entities in direct control by ENT Ltd

Print media
The Examiner newspaper (Launceston)

Television stations

TasTV
TVT-6 Hobart (now WIN Tasmania)
TNT-9 Launceston (now Seven Tasmania)

The Six Network (later VIC Television)
BTV-6 Ballarat (now WIN Victoria)
GMV-6 Shepparton (now WIN Victoria)
STV-8 Mildura (now WIN Mildura)

Radio stations

7EX Launceston (now Chilli 90.1fm)
7HT Hobart (now Triple M)
3SR Shepparton
3UL Warragul (now (now 531 3GG)
3UZ Melbourne (now RSN Racing & Sport)
Four Californian radio stations
Two Oregon radio stations

Other assets

 Holyman (shipping)
 Gunns (forestry)
 Village Cinemas Tasmania (cinemas, 50 per cent joint venture with Village Roadshow)

Filmpac Holdings was a film and video distributor. ENT acquired a 40 per cent stake in 1988 from its purchase of Victoria-based media company Associated Broadcasting Services. From 1986 to 1990, Filmpac released a total of 69 films theatrically making it the country's largest independent mainstream theatrical distributor. The company collapsed in 1990 with its film library purchased by Village Roadshow, along with certain assets from another defunct distributor Seven Keys.

It was originally known as Filmways Australasian Distributors, and it was originally formed by the founders of Dendy Theaters, Mark Josem and Robert Ward in 1971 to release movies in the box office to the Australian market. Mark Josem died in 1986 after a series of heart attacks from a surgery the previous year. The company would soon be renamed to Filmpac Holdings.

The company also had a home video division on its own under the name Filmways Home Video, starting with a deal with Video Classics, then as a partnership with Video Tape Center under the name Filmways VTC, with K-TEL Video distributing the titles from 1984 to 1985, and Vestron Video International distributing titles by Filmways Home Video/Filmpac from 1985 to 1988 before it became an independent video distributor for two years. Ironically enough, both Vestron and Filmways were Video Classics members before the K-TEL alliance.

ENT's 1988 annual report described the company's principal activities as television, newspapers, radio, commercial printing, motels, travel agencies, picture theatres, property development and investment.

References

Companies formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Defunct broadcasting companies of Australia

ENT Ltd.


Biserica romano-catolică "Sfântul Emeric" din Ghelința este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul satului Ghelința, comuna Ghelința. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 64327.02.

Ansamblul este format din următoarele monumente:
 Biserica romano-catolică "Sfântul Emeric" ()
 Zid de incintă, cu turn-clopotniță ()
 Coloană de piatră ()

Povestea bisericii și descrierea interiorului ei
Ghelința a fost menționată, pentru prima dată, în hrisoave în 1538.

Amintirea prezenței românilor din sat dovedesc existența sa timpurie, așa cum au demonstrat frescele din secolul al XIV-lea de pe pereții interiori.

Biserică a fost extinsă în secolul al XV-lea, când s-au făcut peretele de protecție și clopotnița ridicată din lemn. Cavoul sanctuarului a fost făcut între sfârșitul secolului al XV-lea și începutul secolului al XVI-lea. În 1766, a fost ridicată o galerie pe zidurile nordice și vestice ale navei, unde acum sunt situate picturi baroce.

În timpul lucrărilor de restaurare din 1932, un sanctuar român semicircular a fost găsit și explorat sub podeaua sanctuarului gotic. În timpul săpăturii, József Sebestyén a raportat tencuiala unei fresce medievală căzută cu câteva scrisori de scriere runică. Adam Kónya (1935-2008, cărturar român) a amintit, de asemenea, despre cele 6 rune găsite în biserică în articolul "Despre scrierea runică din Ghelința", de pe suprafața picturii Patimilor a zidului de miazănoapte, datată 1497.

Fresca gotică din secolul al XIV-lea a fost consolidată în perioada interbelică, de graficianul József Sebestyén.

Cea mai recentă restaurare a bisericii-monument a fost din 1966.

Chiar daca e mică, biserica e una din cele mai frumoase din țară, reprezentantă a goticului timpuriu. Rămășițele clădirii indicau aceea că avea maximum 13,5 metri lungime și 8,2 metri lățime și un sanctuar semicircular, înconjurată de un zid de castel neregulat din secolul al XVII-lea. Biserica păstrează sculpturi de piatră gotică, de formă umană și geometrică, la intrările dinspre sud și de vest ale navei. Ferestrele gotice, care sunt decorate cu rozete circulare și alte elemente vegetale ornamentale, sunt deschise înspre sanctuar. Pereții sunt decorati modest și ramele de ușă sunt căptușite cu un cadru renascentist pictat. Frumusețea tavanului e dată de o decorare modelată cu flori într-o formă de stele cu cinci puncte, într-o coroană verde. Mesele colorate, făcute cu pricepere și rafinament, oferă o atmosferă barocă.

