Conium ( or ) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. , Plants of the World Online accepts six species.

All species of the genus are poisonous to humans. C. maculatum, also known as hemlock, is infamous for being highly poisonous. Hemlock is native to temperate regions of Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. The species C. chaerophylloides, C. fontanum, and C. sphaerocarpum are all native to southern Africa.

Description
Plants of the genus Conium are eudicots, flowering plants distinguished by their two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) and tricolpate (three-pored) pollen. They are typically biennial, forming basal rosettes in the first year of growth, and sprouting a rigid, hollow flower stalk in the second. Germination occurs between spring and autumn. Occasionally, plants which germinate in early spring are annual instead of biennial. These plants grow best in wet, poorly drained areas with nutrient rich soil. They grow well in nitrogen rich soil, and are able to tolerate high levels of heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, and lead. Conium plants are diploid, with a chromosome number of 2n = 22 (haploid number 11). They grow from one to three meters tall, varying between species. They produce hermaphroditic flowers, which are typically insect pollinated or self-fertilized.

Stems
Conium plants are herbaceous, growing non-woody, hollow, and hairless stems. Generally, the stem is striated and light green; however, the coloring varies by species and variety. Some express purple blotching throughout, some have purple blotching localized near the base, and others have no markings at all.

Leaves
The alternate leaves are pinnately compound and finely divided, with the exact pinnation patterns varying between species and leaf type. For example, stem leaves of C. maculatum plants are typically 2-4 pinnate, but basal leaves are 1-3 pinnate. The leaves and petioles are light green. Similar to the stem coloring, some species and varieties express purple blotching on the leaves and petioles.

Flowers
Terminal inflorescences are made up of many small flowers, colored white, yellow, or green depending on the species. The flowers are grouped together in umbrella shaped umbels. Plants in the genus Conium have compound umbels, with multiple dome shaped clusters branching out from a central point. Flowers are around 2 mm across, and the umbrella shaped umbels range from 1–8 cm in diameter.

Fruits
The two seeded fruit is one of the most significant distinguishing factors between species. They are relatively round, slightly flattened, and dark green or brown. Depending on the species, they range from 2.5 to 4 mm long. Some species have distinctive light brown ribs, some have ribs that are noticeably crenulate (scalloped edges), and others show relatively unpronounced rib patterns.

Seeds
Each plant typically produces between 1,700 and 39,000 seeds, and 40-85% will germinate in suitable conditions. However, seeds will remain viable for 3 to 6 years after dispersal. Producing a large number of seeds, and growing in a variety of locations, these plants can be considered invasive in some cases.

Chemical composition
Poisonous alkaloid compounds are present in all tissues of Conium plants. As a flower develops into a fruit and matures, the alkaloids present transform from γ-coniceine, to coniine, and finally to N-methylconiine. When ingested, these compounds interrupt the central nervous system, paralyzing respiratory muscles, and finally resulting in death through respiratory failure.

Species differentiation from other plants
Members of the genus Conium can be easily confused with edible plants of the family Apiaceae. Conium plants have leaves similar to parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and roots similar to parsnip (Pastinaca sativa). However, a few characteristics can be used to distinguish the poisonous Conium plants from other harmless Apiaceae plants. For example, Conium leaves and stems release a foul odor when crushed. Additionally, the species C. maculatum stands out with its purple blotching pattern.

Taxonomy
The genus name "Conium" references the Greek word koneios for 'spin' or 'whirl', alluding to the dizzying effects of the plant's poison after ingestion. In the vernacular, "hemlock" most commonly refers to the species C. maculatum, but it also refers to Cicuta species (water hemlock), where both species are similar in physical features, and both are highly toxic.

The genus Conium was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Several botanists, such as J.F.M. Cannon, G.H. Leute, and J.H. Ross, have historically made the argument that southern African species of Conium has few significant distinctions. Some even claim that the genus has no independent species at all. They argue that the populations in southern Africa "may be the result of the chance introduction of a few individuals which represented genetically a very limited range of the total variability of the species." Some believe that each species of Conium is synonymous to C. maculatum. Others believe that there are two to three distinct southern African species of Conium.

History

Conium was known to ancient Greeks, who used it for its narcotic properties and in capital punishment. It was used for the execution, among others, of Socrates and Theramenes.

Conium maculatum, also known as poison hemlock, was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 publication, Species Plantarum. It was the first described species within the genus. "Maculatum" means spotted, referencing the purple blotches characteristic of this species.

Conium chaerophylloides was described by Danish plant collector Christian Friedrich Ecklon (1795-1868) and German botanist Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher. In 1828, they came together in South Africa, forming a partnership. For the next decade, they built their collection, describing almost 2000 genera and species.

Both C. fontanum and C. sphaerocarpum were described by South African botanist Olive Mary Hilliard and English botanist Brian Laurence Burtt. Together, they published their classifications in the South African Journal of Botany in 1985.

Species
, Plants of the World Online accepts six species:
Conium chaerophylloides (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh.
Conium divaricatum Boiss. & Orph.
Conium fontanum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Conium hilliburttorum Magee & V.R.Clark
Conium maculatum L.
Conium sphaerocarpum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt

Conium chaerophylloides
Conium chaerophylloides, growing two to three meters tall, can be distinguished by its unique yellow-green flowers. Groups of many of these small flowers make up obconical umbels. The outer rays (individual flowers) form an angle with the point of attachment, giving the umbel a cone-like shape, which fans out from the base of the inflorescence. They produce round, 4 mm long, dark brown or green fruit, with deep, lightly colored ridges.

Conium fontanum
Conium fontanum expresses a similar obconical umbel arrangement, but produces slightly larger fruit, and develops the white flowers characteristic of the other species in the Conium genus. The fruit is usually larger than 4 mm long, with ridges of the same dark green or brown color as the rest of the ovary. These plants grow one to three meters tall, depending on the variety.

Conium hilliburttorum
Conium hilliburttorum has not always been recognized as a distinct species within the genus. Like C. sphaerocarpum, these plants have white flowers grouped in hemispherical umbels and small fruit. However, these researchers argue that the fruit and ovary anatomy significantly distinguish them from C. sphaerocarpum. They develop similar sized fruit; however, C. hilliburttorum fruit displays prominent ribs, whereas C. sphaerocarpum fruit is relatively smooth. C. hilliburttorum ovaries are covered in tubercules, or small lumpy outgrowths, like C. chaerophylloides fruit. However, C. chaerophylloides plants have yellow or green flowers, and they grow much larger fruit and are much taller.

Conium maculatum
Conium maculatum is distinguished by red or purple blotching along the hairless green stem. Some varieties of the southern African species express a moderate degree of blotching at the base of the stem, but most are simply green. It grows white flowers in umbrella-shaped clusters.

Conium sphaerocarpum
Conium sphaerocarpum produces similarly colored, but slightly smaller fruit, less than 3.5 mm long. The ovary is relatively smooth, with almost completely flat, inconspicuous ridges. Additionally, the small white flowers are arranged in hemispherical umbels. Each umbel's outer rays protrude horizontally, forming a semi-sphere shape, with the flat edge at the base of the umbel, and the dome pointing away from the point of attachment. This species tends to grow shorter than others within the genus.

Evolution
Conium is a genus within the family Apiaceae. The family Apiaceae originates from Australasia in the Late Cretaceous period. Conium is specifically part of the Apioideae subfamily which split off from the other subfamilies of Apiaceae between 45.9 and 71.2 million years ago in southern Africa.

Toxin development
The evolution of toxicity within Conium plants and within Apiaceae plants has several theories. Apiaceae plants contain secondary compounds which are compounds that are often limited to just a family, genus, or a species of plant that varies among those smaller groups and is unlikely to be essential to the day-to-day physiological needs of the plant. These secondary compounds are used to mediate the plants interactions with other organisms, such as the prevention of herbivory. Gottfried S. Fraenkel in 1959 called the distribution of secondary compounds within Apiaceae and other families reciprocal adaptive evolution. Ehrlich and Raven in 1964 called Fraenkel's process coevolution. They claimed that secondary compounds diversify by emerging as a novel compound that protects a plant from herbivory. Due to this protection from herbivory and mutation or recombination in an insect, the plant can become susceptible to herbivory once more if an insect evolves the means to detoxify or tolerate the toxin created by the secondary compound. With this new trait, the insect has a new adaptive zone with which it can diversify and the plant has a certain set of adapted herbivores. This is seen with Conium, where C. maculatum has an adaptive herbivore, Agonopterix alstromeriana.

Distribution
Conium maculatum is native to northern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa. C. chaerophylloides, C. fontanum, and C. sphaerocarpum are all native to southern Africa.

Conium maculatum has been introduced to the Americas, southern Africa, China, New Zealand, and Australia. It was originally brought to the United States from Europe as a garden plant. C. maculatum has been introduced to other parts of the world due to the transportation of grain. In many areas which C. maculatum has been introduced, it has become an invasive species.

Ecology
All species of Conium are poisonous to humans and several other species of mammals; yet, some serve as food sources for some insects. In addition, the invasiveness of Conium species into non-native habitats is documented. It is unknown what the spread of Conium into new environments is primarily driven by.

Dispersal
Seeds of the Conium plants fall close to the parent and primarily rely on abiotic and biotic vector transmissions for dispersal. For biotic transmissions, rodents and birds have been documented to spread seeds, with them clinging to the animals' fur. Human introductions of the plants from their native into new habitats (either accidentally through seed contamination or intentional as a garden plant or medicinal herb) is also a proposed cause of the plant being invasive in several regions, but these are not common.

Ecological relationships
As a weed, Conium plants can spread into grasslands and other areas with low vegetation and crowd out local grass species. The plants spread very quickly and are very competitive with native grasses.

Conium plants use their toxicity as a way to mediate their ecological interactions with other species. Despite the Conium plants being poisonous, several invertebrates and some insects have evolved mechanisms for avoiding toxicity of chemicals when feeding on the plants. One species of moth, Agonopterix alstroemeriana, infests C. maculatum.

The plants serve as a host for several viruses, bacteria, and insects, including the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae; the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa; carrot thin leaf virus; celery mosaic virus; and alfalfa mosaic virus. In 2015, a novel Poison Hemlock Virus Y (PHVY) was isolated from leaf samples of C. maculatum with mild mosaic and vein yellowing symptoms, collected from fields in south-east Iran. The virus was shown serologically to be related to potyviruses.

Economic impact
Conium plants are poisonous to a variety of animals including cows, sheep, goats, swine, rabbits, elk, poultry, and humans. Some of the impacts of the consumption of these plants on animals include muscle spasms, diarrhea, depression, skeletal malformations, and death. In fact, the most important losses from Conium plants is through livestock toxicity. An estimated yearly loss of livestock to these plants in the western US was $340 million.

Although they are mostly found in non-crop fields, Conium plants compete with commercial agricultural plants, including several types of vegetables and grains. It has been found growing in corn, chickpea, vegetable, and orchard fields. Regions affected include Oceania, the Iberian peninsula, central Europe, and the United States. Economic losses of crops due to Conium invasion is not as widespread or severe as its affecting of animals farms, and there is little crop loss data available from those regions.

Uses
Historically, the leaves and flowers of Conium plant species were prized for their decorative appearance, and they were bred and kept as ornamental decorative plants. Conium plants were also used as natural barriers and in medicine as treatments. As knowledge that chemicals produced by Conium plants were toxic to humans and mammals became widespread, their usage as decorative plants and as treatments have declined.

Today, species of the Conium genus have no known uses, and they are classified as a weed. However, notably, C. maculatum continues to be used in medicine as an ingredient. In addition, the production of toxic chemicals that have limited their widespread public use has instigated research in the chemicals' potential applications in agriculture.

Pesticides
Chemicals produced by and isolated from plants of this genus were found to have anti-insect and anti-predator properties and have been studied for use in agriculture. Coniine was proven to be effective against aphids and blowflies. In addition, extracts of Conium plants were found to inhibit Fusarium pallidoroseum, a fungal disease causing twig blight in mulberry. However, these findings have not yet been implemented in practice.

