Toma T. Mugea (n. 7 decembrie 1953, București) este un medic chirurg, profesor universitar de chirurgie estetică la  Facultatea de Medicină și Farmacie, Universitatea Oradea, fondatorul primei clinici de chirurgie estetică din România.

Copilărie și adolescență
Născut al doilea fiu, între Nicolaie, mai mare cu 2 ani și Marian, mai mic cu 2 ani, al lui Toma, inginer în telecomunicații, originar din Ștefan Vodă, Călărași, și Maria-Eufrosina, croitoreasă, originară din Prejmer, Brașov, domiciliați la acea dată în Ferentari. Străbunicii din partea tatălui, alături de alți consăteni, originari din Comuna Câineni, Vâlcea, au luptat ca voluntari pentru independența Regatului Rămân și au primit din partea regelui pământ în zona Ialomitei, formând cele două sate cu nume de rezonanță istorică, Ștefan Vodă și Dragoș Vodă.

Datorită serviciului tatălui său la Bacău și Suceava, familia se mută de mai multe ori, apoi se stabilește la Brașov unde termină studiile la  colegiul "Andrei Șaguna". În anul 1972 este admis la, pe atunci, Institutul de Medicină și Farmacie "Carol Davila" din București, Facultatea de Medicină Militară, pe care o absolvă în 1978 cu lucrarea de diplomă "Rolul AMP Ciclic în reglarea Bioenergeticii Celulare și Posibila sa Implicare în Procesul de Cancerogeneza".

Este admis în 1977 prin concurs, ca și intern al spitalelor, secția chirurgie, la Spitalul Militar Central, București, iar la final, în 1980 este numit ca asistent stagiar la Catedra Chirurgie a Facultății de Medicină Militară, lucrând sub coordonarea profesorilor Gheorghe Niculescu, Traian Oancea, Traian Bandila și Virgil Candea.În 1983 urmează cursurile de chirurgie plastică și reconstructivă la Clinica Prof. Agrippa Ionescu.

Activitate medicală și academică
Din 1985 este angajat ca și căpitan medic specialist în chirurgie generală la Spitalul Militar Cluj-Napoca.

Admis prin concurs la doctorat în februarie 1989, cu teza "Probleme Metabolice la Arsi" sub conducerea lui Agrippa Ionescu, pe care o finalizează în 1992, după un stagiu de un an ca bursier al Societatii Britanice a Chirurgilor Plasticieni. Astfel a realizat pentru prima dată în România și estul Europei Cultura de Keratocite cu aplicare clinică. Este medic primar în chirurgie generală și chirurgie plastică.

Inventează o tehnică nouă de măririe a sânului, astfel încât sânul, în urma operației urmează un contur natural, anatomic și estetic.

Din 2002 este Profesor de chirurgie plastică și estetica la Facultatea de Medicină și Farmacie, Universitatea Oradea.

În 1993 a înființat Med Estet, prima clinică din România cu activitate privată în chirurgia estetică, realizând primele consultații și intervenții în București, urmând că în 1995 să deschidă clinica Med Estet din Cluj-Napoca, înregistrând marca Med-Estet la OSIM în 1996.

Este fondatorul și președintele Societății Română de Chirurgie Estetică, înființată în 1994 la Cluj-Napoca

Publicații
Publică peste 260 de lucrări științifice, și în 2015 apare "Aesthetic Surgery of the Breast"

Societăți
Fondator al Societăți Române de Chirurgie Estetică, 1994
Președinte de onoare al Societății Române de Chirurgie Estetică
Membru fondator al Asociației Chirurgilor Plasticieni din România
Membru de Onoare al Asociației Chirurgilor Plasticieni din România
Președinte al "European Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Societies", 2015-2017
Președintele Clubului Pentru excelentă în Chirurgie Estetică

Cosmetică
Crează seria de produse cosmetice "Glycon", bazată pe posibilitățiile Acidului Glicolic de a slăbi proprietățiile lipidelor care leagă celulele moarte din stratul superior al Epidermei.

Inaugurează, în Septembrie 2012, un centru de cosmetică medicală în București, în cartierul Pipera.

Agricultură
Toma Mugea, este atras de obiceiurile românești, și decide să achiziționeze câteva oi, iar după un deceniu ajunge să aibă propria marcă de produse lactate, și câteva sute de ovine.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1953
Nașteri pe 7 decembrie
Chirurgi români
Medici români

Toma Mugea


An Hilaria jamesii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Torrey, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni George Bentham. An Hilaria jamesii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hilaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Hilaria

Hilaria jamesii


Liste over borganlæg i kongeriget Norge i middelalderen:

 Akershus
 Avaldsnes Kongsgård
 Bergenhus
 Bergen Bispegård
 Bergen ærkebispegård
 Borg (Sarpsborg)
 Broberg borg
 Bohus
 Dyngehus
 Hamarhus/Hamar bispegård
 Isegran borg
 Kirkwall bispegård
 Konghelle Kastell
 Mjøskastellet
 Olsborg
 Oslo kongsgård Kastell
 Oslo Bispeborg
 Valdisholm borg
 Valkaberg borg
 Vardøhus
 Ragnhildsholm borg
 Stavanger Bispegård
 Steinviksholm borg
 Sverresborg (Bergen)
 Sverresborg (Trondheim)
 Tunsberghus
 Ærkebispegården (Trondheim)
 Peel Castle (Isle of Man, Storbritannien)

Fæstningsanlæg i Norge
Borge

Norske middelalderborge


Michael David Apted,  (10 February 1941 – 7 January 2021) was a British television and film director and producer.

Apted began working in television and directed the Up documentary series (1964–2019). He later directed Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), which was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture. His subsequent work included Gorillas in the Mist (1988), Nell (1994), James Bond film The World Is Not Enough (1999), and Enigma (2001). His film Amazing Grace (2006) premiered at the closing of the Toronto International Film Festival that year.

On 29 June 2003, he was elected president of the Directors Guild of America, a position he served until 2009. He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2008 Birthday Honours.

Early life and education
Apted was born on 10 February 1941 in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, the son of Frances Amelia (née Thomas) and Ronald William Apted.

He was educated at City of London School and Downing College, Cambridge, where he studied law and history.

Career

Television
He began his career in television as a trainee for six months at Granada Television in Manchester, where he worked as a researcher. One of his first projects at Granada would become his best known: the Up series, which began in 1964 as a profile of 14 seven-year-old children for the current affairs series World in Action. As a researcher and assistant to Canadian director Paul Almond, Apted was involved in selecting the children, who came from a variety of backgrounds and classes. Though originally conceived as a one-off documentary, the series has become an institution. When it was suggested that they revisit the subjects at ages fourteen and twenty one, Apted accepted the offer to direct and directed every subsequent episode in the series. It explores Apted's thesis that the British class system remains largely in place. It studies the participants based on the Jesuit motto "Give me a child until he is seven and I will show you the man", looking at how they develop during their lives, compared to when they were seven. The series looks at the lives of these people over the years; the latest instalment, 63 Up, was produced in 2019. It won a Peabody Award in 2012 "for its creator's patience and its subjects' humanity."

During his seven-year period of working at Granada, Apted also directed a number of episodes of Coronation Street, then written by Jack Rosenthal, among others. Apted and Rosenthal later collaborated on a number of popular television and film projects, including the pilot episodes for The Dustbinmen and The Lovers. They worked together again in 1982 for the TV movie P'tang, Yang, Kipperbang, the first film commissioned by Britain's Channel 4. In 1976 Apted directed a play in the Granada TV series Laurence Olivier Presents. The episode was The Collection by Harold Pinter. The play starred Laurence Olivier, Malcolm McDowell, Alan Bates and Helen Mirren.

Apted used his idea from the Up series a second time in Married in America and Married in America 2. The idea was to interview nine married couples every two years over a ten-year period to tell a more complete story of their marriages. In 2005, he directed the first three episodes of the TV series Rome.

For his work in television, Apted won several British Academy Awards, including two Flaherty Documentary Awards for his work on 28 Up and 35 Up and a BAFTA for Best Dramatic Director for the single play Kisses at Fifty in 1974.

Coronation Street (1967), 24 episodes
Haunted (1967)
The Shooting War (1967)
There's a Hole in Your Dustbin, Delilah (1968) – written by Jack Rosenthal
Your Name's Not God, It's Edgar (1968) written by Jack Rosenthal
The Dustbinmen (1969)
Big Breadwinner Hog (1969)
Parkin's Patch (1969–70), 8 episodes
The Lovers (1970)
Another Sunday and Sweet F.A. (1972) – written by Jack Rosenthal
Follyfoot (1971, 1972), "Moonstone" and "Poor Bald Head" episodes
Shades of Greene (1975), "The Destructors" episode
The Collection (1976) – written by Harold Pinter and starring Laurence Olivier
Play for Today (1972–77), 6 episodes
P'tang, Yang, Kipperbang (1982)
My Life and Times (1991), 2 episodes
Crossroads (1992), pilot episode "C.C. Riders"
New York News (1995), 1 episode
Always Outnumbered (1998) – written by Walter Mosley and starring Laurence Fishburne
Married in America (2002–06)
Rome (2005), 3 episodes
What About Brian (2006), 1 episode
Hallelujah (2011)
Masters of Sex (2013–16), 2 episodes
Ray Donovan (2013–16), 2 episodes
Reckless (2014), episode 5: "Bloodstone"
Bloodline (2017), "Part 30" episode

Film
Apted made his first feature film in 1972, The Triple Echo, starring Oliver Reed and Glenda Jackson, and he directed two films for David Puttnam. The Triple Echo was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival. He alternated this work with working on the TV series Play for Today. He directed six plays including Stronger than the Sun, written by Stephen Poliakoff and starring Francesca Annis as a young woman who places her life in danger to expose a crime, a theme Apted returned to several times.