Frescele
Cele mai mari valori ale bisericii-monument din Ghelința sunt cele 15 picturi care decorează pereții interiori. Imaginile de pe pereți, descoperite de József Huszka în 1882, sunt aliniate pe laturile de nord, sud și vest ale navei. Pe zidul nordic există scene ale legendei Sf. Ladislau: jurământul lui Ladislau, plecarea la luptă, lupta propriu-zisă, alungara lui Kun, duelul și moartea lui Kun. Prezentarea legendei Sf. Ladislau e una dintre cele mai vechi și mai valoroase fresce transilvanice.

Potrivit lui Jolán Balogh, stilul frescelor este legat de reprezentarea abstractă franceză, alți cercetători se referă la influența italiană nordică. Are o varietate de culori, cu imagini în gri, galben, maro, alb și negru. Sub frescele legendei Sf. Ladislau sunt imagini care înfățișează scenele Patimilor lui Hristos: intrarea triumfală de la Ierusalim, Cina cea de Taină, spălarea picioarelor apostolilor, înfățișarea înaintea lui Pilat, biciuirea și răstignirea.

Pe imaginile peretelui apusean sunt conturate fragmente din legenda Sf. Iacov: scenele cocoșului, băiatul spânzurat. Pe partea de miazăzi există fragmente din Judecata de Apoi deasupra ușii din față, iar la răsărit e scena Învierii și reprezentarea Paradisului. Legenda Sf. Ecaterina din Alexandria este arătată în părțile pereților de miazăzi: Sf. Ecaterina oferă inelul lui Iisus (logodna Sf. Ecaterina), dezbaterea Sf. Ecaterina cu împăratul Maxențiu și savanții, Sf. Ecaterina în închisoare, sfânta și soldații, Ecaterina e torturată de soldați, Iisus o duce pe munte. Seria de artă de pe perete e posibilă pentru secolul al XV-lea.

Pe peretele exterior al bisericii, la intrarea sudică, există Madonna între doi îngeri îngenuncheați. Pe zidul exterior dinspre miazanoapte se află un fragment al Regelui Hristos.

Galerie de imagini

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Covasna
Biserici romano-catolice din România
Arhitectură gotică din România
Biserici din secolul al XIII-lea din România

Biserica romano-catolică „Sfântul Emeric” din Ghelința


Maria Amélia Canossa (Porto,  – Mafra, 25 de janeiro de 2022) foi uma cantora portuguesa.

Nasceu no Porto em 1933 e foi a responsável por dar voz ao Hino e à marcha do FC Porto em 31 de março de 1952.

Cantores do distrito do Porto
Naturais do Porto

Maria Amélia Canossa


Les grands vents venus d'outremer est une mélodie composée par Maurice Ravel pour chant et piano, en avril 1906, sur un poème d'Henri de Régnier.

Présentation

La mélodie, dédiée à son éditeur Jacques Durand, a été composée par Maurice Ravel en avril 1906, sur un poème d'Henri de Régnier extrait de son recueil Tel qu'en songe paru à la Librairie de l'Art indépendant (1892).

Elle a été créée le  par la chanteuse Hélène Luquiens et par Maurice Ravel en personne au piano, lors d'un « Festival Maurice Ravel-Florent Schmitt » organisé par G. Jean-Aubry au Cercle de l'Art moderne du Havre. Par erreur, il est parfois indiqué que cette création a eu lieu à Paris.

La mélodie a paru aux éditions Durand dès 1907 et, chez le même éditeur, en 1909, dans le recueil Douze chants avec accompagnement de piano de Maurice Ravel.

La mélodie a une durée d'environ deux minutes trente.

Dans le catalogue des œuvres du compositeur établi par Marcel Marnat, la pièce porte le numéro « 59. (O.48) ».

Analyse

Plusieurs études sur les œuvres vocales de Maurice Ravel passent cette mélodie sous silence. Arthur Hoérée considère que :

Marcel Marnat estime que :

Pour Jean Roy, cette mélodie est une « bouffée d'un romantisme auquel le musicien pouvait être sensible ».