In medicine
Extracts of Conium plants were used as sedatives and antispasmodics. Because of the plants' toxicities, uses as a medicine were discontinued by the early 20th century.

Today, there are no accepted uses for the Conium genus plants as a treatment. Despite severe safety concerns and a lack of supporting scientific evidence, C. maculatum has continued to be used as homeopathy or home remedy treatment for several medical conditions including anxiety, muscle spasms, bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, and arthritis. There is little information on the plant's interactions with other drugs and on treatment doses.

Other uses
Conium maculatum was introduced into North America as an ornamental plant, imported into the United States and southern Canada. Plant hobbyists continue to cultivate this plant species today.

As plants of the Conium species are known to be dangerous to mammals, they are also used as natural fences between tracts of land to block predatory animals such as wolves. It is grown along streams or rivers and near fences and pastures.

Toxicity
All species of Conium are highly toxic to humans, many other mammals, and birds (in larger doses). Virtually all parts of the plant are poisonous to humans, and consumption of any part of the plant can cause poisoning. In most cases, poisoning occurs from a misidentification of the plant as an edible species, such as C. maculatum root with wild parsnips or its leaves with parsley.

Effects on humans and other animals
Conium maculatum is especially known to be dangerous to pregnant and breast-feeding females and in children, where poisoning has occurred by consuming small amounts of C. maculatum. An overdose of Conium maculatum can typically produce paralysis, with a toxic dose causing loss of speech followed by inhibited respiratory function and, later, death. This plant species and others in the Conium genus are also toxic in larger mammals, including bovine, equestrian, and other domestic animals. They are also known to cause birth defects in domesticated animals. Birds do not appear to be affected as severely when consuming these seeds of these plants, but they can also be poisoned in larger doses.

Pharmacology
In hemlock, eight piperidine alkaloids, known to cause strong physiological effects, were isolated. Two of the eight compounds, g-coniceine and coniine, were measured as having the highest concentration, and they contribute to the plant's toxicity. Other alkaloids that have been identified in hemlock include methyl coniine, ethyl piperidine and .

In larger animals, acute toxicity doses for C. maculatum are lower for pigs compared to cattle, and for sheep compared to goats. Specifically, toxicity doses are 3.3 mg/kg for cattle, 15.5 mg/kg for horses and 44.0 mg/kg for sheep.

Treatment
Gastric lavage is performed on larger animals who have consumed Conium plants. For animals who have started to show symptoms, support respiration and treatment with activated charcoal and a saline cathartic are used. Support respiration and activated charcoal treatment is also given to human patients who have ingested Conium plants.

As a poison
The Greek philosopher Socrates famously died by goading a jury into sentencing him to death by hemlock (see Plato's Apology.) Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) is infamous in its use as a poison. A small overdose of extract of the plant causes paralysis with higher toxic doses causing a ceasing of respiratory function followed by death. Poison hemlock was historically used in official executions and assassinations.

Cultivation
Historically, Conium species has been grown as ornamental plants. As it has attractive flowers to some plant breeders, it was introduced to the US from Europe as a garden plant. However, there have been documented cases where there was an improper cultivation of plants, where the species, notably C. maculatum, is mistaken with common edible plants such as parsnip, parsley, wild celery, and anise and is farmed for human consumption accidentally.

Today, intentional introduction of Conium plants as a garden plant or live specimen for herbal medicine into new and existing regions is less likely.

Notes
1 Species names have Conium abbreviated as C. followed by the species taxonomy.

References

Apioideae
Neurotoxins
Plant toxins
Apioideae genera

Conium


Tarlok Nath Shorey est un mathématicien indien spécialisé en théorie des nombres. Il est actuellement professeur distingué au département de mathématiques de l'Institut indien de technologie de Bombay. Auparavant, il travaillait au Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.

Biographie

Tarlok Nath Shorey a obtenu un B. A. et un M. A. à l'Université du Panjab, puis il a rejoint l'école de mathématiques du Tata Institute of Fundamental Research à Bombay, où il a obtenu le Ph. D. la supervision de Kanakanahalli Ramachandra  à l'Université de Bombay.

Recherche

Shorey a effectué des recherches importantes en théorie des nombres transcendants, en particulier les meilleures estimations pour les formes linéaires de logarithmes de nombres algébriques. Il a obtenu de nouvelles applications de la méthode de Baker aux équations diophantiennes et à la fonction tau de Ramanujan. Shorey a contribué considérablement au problème de  l'irréductibilité des polynômes de Laguerre. D'après la liste des 146 publications établie dans Zentralblatt MATH, Shorey a publié 33 travaux avec  Robert Tijdeman.

Prix et distinctions
Shorey a reçu en 1987 le prix Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar de sciences et technologie, la plus haute distinction scientifique en Inde, dans la catégorie sciences mathématiques. Il a été élu Fellow de l'Académie indienne des sciences, de l'Académie des sciences de Bangalore et l'Académie nationale des sciences de l'Inde à Allahabad.
Un volume de contributions a été publié en 2005 à l'occasion de son  annversaire. Ce volume contient un contribution de R. Tijdeman avec une liste commentée de références bibliographiqes.

Publications (sélection)

 .
 .

 .
 .
 .
 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Base de données de l'Académie nationale des sciences de l'Inde

Naissance en octobre 1945
Mathématicien indien du XXe siècle
Mathématicien indien du XXIe siècle
Étudiant du Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

Tarlok Nath Shorey


La Copa Antonio Peña es un torneo anual de lucha libre profesional celebrado por la promoción de lucha libre profesional AAA en su evento anual Héroes Inmortales. Se llevó a cabo por primera vez en Homenaje a Antonio Peña en 2007. En 2009, después fue renombrado como Héroes Inmortales.

Historia
Antonio Peña murió el 5 de octubre de 2006 debido a un ataque cardíaco masivo. En los días siguientes a la muerte de Peña varias promociones de lucha libre en Japón con las que AAA había trabajado a lo largo de los años rindieron homenaje al promotor. La muerte de Peña dejó un vacío en AAA, él siempre había sido el hombre al mando y siempre tuvo la última palabra. En los años hasta su muerte, Peña había traído a su cuñado Joaquín Roldán y Dorian Roldán, hijo de Roldán, y les enseñó el negocio de dirigir una promoción de lucha libre.

Un año después, la empresa decidió rendir su aniversario cada año y anunciar su copa.

Copa Antonio Peña: Ganadores

Datos generales

 San Luis Potosí y Monterrey, Nuevo León han sido sede de 3 eventos realizadas.
 Domo de San Luis  y Arena Monterrey son los lugares en tener 3 eventos consecutivas.
 El Homenaje a Antonio Peña (2007) que más tiempo duro fue el primero con 61:40 y el que menos tiempo duro fue el segundo con 17:41.
 La Parka es el luchador que más apariciones han tenido en este tipo de lucha con 8.
 Originalmente, El Texano Jr. había ganado la Copa, pero debido que él ganó con trampa, el resultado quedó anulado.
 El único luchador extranjero que ganó la Copa fue El Mesías.
 Pimpinela Escarlata es el luchador que más veces ha ganado el torneo tan solo dos ocasiones.
 Hasta la fecha, sólo se realizó Héroes Inmortales XI donde el Campeonato Latinoamericano de AAA estaba en juego tanto el Campeonato como la Copa Antonio Peña del evento. El primero fue en 2017 donde Johnny Mundo defendió su Campeonato Latinoamericano de AAA ante otros 17 luchadores (siendo también el primero en defender su título en este tipo de lucha).
 Lady Shani y Big Mami fueron las únicas luchadoras en participar en la Copa.
 La edición 2023 fue enteramente femenina.

Véase también

Referencias

Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
Torneos de la AAA

Copa Antonio Peña


{{Taksobitki
| renk = lightblue
| ad = Adi korunga
| resim =  Onobrychis arenaria1.jpg
| resim_bilgi =
| alem = Plantae
| bölüm = Magnoliophyta (Kapalı tohumlular)
| sınıf = Magnoliopsida (İki çenekliler)
| takım = Fabales
| familya = Fabaceae (Baklagiller)
| altfamilya = Faboideae
| oymak = Hedysareae
| cins = Onobrychis (Korunga)
| tür = O. sativa
| ikili_ad = Onobrychis sativa
| ikili_ad_yazar = Lam.
| dış_bağlantılar =
}}Adi korunga''' (Onobrychis sativa''), çok yıllık bir baklagil yem bitkisi türü.

Sulama imkânı olmayan topraklarda yetişmesi ve kireçli topraklara adaptasyon yeteneği açısından
değerli bir bitkidir.

Pembe renkli ve salkım şeklindedir ve salkımda 5-80 çiçek bulunur.Yaprak ekseninde karşılıklı olarak 7-15 çift yaprakçık vardır. Yaprakçıklar ince tüylerle kaplı ve uzun yumurta şeklindedir.

Dış bağlantılar

Faboideae

Adi korunga


Daily NK je internetski novinski portal koji se fokusira na probleme i vijesti vezane za Sjevernu Koreju. Središte portala je u Seulu (Južna Koreja), a priče i vijesti se prikupljaju putem tajnih dopisnika i informacijskih kanala unutar Sjerverne Koreje. Glavne teme izvještavanja su razna kršenja ljudskih prava i općenito život u Sjevernoj Koreji.

Novine financiraju mnogobrojni donatori te razne nevladine udruge, a u financiranju pomaže i Kongres Sjedinjenih Američkih Država. Članci se pišu na engleskom, korejskom, kineskom i japanskom jeziku.

Portal je 2004. godine osnovao Han Ki Hong i Mreže za Sjevernokorejsku demokraciju i ljudska prava (nevladina organizacija smještena u Seulu). Nekoliko kineskih dopisnika radi za Daily NK te upravo oni rade reportaže s izbjeglicama koji bježe preko granice koja odvaja Sjevernu Koreju i Kinu. Novinare ovih novina često su citiraju zapadni mediji i njihove se reportaže često koriste kako bi se prikazala situacija koja vlada unutar Sjeverne Koreje.

Izvori

Sjeverna Koreja
Web stranice
Južnokorejski elektronički mediji

Daily NK


Republička liga Bosne i Hercegovine je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1950.  Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bila "Bosna" iz Sarajeva.

Sustav natjecanja
Prvotnom odlukom NS BiH liga je trebala imati 10 članova, ali je startala s 11 klubova. Naknadno je priključeno "Jedinstvo" iz Brčkog, nakon kvalifikacija protiv "Rudara" iz Kaknja.

Kvalifikacije za popunu lige
{| Republička liga Bosne i Hercegovine je bila liga trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1982./83.  Sudjelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bila "Sloga" iz Doboja.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Treća savezna liga 1950.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 exyufudbal.in.rs, Nogometno prvenstvo FNRJ 1950., Liga Bosne i Hercegovine, wayback arhiva

1950 1
BIH 1 republička
1950 1 republička
1950

Republička nogometna liga Bosne i Hercegovine 1950.


حي الخضراء، وهو أحد أحياء مدينة تونس (تونس).
  حي الخضراء، وهو أحد أحياء مدينة بغداد (العراق).

حي الخضراء (توضيح)


est une chanson du groupe anglais Glass Animals sortie le  issue de leur troisième album studio Dreamland.

Accueil

La chanson est devenu au fil des années un succès mondial de type sleeper hit, atteignant la cinquième place du UK Singles Chart, le top cinq de plusieurs autres pays européens et la première place en Australie, au Canada, en Lituanie, en Suisse et aux États-Unis où elle se hisse au sommet du Billboard Hot 100 après un record de 59 semaines dans le classement. En , la chanson avait accumulé plus d'un milliard de flux sur Spotify. La chanson atteint également la première place du Billboard Global 200.