In 1979 he directed the Hollywood-financed Agatha, featuring Vanessa Redgrave. He went to the United States in 1980, where he directed Coal Miner's Daughter, which received seven Academy Award nominations, winning best actress for Sissy Spacek. Both Spacek and Loretta Lynn, the subject of the film, have said that they believe Apted's outsider point of view was crucial to the movie's success in securing the participation of Appalachian residents and to the avoidance of stereotypes that previously had marred portrayals of mountain culture. In 2019, Coal Miner's Daughter was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Apted also made several films with a strong social message or that deal with an ethical dilemma. In 1983 he directed Gorky Park, a political thriller based on the novel by Martin Cruz Smith, that deals with police corruption in the former Soviet Union. Class Action deals with a corporate whistleblower, and Extreme Measures is about medical ethics. Class Action was entered into the 17th Moscow International Film Festival.

In 1994, he directed Nell, which received three Golden Globe Award nominations and one Academy Award nomination.

In 1999, Apted directed the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough.

The Triple Echo (1972)
Stardust (1974)
Trick or Treat (1975) (unfinished)
The Squeeze (1977)
Agatha (1979)
Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)
Continental Divide (1981)
Gorky Park (1983)
Firstborn (1984)
Bring On the Night (1985)
Critical Condition(1987)
Gorillas in the Mist (1988)
Class Action (1991)
Thunderheart (1992)
Incident at Oglala (1992)
Blink (1993)
Moving the Mountain (1994)
Nell (1994)
Extreme Measures (1996)
The World Is Not Enough (1999)
Me & Isaac Newton (1999)
Enigma (2001)
Enough (2002)
Amazing Grace (2006)
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)
Chasing Mavericks (2012)
Unlocked (2017)

Documentary
In addition to the Up series, Apted made other documentaries, including Bring On the Night, a feature-length concert film about the making of Sting's first solo album. He directed the documentary The Long Way Home, which was released in 1989. It chronicled the UK, US and USSR adventures of Boris Grebenshchikov, the first Soviet underground musician allowed to record in the West.

Before the making of Thunderheart, Apted made the documentary Incident at Oglala about Leonard Peltier. Incident at Oglala then informed Thunderheart in the casting of actors for the fiction film.

In 1997, he explored the creative process in Inspirations through candid discussion with seven artists from diverse media, including David Bowie, Louise Lecavalier and Roy Lichtenstein among others.

In a departure from his earlier work, from 1992 to 1994, Apted ventured into China's rapidly changing popular culture. In a project backed by Trudie Styler, Apted directed Moving the Mountain, a feature documentary which probed the origins of the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square and the consequences of the movement in the lives of several of the movement's student leaders.

In 2006, Apted co-directed The Official Film of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, narrated by Pierce Brosnan.

Apted was the collaborator and subject of the documentary: Michael Apted – Visions on Film, by artist and filmmaker Melinda Camber Porter.

Theatre
In 1977, Apted directed the premiere of Strawberry Fields at the National Theatre in London.

Other roles
He served as president of the Directors Guild of America from 2003 to 2009 and served as the secretary-treasurer from 2011 to his death.

Personal life and death
Apted's first marriage was to Jo, with whom he had two sons, Paul and Jim. Paul Apted was a sound editor who worked on movies such as The Wolverine; he died from colon cancer in 2014.

He was married to screenwriter Dana Stevens  for 10 years, before they divorced. They had a son, John.

In 2007 Apted became a father for the fourth time, to a girl, who lives with her mother Tania Mellis.

Apted married Paige Simpson, his third wife, in January 2014.

Apted died at his home in Los Angeles on 7 January 2021, at the age of 79.

References

External links

 Michael Apted biography at BFI Screenonline
 Resumé at Peters, Fraser & Dunlop
 Interview with Michael Apted on "Amazing Grace" by ReadTheSpirit.com

1941 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge
BAFTA winners (people)
British documentary film directors
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Directors Guild of America Award winners
English expatriates in the United States
English film directors
English television directors
English television producers
Fellows of Downing College, Cambridge
Grammy Award winners
People educated at the City of London School
People from Aylesbury
Presidents of the Directors Guild of America

Michael Apted


Acmopyle er ættkvísl sígrænna barrtrjáa og runna frá Nýju-Kaledóníu og Fídjíeyjum. Tegundirnar eru tvær.

Tilvísanir

Gagnviðarætt

Acmopyle


Michael Riconosciuto est un expert en électronique et informatique ainsi que lanceur d'alerte qui a été arrêté au début de 1991, peu de temps après avoir fourni à Inslaw, Inc. un affidavit à l'appui de leur action en justice contre le ministère américain de la Justice.

Biographie

Affaire Inslaw
Riconosciuto a professé une défense centrée sur l'affaire Inslaw (une affaire judiciaire dans laquelle le gouvernement américain a été accusé d'utilisation illégale de logiciels). Riconosciuto a affirmé avoir reprogrammé le programme de gestion de cas d'Inslaw (Promis) avec une « porte dérobée » secrète
pour permettre le traçage clandestin d'individus. Riconosciuto a déclaré qu'il avait été menacé de poursuites par un fonctionnaire du ministère de la Justice. Riconosciuto a fourni un affidavit détaillant les menaces à un comité spécial de la Chambre enquêtant sur l'affaire Inslaw.

Dans son enquête sur les allégations entourant l'affaire Inslaw, Conseil spécial Nicholas J. Bua a été particulièrement critique envers plusieurs des témoins d'Inslaw.

Notes et références

Lanceur d'alerte aux États-Unis
Personnalité de l'électronique
Informaticien américain
Personnalité en sécurité informatique

Michael Riconosciuto


An Sarcoglyphis fimbriata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Sarcoglyphis fimbriata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sarcoglyphis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sarcoglyphis

Sarcoglyphis fimbriata


Sneaker hace referencia a varios artículos:

Zapatillas deportivas, también llamadas Sneakers.
Sneakers, canción del grupo coreano Itzy.
The Sneaker, revista de novelas ligeras japonesa.
Sneakers, película estadounidense de 1992.
Sneakers, película búlgara de 2011.

Sneaker


Başıbozuklar, Osmanlı Devleti'nde savaş sırasında asıl orduya katılan gönüllü askerler için kullanılan bir tabir.

Yaya ve atlı olarak ayrı silah ve teçhizatları olan ve ayrı kumandanların idaresi altında bulunan başı bozuk askerleri Osmanlı ordusunu oluşturan kuvvetlerdendir. Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa da başlangıçta, Mısır'ı işgal eden Napolyon Bonapart'ı oradan çıkartmak için sevkedilen başı bozuk askerlerinin kumandanı idi. Sultan Abdülmecid devrinde 1843'te Osmanlı ordusu yeniden düzenlenirken düzenli kuvvetleri oluşturan muvazzaf, yedek (redif) ve yardımcı kuvvetlerden başka başı bozuklar da teşkilata alınmıştı. Daha ziyade Dobrucalılar, Kazaklar, Tatarlar, Çerkesler ve Doğu Anadolu'daki Türkmenler'den oluşan ve sayıları 60.000 civarında olan bu askerler savaş halinde orduya katılacaklardı. Fakat kendilerinden beklenen hizmet görülmediğinden 1854-1856 Osmanlı-Rus savaşı sırasında Fransız generali Joussouf ile İngiliz generali Biston tarafından düzenli birlikler haline getirilmelerine çalışılmışsa da bu mümkün olmamıştır. Mithat Paşa sadrazamlığı zamanında bu birlikleri kaldırmak istemiş fakat bunu başaramamıştır.

93 Harbi sırasında kullanılan başı bozuk neferleri, düzensizlikleri iyice artmış olduğundan, daha sonraki tarihlerde gönüllü olarak savaşa katılacakların düzenli askerler tarzında olmaları istenmiş, böylece bu kuvvetlerin kullanılmasından hemen hemen vazgeçilmiştir.

Başı bozuk tabiri ayrıca Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun son zamanlarında taşradan İstanbul'a gelip işsiz güçsüz siviller için de kullanılmıştır.

Âtıflamalar
Rus-Bulgar yapımı "Турецкий Гамбит / Turetskiy Gambit" (Türkçe: Türk Hamlesi) filminde başıbozuklara doğrudan atıflarda bulunulduğu görülür.
Tenten çizgi roman serisinde Kaptan Haddok'un kullandığı çok sayıda küfürden biridir.
D&D oyunundaki barbar özelliği olan "rage"in Türkçe oyun için çevrilmiş halidir. Empire: Total War ve Napoleon: Total War adlı oyunlarda Osmanlı ordusunda aynı adlı piyade birimi mevcuttur.

Resimler

Kaynakça

Askerî terimler
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun askeriyesi

Başıbozuk


Grandilithus fengshan est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Phrurolithidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du Jiangxi en Chine. Elle se rencontre dans le district de Zhanggong.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure .

La femelle décrite par Mu et Zhang en 2023 mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Liu et Li en 2022.

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, le parc national de la forêt de Fengshan.

Publication originale
 Liu, Li, Zhang, Ying, Meng, Fei, Li, Xiao & Xu, 2022 : « Unknown species from China: the case of phrurolithid spiders (Araneae, Phrurolithidae). » Zoological Research, , , , Suppl. I : 5 p., Suppl. II :  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Phrurolithidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Jiangxi

Grandilithus fengshan


الطائفة أو الصنف في المصطلح الطبي   مرتبة تصنيفية في علم التصنيف أدنى من الشعبة وأعلى من الرتبة ولها مرتبتان فرعيتان هما :
 الصف (Superclass)
 الصنف أو الطويئفة في بعض المعاجم (Subclass)

المصطلح (Class)  في التصنيف الحيوي يطلق أيضاً علي «الوحدة التصنيفية» أو الأصنوفة (Taxon) في تلك الطائفة. الأصنوفة هي وحدة تنظيمية في علم التصنيف الذي يوزع المتعضيات في أصنوفات (taxa) بناء على الصفات المشتركة بينها التي يري خبراء التصنيف أنها تميز كل أصنوفة عن غيرها.

