600 (six hundred) is the natural number following 599 and preceding 601.

Mathematical properties
Six hundred is a composite number, an abundant number, a pronic number and a Harshad number.

Credit and cars
 In the United States, a credit score of 600 or below is considered poor, limiting available credit at a normal interest rate.
 NASCAR runs 600 advertised miles in the Coca-Cola 600, its longest race.
 The Fiat 600 is a car, the SEAT 600 its Spanish version.

Integers from 601 to 699

600s
 601 = prime number, centered pentagonal number
 602 = 2 × 7 × 43, nontotient, number of cubes of edge length 1 required to make a hollow cube of edge length 11, area code for Phoenix, AZ along with 480 and 623
 603 = 32 × 67, Harshad number, Riordan number, area code for New Hampshire
 604 = 22 × 151, nontotient, totient sum for first 44 integers, area code for southwestern British Columbia (Lower Mainland, Fraser Valley, Sunshine Coast and Sea to Sky)
 605 = 5 × 112, Harshad number, sum of the nontriangular numbers between the two successive triangular numbers 55 and 66, number of non-isomorphic set-systems of weight 9.
 606 = 2 × 3 × 101, sphenic number, sum of six consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109), admirable number
 607 – prime number, sum of three consecutive primes (197 + 199 + 211), Mertens function(607) = 0, balanced prime, strictly non-palindromic number, Mersenne prime exponent
 608 = 25 × 19, Mertens function(608) = 0, nontotient, happy number, number of regions formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the perimeter points of a 3 times 4 grid of squares.
 609 = 3 × 7 × 29, sphenic number, strobogrammatic number

610s
 610 = 2 × 5 × 61, sphenic number, nontotient, Fibonacci number, Markov number. Also a kind of telephone wall socket used in Australia.
 611 = 13 × 47, sum of the three standard board sizes in Go (92 + 132 + 192), the 611th tribonacci number is prime
 612 = 22 × 32 × 17, Harshad number, Zuckerman number , untouchable number, area code for Minneapolis, MN

 613 = prime number, first number of prime triple (p, p + 4, p + 6), middle number of sexy prime triple (p − 6, p, p + 6). Geometrical numbers:  Centered square number with 18 per side, circular number of 21 with a square grid and 27 using a triangular grid.  Also 17-gonal.  Hypotenuse of a right triangle with integral sides, these being 35 and 612.  Partitioning:  613 partitions of 47 into non-factor primes, 613 non-squashing partitions into distinct parts of the number 54.  Squares:  Sum of squares of two consecutive integers, 17 and 18.  Additional properties:  a lucky number, index of prime Lucas number.
 In Judaism the number 613 is very significant, as its metaphysics, the Kabbalah, views every complete entity as divisible into 613 parts:  613 parts of every Sefirah; 613 mitzvot, or divine Commandments in the Torah; 613 parts of the human body.
 The number 613 hangs from the rafters at Madison Square Garden in honor of New York Knicks coach Red Holzman's 613 victories.
 614 = 2 × 307, nontotient, 2-Knödel number. According to Rabbi Emil Fackenheim, the number of Commandments in Judaism should be 614 rather than the traditional 613.
 615 = 3 × 5 × 41, sphenic number

 616 = 23 × 7 × 11, Padovan number, balanced number, an alternative value for the Number of the Beast (more commonly accepted to be 666).
 617 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, number of compositions of 17 into distinct parts, prime index prime, index of prime Lucas number
 Area code 617, a telephone area code covering the metropolitan Boston area.
 618 = 2 × 3 × 103, sphenic number, admirable number.
 619 = prime number, strobogrammatic prime, alternating factorial

620s
 620 = 22 × 5 × 31, sum of four consecutive primes (149 + 151 + 157 + 163), sum of eight consecutive primes (61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97). The sum of the first 620 primes is itself prime.
 621 = 33 × 23, Harshad number, the discriminant of a totally real cubic field
 622 = 2 × 311, nontotient, Fine number. Fine's sequence (or Fine numbers): number of relations of valence >= 1 on an n-set; also number of ordered rooted trees with n edges having root of even degree It is also the standard diameter of modern road bicycle wheels (622 mm, from hook bead to hook bead)
 623 = 7 × 89, number of partitions of 23 into an even number of parts
 624 = 24 × 3 × 13 = J4(5), sum of a twin prime (311 + 313), Harshad number, Zuckerman number
 625 = 252 = 54, sum of seven consecutive primes (73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103), centered octagonal number, 1-automorphic number, Friedman number since 625 = 56−2 One of the two three-digit numbers when squared or raised to a higher power that end in the same three digits, with the other one being 376.
 626 = 2 × 313, nontotient, 2-Knödel number. Stitch's experiment number.
 627 = 3 × 11 × 19, sphenic number, number of integer partitions of 20, Smith number
 628 = 22 × 157, nontotient, totient sum for first 45 integers
 629 = 17 × 37, highly cototient number, Harshad number, number of diagonals in a 37-gon