Heat Waves a passé sept semaines au sommet du classement australien des singles ARIA et a ensuite été certifié comme la chanson numéro un pour 2021 en Australie.

Dans le UK Singles Chart, le single a culminé à l'origine (premier semestre 2021) à la dix-neuvième place. Après son inclusion dans le jeu vidéo EA Sports FIFA 21 et une large utilisation comme musique d'accompagnement dans diverses vidéos TikTok, la chanson est réintégrée en dix-huitième place en septembre 2021 et continue à grimper jusqu'au top 5.

Clip
Le clip montre le leader Dave Bayley marchant dans les rues de l'est de Londres tirant un wagon avec plusieurs téléviseurs empilés, filmé par ses voisins en utilisant leurs téléphones lors du confinement pendant la pandémie de Covid-19. Il arrive ensuite sur une scène, installe les téléviseurs puis chante le reste de la chanson avec les membres du groupe. Bayley décrit ce clip comme . En août 2023, le clip vidéo sur YouTube avait accumulé plus de 600 millions de vues.

Personnel

 Dave Bayley - chant, guitare, claviers, batterie, cordes, percussions, production
 Edmund Irwin-Singer - guitare
 Drew MacFarlane - guitare, cordes
 Joe Seaward – batterie

Classements

Références

Liens externes

Chanson de 2020
Single musical sorti en 2020
Single numéro un dans le Billboard Hot 100
Single numéro un dans le Canadian Hot 100 de Billboard
Single numéro un dans le Top 40 Mainstream
Single numéro un en Australie
Single numéro un en Suisse
Single publié par Polydor
Single publié par Republic Records
Chanson de RnB britannique

Heat Waves


Campionatul Internațional de Scrimă din 1933 s-a desfășurat la Budapesta, Ungaria.

Rezultate

Masculin

Feminin

Clasament pe medalii

Note

Referințe

1933
1933 în sport
Competiții de scrimă în Ungaria
scrima


الأتروبين  هو مركب شبه قلوي مستخرج من الباذنجان المميت ونبات اللفاح وغيرها من النباتات من الفصيلة الباذنجانية.
وتصنف من مضادات المخدرات يمكن أن تكون قاتلة، وتستمد اسمها من أتروبس Atropos وفقًا لما ذكرته الأساطير اليونانية، وبالإيطالية «بيلا دونا» وتعني «السيدة الجميلة»، حيث كانت النساء تعمد إلى وضع خلاصة هذه النبتة في أعينهن لتتسع ويبدين جميلات.

التركيب
يصنف الاتروبين من المركبات الطبيعية شبه القلوية، وهو مركب طبيعي وذلك لأنه يأتي من مصدر نباتي (مثل النبتة المعروفة بست الحسن).

من حيث التركيب الدوائي يصنف من الادوية مضادة الكولينيات، والأدوية التي تقوم بإعاقة عمل الأسيتيل كولين ويعد الأتروبين من الأدوية شديدة الانتقائية لمستقبلات المسكارين.

يعد الأتروبين من الأدوية الأساسية في منظمة الصحة العالمية «قائمة الأدوية الأساسية»، والتي هي قائمة الحد الأدنى من الاحتياجات الطبية الأساسية لنظام الرعاية الصحية ويستخدم كمضاد لاضطراب النظم ولتوسيع حدقة العين ومعالجة التشنج وعلاج حلات التسمم ببعض المبيدات الحشرية.

أداء الاتروبين
يمكن توقع أداء الاتروبين عن طريق المعرفة بالطريقة التي يستجيب بها الجسم لتأثير الجهاز العصبي نظير الودي على مختلف أعضاء الجسم.
يؤثر أيضا على العقدة الجيبية الأُذينية حيث يعمل على زيادة عملها مما يولد أنعكاس لعمل العصب المبهم (Vagus nerve)، أيضاً يحجب انتقال التيار العصبي لمركب أستيل كولين (Acetylcholine) حيث أن هذا المركب من النواقل العصبية. ويكثر استخدام الاتروبين في الطب حيث يستخدم في طب العيون لأنه يعمل على اتساع حدقة العين، كما يستخدم مع مرضى القرحة المعدية والمعوية لأنه يقلل الإفرازات المعوية والمعدية.

المكونات الفعالة
 الاتروبين

استخدامات الاتروبين
 طب وجراحة العيون كموسع لحدقة العين.
 الصدر في حالات الربو لتوسيع القصبة الهوائية.
 أمراض الجهاز الهضمي كمضاد للتشنجات.
 المسالك البولية في حالة سلس البول.
 في علم السموم كعلاج لحالات التسمم بالمورفين والتسمم بالأدوية المقوية للقلب digitalis والمبيدات الحشرية organophosphorous

تأثير الاتروبين على العين
يسبب الاتروبين توسع في حدقة العين والذي يسبب عدم وضوح في الرؤية
وتستخدم هذه الخاصية للأتروبين للعمليات الجراحية العينية.

مراجع

أدوية أساسية حسب منظمة الصحة العالمية
أدوية طب العيون
أشباه قلويات التروبان
أشباه قلويات التروبان موجودة في الباذنجانيات
أيضات ثانوية
إسترات
إنثيوجينات
ترياق
سموم نباتية
فن الاستذكار الطبي
كحولات أولية
ماركات فايزر
مسببات الهذيان
مضادات الكولين
مضادات مسكارينية
مواد كيميائية تستخدم في طب الطوارئ
مولدات الأحلام
ناهضات مستقبل الغلايسين

أتروبين


Gilles Jérôme Moehrle MBE (; born 28 September 1964), better known as Gilles Peterson (), is a French broadcaster, DJ, and record label owner. He founded the influential labels Acid Jazz and Talkin' Loud, and started his current label Brownswood Recordings in 2006. He was awarded an honorary MBE in 2004, the AIM Award for Indie Champion and the Mixmag Award for Outstanding Contribution To Dance Music in 2013, the PRS for Music Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music Radio in 2014, and The A&R Award from the Music Producers Guild in 2019.

Throughout his career, Peterson has played a pivotal role in promoting genres such as jazz, hip-hop, and electronic music. He started his career on pirate radio stations Radio Invicta and K-Jazz, later joining legal stations in London, first the newly founded Jazz FM, and then onto the dance music station Kiss FM. In 1998, he was hired by BBC Radio 1, and in 2012 he began hosting a three-hour Saturday afternoon programme on BBC Radio 6 Music. He hosts a syndicated radio programme that is broadcast in seven European countries.

In 2016, he launched the online radio station Worldwide FM with Boiler Room co-founder and original host Thristian Richards. He also hosts mixes and new music on his SoundCloud page, where he has over three million followers. He is behind several events celebrating the music that he supports through his DJ sets and radio shows. Since 2005, he has hosted the annual Worldwide Awards in London and Worldwide Festival in Sète. In 2019, launched the new We Out Here festival in the UK.

Career

Radio
Peterson was first heard as a DJ on the London pirate radio station Radio Invicta, Peterson spent his teenage years putting up radio transmitters for the pirates and playing on stations such as K-Jazz. Brought up in the suburban South London soul scene Peterson was exposed to a variety of music. He went on to host Mad on Jazz on BBC Radio London in 1986–87, and became known on the London circuit as a DJ specialising in the new breed of "acid jazz", drawing on the jazz, funk, Latin fusions and Brazilian music of the 1970s.

In March 1990, Peterson joined London's first-ever dedicated jazz station 102.2 Jazz FM at its launch. The three-hour show was stripped into sections including the "Samba 60" and the "Vibrazone". Artists as diverse as the Freestyle Fellowship, Sérgio Mendes and Leon Thomas would all appear on the same playlist. He was dismissed from the station after playing anti-war songs and making anti-war comments during the first Gulf War.

Peterson would then join Kiss FM in 1991, the station having become legal the year before. In his "Vibrazone" shows on Kiss FM he played acts as diverse as Josh Wink, Gang Starr and Horace Silver in the space of a single programme. Features included the "Herbie Sessions".

From 1998 to 2012, through his BBC show Worldwide – which was originally produced by longtime collaborator Benji B, Karen P (Folded Wing), Ben Cave, Beccy Grierson, Alex Kenning, and Dave O'Donnell – Peterson continued to present a wide range of music that may be new to its young audiences. The show always presented a combination of new, older and often very rare records from the late 1950s to 1980s. Every three months or so, Peterson dedicated a whole show to older vinyl releases in a special version of his show he subtitled as Brownswood Basement; two associated compilation albums with the same name containing older personal classics have been released on the United States label Ubiquity Records's offshoot Luv N' Haight.

In August 2004, the show moved from Wednesday (midnight till 2 am) to an earlier Sunday slot (11 pm to 1 am), with a spectacular live outside broadcast from The Big Chill at Eastnor Castle Herefordshire, featuring Bugz In The Attic performing a DJ set, and interviews with house DJ Tom Middleton and Mr. Scruff. One of the highlights of the changed format BBC Radio 1 show was the special sessions from the BBC's Maida Vale Studios. These included artists such as Roots Manuva, Björk and Floating Points. In September 2006, the show was moved from Sunday night to Tuesday night/Wednesday morning between 2 am and 4 am. The first show included a live appearance from Lupe Fiasco.

In late 2011, Peterson announced that after 13 years at the station he would be leaving BBC Radio 1, following his last show in the early hours of Wednesday 28 March and moving to a new show on BBC Radio 6 Music. Peterson started a new three-hour Saturday afternoon show on BBC Radio 6 Music, beginning on Saturday 7 April 2012, running weekly from 3 to 6 pm, and giving him an extra hour of broadcast time. Like his previous Radio 1 programme, it is made by independent production company Somethin' Else for the BBC. He also presents a weekly show on RTÉ 2XM, 2-4pm on Mondays.

A new global music-radio platform named Worldwide FM was launched by Gilles Peterson in 2016 with Boiler Room co-founder Thristian Richards in September 2016. Following the success of the Grand Theft Auto V in-game radio station of the same name, WorldWide FM has expanded into the real world with Peterson and Richards hosting shows alongside a hand-picked roster of the finest DJs and selectors from five continents. Since the launch, the station has gone out on the road broadcasting across Europe, the US and Asia, with pop-ups in Amsterdam (ADE), Los Angeles (How We Do LA), Marseille (Le Gallette), Milan (Jazzmi Festival), Paris (Le Mellotron), Tokyo (HMV Shibuya), and closer to home, at the 1:54 Contemporary African Art Fair (Somerset House). The station is Powered by WeTransfer and broadcasting from The Pyramid radio studios in north London.

Record labels and clubs
Upon leaving BBC London in 1987, Peterson took up a new Sunday afternoon residency at Dingwalls in Camden. It was around the same time that he'd started BGP Records, a sub-label of Ace Records focused on soul, funk and jazz dance, together with DJ Baz Fe Jazz. Playing alongside fellow London DJ Patrick Forge, the night, dubbed Talkin' Loud And Sayin' Something, ran for five years. It coincided with the rise of acid house in UK clubland and would grow to establish itself as a legendary session. The sessions were characterised by jazz dancers in suits, hats and spats, well-known jazz dance classics including tracks from Yusef Lateef, Pharoah Sanders, Freddie Hubbard, Airto, Herbie Hancock, and the anthemic In The Fast Lane by Jean-Luc Ponty; but the jazz was fused with hip-hop and the more experimental tracks. It was at a Special Branch show, with fellow DJ Chris Bangs, that the term "acid jazz" was coined, starting as an in-joke. At the time, acid house was in the ascendant, and at one of the shows Bangs played a rare groove record, grabbed the mic and shouted: "Fuck that, if that was acid house, this is acid jazz!". DJs Femi Williams and Marco Nelson from Young Disciples claimed in a recently unearthed 1992 TV interview that they coined the term because they had a club with acid playing downstairs and jazz upstairs, so they thought it would be amusing to name the upstairs room "The Acid Jazz Room". The veracity of this claim predating Peterson's is dubious, as the interview in question took place five years after the Acid Jazz label was created, and Young Disciples were first active three years after the formation of the label.