Discographie
 Ravel : Complete Songs for Voice and Piano, CD 2, par Laurent Naouri, baryton, et David Abramovitz, piano, Naxos (8.554176-77), 2003.
 Ravel : Mélodies, CD, par Nora Gubisch, mezzo-soprano, et Alain Altinoglu, piano, Naïve (V5304), 2012.
Maurice Ravel : The Complete Works, CD 13, par José van Dam (basse) et Dalton Baldwin (piano), Warner Classics (0190295283261), 2020.

Bibliographie

Écrits de Maurice Ravel

Monographies

 .
 .
 .

Articles et chapitres de livres

Références

Liens externes

 Notice Les grands vents venus d'outremer dans la base de données Dezède

Mélodie de Maurice Ravel
Mélodie française

Les grands vents venus d'outremer


The Tuvans or Tyvans (; ) are a Turkic ethnic group indigenous to Siberia who live in Russia (Tuva), Mongolia, and China. They speak Tuvan, a Siberian Turkic language. In Mongolia they are regarded as one of the Uriankhai peoples.

Tuvans have historically been livestock-herding nomads, tending to herds of goats, sheep, camels, reindeer, cattle and yaks for the past thousands of years. They have traditionally lived in yurts covered by felt or chums, layered with birch bark or hide that they relocate seasonally as they move to newer pastures. Traditionally, the Tuvans were divided into nine regions called khoshuun, namely the Tozhu, Salchak, Oyunnar, Khemchik, Khaasuut, Shalyk, Nibazy, Daavan and Choodu, and Beezi. The first four were ruled by Uriankhai Mongol princes, while the rest were administered by Borjigin Mongol princes.

History

Besides prehistoric rock-carvings to be found especially along the Yenisei banks, the first internationally important archaeological findings have been near Arzhan, in the north central Tuva. Here, Scythian kurgan burials are being researched, revealing the earliest (7th, 6th century BC) and easternmost remains of these people who spread from Central Asia and predate Turcomongol tribes.  Their story and artifacts can be viewed in the National Museum in Kyzyl.

The Xiongnu ruled over the area of Tuva prior to 200 AD. At this time, a people known to the Chinese as Dingling 丁零 inhabited the region. Chinese chroniclers further associated the Dingling with the Tiele, one of whose tribes was named Dubo (都波) and was located in the eastern Sayans. The word tuwa also occurs three times in the Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi. While it is not clear what it means, Dieter Maue suggested that it could be related to the tribal name "Dubo". This name is recognized as being associated with the Tuvan people and is the earliest written record of them. The Xianbei 鮮卑 (descendants of the Donghu 東胡, once conquered by the Xiongnu) attacked and defeated the Xiongnu and they, in turn, were defeated by the Rouran 柔然. From around the end of the 6th century, the Göktürks held dominion over Tuvans (Doubo 都播), who constituted one of the three Wooden-Horse Turkic tribes, up until the 8th century when the Uyghurs took over.

Tuvans were subjects of the Uyghur Khanate during the 8th and 9th centuries. The Uyghurs established several fortifications within Tuva as a means of subduing the population. There are plans being discussed to restore the remains of one of these fortresses, Por-Bazhyn in lake Tere-Khol in the southeast of the country. The memory of Uyghur occupation could still be seen up until the end of the 19th century due to the application of the name Ondar Uyghur for the Ondar Tuvans living near the Khemchik river in the southwest. Uyghur dominance was broken by the Yeniseian Kyrgyz in 840 AD, who came from the upper reaches of the Yenisei.

In 1207, the Oirat prince Quduqa-Beki led Mongol detachments under Jochi to a tributary of the Kaa-Khem river. They encountered the Tuvan Keshdims, Baits, and Teleks. This was the beginning of Mongol suzerainty over the Tuvans. After the collapse of the Naiman Khanate, Tuvans moved to modern Mongolia and some Naimans moved to modern Kazakhstan territory.

Tuvans came to be ruled for most of the 17th century by Khalka Mongol leader Sholoi Ubashi Altan-Khan. It was at this time in 1615 that the first Russians, Vasily Tyumenets and Ivan Petrov, visited Tuva as emissaries to the Altan-Khan. Russian documents from this time record information about different groups that contributed to the composition of modern Tuvans. Tyumenets and Petrov describe the Maads, who became Russian subjects in 1609, living in the Bii-Khem basin, 14 days' ride from Tomsk. The Maads travelled to the area of the Khemchik and Ulug-Khem next to the lands of the Altan-Khan near the lake Uvs Nuur. The ambassadors also described the Sayan raising reindeer with the Tochi (Todzhi) from the Sayan to the Altai mountain ranges. The descendants of the Ak-Sayan and Kara-Sayan live mostly around Tere-Khol rayon.

