Runrig was a Scottish Celtic rock band formed on the Isle of Skye in 1973. From its inception, the band's line-up included brothers and songwriters Rory MacDonald (bass, vocals) and Calum MacDonald (percussion). The line-up during most of the 1980s and 1990s (the band's most successful period) also included Donnie Munro (vocals), Malcolm Jones (guitar), Iain Bayne (drums), and Pete Wishart (keyboards). Munro left the band in 1997 to pursue a career in politics and was replaced by Bruce Guthro. Wishart left in 2001 and was replaced by Brian Hurren. The band released fourteen studio albums, with a number of their songs sung in Scottish Gaelic.

Initially formed as a three-piece dance band known as 'The Run Rig Dance Band', the band played several low key events, and has previously cited a ceilidh at Kelvin Hall, Glasgow as their first concert. Runrig's music is often described as a blend of folk and rock music, with the band's lyrics often focusing upon locations, history, politics, and people that are unique to Scotland. Songs also make references to agriculture, land conservation and religion.

Since 1999, the band has gained attention in Canada, following Nova Scotian singer Bruce Guthro's entry to the band. In 2016, the band announced that it would retire from studio recording after the release of its 14th studio album, The Story and announced their final tour The Final Mile in 2017. In August 2018, Runrig performed the final shows of their farewell tour, entitled The Last Dance, in Stirling City Park beneath the castle ramparts. An estimated 52,000 fans attended The Last Dance. Bruce Guthro died on 5 September 2023 from cancer.

History

Formation and early years (1973–1987)
The band was formed in 1973 with brothers Calum and Rory Macdonald and their friend Blair Douglas. Donnie Munro joined the following year and they started to expand outside their native Isle of Skye. Douglas left the band in late 1974 and was replaced by Robert Macdonald. This line-up continued until 1978, when Douglas re-joined and Malcolm Jones became guitarist, both displacing Robert Macdonald.

In the same year, Runrig's first album, entitled Play Gaelic, was released. All the songs were in Gaelic. It was re-released in 1990 as Play Gaelic, the first legendary recording.

In 1979, Blair Douglas left Runrig again to pursue a solo career. 1979 also saw the release of Runrig's second album, The Highland Connection on the band's own label, Ridge Records. A somewhat transitional album, it features wailing electric guitars and ballads. The album also included the original version of "Loch Lomond". A later version was to become their signature song and closing song at concerts.

The third Runrig album, Recovery (released in 1981), was a thematic record dealing with the rise and politics of Scotland's Gaelic community. 1980 saw the arrival of drummer Iain Bayne (from Scottish folk/rock band New Celeste) and keyboard player Richard Cherns.

In 1982, Runrig re-recorded "Loch Lomond" as their first single. They signed to a small label called Simple Records in 1984, and two singles were released. The first was "Dance Called America". A longer version of the second single "Skye" appeared on the Alba Records compilation A Feast Of Scottish Folk Music, Volume One along with an early version of "Lifeline", both of which were previously unreleased on albums, and "Na h-Uain a's t-Earrach" which was the B-side to "Dance Called America".

The band then engaged the services of producer Chris Harley who brought to their recordings the benefit of his experience as a solo artist and a singer with The Alan Parsons Project and Camel.  Runrig's fourth independent studio album, Heartland (released in 1985), combined Gaelic sounds with anthemic rock music.

Richard Cherns left the band in February 1986 and was replaced by ex-Big Country member Pete Wishart.

Major label and mainstream success (1987–1997)
The period from 1987 to 1997 marked Runrig's most successful run, during which they achieved placings in both the UK albums and singles charts, and toured extensively.

With (for the first time) major-label support (from Chrysalis), Runrig's fifth studio album, The Cutter and the Clan (1987), which had originally been released on the independent Ridge Records label before being re-released on Chrysalis, brought the band wider audiences in the United Kingdom, as well as in other parts of Europe.

From 1987 to 1995, Runrig released a total of five studio albums through Chrysalis Records. Along with The Cutter and the Clan, the other four albums were: Searchlight (1989), The Big Wheel (1991), Amazing Things (1993), and Mara (1995).

On 22 June 1991, the band attracted around 50,000 people to an outdoor concert held in Balloch Country Park, near Loch Lomond. This was the largest number of people to attend a Runrig concert.

Following the release of Mara, lead singer Donnie Munro grew more involved in politics. In 1997, he left Runrig to stand for a seat in the House of Commons for the Labour Party. However, he was not elected.

Runrig began searching for a new frontman, and in 1998 they announced their selection of Bruce Guthro, a singer-songwriter from Nova Scotia.

Transitional challenges (1997 to 2001)
Runrig's tenth album, In Search Of Angels (1999), was released amidst some uncertainty about the band's future.

Since their contract with Chrysalis had ended, Runrig chose to release In Search Of Angels on their own label, Ridge Records. As a result, the record received much less promotion than the previous five, and sales were considerably smaller. Runrig was also faced with the challenge of acclimatising their fans to a new lead vocalist. The band toured extensively in support of the record, and in 2000, they also released a live album called Live at Celtic Connections 2000, allowing fans to hear older Runrig songs sung by their new frontman.

The year 2000 concluded with the release of an authorised songbook, Flower of the West – The Runrig Songbook. The book included lyrics, sheet music, photographs, and background information for 115 of Runrig's songs – nearly every album track and single from the band's first ten studio albums.

Renewed popularity (2001–2009)

Having established that they could continue without Donnie Munro, Runrig set to work on their eleventh studio album.

Among their independently-released studio albums, The Stamping Ground (2001) was Runrig's most successful.  Moreover, critics who had given mixed reviews to In Search Of Angels, praised The Stamping Ground as the quintessential Runrig album. The band continued to enjoy support in the UK, Germany, and Denmark. However, with a Canadian frontman, Runrig began finding new fans in Canada and the United States.

In 2001, Pete Wishart, the band's keyboard player, left after being elected Member of Parliament for the constituency of Tayside North for the Scottish National Party. In the 2005 election he was again elected, this time for the new constituency of Perth and North Perthshire and again for the SNP. Brian Hurren stepped in to take Wishart's place in the band. Wishart has been re-elected in each subsequent general election.

The 2001 album The Stamping Ground was seen very much as a return to form after the lacklustre In Search Of Angels (1999), but 2003's Proterra divided opinion.

In August 2003, Runrig played their 30th Anniversary concert on the esplanade at Stirling Castle, celebrating 30 years since the band's formation, and including visitors from previous line-ups, as well as guest artists including the Glasgow Islay Choir and Paul Mounsey.

Runrig played their first U.S. concert, a benefit for the charity "Glasgow the Caring City", on 4 April 2006 at the Nokia Theatre in New York City.  Founding member Blair Douglas joined the band onstage, playing accordion on several numbers.  In the audience were fans from as far away as Texas, Alabama, Florida, Colorado, Minnesota, Norwich (England) and Scotland.

While the bulk of their 2007 tour was scheduled for Denmark, Germany, and England, an outdoor show, titled "Beat The Drum", was held at Loch Ness on 18 August 2007. It was staged at Borlum Farm, Drumnadrochit and attended by 18,500 people in heavy rain. Because of the unusually large number of support acts, it had been likened to an all-day music festival, Runrig being the headline act. This was the first in what was to become a staple for Runrig – annually staging big outdoor shows in Scotland in summer.

Runrig re-recorded "Loch Lomond (Hampden Remix)" to raise funds for the BBC's annual Children in Need appeal. This was released on 12 November [2007] and includes the 'Tartan Army' (Scotland's Hampden Football Supporters), including Rod Stewart, on backing vocals. It reached No. 9 in the UK Singles Chart.

"Loch Lomond (Hampden Remix)" was named "The Best Scottish Song Of All Time" in November 2008. The band were presented the award by Lulu. On 5 December 2008, during the penultimate tour date at The Barrowlands, Glasgow, the band was inducted into the Scottish Traditional Music Hall Of Fame, by the Scottish Traditional Music Awards Director.

On 29 August 2009, Runrig performed at Scone Palace for their third annual outdoor summer show (the second being at Edinburgh Castle in 2008). They were supported by acts such as the Peatbog Faeries, piper Fred Morrison, King Creosote, Kathleen Macinnes, and Blair Douglas (a former member of the group) and his band. Attendance numbered ~15,000.The show was part of Scotland's Year of Homecoming 2009. To underline this, First Minister Alex Salmond made an appearance on stage (introduced by his SNP colleague and former band member Pete Wishart), and launched an initiative called 'SconeStone.' This aims to promote Scotland as a kind and compassionate nation through the "journey of kindness" made by the SconeStone across the world. Its keepers, each holding it for a week before passing it on, are expected to undertake a good deed. Its first keeper was the Reverend Neil Galbraith, who was presented with the stone on the same day.

Health concerns (2009–2010)
In March 2009, guitarist Malcolm Jones suffered a heart attack in Edinburgh whilst running to catch a train. This forced the band to cancel a sizable tour of Austria, Switzerland, Denmark and Germany. After undergoing minor surgery, he took to the stage with Runrig again in May of the same year. During a routine check up with his doctors in June 2009, he was strongly advised to have heart bypass surgery, which forced the band to cancel a tour of Denmark. The operation was a success and, although the band was forced to cancel their show at the 35th Tønder Festival in Tønder, Denmark, Malcolm returned to the stage in late August 2009, at the band's big outdoor Scottish Homecoming show for 2009 at Scone Palace, Perthshire, Scotland. However, on 28 February 2010, just a week prior to an extensive German tour, it was announced that Malcolm would have to have yet another operation which in turn forced the band to cancel/postpone their Spring dates in Germany, due to start on 3 March 2010. In a statement released by the band on their official website they noted that Malcolm's health was "good" and that the problem was "purely a technical one". They also emphatically stated that "All other concerts planned for 2010 will go ahead."
It was announced that the winter tour scheduled for winter 2010 would be the last tour for a year with the band planning no concerts in 2011 so that they could focus on other projects. The final date for 2010 was in the Barrowland Ballroom, Glasgow which is traditionally where the band finishes their Scottish tours. In a statement released by the office, they promised it to be "quite a party".

On 1 November 2010, the band released a four-disc compilation, entitled 50 Great Songs. The release includes both studio and live performances, focusing primarily upon Bruce Guthro's time within the band.

Year off and Rewired (2011–2012)
After the end of the 2010 tour the band collectively made the decision to take a year off.
Calum and Rory had been concentrating on a long-gestating project outside of Runrig. The duo call themselves The Band from Rockall and released their debut album outside of Runrig at the end of April 2012.
Keyboardist Brian Hurren also released his debut solo album, which he wrote, performed and produced himself, under the name A Hundred Thousand Welcomes, the inspiration for the name coming from Bruce Guthro shouting the Gaelic equivalent of the phrase during "Beat the Drum" at Loch Ness.
Guthro released another solo album, while drummer Iain Bayne was appointed manager of English folk-rock band Coast.
The band re-united as a six-piece again in the summer of 2012 for the Rewired Tour, with the big Scottish outdoor show held in August at the Northern Meeting Park in Inverness.

40th anniversary (2013–2014)
In November 2012, ahead of their planned Rewired Tour, the band announced a special 40th Anniversary Concert at the Black Isle Show Ground in Muir of Ord, near Inverness. The 40th Anniversary show was a weekend of live entertainment featuring 'special guests', entitled "Party on the Moor". Shortly after that they announced another "special" concert at Edinburgh Castle in July, entitled "Celebration in the City". On 28 April 2013 (to mark Runrig's first ever concert 40 years earlier) Runrig released their first single in 5 years entitled "And We'll Sing".
At Party on the Moor former members Donnie Munro and Pete Wishart performed onstage alongside the current lineup and Blair Douglas made an appearance via a short video highlighting the changes in the band's lineup since 1973. This was the first time Munro had performed with Runrig since 1997, and for many it was a powerful statement seeing Guthro and Munro singing together as there had been heated debates about who should be the band's frontman, and who was the better frontman among many fans and critics. The gig was hailed as a success by fans and critics many calling it one of the best concerts Runrig have ever staged. Bassist, Rory Macdonald said that "in many ways, it was the perfect Runrig gig" whilst drummer, Iain Bayne called it "the culmination of a lifetime's work".