In 1988, Peterson and Eddie Piller founded Acid Jazz Records, a label whose roster included the Brand New Heavies, Jamiroquai, Corduroy, the James Taylor Quartet and Snowboy.

In 1990, Peterson founded record label Talkin' Loud, enlisting the help of fellow DJ Norman Jay, who formed his own Global Village label. The Talkin' Loud roster included Nuyorican Soul (a side project of the producers Masters At Work), Courtney Pine, MJ Cole, Young Disciples, Incognito, Terry Callier, The Roots, Galliano and Roni Size's project Reprazent. The first release from Talkin' Loud was a self-titled compilation in 1990 featuring artists Galliano, Jalal of the Last Poets, Incognito, Young Disciples, Wild & Peaceful, and Ace of Clubs. The label saw five of its artists nominated for the Mercury Music Prize, with Roni Size's Reprazent winning the award in 1997 for the album New Forms. The iconic Talkin' Loud logo was created by Ian Swift (Swifty) who also designed the magazine Straight No Chaser.

Peterson's current record label, Brownswood Recordings, was launched in 2006. The label's early releases includes the likes of British singer/songwriter Ben Westbeech, 45-piece orchestral ensemble The Heritage Orchestra, Japanese punk jazz band Soil & "Pimp" Sessions, Brooklyn-based pianist Elan Mehler and jazz vocalist José James. More recently, they've released music by Zara McFarlane, Ghostpoet's Mercury Prize-nominated debut and their long-running compilation series, compiled by Peterson, called Brownswood Bubblers. On 8 October 2006, both Peterson and Forge played the first of many annual reunion shows at the old site of Dingwalls (now a Jongleurs comedy club), with a compilation album of popular tracks from the club also being released at the same time in 2006 entitled Sunday Afternoon at Dingwalls. This was just one among many other significant clubs with which Peterson was associated: Special Branch, Electric Ballroom, Wag Club, Babylon at Heaven, Fez, Talkin Loud at the Fridge, That's How It Is at Bar Rumba and his long association with Plastic People.

2009 saw the birth of a new collaborative project and long-term partnership between Peterson and Havana Club's "Havana Cultura", a global initiative developed by Havana Club International that gives a platform to Cuban artists from all disciplines. Peterson and Brownswood's involvement began two years later, resulting in four album releases and three international tours. Havana Cultura: New Cuba Sound was the first album to come out of the project, released in 2010. Travelling to Cuba in 2009, Peterson teamed up with the award-winning Cuban jazz pianist Roberto Fonseca to find the best up-and-coming musical talent in Havana. The double CD album was a celebration of Cuba's musical forces spanning Latin, Afro jazz and fusion to hip-hop, funk, reggaeton and soul. In support of this project, Peterson began a European tour in June/July 2010, accompanied by Fonseca, his band and vocalists Danay Suarez, Ogguere and Obsesión. This was the first of three tours organised in close collaboration with Havana Club. The Gilles Peterson Havana Cultura Band has now travelled through Europe and beyond with shows in London (Barbican), Paris, Amsterdam, Istanbul, Berlin and Madrid, as well as many festivals. Travelling with the rest of the 2011 crew, Mala (Digital Mystikz) was also invited to Cuba with Peterson to record and collaborate with local musicians as part of the ongoing Havana Cultura project. The results are found on the album Mala in Cuba, which was released on Brownswood Recordings in partnership with Havana Cultura on 10 September 2012.

Released in May 2014, the Sonzeira Brasil Bam Bam Bam album saw the Talkin' Loud imprint revived in partnership with Virgin EMI. The record is a journey through the different flavours of authentic Brazilian music culture. Sonzeira is the collective name for the group of Brazilian artists who feature on the album. Peterson turned from DJ to producer for this ambitious venture, settling in Rio de Janeiro with young UK production associates Sam Shepherd (Floating Points); Dilip Harris and Rob Gallagher from 2 Banks of 4; and Kassin from Rio collective Orquestra Imperial. The album features Brazilian artists such as Seu Jorge and Elza Soares. Along with the album, there was a documentary film celebrating the creation and release of "Sonzeira: Brasil Bam Bam Bam". Titled "Bam Bam Bam: The Story of Sonzeira", this two-hour documentary was directed by Charlie Inman and Ben Holman and shot in 2014 by Mother London and Rio de Janeiro's Beija Films. The film was also distributed in Tokyo, Japan by Sha-la-la Company and raised money for Fight For Peace (Luta Pela Paz), organisation founded in Complexo da Maré, Rio de Janeiro, as a direct response to youth-involvement in drug-related crime and violence.

Festivals

In 2006, Peterson worked with Freshly Cut, a French event production company from Montpellier, to create the Worldwide Festival, a small intimate festival during the summertime in the coastal town of Sète in France. It celebrated its tenth edition in 2015. It was later expanded to include a winter version which is now hosted in Leysin in the Swiss Alps.

In 2019, Peterson, as part of Brownswood Recordings, helped found a new festival We Out Here. Taking place in Cambridgeshire, the festival celebrates the 'elements and community of UK club culture.' In 2023 the festival moved to a new site in Wimborne St Giles, Dorset.

The Worldwide Awards is an annual event wherein Gilles Peterson chooses his favourite records of the year. His listeners then vote for the top 10 via the Radio 1 website. The event has been held at London venues including Cargo and KoKo with full broadcast coverage by Radio 1, and has expanded to include sections such as "Best Clubnight", "Best Record Shop", "Best Compilation Album", and a special award called "The John Peel'Play More Jazz' Award" given to an artist, often a newcomer, who has displayed special noteworthy work over the year.

Peterson has made many regular appearances at music festivals across the world including Lovebox in east London, The Big Chill in Hereford and the Southport Weekender in the north west of England. Away from the UK he has appeared at the Exit Festival in Serbia, INmusic festival in Croatia, and in 2006 the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. Peterson also curated his own stage at Montreux Jazz Festival for 10 years during the 1990s. Recently he has appeared in festivals such as Tramlines, Standon Calling, Dimensions Festival in Croatia, Summerstage, Slide Festival and Odyssia Festival, where he gave a spontaneous interview sharing some interesting thoughts about music and festivals.

Steve Reid Foundation

In 2011, Peterson founded the Steve Reid Foundation in memory of the legendary jazz drummer. Having witnessed Reid's suffering with illness and hardship, Gilles set up the charity to raise money for musicians in need. Since then, they've collaborated with Help Musicians UK to help musicians who are in need of support. More recently, a collaboration with the PRS Foundation has seen grants and mentoring provided to new artists. Gilles ran the 2011 London Marathon, raising just under £7,000 for Help Musicians UK, followed by the 2016 New York Marathon, where he raised over $21,000 for the Steve Reid Foundation.

Personal life
Peterson was born in Caen, Normandy, France to a French mother and Swiss father and moved with his family to South London during childhood. He is a French citizen and does not hold dual citizenship with Britain.

As of 2018, Peterson lives in Stoke Newington in North London with his wife Atsuko and two sons, Olivier and Luc.

Awards
 Sony Gold Award – Best Specialist Music Radio Show (2000)
 Outstanding Contribution To Dance Music (2011)
 University of Nottingham – Honorary master's degree
 AIM Independent Music Awards – Indie Champion (2013)
 Mixmag – Outstanding Contribution To Dance Music (2013)
 Mixcloud – Best World Music Radio Show (2014)
 Jazz FM –  Digital Initiative of the Year Award (2017) (awarded to Worldwide FM)
 Music Producers Guild – The A&R Award (2019)

Discography

Compilations

 Jazz Juice Street Sounds 1985
 Jazz Juice 2 Street Sounds 1985
 Jazz Juice 3 Street Sounds 1986
 Jazz Juice 4 Street Sounds 1986
 Baptist Beat Blue Note 1987
 Cal's Pals BGP Records 1987
 Jazz Juice 5 Street Sounds 1987
 Jazz Juice 6 Street Sounds 1987
 Focus on Fusion BGP Records 1987
 Focus on Fusion Volume 2 BGP Records 1987
 Acid Inc., The Best of Funk Inc.                   BGP Records 1988
 Acid Jazz And Other Illicit Grooves Polydor (Germany) 1988
 B&G Party BGP Records 1988
 Beat On (The Best of the Blackbyrds) BGP Records 1988
 Dance Juice Vol. 2 BGP Records 1988
 Dance Juice Vol. 3 BGP Records 1988
 Jazz Juice 7 Street Sounds 1988
 Jazz Juice 8 Street Sounds 1988
 Milestone Memories BGP Records 1988
 The Best of Azymuth BGP Records 1988
 Acid Jazz Vol. 4 BGP Records 1989
 Jazz Today Volume 1 BGP Records 1989
 Latin Jazz – Volume 1 BGP Records 1989
 Latin Jazz – Volume 2 BGP Records 1989
 Soul Jazz Volume 1 BGP Records 1989
 The Best of Acid Jazz BGP Records 1989
 Totally Wired Acid Jazz 1989
 Totally Wired II Acid Jazz 1989
 Acid Jazz Vol. 1 BGP Records 1991
 Acid Jazz Vol. 2 BGP Records 1991
 Acid Jazz Vol. 3 BGP Records 1991
 Acid Inc., The Best of Funk Inc.                   BGP Records 1991
 Make It Deep And Phunky Blue Note 1992
 The Best of Latin Jazz BGP Records 1992
 Mo' Deep Mo' Phunky Blue Note 1993
 Brasil – Escola Do Jazz Toshiba EMI Ltd 1994
 Brazilica!                                   Talkin' Loud 1994
 Jazz Juice #1 Beechwood Music, Street Sounds 1994
 Jazz Juice #2 Beechwood Music, Street Sounds 1994
 Talkin' Jazz: Themes From The Black Forest Talkin' Loud 1994
 Talkin' Jazz Volume 2 (More Themes From The Black Forest) Talkin' Loud, Polydor (Germany) 1994
 Jazz Juice #3 Beechwood Music, Street Sounds 1995
 Talkin' Verve Verve Records 1995
 Brazilica, Volume II Talkin' Loud 1997
 Desert Island Mix Journeys By DJ 1997
 Talkin' Jazz Vol [III] Talkin' Loud 1997
 Talkin' Louder Year on Year Talkin' Loud, DJ Magazine 1997
 Free Style Mercury 1998
 INCredible Sound of Gilles Peterson INCredible 1999
 Sound of the City Vol. 2 – London Motor Music, Universal Jazz (Germany) 1999
 Worldwide Programme 1 Talkin' Loud 2000
 GP01 Trust The DJ 2001
 GP02 – Eclectic Trust The DJ 2002
 GP03 Trust The DJ 2002
 Impressed With Gilles Peterson Universal Jazz (UK) 2002
 Worldwide 2 Programme 2 Talkin' Loud 2002
 A Journey to the Dawn Temposphere 2003
 Broken Folk Funk Latin Soul Muzik Magazine 2003
 GP04 – Eclectic Trust The DJ 2003
 GP05 – Eclectic Session Vol. 2 Trust The DJ 2003
 Shibuya Jazz Classics – Gilles Peterson Collection – TRIO Issue Solid Records 2003
 Southport Weekender suSU 2003
 Worldwide 3 Programme 3 Talkin' Loud 2003
 Gilles Peterson in Brazil Ether 2004
 Impressed 2 With Gilles Peterson Universal Jazz (UK) 2004
 Worldwide Exclusives Talkin' Loud 2004
 Brasil – The Rhythm And Art of Movement Nike 2005
 Gilles Peterson Digs America – Brownswood U.S.A.              Luv N' Haight 2005
 Gilles Peterson in Africa Ether 2005
 Gilles Peterson Presents – The BBC Sessions Vol. 1 Ether 2005
 Petit Dejeuner Au Lit!                       Most Records, Habitat 2005
 Smell The Grass Mixmag 2005
 Brownswood Bubblers Brownswood Recordings 2006
 Gilles Peterson & Patrick Forge Present – Sunday Afternoon at Dingwalls Ether 2006
 Gilles Peterson Back in Brazil Ether 2006
 Pure Fire! A Gilles Peterson Impulse! Collection Impulse!                  2006
 The Kings of Jazz – Compiled by Gilles Peterson and Jazzanova Rapster Records 2006
 Brownswood Bubblers Two Brownswood Recordings 2007
 Fania DJ Series Gilles Peterson Fania Records 2007
 Gilles Peterson Digs America 2 – Searching at the End of an Era Luv N' Haight 2007
 Brownswood Bubblers Three Brownswood Recordings 2008
 Gilles Peterson in the House ITH Records 2008
 Brazilika Far Out Recordings 2009
 Brownswood Bubblers Four Brownswood Recordings 2009
 Freedom Rhythm & Sound – Revolutionary Jazz & The Civil Rights Movement 1963–82 Soul Jazz Records 2009
 Gilles Peterson Presents Havana Cultura: New Cuba Sound Brownswood Recordings 2009
 Brownswood Bubblers Five Brownswood Recordings 2010
 Brownswood Bubblers Six Brownswood Recordings 2010
 Everyday Blue Note – Compiled by Gilles Peterson Blue Note (Japan Only) 2010
 Gilles Peterson Presents Havana Cultura: Remixed Brownswood Recordings 2010
 Gilles Peterson Presents: Worldwide BBE 2010
 Heartbeat Presents One Time! Mixed by Gilles Peterson × Air Lastrum 2010
 Horo: A Jazz Portrait Dejavu 2010
 Bossa Nova and the Rise of Brazilian Music in the 1960s Soul Jazz Records 2011
 Brownswood Bubblers Seven Brownswood Recordings 2011
 Gilles Peterson Presents Havana Cultura: The Search Continues Brownswood Recordings 2011
 Masterpiece: Created By Gilles Peterson Ministry of Sound 2011
 Brownswood Bubblers Eight Brownswood Recordings 2012
 Black Jazz Radio Snow Dog (Japan Only) 2012
 Brownswood Bubblers Nine Brownswood Recordings 2012
 Brownswood One Hundred Remixed Brownswood Recordings 2013
 Brownswood Bubblers Ten Brownswood Recordings 2013
 Brownswood Bubblers Eleven Brownswood Recordings 2014
 Brunswick Bubblers Ultra-Vybe, Inc. 2014
 Gilles Peterson Presents Sonzeira Talkin' Loud / Virgin EMI 2014
 Brownswood's 20k Mixtape Brownswood Recordings 2014
 Brownswood Bubblers Twelve Brownswood Recordings 2017
 Brownswood Best Of 2019 Brownswood Recordings 2019
 Brownswood Best Of 2020 Brownswood Recordings 2020

