Barnabækur á íslensku þjóna margs konar hlutverki. Hér má nefna skemmtigildi, uppeldislegt gildi, menningarlegt gildi,  menntunargildi og upplýsingagildi svo eitthvað sé nefnt. Það er langur vegur frá fyrstu íslensku barnabókinni sem gefin var út árið 1780 þ.e. bók Vigfúsar Jónssonar: Barnaljóð sem hann orti handa dóttur sinni, til dagsins í dag.  Í bókinni leggur hann dóttur sinni lífsreglurnar. Fyrsta skáldsagan fyrir börn kemur svo út 1795 og ber heitið Sumargjöf. Í þeirri bók eru stuttar sögur sem fjalla um það hvað börn megi ekki gera og örlög þeirra ef þau fara ekki eftir þeim ráðleggingum. Þar er t.d. stúlkum hótað hræðilegum örlögum ef þær vilja lesa, skrifa og reikna í stað þess að sauma, prjóna og sinna bústörfum. Þegar leið fram á 19. öldina þá varð vaxandi þjóðernisvitun til þess að skrá þjóðsögur og ævintýri sem lifað höfðu með þjóðinni og gefa út. Á tuttugustu öldinni var algengt að skrifa bernskuminningar eða bækur sem gerðust í sveit eða borg og oft var sveitalífið svo gott og fagurt í mótsögn við lífið í borginni. Á þeim tíma voru líka bækur skrifaðar til að uppfræða börnin t.d. um dýr, náttúru landsins, og mannlíf á fjarlægum slóðum. Raunsæisstefnan í bókmenntum hafði líka áhrif á barnabækur þegar leið á tuttugustu öldina. Skrifaðar voru bækur um börn sem tókust á við erfiðleika og elfdust við það og fengu trú á sjálfum sér. Fræðibækur fyrir börn komu fram á sjónarsviðið og eins sérstök barnaljóð og barnaleikrit. Þekktasta ljóðabókin fyrir börn er Vísnabókin sem Símon Jóh. Ágústsson safnaði efni í. Fyrsta barnaleikritið sem fór á fjalirnar er líklega Litli-Kláus og Stóri-Kláus sem sýnt var um jólin 1931-2  í Iðnó. Fyrsti íslenski listamaðurinn sem bjó til myndabók handa börnum var Muggur (Guðmundur Thorsteinsson) en þekktasta bók hans er Sagan af Dimmalimm sem kom út 1942. Bækur hugsaðar sem afþreying fóru svo að koma út í kjölfar stríðsins. Þá var mikið þýtt af þannig efni og eru bækur Enid Blyton þær þekktustu.

Tilvísanir

Barnabækur

Íslenskar barnabækur


Hillenhof steht für:

 ein Bodendenkmal in der Gemeinde Neunkirchen-Seelscheid im Rhein-Sieg-Kreis in Nordrhein-Westfalen, siehe Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid
 ein Kulturdenkmal in der Ortsgemeinde Rheinbreitbach im Landkreis Neuwied in Rheinland-Pfalz, siehe Liste der Kulturdenkmäler in Rheinbreitbach

Hillenhof


Jaime Cristóbal Abril González (El Espino, Colômbia, 17 de julho de 1972) é um ministro colombiano e bispo católico romano de Arauca.

Jaime Cristóbal Abril González recebeu o Sacramento da Ordem pela Arquidiocese de Tunja em 10 de fevereiro de 1996.

Em 16 de abril de 2016, o Papa Francisco o nomeou Bispo Titular de Putia em Bizacena e Bispo Auxiliar de Nueva Pamplona. O arcebispo de Nueva Pamplona, Luis Madrid Merlano, o consagrou bispo em 4 de junho do mesmo ano. Os co-consagradores foram o Arcebispo de Tunja, Luis Augusto Castro Quiroga IMC, e o Núncio Apostólico na Colômbia, Arcebispo Ettore Balestrero.

O Papa Francisco o nomeou Bispo de Arauca em 18 de novembro de 2019, com posse em 12 de dezembro do mesmo ano.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Colômbia

Jaime Cristóbal Abril González


Les mots micranthus, micrantha et micranthum sont trois déclinaisons (notamment le nominatif singulier masculin, féminin et neutre) d'un adjectif du latin scientifique signifiant « à petites fleurs ». Cet adjectif a été construit sur les mots grecs  (« petit ») et  (« fleur »).

En biologie :
 le Micrantha (Citrus micrantha) est un agrume sauvage du sud des Philippines ;
  est un genre de papillons, de la famille des Noctuidés ;
 en taxonomie, les mots micranthus, micrantha et micranthum sont employés comme épithètes spécifiques pour nommer diverses espèces de plantes dicotylédones et de coraux. Pour les articles consacrés à de telles espèces, consulter les listes générées automatiquement : micranthus, micrantha, micranthum ;
 le Sida micrantha mosaic virus est un bégomovirus, respondable de la mosaïque de Sida micrantha.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 , « à grandes fleurs »

Épithète spécifique

Micrantha


Herrenchiemsee is a complex of royal buildings on Herreninsel, the largest island in the Chiemsee lake, in southern Bavaria, Germany. Together with the neighbouring isle of Frauenchiemsee and the uninhabited Krautinsel, it forms the municipality of Chiemsee, located about  southeast of Munich.

The island, formerly the site of an Augustinian monastery, was purchased by King Ludwig II of Bavaria in 1873. The king had the premises converted into a residence, known as the Old Palace (Altes Schloss). From 1878 onwards, he had the New Herrenchiemsee Palace (Neues Schloss) erected, based on the model of Versailles. It was the largest, but also the last of his building projects, and remained incomplete. Today maintained by the Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes, Herrenchiemsee is accessible to the public and a major tourist attraction.

Old Palace (Herrenchiemsee Abbey)

According to tradition, the Benedictine abbey of Herrenchiemsee was established about 765 AD by the Agilolfing duke Tassilo III of Bavaria at the northern tip of the Herreninsel. New findings however indicate an even earlier foundation between 620 and 629 by the Burgundian missionary Saint Eustace of Luxeuil, making it the oldest monastery in the Duchy of Bavaria, established some 70 years earlier than St Peter's Abbey in Salzburg.

In 969, Emperor Otto I consigned the abbey to the Archbishops of Salzburg. Initially a Benedictine monastery, Herrenchiemsee about 1130 was re-established as a convent of Canons regular living under the Rule of St. Augustine. The construction of a new Romanesque basilica, dedicated to Sts Sixtus and Sebastian, was completed in 1158.

In 1215, with the approval of Pope Innocent III, the Salzburg archbishop Eberhard von Regensburg made the monastery church the cathedral of a suffragan diocese in its own right, the Bishopric of Chiemsee, including several parishes on the mainland and in Tyrol. The Augustinian convent acted as cathedral chapter, while the auxiliary bishops retained their seat at the Chiemseehof palace in Salzburg. The Herrenchiemsee chapter was headed by provosts who from 1218 also held the position of an archdeacon. They even obtained pontifical vestments and the right of papal count palatines in the 15th century.

The present-day Baroque monastery complex was erected between 1642 and 1731. In the course of the German Mediatisation, Herrenchiemsee Abbey was secularised in 1803, the cathedral desecrated in 1807, and the Chiemsee diocese finally dissolved in 1808. The island was then sold; various owners demolished the cathedral, sold the interior, and even turned the abbey into a brewery. King Ludwig II of Bavaria warded off plans for the complete deforestation of the island by a Württemberg timber trade company by acquiring it in 1873. He had the leftover buildings converted for his private use, the complex that later became known as the "Old Palace", where he stayed surveying the construction of the New Herrenchiemsee Palace.

From 10 to 23 August 1948, the representatives of eleven German states of the Western Zones and West Berlin met at the Old Palace as the Verfassungskonvent (Constitutional Convention) to prepare the work for drafting the Basic Law (Grundgesetz) with a view to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany.

New Palace

Construction

In 1867, the young king Ludwig II had traveled to France but had to return to Bavaria when he heard of the death of his uncle Otto, without the opportunity to visit the Palace of Versailles. He nevertheless was concerned with the residence of King Louis XIV and had plans for a similar retreat drafted by his court architect Georg von Dollmann (1830–1895). A possible building site was chosen in the Graswang valley near Ettal, the later site of Linderhof Palace.

After several revisions, Dollmann's designs for a former pavilion resembling Grand Trianon or the Château de Marly had grown to a large palace, including a copy of the Versailles Hall of Mirrors. Construction was halted by the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. In the following years, Ludwig concentrated on construction of Linderhof. He resumed his former plans after finally visiting Versailles in summer 1874, being received with honors by the French government on his birthday on August 25. Herrenchiemsee became the designated site for the large New Palace around a central corps de logis, designed by Dollmann, Christian Jank, and Franz von Seitz.

Construction started on 21 May 1878. Ludwig himself regularly supervised the building progress while he stayed at the Old Place nearby. Meant as a homage to the adored King Louis XIV and his divine right, Herrenchiemsee arose as a private, yet vast residence, which resembled Versailles but never was designed to host a thousand-headed royal household. Ludwig only had the opportunity to stay at the Palace for a few days in September 1885, with a handful of rooms richly decorated and the unfinished parts covered by colorful canvasses.

After the king's death in the following year, all construction work discontinued. During the period between 1863 and 1886, 16,579,674 Marks were spent. Using a 0.2304 troy ounce (7.171 g) 1890 '20 Mark' gold coin as a benchmark, this equates to 190,998 oz of gold, which at October 2013 prices was worth approximately £154,000,000 (US$250,100,000), more than the totalled construction cost of Linderhof and Neuschwanstein Castle together. The expenses brought the royal finances to the verge of bankruptcy, though they had a strong stimulus on the local economy.

Only a few weeks after Ludwig's death the building was opened for the public. In 1907 the unfinished North Wing was demolished, whilst the corresponding South Wing was never built. After the November Revolution, Crown Prince Rupprecht ceded Herrenchiemsee to the State of Bavaria in 1923.

Architecture

Unlike the medieval themed Neuschwanstein, begun in 1869, the Neo-Baroque New Palace stands as a monument to Ludwig's admiration of King Louis XIV of France. Its great Hall of Mirrors' ceiling is painted with 25 frescoes showing Louis XIV at his best.

The palace was shaped in a 'W' with wings flanking the central edifice. Only 16 of the 70 rooms were on the ground floor. Though it was to have been an equivalent to the Palace of Versailles, only the central portion was built before the king died and construction was discontinued with 50 of the 70 rooms still incomplete. It was never intended to be a perfectly exact replica of the French royal palace. Like Versailles, the Hall of Mirrors has 17 arches, the Hall of Peace and the Hall of War on either side have six windows each. The window niches at Herrenchiemsee are slightly wider than those at Versailles, making its central façade a few metres wider. The dining room features an elevator table and the world's largest Meissen porcelain chandelier. Technologically, the building also benefits from nearly two centuries of progress.  The original Versailles palace lacked toilets, water, and central heating, while the New Palace has all of these, including a large heated bathtub.