يقوم أخصائيو التصنيف بتحديد مكونات كل طائفة. في كثير من الأحيان لا يوجد اتفاق دقيق حيث يتخذ مختلف علماء التصنيف مواقف مختلفة، إذ لا توجد قواعد صارمة يتعين على أخصائي التصنيف اتباعها في تحديد الطائفة، ولكن بالنسبة للحيوانات المعروفة، من المحتمل أن يكون هناك توافق في الآراء.

نادرا ما تتم مناقشة خواص الطوائف في علم النبات. منذ أول نشرة لنظام APG في عام 1998، والذي اقترح تصنيفًا للنباتات المزهرة وصولًا إلى مستوى الرتبة، فضلت العديد من المصادر العلمية معاملة المرتبات الأعلى من الرتبة كفروع حيوية غير رسمية. فعندما يتم تعيين مرتبات رسمية، يتم تخفيض تلك المرتبات إلى مستويات أقل بكثير، على سبيل المثال، طائفة النباتات البرية Equisitopsida، لها أقسام رئيسية داخل تلك الطائفة مخصصة للطوئفات الفرعية (subclasses) و الرتب الفائقة (superorders).

التسلسل الهرمي للمرتبات
بالنسبة لبعض الفروع الحيوية، يتم استخدام عدد من التصنيفات البديلة.

مثال من علم الحيوان

تاريخ المفهوم

أول من استخدم مصطلح الطائفة (Class) كرتبة متميزة من مراتب التصنيف البيولوجي لها اسمها المميز الخاص بها - وليس فقط الدرجة الأولى (genus summum) لرتبة الجنس (genus) - هو عالم النبات الفرنسي جوزيف بيتون دو تورنفور في تصنيفه للنباتات التي ظهرت في كتابه Eléments de botanique لعام 1694.

قسم كارل لينيوس جميع ممالك الطبيعة (المعادن والنباتات والحيوانات) إلى طوائف في الطبعة الأولى لكتابه نظام الطبيعة Systema Naturae لسنة 1735. الطوائف أو الصفوف التي وضعها لينيوس في المملكة الحيوانية فقط هي التي تماثل الطوائف أو الصفوف المستخدمة اليوم ؛ وأما الصفوف أو الطوائف التي وضعها للنباتات لم يُقصد لها أبدًا أن تكون لتمثيل المجموعات الطبيعية، بل بالأحري لتوفير «بيان مصطنع» ملائم وفقًا لـلنظام الجنسي Systema Sexuale ، والذي يعتمد بشكل كبير على ترتيب الزهور.

اعتبرت الطائفة أعلى مستوى في التسلسل الهرمي التصنيفي حتى ظهور ال embranchements الخاصة بجورج كوفييه التي قدمت في أوائل القرن التاسع عشر. وكان إرنست هيكل هو أول من أطلق عليها اسم Phyla أو الشعبة.

ملحوظة

مراجع

تسميات علم النبات
تسمية البكتيريا
تصنيف النباتات
طوائف (تصنيف)
مصطلحات علم الأحياء

طائفة (تصنيف)


الأمير سلمان بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود الابن الخامس والعشرون من أبناء الملك سعود بن عبد العزيز ولد في الرياض عام 1375هـ الموافق 1955 م أنهى تعليمه العام من معهد انجال الملك سعود- معهد العاصمة النموذجي حالياً - حصل على البكالوريوس في التاريخ والآثار من جامعة الملك سعود بالرياض ثم عمل في وزارة المعارف مديراً عاماً مساعداً للشؤون الإدارية، وذلك في عام 1383هـ ابتعث إلى أمريكا وحصل هناك على الماجستير في الإدارة العامة من جامعة جنوب كاليفورنيا وذلك في عام 1386هـ ثم عمل في وزارة التعليم العالي حاليا المديرية العامة للبعثات سابقا في إدارة البعثات الخارجية، وذلك في عام 1391هـ/1971م ثم استقال وعمل في الأعمال الحرة ثم في عام 1422هـ حصل من جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود بالرياض على الدكتوراة في التفسير وعلوم القرآن، يعمل حاليـًا كرجل أعمال ورئيس مجلس إدارة شركة مصنع اسطوانات وخزانات الغاز السعودية.

وقد حصل على شهادات تقدير وأوسمة شكر وأنواط شرف أثناء مشاركته في حرب الخليج كقائد مجموعات المتطوعين
'''وله العديد من المؤلفات هي
و "منتقى الأوراق"
" تاريخ الملك سعود الحقيقة والوثيقة"
" الملك سعود في وجدان الشعراء"
"دعاء الرحمن كما ورد في القرآن"
"منتقى الأوراد، أدعية وأذكار الملك سعود"

زوجاته

 الأميرة موضي بنت بندر بن محمد بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود (متوفاة). والدة الأمير فهد، والأميرة نورة.
 الأميرة مضاوي بنت مقرن بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (مطلقة). والدة الأمير عبد العزيز، الأميرة نوف، والأميرة الجوهرة.
 الأميرة سارة بنت حسين بن ظافر القحطاني (مطلقة). والدة الأمير بدر، والأميرة شهد.
الأميرة خلود العودة (مطلقة) والدة الأميرة أميرة .
الأميرة منيرة بنت فهد بن منيخر (مطلقة) والدة الأميرة هيفاء .
 الأميرة جواهر بنت محمد بن عبد الله السديري (مطلقة).
 الأميرة سماح بنت عبد المجيد أبو الجدايل.

أبناؤه
 الأميرة نورة بنت سلمان بن سعود
 الأمير فهد بن سلمان بن سعود (متوفى)
 الأميرة نوف بنت سلمان بن سعود
 الأميرة الجوهرة بنت سلمان بن سعود
 الأمير عبد العزيز بن سلمان بن سعود

 الأمير بدر بن سلمان بن سعود (متوفى؛ وصلي عليه يوم الأحد الموافق 26 / 3 / 1438هـ، بعد صلاة العصر في جامع الإمام تركي بمدينة الرياض)
 الأميرة أميرة بنت سلمان بن سعود
 الأميرة هيفاء بنت سلمان بن سعود
 الأميرة شهد بنت سلمان بن سعود

مراجع

أبناء سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
أصحاب أعمال سعوديون
خريجو جامعة الملك سعود
كتاب سعوديون
مواليد 1952
مواليد 1955
مواليد في الرياض

سلمان بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود


An Halodule ciliata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Cornelis den Hartog, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Cornelis den Hartog. An Halodule ciliata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Halodule, ngan familia nga Cymodoceaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo kulang hin datos.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Halodule

Halodule ciliata


The Grand Fleet was the main battlefleet of the Royal Navy during the First World War. It was established in August 1914 and disbanded in April 1919. Its main base was Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands.

History

Formed in August 1914 from the First Fleet and part of the Second Fleet of the Home Fleets, the Grand Fleet included 25–35 modern capital ships.  It was commanded initially by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe.

The 10th Cruiser Squadron carried out the Northern Patrol between Shetland and Norway and cruisers from Cromarty and Rosyth operated a second line (and screened the fleet) in enforcing the blockade of Germany. The administrative complications of the distant blockade across the northern exits of the North Sea overwhelmed the capacity of Vice Admiral Francis Miller, the Base Admiral in Chief from 7 August 1914, devolving on the commander in chief, Admiral John Jellicoe. To relieve the administrative burdens on Miller and Jellicoe, the post of the Admiral of the Orkneys and Shetlands was created to oversee the defence of the islands, naval bases and shore duties.  Vice-Admiral Stanley Colville was appointed to the command (7 September 1914 – 19 January 1916) with Miller under his authority.

Admiral Jellicoe was significantly concerned about the possibility of submarine or destroyer attacks on Scapa Flow. While the Grand Fleet spent almost the first year of the war patrolling the west coast of the British Isles, their base at Scapa was defensively reinforced, beginning with over sixty blockships sunk in the many entrance channels between the southern islands to enable the use of submarine nets and booms. These blocked approaches were backed by minefields, artillery and concrete barriers.

Admiral Jellicoe was succeeded by Admiral Sir David Beatty in December 1916.

The Grand Fleet was based first at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands, and later at Rosyth on the Firth of Forth. It participated with the biggest fleet action of the war – the Battle of Jutland – in June 1916.

After the Battle of Jutland, the German High Seas Fleet rarely ventured out of its bases at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel in the last two years of the war to engage with the British fleet.

Following the German defeat, 74 ships of the High Seas Fleet () of the Imperial German Navy ()  were interned in Gutter Sound at Scapa Flow pending a decision on their future in the peace Treaty of Versailles.

During April 1919 the Grand Fleet was disbanded, with much of its strength forming a new Atlantic Fleet.

Most of the interned German warships were later scuttled despite Royal Navy attempts to save them.

Order of battle

Not all the Grand Fleet was available for use at any one time, because ships required maintenance and repairs. At the time of the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, it had 32 dreadnought and super-dreadnought battleships. Of these, 28 were in the order of battle at Jutland.

The actual strength of the fleet varied through the war as new ships were built and others were transferred or sunk but the number of battleships steadily increased, adding to the margin of superiority over the German fleet. After the USA joined the war, the US Battleship Division Nine was attached to the Grand Fleet as the Sixth Battle Squadron, adding four, later five, dreadnought battleships.

The order of battle of the Grand Fleet at the end of the war in 1918 included 35 dreadnought battleships and 11 battlecruisers. Twenty ships had been completed since the outbreak of war. Five of these ships were from the United States Navy and one  from the Royal Australian Navy. It had five battle squadrons, each of four to ten capital ships, plus the flagship HMS Queen Elizabeth, three cruiser squadrons, the "Flying Squadron" of seaplane carriers, and six destroyer flotillas, with another destroyer flotilla and three minesweeper flotillas under its command. The Battle Cruiser Force was two battle squadrons and the flagship  (9 ships in total), and five cruiser squadrons (21 ships).