Remixes
Selected credits

 Gregory Porter – "Liquid Spirit - Patchwork Peterson Remix" from The Remix EP (with Alex Patchwork)
Melanie De Biasio – No Deal Remixed (album contributor)
 Raphael Gualazzi – "Reality & Fantasy (Gilles Peterson Remix)"
 Nono Morales – "Saona" (Gilles P & Simbad Remix)
 Bukky Leo & Black Egypt – "Skeleton (Gilles P Winter Dub)"
 Chambao – "Duende Del Sur (Gilles Peterson Dub)"
 Ghostpoet – Survive It (Gilles Peterson Mix)
 Keziah Jones – "Lagos – NY (Gilles Peterson Remix)"
 Seu Jorge – "Burguesinha (Gilles P Re-Edit)"
 Tito Puente – "Watu Wasuri (Gilles P Re-Edit)"
 Louie Vega – "One Dream (Gilles Peterson Edit)"
 Laura Welsh – "Undiscovered (Gilles Peterson Remix)"
 Meshell N'Degeocello – "Friends (Gilles P & Simbad Remix)"
 Makaya McCraven – "Run 'Dem (Gilles Peterson Edit)"

Other credits
 Roberto Fonseca – Yo (co-produced tracks)
 Omar Souleyman – "Tawwalt El Gheba" (producer)
Danay Suarez – Havana Cultura Sessions (Executive producer)

Bibliography
Compilations edited with Stuart Baker
Bossa Nova and the Rise Of Brazilian Music in the 1960s. London: Soul Jazz Books, 2011.
 Freedom Rhythm & Sound: Revolutionary Jazz Original Cover Art 1965–83 . London: Soul Jazz Books, 2017.
Cuba: Music and Revolution: Original Album Cover Art of Cuban Music: The Record Sleeve Designs of Revolutionary Cuba 1960–85. London: Soul Jazz Books, 2021.

References

External links
  – official site
 Gilles Peterson (BBC Radio 6 Music)
 Gilles Peterson (BBC Radio 1) (archive)

1964 births
Living people
Musicians from Caen
English DJs
English radio DJs
British music industry executives
English people of French descent
English people of Swiss descent
BBC Radio 6 Music presenters
Record collectors
Brownswood Recordings
Talkin' Loud artists
French DJs
French music industry executives
French emigrants to England
People educated at The John Fisher School

Gilles Peterson


Kübik zirkonya (CZ), sinterleme sonucu mono kristal fazdan polikristalin kübik forma dönüşen zirkonya (ZrO2) derivesidir. Kuyumculukta terminoloji hatası olarak kübik zirkonya yerine zirkon tabiri yerleşmiştir. Hâlbuki zirkonyum oksit yani zirkonya (ZrO2) derivesidir. Asıl zirkon ise kimyasal kompozisyonu ZrSiO4 olan zirkonyum mineralidir.

Sertlik Derecesi : 7,5
Kimyasal Yapısı : ZrSiO4
Özgül Ağırlığı : 3,90 - 4,71
Burçlar : Oğlak, Kova, yay

Kısaca
Asıl rengi kahverengi olup, kullanım için genelde ısıtılarak şeffaf ve renksiz hale getirilir.

Değerli taşlar
Refrakter malzemeler

Kübik zirkonya


Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds ist das erste Studioalbum der gleichnamigen Band und gleichzeitig das erste Solo-Studioalbum von Noel Gallagher nach seinem Ausstieg bei Oasis im August 2009. Es erschien am 17. Oktober 2011 auf dem Label Sour Mash. In Gallaghers Heimat Großbritannien erreichte Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds die Spitze der Albumcharts, in Deutschland gelangte es auf Platz 11.

Entstehung
Das Album wurde 2010 und 2011 in verschiedenen Studios in London und Los Angeles aufgenommen. Produziert wurde es von Noel Gallagher und Dave Sardy, der schon bei mehreren Oasis-Alben als Produzent fungierte. Drei der Lieder auf dem Album sind ältere Kompositionen, die Noel Gallagher ursprünglich für Oasis geschrieben hatte. Von (I Wanna Live in a Dream in My) Record Machine und Stop the Clocks kursierten bereits Demo-Versionen im Internet.

Stop the Clocks wurde ursprünglich für das Album Don't Believe the Truth aufgenommen, wurde aber kurzfristig wieder aus der Tracklist gestrichen. Es war auch der Titel des Best-Of-Albums von Oasis aus dem Jahr 2006, auf dem das Lied jedoch nicht vertreten ist. Das dritte Lied älteren Ursprungs ist Dream On.

Das Coverfoto des Albums wurde von dem Fotografen Lawrence Watson unter dem Dach einer Tankstelle in Beverly Hills mit einer Polaroid-Kamera aufgenommen.

Stil
Insgesamt bleiben die Lieder auf Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds dem Britpop-Sound treu, den Gallagher auch schon bei Oasis prägte. Es gibt aber auch Variationen auf dem Album. So sind in der ersten Single The Death of You and Me etwa Bläser zu hören, die vom Dixieland-Stil aus New Orleans inspiriert sind. Das Lied AKA… What a Life! ist sehr tanzbar und wird von Klavierakkorden anstatt der Gitarre getragen.

Kritiken
Das Album erhielt insgesamt wohlwollende Kritiken. Bei Metacritic erreichte Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds eine Wertung von 69 von 100 möglichen Punkten. Das deutsche Portal laut.de vergab 4 von 5 Punkten und nannte Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds "eine Platte voller Intensität und Leidenschaft". Das Portal Plattentests.de gab Gallaghers Debüt 7 von 10 Punkten und sah in den Liedern Everybody's on the Run, If I Had a Gun und AKA… What a Life die Highlights des Albums.

Singles
Die erste, am 21. August 2011 erschienene Single des Albums war The Death of You and Me. Das dazugehörige Video wurde in Los Angeles gefilmt und hatte bereits am 25. Juli 2011 auf der Homepage des New Musical Express seine Premiere. Die zweite Single auf dem europäischen Markt war AKA… What a Life. Im Video zu dem Lied wirkt der mit Gallagher befreundete Komiker Russell Brand mit. In Nordamerika wurde If I Had a Gun als erste Single ausgekoppelt, das in Europa am 26. Dezember 2011 als dritte Single aus dem Album veröffentlicht wurde. Am 12. März 2012 erschien schließlich die vierte Single Dream On.

Titelliste

 Everybody's on the Run – 5:30
 Dream On – 4:29
 If I Had a Gun – 4:09
 The Death of You and Me – 3:29
 (I Wanna Live in a Dream in My) Record Machine – 4:23
 AKA… What a Life! – 4:24
 Soldier Boys and Jesus Freaks – 3:22
 AKA… Broken Arrow – 3:35
 (Stranded On) The Wrong Beach – 4:02
 Stop the Clocks – 5:04

Einzelnachweise

Album 2011
Album (Brit-Pop)
Nummer-eins-Album

Noel Gallagher’s High Flying Birds (Album)


Portul paralel cunoscut și ca LPT (Line Printer Terminal) este un tip de interfață în comunicație paralelă aflată pe computere pentru conectarea perifericelor. Porturile paralele trimit biții de date simultan, spre deosebire de interfețele seriale care trimit biții unul câte unul.

Portul paralel a fost utilizat inițial pentru a conecta un computer la o imprimantă sau plotter. Ulterior, a fost dezvoltată versiunea îmbunătățită prin standardul IEEE 1284, utilizat și pentru alte periferice, inclusiv scanere, unități ZIP, hard discuri, modemuri, CD-ROM, cameră web, joystick, placă de sunet.
Porturile suplimentare paralele sunt de obicei etichetate LPT1, LPT2, etc. Portul paralel este folosit și pentru conectarea prin cablu a două calculatoare într-o rețea peer-to-peer.

Portul paralel este în prezent considerat învechit, sunt preferate alte standarde de comunicare, cum ar fi portul serial USB, PCI Express etc.

Tipuri de porturi paralele
Principalele tipuri de porturi paralele folosite sunt:
Port paralel standard (SPP)
Unidirecțional, 4 biți: a fost utilizat la conectarea de calculator a unei imprimante, la rate efective de transfer de aproximativ 40-60 Kb/s
Bidirecțional (BPP), 8 biți
Port paralel îmbunătățit (Enhanced Parallel Port - EPP): a fost definit prin standardul IEEE-1284
Port cu capacități îmbunătățite (Enhanced Capabilities Port - ECP): definit de asemenea prin standardul IEEE-1284, este un port paralel de mare viteză, având rolul să asigure o atașare necostisitoare a unei imprimante performante.

Portul paralel standard
Portul paralel standard (SPP) așa cum este implementat pe un calculator, este un conector DB-25 (25 de pini). Liniile de semnal sunt clasificate în 3 categorii:
 linii de control, prin care procesorul transmite anumite comenzi către periferic
 linii de stare, prin care perifericul transmite procesorului informații despre starea sa curentă
 linii de date, care permit transmiterea octetului de date de la procesor catre periferic
Inițial portul paralel standard a fost unidirecțional și conceput pentru a fi utilizat cu imprimante. Pe imprimante există un conector diferit (tată) introdus de Centronics Data Computer Corporation în 1970 pentru Centronics Model 101. Porturile de 4 biți sunt capabile de rate efective de transfer de aproximativ 40-60 Kbit/s. Acest port paralel putea transmite numai date, fără a le va primi. Standardul pentru portul de imprimantă unidirecțional a fost dezvoltat în 1981.