The palace had been built at a mostly inaccessible spot, in the middle of a forest, on a more or less remote lake island accessible by boat only – today via a system of small steamboats. This location, in defiance of both, an air of "enchantment" around it and the nearby chain of the Chiemgau Alps looming over and reflecting in the lake, may have been and may still be considered clearly less appealing than Neuschwanstein's more immediate, thus spectacularly impressive alpine backdrop near Füssen – not to speak of it having been perched right upon the blasted away tip of a steep rock and a quite intimidating gorge instead of a back yard. Not only the exterior, but also the interior at Herrenchiemsee were left even more unfinished than Neuschwanstein's. The latter's international popularisation, propelled by the inspiration Disney drew from it – say: "Cinderella Castle" – may only have added to the disproportional attention the two venues enjoy with tourists.

Also, seen from Munich, Linderhof is located in the same direction as and not very far away from Neuschwanstein, towards Tyrol and Swabia, so tourists often choose to visit both places within a day trip. Chiemsee with its islands lies on the way to Salzburg, i.e. almost in an opposite direction.

Gardens

The formal garden is filled with fountains, a copy of the Versailles Latona Fountain, and statues in both the classical style typical of the gardens of Versailles and the fantastic Romanticism favored by King Ludwig. Statues reminiscent of antiquity are found throughout the gardens, overwrought in the grand style of Richard Wagner's romantic operas.

Gallery

See also
 List of Baroque residences

References

External links

 Herrenchiemsee Page of Bavarian Palace Department (English): Bayerische Schlösserverwaltung | Schloss und Park Herrenchiemsee | Aktuelles
 Herrenchiemsee Page of Bavarian Palace Department (German): Bayerische Schlösserverwaltung | Schloss und Park Herrenchiemsee | Aktuelles
 Herrenchiemsee, the bavarian Versailles: Herrenchiemsee, the bavarian Versailles

Museums in Bavaria
Palaces in Bavaria
Royal residences in Bavaria
Renaissance Revival architecture in Germany
Castles in Bavaria
Gardens in Bavaria
Historic house museums in Germany
Registered historic buildings and monuments in Bavaria
Buildings and structures in Rosenheim (district)
Ludwig II of Bavaria

Herrenchiemsee


Budiš este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Turčianske Teplice din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 201 locuitori. Se învecinează cu Dubové și Rudno.

Istoric
Localitatea Budiš este atestată documentar din 1573.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Budiš


Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area. Typically the rash occurs in a single, wide mark either on the left or right side of the body or face. Two to four days before the rash occurs there may be tingling or local pain in the area. Other common symptoms are fever, headache, and tiredness. The rash usually heals within two to four weeks; however, some people develop ongoing nerve pain which can last for months or years, a condition called postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). In those with poor immune function the rash may occur widely. If the rash involves the eye, vision loss may occur.

Shingles is caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV) that also causes chickenpox. In the case of chickenpox, also called varicella, the initial infection with the virus typically occurs during childhood or adolescence. Once the chickenpox has resolved, the virus can remain dormant (inactive) in human nerve cells (dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerves) for years or decades, after which it may reactivate. Shingles results when the dormant varicella virus is reactivated. The virus then travels along nerve bodies to nerve endings in the skin, producing blisters. During an outbreak of shingles, exposure to the varicella virus found in shingles blisters can cause chickenpox in someone who has not yet had chickenpox, although that person will not suffer from shingles, at least on the first infection. How the virus remains dormant in the body or subsequently re-activates is not well understood.

The disease has been recognized since ancient times. Risk factors for reactivation of the dormant virus include old age, poor immune function, and having contracted chickenpox before 18 months of age. Diagnosis is typically based on the signs and symptoms presented. Varicella zoster virus is not the same as herpes simplex virus, although they belong to the same family of herpesviruses.

Shingles vaccines reduce the risk of shingles by 50% to 90%, depending on the vaccine used. Vaccination also decreases rates of postherpetic neuralgia, and, if shingles occurs, its severity. If shingles develops, antiviral medications such as aciclovir can reduce the severity and duration of disease if started within 72 hours of the appearance of the rash. Evidence does not show a significant effect of antivirals or steroids on rates of postherpetic neuralgia. Paracetamol, NSAIDs, or opioids may be used to help with acute pain.

It is estimated that about a third of people develop shingles at some point in their lives. While shingles is more common among older people, children may also get the disease. According to the US National Institutes of Health, the number of new cases per year ranges from 1.2 to 3.4 per 1,000 person-years among healthy individuals to 3.9 to 11.8 per 1,000 person-years among those older than 65 years of age. About half of those living to age 85 will have at least one attack, and fewer than 5% will have more than one attack. Although symptoms can be severe, risk of death is very low: 0.28 to 0.69 deaths per million.

Signs and symptoms

The earliest symptoms of shingles, which include headache, fever, and malaise, are nonspecific, and may result in an incorrect diagnosis. These symptoms are commonly followed by sensations of burning pain, itching, hyperesthesia (oversensitivity), or paresthesia ("pins and needles": tingling, pricking, or numbness). Pain can be mild to severe in the affected dermatome, with sensations that are often described as stinging, tingling, aching, numbing or throbbing, and can be interspersed with quick stabs of agonizing pain.

Shingles in children is often painless, but people are more likely to get shingles as they age, and the disease tends to be more severe.

In most cases, after one to two daysbut sometimes as long as three weeksthe initial phase is followed by the appearance of the characteristic skin rash. The pain and rash most commonly occur on the torso but can appear on the face, eyes, or other parts of the body. At first, the rash appears similar to the first appearance of hives; however, unlike hives, shingles causes skin changes limited to a dermatome, normally resulting in a stripe or belt-like pattern that is limited to one side of the body and does not cross the midline.  Zoster sine herpete ("zoster without herpes") describes a person who has all of the symptoms of shingles except this characteristic rash.

Later the rash becomes vesicular, forming small blisters filled with a serous exudate, as the fever and general malaise continue. The painful vesicles eventually become cloudy or darkened as they fill with blood, and crust over within seven to ten days; usually the crusts fall off and the skin heals, but sometimes, after severe blistering, scarring and discolored skin remain.  The blister fluid contains varicella zoster virus, which can be transmitted through contact or inhalation of fluid droplets until the lesions crust over, which may take up to four weeks.

Face
Shingles may have additional symptoms, depending on the dermatome involved. The trigeminal nerve is the most commonly involved nerve, of which the ophthalmic division is the most commonly involved branch. When the virus is reactivated in this nerve branch it is termed zoster ophthalmicus. The skin of the forehead, upper eyelid and orbit of the eye may be involved. Zoster ophthalmicus occurs in approximately 10% to 25% of cases. In some people, symptoms may include conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, and optic nerve palsies that can sometimes cause chronic ocular inflammation, loss of vision, and debilitating pain.

Shingles oticus, also known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II, involves the ear. It is thought to result from the virus spreading from the facial nerve to the vestibulocochlear nerve. Symptoms include hearing loss and vertigo (rotational dizziness).

Shingles may occur in the mouth if the maxillary or mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve is affected, in which the rash may appear on the mucous membrane of the upper jaw (usually the palate, sometimes the gums of the upper teeth) or the lower jaw (tongue or gums of the lower teeth) respectively. Oral involvement may occur alone or in combination with a rash on the skin over the cutaneous distribution of the same trigeminal branch. As with shingles of the skin, the lesions tend to only involve one side, distinguishing it from other oral blistering conditions. In the mouth, shingles appears initially as 1–4 mm opaque blisters (vesicles), which break down quickly to leave ulcers that heal within 10–14 days. The prodromal pain (before the rash) may be confused with toothache. Sometimes this leads to unnecessary dental treatment. Post-herpetic neuralgia uncommonly is associated with shingles in the mouth. Unusual complications may occur with intra-oral shingles that are not seen elsewhere. Due to the close relationship of blood vessels to nerves, the virus can spread to involve the blood vessels and compromise the blood supply, sometimes causing ischemic necrosis. In rare cases, oral involvement causes complications such as osteonecrosis, tooth loss, periodontitis (gum disease), pulp calcification, pulp necrosis, periapical lesions and tooth developmental anomalies.

Disseminated shingles
In those with deficits in immune function, disseminated shingles may occur (wide rash).
It is defined as more than 20 skin lesions appearing outside either the primarily affected dermatome or dermatomes directly adjacent to it. Besides the skin, other organs, such as the liver or brain, may also be affected (causing hepatitis or encephalitis, respectively), making the condition potentially lethal.

Pathophysiology

The causative agent for shingles is the varicella zoster virus (VZV) – a double-stranded DNA virus related to the herpes simplex virus. Most individuals are infected with this virus as children which causes an episode of chickenpox. The immune system eventually eliminates the virus from most locations, but it remains dormant (or latent) in the ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord (called the dorsal root ganglion) or the trigeminal ganglion in the base of the skull.

Shingles occurs only in people who have been previously infected with VZV; although it can occur at any age, approximately half of the cases in the United States occur in those aged 50 years or older. Shingles can recur. In contrast to the frequent recurrence of herpes simplex symptoms, repeated attacks of shingles are unusual. It is extremely rare for a person to have more than three recurrences.

The disease results from virus particles in a single sensory ganglion switching from their latent phase to their active phase. Due to difficulties in studying VZV reactivation directly in humans (leading to reliance on small-animal models), its latency is less well understood than that of the herpes simplex virus.  Virus-specific proteins continue to be made by the infected cells during the latent period, so true latency, as opposed to chronic, low-level, active infection, has not been proven to occur in VZV infections. Although VZV has been detected in autopsies of nervous tissue, there are no methods to find dormant virus in the ganglia of living people.

Unless the immune system is compromised, it suppresses reactivation of the virus and prevents shingles outbreaks. Why this suppression sometimes fails is poorly understood, but shingles is more likely to occur in people whose immune systems are impaired due to aging, immunosuppressive therapy, psychological stress, or other factors. Upon reactivation, the virus replicates in neuronal cell bodies, and virions are shed from the cells and carried down the axons to the area of skin innervated by that ganglion. In the skin, the virus causes local inflammation and blistering. The short- and long-term pain caused by shingles outbreaks originates from inflammation of affected nerves due to the widespread growth of the virus in those areas.

As with chickenpox and other forms of alpha-herpesvirus infection, direct contact with an active rash can spread the virus to a person who lacks immunity to it. This newly infected individual may then develop chickenpox, but will not immediately develop shingles.

The complete sequence of the viral genome was published in 1986.

Diagnosis

If the rash has appeared, identifying this disease (making a differential diagnosis) requires only a visual examination, since very few diseases produce a rash in a dermatomal pattern (sometimes called by doctors on TV "a dermatonal map"). However, herpes simplex virus (HSV) can occasionally produce a rash in such a pattern (zosteriform herpes simplex).

When the rash is absent (early or late in the disease, or in the case of ), shingles can be difficult to diagnose. Apart from the rash, most symptoms can occur also in other conditions.

Laboratory tests are available to diagnose shingles. The most popular test detects VZV-specific IgM antibody in blood; this appears only during chickenpox or shingles and not while the virus is dormant. In larger laboratories, lymph collected from a blister is tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for VZV DNA, or examined with an electron microscope for virus particles. Molecular biology tests based on in vitro nucleic acid amplification (PCR tests) are currently considered the most reliable. Nested PCR test has high sensitivity, but is susceptible to contamination leading to false positive results. The latest real-time PCR tests are rapid, easy to perform, and as sensitive as nested PCR, and have a lower risk of contamination. They also have more sensitivity than viral cultures.