In late 2013 it was announced that Runrig would embark on a Spring 2014 tour of England to continue the 40th Anniversary celebrations. Entitled "Party on the Tour" it would "draw inspiration" from the Party on the Moor show. Alongside the English dates, several European music festivals were announced for 2014. In December 2013 it was officially confirmed that Party on the Moor would be released on DVD. In January further details for the DVD were released. On 31 March 2014 Runrig released the full, uncut concert on both DVD, CD and, for the first time ever for Runrig, Blu-ray.

The Story (2014–2017)

The band announced in issue 74 of The Wire magazine and on their official Twitter feed that they had begun work on their 14th studio album. It was also announced (informally) that to accommodate for the time it takes to write, record and produce an album they would not be playing any further live shows in 2014 after the Tønder Festival, due to be held on 28 and 29 August 2014. In the summer 2015 issue of The Wire it was revealed that the album would be called The Story, and would be released in spring 2016.

On 12 November 2015 the title track, and lead single, received its first radio play on BBC Radio nan Gàidheal. During an interview with the show's host Derek Murray, Calum Macdonald said that the upcoming album would likely be the last studio album that the band would release, also confirming the album's release date as 29 January 2016. On 13 November 2015, the single was released in both CD and digital download form accompanied by a music video. Shortly after the single was released, the band announced that along with a sizeable tour of the UK and Europe in 2016 they would both be headlining the 21st HebCelt Festival on the Isle of Lewis and staging an outdoor show at Edinburgh Castle in July 2016.

The Last Dance and disbandment (2017–2018)
On 26 September 2017 Runrig announced that after 45 years they would be "pulling the curtain down" on their music careers. The band announced one final tour named The Final Mile, taking part in Germany, Denmark and UK, ending with one final show in Stirling's City Park called The Last Dance. Tickets for The Last Dance sold out in minutes and, after a few days of behind the scenes planning, Runrig announced another concert in the same location the night before. Tickets for this night sold out in less than six hours. It was a very emotional farewell, and the uncertain Scottish weather held out for their final rendition of "Loch Lomond."

Historical references
Many of the band's songs include references to Scottish history or culture. These include the band's name itself – which is a reference to a pre–agricultural revolution farming practice, run rig.

Membership
 Roderick "Rory" Macdonald (1973–2018)
Date of birth: 27 July 1949
Place of birth: Dornoch, Sutherland, Scotland
Instruments: bass guitar, vocals
 Calum Macdonald (1973–2018)
Date of birth: 12 November 1953
Place of birth: Lochmaddy, North Uist, Scotland
Instruments: percussion, vocals
Malcolm Jones (1978–2018)
Date of birth: 12 July 1959
Place of birth: Inverness, Scotland
Instruments: guitars, pipes, accordion
Iain Bayne (1980–2018)
Date of birth: 1 January 1960
Place of birth: St Andrews, Scotland
Instruments: drums
Bruce Guthro (1998–2018)
Date of birth: 31 August 1961
Place of birth: Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada
Instruments: lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Brian Hurren (2001–2018)
Date of birth: 9 October 1980
Place of birth: Falkirk, Scotland
Instruments: keyboards, vocals, accordion
Blair Douglas (1973–1974, 1978–1979)
Place of birth: Skye, Scotland
Instruments: accordion, keyboards
Donnie Munro (1974–1997)
Date of birth: 2 August 1953
Place of birth: Uig, Skye, Scotland
Instruments: lead vocals, guitar
Robert Macdonald (1974–1978)
Instruments: accordion
Campbell Gunn (1976)
Instruments: vocals
Richard Cherns (1981–1986)
Instruments: keyboards
Pete Wishart (1986–2001)
Date of birth: 9 March 1962
Place of birth: Dunfermline, Scotland
Instruments: keyboards

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
 Play Gaelic (1978)
  The Highland Connection (1979)
  Recovery (1981)
  Heartland (1985)
  The Cutter and the Clan (1987)
  Searchlight (1989)
  The Big Wheel (1991)
  Amazing Things (1993)
  Mara (1995)
  In Search of Angels (1999)
  The Stamping Ground (2001)
  Proterra (2003) (with Paul Mounsey)
  Everything You See (2007)
  The Story (2016)

Further reading
Morton, Tom: Going Home – The Runrig Story (Mainstream Publishing). 1991. .
Macdonald, Calum and Rory:  Flower Of The West – The Runrig Songbook (Ridge Books). 2000. .
Herzig, Tina and Horst: Runrig Reflections (Passavia Druckservice GmbH & Co. KG). 2010. ISBN none.

See also
List of Runrig's Gaelic songs

References

External links

 Runrig's official website

Celtic rock groups
Scottish rock music groups
Scottish Gaelic music
Musical groups established in 1973
Musical groups disestablished in 2018
Scottish folk rock groups
Chrysalis Records artists
Claddagh Records artists
1973 establishments in Scotland
2018 disestablishments in Scotland

Runrig


John Bernard Hynes (September 22, 1897 – January 6, 1970), was an American politician who served as the mayor of Boston from 1950 to 1960.

Career
Hynes began his career at city hall in 1920 as a clerk in the health department. He later transferred to the auditing department and was chief clerk in the Mayor's office during James Michael Curley's 1922 to 1926 term. On January 4, 1926, Hynes became the city's assistant budget commissioner. He earned his high school and college diplomas through evening classes, graduating from Suffolk University Law School in 1927. On June 18, 1929 he was appointed assistant city clerk. In August 1943, Hynes was commissioned a Major in the United States Army. He was discharged that December due to a reoccurrence of a chronic ear issue and returned to the city clerk's office. On September 1, 1945 he became Boston's city clerk.

On June 26, 1947, Mayor James Michael Curley was sentenced to six to eighteen months in prison for mail fraud. The city charter allowed the president of the city council to serve as acting mayor in the mayor's absence, but his powers were limited unless the mayor was deceased. The Massachusetts General Court passed emergency legislation to bypass council president John B. Kelly, who had recently been acquitted on bribery charges and was in ill health, and to grant full mayoral powers to Hynes (who as city clerk was second in the line of succession) until Curley's release from prison.

Curley, upon his return from prison, commented to the press, "I have accomplished more in one day than has been done in the five months of my absence." Stung by this off-hand but disparaging comment about his performance as acting mayor, Hynes decided to challenge Curley in the November 1949 election, and defeated him.

Because of a change to the mayoral election system, the next election was held in November 1951, when Hynes again defeated Curley. Hynes faced Curley a third time in the 1955 mayoral race; Curley was eliminated in the preliminary election, and Hynes defeated John E. Powers in the general election. Overall, Hynes served as mayor from January 2, 1950, until January 4, 1960.

Hynes served as president of the United States Conference of Mayors from 1955 through 1957.

Hynes died on January 6, 1970, at Carney Hospital in Dorchester, Boston.

Legacy
During his tenure as mayor, he oversaw the opening of the Central Artery elevated highway through the city's waterfront district, as well as the opening of the Freedom Trail, which traces many of Boston's Revolutionary War era landmarks. He was responsible for founding the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which laid the foundation for developments in Boston in the 1950s and beyond including the controversial razing of the West End. Hynes and his successors, John Collins and Kevin White, are most responsible for the modernization of the city of Boston. The Hynes Convention Center, located in the Back Bay section of Boston, is named for him. One son, Jack Hynes, was a longtime Boston news anchor. His second child, Marie "Darby" Hynes Gallagher, was a special education teacher in the Boston city school system. Another son, Richard Hynes, taught at Boston University. A third son, Barry T. Hynes, served on the Boston City Council and was Boston's city clerk. Nancy, his youngest child, passed in her forties due to illness.

See also
 Timeline of Boston, 1950s

References

Further reading

 Beatty, Jack, The Rascal King: The Life and Times of James Michael Curley, 1874–1958, 1992.
 Krieger, Alex, David Cobb & Amy Turner, editors, Mapping Boston. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1999.

External links

1897 births
1970 deaths
Politicians from Boston
American people of Irish descent
Boston city clerks
Mayors of Boston
Suffolk University Law School alumni
20th-century American politicians
Presidents of the United States Conference of Mayors
Acting mayors of Boston

John Hynes (politician)


Warehorne es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Ashford, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Warehorne tiene una superficie de 10,66 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Warehorne tenía 374 habitantes (47,86% varones, 52,14% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 35,08 hab/km². El 15,51% eran menores de 16 años, el 79,41% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 5,08% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 41,07 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 20,25% estaban solteros, el 69,3% casados y el 10,44% divorciados o viudos.

El 95,47% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 2,13% de la población, mientras que el 2,4% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 98,4% eran blancos y el 1,6% negros. El cristianismo era profesado por el 80,27% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el budismo, el hinduismo, el judaísmo, el islam y el sijismo, por el 0,8%. El 14,13% no eran religiosos y el 4,8% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

216 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 210 de ellos (97,22%) empleados y 6 (2,78%) desempleados. Había 151 hogares con residentes, 5 vacíos y 4 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Warehorne


وقعت معركة اليمامة أو معركة عقرباء سنة 11 هـ من الهجرة / 632 م في عهد أبي بكر الصديق. واليمامة إحدى معارك حروب الردة، وكانت بسبب ارتداد بني حنيفة وتنبؤ مسيلمة الحنفي الذي ادّعى أن النبي قد أشركه في الأمر، ومما قوى أمر مسيلمة شهادة الرجال بن عنفوة الذي شهد له - كذباً - أنه سمع رسول الله يشركه في الأمر.

وقد وجه أبو بكر الصديق عكرمة بن أبي جهل لقتاله، ولما فشل عكرمة ولم يستطع الصمود أمام جيش مسيلمة، تراجع. ولما بلغت أنباء هزيمة عكرمة لشرحبيل بن حسنة، آثر الانتظار حتى يصله المدد من خليفة المسلمين، وظل في مكانه حتى يأتيه خالد بن الوليد في جيش جمع عددا من كبار الصحابة والقراء، فلما سمع مسيلمة دنو خالد ضرب عسكره بعقرباء فاستنفر الناس فجعلوا يخرجون إليه حتى بلغوا 40,000 رجل تبعه أكثرهم عصبية، حتى قيل أن بعضهم كان يشهد أن مسيلمة كذاب وأن محمداً رسول الله لكنه يقول: «كذاب ربيعة أحب إلينا من صادق مضر».

وفي الطريق إلى اليمامة، التقى خالد وجيشه بفرقة من جيش اليمامة، خرجت للثأر لبني عامر عثر المسلمون عليهم وهم في ثنية اليمامة نائمون، فسألهم عن مسيلمة، فردوا «منكم نبي ومنا نبي» فأمر خالد بقتلهم جميعاً عدا مجاعة بن مرارة لعله يستفيد من خبرته ومكانته في قومه. كانت راية المهاجرين مع سالم مولى أبي حذيفة وراية الأنصار مع ثابت بن قيس بن شماس والعرب على راياتها.

فكان بينهم وبين المسلمين يوم شديد الهول ثبت فيه بنو حنيفة وقاتلوا عن أنفسهم وأحسابهم قتالاً شديداً، حتى انكشف المسلمون وكادت الهزيمة تلحقهم لولا رجال من ذوي الدين والحمية الدينية الذين ثبتوا وصرخوا في الناس: «يا أصحاب سورة البقرة يا أهل القرآن زينوا القرآن بالفعال»، وقال سالم مولى أبي حذيفة: «بئس حامل القرآن أنا إذا لم أثبت». وأمرهم خالد بأن يمتازوا حتى يعلم من أين يُؤتوا. فأثارت هذه الصيحات روح الاستشهاد في نفوس المسلمين، فحملوا على جيش مسيلمة حملة استطاعوا أن يزحزحوا جيوشه عن موقفهم الأول. ثم شد المسلمون حتى فر بنو حنيفة إلى الحديقة التي تسمى «حديقة الرحمن» وكانت منيعة الجدران فتحصنوا بها إلا أن المسلمين استطاعوا أن يقتحموها بمعونة البراء بن مالك الذي رفعوه فوق الجحف برماحهم واستطاع فتح باب الحديقة ودخل المسلمون وهم يكبرون، فقتل فيها مسيلمة وكان قاتله هو وحشي بن حرب قاتل حمزة بن عبد المطلب فيما قيل، وقد قتل في هذه المعركة خلق كثير من جيش المسلمين.