630s
 630 = 2 × 32 × 5 × 7, sum of six consecutive primes (97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113), triangular number, hexagonal number, sparsely totient number, Harshad number, balanced number
 631 = Cuban prime number, centered triangular number, centered hexagonal number, Chen prime, lazy caterer number
 632 = 23 × 79, refactorable number, number of 13-bead necklaces with 2 colors
 633 = 3 × 211, sum of three consecutive primes (199 + 211 + 223), Blum integer; also, in the title of the movie 633 Squadron
 634 = 2 × 317, nontotient, Smith number
 635 = 5 × 127, sum of nine consecutive primes (53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89), Mertens function(635) = 0, number of compositions of 13 into pairwise relatively prime parts
 "Project 635", the Irtysh River diversion project in China involving a dam and a canal.
 636 = 22 × 3 × 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (43 + 47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83), Smith number, Mertens function(636) = 0
 637 = 72 × 13, Mertens function(637) = 0, decagonal number
 638 = 2 × 11 × 29, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (151 + 157 + 163 + 167), nontotient, centered heptagonal number
 639 = 32 × 71, sum of the first twenty primes, also ISO 639 is the ISO's standard for codes for the representation of languages

640s
 640 = 27 × 5, Harshad number, refactorable number, hexadecagonal number, number of 1's in all partitions of 24 into odd parts, number of acres in a square mile
 641 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, factor of 4294967297 (the smallest nonprime Fermat number), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Proth prime
 642 = 2 × 3 × 107 = 14 + 24 + 54, sphenic number, admirable number
 643 = prime number, largest prime factor of 123456
 644 = 22 × 7 × 23, nontotient, Perrin number, Harshad number, common umask, admirable number
 645 = 3 × 5 × 43, sphenic number, octagonal number, Smith number, Fermat pseudoprime to base 2, Harshad number
 646 = 2 × 17 × 19, sphenic number, also ISO 646 is the ISO's standard for international 7-bit variants of ASCII, number of permutations of length 7 without rising or falling successions
 647 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, 3647 - 2647 is prime
 648 = 23 × 34 = A331452(7, 1), Harshad number, Achilles number, area of a square with diagonal 36
 649 = 11 × 59, Blum integer

650s
 650 = 2 × 52 × 13, primitive abundant number, square pyramidal number, pronic number, nontotient, totient sum for first 46 integers; (other fields) the number of seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, admirable number
 651 = 3 × 7 × 31, sphenic number, pentagonal number, nonagonal number
 652 = 22 × 163, maximal number of regions by drawing 26 circles
 653 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, balanced prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part
 654 = 2 × 3 × 109, sphenic number, nontotient, Smith number, admirable number
 655 = 5 × 131, number of toothpicks after 20 stages in a three-dimensional grid
 656 = 24 × 41 = . In Judaism, 656 is the number of times that Jerusalem is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament.
 657 = 32 × 73, the largest known number not of the form a2+s with s a semiprime
 658 = 2 × 7 × 47, sphenic number, untouchable number
 659 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, sum of seven consecutive primes (79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107), Chen prime, Mertens function sets new low of −10 which stands until 661, highly cototient number, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, strictly non-palindromic number

660s
 660 = 22 × 3 × 5 × 11
Sum of four consecutive primes (157 + 163 + 167 + 173).
Sum of six consecutive primes (101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127).
Sum of eight consecutive primes (67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101).
Sparsely totient number.
Sum of 11th row when writing the natural numbers as a triangle.
Harshad number.
 661 = prime number
Sum of three consecutive primes (211 + 223 + 227).
Mertens function sets new low of −11 which stands until 665.
Pentagram number of the form .
Hexagram number of the form  i.e. a star number.
 662 = 2 × 331, nontotient, member of Mian–Chowla sequence
 663 = 3 × 13 × 17, sphenic number, Smith number
 664 = 23 × 83, refactorable number, number of knapsack partitions of 33
Telephone area code for Montserrat.
Area code for Tijuana within Mexico.
Model number for the Amstrad CPC664 home computer.
 665 = 5 × 7 × 19, sphenic number, Mertens function sets new low of −12 which stands until 1105, number of diagonals in a 38-gon
 666 = 2 × 32 × 37, Harshad number, repdigit
 667 = 23 × 29, lazy caterer number
 668 = 22 × 167, nontotient
 669 = 3 × 223, blum integer