The Altan-Khan's control over the area lessened over time due to constant warring between the Oirat and the Khalka of Jasaghtu Khan aimag. The Tuvans then became part of the Dzungarian Empire ruled by the Oirats. The Dzungars ruled over all of the Sayano-Altay Plateau until 1755. It was during this time of Dzungarian rule that many tribes and clans broke up, moved around, and intermingled. Groups of Altayan Telengits settled in western Tuva on the Khemchik and Barlyk rivers and in the region of Bai-Taiga. Some Todzhans, Sayans, and Mingats ended up in the Altay. The Siberians (Xianbei) established Manchu-Qing Dynasty migrated other Tuvans north across the Sayan range and they became known as Beltirs (Dag-Kakpyn, Sug-Kakpyn, Ak-Chystar, Kara-Chystar). The languages of the Beltirs and Tuvans still contain common words not found in the language of the other Khakas (Kachins or Sagays). Other Russian documents mention Yeniseian Kyrgyz (Saryglar and Kyrgyz), Orchaks (Oorzhaks) and Kuchugets (Kuzhugets) moving into Tuva from the north.

Genetic research revealed that Tuvans are most closely related to other Turkic peoples, specifically the Altaians and the Khakas. It was found that Tuvans display differences to Mongolic peoples and are closer related to Siberian Turkic groups. But, according to a number of researchers, such Tuvan clans as Mongush and Kara-Mongush are of Mongolian origin due to their high haplogroup C, more than in other Tuvan clans, even the representatives of these clans themselves recognize themselves as Mongols. Tuvans seem to be the direct descendants of the Indigenous Southern Siberian peoples.

According to Ilya Zakharov of Moscow's Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, genetic evidence suggests that the Tuvan people are among the close genetic relatives to the indigenous peoples of the Americas in Eurasia.

The name Uriankhai

There does not seem to exist a clear ethnic delineation for the application of the name Uriankhai. Mongols applied this name to all tribes of Forest People. This name has historically been applied to Tuvans. In Mongolia there are peoples also known by this name. A variation of the name, Uraŋxai, was an old name for the Sakha. Russian Pavel Nebol'sin documented the Urankhu clan of Volga Kalmyks in the 1850s. Another variant of the name, Orangkae (오랑캐), was traditionally used by the Koreans to refer indiscriminately to "barbarians" that inhabited the lands to their north.

They are two groups under the name Uriankhai: Mongol Uriankhai, Uriankhai (Tuva) of mixed Turkic-Mongol origin. All clans of the Mongol Uriankhai are Mongol, and Tuva Uriankhais have both Turkic and Mongol clans. In the beginning of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), the Mongol Uriankhai (Burkhan Khaldun Uriankhai) were located in central Mongolia but in the mid 14th century they lived in Liaoyang province of modern China. In 1375, Naghachu, Uriankhai leader of the Mongolia-based colonial dynasty in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong with aims of restoring the Mongols to power. Although he continued to hold southern Manchuria, Naghachu finally surrendered to the Chinese Ming dynasty in 1387–88 after successful diplomacy of the latter. After the rebellion of the northern Uriankhai people, they were conquered by Dayan Khan in 1538 and mostly annexed by the northern Khalkha. Batmunkh Dayan Khan dissolved Uriankhai tumen and moved them to Altai Mountains and Khalkha land.

Currently, Tuvans form the majority of the population in Tuva Republic. According to the 2010 Russian census, there was a total of 249,299 Tuvans who resided within Tuva. This represented 82.0% of the total population of the republic. In addition, Tuvans have a much higher fertility rate than Russians and the other Slavic peoples, while the median age of the Tuvan population is much lower than Russians. This basically ensures that the Tuvan population would continue to grow during the foreseeable future.

Geography

There are two major groups of Tuvans in Tuva: Western or the Common Tuvans and Tuvans-Todzhins (Тувинцы-тоджинцы). The latter ones live in Todzhinsky District, Tuva Republic and constitute about 5% of all Tuvans.

A people similar by language to Tuvans live in Okinsky District of Buryatia (autonym: Soyots (сойоты), sometimes referred to as Oka Tuvans).