وكانت المعركة فاصلة ففيها انتصر المسلمون وهزم أعداؤهم بعد معركة من أعنف المعارك قتل فيها مسيلمة وأربعة عشر ألفاً من قومه (سبعة آلاف خارج عقرباء وسبعة آلاف في الحديقة) والتي سميت بعد ذلك بحديقة الموت وقد استشهد في اليمامة ألف ومائتا شهيد منهم زيد بن الخطاب والطفيل بن عمرو وأبو دجانة وسالم مولى أبي حذيفة وابي حذيفة وعبد الله بن سهيل يزيد بن ثابت  الأنصاري وغيرهم كثير من كبار الصحابة.

المصادر
 جولة تاريخية في عصر الخلفاء الراشدين (2002). د. محمد السيد الوكيل. دار المجتمع للنشر والتوزيع: جدة

الهوامش

632
حروب الردة
الخلافة الراشدة في عقد 630
معارك الخلفاء الراشدين
معارك خالد بن الوليد
نزاعات في عقد 630

معركة اليمامة


Bowerstown bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Bowerstown (Indiana)
 Bowerstown (New York)

Bowerstown


Henri Frei (5 de junio de 1899, Baar - 14 de enero de 1980) fue un lingüista suizo y orientalista perteneciente a la Escuela de Ginebra.

Coeditor de Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure 1957 a 1972, es más conocido por su libro La gramática de los errores, que analiza una gran cantidad de textos en francés "popular" (en su mayoría eran cartas escritas por soldados franceses de la Primera Guerra Mundial) de acuerdo a un sistema lingüístico coherente. Él desarrolló la tesis de que tales "fallos se utiliza para prevenir o reparar las deficiencias de un lenguaje correcto".

Referencias

Lingüistas de Suiza
Suizos del siglo XX
Nacidos en Baarn
Fallecidos en Zúrich

Henri Frei


Australasian Championships 1910 var den sjette udgave af Australasian Championships, som senere udviklede sig til den nuværende grand slam-turnering Australian Open. Mesterskabet blev spillet udendørs på græsbaner på Memorial Drive i Adelaide, Australien i perioden 15. - 19. marts 1910, og Adelaide var værtsby for mesterskabet for første gang.

Der blev spillet to mesterskabsrækker: herresingle og herredouble. Herresingletitlen blev vundet af Rodney Heath fra Australien, som i finalen besejrede landsmanden Horace Rice med 6–4, 6–3, 6–2, og som dermed vandt sin anden og sidste australasiatiske mesterskabstitel i herresingle. Herredoublemesterskabet blev vundet af australierne Ashley Campbell og Horace Rice, der vandt over Rodney Heath og James O'Day i finalen med 6–3, 6–3, 6–2.

Resultater

Herresingle

Herresingleturneringen havde deltagelse af 14 spillere og blev vundet af Rodney Heath fra Australien, som i finalen besejrede sin landsmand, 1907-mesteren Horace Rice, med 6–4, 6–3, 6–2, og som dermed vandt den anden af sine to australasiatiske mesterskabstitler i herresingle. Tidligere havde han vundet titlen ved det allerførste australasiatiske mesterskab i 1905.

Herredouble
Herredoublemesterskabet blev vundet af australierne Ashley Campbell og Horace Rice, der vandt over Rodney Heath og James O'Day i finalen med 6–3, 6–3, 6–2.

Kilder / eksterne henvisninger
 Australian Open
 Australian Open - Results Archive - 1910 Men's Singles
 Australian Open - Results Archive - 1910 Men's Doubles
 Tennis Archives - Australian Open 1910
 West Coast Times - Wilding in great form (19. oktober 1909)
 Evening Post - Australian Tennis Championships - Wilding and Parker in final of singles (25. oktober 1909)
 Taranaki Herald - Australian Championships - Wilding wins the singles (26. oktober 1909)

Noter

Australian Open
Tennis i 1910

Australasian Championships 1910


Battlefield 1 er et first-person shooter udviklet af EA DICE og udgivet af Electronic Arts. Det er det femtende spil i Battlefield-serien, det første i hovedserien siden Battlefield 4 (2013), og første gang Electronic Arts udgiver et  første-verdenskrigs-spil siden Wings of Glory fra 1994. Spillet udkom til Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 og Xbox One den 21. oktober 2016. Spillet kunne dog spilles 14. oktober, 2016 på Origin for betalende medlemmer, og 21. for alle som har købt spillet

Game modes
Conquest: En standard mode inden for Battlefield-serien, hvor to hold skal kontrollere kontrolpunkter over hele kortet.
Domination: En version af Conquest med et mindre kort og færre kontrolpunkter.
Rush: To hold skifter mellem at angribe og forsvare, det angribende hold får et begrænset antal respawns, hvori de skal forsøge at plante bomber ved telegrafstationer. Det andet hold skal forsvare stationerne og deaktivere de plantede bomber.
Operations: Er en af de nye modes, der foregår over flere kort, og skal simulere en kampagne i den rigtige krig. Et hold skal forsvare mens det andet hold angriber, hvis angriberne vinder forsætter de over til et andet kort, men hvis angriberne taber så stopper moden og forsvarerne vinder.
Team Deathmatch: To hold prøver at få så mange points som muligt inden tiden løber ud, holdet med de fleste points vinder.
War Pigeons: Er en af de nye modes, der fungerer som en capture-the-flag mode. To hold skal prøve at fange en brevdue, der bliver brugt til at signalere til artilleriet. Når man har fanget duen skal man forsvare den i et stykke tid, og bagefter slippe den fri. Når  den prøver at flyve væk, skal modstanderen prøve at skyde duen ned.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Computerspil fra 2016
1
Windows-spil
PlayStation 4-spil
Xbox One-spil

Battlefield 1


Zviniča (bugarski Звиница) bio je bugarski plemić, koji je živio u 9. stoljeću.

Biografija
Zviniča je bio sin bugarskog kana Omurtaga i nepoznate žene te tako unuk Kruma. Bio je drugi sin svoga oca te brat Enravote i Malamira. Zviniča i njegova supruga imali su sina Presijana.

Budući da je Zviniča umro prije oca, dok je Enravota smatran prijetnjom zbog toga što se zanimao za kršćanstvo, Omurtaga je naslijedio Malamir, koji je bio najmlađi sin. Malamir je dao pogubiti Enravotu. Nakon što je Malamir umro, naslijedio ga je Zviničin sin Presijan, koji je postao Presijan I. Preko njega je Zviniča bio djed kneza Borisa I. i gospe Ane.

Izvori i bilješke

Prvo Bugarsko Carstvo

Zviniča


Dagbækur Berts er bókaflokkur eftir Anders Jacobsson og Sören Olsson. Aðalpersóna ritanna er Bert Ljung, sem á heima í Öreskoga (skáldaður staður) í Svíþjóð, í lok 1980 og snemma í 1990. Fyrsta bókin kom út 1987.

Bækur

Eldri útgáfa
Fyrsta bókin er myndskreytt af Sören Olsson. Hinar af Sonja Härdin.

Seinni útgáfa
Myndskreytt af Kwok-Hei Mak.

Sænskar bókmenntir

Dagbækur Berts


Bangladesh Standard Time (BST) (bengali: বাংলাদেশ মান সময়) é o fuso horário de Bangladesh. É compensado seis horas antes do Tempo Universal Coordenado e observado como padrão nacional em todo o país.

O sinal de tempo oficial é dado pelo Bangladesh Standard Time é calculado com base na longitude 90,00° E, que passa sobre a União Harukandi de Harirampur Upazila do Distrito Manikganj na Divisão de Dhaka, Bangladesh. No banco de dados de fuso horário da IANA, ele é representado por Asia/Dhaka.

História de Bangladesh

Bangladesh Standard Time


Puey Ungphakorn (, Aussprache: []; * 9. März 1916 in Bangkok; † 28. Juli 1999) war ein thailändischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler, Verwaltungsfachmann und Hochschullehrer. Er war von 1959 bis 1971 Präsident der thailändischen Zentralbank, von 1960 bis 1972 Dekan der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät und von 1975 bis 1976 Rektor der Thammasat-Universität. 1965 erhielt er den Ramon-Magsaysay-Preis. Er wird als "Vater der thailändischen Wirtschaftswissenschaft" verehrt.

Familie und Ausbildung
Puey, dessen Vater aus China eingewandert war, besuchte den französischsprachigen Zweig der Assumption-Schule Bangkok und gehörte zum ersten Jahrgang von Studenten der 1934 gegründeten Thammasat-Universität, von der er 1937 mit einem Bachelorgrad abschloss. Parallel zu seinem Studium arbeitete er bereits als Lehrer an seiner ehemaligen Schule. Er setzte seine Studien in England an der London School of Economics (LSE) fort, von der er 1941 einen Honours Degree 1. Klasse in Wirtschaftswissenschaft erhielt.

Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs und der faktischen Besetzung Thailands durch japanische Streitkräfte schloss er sich der Widerstandsbewegung Seri Thai an und kämpfte freiwillig im Pionierkorps der British Army. 1949 wurde er durch die LSE promoviert. In London lernte er seine Frau, die Engländerin Margaret Smith kennen. Die beiden hatten drei Söhne: den Anti-AIDS-Aktivisten und ehemaligen thailändischen Senator Jon Ungphakorn (* 1947), den Wirtschaftsjournalisten Peter Mytri Ungphakorn (* 1950) und den marxistischen Politikwissenschaftler Giles Ji Ungpakorn (* 1953).

Karriere und Werk
Nach seiner Promotion kehrte er nach Thailand zurück und wurde als Ökonom im Amt des Obersten Rechnungsprüfers im Finanzministerium tätig. Nach nur drei Jahren war er zum Hauptunterhändler Thailands für Verhandlungen mit der Weltbank über Kredite für wichtige Infrastrukturprojekte aufgestiegen. 1953 wurde er geschäftsführender Direktor des Nationalen Wirtschaftsrats und stellvertretender Präsident der Bank von Thailand, der thailändischen Notenbank. In dieser Position geriet er mehrfach in Konflikt mit Mitgliedern der damals herrschenden Militärclique. So setzte er sich über eine Anordnung der Regierung hinweg, Strafen für Geschäftsbanken, die die Regularien der Zentralbank verletzt hatten, auszusetzen. Gleichfalls ignorierte er eine Anweisung des mächtigen Polizeichefs Phao Siyanon, eine bestimmte US-amerikanische Firma mit dem Druck von Banknoten zu beauftragen, weil er deren Scheine für minderwertig und leicht fälschbar hielt. Aus Protest gegen missbräuchliche Manipulationen der Einfuhrkontrollen durch die Regierung wollte er 1956 seinen Rücktritt einreichen, wurde aber als finanzwirtschaftlicher Berater in die thailändische Botschaft in London versetzt. Dort setzte er sich für mehr ausländische Investitionen in Thailand und eine Stärkung des Zinnabsatzes seines Landes auf dem Weltmarkt ein und wurde stellvertretender Vorsitzender des International Tin Council.

Nach dem Sturz des langjährigen Regierungschefs Plaek Phibunsongkhram und der Machtübernahme durch Sarit Thanarat 1958 kehrte er nach Thailand zurück und wurde zunächst Generaldirektor der neu geschaffenen Abteilung für Haushalt im Amt des Ministerpräsidenten und zugleich des Amts für Fiskalpolitik im Finanzministerium. Von 1959 bis 1971 war er dann der Präsident der Bank von Thailand. Feldmarschall Sarit schätzte Pueys Fähigkeiten und räumte ihm und seiner Institution daher große Autonomie ein. Puey galt als integer, behutsam und besonnen. Parallel lehrte er ab 1960 Wirtschaftswissenschaft an der Thammasat-Universität, wo er Dekan seiner Fakultät war. Außerdem war er 1962–64 Generaldirektor des Amts für Finanzwirtschaft im Finanzministerium, 1967–72 Berater des Finanzministeriums. 1970 erhielt er einen Ruf als Gastprofessor an die Woodrow Wilson School für Public Policy der amerikanischen Princeton University, 1971–73 an das University College der University of Cambridge.