Differential diagnosis
Shingles can be confused with herpes simplex, dermatitis herpetiformis and impetigo, and skin reactions caused by contact dermatitis, candidiasis, certain drugs and insect bites.

Prevention

Shingles risk can be reduced in children by the chickenpox vaccine if the vaccine is administered before the individual gets chickenpox. If primary infection has already occurred, there are shingles vaccines that reduce the risk of developing shingles or developing severe shingles if the disease occurs. They include a live attenuated virus vaccine, Zostavax, and an adjuvanted subunit vaccine, Shingrix.

A review by Cochrane concluded that Zostavax was useful for preventing shingles for at least three years. This equates to about 50% relative risk reduction. The vaccine reduced rates of persistent, severe pain after shingles by 66% in people who contracted shingles despite vaccination. Vaccine efficacy was maintained through four years of follow up. It has been recommended that people with primary or acquired immunodeficiency should not receive the live vaccine.

Two doses of Shingrix are recommended, which provide about 90% protection at 3.5 years. As of 2016, it had been studied only in people with an intact immune system. It appears to also be effective in the very old.

In the UK, shingles vaccination is offered by the National Health Service (NHS) to all people in their 70s.  Zostavax is the usual vaccine, but Shingrix vaccine is recommended if Zostavax is unsuitable, for example for those with immune system issues. Vaccination is not available to people over 80 as "it seems to be less effective in this age group". By August 2017, just under half of eligible 70–78 year olds had been vaccinated. About 3% of those eligible by age have conditions that suppress their immune system, and should not receive Zostavax. There had been 1,104 adverse reaction reports by April 2018. In the US, it is recommended that healthy adults 50 years and older receive two doses of Shingrix, two to six months apart.

Treatment
The aims of treatment are to limit the severity and duration of pain, shorten the duration of a shingles episode, and reduce complications. Symptomatic treatment is often needed for the complication of postherpetic neuralgia.
However, a study on untreated shingles shows that, once the rash has cleared, postherpetic neuralgia is very rare in people under 50 and wears off in time; in older people, the pain wore off more slowly, but even in people over 70, 85% were free from pain a year after their shingles outbreak.

Analgesics
People with mild to moderate pain can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications. Topical lotions containing calamine can be used on the rash or blisters and may be soothing. Occasionally, severe pain may require an opioid medication, such as morphine. Once the lesions have crusted over, capsaicin cream (Zostrix) can be used. Topical lidocaine and nerve blocks may also reduce pain. Administering gabapentin along with antivirals may offer relief of postherpetic neuralgia.

Antivirals
Antiviral drugs may reduce the severity and duration of shingles; however, they do not prevent postherpetic neuralgia. Of these drugs, aciclovir has been the standard treatment, but the newer drugs valaciclovir and famciclovir demonstrate similar or superior efficacy and good safety and tolerability. The drugs are used both for prevention (for example in people with HIV/AIDS) and as therapy during the acute phase. Complications in immunocompromised individuals with shingles may be reduced with intravenous aciclovir. In people who are at a high risk for repeated attacks of shingles, five daily oral doses of aciclovir are usually effective.

Steroids
Corticosteroids do not appear to decrease the risk of long-term pain. Side effects however appear to be minimal. Their use in Ramsay Hunt syndrome had not been properly studied as of 2008.

Zoster ophthalmicus

Treatment for zoster ophthalmicus is similar to standard treatment for shingles at other sites. A trial comparing acyclovir with its prodrug, valacyclovir, demonstrated similar efficacies in treating this form of the disease.

Prognosis
The rash and pain usually subside within three to five weeks, but about one in five people develop a painful condition called postherpetic neuralgia, which is often difficult to manage. In some people, shingles can reactivate presenting as zoster sine herpete: pain radiating along the path of a single spinal nerve (a dermatomal distribution), but without an accompanying rash. This condition may involve complications that affect several levels of the nervous system and cause many cranial neuropathies, polyneuritis, myelitis, or aseptic meningitis. Other serious effects that may occur in some cases include partial facial paralysis (usually temporary), ear damage, or encephalitis. Although initial infections with VZV during pregnancy, causing chickenpox, may lead to infection of the fetus and complications in the newborn, chronic infection or reactivation in shingles are not associated with fetal infection.

There is a slightly increased risk of developing cancer after a shingles episode. However, the mechanism is unclear and mortality from cancer did not appear to increase as a direct result of the presence of the virus. Instead, the increased risk may result from the immune suppression that allows the reactivation of the virus.

Although shingles typically resolves within 3–5 weeks, certain complications may arise:
 Secondary bacterial infection.
 Motor involvement, including weakness especially in "motor herpes zoster".
 Eye involvement: trigeminal nerve involvement (as seen in herpes ophthalmicus) should be treated early and aggressively as it may lead to blindness. Involvement of the tip of the nose in the zoster rash is a strong predictor of herpes ophthalmicus.
 Postherpetic neuralgia, a condition of chronic pain following shingles.

Epidemiology

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) has a high level of infectivity and has a worldwide prevalence. Shingles is a re-activation of latent VZV infection: zoster can only occur in someone who has previously had chickenpox (varicella).

Shingles has no relationship to season and does not occur in epidemics. There is, however, a strong relationship with increasing age. The incidence rate of shingles ranges from 1.2 to 3.4 per 1,000 person‐years among younger healthy individuals, increasing to 3.9–11.8 per 1,000 person‐years among those older than 65 years, and incidence rates worldwide are similar.
This relationship with age has been demonstrated in many countries, and is attributed to the fact that cellular immunity declines as people grow older.

Another important risk factor is immunosuppression. Other risk factors include psychological stress. According to a study in North Carolina, "black subjects were significantly less likely to develop zoster than were white subjects." It is unclear whether the risk is different by sex. Other potential risk factors include mechanical trauma and exposure to immunotoxins.

There is no strong evidence for a genetic link or a link to family history. A 2008 study showed that people with close relatives who had shingles were twice as likely to develop it themselves, but a 2010 study found no such link.

Adults with latent VZV infection who are exposed intermittently to children with chickenpox receive an immune boost. This periodic boost to the immune system helps to prevent shingles in older adults. When routine chickenpox vaccination was introduced in the United States, there was concern that, because older adults would no longer receive this natural periodic boost, there would be an increase in the incidence of shingles.

Multiple studies and surveillance data, at least when viewed superficially, demonstrate no consistent trends in incidence in the U.S. since the chickenpox vaccination program began in 1995. However, upon closer inspection, the two studies that showed no increase in shingles incidence were conducted among populations where varicella vaccination was not as yet widespread in the community. A later study by Patel et al. concluded that since the introduction of the chickenpox vaccine, hospitalization costs for complications of shingles increased by more than $700 million annually for those over age 60. Another study by Yih et al. reported that as varicella vaccine coverage in children increased, the incidence of varicella decreased, and the occurrence of shingles among adults increased by 90%. The results of a further study by Yawn et al. showed a 28% increase in shingles incidence from 1996 to 2001. It is likely that incidence rate will change in the future, due to the aging of the population, changes in therapy for malignant and autoimmune diseases, and changes in chickenpox vaccination rates; a wide adoption of zoster vaccination could dramatically reduce the incidence rate.

In one study, it was estimated that 26% of those who contract shingles eventually present complications. Postherpetic neuralgia arises in approximately 20% of people with shingles. A study of 1994 California data found hospitalization rates of 2.1 per 100,000 person-years, rising to 9.3 per 100,000 person-years for ages 60 and up. An earlier Connecticut study found a higher hospitalization rate; the difference may be due to the prevalence of HIV in the earlier study, or to the introduction of antivirals in California before 1994.

History
Shingles has a long recorded history, although historical accounts fail to distinguish the blistering caused by VZV and those caused by smallpox, ergotism, and erysipelas. In the late 18th century William Heberden established a way to differentiate shingles and smallpox, and in the late 19th century, shingles was differentiated from erysipelas. In 1831 Richard Bright hypothesized that the disease arose from the dorsal root ganglion, and an 1861 paper by Felix von Bärensprung confirmed this.

Recognition that chickenpox and shingles were caused by the same virus came at the beginning of the 20th century. Physicians began to report that cases of shingles were often followed by chickenpox in younger people who lived with the person with shingles. The idea of an association between the two diseases gained strength when it was shown that lymph from a person with shingles could induce chickenpox in young volunteers. This was finally proved by the first isolation of the virus in cell cultures, by the Nobel laureate Thomas Huckle Weller, in 1953. Some sources also attribute the first isolation of the herpes zoster virus to Evelyn Nicol.

Until the 1940s the disease was considered benign, and serious complications were thought to be very rare. However, by 1942, it was recognized that shingles was a more serious disease in adults than in children and that it increased in frequency with advancing age. Further studies during the 1950s on immunosuppressed individuals showed that the disease was not as benign as once thought, and the search for various therapeutic and preventive measures began. By the mid-1960s, several studies identified the gradual reduction in cellular immunity in old age, observing that in a cohort of 1,000 people who lived to the age of 85, approximately 500 (i.e., 50%) would have at least one attack of shingles, and 10 (i.e., 1%) would have at least two attacks.

In historical shingles studies, shingles incidence generally increased with age. However, in his 1965 paper, Hope-Simpson suggested that the "peculiar age distribution of zoster may in part reflect the frequency with which the different age groups encounter cases of varicella and because of the ensuing boost to their antibody protection have their attacks of zoster postponed".
Lending support to this hypothesis that contact with children with chickenpox boosts adult cell-mediated immunity to help postpone or suppress shingles, a study by Thomas et al. reported that adults in households with children had lower rates of shingles than households without children. Also, the study by Terada et al. indicated that pediatricians reflected incidence rates from 1/2 to 1/8 that of the general population their age.

Etymology
The family name of all the herpesviruses derives from the Greek word , from  ("to creep"), referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses. Zoster comes from Greek , meaning "belt" or "girdle", after the characteristic belt-like dermatomal rash. The common name for the disease, shingles, derives from the Latin , a variant of Latin , meaning "girdle".

Research
Until the mid-1990s, infectious complications of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by VZV reactivation were regarded as rare. The presence of rash, as well as specific neurological symptoms, were required to diagnose a CNS infection caused by VZV. Since 2000, PCR testing has become more widely used, and the number of diagnosed cases of CNS infection has increased.

Classic textbook descriptions state that VZV reactivation in the CNS is restricted to immunocompromised individuals and the elderly; however, studies have found that most participants are immunocompetent, and less than 60 years old. Historically, vesicular rash was considered a characteristic finding, but studies have found that rash is only present in 45% of cases.
In addition, systemic inflammation is not as reliable an indicator as previously thought: the mean level of C-reactive protein and mean white blood cell count are within the normal range in participants with VZV meningitis.
MRI and CT scans are usually normal in cases of VZV reactivation in the CNS. CSF pleocytosis, previously thought to be a strong indicator of VZV encephalitis, was absent in half of a group of people diagnosed with VZV encephalitis by PCR.

The frequency of CNS infections presented at the emergency room of a community hospital is not negligible, so a means of diagnosing cases is needed. PCR is not a foolproof method of diagnosis, but because so many other indicators have turned out to not be reliable in diagnosing VZV infections in the CNS, screening for VZV by PCR is recommended. Negative PCR does not rule out VZV involvement, but a positive PCR can be used for diagnosis, and appropriate treatment started (for example, antivirals can be prescribed rather than antibiotics).