Odată cu introducerea dispozitivelor PS/2, cum ar fi mouse-uri și tastaturi, a apărut portul bidirecțional, care putea transmite simultan și primi 8 biți de date. Aceste porturi pot funcționa ca ieșiri de 8 biți și ca intrare de 4 biți. Porturile de 8 biți sunt capabile de viteze cuprinse între 80-300 Kbit/s, în funcție de viteza dispozitivului atașat, de calitatea driverului și de caracteristicile electrice ale portului.

Standardul IEEE-1284
În 1994 prin standardul IEEE-1284 au fost introduse două noi tipuri de porturi paralele - portul paralel îmbunătățit (EPP) și portul cu capacități îmbunătățite (ECP). Standardul IEEE-1284 definește comunicația paralelă bidirecțională de mare viteză între calculator și periferice externe și este cunoscut sub numele Standard Signaling Method for Bidirectional Parallel Peripheral Interface for Personal Computers.

Transferul de date prin portul paralel este reglementat de standardul IEEE-1284 sub următoarele aspecte:
 5 moduri de operare: ECP, EPP, nibble (4 biți bidirecțional), octet (8 biți bidirecțional), și compatibilitate cu SPP (folosită mai ales pentru imprimante)
 protocolul de comunicție
 interfața mecanică (cabluri și conectori)
 interfața electrică (emițătoare, receptoare terminator, impedanțe).

Alte porturi paralele
 ATA
 IDE
 SCSI

Vezi și
 D-Sub
 Interfață
 ISA
 Port (calculator)
 Port serial
 Transmisie de date paralelă

Referințe și note

Bibliografie
 Jan Axelson: Parallel Port Complete: Programming, Interfacing & Using the PC's Parallel Printer Port, Lakeview Research, 1996, ISBN: 9780965081917

Legături externe

 Parallel interfaces pinouts

Conectori
Dispozitive periferice
Interfețe
Transmitere de date

Port paralel


Die Probstei ist eine im Kreis Plön liegende Region in Schleswig-Holstein. Die Region wird im Norden von der Ostsee begrenzt, im Süden vom Selenter See und vom Passader See, im Westen von der Hagener Au und im Osten von der Mühlenau. Als kommunalpolitische Verwaltungseinheit bilden die Gemeinden der Region heute das Amt Probstei.

Geschichte
Das seit dem 6. Jahrhundert von Slawen (Wenden, Wagrier) besiedelte Gebiet der späteren Probstei geriet im Laufe des 12. Jahrhunderts unter den Einfluss der deutschen, in diesem Falle sächsischen Ostsiedlung. Graf Heinrich von Badewide vertrieb vor 1171 die Slawen aus Ostholstein. Die Schauenburger Grafen von Holstein besiedelten das Land neu mit Kolonisten aus dem gesamten nordwestdeutschen Raum, vor allem Ost- und Westfalen. Die Salzwiesen und den Wald der Landschaft, die durch Grundmoränen entstanden ist, hatte Graf Albrecht von Orlamünde im Jahr 1216 dem Marquard von Stenwer als Lehen überlassen. Seit 1226 war der größte Teil der Region dann im Besitz des Benediktinerinnenklosters Preetz. Die letzten Erwerbungen des Klosters waren Ratjendorf (1418) und Bendfeld (1421). Seitdem blieb der Gebietsbestand des klostereigenen Landes unverändert. Auch nach der Umwandlung des Benediktinerinnenklosters in ein adliges Damenstift der Schleswig-Holsteinischen Ritterschaft (als das es bis heute fortbesteht) im Jahre 1542 blieb der Klosterbesitz ungeschmälert.

Die Verwaltung lag beim Probst. Von der ursprünglich kirchlichen, mit der Umwandlung des Klosters dann weltlichen Amtsbezeichnung ist der Name der Region Probstei abgeleitet. Das Gebiet der historischen Probstei, nicht zu verwechseln mit dem heutigen Amt, umfasste die drei Kirchspiele:
 Schönberg mit den Dörfern Schönberg, Stakendorf, Krummbek, Gödersdorf (heute zu Höhndorf), Höhndorf, Fiefbergen, Krokau, Barsbek, und Wisch
 Probsteierhagen mit den Dörfern Probsteierhagen, Fahren, Passade, Prasdorf, Lutterbek, Brodersdorf, Laboe, Stein und Wendtorf sowie
 Giekau mit den Dörfern Bendfeld und Ratjendorf.

Ursprünglich war die gesamte Probstei von adligen Gütern umgeben. Im Gegensatz zu den adligen Güterdistrikten, in denen sich bis zum 16. Jahrhundert das Vollbild der Leibeigenschaft herausbildete, gekennzeichnet durch Bauernlegen, Frondienste und persönliche Unfreiheit, blieben die Probsteier Bauern persönlich frei. Sie unterstanden zwar bis zur Annexion Schleswig-Holsteins durch Preußen 1867 der Grund- und Gerichtsherrschaft des Preetzer Klosters, waren keine Eigentümer ihres Landes, sondern nur Erbpächter, mussten Abgaben und Hofdienste leisten und dem Kloster gegenüber gehorsam sein. Doch der Leibeigenschaft unterlagen sie nicht. Im Gebiet der Probstei befinden sich folglich auch keine adligen Gutshöfe, Landarbeitersiedlungen und dergleichen.
Weil die Pflichtabgaben an das Kloster mäßig waren, das Ackerland aber sehr ertragreich, konnten die Bauern der Region ihren Wohlstand ausbauen und Selbständigkeit gewinnen. Das wurde auch dadurch begünstigt, dass die geographische Randlage den Durchzug räuberischer Heerscharen erschwerte. Die selbstbewussten Probsteier bezeichnen angrenzende Gegenden herablassend als Tönkerie (nach den getünchten Lehmkaten der Gutsarbeiter).

Neben dem Tourismus ist in der Probstei auch heute noch die bäuerliche Landwirtschaft ökonomisch bestimmend. Wichtigste Orte in der Region sind Schönberg, Probsteierhagen und Laboe.

Literatur
 Hellmuth Clasen: Die Probstei in Wort und Bild. Gesammelt und herausgegeben von Hellmuth Clasen in Schönberg i. Holstein. Illustrationen von Hermann Stuhr in Altona. Schönberg (Holst.) 1898. Reprogr. Neudruck Schönberg (Holst.) o. J. [1975].
 Richard Doose: Die Entwicklung der wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse in der Probstei. (Arbeiten der Landwirtschaftskammer für die Prov. Schl.-Holst. 14.) Süderbrarup 1910.
 Günter Finke: Probsteier Geschlechterbuch. Ein Beitrag zur Volks- und Landeskunde. Beiträge zur Familiengeschichte Schleswig-Holsteins. Bd. 1: Neustadt an der Aisch 1957–1972. Bd. 2: Neustadt an der Aisch 1967–1979.
 Jürgen Oetting: Nonnen als milde Obrigkeit. Die Probstei: Bauernland mit Sonderstatus. In: Harald Breuer und Jens Reimer Prüß (Hrsg.): Regional- und Freizeitführer Schleswig-Holstein. VSA Verlag, Hamburg 1990, ISBN 3-87975-518-3, S. 181–183.
 Peter Wenners: Die Probsteier Familiennamen vom 14. bis 19. Jahrhundert. Mit einem Überblick über die Vornamen im gleichen Zeitraum. Neumünster 1988 (= Kieler Beitrr. zur dt. Sprachgesch. 11; Phil. Diss. Kiel 1986).

Weblinks

 Amt Probstei
 Urlaubsregion Probstei
 Schönberger Strand

Einzelnachweise

Region in Europa
Region in Schleswig-Holstein
Geographie (Kreis Plön)

Probstei (Region)


The Debt (titulada en castellano La deuda en España y Al filo de la mentira en Hispanoamérica) es una película dramática y de suspense estrenada el 31 de agosto de 2011 en Estados Unidos, el 8 de septiembre en España y el 8 de diciembre en Argentina. Protagonizada por Helen Mirren, Sam Worthington, Jessica Chastain, Ciarán Hinds, Tom Wilkinson, Marton Csokas y Jesper Christensen. Dirigida por John Madden. Basada en la película israelí de título homónimo estrenada en 2007.

Argumento
En 1997, dos veteranos agentes del Mossad ya retirados, Rachel Singer (Helen Mirren) y Stephan Gold (Tom Wilkinson), reciben una misteriosa y sorprendente noticia sobre un antiguo compañero, David Peretz (Ciarán Hinds). Todos ellos se convirtieron en figuras respetadas en Israel gracias a una misión que realizaron años atrás.

Se verán obligados a retroceder en el tiempo y recordar dicha misión, realizada en 1965 y 1966, cuando unos jóvenes Rachel Singer (Jessica Chastain), David Petretz (Sam Worthington) y Stephan Gold (Marton Csokas), localizaron en Berlín al peligroso criminal nazi Dieter Vogel (Jesper Christensen), apodado por su terrible trabajo como el «cirujano de Birkenau». Durante la misión, Rachel tuvo que obviar una fuerte atracción sentimental mientras servía de cebo en la misión, cuyo fin era detener a Vogel.

Sin embargo, el equipo arriesgó mucho y pagó un precio muy alto por conseguir el éxito de la misión, pero numerosas revelaciones saldrán a la luz y Rachel no tendrá más remedio que tomar una decisión y ocuparse ella misma del asunto para tratar de solucionarlo y ocultar la verdad.

Reparto

 Helen Mirren como Rachel Singer.
 Jessica Chastain como Rachel Singer (de joven).
 Sam Worthington como David Peretz (de joven).
 Jesper Christensen como el doctor Dieter Vogel.
 Marton Csokas como Stephan Gold (de joven).
 Ciarán Hinds como David Peretz.
 Tom Wilkinson como Stephan Gold.

Producción
Se empezó a rodar en febrero de 2009. Se rodó en Londres, Reino Unido; Tel Aviv, Israel; y Budapest, Hungría.

Recepción

Respuesta crítica
Según la página de Internet Rotten Tomatoes obtuvo un 76% de comentarios positivos, llegando a la siguiente conclusión: «Su narrativa temporal hace que te distraigas de la función, pero en última instancia The Debt es una película inteligente y bien interpretada en un género que podría aprender más de esta cinta». Roger Ebert escribió que «la arquitectura de The Debt tiene un fallo desafortunado. Las versiones más jóvenes de los personajes tienen escenas que son intrínsecamente más emocionantes, pero los actores que interpretan a las versiones mayores son más interesantes». A. O. Scott señaló que el film «demuestra, con quizás más energía que nitidez, las complicaciones éticas y psicológicas que pueden esconderse detrás de una historia de simple heroísmo». Según la página de Internet Metacritic obtuvo críticas positivas, con un 65%, basado en 37 comentarios de los cuales 27 son positivos.

Taquilla
Estrenada en 2011 cines estadounidenses debutó en segunda posición con 10 millones de dólares, con una media por sala de 5.427 dólares, por delante de Apollo 18 y por detrás de The help. En Estados Unidos recaudó 31 millones. Sumando las recaudaciones internacionales, la cifra asciende a 45 millones. El presupuesto estimado invertido en la producción fue de 20 millones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Tráiler (en inglés).
 Lobos con piel de oveja por Jaime Perales Contreras en Literal

Películas dramáticas
Películas de suspenso
Nuevas versiones de películas
Películas rodadas en el Reino Unido
Películas rodadas en Hungría
Películas ambientadas en Berlín
Películas sobre judíos y judaísmo
Películas ambientadas en 1965
Películas ambientadas en 1970
Películas ambientadas en 1997
Películas con música de Thomas Newman

The Debt (película de 2011)


Gradonačelnici za mir (engl. Mayors for Peace) međunarodna je mirotvorna organizacija koja se zalaže za zabranu i razoružavanje nuklearnog oružja.