Da die grassierende Korruption bei hochrangigen Funktionären eine erhebliche Belastung für den Staatshaushalt ausmachte, stellte er diejenigen, die er dafür verantwortlich machte, teilweise kaum verhohlen an den Pranger. Als Zentralbankchef stellte er die Geschäftsbanken unter strengere Aufsicht und versuchte so, die engen Beziehungen zwischen diesen und führenden Militärs zu trennen. Den Ministerpräsidenten Thanom Kittikachorn brachte er 1964 durch die Rezitation eines Gedichts, das auf dessen Mitgliedschaft im Board of Directors einer Privatbank anspielte, zum Rücktritt von dieser Position. Die Bank von Thailand galt in dieser Zeit als einzige korruptionsfreie Institution. In der Geldpolitik verfolgte Puey einen konservativen Kurs und versuchte die Inflation möglichst gering zu halten, auch weil er wusste, dass diese eine faktische Umverteilung von unten nach oben mit sich bringt. Wirtschaftlicher Stabilität räumte er den Vorrang vor raschem Wachstum ein.

Insbesondere in seiner Position als Professor beschäftigte er sich mit möglichen Lösungen für das Armutsproblem und für mehr soziale Gerechtigkeit. So ermunterte er seine Studenten, nach ihrem Abschluss zunächst einige Zeit als freiwillige Lehrer in ländlichen Gebieten zu arbeiten. Seine Veröffentlichungen machten auf die Not der Armen und Vergehen von lokalen Repräsentanten des Staates aufmerksam. 1967 gründete er eine der ersten Nichtregierungsorganisationen für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Landes, die Thailändische Stiftung für Ländlichen Wiederaufbau (thailändisch ). Mit einem anerkannten Bangkoker Technokraten an der Spitze konnte die Organisation operieren, ohne den – in der damaligen Zeit sehr schnell geäußerten – Verdacht kommunistischer Betätigung auf sich zu ziehen. Bewusst legte er den Sitz der Stiftung in die ländlich geprägte Provinz Chai Nat, abseits des politisch und wirtschaftlich dominanten Zentrums Bangkok. Nachdem Thanom 1971 in einem "Selbstputsch" die zwei Jahre zuvor gewährte Verfassung aufgehoben hatte, erreichte Puey endlich seine Entlassung als Zentralbankpräsident, um die er zuvor schon mehrmals gebeten hatte, mit der Begründung, sich mehr auf seine Lehrtätigkeit konzentrieren zu wollen.

Nach dem demokratischen Volksaufstand im Oktober 1973 berief König Bhumibol Adulyadej Puey in die Nationale Legislativversammlung. Von 1974 bis 1975 stand er dem Beirat für Wirtschaftsfragen des Übergangsministerpräsidenten Sanya Dharmasakti vor, dem er 1975 auch als Rektor der Thammasat-Universität nachfolgte. Mit seiner Toleranz gegenüber der linken Studentenbewegung an seiner Universität wurde er zu einem Feindbild der Rechten während der folgenden, politisch stark polarisierten Phase. Seine Gegner warfen ihm vor, ein Kommunist zu sein. Nach dem Massaker vom 6. Oktober 1976, dessen Augenzeuge er war, floh er nach England.

Im September 1977 erlitt er einen Schlaganfall, nach dem er kaum noch sprechen und sich nur schwer bewegen konnte, sodass er während der mehr als zwanzig verbleibenden Jahre seines Lebens keine Werke mehr verfasste. Er fungierte aber vom englischen Exil aus weiterhin als Kontaktperson für Aktivisten gegen Menschenrechtsverletzungen und Pressezensur in Thailand. Erst 1987 besuchte er sein Heimatland noch einmal.

Weblinks
 Kurzbiografie (thailändisch)

Einzelnachweise

Hochschullehrer (Thailand)
Ökonom (20. Jahrhundert)
Bankmanager
Finanzwissenschaftler
Thailänder
Geboren 1916
Gestorben 1999
Mann
Präsident der Bank von Thailand

Puey Ungphakorn


Graf Robert Douglas (* 17. März 1611 auf Gut Standingstone bei Garvald, East Lothian; † 28. Mai 1662 in Stockholm) war ein schottisch-schwedischer Feldmarschall und begründete die schwedische Linie des schottischen Clan Douglas. Unter dem Gesellschaftsnamen der Lebhafte wurde er als Mitglied in die Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft aufgenommen.

Leben
Er war der vierte Sohn des Patrick Douglas of Standingstone († 1626) und der Christina Leslie. Sein Vater war der zweite Sohn des William Douglas, Laird of Whittingehame (um 1540–1595). Sein Vater war zusammen mit seinem Bruder Archibald in den Mord an Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Ehemann der Königin Maria Stuart, verwickelt.

Schon früh verwaist, ging Robert, wie viele seiner schottischen Standesgenossen, auf den Kontinent, um sich als Soldat im Ausland zu verdingen. Da in Europa der Dreißigjährige Krieg tobte, waren junge Männer aus aller Herren Länder gesucht, um die Heere mit Rekruten zu versorgen. Er wurde 16-jährig 1627 Page beim Pfalzgrafen Johann Kasimir, einem auf der protestantischen Seite kämpfenden deutschen Fürsten, bald darauf Fähnrich im Regiment des Alexander Leslie, einem Verwandten seiner Mutter. Schon 1631 wurde er Kapitänleutnant in einer von Oberstleutnant Archibald Hamilton (ebenfalls ein Schotte) geführten Kompanie. 1631 war Douglas mit den Schotten unter dem Befehl James Hamilton, 1. Duke of Hamilton auf dem deutschen Kriegsschauplatz eingetroffen, unter ihm nahm er an der Schlacht bei Breitenfeld am 17. September 1631 teil.

In der Schlacht bei Lützen wurde er an der Wange durch eine Musketenkugel verletzt, am 16. November 1632 war er Kommandant der 1. Kompanie im Gelben Regiment. 1633 wurde er Kapitän der Dragonergarde des in schwedischen Diensten stehenden Herzogs Bernhard von Weimar, 1634 Oberstleutnant in derselben Einheit und schließlich unter dem schwedischen Feldherrn Axel Oxenstierna Oberst eines Kavallerieregimentes. 1636 nahm er unter Johan Banér an der Schlacht bei Wittstock  Aufstellung. 1637 besuchte er die Heimat. 1642 war er in der zweiten Schlacht von Breitenfeld. 1643 wurde er Generalmajor im »Torstenson Krieg«, wobei er in Jütland im April 1644 durch den dänischen Major Petersen Verluste erlitt. 1645 nahm er an der Schlacht bei Jankau teil.

Am 26. Mai 1646 heiratete er mit großem Pomp in Leipzig Hedvig von Mörner, die Tochter des schwedischen Gouverneurs Stellan Otto Mörner und Maria von der Grunau. Zugegen war auch der spätere König Karl X. Gustav. Danach bedrohte er (wie vor ihm bereits Eberhard Beckermann) die Stadt Arnsberg, nun aber auf Befehl Wrangels. Am 5. September 1646 wurde er nach Schwaben  berufen, hier traf er zunächst in Lauingen ein später war er bei Überfällen auf Schrobenhausen, Heilbronn  und Schwäbisch Hall  beteiligt. Nach den von ihm geführten Friedensverhandlungen zu Ulm wurde er zum Gubernator in Schwaben ernannt. Er war auch bei der Belagerung der Reichsstadt Schweinfurt  sowie dem letzten Feldzug dieses Krieges 1647/48, wobei er bei der Belagerung von Gleichenstein durch einen Musketenschuss schwer verwundet wurde. Die Burg Gleichenstein wurde dann am 9. März 1648 von den Schweden in einen Steinhauffen verwandelt.

Nach seiner Genesung war er zusammen mit Wrangel im Juni 1648 an der Eroberung und elftägigen Plünderung von Freising beteiligt: vom 27. Mai bis zum 6. Juni haben die Schwedische noch das Hauptquartier in Freysingen gehapt, wo selbst Duglaß, Graf. vber die Cavallerie, in der Thumbkirchen Kindttauf gehalten.

Am 10. Juli 1647 wurde ihm durch Königin Christina das Kloster Zeven übereignet. Nach dem Friedensschluss von Münster und Osnabrück blieb er auch nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg weiterhin in schwedischen Diensten, er löste seine Regimenter in Schwaben auf und wurde in den schwedischen Freiherrnstand erhoben (29. März 1651), wurde dann am 24. Mai 1651 General der Kavallerie und schwedischer Kriegsrat und war vom 6. November 1652 – 28. Mai 1654 schwedischer Reichsstallmeister. Nachdem er am 28. Mai 1654 in den schwedischen Grafenstand mit der Grafschaft Skenninge in Östergötland erhoben worden war und die Güter Stjärnorp und Hogsäter erworben hatte, begründete er die bis heute in Schweden ansässige schwedische Linie der Douglasfamilie. Er erbaute sich nach dem Westfälischen Frieden das Schloss Stjärnorp.

Nach Schweden zurückgekehrt wurde er 1651 zum Baron von Skålby, 1654 zum Grafen von Skänninge  erhoben. Nachdem er 1656 noch Feldmarschallleutnant geworden und am 13. Mai 1657 zum Feldmarschall befördert worden war, übernahm er zusätzlich auch politische Ämter. So wurde er 1658 Geheimrat im Senat und schließlich ab dem 25. Mai 1658 Oberbefehlshaber in Estland und Livland. Hier war er in der Schlacht bei Gnesen, bei der Schlacht bei Warschau und 1658 bei der Eroberung von Ronneburg im zweiten nordischen Krieg beteiligt. Durch List gelang es ihm in der Nacht vom 29. auf den 30. September 1658 den Vorgängerbau des Schlosses Mitau einzunehmen und den Herzog von Kurland Jakob Kettler gefangen zunehmen. Nach dem Frieden von Oliva im Jahre 1660 wurde er zusehends schwächer und erlitt nach seiner Heimkehr einen Schlaganfall, er wurde mit großem Aufwand in der Ritterholmskirche beerdigt. Später wurden seine Gebeine in die von ihm erbaute Kapelle im Kloster Vreta überführt.

Nachkommen
Aus seiner Ehe mit Hedvig Mörner hatte er sechs Söhne und eine Tochter:
 Wilhelm Douglas (1646–1674), 1670 schwedischer Kammerherr, 1672 Oberstleutnant der schwedischen Infanterie;
 Gustav Graf Douglas (1648–1705), Gouverneur von Västerbotten;
 Axel Douglas (1650–1673), Offizier in französischen und niederländischen Diensten;
 Adolf Douglas (1651–1674), Offizier in französischen und niederländischen Diensten;
 Christina Douglas (1652–1712) ⚭ 1680 Gustav Adolf Oxenstierna, Graf zu Korsholm und Vaasa (1648–1697);
 Karl Douglas (1656–1678);
 Robert Douglas (1662–1665).

Rezeption
Robert Douglas stand seit 1629 bei Axel Oxenstierna in hoher Gunst. Er diente seit 1630, von Oxenstierna gefördert, in Gustav Adolfs Heer in Deutschland. Mit Alexander Hamiltons Truppen kam er nach Frankfurt am Main, nahm am Vorstoß nach Kreuznach teil, folgte dann mit seiner Kompanie dem König nach Nürnberg und zog mit ihm, nun Regimentskommandeur, nach Lützen, wo er von einer Musketenkugel verwundet wurde. Als Soldat war er der erste und letzte, ein tapferer und mutiger Reitergeneral, ein Offizier mit natürlicher Veranlagung und der Fähigkeit sich schnell in eine Position einzufühlen und schnelle und mutige Entscheidungen zu treffen. Während seiner langen militärischen Laufbahn hatte er oft die Gelegenheit furchtlos und mutig persönlichen Mut zu demonstrieren. Er besaß auch große Verdienste im Zivil- und Verwaltungsbereich. Sein Temperament war zwar ungestüm aber auch flexibel wenn erforderlich. In seinen jüngeren Jahren war seine Wirtschaft offenbar nicht die beste, in einem Brief an Axel Oxenstierna im Jahre 1643 berichtet er von den Gläubigern eingeschnürt zu werden aber letztlich erwarb er sich durch Heirat, Legate und wohl auch Kriegsbeute ein großes Vermögen.