The introduction of DNA analysis techniques has shown some complications of varicella-zoster to be more common than previously thought. For example, sporadic meningoencephalitis (ME) caused by varicella-zoster was regarded as rare disease, mostly related to childhood chickenpox. However, meningoencephalitis caused by varicella-zoster is increasingly recognized as a predominant cause of ME among immunocompetent adults in non-epidemic circumstances.

Diagnosis of complications of varicella-zoster, particularly in cases where the disease reactivates after years or decades of latency, is difficult. A rash (shingles) can be present or absent. Symptoms vary, and there is a significant overlap in symptoms with herpes-simplex symptoms.

Although DNA analysis techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to look for DNA of herpesviruses in spinal fluid or blood, the results may be negative, even in cases where other definitive symptoms exist. Notwithstanding these limitations, the use of PCR has resulted in an advance in the state of the art in our understanding of herpesviruses, including VZV, during the 1990s and 2000s. For example, in the past, clinicians believed that encephalitis was caused by herpes simplex and that people always died or developed serious long-term function problems. People were diagnosed at autopsy or by brain biopsy. Brain biopsy is not undertaken lightly: it is reserved only for serious cases that cannot be diagnosed by less invasive methods. For this reason, knowledge of these herpes virus conditions was limited to severe cases. DNA techniques have made it possible to diagnose "mild" cases, caused by VZV or HSV, in which the symptoms include fever, headache, and altered mental status. Mortality rates in treated people are decreasing.

References

Further reading

External links

 NINDS Shingles Information Page, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Betaherpesvirinae
Chickenpox
Oral mucosal pathology
Viral diseases
Varicella zoster virus-associated diseases
Virus-related cutaneous conditions
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Shingles


La litière forestière fermentée (LiFoFer) est une pratique culturale restauratrice des sols dégradés.

Elle consiste à substituer aux intrants chimiques de produit de la fermentation anaérobie de litière prélevée en forêt et enrichie de sous-produits agricoles riches en glucides simples, comme par exemple de la mélasse, en amidon ou en cellulose en présence de ferments lactiques.

Cette pratique a fait ses preuves en Asie et en Amérique latine où elle contribue à la restauration de la biodiversité des sols.

Historique
Dans les années 1980 au Japon, le professeur Teruo Higa, conscient de l'appauvrissement des sols sous l'effet des intrants chimiques, promeut la notion de microorganismes efficaces en mélangeant des microorganismes d'aliments fermentés comme les miso, shōyu, tempeh à des microorganismes de compostage et à d'autres typiques de la rhizosphère arboricole.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Litière (écologie)
 Bois raméal fragmenté
 Biodiversité du sol
 Développement durable
 Espaces verts écologiques
 Microorganismes efficaces
 Intrant

Liens externes

Gestion durable des espaces verts

Litière forestière fermentée


Thomas "Tommy" Ho (* 17. Juni 1973 in Winter Haven, Florida) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Tennisspieler.

Leben
Ho trat im Alter von 15 Jahren bei den US Open 1988 an, schied jedoch in der ersten Runde aus. Kurz darauf gewann er in Rye Brook sein erstes Match auf der ATP World Tour. Im Einzel war er deutlich weniger erfolgreich als im Doppel; allerdings gelangen ihm auf der ATP Challenger Tour zwischen 1990 und 1995 vier Einzeltitel. Den Höhepunkt seiner Karriere erlebte er in den Jahren 1994 und 1995, beginnend mit dem Doppeltitel von Peking an der Seite von Kent Kinnear. Mit wechselnden Partnern gewann er 1995 das Masters-Turnier von Indian Wells, den Doppeltitel von Hongkong und verteidigte den Titel in Peking. Beim International Series Gold-Turnier von Memphis stand er im Finale, zudem erreichte er das Halbfinale der Doppelkonkurrenz der French Open, wo er an der Seite von Brett Steven gegen die späteren Champions Jacco Eltingh und Paul Haarhuis glatt in zwei Sätzen verlor. Seine höchste Notierung in der Tennis-Weltrangliste erreichte er 1995 mit Position 85 im Einzel sowie 1996 mit Position 13 im Doppel.

Eine Rückenverletzung zwang Ho zum Rücktritt vom Tennissport.

Turniersiege

Doppel

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Tennisspieler (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1973
Mann

Tommy Ho


El VI Batallón Aéreo de Reemplazo (VI. Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung) fue una unidad de la Luftwaffe de la Alemania nazi.

Historia
Fue formado en abril de 1942 en Hesepe bei Bramsche. En 1943 estuvo en Krefeld.

Comandantes
 Teniente Coronel Max Krug (23 de abril de 1942 - 16 de abril de 1943)
 Teniente Coronel Hans-Egon Reisch (27 de junio de 1944 - 8 de mayo de 1945)

Referencias
 WW2 - VI. Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung

Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)
Batallones aéreos de reemplazo
Unidades militares alemanas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

VI Batallón Aéreo de Reemplazo


Peter Hugh Pocklington (born November 18, 1941) is a entrepreneur and vocal advocate of free-market capitalism.

Peter Pocklington was known among North American hockey fans as "Peter Puck", an entrepreneur from oil-rich Alberta who was also the owner of the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Edmonton Oilers. He earned the enmity of many Canadians when he sold hockey's greatest player, Wayne Gretzky, to the Los Angeles Kings.

Pocklington's life experiences were extensively documented in the 2009 biography, I'd Trade Him Again: On Gretzky, Politics and the Pursuit of the Perfect Deal, written by Terry McConnell and J'lyn Nye. The book's title was inspired by Pocklington's ongoing conviction the Gretzky trade was the right deal at the right time and had a positive impact on all parties concerned: the Oilers, the Kings, Gretzky and the game itself.

Early life and career
Pocklington was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, to Basil Cohen Pocklington, an insurance executive who had immigrated from England as a young man, and his wife, Eileen (Dempsey), and grew up in London, Ontario.

The greatest influence on young Pocklington was the legendary motivational speaker Earl Nightingale and his best-selling recording, The Strangest Secret. "It literally stated, 'You become what you think about,' " Pocklington told his biographers. He says he still has the record today.

One of his earliest business ventures was to find old cars on the farms around his maternal grandparents' home in Carberry, Manitoba, buy them for $25, then ship them to Ontario by train, where he sold them for upwards of $500. Because of the West's dry, cold climate, the cars, many of them 25 to 40 years old, were in better shape than comparable vehicles that had been driven on Ontario's salted roads.

By the time Pocklington was 25, he owned his first car dealership, Westown Ford in Tilbury, Ontario. At the time, he was the youngest Ford dealer in Canada. Within a few years he had sold the Tilbury dealership and bought another in nearby Chatham. By 1971, when Pocklington was only 29, he left Ontario and moved west, where he bought Shirley Ford in Edmonton, Alberta. Within a few years, Pocklington was running the most successful Ford dealership in Canada. He also had the cash flow to buy Edmonton's fledgling team in the World Hockey Association (WHA), the Edmonton Oilers.

Sports owner
Pocklington would come to operate several businesses over the next several years, but he has always said owning sports teams gave him the most satisfaction.

The man who came to be known as "Peter Puck" bought part ownership of the Edmonton Oilers in 1976. According to his biography, he offered a diamond ring his wife was wearing to dinner as his downpayment. Within a year, Pocklington bought out his partner, Nelson Skalbania, who would later own the WHA's Indianapolis Racers. It was also from Skalbania that Pocklington acquired perhaps the greatest hockey player ever. In the fall of 1978, Skalbania offered Pocklington the rights to a 17-year-old phenom Wayne Gretzky. The Oilers' owner did not hesitate to do the deal. A few months later, Pocklington parlayed the Gretzky signing into a merger between the WHA and the National Hockey League (NHL); with this, the Oilers became members of the NHL. Five years later, the Oilers would win their first of five Stanley Cup championships they would capture under Pocklington's ownership.

Over the next 18 years, Pocklington also owned the Edmonton Trappers of baseball's Pacific Coast League, the Edmonton Drillers of the North American Soccer League and the National Professional Soccer League, the Edmonton Brick Men of the Canadian Soccer League, and the Kamloops Junior Oilers of the Western Hockey League.

Entrepreneur
Edmonton in the 1970s was experiencing explosive growth fuelled by an oil boom and several fortunes were made, not only by Pocklington but by the likes of Pat Bowlen, later owner of the National Football League's Denver Broncos. Pocklington's business empire eventually exceeded $2 billion in sales; massive real estate holdings throughout Alberta and Ontario; Fidelity Trust, one of Canada's largest trust companies; Palm Dairies, one of the largest retailers of dairy products in Western Canada; Canbra Foods, a canola manufacturer; Magic Pantry, which sold prepared foods that did not require refrigeration; Kretschmar Foods, which serviced restaurants; Green Acre Farms, a chicken-processing company with plants in Texas and Mississippi; and Gainers, an Edmonton-based beef- and pork-packing company.

Hostage-taking
Pocklington was also taken hostage by a gunman who broke into his home. "I thought I was bullet-proof—until I was shot," Pocklington told his biographers. The kidnapper was caught and Pocklington made a full recovery. The plan of the kidnapper, Petrović, was to kidnap Eva Pocklington, but she escaped. The other two people in the house were released, leaving Pocklington, who was with the gunman for 11 hours while he negotiated a $2 million ransom. However, before the ransom could be paid, police snuck into the house and shot both Petrović and Pocklington, wounding both men. They each made a full recovery and Petrović served five years in an Alberta prison before he was released and returned to Yugoslavia.

Politics
In 1983, Pocklington entered the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership convention. He campaigned on a platform of free trade with the United States, privatizing government-owned Crown corporations like Air Canada, Petro-Canada and Canadian National Railway, retiring the national debt and implementing a flat tax. In the end, Pocklington fell far below his expectations of delegates; one advisor jokingly guessed "99", Gretzky's sweater number, and Pocklington came close in receiving 102 delegates. He withdrew his candidacy before the second ballot and supported the eventual winner Brian Mulroney, who would adopt some of Pocklington's policies while in government.

Philanthropy
Pocklington was an active philanthropist for many years in Edmonton. Among his gifts were $1.5 million he helped raise for the Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation; $1 million for the Jamie Platz YMCA; $300,000 for the Glen Sather Sports Medicine Clinic at the University of Alberta; $250,000 to establish a free-enterprise chair at the University of Alberta's School of Business; and upwards of $2 million for Junior Achievement. It was through his charitable works that he became close friends with famed tenor Luciano Pavarotti, former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, and former U.S. presidents Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush. From 1995 to 2010, Pocklington served as a member of the board of directors for the Betty Ford Center.

Leaving Canada for the United States
In 1998, after selling the Oilers, Pocklington moved to the U.S. with his wife Eva, and settled in Palm Desert, California. He remains active in business and philanthropic pursuits there, and was for a long time member of the board of directors at the Betty Ford Center. While Pocklington remains a controversial figure in Canada because of the Gretzky trade, he has his fans, too. On October 8, 2014, Pocklington was invited back to Edmonton when the Oilers organized a 30-year reunion of their first Stanley Cup championship team. When he was introduced, he received a standing ovation from the 17,000 fans in attendance.