Povijest
Osnovao ju je 1982. godine tadašnji gradonačelnik Hirošime Takeshi Araki, jedan od preživjelih građana Hirošime, s ciljem borbe protiv razorne moći nuklearnog oružja i u spomen na 140.000 poginulih sugrađana.

Gradonačelnici za mir 2010. su potpisali i predstavili Hirošima-Nagasaki protokol, prema kojemu su se obvezali na uništenje sveg nuklearnog oružja do 2020. godine, u sklopu međunarodne inicijative 2020 Vision Campaign za međunarodno nuklearno razoružavanje.

Godine 2011. organizacija je bila predložena za Nobelovu nagradu za mir. Do rujna 2015. organizacija je imala 6.800 članova u 161 državi svijeta.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene internetske stranice

Organizacije

Gradonačelnici za mir


Newell Highway is a national highway in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. It provides the major road link between southeastern Queensland and Victoria via central NSW and as such carries large amounts of freight. At  in length, the Newell is the longest highway in NSW, and passes through fifteen local government areas.

The highway is named in honour of H. H. Newell, the first Commissioner for Main Roads in New South Wales (1932–1941). It is designated route A39 for its entire length.

Route
From its northern terminus at Goondiwindi in Queensland, where it meets the Cunningham and Leichhardt Highways, and forms the southward extension of Cunningham Highway from Warwick and Brisbane, the Newell runs south across the Queensland-New South Wales border through Boggabilla, Moree, Narrabri, Coonabarabran, Gilgandra, Dubbo, Parkes, Forbes, West Wyalong, Narrandera, Jerilderie, and . Its southern terminus is where it crosses the Murray River (part of the border between New South Wales and Victoria) at Tocumwal and becomes Goulburn Valley Highway in Victoria, to eventually join Hume Highway at Seymour. The highway runs generally north–south, parallel to the coast of NSW but about  inland, and is the most direct road link from Victoria to southeastern Queensland, bypassing the more urbanised and congested coastal areas of the state, and in doing so avoiding the difficult coastal topography of the New South Wales North Coast, traversed by Pacific Highway.

The terrain that the highway traverses is generally flat to gently undulating, with long, straight sections joined by the occasional curved section. However, passing through the Warrumbungle Range, there are steeper grades and tighter curves than on the rest of the highway.

The Newell intersects the following highways: Bruxner (at Boggabilla), Carnarvon and Gwydir (at Moree), Kamilaroi (at Narrabri), Oxley (east) (north of Coonabarabran), Castlereagh and Oxley (west) (at Gilgandra), Golden and Mitchell (at Dubbo), Mid-Western (east) at Marsden), Mid-Western (west) at West Wyalong), Sturt (at Gillenbah) and Riverina (at Finley).

Newell Highway is located entirely west of the Great Dividing Range, running largely along the foot of the western slopes of the range, and as such crosses nine major rivers, all west-flowing from the Great Dividing Range. From north to south these rivers are the Macintyre (at Goondiwindi), the Gwydir (10 km north of Moree), the Mehi (at Moree), the Namoi (near Narrabri), the Castlereagh (at Coonabarabran and again at Gilgandra), the Macquarie (at Dubbo), the Lachlan (at Forbes), the Murrumbidgee (at Narrandera), and the Murray (at Tocumwal). Some sections of the Newell Highway are subject to periodic flooding from these rivers, particularly north of Moree, at Dubbo, and south of Narrandera.

Other than short four-lane lengths within some of the urban areas through which it passes, Newell Highway is a single carriageway, two-lane road, although there are many overtaking lanes, with further overtaking lanes under construction for the next four years from 2021.

Traffic volumes along Newell Highway vary from around 1,200 to 4,000 vehicles per day in rural areas. In Dubbo, the largest urban centre through which the highway passes, average daily traffic volumes are in the order of 20,000 vehicles a day. Many heavy vehicles use the Newell Highway – between 26 per cent and 52 per cent of all traffic, depending on the point along the highway. At one point in the Riverina region of NSW, the highway carries approximately 1,900 vehicles daily, of which about 32 per cent is heavy vehicles; while at another point in the north of the state, which carries the largest number of heavy vehicles, on average a truck passes every 60 seconds, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The speed limit on most rural sections of the highway is .

History
Before its declaration, Newell Highway existed as a collection of unrelated roads, many gazetted as separate entities. The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later the Department of Main Roads, and eventually Transport for NSW). Main Road No. 6 was declared as part of Mid-Western Highway from West Wyalong and Marsden, Main Road No. 11 was declared as part of Oxley Highway from Gilgandra to Coonabarabran, Main Road No. 56 was declared from Gilgandra, Dubbo, Parkes and Forbes (and continuing northwards via Coonamble eventually to Walgett, and southwards via Cowra, Yass and Canberra eventually to the intersection with Queanbeyan-Braidwood Road, today Kings Highway, at Queanbeyan), Main Road No. 63 was declared from Boggabilla to the state border with Queensland at Goondiwindi (and continuing southwards via Yetman to Warialda and Bingara to the intersection with Great Northern Highway, today New England Highway, at Tamworth), Main Road No. 126 was declared from Boggabilla via Moree and Bellata to Narrabri (and continuing southeast via Boggabri and Gunnedah to Qurindi), Main Road No. 229 was declared from Wagga-Hay Road (today Sturt Highway) in Narrandera, via Jerilderie and Finley to the state border with Victoria at Tocumwal, Main Road No. 235 was declared from Forbes to Marsden (and continuing southwards via Morangarell and Stockinbingal to Cootamundra), and Main Road No. 243 was declared from Narranderra to Grong Grong (and continuing eastwards via Coolamon, Cootamundra and Harden to Bowning). With the passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, these were amended to State Highways 6 and 11, Trunk Roads 56 and 63 and Main Roads 126 and 229 and 235 and 243 on 8 April 1929.

The Department of Main Roads, which had succeeded the MRB in 1932, later declared Trunk Road 72 from the intersection with State Highway 12 (Gwydir Highway) in Moree via Bellata to Narrabri (and continuing southeast via Boggabri to Gunnedah) and Main Road 338 from Moree to Boggabilla, on 18 July 1933; the northern end of Main Road 126 was truncated to meet State Highway 11 (Oxley Highway) at Gunnedah. State Highway 17 was declared on 16 March 1938, from the intersection with State Highway 16 (later known as Bruxner Highway) at Boggabilla (which subsumed Trunk Road 63, declared on the same day) to the intersection with Gwydir Highway at Moree (subsuming Main Road 338), then from Moree via Narrabri to the intersection with Oxley Highway near Coonabarabran, then from Gilgandra via Dubbo, Parks and Forbes to the intersection with Mid-Western Highway at Marsden, then from West Wyalong via Ardlethan to the intersection with Sturt Highway at Narrendera, then from Narrandera, Jerilderie and Finley to the state border with Victoria at Tocumwal, subsuming Main Road 229; the northern ends of Trunk Roads 56 and 72 were truncated to meet State Highway 17 at Forbes and Narrabri respectively, Main Road 235 was truncated to meet State Highway 17 at Marsden, and Main Road 243 was truncated to meet State Highway 17 at Grong Grong, as a result. State Highway 17 was named Newell Highway on 2 July 1941, in honour of H. H. Newell, Commissioner for Main Roads 1932-41, following his death in office.

At the time of the gazettal of State Highway 17, it followed existing roads as far as possible, but between Coonabarabran and Narrabri and between Narrandera and West Wyalong no road existed. The section through the Pilliga Scrub between Coonabarabran and Narrabri was constructed during 1941-42 as a wartime defence project, and the section between Narrandera and West Wyalong was constructed in 1946–49. In 1952 the ultimate gazetted route of the highway between Narrandera and West Wyalong was altered from its original 1938 gazetted route.

Some sections of Newell Highway run concurrent along other highways. From north to south these are the Gwydir at Moree, the Kamilaroi at Narrabri, the Oxley (from 10 km north of Coonabarabran to Gilgandra), the Castlereagh through Gilgandra, the Mid-Western between Marsden and West Wyalong, and the Riverina (185 m through Finley). Previously, the declaration of Newell Highway was discontinuous, breaking where it shared concurrencies with these highways. As a consequence of its declaration as a National Highway in 1992, to simplify funding and administrative purposes, it was redeclared to form one continuous highway on 15 January 1993, breaking other highway declarations it shares concurrencies with.

The passing of the Roads Act of 1993 through the Parliament of New South Wales updated road classifications and the way they could be declared within New South Wales. Under this act, Newell Highway today retains its declaration as Highway 17, from the state border with Queensland at Goondiwindi to the state border Victoria at Tocumwall.

Newell Highway was signed National Route 39 across its entire length in 1965. The Whitlam government introduced the federal National Roads Act 1974, where roads declared as a National Highway were still the responsibility of the states for road construction and maintenance, but were fully compensated by the Federal government for money spent on approved projects. As an important interstate link between the capitals of Queensland and Victoria, Newell Highway was declared a National Highway in 1992, and was consequently re-allocated National Highway 39. With both states' conversion to the newer alphanumeric system between 2005 and 2013, its route number was updated to route A39 for the highway within Queensland in 2005, and eventually within New South Wales in 2013.

Completion of the sealing of the full length of the highway occurred in 1972.

Town centre bypasses have been provided in Moree, Dubbo, Parkes and West Wyalong (heavy vehicle route). A town bypass at Ardlethan has also been constructed.

Major intersections

Gallery

See also

 Highways in Australia
 List of highways in New South Wales
 List of highways in Queensland
 Bland Creek Bridge

References

External links

Highways in Australia
Highways in New South Wales
Crossings of the Murray River

Newell Highway


Benny Peled (en , né Binyamin Weidenfeld en  à Tel Aviv et mort le ) est un militaire israélien.

Il a été le commandant de l'armée de l'air israélienne pendant la guerre du Kippour et le raid d'Entebbe. Il a pris sa retraite avec le grade d' Aluf (général de division).

Biographie
Benny Peled est né à Tel-Aviv, en Palestine mandataire. Son nom de naissance est Binyamin Weidenfeld, il a hébraïsé son nom en Peled. La famille de son père, Arie Weidenfeld, est d'origine roumaine et est venue en Israël lors de la première Aliya, s'installant à Rosh Pinna . Son père travaille au sein du département des travaux publics du mandat britannique. Il est responsable, entre autres, de la construction d'aérodromes. Sa mère, Yona Weidenfeld (née Gurfinkel) est venue de Pologne en 1925. Peled, l'aîné avait un frère et une sœur plus jeunes.

Peled étudie au Gymnasia Herzelia, parmi ses maîtres, Shaul Tchernichovsky, Yehuda Burla et Zvi Nishri, qui l'éduquent dans l'esprit du sionisme et de la démocratie. Après un bref passage à adolescence dans une unité de la police militaire palestinienne sous mandat britannique, il est mécanicien de l'armée de l'air israélienne à sa fondation. Pendant la guerre israélo-arabe de 1948, il assemble le premier Messerschmitt Bf 109  arrivé en Israël en pièces détachées. Il devient ensuite pilote, participant à la guerre d'Indépendance.

Après la guerre, il est l'un des pionniers de l'ère des jets dans l'armée de l'air israélienne. Il commande les premiers escadrons Meteor, Ouragan et Mystère. En 1956, Peled participe à l'opération Kadesh, la campagne de Suez ou du Sinaï, au cours de laquelle son chasseur Mystère est abattu par des tirs antiaériens égyptiens. Il devient alors le premier pilote israélien à utiliser un siège éjectable. Il est secouru par un avion léger IAF Piper.