Notes

References

Sources

External links
 The Grand Fleet
 Royal Navy History

Fleets of the Royal Navy
1914 establishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
Military units and formations established in 1914
Military units and formations of the Royal Navy in World War I

Grand Fleet


Flavivirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis, as well as insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) such as cell fusing agent virus (CFAV), Palm Creek virus (PCV), and Parramatta River virus (PaRV). While dual-host flaviviruses can infect vertebrates as well as arthropods, insect-specific flaviviruses are restricted to their competent arthropods. The means by which flaviviruses establish persistent infection in their competent vectors and cause disease in humans depends upon several virus-host interactions, including the intricate interplay between flavivirus-encoded immune antagonists and the host antiviral innate immune effector molecules.

Flaviviruses are named for the yellow fever virus; the word flavus means 'yellow' in Latin, and yellow fever in turn is named from its propensity to cause yellow jaundice in victims.

Flaviviruses share several common aspects: common size (40–65 nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single-stranded RNA around 10,000–11,000 bases), and appearance under the electron microscope.

Most of these viruses are primarily transmitted by the bite from an infected arthropod (mosquito or tick), and hence are classified as arboviruses. Human infections with most of these arboviruses are incidental, as humans are unable to replicate the virus to high enough titers to reinfect the arthropods needed to continue the virus life-cycle – humans are then a dead end host. The exceptions to this are the yellow fever virus, dengue virus and zika virus. These three viruses still require mosquito vectors but are well-enough adapted to humans as to not necessarily depend upon animal hosts (although they continue to have important animal transmission routes, as well).

Other virus transmission routes for arboviruses include handling infected animal carcasses, blood transfusion, sex, childbirth and consumption of unpasteurised milk products. Transmission from nonhuman vertebrates to humans without an intermediate vector arthropod however mostly occurs with low probability. For example, early tests with yellow fever showed that the disease is not contagious.

The known non-arboviruses of the flavivirus family reproduce in either arthropods or vertebrates, but not both, with one odd member of the genus affecting a nematode.

Structure

Flaviviruses are enveloped and spherical and have icosahedral geometries with a pseudo T=3 symmetry. The virus particle diameter is around 50 nm.

Genome
Flaviviruses have positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes which are non-segmented and around 10–11 kbp in length. In general, the genome encodes three structural proteins (Capsid, prM, and Envelope) and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5). The genomic RNA is modified at the 5′ end of positive-strand genomic RNA with a cap-1 structure (me7-GpppA-me2).

Life cycle

Flaviviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of the host cells. The genome mimics the cellular mRNA molecule in all aspects except for the absence of the poly-adenylated (poly-A) tail. This feature allows the virus to exploit cellular apparatuses to synthesize both structural and non-structural proteins, during replication. The cellular ribosome is crucial to the replication of the flavivirus, as it translates the RNA, in a similar fashion to cellular mRNA, resulting in the synthesis of a single polyprotein.

Cellular RNA cap structures are formed via the action of an RNA triphosphatase, with guanylyltransferase, N7-methyltransferase and 2′-O methyltransferase. The virus encodes these activities in its non-structural proteins. The NS3 protein encodes a RNA triphosphatase within its helicase domain. It uses the helicase ATP hydrolysis site to remove the γ-phosphate from the 5′ end of the RNA. The N-terminal domain of the non-structural protein 5 (NS5) has both the N7-methyltransferase and guanylyltransferase activities necessary for forming mature RNA cap structures. RNA binding affinity is reduced by the presence of ATP or GTP and enhanced by S-adenosyl methionine. This protein also encodes a 2′-O methyltransferase.

Once translated, the polyprotein is cleaved by a combination of viral and host proteases to release mature polypeptide products. Nevertheless, cellular post-translational modification is dependent on the presence of a poly-A tail; therefore this process is not host-dependent. Instead, the poly-protein contains an autocatalytic feature which automatically releases the first peptide, a virus specific enzyme. This enzyme is then able to cleave the remaining poly-protein into the individual products. One of the products cleaved is a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, responsible for the synthesis of a negative-sense RNA molecule. Consequently, this molecule acts as the template for the synthesis of the genomic progeny RNA.

Flavivirus genomic RNA replication occurs on rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes in membranous compartments. New viral particles are subsequently assembled. This occurs during the budding process which is also responsible for the accumulation of the envelope and cell lysis.

A G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (also known as ADRBK1) appears to be important in entry and replication for several viruses in Flaviviridae.

Humans, mammals, mosquitoes, and ticks serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are zoonosis and bite.

RNA secondary structure elements

The positive sense RNA genome of Flavivirus contains 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs).

5'UTR

The 5'UTRs are 95–101 nucleotides long in Dengue virus. There are two conserved structural elements in the Flavivirus 5'UTR, a large stem loop (SLA) and a short stem loop (SLB). SLA folds into a Y-shaped structure with a side stem loop and a small top loop. SLA is likely to act as a promoter, and is essential for viral RNA synthesis. SLB is involved in interactions between the 5'UTR and 3'UTR which result in the cyclisation of the viral RNA, which is essential for viral replication.

3'UTR

The 3'UTRs are typically 0.3–0.5 kb in length and contain a number of highly conserved secondary structures which are conserved and restricted to the flavivirus family. The majority of analysis has been carried out using West Nile virus (WNV) to study the function the 3'UTR.

Currently 8 secondary structures have been identified within the 3'UTR of WNV and are (in the order in which they are found with the 3'UTR)  SL-I, SL-II, SL-III, SL-IV, DB1, DB2 and CRE. Some of these secondary structures have been characterised and are important in facilitating viral replication and protecting the 3'UTR from 5' endonuclease digestion. Nuclease resistance protects the downstream 3' UTR RNA fragment from degradation and is essential for virus-induced cytopathicity and pathogenicity.
 SL-II

SL-II has been suggested to contribute to nuclease resistance. It may be related to another hairpin loop identified in the 5'UTR of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genome. The JEV hairpin is significantly over-represented upon host cell infection and it has been suggested that the hairpin structure may play a role in regulating RNA synthesis.
 SL-IV

This secondary structure is located within the 3'UTR of the genome of Flavivirus upstream of the DB elements. The function of this conserved structure is unknown but is thought to contribute to ribonuclease resistance.
 DB1/DB2
These two conserved secondary structures are also known as pseudo-repeat elements. They were originally identified within the genome of Dengue virus and are found adjacent to each other within the 3'UTR. They appear to be widely conserved across the Flaviviradae. These DB elements have a secondary structure consisting of three helices and they play a role in ensuring efficient translation. Deletion of DB1 has a small but significant reduction in translation but deletion of DB2 has little effect. Deleting both DB1 and DB2 reduced translation efficiency of the viral genome to 25%.
 CRE

CRE is the Cis-acting replication element, also known as the 3'SL RNA elements, and is thought to be essential in viral replication by facilitating the formation of a "replication complex". Although evidence has been presented for an existence of a pseudoknot structure in this RNA, it does not appear to be well conserved across flaviviruses. Deletions of the 3' UTR of flaviviruses have been shown to be lethal for infectious clones.

Conserved hairpin cHP
A conserved hairpin (cHP) structure was later found in several Flavivirus genomes and is thought to direct translation of capsid proteins. It is located just downstream of the AUG start codon.

The role of RNA secondary structures in sfRNA production

Subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) is an extension of the 3' UTR and has been demonstrated to play a role in flavivirus replication and pathogenesis. sfRNA is produced by incomplete degradation of genomic viral RNA by the host cells 5'-3' exoribonuclease 1 (XRN1). As the XRN1 degrades viral RNA, it stalls at stemloops formed by the secondary structure of the 5' and 3' UTR. This pause results in an undigested fragment of genome RNA known as sfRNA. sfRNA influences the life cycle of the flavivirus in a concentration dependent manner. Accumulation of sfRNA causes (1) antagonization of the cell's innate immune response, thus decreasing host defense against the virus (2) inhibition of XRN1 and Dicer activity to modify RNAi pathways that destroy viral RNA (3) modification of the viral replication complex to increase viral reproduction. Overall, sfRNA is implied in multiple pathways that compromise host defenses and promote infection by flaviviruses.

Evolution

The flaviviruses can be divided into two clades: one with vector-borne viruses and the other with no known vector. The vector clade, in turn, can be subdivided into a mosquito-borne clade and a tick-borne clade. These groups can be divided again.

The mosquito group can be divided into two branches: one branch contains neurotropic viruses, often associated with encephalitic disease in humans or livestock. This branch tends to be spread by Culex species and to have bird reservoirs. The second branch is the non-neurotropic viruses associated with human haemorrhagic disease. These tend to have Aedes species as vectors and primate hosts.

The tick-borne viruses also form two distinct groups: one is associated with seabirds and the other – the tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses – is associated primarily with rodents.

The viruses that lack a known vector can be divided into three groups: one closely related to the mosquito-borne viruses, which is associated with bats; a second, genetically more distant, is also associated with bats; and a third group is associated with rodents.

Evolutionary relationships between endogenised viral elements of Flaviviruses and contemporary flaviviruses using maximum likelihood approaches have identified that arthropod-vectored flaviviruses likely emerged from an arachnid source. This contradicts earlier work with a smaller number of extant viruses showing that the tick-borne viruses emerged from a mosquito-borne group.

Several partial and complete genomes of flaviviruses have been found in aquatic invertebrates such as the sea spider Endeis spinosa and several crustaceans and cephalopods. These sequences appear to be related to those in the insect-specific flaviviruses and also the Tamana bat virus groupings. While it is not presently clear how aquatic flaviviruses fit into the evolution of this group of viruses, there is some evidence that one of these viruses, Wenzhou shark flavivirus, infects both a crustacean (Portunus trituberculatus) Pacific spadenose shark (Scoliodon macrorhynchos) shark host, indicating an aquatic arbovirus life cycle.