Weblinks
 Artikel Robert Douglas auf der Webseite von Bernd Warlich : Der Dreißigjährige Krieg in Selbstzeugnissen, Chroniken und Berichten

Einzelnachweise

Feldmarschall (Schweden)
Person im Torstenssonkrieg (Schweden)
Militärperson im Dreißigjährigen Krieg (Schweden)
Generalgouverneur (Schwedisch-Livland)
Robert Douglas #Feldmarschall
Graf (Schweden)
Schotte
Schwede
Geboren 1611
Gestorben 1662
Mann

Robert Douglas (Feldmarschall)


بسنيس أو باسنز هو تقسيم إداري يوجد في إقليم صافوا في جهة رون - ألب في فرنسا.

مراجع

بلديات إقليم سافوا

باسنز صافوا


Rheita ist Name von:

 Anton Maria Schyrleus de Rheita (1604–1660), Priester und Astronom
 Rheita (Mondkrater), benannt nach Anton Maria Schyrleus de Rheita
 Vallis Rheita, ein Mondtal südwestlich des gleichnamigen Kraters

Siehe auch:
 Raheita

Rheita


In grammar, a supine is a form of verbal noun used in some languages. The term is most often used for Latin, where it is one of the four principal parts of a verb. The word refers to a position of lying on one's back (as opposed to 'prone', lying face downward), but there exists no widely accepted etymology that explains why or how the term came to be used to also describe this form of a verb.

Latin

There are two supines, I (first) and II (second). They are originally the accusative and dative or ablative forms of a verbal noun in the fourth declension, respectively.

First supine
The first supine ends in -um. It has two uses.

The first supine comes with verbs of motion. In one usage, it indicates purpose:

 'Mater pompam me spectatum duxit'  is 'Mother took me to watch the procession'.
 'Legati ad Caesarem gratulatum convenerunt' is 'The ambassadors came to Caesar to congratulate him'.

The translation of this first usage of the first supine is similar to, if not identical to, the Latin clause of purpose.

A second usage is in combination with the future passive infinitive. In this second usage it indicates fate; for example "occisum iri" means 'to be going to be killed'. It mostly appears in indirect statements:

 ' Occisum iri a Milone video' is 'I foresee that he is going to be killed by Milo'.

Second supine
The second supine, which comes with adjectives, is rarely used; only a few verbs have been seen to commonly adopt the form. It is derived from the dative of purpose, which expresses the purpose of a thing or action, or the ablative of respect, which can translate as "with regard/respect to" and is used to indicate to what extent or in what way the main clause is true. It is the same as the first supine but replacing final -um by -ū, with a lengthened u. Mirabile dictū, for example, translates as "amazing to say", where dictū is the supine form. The sense is generally passive, even if usually not explicitly marked as such in idiomatic English translation; for example, difficile creditū, "hard to believe", is more literally "hard to be believed", or "hardly believable".

Sanskrit

Sanskrit has a formation, from the accusative form of an old verbal noun, -tu. The ending -tum, much like in Latin, is added to the root.

 √dā ⇒ dā́·tum − (to give)
 √bhū- ⇒ bháv·i·tum − (to be)
 √kṛ- ⇒ kár·tum − (to do)
 √gam- ⇒ gán·tum − (to go)

Germanic languages
In English grammar, the term "supine" is sometimes used to refer to the to-infinitive. The to-infinitive is seen in sentences like "To err is human; to forgive divine."

In Swedish grammar, the supine is used with an auxiliary verb to produce some compound verb forms that closely resemble perfect forms.
Inspired by the tradition in Swedish grammar, some linguists identify a similar form in the Danish language.

In Icelandic grammar, sagnbót (usually translated as "supine") is a verbal form identical to the neuter participle, used to form certain verb tenses.

Finnic languages
In Estonian, the supine is called "ma-tegevusnimi" (lit. "ma-infinitive") because all the words in supine have "ma" in the end (as in "tegema", "jooksma", "kõndima"), and they act similarly to the Latin example. The supine is also the common dictionary form for verbs. The Finnish equivalent of the Estonian supine in "-ma" is called "kolmannen infinitiivin illatiivi" (lit. "the illative of the third infinitive"), which is "-maan" or "-mään" according to vowel harmony (as in "tekemään", "juoksemaan", "kävelemään"), these, too, act similarly to the Latin as they are complements of verbs of motion.

Romance languages
In Romanian, the supine generally corresponds to an English construction like for [gerund]: "Această carte este de citit" means "This book is for reading". Additionally, the supine in Romanian can be used to express English constructions such as "I have things to do," which would be translated as "Eu am niște lucruri de făcut."

Slavic languages
The Slovene and the Lower Sorbian supine is used after verbs of movement; see Slovenian verbs. The supine was used in Proto-Slavic but it was replaced in most Slavic languages by the infinitive in later periods.

Baltic languages
In some dialects of Lithuanian, the supine is used with verbs of motion to indicate purpose: Moterys eina miestan duonos pirktų, which means "The women are going to the town to buy some bread". The standard language uses the infinitive, pirkti, instead of the supine. In Old Lithuanian, the supine was a much more widespread form than in Modern Lithuanian.

See also
Gerund
Non-finite verb

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Sanskrit Grammar - William Dwight Whitney -
 Indo-European Language and Culture - Fortson IV, Benjamin W - 2nd Ed - Wiley-Blackwell (2010) -
 The Sanskrit Language - Burrow, T -

Grammar
Verbs

Supine


خللي بالك من جيرانك هو فيلم مصري إنتاج سنة 1979، بطولة عادل إمام ولبلبة وفؤاد المهندس، ومن إخراج محمد عبد العزيز.

الممثلون
 عادل إمام بدور المحامي أحمد نافع القبوري
 لبلبة بدور نوال
 فؤاد المهندس (عبد السلام الدمنهوري)
 مديحة يسري بدور  والدة نوال
 ميمي جمال
 وحيد سيف مساعد المحامي أحمد
 علي الشريف
 هدى زكي
 زكريا موافي
 إبراهيم قدري
 فاروق فلوكس

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم حول عريسان في شهر العسل يسكنون في شقة مفرشة ولكن ليست كأي شقة لإنهم يفأجون بجيران غريبون وأحداث أغـرب تحدث معهم داخل هذة العمارة والشقة أيضا وتتوالى الأحداث في إطار كوميدي ساخر.

روابط إضافية
 صفحة الفيلم في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام عادل إمام
أفلام فؤاد المهندس
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1979
أفلام لبلبة

خلي بالك من جيرانك (فيلم)


Zeit der Prüfungen (Originaltitel: The Paper Chase) ist ein US-amerikanischer Spielfilm aus dem Jahr 1973. Unter der Regie von James Bridges spielen Timothy Bottoms, Lindsay Wagner und John Houseman die Hauptrollen.

Handlung
Der Jurastudent James Hart kommt an die renommierte Harvard-Universität, die als Sprungbrett für Spitzenkarrieren gilt. Gleich in der ersten Vorlesung lernt er Professor Kingsfield kennen, der bei seinen Studenten wegen seiner hohen Leistungsanforderungen, aber auch für seine bissigen Bemerkungen, Sottisen und Bonmots gefürchtet ist. Wenig später trifft James Susan, die hübsche Tochter des Professors. Sie selbst hat ihre Schwierigkeiten mit dem rigiden, hochintelligenten, aber zu mitmenschlicher Wärme kaum fähigen, professoralen Vater. Das Scheidungskind hat sich über die Jahre mit der unnahbaren Art ihres Vaters arrangiert.

Die sich zart entwickelnde Liebe zwischen James und Susan tut vor allem dem durch Kingsfields klirrend-kalte und spöttische Art und seine immens hohen Anforderungen eingeschüchterten und entmutigten James gut. Durch ihren Einfluss beginnt sich der junge, von Selbstzweifeln geplagte Mann von dem selbstzerstörerischen Leistungsdenken freizumachen. Diese Selbstbefreiung führt letztlich allmählich sogar zu besseren Studienleistungen. Eines Tages erfährt James sogar den Hauch einer Anerkennung von dem unerbittlichen Vater seiner neuen Freundin.

Produktionsnotizen
Zeit der Prüfungen wurde am 16. Oktober 1973 uraufgeführt. Die deutsche Erstaufführung erlebte der Film am 18. Juni 1977 um 20.15 Uhr in der ARD. Fälschlicherweise wird der Film in Deutschland auch häufig unter dem Titel Die Zeit der Prüfungen geführt.

Dem Film lag ein 1970 veröffentlichter Roman von John Jay Osborn jr. (* 1945) zugrunde.

Die Filmbauten entwarf George Jenkins.

Kritik
Kay Wenigers Das große Personenlexikon des Films nannte Zeit der Prüfungen eine "unprätentiöse Jurastudenten-Geschichte […], mit der Bridges eine sichere Hand für Schauspielerführung bewies" und lobte darüber hinaus insbesondere die schauspielerische Leistung Housemans: "Mit 70 Jahren brillierte er als Charakterinterpret: in der Studentengeschichte "Zeit der Prüfungen" gab John Houseman eine überragende Performance als überaus ernsthafter, unbestechlicher und hyperkorrekter Harvard-Professor Charles Kingsfield -- eine Leistung, für die er mit einem Nebenrollen-Oscar belohnt wurde und mit der er in den späten 70er und den 80er Jahren in (Fernseh-)Serie ging."

Das Lexikon des Internationalen Films nannte den Film "ein verhaltenes Kammerspiel" und resümierte: "Regisseur Bridges kann trotz mancher Zugeständnisse die Formeln der Hollywoodkolportage umgehen und den Blick auf gesellschaftliche Zusammenhänge lenken. Hervorragende Schauspielerleistungen."

Der Movie & Video Guide schrieb: "Splendidly adapted by Bridges from the John Jay Osborn Jr. novel, with wonderful Gordon Willis photography and peerless acting, led by Houseman's Oscar winning performance in the role that made him a 'star'".

Auszeichnungen
John Houseman gewann für seine Darstellung des herrischen und unerbittlich Leistung einfordernden Professor Kingsfield den Oscar, Golden Globe Award, National Board of Review Award und einen 2. Platz bei der Vergabe des New York Film Critics Circle Awards jeweils als bester Nebendarsteller. Weitere Oscar-Nominierungen erhielten Regisseur Bridges für sein Drehbuch sowie Donald O. Mitchell und Larry Jost für den besten Ton. Bridges wurde für sein Filmskript auch für den Writers Guild of America Award nominiert.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1973
US-amerikanischer Film
Filmdrama
Literaturverfilmung

Zeit der Prüfungen


Izabela Valois (fr. Isabelle de Valois; Izabela Francuska; 1313. – Pariz, 26. srpnja 1383.) bila je francuska plemkinja, grofica Clermonta i vojvotkinja Bourbona; kći grofa Karla Valoisa i njegove treće supruge, gospe Matilde Châtillonske te nećakinja kralja Filipa IV. Lijepoga. Izabelin je muž bio njezin rođak, grof-vojvoda Petar I. Burbonski, sin Luja I.; vjenčali su se 25. siječnja 1336. god.

Djeca
Petrova i Izabelina djeca:
Luj II. Burbonski
Ivana Burbonska, kraljica Francuske
Blanka Burbonska, kraljica Kastilje i Leona
Bonne Burbonska
Katarina (1342. – 1427.)
Margareta Burbonska, gospa Albreta
Izabela
Izabela, časna sestra u Poissyju

Izvori i bilješke

Burbonci
Dinastija Valois
Grofovi Clermont-en-Beauvaisisa

Izabela Valois (1313. – 1383.)


Fasis o Phasis puede referirse a:

Topónimos
 Fasis (ciudad): en la Antigüedad clásica, una polis del mar Negro y su puerto, y el río que desembocaba junto a él (Φάσις), conocidos actualmente como:
 Río Rioni
 Ciudad de Poti

Mitología
 Fasis, hijo de Helios y Ocírroe

Biónimos

Género
 Phasis (género), un género de mariposas -:en:Phasis (butterfly)-

Especies
Especies de otros géneros llevan pasis como nombre específico:
 Foetorepus phasis
 Eunica phasis

Paronimia
 Fase

Fasis


Die Unihockey-B-Weltmeisterschaft der Herren 2006 wurde vom 21. bis 28. Mai wie die A-Weltmeisterschaft in Schweden ausgespielt.

Das Turnier gewann die Mannschaft Estlands vor Ungarn und den Niederlanden.