Controversies

Gainers strike
While Pocklington's business empire realized its successes, it suffered its failures, too. Prime interest rates in the early 1980s topped out at 18.5%, a development that sapped the oil boom of its strength, collapsed the real estate market and sank Fidelity Trust in a sea of declining property values.

Pocklington's labour dispute with the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) union ended up crippling Gainers, which at the time was Canada's second-largest meat packer. During the union's six-month strike, Pocklington used strikebreakers, primarily from Quebec, to keep the plant operating despite the picket lines, a decision that earned him the enmity of Canada's labour movement. Eventually, he agreed to settle the strike and rehire the striking workers at the request of the Alberta government. In return, says Pocklington in his biography, then-Premier of Alberta Don Getty agreed to give Gainers an interest-free loan of $50 million. Gainers would give the province 10% of its operating profit every year for the next four years, and repay a conventional mortgage after that. Pocklington also insisted the province disband its pork marketing board, which fixed prices on pork at a rate higher than what the meat packers could sell it in the marketplace. Instead, the government gave Gainers $55 million at 10.5% interest, refusing to disband the marketing board. "They said, 'Take it or leave it,'" Pocklington told his biographers. Crippled with a debt-servicing cost it did not anticipate and handicapped by inflated production costs created by the marketing board, Gainers immediately began to drown in debt. Loan repayments were missed and within three years, the Alberta government took over Gainers. The province lost $89 million on the venture in the four years it operated Gainers—more than double the rate of loss in Pocklington's last few years at the helm—and eventually sold the company for 1/20 of the price Pocklington paid for it 11 years earlier.

Stanley Cup

After the Edmonton Oilers won their first Stanley Cup in 1983–84, Peter Pocklington included his father, Basil Pocklington, on the list of people and players who were to have their names engraved on the trophy. The NHL did not check the validity of the names on the list, and the Cup was engraved as usual. NHL executives, via the Hockey Hall of Fame, had the engraver strike out the name of the senior Pocklington by engraving a series of Xs over his name. When Peter Pocklington was confronted with the issue, he protested it was the engraver's fault, not his, that the engraver had mixed up the people who were actually technical members of the team (Basil was not one of them) with a list of individuals who were to receive miniature replica Cups (Basil was one of them).

After this error, the NHL and Hockey Hall of Fame adopted policies to confirm the roster and the relation of the people on the engraving list to the championship team. Of the two dozen engraving errors that appear on the Stanley Cup all but one are spelling errors. Basil Pocklington was the only name that was covered until November 2021, when the Hall of Fame struck the name of 2009–10 Chicago Blackhawks video coach Brad Aldrich due to sexual assault charges during that season.

Gretzky trade

On August 9, 1988, Pocklington shocked hockey fans by trading Gretzky to the Los Angeles Kings for Jimmy Carson, Martin Gélinas, $15 million cash, and the Kings' first-round draft picks in 1989, 1991 and 1993. One member of the House of Commons of Canada demanded the government block the trade, another man burned Pocklington in effigy, and Gretzky's bride, actress Janet Jones, was branded hockey's "Yoko Ono".

There is debate as to whether Gretzky "jumped" or was "pushed". A book by former Kings owner Bruce McNall quotes Pocklington as saying Gretzky had become impossible to deal with since he began dating Jones, who let it be known that she was not going to live in Edmonton after they got married. Pocklington claims he has had only nice things to say about the couple, yet he has repeatedly defended the trade as being a sound business decision that he would not hesitate to make again. However, he would later admit the trade to be a difficult and regrettable decision, but nevertheless a vital transaction to keep the team financially afloat.

Losing the Oilers
By the late 1980s, increasing player salaries led the Oilers to trade Gretzky and other stars, such as Paul Coffey, Mark Messier, Jari Kurri, Glenn Anderson, Kevin Lowe and Grant Fuhr. By the mid-1990s, the Oilers were still losing money and Pocklington expressed an unwillingness to use his other businesses to bankroll his hockey team. He publicly threatened to move the team to Hamilton and Minneapolis, but never made good on the threats. He would almost sell the team to then Houston Rockets owner Les Alexander, and the team almost moved there until the team was bought by a locally-based investors group shortly before the team concluded its 1997-98 season in May 1998, which elected to keep them in Edmonton.

Pocklington operated the team on a line of credit, paying 19% interest to the Alberta Treasury Branches (ATB). He asked the ATB to convert the outstanding amount, about $120 million into a conventional mortgage he could pay down. The ATB refused and instead called his loan. His remaining business empire was sold off piece by piece, including the Oilers and Trappers and Cambra Foods. "Losing the Oilers was like having my heart torn out," Pocklington told his biographers.

Stanley Cup rings
In May 2012, Pocklington announced his family was auctioning memorabilia from his time as owner of the Oilers, including his rings from their Stanley Cup championships. According to the Edmonton Journal, this was the second time the rings were put up for auction. In 2008, an anonymous bidder offered $272,829 for the rings, but withdrew his bid amid rumours the rings were not the only set Pocklington had commissioned. Pocklington later claimed in his biography the confusion stemmed from a set of rings he had made for his father, and were sold by his father's estate in 2001. The rings offered in 2008 and again in 2012 have been certified as authentic, he said.

Business setbacks
Pocklington invested in several businesses in the U.S., including the nutraceutical maker Naturade, and golf club manufacturers Golf Gear and Sonartec. However, those investments yielded more heartache than profit, and what he claims was fiduciary malfeasance by some partners in these ventures left Pocklington the target of numerous lawsuits. In the summer of 2008, one of those suits resulted in raids by U.S. Marshals of the Pocklington home in Indian Wells, California, where a number of items belonging to his wife, including gowns, shoes and purses, as well as Andy Warhol prints of Mick Jagger, were seized. These were eventually returned.

Avoiding prison time
While a lower court had retroactively revoked Peter Pocklington's probation on a perjury conviction and sentenced him to six months in prison, the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reversed that ruling on appeal. "The Probation Office was crystal clear about the absence of anything resembling probable cause," wrote Judge Margaret McKeown. The court had earlier heard evidence that Pocklington had, over a 19-month period, failed to disclose consulting fees paid to a company controlled by his wife. Pocklington argued that was not the case, that all income was reported through tax returns and bank statements. Nevertheless, California District Court Judge Virginia A. Phillips gave Pocklington until December 9, 2013, to report to prison.

At the time, Pocklington released a statement saying, "I accept full responsibility for my actions."

On December 6, 2013, the CBC reported Pocklington would appeal his sentence, had been released on $100,000 bail and would not be reporting to prison as ordered.

On July 3, 2015, the Toronto Sun reported that the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals had reversed the ruling. In vacating Judge Phillips' original order, "The district court lacked jurisdiction to extend Pocklington's probation beyond its October 26, 2012, expiration date," the appeal court panel said in a written judgment.

Conjecture
In April 2012, investigators with the Arizona Corporation Commission alleged Pocklington and an associate, John McNeil, had engaged in securities fraud related to Crystal Pistol Resources LLC and Liberty Bell Resources 1, LLC. Pocklington vigorously denied the allegations, insisted he and McNeil had done nothing wrong, and that investors in the mining venture were not being misled. The geologists associated with the project were, according to the mining company newsletter, also vigorously defending their data. Those geologists "boast impeccable reputations and have been conscientious and thorough in their testing", Pocklington wrote in a letter to the Edmonton Journal. "We do not tell our investors anything their data is not telling us."

On June 4, 2013, a decision rendered by the Arizona Corporations Commission ordered the respondents to pay the commission $5,149,316, and an administrative penalty for $100,000. The Commission would disburse the funds on a pro-rata basis to investors. A statement by Pocklington's company was included in Canadian media accounts, which stated "the allegations of wrongdoing ... have been laid to rest" with the commission's decision. "We have done nothing wrong," Pocklington said in the release. "We have worked diligently and honestly with all of our investors and have been conscientious in guiding the company through the necessary regulatory frameworks. We are committed to raising capital in accordance with existing rules and regulations." He added that any errors were "born of inexperience and naivete, not malice or avarice", and were quickly rectified.

On December 6, 2013, a report by the CBC stated that the $5,149,316 fine remains unpaid.

Edmonton Oilers' 1984 reunion
On October 8, 2014, Pocklington was the focus of a media opportunity organized by the Edmonton Oilers Hockey Club to promote the 30-year reunion of the 1984 Stanley Cup championship team. When asked if he was concerned about the reception he would get from Edmontonians, he replied, "I really don't give a damn what some of the unwashed have to say." His comment resulted in a social media storm that continued until his appearance at the October 10 Edmonton Oilers 1985 Stanley Cup Reunion at Rexall Place in Edmonton. Media polls indicated he was in for a rough reception at the event. However, he received a standing ovation from fans in attendance. He subsequently sent letters to the editors of The Edmonton Sun. The Sun published the letter of thanks intact on October 14, 2014.

In film, print and social media
Pocklington has appeared as himself in several television series:
 30 for 30: King's Ransom (2009)
 The top 5 reasons you can't blame... The Edmonton Oilers for trading Wayne Gretzky (2005)
 ESPN SportsCentury: 1988 (2002)
 ESPN SportsCentury: Wayne Gretzky (2000)

Pocklington is also the subject of several books:
 I'd Trade Him Again: On Gretzky, Politics, and the Pursuit of the Perfect Deal by Terry McConnell, J'Lyn Nye, with Peter Pocklington (Fenn Publishing: First hardcover edition, 2009; Second paperback edition, 2010)
 The Puck Talks Here, The amazing life and turbulent times of Peter Pocklington by Terry McConnell, J'Lyn Nye, with Peter Pocklington (Terry McConnell, publisher: Paperback, April 2012; Smashwords eBook, April 2012)
 I'd Trade Him Again: Wayne Gretzky & Peter Pocklington by Terry McConnell, J'Lyn Nye, with Peter Pocklington (Terry McConnell, publisher: Smashwords eBook, 2012)

On February 24, 2012, a Los Angeles-based social media firm hired by Pocklington posted a series of six videos on "The Official YouTube Channel for Peter Pocklington." These videos, shot in the living room of Pocklington's Palm Desert home, were developed as part of a "reputation management" campaign that included accounts on Twitter (@IamPocklington) and Facebook (Peter Hugh Pocklington).

Health challenges
Pocklington has been diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration, or AMD. As a result, he no longer drives and requires others to assist in reading memos or other business correspondence to him. On October 19, 2013, The Edmonton Sun reported Pocklington would seek stem-cell treatment for his condition.

References

1941 births
Businesspeople from London, Ontario
Businesspeople from Saskatchewan
Canadian people taken hostage
Canadian male criminals
Canadian sports businesspeople
Edmonton Oilers executives
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Living people
National Hockey League executives
National Hockey League owners
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) executives
Sportspeople from London, Ontario
Sportspeople from Regina, Saskatchewan
Stanley Cup champions
World Hockey Association owners
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates
Canadian expatriate ice hockey people in the United States

Peter Pocklington


سان داوين (صينية مبسطة: 孙大文؛ صينية تقليدية: 孫大文؛ بينيين: Sūn Dàwén)، أكاديمي وبروفيسور صيني، وعضو في ست أكاديميات، بما في ذلك الأكاديمية الملكية الأيرلندية، الأكاديمية الأوروبية (أكاديمية أوروبا)، الأكاديمية البولندية للعلوم، الأكاديمية الدولية لعلوم وتكنولوجيا الأغذية،الأكاديمية الدولية للهندسة الزراعية والنظم الحيوية، والأكاديمية الدولية للتبريد. كما يشغل منصب رئيس اللجنة الدولية للهندسة الزراعية وهندسة النظم الحيوية.