Estimates of divergence times have been made for several of these viruses. The origin of these viruses appears to be at least 9400 to 14,000 years ago. The Old World and New World dengue strains diverged between 150 and 450 years ago. The European and Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis strains diverged about 1087 (1610–649) years ago. European tick-borne encephalitis and louping ill viruses diverged about 572 (844–328) years ago. This latter estimate is consistent with historical records. Kunjin virus diverged from West Nile virus approximately 277 (475–137) years ago. This time corresponds to the settlement of Australia from Europe. The Japanese encephalitis group appears to have evolved in Africa 2000–3000 years ago and then spread initially to South East Asia before migrating to the rest of Asia.

Phylogenetic studies of the West Nile virus has shown that it emerged as a distinct virus around 1000 years ago. This initial virus developed into two distinct lineages, lineage 1 and its multiple profiles is the source of the epidemic transmission in Africa and throughout the world. Lineage 2 was considered an Africa zoonosis. However, in 2008, lineage 2, previously only seen in horses in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, began to appear in horses in Europe, where the first known outbreak affected 18 animals in Hungary in 2008. Lineage 1 West Nile virus was detected in South Africa in 2010 in a mare and her aborted fetus; previously, only lineage 2 West Nile virus had been detected in horses and humans in South Africa.  A 2007 fatal case in a killer whale in Texas broadened the known host range of West Nile virus to include cetaceans.

Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus appears to have evolved within the last 1000 years. The viral genomes can be divided into 2 clades — A and B. Clade A has five genotypes, and clade B has one. These clades separated about 700 years ago. This separation appears to have occurred in the Kurgan province. Clade A subsequently underwent division into clade C, D and E 230 years ago. Clade C and E appear to have originated in the Novosibirsk and Omsk Provinces, respectively. The muskrat Ondatra zibethicus, which is highly susceptible to this virus, was introduced into this area in the 1930s.

Taxonomy

Species
In the genus Flavivirus there are 53 defined species:

Sorted by vector

Vaccines

The very successful yellow fever 17D vaccine, introduced in 1937, produced dramatic reductions in epidemic activity.

Effective inactivated Japanese encephalitis and Tick-borne encephalitis vaccines were introduced in the middle of the 20th century. Unacceptable adverse events have prompted change from a mouse-brain inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine to safer and more effective second generation Japanese encephalitis vaccines. These may come into wide use to effectively prevent this severe disease in the huge populations of Asia—North, South and Southeast.

The dengue viruses produce many millions of infections annually due to transmission by a successful global mosquito vector. As mosquito control has failed, several dengue vaccines are in varying stages of development. CYD-TDV, sold under the trade name Dengvaxia, is a tetravalent chimeric vaccine that splices structural genes of the four dengue viruses onto a 17D yellow fever backbone. Dengvaxia is approved in five countries.

References

Further reading

External links
 MicrobiologyBytes: Flaviviruses
 Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD) – Dengue Fever research at the Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD)
 Dengueinfo.org – Depository of dengue virus genomic sequence data
 Viralzone: Flavivirus
 Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Flaviviridae
 Rfam entry for Flavivirus 3'UTR stem loop IV
 Rfam entry for Flavivirus DB element
 Rfam entry for Flavivirus 3' UTR cis-acting replication element (CRE)
 Rfam entry for the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) hairpin structure

Rodent-carried diseases
Flaviviridae
Virus genera

Flavivirus


Pier Antonio Micheli (Florencia, 11 de diciembre de 1679 – 1 de enero de 1737) fue un notable botánico italiano, profesor de esa especialidad en Pisa, curador del Jardín de los Simples de Florencia, autor DE Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita. Fue descubridor de las esporas de las setas, una autoridad en criptógamas, acuñó varios nombres científicos de importantes géneros de microfungi incluyendo Aspergillus y Botrytis.

Micheli era de Florencia nació en 1679. De acuerdo con una breve descripción de las bibliotecas de la Universidad de Harvard, aprendió solo latín, y comenzó el estudio de las plantas en una edad joven con Bruno Tozzi. En 1706, fue nombrado botánico de Cosme III de Médici, Gran Duque de Toscana; director de los Jardines botánicos de Florencia, siendo profesor en la Universidad de Pisa.

Su Nova plantarum genera (1729) fue un paso importante en el conocimiento del fungi. En ese trabajo, dio las descripciones de 1900 plantas, de los cuales unos 1.400 fueron descritas por primera vez. Entre ellos estaban 900 fungi y liquenes y 73 plantas. Incluyó información sobre "siembra, origen y crecimiento de hongos, mohos, y sus plantas aliadas".

En uno de sus giras de recolecciones, en 1736, contrajo pleuresía, de la cual pronto fallecería en Florencia.
La vía adyacente a la casa del Orto Botanico di Firenze, fue llamada Via Micheli en su honor.

Eponimia
 1737: Linneo llamó al género Michelia

Especies

Referencias

Bibliografía utilizada
 Heike Heklau, Heinrich Dörfelt. Geschichte der Mykologie, Verlag Dietenberger, Schwäbisch Gmünd 1998, ISBN 3-927654-44-2
 Karl Mägdefrau. Geschichte der Botanik. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-437-20489-0 (Nachdr. d. Ausg. Stuttgart 1973).
 Moselio Schaechter. Pier Antonio Micheli. The father of modern mycology; A paean. In: McIlvainea. Official organ of the NAMA, vol. 14 (2000), Heft 1,
 Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti. Notizie della vita e delle opere di Pier' Antonio Michelli. Le Monnier, Florencia 1858
 Moselio Schaechter, "Pier Antonio Micheli, The father of modern mycology: A paean", McIlvainea, 2000

Botánicos prelinneanos
Briólogos de Italia del siglo XVIII
Micólogos de Italia del siglo XVIII
Profesores de la Universidad de Pisa
Fallecidos por enfermedades pulmonares
Nacidos en Florencia
Fallecidos en Florencia

Pier Antonio Micheli


ماهر الشمري، (مواليد 1967-)لاعب سابق ومدرب  كرة قدم كويتي حالي، درب نادي الصليبيخات ونادي التضامن الكويتي ونادي الخليج السعودي، كما درب منتخب الكويت الأولمبي، درب نادي النهضة السعودي ، ويدرب حاليا نادي جدة السعودي.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو الدوري الكويتي
لاعبو كرة قدم كويتيون
لاعبو منتخب الكويت لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الكويت
مدربو كرة قدم كويتيون
مدربو منتخب الكويت لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي الكويت
مواليد 1967
مواليد في الكويت

ماهر الشمري


Regulus aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Regulus (yıldız),
 Regulus (hayvan), Regulidae familyasına bağlı bir kuş cinsi

Regulus


Çatalkaya, Çorum ilinin Alaca ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1907 yılı kayıtlarında Arapsefer, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında ise Arapseyfi olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 73 km, Alaca ilçe merkezine 23 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaca belde ve köyleri

Çatalkaya, Alaca


Narita Takaki (født 5. april 1977) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Tokyo Verdy og Yokohama FC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Narita Takaki


Julienhof steht für:
 Julienhof, Wohnplatz im Ortsteil Hohengöhren, Gemeinde Schönhausen (Elbe), Landkreis Stendal, Sachsen-Anhalt
 Julienhof, Kreis Heiligenbeil, Ostpreußen: Bolschedoroschnoje, Siedlung im Rajon Bagrationowsk, Oblast Kaliningrad, Russland
 Julienhof, Kreis Insterburg, Ostpreußen: nicht mehr existenter Ort im Rajon Tschernjachowsk, Oblast Kaliningrad, Russland
 Julienhof, Kreis Königsberg/Samland, Ostpreußen: Luschki (Kaliningrad, Gurjewsk), Siedlung im Rajon Gurjewsk, Oblast Kaliningrad, Russland
 Julienhof, Kreis Oletzko/Treuburg, Ostpreußen: Gościrady, Dorf im Powiat Olecki, Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren, Polen
 Julienhof, Kreis Ortelsburg, Ostpreußen: Julkowo (Dźwierzuty), Dorf im Powiat Szczycieński, Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren, Polen
 Julienhof, Kreis Osterode, Ostpreußen: Juńcza, Dorf im Powiat Olsztyński, Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren, Polen
 Julienhof, Kreis Rummelsburg/Pommern: Kowalewice (Miastko), Dorf im Powiat Bytowski, Woiwodschaft Pommern, Polen
 Julienhof (1938–1946, bis 1938: Julchenwald), Kreis Wehlau, Ostpreußen: nicht mehr existenter Ort im Rajon Gwardeisk, Oblast Kaliningrad, Russland

 Julienhof (Enzesfeld-Lindabrunn), Gutshof in Enzesfeld-Lindabrunn, Niederösterreich

Siehe auch:
 Julienhöfen

Julienhof


Natalie Rassoulis (Ναταλία Ρασούλη, London, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, 27. lipnja 1973.) je britansko-grčka pjevačica najpoznatiji kao gostujuća pjevačica grčkog death metal-sastava Septicflesh. Bila je također pjevačica dark ambient sastava Chaostar kojeg su osnovali članovi Septicflesha - Spiros Antoniou, Christos Antoniou i Sotiris Vayenas.

Njezin otac Manolis Rasoulis (1945. – 2011.) bio je grčki pisac, tekstopisac i glazbenik.

Diskografija

Chaostar (1998. – 2003.)

 Chaostar (2000.)
 Therenody (2001.)

Septicflesh

 Ophidian Wheel (1997.)
 The Eldest Cosmonaut (EP) (1998.)
 A Fallen Temple (1998.)
 Sumerian Daemons (2003.)