Platzierungsspiele

Spiel um Platz 19

Spiel um Platz 17

Spiel um Platz 15

Endrunde

Halbfinale

Kleines Finale (Spiel um Platz 13)

Finale (Spiel um Platz 11)

Abschlussplatzierung

Estland spielt damit als Turniersieger 2008 in der A-Division.

Scorer

All-Star-Team
 Torhüter:  Kristian Ten Hof
 Rechter Verteidiger:  Roman Pass
 Linker Verteidiger:  Terry Samwell
 Mittelstürmer:  Rein Kivi
 Rechter Stürmer:  Dennis Nanasi
 Linker Stürmer:  Benjamin Cernela

Siehe auch
 Unihockey-Weltmeisterschaft 2006
 Unihockey-C-Weltmeisterschaft 2006

Weblinks
 Abschlussplatzierung auf floorbal.org

2006
Unihockey 2006
Unihockeywettbewerb in Schweden
Weltmeisterschaft #B 2006

Unihockey-B-Weltmeisterschaft 2006


The river Eridanos  or Eridanus (; ) is a river in northern Europe mentioned in Greek mythology and historiography.

Mythical stream
Hesiod, in the Theogony, calls it "deep-eddying Eridanos" in his list of rivers, the offspring of the Titans Tethys and her brother-husband Oceanus. He was called the king of the rivers.

Herodotus suspects the word Eridanos to be essentially Greek in character, and notably forged by some unknown poet, and expresses his disbelief in the whole concept—passed on to him by others, themselves not eye witnesses—of such a river flowing into a northern sea, surrounding Europe, where the mythical Amber and Tin Isles were supposed; he upholds the belief in the abundance of natural goods at the world's ends though, to be found in the north of Europe as well as in India (east: big animals, gold, cotton) and Arabia (south: incense, myrrh, etc.). The Eridanos was later associated with the river Po, because the Po was located near the end of the Amber Trail.

According to Apollonius of Rhodes and Ovid, amber originated from the tears of the Heliades, encased in poplars as dryads, shed when their brother, Phaethon, died and fell from the sky, struck by Zeus' thunderbolt, and tumbled into the Eridanos,  where "to this very day the marsh exhales a heavy vapour which rises from his smouldering wound; no bird can stretch out its fragile wings to fly over that water, but in mid-flight it falls dead in the flames"; "along the green banks of the river Eridanos," Cygnus mourned him—Ovid told—and was transformed into a swan. There in the far west, Heracles asked the river nymphs of Eridanos to help him locate the Garden of the Hesperides. Strabo commented disregardingly on such mythmaking:
[...] one must put aside many of the mythical or false accounts such as those of Phaethon and of the Heliades changed into black poplars near the Eridanos (a river that does not exist anywhere on earth, although it is said to be near the Po), and of the Islands of Amber that lie off the Po, and of the guinea-fowl on them, because none of these exist in this area.

[...] τὰ δὲ πολλὰ τῶν μυθευομένων ἢ κατεψευσμένων ἄλλως ἐᾶν δεῖ͵ οἷον τὰ περὶ Φαέθοντα καὶ τὰς Ἡλιάδας τὰς ἀπαιγειρουμένας περὶ τὸν Ἠριδανόν͵ τὸν μηδαμοῦ γῆς ὄντα͵ πλησίον δὲ τοῦ Πάδου λεγόμενον͵ καὶ τὰς Ἠλεκτρίδας νήσους τὰς πρὸ τοῦ Πάδου καὶ μελεαγρίδας ἐν αὐταῖς· οὐδὲ γὰρ τούτων οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς τόποις.Virgil introduced it as one of the rivers of Hades in his Aeneid.

"Starry Eridanus"

When in Nonnus' fourth- or fifth-century CE Dionysiaca the vast monster Typhon boasts that he will bathe in "starry Eridanus", it is hyperbole, for the constellation Eridanus, represented as a river, was one of the 48 constellations listed by the second-century astronomer Ptolemy; it remains one of the 88 modern constellations.

Real river
There have been various guesses at which real river was the Eridanos: these include the Po River in north Italy, the Rhone in France and the Rhine. The Eridanos is mentioned in Greek writings as a river in northern Europe rich in amber (Vistula on Amber Road?). A small river near Athens was named Eridanos in ancient times, and has been rediscovered with the excavations for construction of the Athens Metro.

Legacy

Cenozoic river

Eridanos is the name that has been applied by geologists to a river which flowed where the Baltic Sea is now, a river system also known simply as the "Baltic River System".

Namesake
Eridanus Stream in Antarctica is named after the mythical river.

Notes

References

 Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853-1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
 Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica. George W. Mooney. London. Longmans, Green. 1912. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Herodotus, The Histories with an English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. 1920. . Online version at the Topos Text Project. Greek text available at Perseus Digital Library.
 Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
 Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses. Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Publius Vergilius Maro, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Vergil. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Strabo, Geographica edited by A. Meineke. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

Further reading

 Aken, Dr. A.R.A. van. (1961). Elseviers Mythologische Encyclopedie. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
 Bartelink, Dr. G.J.M. (1988). Prisma van de mythologie. Utrecht: Het Spectrum.

External links

Rivers of Hades
Potamoi

Eridanos (river of Hades)


الحوشب هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى الدريب الأوسط.

أعلامها
 سليمان العلي

المراجع

الدريب
قرى لبنان

الحوشب


Microsoft 365 (tidligere Office 365) er et varemærke, hvorunder Microsoft markedsfører en abonnementbaseret gruppe af forskellige programmer. Et abonnement på Microsoft 365 giver bl.a. adgang til Microsoft Office, OneDrive og 60 minutters månedligt brug af Skype. For forretningskunder er der en række yderligere services tilgængelig.

Den 21. april 2020 blev Office 365 for almindelige brugere og mindre virksomheder omdøbt til Microsoft 365. Office 365-navnet forbliver i brug til større virksomheder.

Kilder og henviosninger

365

Microsoft 365


La série 2000 des Nederlandshe Spoorwegen, ex-série 995-999 des Staatsspoorwegen désigne cinq locomotives à vapeur de disposition Atlantic conçues pour les rapides et lourds trains postaux en 1900. Le modèle ne s'avérant jamais au point, leur production ne se poursuit pas et, après une série de réglages infructueux, elles sont reléguées aux marchandises et radiées en 1930-1932.

Histoire

Genèse
À la fin du , l'augmentation du poids des trains surpasse les capacités des locomotives de disposition 120 série 301-479 construites en grand nombre depuis 1880, lesquelles étaient utilisées en double traction sur les trains de courrier vers les frontières et le port de Flessingue. Les nouvelles 220 de la série 800 se montrant satisfaisantes en tête de trains express moins lourds, il est décidé de mettre au point une version agrandie de ces dernières.

Mise au point
Reprenant la base éprouvée des série 300 qui avaient donné naissance à la série 800  elles introduisent une chaudière plus grande et plus puissante, grâce à une pression maximale de  contre 11 chez les 800. Les cylindres sont également agrandis et un tender plus capacitaire, à bogies, est choisi. Comme les autres locomotives de vitesse construites pour la Compagnie de l'État jusqu'ici, elles sont assemblées à Manchester par Beyer-Peacock.

Le poids à l'essieu du nouveau modèle aurait été trop importante en conservant la même disposition d'essieux 220, un essieu porteur de même diamètre que ceux des bogies est ajouté sous l'arrière de la cabine faisant de cette locomotive une Atlantic (disposition d'essieux 221. À noter que la plupart des 'véritables' Atlantics à tender séparé ont l'essieu porteur placé sous le foyer au lieu de l'abri. Ici, le foyer est toujours disposé entre les deux essieux moteurs comme sur leurs consœurs de disposition 220. Il s'agit aussi d'un exemple très rare d'Atlantic à cylindres et mécanisme intérieurs.

Production et évolution

Dès leur mise en service, les nouvelles venues souffrent d'une démarche agitée à cause d'un mauvais équilibrage des masses et d'un mariage peu heureux entre un châssis daté et un moteur (chaudière et cylindres) de forte puissance.

Affectées aux "trains-paquebots" venant d'Allemagne sur le trajet Boxtel - Flessingue, elles sont parcourues par des oscillations importantes au-dessus de  qui deviennent carrément dangereuses à partir de . On doit donc revenir à des locomotives plus petites en double traction pour les trains lourds et produire davantage de locomotives série 800 qui resteront jusqu'en 1910 les plus puissantes locomotives pour express des Staatsspoorwegen.

En 1921, deux grands réseaux restants aux Pays-Bas (SS et HSM) mettent en commun leur matériel roulant regroupé sous l'appellation de Nederlandsche Spoorwegen (la création des NS en tant que tels n'aura lieu qu'en 1938) ; les locomotives n°995-999 sont alors renumérotées 2000-2005.

De nombreux essais de réglages et modifications sont pratiqués sur les cinq Atlantic : la 995 est même allongée avec le pivot du bogie avant positionné  en avant tandis que la 2005, ex-999, est dotée en 1923 du même bogie que les locomotives série 3700. Aucune de ces tentatives ne parvenant à résoudre le problème, elles sont reléguées aux trains de marchandises dans les années 1920 où elles se montrent peu adaptées en raison de leurs grandes roues de plus de .

Radiations
Les 2002 et 2004 sont radiées en premier, en 1930, suivies par la 2003 en 1931 et le reste de la série l'année qui suit. Les deux ultimes représentantes (2001 et 2005) ne sont pas démolies tout de suite : la seconde étant transformée en profondeur en wagon de résistance pour des parcours avec une voiture de mesures, débarrassée de son tender avec une conduite pour collecter la vapeur de la chaudière. Le coût de transformation étant trop élevé, la 2001 est finalement envoyée à la casse tandis que la 2005, renumérotée "wagon 169002" survit jusqu'en 1955. Aucune n'est préservée.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

 .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 NS série 700 (vapeur)
 NS série 1300 (vapeur)
 NS série 1700 (vapeur)
 NS série 2900 (vapeur)
 NS série 3700

Liens externes
 Photographies de locomotives série 2900, sur le site des Archives d'Utrecht.

Locomotive à vapeur des Pays-Bas
Matériel roulant des NS

NS série 2000 (vapeur)


Je, tu, il, elle es una película de 1974 dirigida por Chantal Akerman.

Elenco
 Chantal Akerman como Julie.
 Niels Arestrup como conducto.
 Claire Wauthion como amiga de Julie.

Referencias

Películas feministas
Películas con temática LGBT de 1974

Je, tu, il, elle


Agustín de Vedia (n. 1843, Montevideo - d. 1910, Buenos Aires) a fost un jurnalist și scriitor uruguayan, care a avut o influență remarcabilă asupra vieții politice din Argentina și Uruguay între a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului al XX-lea.

Biografie
S-a stabilit de la vârsta de 16 ani în Buenos Aires, locul de reședință al tatălui său. A pătruns de la o vârstă foarte fragedă în lumea jurnalismului și a înființat în 1864 ziarul El Iris și apoi, doi ani mai târziu, ziarul La América, care a avut o perioadă de apariție foarte scurtă din cauza campaniei sale agresive împotriva politicii președintelui Bartolomé Mitre, a poziției sale cu privire la Războiul Triplei Alianțe și a arestării redactorilor săi.

În 1870 a participat la mișcarea revoluționară împotriva președintelui uruguayan, generalul Lorenzo Batlle. Aflat în aceeași tabără, a editat un ziar cu un titlu controversat: La Revolución.  După răsturnarea președintelui Battle și ascensiunea la putere a juristului José Eugenio Ellauri în 1874, s-a mutat cu domiciliul în Argentina, unde, în afară de activitatea de redactor la prestigiosul cotidian La Nación, a lucrat ca avocat. În același an a fost ales deputat în Parlamentul Argentinei. În 1873 el a fondat ziarul La Democracia.

Opt ani mai târziu, el a făcut o altă călătorie la Montevideo, unde, ca director de ziar, a rămas până în 1882, când s-a mutat definitiv la Buenos Aires. Odată ajuns acolo, el a renunțat la conducerea ziarului La Democracia, trecând ca director la ziarul La Tribuna Nacional, dar, nefiind o publicație fondată de el, a decis să înființeze și să conducă în 1891 un alt ziar nou: La Tribuna. A condus acest ziar până la moartea sa. Agustín de Vedia a murit în 1910.