Peled est commandant de base pendant la guerre des Six jours de 1967. Il devient commandant de l'armée de l'air israélienne en 1973 à l'âge de 45 ans. À ce titre, il dirige l'armée de l'air pendant la guerre du Kippour, surmontant avec succès les premiers revers. En juillet 1976, il planifie et exécute la composante aérienne de l'opération Entebbe, le sauvetage planifié d'otages détenus par des pirates de l'air terroristes à Entebbe, en Ouganda.

Après son départ de l'armée, Peled devient en 1978 président d'Elbit Systems, poste qu'il occupe jusqu'en 1985.

Peled est joué par John Saxon dans le film Raid on Entebbe (1977).

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1928
Naissance à Tel Aviv-Jaffa
Décès en juillet 2002
Général israélien
Étudiant du Technion
Aviateur israélien
Raid d'Entebbe
Décès à 74 ans

Benny Peled


Ricardo Leopoldo Risatti, conocido también como Ricardo Risatti I (n. cerca de Vicuña Mackenna, 1 de abril de 1908-Termas de Río Hondo, 25 de agosto de 1951), fue un piloto argentino de automovilismo. Inició su carrera en el año 1936 al anotarse en el Gran Premio Internacional a bordo de una cupé Ford V8, con la que también participaría en el Gran Premio organizado por el Automóvil Club Argentino en los años 1937 y 1938, proclamándose Campeón Argentino de Velocidad en el año 1938, antecesor del Turismo Carretera.

Falleció en cercanías de la ciudad de Termas de Río Hondo, mientras disputaba la Vuelta del Norte, por los caminos de la provincia de Santiago del Estero. Su hijo Jesús Ricardo, sus nietos Ricardo II y Gerardo y su bisnieto Ricardo III también fueron pilotos.

Biografía
Nació el 1 de abril de 1908. Al momento de su nacimiento, su madre fallece víctima de una rara enfermedad. Ricardo, viviría junto a su padre Victorio en su Pueyrredón natal, un pueblo cercano a la localidad de Vicuña Mackenna en la Provincia de Córdoba. Allí, trabajaría junto a su padre en su negocio de reparación de sulkys y carros, hasta el fallecimiento de Victorio, razón por la cual Ricardo tomaría las riendas del negocio.

En los años siguientes, Risatti se interesaría en la mecánica automotor, observando los vehículos que circulaban por su pueblo, razón por la cual decidió mudarse definitivamente a Vicuña Mackenna, instalando su propio taller de autos. Allí también formaría su primera familia.

En 1936, Ricardo toma la decisión de competir en automovilismo, en pos de poder conseguir el dinero suficiente para poder ayudar a su esposa, que estaba postrada tras el nacimiento de un hijo. Ese año debutaría en el Gran Premio Internacional, para el cual adquiriría una unidad Ford V8, marca con la que correría toda su trayectoria deportiva.

En su participación en esta competencia, la cual constaba de 10 etapas de casi un total de 7000 km, Risatti alcanzaría a ganar en la cuarta y quinta etapa, pero abandonaría en la octava etapa por inconvenientes mecánicos en su automóvil.

En 1937 se anotaría en el primer Gran Premio organizado por el Automóvil Club Argentino, siempre con su Ford V8, sufriendo el abandono en la quinta etapa. En 1938, se anota nuevamente en el Campeonato Argentino de Velocidad, corriendo en el Gran Premio del Sur, llevándose la primera y segunda etapa pero abandonando la tercera. Luego se anotaría en el Gran Premio Argentino, el cual definía el campeonato argentino. En esta prueba, Risatti obtendría el triunfo se le sumaba la obtención del campeonato y la obtención de ansiado dinero para tratar a su esposa (quien falleció meses más tarde).

En 1940 se traslada junto a sus hijos su cuartel general hacia la localidad de Laboulaye. Allí, volvería a casarse. Su actividad continuaría repartiéndose entre el taller mecánico y las carreras de pista y carretera. Durante la época de recesión entre 1942 y 1946, continuó al frente de su taller. En 1948, retornaría a pista pero por primera vez a bordo de un Chevrolet Master, vehículo que conduciría y con el que participaría en las ediciones del Gran Premio Internacional.

Muerte

El 25 de agosto de 1951, mientras disputaba la Vuelta del Norte, en el camino que unía Termas de Río Hondo con Santiago del Estero, Ricardo Risatti fallecería al tomar un badén a 170 km/h, a la altura del pueblo de El Deancito, provocando el vuelco de su unidad Ford V8. Antes de largar le había comentado a su amigo Jorge Descotte, que esa sería su última competencia en el automovilismo.

Legado
Su hijo Jesús Ricardo ("Kelo") seguiría la profesión de Ricardo. El joven piloto, se subiría a una unidad similar a la de su padre, con la cual conquistaría entre otras la Vuelta de Córdoba de 1961 y la Vuelta de Hughes de ese año. Se retiraría tras un accidente sufrido el 26 de agosto de 1961.

Los hijos de Jesús Ricardo, Gerardo y Ricardo II también fueron pilotos. De los dos, sería Gerardo quien continuaría corriendo en TC, sin embargo un accidente rutero en Buenos Aires el 2 de noviembre de 1989 terminaría con su vida de forma trágica.

Por su parte, Ricardo Risatti II inclinaría su carrera hacia los monoplazas, como la Fórmula 3 Sudamericana, Fórmula 3 en Europa y Superturismo Sudamericano.

Tras el retiro de Ricardo II, un joven Ricardo Risatti III hacía su presentación en la Fórmula 3 Sudamericana con 16 años. En 2006 ganó del Campeonato de España de F3.

Por otra parte, Ricardo Leopoldo Risatti fue objeto de homenajes dentro de su ciudad natal Vicuña Mackenna, ya que el municipio de esa localidad, decidió imponerle su nombre a una de las avenidas principales (prolongación de la avenida Dr. Arturo U. Illia), en memoria de este piloto que supiera representar a la localidad en el deporte motor, a nivel nacional y continental.

Es recordado como uno de los pilotos más impetuosos a la hora de correr en la carretera, por su forma de acelerar y su fama de tomar los desniveles del terreno a velocidad plena, haciendo elevar a su coche en el aire. Su fama de piloto arriesgado y veloz, lo hizo ganarse el apodo de "El Disparador" por su forma de "disparar" con el automóvil  (término referido a la acción de escapar corriendo de un sitio).

Trayectoria

Palmarés

Véase también
 Ricardo Risatti II
 Ricardo Risatti III

Referencias

Pilotos de Turismo Carretera
Pilotos de automovilismo de Argentina

Ricardo Risatti I


Le groupe de NGC 5746 comprend au moins 31 galaxies situées dans la constellation de la Vierge. La distance moyenne entre ce groupe et la Voie lactée est d'.

Membres

Le tableau ci-dessous liste les 31 galaxies du groupe indiquées dans l'article de A.M. Garcia paru en 1993.

Sur le site « Un Atlas de l'Univers », Richard Powell mentionne aussi le groupe de NGC 5746, mais il n'y figure que 14 galaxies. Six autres galaxies du groupe de NGC 5647 de Garcia se trouvent dans un autre groupe mentionné par Powell, soit celui de NGC 5638. Selon Powell, la galaxie NGC 5701 ne fait pas partie d'un groupe de galaxies et les autres galaxies de Garcia ne figurent pas dans celles retenues par celui-ci

Selon Abraham Mahtessian NGC 5746 fait partie d'un groupe qui ne comprend que trois galaxies. Les deux autres galaxies sont NGC 5725 et NGC 5740.

A Désigné comme NGC 5658 par Garcia qui est en réalité PGC 51957.

Le site DeepskyLog permet de trouver aisément les constellations des galaxies mentionnées dans ce tableau ou si elles ne s'y trouvent pas, l'outil du site constellation permet de le faire à l'aide des coordonnées de la galaxie. Sauf indication contraire, les données proviennent du site NASA/IPAC.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Constellation de la Vierge
Amas de la Vierge III
Superamas de la Vierge
Groupe de galaxies

Groupe de NGC 5746


Zhang Jue (; died  October 184) was a Chinese military general and rebel. He was the leader of the Yellow Turban Rebellion during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was said to be a follower of Taoism and a sorcerer. His name is sometimes read as Zhang Jiao (), since the Chinese character of Zhang's given name can be read as either "Jiao" or "Jue". "Jue" is the traditional or literary reading, while "Jiao" is the modern or colloquial one.

Yellow Turban Rebellion
Before the outbreak of the rebellion, Zhang Jue had spent more than a decade preparing for it. His followers hailed him as being able to cure patients who sought his help by giving them water blessed by his rituals; those who recovered then believed in him and his teachings, and his fame spread by word of mouth. Professor Rafe de Crespigny noted that disease outbreaks were reported in Han dynasty China in 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185 CE, with the potential cause theorized as the Antonine Plague of 165 to 180CE of smallpox or measles spreading along the Silk Road.

Giving himself the title of "Great Teacher" (), Zhang Jue led the Yellow Turban Rebellion with his younger brothers Zhang Bao () and Zhang Liang () in a campaign called the "Way of Heaven" or "Way of Peace". He and his brothers gave themselves titles: Zhang Bao was the "General of Earth" (), Zhang Liang was the "General of the People" (); and Zhang Jue was the "General of Heaven" (). The Yellow Turbans claimed to be Taoists, and rebelled against the Han dynasty in response to burdensome taxes, rampant corruption, and famine and flooding, which were seen as indications that the Han emperor had lost the mandate of heaven.

During this time, Zhang spoke of the magic he thought himself capable of to his followers, and "promised that if they took his medicines, they would be immune from wounds and could fight in battle without fear".

The rebellion began in March 184. The Yellow Turbans conquered much in the early years of the rebellion, but later could not hold out against Han imperial forces led by He Jin, Lu Zhi, Dong Zhuo, Huangfu Song, Zhu Jun and others. Although the Yellow Turbans still remained capable even in face of their more powerful foe, they were nonetheless torn apart upon the death of their leader, Zhang Jue, and were eventually defeated and dispersed. Zhang Bao was defeated and killed by imperial forces led by Huangfu Song and Guo Dian () in December 184 or January 185 at Xiaquyang County (; west of present-day Jinzhou, Hebei), while Zhang Liang also met his end in November or December 184 at the hands of imperial forces led by Huangfu Song at Guangzong County (; southeast of present-day Guangzong County, Hebei).

Large groups of Yellow Turbans roamed through China for years after the rebellion's defeat, most of them eventually joining the army of the warlord Cao Cao, whose agrarian reform policies closely matched Zhang Jue's own programme.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Zhang Jue is also featured in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He is introduced in Chapter 1 as follows:

Zhang Jue then goes on to start the Yellow Turban Rebellion with his brothers. Little time is devoted to Zhang Jue in the book, and his death is given a line in the second chapter: "Zhang Jue had died before his (Huangfu Song's) arrival." After his death, his body was beheaded and his head sent to the capital Luoyang. In the novel, his brother Zhang Bao does not die in battle against imperial forces, but meets his end at the hands of a subordinate, Yan Zheng (), who cuts off his head and surrenders to imperial forces.

In popular culture

Zhang Jue appears as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video games series, as well as serving as an antagonist in Capcom's Destiny of an Emperor for the Nintendo Entertainment System. He is referred to as "Zhang Jiao" in these games. He is also seen as one of the antagonists of the light gun shooting game SEGA Golden Gun.

In Total War: Three Kingdoms fourth DLC installment, Mandate of Heaven, Zhang Jue and his brothers lead the playable Yellow Turban factions who seek to overthrow the failing Han dynasty and establish a new order in China.

In the action role-playing game  Wo Long: Fallen Dynasty, Zhang Jue and his brothers appear as separate boss fights.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).

Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

Year of birth unknown
2nd-century births
184 deaths
Generals from Hebei
Han dynasty generals
Han dynasty rebels
Yellow Turban Rebellion
Posthumous executions
2nd-century Taoists

Zhang Jue