670s
 670 = 2 × 5 × 67, sphenic number, octahedral number, nontotient
 671 = 11 × 61. This number is the magic constant of n×n normal magic square and n-queens problem for n = 11.
 672 = 25 × 3 × 7, harmonic divisor number, Zuckerman number, admirable number
 673 = prime number, Proth prime
 674 = 2 × 337, nontotient, 2-Knödel number
 675 = 33 × 52, Achilles number
 676 = 22 × 132 = 262, palindromic square
 677 = prime number, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, number of non-isomorphic self-dual multiset partitions of weight 10
 678 = 2 × 3 × 113, sphenic number, nontotient, number of surface points of an octahedron with side length 13, admirable number
 679 = 7 × 97, sum of three consecutive primes (223 + 227 + 229), sum of nine consecutive primes (59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97), smallest number of multiplicative persistence 5

680s
 680 = 23 × 5 × 17, tetrahedral number, nontotient
 681 = 3 × 227, centered pentagonal number
 682 = 2 × 11 × 31, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (163 + 167 + 173 + 179), sum of ten consecutive primes (47 + 53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89), number of moves to solve the Norwegian puzzle strikketoy.
 683 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, sum of five consecutive primes (127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Wagstaff prime
 684 = 22 × 32 × 19, Harshad number, number of graphical forest partitions of 32
 685 = 5 × 137, centered square number
 686 = 2 × 73, nontotient, number of multigraphs on infinite set of nodes with 7 edges
 687 = 3 × 229, 687 days to orbit the Sun (Mars) D-number
 688 = 24 × 43, Friedman number since 688 = 8 × 86, 2-automorphic number
 689 = 13 × 53, sum of three consecutive primes (227 + 229 + 233), sum of seven consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109). Strobogrammatic number

690s
 690 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 23, sum of six consecutive primes (103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131), sparsely totient number, Smith number, Harshad number
 ISO 690 is the ISO's standard for bibliographic references
 691 = prime number, (negative) numerator of the Bernoulli number B12 = -691/2730. Ramanujan's tau function τ and the divisor function σ11 are related by the remarkable congruence  τ(n) ≡ σ11(n) (mod 691).
 In number theory, 691 is a "marker" (similar to the radioactive markers in biology): whenever it appears in a computation, one can be sure that Bernoulli numbers are involved.
 692 = 22 × 173, number of partitions of 48 into powers of 2
 693 = 32 × 7 × 11, triangular matchstick number, the number of sections in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations.
 694 = 2 × 347, centered triangular number, nontotient
 695 = 5 × 139, 695!! + 2 is prime.
 696 = 23 × 3 × 29, sum of eight consecutive primes (71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103), totient sum for first 47 integers, trails of length 9 on honeycomb lattice
 697 = 17 × 41, cake number; the number of sides of Colorado
 698 = 2 × 349, nontotient, sum of squares of two primes
 699 = 3 × 233, D-number

References

Integers

600 (number)


Hammermüller ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Martin Hammermüller (1883–1974), deutscher Heimatforscher
 Roland Hammermüller (1927–2019), deutscher Politiker (DBD)
 Steffen Hammermüller (* 1966), deutscher Fußballspieler

Hammermüller


علي بن ولي بن حمزة المغربي أو النّسَّاب هو عالم رياضي جزائري، من علماء القرن السادس عشر الميلادي البارزين في علم الرياضيات. ولد بالجزائر من أب جزائري وأم تركية، أحسن أبوه تعليمه وتأديبه طوال فترة نشأته. عُرف ابن حمزة المغربي بالنزاهة العلمية وبحسن السيرة والسلوك وبعلم الحساب، كان من العلماء الذين يتحرون الدقة والصدق في الكتابة والأمانة في النقل، اشتهر بلقب النساب لأنه كان ينسب كل مقالة أو بحث إلى صاحبه مثل ما ذكر عن كل من نقل عنهم في مؤلفاته من علماء العرب والمسلمين معترفاً بجميلهم، بعكس ما يجري عند علماء الغرب في ذلك الوقت، حيث كانوا ينسبون أعمال علماء العرب والمسلمون لأنفسهم بالإسنادات الخاطئة، وكان من علماء العرب والمسلمين المحبين للترجمة والتأليف، ألف كتابه في علم الحساب وهو تحفة الأعداد لذوي الرشد والسداد.