Mongolia
A noticeable proportion of Tuvans lives in Mongolia. The Dukha live in Khövsgöl Aimag. The largest population of Tuvans in Mongolia are the Tsengel Tuvans. Around 1,500 live in the Tsagaan Gol River Valley, Altai Tavan Bogd National Park, Tsengel Sum of Bayan-Ölgii Aimag. Other Tuvans live in Khovd Aimag and in Ubsunur Hollow.

China
Tuvans in China, who live mostly in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, are included under the Mongol ethnicity. Some Tuvans reportedly live at Lake Kanas in the northwestern part of Xinjiang in China where they are not officially recognized, are counted as a part of the local Oirat Mongol community that is counted under the general label "Mongol". Oirat and Tuvan children attend schools in which they use Chakhar Mongolian and Mandarin Chinese.

Culture

Headdress
The famous bogtag headdress worn by women seems to have been restricted to married women of very high rank.

Traditional life
The Tuvans were mainly semi-nomadic livestock herders. They raised sheep, goats, camels, horses, reindeer, cattle, and yaks. Today, some Tuvans still retain their semi-nomadic way of life. The mobile dwellings of the Tuvans were usually circular yurts used in the steppes or conical hide tents when they were near or inside a forest.

Language

The Tuvan language belongs to the Northern or Siberian branch of the Turkic language family. Four dialects are recognized: Central, Western, Southeastern and Northeastern (Todzhinian). In writing, a variety of the Cyrillic script is used. A talking dictionary is produced by Living Tongues Institute.

Religion
The traditional religion of Tuvans is a type of Tengriism, or Turkic animistic shamanism. During the 18th century, the Tuvans converted to Tibetan Buddhism via contact with the Mongols. However, many shamanistic elements continued to be widely practiced along with the new religion the Tuvans adopted.

Music

A unique form of music exists in Tuva – commonly known as throat singing or as khoomei. There are various techniques of khoomei, some giving the effect of multiple tones by emphasizing overtones. Some famous groups from Tuva who feature throat-singing are Yat-Kha, Huun-Huur-Tu, Chirgilchin and the Alash Ensemble.

A documentary called Genghis Blues was made in 1999 about an American blues/jazz musician, Paul Pena, who taught himself overtone singing and traveled to Tuva to compete in a throat-singing competition. This is where he also met the famous Khoomeizhi Kongar-ol Ondar one of the masters of Khoomei.

Skiing
The Tuvan people been skiing for thousands of years, primarily for the purpose of hunting elk. Tuvan hunters would track an elk in a heavy snow region and once they spotted an elk, they would ski downhill fast and throw a lasso to catch their game. Although the origin of skiing is hotly debated, some experts believe that the Tuvan people in the Altay mountains may have been the earliest humans to master skiing for the purpose of hunting, due to ancient cave paintings in the region depicting ancient skiers chasing big game. However nowadays in the same region within Xinjiang, the hunting of animals have been banned by the Chinese government, who had made the entire mountain into a conservation area. But the Tuvan people still actively and legally engage in "catch-and-release" hunting of elk using their traditional methods.

Notable people

 Galsan Tschinag (shaman and writer)
 Khertek Anchimaa-Toka (Tuvan/Soviet politician, first non-royal female head of state)
 Khün Khürtü (throat singing music group)
 Sergey Shoigu (Russian Minister of Defence and general)
 Kongar-ool Ondar (throat singer)
 Mongush Kenin-Lopsan (shaman and ethnographer)
 Albert Kuvezin (throat singer and guitarist)

See also

 Lists of indigenous peoples of Russia
 Tannu Uriankhai

References

Citations

Sources

  The title means "Shamans in Eurasia", the book is published also in German, Estonian and Finnish. Site of publisher with short description on the book (in Hungarian) .

 Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a [Туяa], Bu. Jirannige, Wu Yingzhe, Činggeltei. 2005. Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal  [A guide to the regional dialects of Mongolian]. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. .

External links

 Research among the Tyvans in South Siberia
 "Reindeer People" Resort to Eating Their Herds (about the Dukha) with Photo gallery
 Tuva – Sayan Mountains
 Singing Stones – The Republic of Tuva

Ethnic groups in China
Ethnic groups in Mongolia
Ethnic groups in Russia
Indigenous peoples of North Asia
Modern nomads
Nomadic groups in Eurasia
Turkic peoples of Asia

Tuvans