Izvori

Grčki pjevači
Britanski pjevači

Natalie Rassoulis


Oundle School is a  public school (English private boarding and day school) for pupils 11–18 situated in the market town of Oundle in Northamptonshire, England. The school has been governed by the Worshipful Company of Grocers of the City of London since its foundation by Sir William Laxton in 1556. The school's alumni – known as Old Oundelians – include renowned entrepreneurs, scientists, politicians, military figures and sportspeople.

Oundle has eight boys' houses, five girls' houses, two day houses, a junior house and a junior day house. Together these accommodate more than 1100 pupils, generally between the ages of 11 and 18. It is the third-largest boarding school in England after Eton and Millfield.

The current Headmistress is Sarah Kerr-Dineen, who in 2015 became the first woman to lead the school.

The school is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the Rugby Group.

In the 2023 A-Levels, the school saw 62.9% of its candidates score A*/A.

History
Sir William Laxton, who had been eight times Master of the Worshipful Company of Grocers and was Lord Mayor of London in 1544, died in 1556, and in his will decreed the founding of a school for the local boys of Oundle, which was to be maintained by the Worshipful Company of Grocers. There had been a school on the site since at least 1485, at which Laxton himself was educated, and the school he estsblished was known as Laxton Grammar School.

The size and reputation of Laxton Grammar School rose gradually in the following centuries, and by the mid-nineteenth century many of the school's pupils were being sent to Oundle from around the country to receive their education. In 1876, the decision was made by the Grocers' Company to divide the school into Laxton Grammar School, which was to continue to educate boys from Oundle and its surrounding villages, in accordance  with the will of the founder, and Oundle School, which was to be a public school, accepting the sons of gentlemen from further afield as boarders.

The rise of Oundle to prominence can largely be attributed to F. W. Sanderson, who was the school's headmaster from 1892 until his death in 1922. When Sanderson joined Oundle, he found a minor country boarding school; by the time of his death, it had become England's leading school for an education in the sciences and engineering. The success of Sanderson can be attributed to his educational ethos; he believed in teaching pupils what they wanted to learn, and as a result helped to introduce subjects such as the sciences, engineering, and to modern languages to the English public school curriculum.

A major development came about in 1990, when Oundle admitted girls for the first time.

In the year 2000, the decision was made by the school's governing body to re-unite Oundle School and Laxton School as a single educational establishment under the common name Oundle School, with Laxton House becoming the day house of the school.

Present day
Oundle has 835 boarders and 235 day pupils. It is the third largest independent boarding school in England, after Eton in Berkshire and Millfield in Somerset.  The various school buildings, some of which date from the 15th century, are scattered around the market town, with the Cloisters acting as the nucleus of the school community.

The Good Schools Guide described the school as a "Popular, well oiled, well heeled co-educational boarding school which is riding high". Pupils obtain strong results at GCSE and A Level. In their 2013 A Levels pupils achieved 89.1% A* to B grades, with over 60% of grades either A* or A. In the year 2016, 28 pupils achieved 10 or more A* results in their GCSE examinations, with 89% of all results awarded being A* or A. Many pupils go on to study at Oxbridge; the overwhelming majority continue to Russell Group universities. In 2019, 48% of pupils scored A*-A for their A-Levels examination, whereas 79% scored A*-A for their GCSEs.

The school promotes the practice of Christian values and maintains links with the Church of England by celebrating the major events of the Christian calendar. All pupils who board are required to attend services in the school chapel three times a week: one midweek lunch time service, Friday hymn practice, and the Sunday service. Pupils of other faiths are free to worship according to their own beliefs but must still attend chapel with the rest of the school.

The school has an extensive programme of voluntary clubs and societies (approaching 50 in number), which range from poetry and debating to croquet and wine tasting. Each academic subject also has its own society which organises evening lectures from guest speakers throughout the year; these can be either directly related to the syllabus or simply to broaden interest in the subject. A new subject, Trivium, gives Third Form pupils timetabled engagement with extension topics for their own sake, using methods of thought drawn from the traditional liberal arts. Quadrivium is also an option for pupils in the Lower Sixth to study, similar to trivium taught in the Third Form. Outside term time pupils are given the opportunity to participate in the countless regular school trips which explore all corners of the globe. These include history trips to major European cities, language exchanges in Europe and Asia, charity work in Africa, AAAS conventions and politics trips in America, natural history expeditions to Antarctica, and many more.

Sport is considered to be an essential part of school life and while there exists a multitude of sports to choose from, the emphasis remains on traditional team sports such as rugby, hockey, cricket, rowing and soccer for boys, and hockey, netball and tennis for girls. Oundle performs particularly strongly in independent school rugby, cricket, and girls' hockey. A large proportion of the school gathers to support the 1st XV rugby team on the Two Acre during the Michaelmas and Christmas quarters. The school's greatest sporting rivalry is with Uppingham School, while other rivalries include Harrow School, Radley College, Stamford School and Rugby School. The school sends regular rugby, cricket and hockey tours to countries all around the world, while the social 'Ramblers' cricket team is known in the school for its tours of the U.K. and the Caribbean. The Oundle Rovers Cricket Club (made up of Old Oundelians) plays in The Cricketer Cup and hosts its own cricket week at the school. The Rovers have won the cup three times and are fourth in the all-time order of merit.

Like sport, music plays a vital role within school life for many pupils, and over 60% of pupils regularly practise a musical instrument while at Oundle. The school offers an extensive range of groups, bands, orchestras and choirs which cater for many musical tastes. Such is the success of music at Oundle that in recent years many pupils have gone on to receive musical or choral scholarships from Oxbridge, while school bands and choirs have gone on to perform concerts across the UK, Europe and Asia. Musical and non-musical pupils are encouraged to get involved in the house shout and part song competitions in the Lent term which are independently judged and contested fiercely. Possibly the greatest success in the practice of music at the school is its rock society, which can count the likes of Bruce Dickinson among its earliest members. 'Roc-Soc' has been running since the 1970s and promotes the independent formation of popular music bands which have their own dedicated concerts towards the end of every term. The experimental/industrial music pioneers Throbbing Gristle played at the school in March 1980.

Oundle School has the largest Combined Cadet Force of any school in the country which plays an important role in both the development of pupils as well as in the community, for example in the annual Remembrance Day service held in St Peter's Church. The CCF offers pupils the opportunity to practise their leadership skills whether on parade at school, on the termly field weekends, or on the annual camps. The school has a strong tradition of serving the community with many pupils opting to provide assistance in the local area, or Community Action as an alternative to CCF. There are a broad range of Community Action options available in the Oundle area which cater not only for the needs of the local community but also for the extra-curricular interests of the pupils. Many pupils choose to undertake the Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme which provides an ideal combination of the skills they acquire during CCF and Community Action. Every summer since 1982 sixth formers and former pupils have run the Oundle School Mencap holiday, a residential holiday for children with a range of learning disabilities and now a highly respected charity in its own right.

The school has ties with the Laxton Junior School, for primary school pupils, some of whom continue their secondary education as pupils at the senior school. A modern building for Laxton Junior was completed in 2003, which allowed the school to double its intake.

In November 2005 the school was found to have taken part in a cartel of price fixing among public schools. However, Mrs. Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT Director General, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."

Oundle won the Tatler Public School of the Year Award in 2018.

Facilities

Oundle School's facilities include the following:
 Teaching Facilities. There are teaching buildings located throughout the town which house classrooms, studios and science and language laboratories. Many lessons take place in the Cloisters which are located in the heart of the town, and other main teaching buildings include the Adamson Centre, the Gascoigne, the Needham, Old Dryden, the Patrick Centre and SciTec.
 Sporting Facilities. The school has numerous sporting facilities which cater for a wide variety of different sports. Among these are four sand-filled astroturf pitches, a six lane synthetic athletics track, a swimming pool and over twenty tennis courts. The Sports Centre houses two fully equipped sports halls, indoor squash and fives facilities, a climbing wall and well equipped gymnasia. All of these have been rebuilt or refurbished in recent years. There are also extensive playing fields and boating facilities on the nearby River Nene, as well as sailing at Rutland Sailing Club.
 Various CCF buildings including two shooting ranges. There are a number of Combined Cadet Force (CCF) buildings including the Armoury (the main administrative building and rifle store), and various other smaller buildings used primarily for rifle and first aid training. Situated approximately two miles from Oundle, outside the hamlet of Elmington on the Ashton estate, is Oundle School's full bore outdoor range. At  long, the range is one of the few of its size in the country to be owned by a school. Rifles can be fired from firing points at either 100, 200, 300 or . There is another, smaller .22 shooting range situated next to the school armoury which is used for day to day use.
 The Great Hall was constructed in 1908, with the North and South Wings added shortly afterwards. The Great Hall is located prominently in the centre of the town adjacent to the Cloisters and School House; it is used for a variety of functions throughout the year including concerts, receptions, lectures, debates and assemblies. The building also houses the offices of the Headmaster and the school admissions department.
 The Chapel of Saint Anthony, consecrated in 1923, was built as a memorial to the fallen of the First World War. It contains some of the most important and influential stained glass in the country including the John Piper windows of 1954. The Chapel is where the school community meets. It links past and present, and bears witness, both in itself and in its art and worship, to the abiding values of the Christian Faith. The chapel houses two organs, a classical instrument built in 1984 by Frobenius of Denmark has three manuals and pedals, thirty-five speaking stops and mechanical action. It is situated in the Gallery at the West end. An electronic instrument installed by Copeman Hart in 2000 and situated at the East end of the Chapel provides accompaniment for the Chapel Choir, and leads the whole school singing. It has three manuals and pedals with a West end solo division.
 The Yarrow Gallery is the school's private art gallery, donated in 1918 by the shipbuilder Sir Alfred Yarrow in memory of his son, Eric, who was killed at the Second Battle of Ypres. The gallery puts on approximately half a dozen exhibitions every year. The space is adaptable and suitable for activities such as poetry readings, plays and small concerts as well as exhibitions. The purpose of the museum is that it should house a collection of pictures, specimens and models to illustrate "the history, development and beauty of the various branches of knowledge". The genealogical tree of the aeroplane and the Durham miner were charted and exhibits such as the skeleton of the white horse which used to draw the School ambulance to the Sanatorium were featured. The statue by Kathleen Scott entitled Here Am I, Send Me is erroneously held to be modelled on her son Peter Scott.
 The Stahl Theatre opened in 1980 and runs from a converted church on West Street; it can seat an audience of over 400. The Stahl Theatre is owned and managed by Oundle School, run by the Drama Department staff, many of whom have a professional theatre background. It houses both the School productions and visiting professional theatre companies.
 The Patrick Engineering Centre specialises in design technology, automobile engineering and other manual crafts. The school has had a strong reputation for science and engineering since the days of F. W. Sanderson, and this is reflected in the excellent facilities and equipment located within these buildings. Opened in 1998 after a generous donation from an old boy, the Patrick Centre plays an important role in the academic and extra-curricular activities of many pupils. Year after year Oundelians continue to build cars and other forms of automobile, the parts of which are manufactured almost entirely in the workshops.
 The Cripps Library was opened in 1988. It houses approximately 22,000 books encompassing all subjects. The Library is staffed throughout the school day and is open to the whole school for research, information or borrowing for academic work and leisure reading. The library was completely refurbished in 2011, with study spaces named in honour of inspirational former teachers at the school. The Peter Ling Room houses the new display cabinets for the Greek pots, the Dudley Heesom Room has been equipped with computer projection facilities for classes and meetings, the Rare Book Room now houses the rare book collection in sycamore cabinets.
 School Archive is located in the old stables at Cobthorne House. It conserves an increasingly wide-ranging collection of photographs, newspaper cuttings, publications and record books relating to the school's history, the most notable being the earliest register of pupils of 1626.
 OSCAR Radio. The school houses its own radio station which broadcasts from newly converted studios in the Gascoigne Building. Over 2000 pupils and local children have taken part in OSCAR broadcasts since 1998.
 SciTec. The first phase of a new science and technology centre was completed in summer 2007. In September 2007 it was officially opened by the Duke of Gloucester. The project in total cost around £20 million in total. SciTec was the School's millennium project which upon completion was intended to create a distinctive, new centre to combine the Sciences, Art and Design and Technology. The first stage houses the Chemistry and Biology departments. In 2016, the sci-tec building was extended to house the maths department on the ground floor and first floor, including laboratories for students to use to conduct their own experiments for an EPQ. The Patrick Engineering Centre for Design, Engineering and Technology opened in the same year, marking the completion of the project.