Scrieri
  Album de la república O. del Uruguay, compuesto para la Exposición Continental de Buenos Aires (1882)
 El Banco nacional; historia financiera de la República Argentina (1890)
 El teniente general Julio A. Roca : bosquejo històrico-biográfico (1899)
 La Constitución argentina (1907)
 Proyecto de correcciones al Código civil de la República Argentina (1908)
 La bandera y el escudo (1911)

Referințe

Nașteri în 1843
Decese în 1910
Oameni din Montevideo
Jurnaliști uruguayeni

Agustín de Vedia


القشرة المقدسة أو الكسكرا أو نبات مسهل من نوع النبق أو قلف مقدس أو عجرم أو نبق بورشيانا أو عوسج فارس ، هي نبتة من جنس النبقيات، موطنها الأصلي أمريكا الشمالية.

الاستعمالات
تفيد هذه النبتة في الوقاية من الإمساك وتعمل على طرد الديدان. وتستخدم بشكل واسع في كملين ومطهر للقولون. ومن مميزاتها أنها تحسن الجهاز الهضمي وتنظف المرارة

مراجع

 Flora of British Columbia: Rhamnus purshiana
 Jepson Flora Project: Rhamnus purshiana

أشجار المناخ القاري الرطب
أشجار المناخ المحيطي
أشجار شمال غرب الولايات المتحدة
أشجار غرب كندا
أشجار كولومبيا البريطانية
أصنوفات سماها أوغستان بيرام دو كندول
نباتات الساحل الغربي للولايات المتحدة
نباتات سييرا نيفادا (الولايات المتحدة)
نباتات طبية في أمريكا الشمالية
نباتات كاليفورنيا
نبق
تاريخ آجام وأحراج كاليفورنيا الطبيعي
نباتات جبال كاسكيد

القشرة المقدسة


مدينة أكيشيما (باليابانية 昭島市) هي مدينة تقع في محافظة طوكيو، اليابان.

في عام 2008، وصل التعداد السكاني للمدينة إلى 113,034 نسمة والكثافة السكانية 6,314.31 نسمة في الكيلومتر مربع، والمساحة الإجمالية 17.33 كم مربع. تم تأسيس المدينة في الأول من مايو 1954. اشتق اسم مدينة أكيشيما من من اسمي المدينتين شووا(昭和 Shōwa) وهاجيما (拝島) التي تم دمجهما لتشكيل أكيشيما.

أعلام
 تاكاو كوياما

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع مدينة أكيشيما باللغة اليابانية

أحياء طوكيو
مدن طوكيو
أكيشيما (طوكيو)

أكيشيما (طوكيو)


167748 Markkelly este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
167748 Markkelly este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Jarnac din Vail-Jarnac. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,40 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 2,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 167001-168000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2004
Centura de asteroizi

167748 Markkelly


A controvérsia da indenização paga pelo Haiti envolve um acordo milionário realizado em 1825 entre o Haiti e a França, em que a França exigiu o pagamento de indenização no valor de 150 milhões de francos a ser paga pelo Haiti em reivindicações sobre propriedades - incluindo escravos haitianos - que foram perdidas durante a Revolução Haitiana em troca de reconhecimento diplomático, com a dívida removendo $ 21 bilhões da economia haitiana. Somente o primeiro pagamento anual foi seis vezes a receita anual do Haiti. O pagamento foi posteriormente reduzido para 90 milhões de francos em 1838, , com o Haiti pagando cerca de 112 milhões de francos no total. Ao longo dos 122 anos entre 1825 e 1947, a dívida prejudicou gravemente o desenvolvimento econômico do país haitiano, pois os pagamentos de juros e adiantamentos totalizaram uma parcela significativa do PIB haitiano, restringindo o uso de fundos financeiros domésticos para infraestrutura e serviços públicos.

A exigência de pagamento pela França, em troca de reconhecer a independência do Haiti foi entregue ao país por vários navios de guerra franceses em 1825, vinte e um anos após a declaração de independência do país, em 1804. Devido às demandas surreais da França, o Haiti foi forçado a tomar grandes empréstimos do banco francês Crédit Industriel et Commercial, enriquecendo os acionistas do banco. Embora a França tenha recebido seu último pagamento de indenização em 1888, o governo dos Estados Unidos financiou a aquisição do tesouro do Haiti em 1911 para receber pagamentos de juros relacionados à indenização. Em 1922, o restante da dívida do Haiti com a França foi transferido para ser pago a investidores americanos. Demorou até 1947 – cerca de 122 anos – para que o Haiti finalmente pagasse todos os juros associados ao National City Bank de Nova York (atual Citibank ). Em 2016, o Parlamento da França revogou o decreto de 1825 de Carlos X, embora nenhuma reparação tenha sido oferecida pela França. Essas dívidas são denunciadas como a raiz da pobreza do Haiti moderno e um caso de dívida odiosa, dívidas impostas a uma população pela força abusiva. Em 2022, o The New York Times publicou uma série investigativa dedicada ao assunto.

História

Colônia de São Domingos

São Domingos, que agora é denominado Haiti, era a colônia européia mais produtiva do mundo no século XIX. A França chegou a adquirir grande parte de sua riqueza usando escravos, com a população escrava de São Domingos respondendo por um terço de todo o comércio atlântico de escravos .  Entre os anos de 1697 e 1804, colonos franceses trouxeram 800.000 escravos da África Ocidental para o que era então conhecido como Saint-Domingue para trabalhar nas vastas plantações.  A população de Saint-Domingue atingiu 520.000 em 1790, e desses 425.000 eram escravos.  A taxa de mortalidade entre os escravos era alta, com os franceses muitas vezes trabalhando escravos até a morte e transportando mais para a colônia em vez de suprir as necessidades, pois era mais barato. Na época, as mercadorias do Haiti representavam 30% do comércio francês, enquanto o açúcar representava 40% do mercado atlântico. Cerca de sessenta por cento do café consumido nos mercados europeus também era produzido naquela colônia.

Haiti Independente

O legado de dívidas do Haiti começou logo após uma revolta generalizada de escravos contra os franceses, com os haitianos conquistando sua independência da França em 1804. O presidente Thomas Jefferson – temendo que os escravos recém conquistandos a sua independência se espalhassem para os Estados Unidos – cessou a ajuda iniciada por seu predecessor John Adams e buscou o isolamento internacional do Haiti durante seu mandato. O Haiti esperava que o Reino Unido apoiasse seu reconhecimento devido à tensa história do reino com a França, mesmo fornecendo aos comerciantes britânicos taxas de importação mais baixas, embora durante o Congresso de Viena em 1815 o governo britânico tenha concordado em não impedir as ações da França por "qualquer meio possível"., inclusive de armas, para recuperar São Domingos e subjugar os habitantes daquela colônia". Em 1823, o Reino Unido reconheceu a independência da Colômbia, do México e de outras nações das Américas, mas se absteve de estender o reconhecimento ao Haiti, desiludindo ainda mais os haitianos que buscavam reconhecimento.

Até que a França reconhecesse a independência do Haiti, o medo da reconquista e do isolamento contínuo persistiu entre os haitianos. O Haiti também passou por grandes dificuldades financeiras após a compra dos equipamentos para se defender das invasões. Sabendo que melhorias não poderiam acontecer até que o Haiti recebesse reconhecimento internacional, o presidente do Haiti, Jean-Pierre Boyer, enviou emissários para negociar os termos com a França. Em uma reunião em Bruxelas em 16 de agosto de 1823, o Haiti propôs renunciar a todos os impostos de importação por cinco anos sobre produtos franceses e então os impostos seriam reduzidos à metade no final do período; A França recusou a oferta imediatamente. Em 1824, o presidente Boyer começou a preparar o Haiti para uma guerra defensiva, movendo armamentos para o interior para fornecer maior proteção. Após serem convocados pela França, dois enviados haitianos viajaram para Paris. Nas reuniões realizadas entre junho e agosto de 1824, o Haiti ofereceu pagar uma indenização à França, embora as negociações tenham terminado depois que a França disse que reconheceria apenas seu antigo território na metade oeste de Hispaniola e, que buscava manter o controle das relações exteriores do Haiti.

Portaria de Carlos X
Como demonstração de força, o capitão Ange René Armand, barão de Mackau, no navio "La Circe"(o circo), junto com dois navios de guerra, chegou a Porto Príncipe em 3 de julho de 1825. Logo depois, mais navios de guerra, liderados pelos almirantes Pierre Roch Jurien de La Gravière e Grivel chegaram ao Haiti. Um total de catorze navios de guerra franceses equipados com 528 canhões apresentaram exigências para que o Haiti compensasse a França pela perda de escravos e pelo massacre de 1804 no Haiti.

Foi apresentada a seguinte portaria de Carlos X, rei da França :, como exigência ao povo haitiano.

Os haitianos queriam que os franceses reconhecessem a parte espanhola da ilha como parte do território haitiano. No entanto, os franceses ignoraram categoricamente esse pedido. A França devolveu a parte espanhola da ilha à Espanha no Tratado de Paris de 1814, que anulou o Tratado de Basel de 1795 .

Sob o decreto de Charles X, a França exigiu o pagamento de indenização no valor de 150 milhões de francos em troca do reconhecimento da independência do Haiti. Além do pagamento, Charles ordenou que o Haiti concedesse um desconto de cinquenta por cento (50%) nas taxas de importação francesas, dificultando o pagamento à França. Em 11 de julho de 1825, o senado do Haiti assinou o acordo de pagamento de indenização à França.

Pagamento de indenização
Os pagamentos foram planejados pela França para serem tão grandes que efetivamente criariam uma "dívida dupla"; A França receberia um pagamento anual direto e o Haiti pagaria aos banqueiros franceses juros sobre os empréstimos necessários para atender às demandas anuais da França. A França enxergava na dívida do Haiti  "o principal interesse no Haiti, a questão que dominava tudo para nós", segundo um ministro francês. Grande parte da dívida seria paga diretamente à estatal francesa Caisse des dépôts et consignations . A França ordenou que o Haiti pagasse os 150 milhões de francos em um período de cinco anos, sendo o primeiro pagamento anual de 30 milhões de francos seis vezes maior que a receita anual do Haiti, exigindo que o Haiti fizesse um empréstimo do banco francês Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie para faça o pagamento. Os primeiros 30(trinta)  milhões de francos exigiram um empréstimo de 24 milhões de francos  de Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie que resultou em juros altos e o tesouro do Haiti foi completamente esvaziado, com um navio francês transportando remessas trancadas de dinheiro para Paris. A história do primeiro pagamento – 24.000.000 francos ouro – sendo transportado por Paris, dos cofres de Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie aos cofres do Tesouro francês foi registrada em detalhes.

O Haiti continuou a obter empréstimos da França e dos Estados Unidos para cumprir os pagamentos. Esses grandes pagamentos tornaram-se impossíveis para o Haiti e as inadimplências ocorreram imediatamente, com os pagamentos atrasados do Haiti muitas vezes aumentando as tensões com a França. Ternaux Gandolphe et Cie confiscou ativos do governo haitiano por não pagar seu empréstimo, embora o Tribunal de la Seine tenha anulado essas ações em 2 de maio de 1828. Em 12 de fevereiro de 1838, a França finalmente concordou em reduzir a dívida para 90 milhões de francos a serem pagos em um período de 30 anos para compensar os antigos proprietários de plantações que haviam perdido suas propriedades; o equivalente a US$ 21 bilhões em 2004. O presidente Boyer, que concordou em fazer os pagamentos, foi expulso do Haiti em 1843 por cidadãos que exigiam impostos mais baixos e mais direitos.

No final do século XIX, oitenta por cento (80%) da riqueza do Haiti estava sendo usada para pagar a dívida externa; A França foi a maior arrecadadora, seguida da Alemanha e dos Estados Unidos. Henri Durrieu, chefe do banco francês Crédit Industriel et Commercial (CIC), inspirou-se  para aumentar a receita do banco seguindo o exemplo dos bancos estatais que adquirem capital de outras colônias francesas distantes, como Martinica e Senegal. Em 1874 e 1875, o Haiti contraiu dois grandes empréstimos da CIC, aumentando consideravelmente a dívida do país. Os bancos franceses cobravam do Haiti 40% (quarenta por cento) dos fundos emprestados apenas para comissões e outras taxas e o CIC iria adquirir "muito do futuro financeiro do Haiti", de acordo com o The New York Times. Thomas Piketty descreveu os empréstimos como um dos primeiros exemplos de " neocolonialismo através da dívida".