حياته
وُلد البروفسور سان داوين في الصين الجنوبية. حصل على درجتي البكالوريوس والماجستير في الهندسة الميكانيكية وعلى درجة الدكتوراه في الهندسة الكيميائية بجمهورية الصين. عمل في العديد من الجامعات بأوروبا حيث أصبح في عام 1995 أول شخص يحمل الجنسية الصينية يتم تعيينه في وظيفة ثابتة بالجامعات الأيرلندية وذلك عندما تبوأ أولى وظائفه كمحاضر بالجامعة الأهلية بأيرلندا (الكلية الجامعية بدبلن) ومن حينها وهو مستمر في الترقي للوظائف الأعلى كمحاضر أول ثم أستاذ مشارك ثم أستاذ دكتورفي فترة زمنية قياسية. يعمل الدكتور سان حالياً كأستاذ لهندسة الغذاء والنظم الحيوية ومدير الجماعة البحثية المتخصصة في أبحاث تجميد الغذاء وتكنولوجيا الغذاء بواسطة الحاسب الآلى بالكلية الجامعية بدبلن.

تضمنت أنشطته البحثية العديد من المجالات مثل نظم وعمليات التبريد والتجفيف والتجميد، جودة وسلامة الغذاء، محاكاة العمليات الحيوية، وتكنولوجيا الرؤية الحاسوبية. وبصفة خاصة فقد لاقت أبحاثه في مجالات التبريد لإطالة العمر التخزيني للخضروات والفاكهة انتشاراً واسعاً إقليمياً وعالمياً مثل تفريغ الحوم المطهية ومراقبة جودة البيتزا بواسطة رؤية الحاسب واستخدام الأغلفة القابلة للأكل. نشرت نتائج أعماله في أكثر من 200 ورقة بحثية في مجلات عالمية وأكثر من 200 ورقة بحثية في مؤتمرات دولية.

وكمعلم بارز في مجال هندسة الغذاء فقد ساهم الدكتور سان بالكثير في هذا المجال حيث درب العديد من طلاب الدكتوراه والذين كانت لهم إسهاماتهم الخاصة في الصناعة والتعليم. كما ألقى بصورة منتظمة العديد من المحاضرات عن تطورات هندسة الغذاء في الكثير من المعاهد الأكاديمية الدولية والعديد من الكلمات المؤثرة في العديد من المؤتمرات الدولية. ولكونه ذو مكانة بارزة في مجال هندسة الغذاء فقد مُنح درجة الأستاذية كمشارك وزائر ومستشاراً بأكبر عشر جامعات بالصين مثل جامعة جيجيانج - جامعة شانغهاي للاتصالات - معهد هاربين للتكنولوجيا - جامعة الصين الزراعية – جامعة جنوب الصين للتكنولوجيا - جامعة جيجيانج.

وتقديراً لاسهاماته الفعالة في مجال هندسة الغذاء وقيادته المرموقة في هذا الحقل فقد منح جائزة الاستحقاق والجدارة من المفوضية الدولية للهندسة الزراعية عامي 2000 و2006. كما مُنح لقب «مهندس الغذاء لعام 2004» من معهد المهندسين الميانيكيين (IMechE) بالمملكة المتحدة. في عام 2008 منحته المفوضية الدولية للهندسة الزراعية CIGR جائزة التقدير لإنجازاته المميزة كواحداً من أفضلعشرة علماء في الهندسة الزراعية في العالم.

والبروفسور سان هو زميل معهد المهندسين الزراعيين وزميل مهندسي إيرلندا (معهد المهندسين بإيرلندا). حصل أيضاً على العديد من الجوائز للتميز في التدريس والبحث مثل زمالة رئيس دبلن جامعة للبحوث، كما حصل مرتين على جائزة رئيس الجامعة للبحوث بالكلية الجامعية بدبلن. وهو عضو في المجلس التنفيذي للمفوضية الدولية للهندسة الزراعية ونائب الرئيس الشرفي لهذه الوكالة، ورئيس تحرير مجلة تكنولوجيا الغذاء والتصنيع الحيوي، ومحرر سلسلة «هندسة الغذاء المعاصرة» ومحرر سابق بمجلة هندسة الغذاء، وعضواً بهيئة التحرير لمجلة هندسة الغذاء ومجلة هندسة التصنيع الغدائي ومجلة أجهزة ومجسات جودة وسلامة الغذاء ومجلة التشيك لعلوم الغذاء، وهو مهندس مسجل بالمجلس البريطاني بالمملكة المتحدة.

جوائز
حصل صن على العديد من الجوائز منها:

 درجة الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة بريفادا ديل نورتي في بيرو، 2018.
 عضوية كاملة (كأكاديمي) في الأكاديمية الدولية للتبريد 2018.
 زمالة الأكاديمية الدولية لهندسة النظم الزراعية والحيوية، 2016.
 زمالة الأكاديمية الدولية لعلوم وتكنولوجيا الأغذية ، 2012.
 عضو أجنبي في الأكاديمية البولندية للعلوم ، 2017.
 عضو في أكاديمية أوروبا، 2011.
 عضو الأكاديمية الملكية الأيرلندية، 2010.
 جائزة زمالة 2010، من اللجنة الدولية للهندسة الزراعية وهندسة النظم الحيوية - سابقًا الهيئة الدولية للهندسة الزراعية.
 زمالة معهد المهندسين الأيرلندي (مهندسون إيرلندا)، 2009
 جائزة تقدير 2008، من اللجنة الدولية للهندسة الزراعية.
 جائزة الزمالة 2007، من رابطة علماء الأغذية والتقنيين في الهند.
 جائزة الاستحقاق 2006، من اللجنة الدولية للهندسة الزراعية.
 جائزة أفضل مهندس أغذية 2004، من معهد المهندسين الميكانيكيين، المملكة المتحدة.
 جائزة الاستحقاق 2000، من اللجنة الدولية للهندسة الزراعية.

مؤلفات
 Hyperspectral Imaging for Food Quality Analysis and Control, Elsevier, 2009
 Infrared Spectroscopy for Food Quality Analysis and Control, Elsevier, 416 pp., ISBN 978-0-12-374136-3, 2009
 Modern Techniques for Food Authentication, Elsevier, 684 pp., ISBN 978-0-12-374085-4, 2008
 Computer Vision Technology for Food Quality Evaluation, Elsevier, 608 pp., ISBN 978-0-12-373642-0, 2008
 Computational Fluid Dynamics in Food Processing, CRC Press, 760 pp., ISBN 978-0-8493-9286-3, 2007
 Handbook of Frozen Food Processing and Packaging, CRC Press, USA, 737 pp., ISBN 978-1-57444-607-4, 2006
 Thermal Food Processing: New Technologies and Quality Issues, CRC Press, 640 pp., ISBN 978-1-57444-628-9, 2006
 Emerging Technologies for Food Processing, Elsevier, 792 pp., ISBN 978-0-12-676757-5, 2005
 Advances in Food Refrigeration, Leatherhead Publishing, 482 pp., ISBN 0-905748-83-2, 2001
 The University Structure and Curricula on Agricultural Engineering, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, 233 pp., ISBN 92-5-104447-3, 2000

هامش
 UCD Professor tops the world rankings in Agriculture Sciences
 It's cooler to work with a vacuum, FOOD manufacture magazine, pages 53–54, May 2004
 Plus magazine: Fuzzy pizza
 The Times Higher Education Supplement: Pizza's perfect with chips
 New Scientist: We hear that
 Pizza marketplace: Irish researchers develop perfect pizza scanner
 New Scientist: Soya film has fresh fruit all wrapped up
 UCD developing fruit and veg preserve, P. 12, Checkout Ireland, Vol. 28, No. 2, March, 2002
 The Daily Telegraph: Soya skin keeps fruit fresh
 Irish Times: Chilling without the pressure
 Editor-in-Chief tops the world rankings in Agriculture Sciences
 神州学人: 华人学者孙大文居农业科学世界排名前列
 神州学人: 孙大文博士当选英国皇家食品工程师年度人物
 人民日报: 爱尔兰国立大学教授孙大文获英国食品工程师年度人物
 新华网: 我心依然是中国心
 新华网: 孙大文当选英国皇家食品工程师年度人物
 潮州日报: 农业科学带头人——记爱尔兰潮籍教授孙大文
 潮州日报: 站在世界食品工程研究领域之巅 - 孙大文博士当选英国皇家食品工程师年度人物

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 http://www.ucd.ie/refrig
 http://www.ucd.ie/sun
 http://www.ucd.ie/sun/list.html

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من شاوزو
أعضاء الأكاديمية الأوروبية
أعضاء الأكاديمية الملكية الأيرلندية
أكاديميون من كلية دبلن الجامعية
أيرلنديون من أصل صيني
خريجو كلية دبلن الجامعية
دارسون وأكاديميون أيرلنديون
شتات صيني
علماء أحياء من غوانغدونغ
علماء أيرلنديون
علماء صينيون
كتاب علميون صينيون
كتاب من شاوزو
محررو نشرات دورية أكاديمية
مربون أيرلنديون
معلمون من غوانغدونغ
مهندسون حيويون
مهندسون من غوانغدونغ
مواليد في شاوزو

دا- وين سان


La route régionale 295 ()  est une route régionale allant de Hämeenkoski à Hollola jusqu'à Levanto à  Mäntsälä en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 295 est une route régionale d'Uusimaa.

Entre Hämeenkoski et Kärkölä, la toute est assez étroite et sinueuse.
Du village de Kärkölä au sud de Järvelä (Kirkkomäki), il y a aussi un itinéraire pour la circulation douce trafic le long de la route.
La route traverse à la fois le village de Kärkölä et Järvelä.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

295

Transport à Hollola
Transport à Kärkölä
Transport à Mäntsälä

Seututie 295


A Japanese kitchen knife is a type of a knife used for food preparation. These knives come in many different varieties and are often made using traditional Japanese blacksmithing techniques. They can be made from stainless steel, or hagane, which is the same kind of steel used to make Japanese swords. Most knives are referred to as  or the variation -bōchō in compound words (because of rendaku) but can have other names including . There are four general categories used to distinguish the Japanese knife designs: handle (Western vs. Japanese), blade grind (single bevel vs. double bevel), steel (stainless vs. carbon), and construction (laminated vs. monosteel).

Handles
Western handles have a bolster and a full or partial tang. These handles are often heavier but are smaller in volume and surface area than most Japanese handles. The scale materials are often synthetic or resin-cured wood and are non-porous. Chefs who prefer the feel of a Western handle enjoy a more handle-heavy balance and grip the handle closer to the blade. This allows for more weight in the cut.

Japanese handles, on the other hand are often made of ho wood which is burned in and friction fitted to a hidden tang. A buffalo horn bolster caps the handle-blade junction and prevents any splitting. This allows easy installation and replacement. The wood is porous and fine-grained, which makes it less likely to split and retain its grip. More decorative woods, such as ebony, yew, cherry, or chestnut, may be made into handles, though they are heavier and often charred on the outside to improve grip and water resistance. If they are not cured well or properly cared for, these decorative woods will crack more easily when exposed to moisture. Pak, or Pakka wood is a laminated wood also used on less expensive knives commonly replacing either the buffalo horn bolster or both the bolster and the handle. As it is held in a synthetic resin it is not porous and is waterproof. The most common wood variant is chestnut.