Houses

The school has 14 boarding houses in total. There are eight boys' boarding houses (Bramston, Crosby, Fisher [formerly Laxton House], Grafton, Laundimer, School, Sidney and St Anthony), five girls' boarding houses (Dryden, Kirkeby, New House, Sanderson and Wyatt) and one junior house (The Berrystead). Laxton House (formerly Laxton School) and Sadler House cater solely for day pupils and the junior day house, Scott House, caters solely for 1st to 2nd day form pupils.

Oundle's Boarding Houses differ greatly in character, customs, and traditions and there has always been a rivalry between them. House Masters and Mistresses live with their families in private accommodation located within the boarding houses. The House Master/Mistress plays a role in the every day running of the house and is supported by a deputy as well as a head of house and a team of prefects from the sixth form. In addition, each house has a number of house tutors who take care of approximately eight pupils each. Each house also has a resident matron who cares for the unwell and plays an important pastoral and administrative role within the house. Student accommodation varies between houses, most houses contain a mixture of dormitories and bed-sits which are usually allocated according to seniority. Each house has its own library, computer room, recreation room, and dining room as well as living facilities such as kitchens, bathrooms and changing rooms.

The Boarding Houses are divided into two categories, Town and Field. The Town Houses front onto Oundle's central streets and have extensive grounds at the rear. The buildings were converted from a mixture of large private residences and shops and as such tend to possess individual, sometimes even labyrinthine layouts. The Field Houses provide accommodation in grand buildings which were purpose-built (mostly around the time of Sanderson) and are located slightly further from the town among the sports pitches and the school's other recreational facilities.

Boys' houses

Girls' houses

Junior house

Day house

Old Oundelians

Former pupils are known as Old Oundelians and the Old Oundelians Club (known as the OO Club) was founded in 1883.

Former pupils of the school include Professor Maxwell Hutchinson, Past President of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Supreme Court Justices of the United Kingdom David Richards, and David Kitchin, evolutionary biologist and science writer Richard Dawkins, rock musician Bruce Dickinson, England rugby players (and twins) Tom and Ben Curry, architect Christopher Alexander, and feminist campaigner, researcher and writer Caroline Criado-Perez.

Victoria Cross winners
Three Old Oundelians were awarded the Victoria Cross for valour in the presence of the enemy during the First World War:
Alan Jerrard VC
Cecil Leonard Knox VC
Charles Geoffrey Vickers VC

Heads

1876–1883: Henry Reade
1883–1884: Rev. Thomas. C. Fry
1885–1892: Rev. Mungo Travers Park
1892–1922: F. W. Sanderson (1857–1922)
1922–1945: Dr Kenneth Fisher, previously senior science master at Eton
1945–1956: G. H. Stainforth, later head of Wellington College
1956–1968: Richard Knight
1968–1984: Barry Trapnell
1999–2005: Dr Ralph Townsend
2005–2015: Charles Bush, previously head of Eastbourne College
2015– : Sarah Kerr-Dineen, former Warden of Forest School, Walthamstow

Notable masters

John Olver (England Rugby International)
Simon Hodgkinson (England Rugby International)
Daniel Grewcock MBE (England Rugby International)
John Crawley (England Cricket player), teaches History
Kevin Walton GC DSC taught workshop engineering at the school
Terry Cobner (Wales and British Lions rugby union player)
W. G. Grace Jnr (eldest son of W. G. Grace)
 Ian Hepburn (190274), botanist, ecologist and author. Master for 39 years; Housemaster of Laxton House; Second Master; retired 1964. The Hepburn Music Competition is named after him.
David Carpanini taught Art at the school.
Douglas Robb (born 1970), a housemaster at the school, later head of Oswestry and Gresham's School
W. Sydney Robinson, history master and biographer.
Richard Howitt, Housemaster and former cricketer.

School song
The official school song is Carmen Undeliense (words by R.F. Patterson, music by Clement M. Spurling, published in 1912 by Novello & Company Ltd of London).

References

Further reading
Raymond Flower, Oundle and the English Public School (Stacey International, 1989, )

Edward Black, "The Avondale Case" (Lulu, Amazon, B&W, March 2014)

External links

Oundle School
Profile at the Good Schools Guide
ISI Inspection Reports
Ofsted Boarding Inspection Reports

Boarding schools in Northamptonshire
Educational institutions established in the 1550s
Private schools in North Northamptonshire
Oundle
People educated at Oundle School
Exempt charities
1556 establishments in England
Schools with a royal charter
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Schools cricket
Church of England private schools in the Diocese of Peterborough

Oundle School


Infierno puede hacer referencia a:

 Llamándose Infierno
Infierno, según algunas creencias lugar donde después de la muerte son torturadas eternamente las almas de los pecadores e incluso cristianos.
Infierno, primera de las tres cánticas de la Divina comedia del poeta florentino Dante Alighieri.
 Infierno, depósito de las bibliotecas donde se almacenan los libros prohibidos.
 Infierno, un lugar ficticio en el universo de DC Comics

 Conteniendo la palabra infierno
Boca del Infierno, desfiladero de Guadalajara, España.
Barranco del Infierno, barranco en Alicante, España.
Pico del Infierno, montaña en la cordillera Cantábrica, España.
Pozo del infierno, pozo excavado en Rusia.
Río Infierno, río en Cantabria, España.

Infierno (desambiguación)


George Gershwin (26 Eylül 1898; Brooklyn, New York – 11 Temmuz 1937, Hollywood), Yahudi kökenli Amerikalı besteci ve piyanist. Broadway müzikalleri ve klasik batı müziği orkestraları için eserler yazdı. Bazı şarkıları popülarite kazandı.

Müzikallere ve vokale yönelik eserlerinin büyük kısmını söz yazarı kardeşi Ira Gershwin ile beraber yazmıştır. Bestelerinden birçoğu televizyonda ve çeşitli filmlerde kullanıldı ve bazıları caz standardı haline geldi. Ella Fitzgerald, Gershwin'in bestelerinden birçoğunu 1959'da Gershwin Songbook (Gershwin Şarkı Kitabı) adıyla kaydetmiştir. John Coltrane, Frank Sinatra, Billie Holiday, Miles Davis ve Herbie Hancock gibi birçok müzisyen ve vokalist parçalarını seslendirmiştir. Beyin tümöründen dolayı 38 yaşında ölmüştür.

Eserleri

Klasik

Orkestra eserleri

 Rhapsody in Blue, 1924 (piyano ve orkestra için beste)
 Concerto in F Fa majör konçerto, 1925 (piyano ve orkestra için beste)
 An American in Paris, 1928 (orkestra için beste)
 Dream Sequence, 1929 (orkestra için beste)
 Second Rhapsody, özgün adı Rhapsody in Rivets, 1931 (piyano ve orkestra için beste)
 Cuban Overture, özgün adı Rumba, 1934 (orkestra için beste)
 "Strike Up the Band" Marsi, 1934 (orkestra için beste)
 Variations on "I Got Rhythm", 1934 (piyano ve orkestra için beste)
 Catfish Row, 1936 (orkestra için beste)
 Porgy and Bess (opera müziğinden seçme bir suit)
 Shall We Dance filmi, 1937 (Filmden alınma bir bale gösterisi için müzik)

Piyano solo
 Three Preludes, 1926 (solo piyano için beste)
 George Gershwin's Songbook, 1932 (18 şarkının solo piyano aranjmanı)

Broadway müzikalleri
 George White's Scandals (1920–1924)
 Lady, Be Good (1924)
 Tip-Toes (1925)
 Tell Me More! (1925)
 Oh, Kay! (1926)
 Strike Up the Band (1927)
 Funny Face (1927)
 Rosalie (1928)
 Show Girl (1929)
 Girl Crazy (1930)
 Of Thee I Sing (1931)
 Pardon My English (1933)
 Let 'Em Eat Cake (1933)
 My One and Only (1983)
 Crazy for You (1992)
 Nice Work If You Can Get It (2012)
 An American in Paris (2015)

Londra müzikalleri
 Primrose (1924)

Operalar

 Blue Monday, 1922
 Porgy and Bess, 1935
 My One and  (1983)

 Crazy for You (1992), Girl Crazy müzikalinin revizyonu.