De 1880 a 1881, o Haiti concedeu uma concessão de emissão de moeda para criar o Banco Nacional do Haiti (BNH), sediado em Paris pelo CIC que simultaneamente financiava a construção da Torre Eiffel . O BNH foi descrito como uma entidade de "extração pura" pelo historiador econômico da Escola de Economia de Paris, Éric Monnet. Na diretoria do BNH estava Édouard Delessert, bisneto do comerciante de escravos e proprietário francês Jean-Joseph de Laborde que se estabeleceu quando a França controlava o Haiti. O haitiano Charles Laforestrie, que viveu principalmente na França e pressionou com sucesso para que o Haiti aceitasse o empréstimo de 1875 com o CIC, mais tarde se aposentou de seus cargos no Haiti em meio a acusações de corrupção, ingressando no conselho do BNH em Paris após sua fundação. A CIC receberia $ 136 milhões em dólares americanos de 2022 do Haiti e distribuiria esses fundos entre os acionistas, que obtiveram retornos anuais de 15% em média, sem devolver nenhum dos ganhos ao Haiti. Esses fundos distribuídos entre os acionistas acabariam custando ao Haiti pelo menos US$ 1,7 bilhão em desenvolvimento. Sob o BNH controlado pela França, os fundos haitianos eram supervisionados pela França e todas as transições resultaram em uma taxa de comissão, com os lucros dos acionistas da CIC muitas vezes sendo maiores do que todo o orçamento para as obras públicas do Haiti. O governo francês finalmente reconheceu o pagamento de 90 milhões de francos em 1888 e, durante um período de cerca de setenta anos, o Haiti pagou 112 milhões de francos à França, cerca de US$ 560 milhões em 2022.

Ocupação do Haiti pelos Estados Unidos

Em 1903, as autoridades haitianas começaram a acusar o BNH de fraude e, em 1908, o ministro das Finanças do Haiti, Frédéric Marcelin, pressionou para que o BNH trabalhasse em nome dos haitianos, embora as autoridades francesas começassem a elaborar planos para reorganizar seus interesses financeiros. O enviado francês ao Haiti, Pierre Carteron, escreveu após as objeções de Marcelin que "é da maior importância que estudemos como estabelecer um novo estabelecimento de crédito francês em Port-au-Prince. . . Sem qualquer vínculo próximo com o governo haitiano." As empresas dos Estados Unidos perseguiram o controle do Haiti por anos e, de 1910 a 1911, o Departamento de Estado dos Estados Unidos apoiou um consórcio de investidores americanos - liderado pelo National City Bank de Nova York - para adquirir o controle do National Bank of Haiti para criar o Banco da República do Haiti (BNRH), com o novo banco frequentemente retendo pagamentos do governo haitiano, levando a distúrbios.

A França ainda manteria uma participação no BNRH, embora o CIC fosse excluído. Após a derrubada do presidente haitiano Michel Oreste em 1914, o National City Bank e o BNRH exigiram que os fuzileiros navais dos Estados Unidos tomassem a custódia da reserva de ouro do Haiti de cerca de US$ 500.000 – em dezembro de 1914; o ouro foi transportado a bordo do USS Machias (PG-5) em caixas de madeira e colocado no cofre do National City Bank em Nova York dias depois. A derrubada do presidente do Haiti, Vilbrun Guillaume Sam, e a agitação subsequente resultaram na ordem do presidente dos Estados Unidos, Woodrow Wilson, de invadir o Haiti para proteger os interesses comerciais americanos em 28 de julho de 1915. Seis semanas depois, os Estados Unidos assumiram o controle das alfândegas, instituições administrativas, bancos e do tesouro nacional do Haiti, com os Estados Unidos usando um total de quarenta por cento da renda nacional do Haiti para pagar dívidas a bancos americanos e franceses pelos próximos dezenove anos. até 1934. Em 1922, o BNRH foi totalmente adquirido pelo National City Bank, sua sede foi transferida para a cidade de Nova York e a dívida do Haiti com a França foi transferida para ser paga a investidores americanos. Sob o controle do governo dos Estados Unidos, um total de quarenta por cento da renda nacional do Haiti foi destinado ao pagamento de dívidas com bancos americanos e franceses. O Haiti pagaria sua remessa final de indenização ao National City Bank em 1947, com as Nações Unidas relatando que, naquela época, os haitianos estavam "frequentemente perto do nível de fome".

Consequências
De acordo com o The New York Times, os pagamentos custaram ao Haiti grande parte de seu potencial de desenvolvimento, removendo cerca de US$ 21 a US$ 115 bilhões de crescimento do Haiti – ou cerca de uma a oito vezes a economia total do país – ao longo de dois séculos, de acordo com cálculos conduzidos por quinze proeminentes economistas. . A história da indenização do Haiti não é ensinada como parte da educação na França . As famílias aristocráticas francesas também esqueceram que suas famílias lucraram com o pagamento da dívida do Haiti. O presidente da França, François Hollande, acabaria descrevendo o dinheiro pago pelo Haiti à França como "o resgate da independência" e, em 2016, o Parlamento da França revogou a portaria de 1825 em um gesto simbólico.

Pedidos de reparação

Governo Aristide
Em 2003, o presidente do Haiti Jean-Bertrand Aristide exigiu que a França pagasse ao Haiti mais de 21 bilhões de dólares americanos, o que ele disse ser o equivalente em dinheiro de hoje aos 90 milhões de francos-ouro que o Haiti foi forçado a pagar a Paris depois de se libertar da França. Autoridades francesas e haitianas afirmaram posteriormente ao The New York Times que os pedidos de reparação de Aristide levaram as autoridades francesas e haitianas a colaborar com os Estados Unidos na remoção de Aristide porque a França temia que as discussões sobre reparações abrissem um precedente para outras ex-colônias, como a Argélia .

Em fevereiro de 2004, ocorreu um golpe de estado contra o presidente Aristide. O Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, do qual a França é membro permanente, rejeitou um apelo de 26 de fevereiro de 2004 da Comunidade do Caribe (CARICOM) para que forças internacionais de manutenção da paz fossem enviadas para seu estado membro, o Haiti. No entanto, o Conselho de Segurança votou unanimemente pelo envio de tropas ao Haiti três dias depois, poucas horas após a polêmica renúncia de Aristide. O primeiro-ministro provisório Gerard Latortue, que assumiu o cargo após o golpe, rescindiria posteriormente o pedido de reparação, chamando-o de "tolo" e "ilegal".

Myrtha Desulme, presidente do Comitê de Intercâmbio Haiti-Jamaica, disse à IPS : "Acredito que [o pedido de reparações] pode ter algo a ver com isso, porque eles [a França] definitivamente não gostaram e fizeram alguns comentários muito hostis. comentários. . . Acredito que ele tinha motivos para essa demanda, porque foi isso que iniciou a queda do Haiti."

Terremoto de 2010
Após o terremoto de 2010 no Haiti, o Ministério das Relações Exteriores da França fez um pedido formal ao Clube de Paris em 17 de janeiro de 2010 para cancelar completamente a dívida externa do Haiti. Vários comentaristas, por exemplo, Matt Apuzzo, do The New York Times, Selam Gebrekidan, Constant Méheut e Catherine Porter, analisam como os problemas atuais do Haiti decorrem de seu passado colonial, fazendo referências à demanda de indenização do início do século XIX e como havia se esgotado severamente o tesouro e as capacidades econômicas do governo haitiano em sua decorrência.

Veja também

 Dívida da independência chilena
 Dívida externa do Haiti
 Relações França-Haiti
 Relações Exteriores do Haiti

Ligações externas

 França instada a pagar US$ 40 bilhões ao Haiti em reparações pela "dívida de independência" – reportagem em vídeo do Democracy Now!
Relações entre França e Haiti
História do Haiti
Economia do Haiti
Reparações por Escravidão
Ativismo pelo cancelamento da dívida do Terceiro Mundo.

Controvérsia acerca da indenização paga pelo Haiti


Edessa (în greaca veche Ἔδεσσα, în , în kurdă Riha) a fost un oraș antic și medieval din Mesopotamia de Sus, fondat pe locul unei mai vechi așezări de către împăratul Seleucus I Nicator în aprox. 302 î.Hr. De asemenea, a fost cunoscută sub numele de Antiochia de pe Callirhoe din secolul al II-lea î.Hr. A fost capitala regatului semi-independent Osroene de la c. 132 î.Hr., până la cucerirea romană în anul 242. A devenit un important centru timpuriu al creștinismului siriac. A căzut sub ocupație musulmană în 638, și recucerit pentru scurt timp de către Bizanț în 1031, iar ulterior a devenit centrul statului cruciat al Edessei din 1098–1144. A fost reocupat de către dinastia turcească Zengid în 1144 și în cele din urmă absorbit de Imperiul Otoman în 1517. Numele modern al orașului este Urfa și este situat în provincia Șanlıurfa din sud-estul Anatoliei.

Bibliografie

Mesopotamia
Locuri ale cruciadelor
Orașe sfinte
Istoria Turciei

Edessa


කසුන් තාරක ,බානගල -

රන් තරු ක්‍රියේශන්හි නිර්මාතෘ ඔහුය ..

රන්තරු ක්‍රියේශන් youtube නාලිකාව kasun ගේ ය ..

Kasun tharaka


Lawrence M. Witmer (Rochester, 10 de outubro de 1959) é um paleontólogo norte-americano.

Professor de anatomia e professor de paleontologia da cadeira Chang Ying-Chien do Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de Ohio, Witmer é autoridade em anatomia dos tecidos moles do crânio em animais extintos, principalmente de dinossauros e pterossauros.

Witmer é o criador do suporte filogenético de animais não-extintos, que incorpora a anatomia comparativa, através de dissecações físicas e digitais de animais existentes para reconstruir um caráter ancestral.

Participou de programas como Jurassic Fight Club, do History Channel, em 2008, na minissérie Clash of the Dinosaurs, do Discovery Channel, em 2009 e Bizarre Dinosaurs, da National Geographic, em 2009, entre outros. É autor do livro The Search for the Origin of Birds (1995).

Biografia
Witmer nasceu em Rochester, no estado de Nova Iorque, em 1959. Seu interesse por dinossauros começou cedo, por volta dos seis anos, com livros sobre dinossauros e com os passeios que seus pais o levava em museus de história natural.

Ingressou na Universidade Cornell, em Nova Iorque, onde obteve um bacharelado em biologia em 1982. Em 1987, defendeu o mestrado em biologia evolutiva e paleontologia de vertebrados pela Universidade do Kansas. Em 1992, defendeu o doutorado em evolução e anatomia funcional pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Johns Hopkins, em Maryland, onde estudou os tecidos moles na evolução facial de arcosauros.

Carreira
Em 1998, entrou para o departamento de ciências geológicas da Universidade de Ohio, onde se tornou professor adjunto. Entre 2004 e 2009 foi professor pesquisador. De 2007 até o presente, é professor da cadeira de paleontologia Chang Ying-Chien da instituição. É professor, desde 2005, do Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas da Universide de Ohio, onde teve vários cargos, desde professor assistente a professor associado.

Naturais de Rochester (Nova Iorque)
Paleontólogos dos Estados Unidos
Cientistas dos Estados Unidos

Lawrence Witmer


An Lithachne pauciflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Olof Swartz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois. An Lithachne pauciflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lithachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lithachne

Lithachne pauciflora


An Cyrtopodium lamellaticallosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni João Aguiar Nogueira Batista ngan Bianch.. An Cyrtopodium lamellaticallosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtopodium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtopodium

Cyrtopodium lamellaticallosum


Dean Smith getur átt við:
Dean Smith, knattspyrnuþjálfara
Dean Smith, körfuknattleiksþjálfara.

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Dean Smith


Toplu, Diyarbakır ilinin Çermik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Diyarbakır il merkezine 101 km, Çermik ilçesine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

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Çermik'in mahalleleri

Toplu, Çermik