The most common shape is an octagon which is made with a slight taper towards the blade. Another common shape is the d shape, which is an oval handle with a ridge running along the same side as the edge bevel (right side of handle for a right handed knife). A chef that prefers a knife with more weight in the blade, their knife to be lighter overall, to have a larger handle, or one who wants to replace their knife handle more easily, will often turn to a Japanese handle.

Blades
Traditional Western knives are made with a double bevel, which tapers symmetrically to the cutting edge on each side. Single bevel knives, which only taper to one side (typically the right), can require more care and expertise when using. Japan adopted French and German cutlery ideas during the Meiji period in the late 19th century, integrating them into Japanese cutting techniques and culture. Japanese knives are often flatter than their European counterparts.
katsuobushi-kiri (): This knife is used to slice thin scales of bonito (katsuobushi) in preparation to use it as an ingredient in many dishes. The blade is short, about 65mm in length and resembles a wood carving knife.

Gyuto (): (beef-knife) This knife is known as the chef's knife used for professional Western cuisine. When preparing vegetables, it is used in the form of chopping or thrust-cutting near the heel of the knife. The gyuto is used to rock-chop stiffer produce and to make fine cuts at the tip of the knife. It is used for many different cuts of meat. For larger cuts it is used to saw back and forth. It is used to pull-cut softer meats and push-cut more muscular cuts of meat. There is usually a slope from the heel of the knife to the tip, causing the wrist to point down and the shoulder to raise when cutting. The blade size ranges from 210 mm to 270 mm, with a shorter blade being more nimble, a longer blade giving more slicing power, and a middle length for general use.

Santoku (): (three-virtues) The santoku, also called bunka bocho (culture knife), is a multipurpose knife primarily used for vegetables and fish. These knives are generally flatter than gyuto knives and have a less pointy tip. Since they are flatter, the wrist is in a more natural position and the shoulder does not need to be raised as high. These knives do not require as much room to cut. These are the most popular knives in most Japanese homes. The general size ranges from 165 mm to 180 mm.

Nakiri (): (vegetable knife) The square tip makes the knife feel more robust and secure than the pointed tip of the santoku or gyuto, which allows it to cut dense products at the tip. This knife has a flat edge. Some varieties of a nakiri have a slightly tilted blade profile towards the handle. This makes the grip more comfortable, causing the hand tilt up slightly and enabling one to use strength from their forearm when cutting. The general size ranges from 165 mm to 180 mm.
Petty: This is a smaller knife often used to accompany the gyuto for paring or for smaller produce. The general sizes range from 120 mm to 180 mm.
Sujihiki (): (muscle cutter) These are long knives used to cut meat, often in the form of a draw cut. The general sizes range from 240 mm to 300 mm.
Hankotsu: This is a butchering knife used for cattle to cut hanging meat from the bone. The general size is 150 mm.
Chukabocho (): Commonly known as the Chinese chef knife, the chukabocho has a short handle, flat profile, and a tall blade used to gain mechanical advantage. The blade is usually thicker behind the edge to cut denser ingredients and sometimes even bone.

Single bevel knives are traditional Japanese knives. They have an omote (an edge on the right for right-handers), a  (where the front bevel meets the flat of the blade face) and an  (a hollow backside that releases food). These knives are usually a little thicker at the spine and body than Japanese double bevels but are thinner right behind the edge. While they leave a better surface finish, the produce must bend further because of the thickness of the blade. These are the knives of the established traditional Japanese cuisine and were originally developed from the Chinese double bevel knives. They are sharpened along the single bevel by applying pressure to both the  and the edge. Honbazuke is the initial sharpening that forms a flat surface along the perimeter of the  strengthening it. This practice also straightens the backside and lays a shape for future sharpening. The  is sharpened much more than the  in order to maintain the function of the single bevel. Kansai style knives usually have pointed tip for vertical cuts, which helps in decorative tip work. Edo style knives have a square tip used for horizontal cuts, rendering a more robust working knife. The standard Japanese knife kit includes the yanagiba, deba, and usuba. They are essential to Washoku (和食 Japanese cuisine).

Yanagiba: (literally willow blade). The most popular knife for cutting fish, also known as shobu-bocho (sashimi knife). It is used to highlight different textures of fish in their techniques: hirazukuri to pull cut vertically, usuzukuri to pull cut thin vertically, and sogizukuri to pull cut at an angle. It is used to skin and sometimes scale and de-bone certain fish (for instance salmon). Yanagiba have angled tips and are generally heavier and have less sloping. A regional variant, takohiki (literally octopus cutter) is lighter, thinner, flatter, and shorter in blade height than yanagiba to allow easier cutting through dense flesh such as that of an octopus. General size is 270 mm to 330 mm.

Deba: Thick knives to cut through resilient fish flesh for fillet and to cut through rib bones, behind the head, and through the head. They are 5mm to 9mm thick depending on size. They include hon-deba (literally true deba), ko-deba (small deba),  (for aji),  (a smaller more pointed for use on boats), and mioroshi deba (hybrid between deba and yanagiba that are intermediate in thickness, weight, and length). The smaller sizes are less thick, allow the knife to move through flesh easily, and are much more nimble. They are still much thinner behind the edge and more fragile than a Western butcher knife. The general size is 120 mm to 210 mm.
Usuba: (literally thin blade). Thinnest of the three general knife shapes, which utilizes a flat edge profile. It is used for push cutting, katsuramuki (rotary cutting thin sheets) and  (cutting thin strips from those sheets). There is edo-usuba (square tip) and kamagata-usuba (round tip). General sizes are 180 mm to 240 mm.
Kiritsuke: hybrid with the length of yanagiba and the blade height and profile of usuba with an angled tip as a compromise. Requires great knife control because of the height, length, and flatness. General size is 240 mm to 300 mm.
Mukimono: Used along with usuba for vegetables. It has an angled tip for decorative vegetable cutting. General size is 150 mm to 210 mm.
Hamokiri: (literally pike conger cutter). It is a knife intermediate in thickness and length between deba and yanagiba to cut the thin bones and flesh of pike conger. General size is 240 mm to 300 mm.
Magurokiri: (literally tuna knife). It is used to cut perpendicular (shorter) or parallel (longer and more flexible) to the tuna and is sized accordingly. Sizes range from 400 mm to 1500 mm.
Honesuki: Used to debone chicken. A thicker version called garasuki is used to cut through bones. Most have an angled tip to slip between tendons and cut them. General size is 135 mm to 180 mm.
Sobakiri: (literally soba cutter). A variant is udonkiri (udon cutter). General size is 210 mm to 300 mm.
Unagisaki: Eel knife. Comes in variants from Kanto, Kyoto, Nagoya, and Kyushu.
Mochikiri: (literally mochi cutter). Used in preparation of mochi (Japanese rice cake). Comes in double handle or single handle variants

Steel
Defining characteristics of Japanese kitchen knives are toughness (resistance to breaking), sharpness (smallest carbide and grain for smallest apex reduce force in cutting), edge life (an index for the length of time an edge will cut based on lack of edge rolling or chipping), edge quality (toothy with large carbides or refined with small carbides), and ease of sharpening (steel easily abrades in stone and forms a sharp edge). Although each steel has its own chemical and structural limits and characteristics, the heat treatment and processing can bring out traits both inherent to the steel and like its opposite counterparts.

Stainless steel is generally tougher, less likely to chip, and less sharp than carbon. At the highest end, they retain an edge longer and are similarly sized in carbides to carbon steel. Variants include:
Powdered steel which has large carbides broken up by powdering process and sintered together under high pressure and temperature.
Semi stainless which has a less chromium-free to prevent rust of the iron and intermediate properties between carbon and stainless.
Tool steel which is heavily alloyed and may or may not be stainless.

Carbon steel is generally sharper, harder, more brittle, less tough, and becomes corroded more easily.
White steel: purified from phosphorus and sulfur and unalloyed. Comes in variants 1, 2, and 3 (from higher to lower carbon).
Blue steel: purified and alloyed with chromium and tungsten for edge life and toughness. Comes in variants 1, 2.
Super blue steel: blue steel alloyed with molybdenum and vanadium and more carbon for longer edge life but a little more brittle.

Construction

Monosteel blades are usually harder to sharpen and thinner than laminated blades. 3 Kinds of monosteel blades are:
Zenko – stamped out;
Honyaki – forged down from carbon steel with differential hardening;
Forged down from a billet without differential hardening

Laminated blades come in 3 different types: awase (meaning mixed, for mixed steel), kasumi (meaning misty, referring to the misty look of iron after sharpening), and hon-kasumi (higher quality kasumi). Forming a laminated blade involves 2 pieces of steel, the jigane and the hagane. The jigane refers to soft cladding, or skin, and hagane refers to hard cutting steel. Both commonly contain carbon or stainless steel. This combination of metals makes laminated blades corrosion-resistant with the stainless steel, and strong with the high carbon steel. Constructions like stainless cladding over a carbon steel core are less common due to manufacturing difficulty. The jigane allows the knife to be sharpened more easily and absorb shock. It also makes the hagane harder without making the whole blade fragile. The two forms of laminated blades are:

Ni-mai – jigane with hagane;
San-mai – hagane sandwiched between jigane

A variation on the traditional laminated blade style is to form an artistic pattern in the jigane. Patterns include:
Suminagashi;
Damascus;
Kitaeji;
Mokume-gane;
Watetsu

Production

A great deal of high-quality Japanese cutlery originates from Sakai, the capital of samurai sword manufacturing since the 14th century. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the samurai were banned from carrying swords as part of an attempt to modernize Japan. Though a demand for military swords remained and some sword-smiths still produced traditional samurai swords as art, the majority of sword-smiths refocused their skill to cutlery production, following the cultural shift.

The production of steel knives in Sakai began in the 16th century, when tobacco was introduced to Japan by the Portuguese and Sakai craftsmen started to make knives for cutting tobacco. The Sakai knife industry received a major boost from the Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868), which granted Sakai a special seal of approval and enhanced its reputation for quality.

Today, Seki, Gifu is considered the home of modern Japanese kitchen cutlery. Many major cutlery-making companies are based in Seki, producing kitchen knives in both the traditional Japanese style and western styles, such as the gyuto and the santoku. Knives and swords are so integral to the city that it is home to the Seki Cutlery Association, the Seki Swordsmith Museum, the Seki Outdoor Knife Show, the October Cutlery Festival, and the Cutlery Hall. Most manufacturers are small family businesses where craftsmanship is more important than volume, and they typically produce fewer than a dozen knives per day.

Design and use

Unlike western knives, Japanese knives are often only single ground, meaning that they are sharpened so that only one side holds the cutting edge. As shown in the image, some Japanese knives are angled from both sides, while others are angled only from one side with the other side of the blade being flat. It was traditionally believed that a single-angled blade cuts better and makes cleaner cuts, though requiring more skill to use than a blade with a double-beveled edge. Generally, the right-hand side of the blade is angled, as most people use the knife with their right hand. Left-handed models are rare and must be specially ordered and custom made.