Orijinal film müziği

 Delicious (1931)
 Shall We Dance (1937)
 A Damsel in Distress (1937)
 The Goldwyn Follies (1938)
 The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947)

Dipnotlar

Ayrıca bakınız

 Opera bestecileri listesi

Dış bağlantılar

 İngilizce Wikipedia "Antonio Vivaldi" maddesi   (Erişme: 6.4.2010)

1898 doğumlular
Brooklyn doğumlular
1937 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl klasik müzik bestecileri
Amerikalı söz yazarları
Amerikalı caz bestecileri
Amerikalı film müziği bestecileri
Rusya Yahudisi asıllı Amerikalılar
Müzikal tiyatro
Beyin tümöründen ölenler
Westchester Hills Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı bestecileri
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı piyanistler

George Gershwin


Osyris compressa, es una especie de planta parásita perteneciente a la familia de las santaláceas. Se encuentra en Sudáfrica. Hasta hace poco tiempo, su nombre binomial era  Colpoon compressum, dentro del género Colpoon ahora incluido en Osyris según los recientes estudios del DNA.

Descripción
Osyris compressa es un arbusto o árbol pequeño de hasta 5 metros de altura, a pesar de que un tamaño más típico de una planta que crece al aire libre sería de 2 o 3 metros. Las hojas son opuestas, decusadas, azul-verdosa con un color grisáceo, elípticas, por lo general alrededor de 20-50 mm, con márgenes engrosados. La inflorescencia es terminal en forma de panícula, teniendo pequeñas, y ligeramente perfumadas, flores bisexuales. Las flores son de color verde y poco espectaculares, pero aparecen durante gran parte del año, lo que atrae a los insectos polinizadores de diversos tipos. El ovario tiene cuatro óvulos, pero el fruto es una drupa de una sola cabeza esferoide alargada.  Los frutos son de colores, avanzando primero de azul verdoso a rojo brillante, y luego a morado o negro brillante a medida que maduran,  la maduración se produce a ritmos diferentes, por lo que la combinación de los colores sucesivos pueden ser muy llamativos.

Distribución
La especie se encuentra principalmente en Sudáfrica, donde se producen desde los fynbos costeros en la región de la Península del Cabo, en el oeste, y a lo largo de la costa sur y hacia el este de África tropical.

Reproducción y ecología

Osyris compressa es una planta resistente y adaptable que puede soportar el calor, las heladas y los vientos. Crece rápido y sobrevive en suelos arenosos pobres, incluso en las dunas costeras, donde puede jugar un papel importante como barrera contra el viento y la arena vinculante. Son monoicas, con flores bisexuales, y de polinización cruzada y auto-fértil, por lo que la especie produce semillas fértiles prolíficamente. Comienza a dar sus frutos cuando aún es muy joven, y las semillas en abundancia las produce prácticamente durante todo el año. El fruto atrae a una gran variedad de aves y mamíferos.

Osyris compressa, al igual que muchos miembros de la familia Santalaceae, explota una estrategia hemiparásitas ecológica para complementar su suministro de nutrientes, especialmente en condiciones de sequía o suelos pobres. Sus raíces forman haustorios que aprovechan las raíces de las plantas cercanas y extraen su savia. Aunque Osyris compressa las plantas pueden crecer sin hospedero, este hábito le ayuda a florecer en las arenas costeras relativamente pobres.  En este sentido Osyris compressa se asemeja a algunas plantas hemiparásitas de otras familias relacionadas como Nuytsia floribunda en la familia Loranthaceae.

El ser ella misma parásito no protege a Osyris compressa de otros parásitos, varias especies de muérdago en el género Viscum (actualmente reconocidos como miembros de la misma familia que Osyris, es decir, Santalaceae ) a menudo parasitan sus ramas. Además, dado que Osyris compressa en sí es un parásito de las raíces, es interesante notar que, a su vez puede ser anfitrión de otro parásito de la misma familia, Thesidium fragile posiblemente relacionado.

Al ser un arbusto denso de muchas hojas, flores discretas, y frutos comestibles, Osyris compressa es de suma importancia como refugio y alimento para muchos animales. De estos, probablemente, el más conocido es la mariposa Mylothris agathina, un miembro de la familia Pieridae. Osyris compressa no es la única fuente de alimento para Mylothris agathina, pero probablemente es la más importante en algunas regiones.

El cultivo de Osyris compressa

Esta planta es muy popular en los jardines de la costa como planta ornamental. Crece en dunas costeras y debido a su hábito de crecimiento vigoroso y compacto, puede encontrase en forma de seto. También produce atractivos y multicolores frutos durante todo el año con los que se ornamentan a sí mismos y atraen aves frugívoras.

Osyris compressa se puede propagar por semilla.

Usos
Osyris compressa se utiliza en los programas para estabilizar las dunas costeras.

Las hojas y la corteza se usan para el bronceado. La madera es de alta calidad y de grano fino, pero rara vez produce la planta troncos o ramas lo suficientemente grandes para la mayoría de usos. Aunque no parece ser el cultivo más activos de la planta, parece ser de interés como fuente de incienso y el aceite esencial de la misma manera que el sándalo.

La carne de las bayas es la parte comestible y forma parte de la dieta de los aborígenes khoikhoi, se consumen frescas y conservadas como la pasta seca. Promete poco como una fruta popular para los occidentales sin embargo, tiene un "sabor amargo de cosquilleo", según algunos informes.

Un extracto de la corteza hervida se ha utilizado para aromatizar el té.

Taxonomía
Osyris compressa fue descrita por Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle y publicado en Prodromus 14: 634, en el año 1857.
Sinonimia
 Colpoon compressum P.J.Bergius
 Fusanus compressus L.
 Fusanus compressus Lam.
 ''Thesium colpoon L.f.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Osyris
Plantas parásitas
Flora de África austral
Flora de África continental
Plantas descritas en 1857
Plantas descritas por de Candolle

Osyris compressa


Fritz Yngvar Moen né le 17 décembre 1941 à Sarpsborg et mort le 28 mars 2005 à Oslo est un Norvégien condamné à tort pour le meurtre de deux jeunes femmes, purgeant un total de 18 ans de prison. Après l'annulation des condamnations, une enquête officielle a été ouverte pour établir ce qui n'avait pas fonctionné dans le traitement de l'affaire par les autorités, et le 25 juin 2007, la commission a adressé des critiques sévères à la police, au parquet et aux tribunaux dans ce qui a été immédiatement qualifié de la pire erreur judiciaire de tous les temps en Norvège.
Moen est né  sourd et il était partiellement paralysé à cause d'un accident mais avait une intelligence normale et une bonne mémoire.

Références

Liens externes

Erreur judiciaire

Fritz Yngvar Moen


La Journée mondiale du diabète est la principale campagne mondiale de sensibilisation au diabète sucré et a lieu tous les 14 novembre.

Dirigée par la Fédération internationale du diabète (FID), chaque Journée mondiale du diabète se concentre sur un thème lié au diabète. Le diabète de type 2 est une maladie non transmissible largement évitable et traitable dont le nombre augmente rapidement dans le monde entier. Le diabète de type 1 n'est pas évitable mais peut être pris en charge par des injections d'insuline. Si les campagnes durent toute l'année, la journée elle-même marque l'anniversaire de Frederick Banting qui, avec Charles Best et John Macleod, a conçu l'idée qui a conduit à la découverte de l'insuline en 1922.

Histoire
La Journée mondiale du diabète a été lancée en 1991 par la Fédération internationale du diabète et l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) en réponse à l'augmentation rapide du diabète dans le monde.

En 2016, la Journée mondiale du diabète était commémorée par plus de 230 associations membres de la FID dans plus de 160 pays et territoires, ainsi que par d'autres organisations, des entreprises, des professionnels de la santé, des politiciens, des célébrités, et des personnes vivant avec le diabète et leurs familles. Les activités comprennent des programmes de dépistage du diabète, des campagnes radiophoniques et télévisées, des événements sportifs et autres.

Thèmes
Les thèmes des précédentes campagnes de la Journée mondiale du diabète étaient axés sur différents facteurs qui influencent le risque de diabète et ses complications :

 2013 : Protégeons notre avenir : L'éducation et la prévention du diabète.
 2014 : Allez bleu pour le petit déjeuner.
 2015 : Manger sainement.
 2016 : Les yeux sur le diabète.
 2017 : Les femmes et le diabète - Notre droit à un avenir sain.
 2018-2019 : La famille et le diabète - Le diabète concerne toutes les familles.
 2020 : L'infirmière et le diabète.
 2021-2023 : L'accès aux soins pour le diabète - Si ce n'est pas maintenant, quand ?

Référence

Voir aussi

 Diabète
 Diabète de type 1
 Diabète de type 2
 Insuline

Liens externes

 Wolrd Diabetes Day
 Fédération Française des Diabétiques
 International Diabetes Federation

Médecine interne
Maladie génétique
Trouble nutritionnel
État médical lié à l'obésité

Handicap invisible

Journée mondiale du diabète