Since the end of World War II, western-style, double-beveled knives have gained popularity in Japan. One example of this transition is the , an adaptation of . Other knives that have become widely used in Japan are the French chef's knife and the , roughly analogous to a western carving knife. While these knives are usually sharpened symmetrically on both sides, their blades are still given Japanese-style acute-angle cutting edges of 8-10 degrees per side with a very hard temper to increase cutting ability.

Most professional Japanese cooks own their personal set of knives. After sharpening a carbon-steel knife in the evening after use, the user may let the knife "rest" for a day to restore its patina and remove any metallic odor or taste that might otherwise be passed on to the food. Some cooks choose to own two sets of knives for this reason.

Japanese knives feature subtle variations on the chisel grind. Usually, the back side of the blade (i.e. the left side, for a right-handed user) is concave to reduce drag and adhesion so the food separates more cleanly (this concave feature is known as ). The , used for cutting crab and other shellfish, has the grind on the opposite side (left side angled for right-handed use), so that the meat is not cut when chopping the shell.

See also

List of Japanese cooking utensils
Honyaki
Kitchen knife

Notes

References
 Tsuji, Shizuo, and Mary Sutherland. Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art, first edition. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd., 1980. .

Further reading
 Nozaki, Hiromitsu, & Klippensteen, Kate (2009) Japanese Kitchen Knives: essential techniques and recipes. Tokyo: Kodansha International
 Tsuji, Shizuo, & Sutherland, Mary (2006) Japanese Cooking: a simple art; revised edition. Tokyo: Kodansha International

Japanese kitchen knife


Olga Kristina Hansen (født 28. februar 1990) er en færøsk fodboldspiller, der spiller for Østerbro IF i 1. division og Færøernes kvindefodboldlandshold. Hun har tidligere spillet for de færøske klubber KÍ og AB. Olga Kristina Hansen fik sin debut for landsholdet den 18. november 2006, da Færøerne spillede mod Wales. Pr. 11. apríl 2017 har hun spillet 43 landskampe og sccoret 5 mål for Færøernes landshold.

Referencer

Fodboldspillere fra Færøerne
Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Færøerne
Fodboldspillere fra KÍ Klaksvík
Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Færøerne

Olga Kristina Hansen


أشرفية صحنايا مدينة سورية تتبع إدارياً محافظة ريف دمشق ومنطقة داريا، وتقع إلى الجنوب من مدينة دمشق على مسافة حوالي 10 كيلومترات منها، وتمتدٌّ على مساحة خمسمائة هكتار تقريباً. أشرفية صحنايا هي واحدة من المدن القليلة في الغوطة التي تضم أغلبية من الموحدون الدروز، إلى جانب جرمانا وصحنايا ودير علي.

لدى أشرفية صحنايا تاريخ طويل وقديم، يَعود إلى القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي، حيث بناها الملك «الأشرف موسى بن سلطان أبي بكر بن الملك الصالح يوسف بن أيوب» على أنقاض بلدة آرامية قديمة، وسُمِّيت الأشرفية نسبة إليه.

السكان
يبلغ عدد سكان أشرفية صحنايا نحو 20,000 نسمة بما في ذلك القاطنين منهم، ويزداد عدد السكان باطراد بسبب التوسع العمراني الكبير وقرب البلدة من مدينة دمشق، فضلاً عن مرور أوتوستراد درعا - دمشق الدولي ضمن أراضيها، الذي توضعت العديد من الشركات العامة والخاصة على أطرافه.

الزراعة
اشتهرت البلدة بزراعة الأشجار المثمرة كالزيتون والعنب واللوزيات، والمحاصيل الموسمية كالحبوب والخضار، وتُوجد حوالي 13,000 شجرة حراجية في البلدة ومحيطها، وحوالي 1,000 شجرة زيتون مثمرة في مركز البلدة القديمة.

المرافق العامة
في البلدة مركز للبريد والبرق والهاتف، ومركز الشهيد «رأفت هناوي» الصحي، وثانوية وإعدادية عامة ومدارس ابتدائية ورياض أطفال ومدارس خاصة متنوعة، وبناءً لدار البلدية تأسس عام 1978، وأيضا تُوجد فيها حدائق عامة مثل: «حديقة الباسل»، و«حديقة الروضة»، و«حديقة الشهداء»، و«حديقة الناعورة»، و«حديقة المستوصف»، كما أن هناك مركزاً ثقافياً مجاوراً لمبنى البلدية، جُهِّزَ بمكتبة للمطالعة، ويُعتبر المركز من المراكز النشيطة على مستوى القطر.

المراجع

موقع حنايا وأشرفية صحنايا.

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة داريا
تجمعات درزية في سوريا
قرى محافظة ريف دمشق
مدن سوريا

أشرفية صحنايا


Ragnfred Eriksson (932 - 970) fue príncipe vikingo de Noruega, hijo de Erico I de Noruega y su consorte Gunnhild.

Hacia 955 acompañó a su madre a las Orcadas para casar a su hermana Ragnhild Eiríksdóttir con Arnfinn Thorfinnsson, hijo del jarl Thorfinn Hausakljúfr.

Tras la muerte de su hermano Harald II de Noruega, abandona las Orcadas y en 971 se dirige a Noruega con un ejército que inicia el saqueo en Sunnmøre dirección hacia el norte, ya que sabía que su rival Haakon Jarl estaba en Trondheim y buscaba el enfrentamiento directo. Se apoderó del distrito de Fjord, Hordaland, Sogn, Rogaland e incrementando su poder militar con nuevos aliados durante el invierno. Aun así, el ejército de Haakon Jarl era todavía mucho más numeroso y no hubo tregua, pues en primavera de 972 hubo una gran batalla en Thinganes (entre Sogn y Hordaland) donde la balanza de inclinó a favor del jarl de Lade.

Ragnfred escapó, pero ya no tuvo más oportunidades de someter a Noruega.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Sturluson, Snorri. Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, trad. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6

Príncipes de Noruega
Vikingos de Noruega
Saga Orkneyinga

Ragnfred Eriksson


Die Verordnung über die Führung und Aufbewahrung der Geschäftsbücher (auch Geschäftsbücherverordnung, GeBüV) vom 24. April 2002 (Stand am 1. Januar 2013) ist eine Verordnung des Schweizer Bundesrats und detailliert auf der Basis des Artikel 957 Absatz 5 des Obligationenrechts, welche Bücher ein Buchführungspflichtiger führen muss, Grundsätze der Führung, der Aufbewahrung, der Zugänglichkeit und der Informationsträger. Die Verordnung ersetzt eine Verordnung aus dem Jahr 1976.

 Abschnitt: Zu führende Bücher – prinzipiell Hauptbuch, ggf. Nebenbücher
 Abschnitt: Allgemeine Grundsätze – Grundsätze der Führung und Aufbewahrung
 Abschnitt: Grundsätze für die ordnungsgemässe Aufbewahrung – Schutz, Verfügbarkeit, Organisation der Aufbewahrten Bücher
 Abschnitt: Informationsträger – Papier, Mikrofilm, IT-Systeme und die Anforderungen an diese Systeme
 Abschnitt: Schlussbestimmungen – Inkrafttreten und Ersatz früherer Verordnung;

Quellen

Rechtsquelle (Schweiz)
Obligationenrecht (Schweiz)


Bratislav Punoševac, (alfabeto cirílico: Бpaтиcлaв Пунoшeвaц; *Kruševac, Rasina, Serbia, 9 de julio de 1987) es un futbolista serbio. Se desempeña en posición de delantero y actualmente juega en el FC Taraz.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Enlaces externos
 Ficha del jugador

Futbolistas de Serbia
Futbolistas del FK Napredak
Futbolistas del FC Oțelul Galați
Futbolistas del ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș
Futbolistas del Avispa Fukuoka
Futbolistas del FK Radnički Niš
Futbolistas del Budapest Honvéd Football Club
Futbolistas del FK Borac Čačak
Futbolistas del FC Dacia Chișinău
Futbolistas del FC Kaisar Kyzylorda
Futbolistas del FC Taraz
Nacidos en Kruševac

Bratislav Punoševac


An Aloe whitcombei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Jacob Lavranos. An Aloe whitcombei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Oman. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe whitcombei


Kaptajn Alexander Arthur Alfonso David Maule Ramsay af Mar DL (født 21. december 1919, død 20. december 2000) var et medlem af den udvidede britiske kongefamilie. Han af fætter til dronning Ingrid af Danmark (mor til dronning Margrethe 2. af Danmark) og til arveprins Gustav Adolf af Sverige (far til kong Carl 16. Gustav af Sverige).

Forfædre
Alexander Ramsay af Mar var oldesøn af Victoria af Storbritannien og prins Albert af Sachsen-Coburg og Gotha samt af den tyske general, prins Frederik Karl af Preussen.

Alexander Ramsay af Mar var søn af prinsesse Patricia af Connaught, lady Ramsay og admiral sir Alexander Robert Maule Ramsay (en søn af John Ramsay, 13, jarl of Dalhousie).

Familie
Alexander Ramsay af Mar var gift med den skotske adelskvinde Flora Fraser, 21. lady Saltoun (født 1930). Flora Fraser var medlem af det britiske overhus i 1979–2014.

Flora Fraser og Alexander Ramsay af Mar fik tre døtre. Den ældste den ærede Katharine Fraser (født 1957) er arving til titlen som den 22. lady Saltoun. De yngre døtre er Alice Elizabeth Margaret Ramsay (født 1961) og Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Ramsay (født 1963).

Kongelige fra Storbritannien
Adel fra Skotland

Alexander Ramsay af Mar


Cimetière militaire

Le  Bray Military Cemetery  (Cimetière britannique de Bray-sur-Somme) est un cimetière militaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, situé sur le territoire de la commune de Bray-sur-Somme, dans le département de la Somme, au nord-est d'Amiens.

Localisation
Ce cimetière militaire est situé au nord du village, Rue du 11 novembre, à peu de distance des dernières habiatations.

Histoire

Le cimetière a été commencé en avril 1916 par des unités combattantes et des ambulances de campagne pour inhumer les victimes des combats de la bataille de la Somme du secteur. En septembre 1916, la ligne de front ayant été poussée plus à l'est, ce cimetière est utilisé par le poste de secours principal du XIVe corps et en 1917, par les postes d'évacuation des blessés. En mars 1918, le village et le cimetière tombèrent aux mains des Allemands, mais furent repris par le 40è bataillon australien le 24 août. Après l'armistice, d'autres corps seront rapportés des cimetières provisoire environnats. Le cimetière militaire de Bray contient maintenant 875 sépultures du Commonwealth de la Première Guerre mondiale, dont 127 sont non identifiées.

Caractéristique
Le cimetière a été conçu par Sir Reginald Blomfield.
Il a un plan rectangulaire 20 m sur 50 avec un décrochement au fond .
Il est entouré d'un muret de briques sur tous ses côtés.

Sépultures

Galerie

Liens internes

 Cimetière militaire
 Liste des mémoriaux et cimetières militaires de la Somme
 Bataille de la Somme
 Commonwealth War Graves
 Bray-sur-Somme

Notes et références

Cimetière militaire britannique en France
Lieu de mémoire de la Première Guerre mondiale dans la Somme
Cimetière dans la Somme

Bray Military Cemetery