حياته المبكرة
تعلم ابن حمزة في صباه القرآن وحفظ الحديث، وأظهر موهبة كبيرة في في علم الرياضيات. وعندما بلغ العشرين من عمره لم يكن بالجزائر معلم يعلمه فعزم أبوه أن يرسله إلى إسطنبول عند أهل أمه ويستكمل تحصيله العلمي هناك، فعاش فيها فترة زمنية يتعلم ويُعلِم علم الرياضيات، تعلم هناك العلم على يد علماء عاصمة الدولة العثمانية في عصر السلطان مراد بن سليم، وعند وصول ابن حمزة مرتبة عالية من العلم في إسطنبول أُلحق بعمل كخبير في الحسابات بديوان المال في قصر السلطان العثماني، كما هيأه إتقانه اللغتين العربية والتركية أن يُعلم أهل إسطنبول والوافدين عليها علوم الرياضيات. مكث ابن حمزة في منصبه حتى بلغه وفاة أبيه فاستقال من عمله رغبة في أن يرعى أمه.

عمل ابن حمزة بالجزائر في حوانيت أبيه التي كان يؤجرها لتجار فترة من الزمن، لكنه ما لبث أن باعها وباع البيت أيضاً، وذلك بعد أن قرر أن ينتقل هو وأمه إلى مكة المكرمة لأداء فريضة الحج والإقامة بجوار البيت الحرام. فقد كان ابن حمزة المغربي ملحاً بكافة أنواع العلوم المختلفة، ولكن كان أكثر حبه علم الحساب في رحله وترحاله لدرجة أنه في مكة عند أداء مناسك الحج قام بتدريس علم الحساب للحجاج فكان من المدرسين المتميزين في هذا المجال، وكان ابن حمزة يركز في تدريسه على المسائل الحسابية التي يستعملها الناس كل يوم وكذلك المسائل التي تدور حول أمور الإرث، وعندما بلغ الوالي العثماني بمكة عن حله المسألة المكية، طلب منه أن يعمل في ديوان المال، فمكث فيه نحو خمسة عشر عاماً، وخلال تلك الفترة عكف ابن حمزة على دراسة المتواليات العددية والهندسية والتوافقية دراسة عميقة قادته في نهاية المطاف إلى وضع أسس علم اللوغاريتمات وهو العلم الذي سهل العمليات الحسابية المعقدة وخدم العلوم التطبيقية خدمة عظيمة، وكان يتقن اللغة التركية ودرس بها العلوم الرياضية، حتى أنه ألف فيها كتابه المشهو ر تحفة الأعداد لذوي الرشد والسداد وقد ورد اسم هذا الكتاب في كتاب كشف الظنون.

مؤلفاته وأعماله
اشتغل ابن حمزة المغربي شأنه شأن أغلب العلماء المسلمين في عصره، بأكثر العلوم المعروفة آنذاك. ولم يُعْرَف بعد معظم إنتاجه العلمي سوى القليل منه فتوصل ابن حمزة، نتيجة لدراسة المتتاليات بأنواعها، إلى وضع اللبنة الأولى في الحساب اللغارتمي، وذلك بالربط بين متتالية هندسية ومتتالية حسابية. وقد مهد بأعماله الطريق لمن أتى بعده من العلماء لإجراء أبحاث في اللوغاريتمات.

اللوغاريتمات
ابن حمزة المغربي هو مؤسس علم وواضع حجر الأساس لعلم اللوغاريتمات، ووضع الأساس لهذا العلم بسبب اهتمامه البالغ بالمتواليات العددية والهندسية والتوافقية، وكانت بحوثه في المتواليات هي الأساس الذي بني عليه هذا الفرع من رياضيات، فقد تكل عن الصلة بين المتوالية الحسابية الهندسية كلاماً جعله واضعاً لأصول اللوغاريتمات، وواضع اللبنات الأولى له. بالرغم من إصرار علماء الغرب على أن العالم الإسكتلندي جون نابيير هو المبتكر الحقيقي لعلم اللوغاريتمات، وأنكروا دور المغربي. فنجد في نص ابن حمزة المغربي الآتي:أن أس الأساس لأي حد من حدود متوالية هندسية تبدأ بالواحد الصحيح، يساوي أسس الحدين اللذين حاصل ضربهما يساوي الحد المذكور ناقصاً واحد.فكان اختراع علم اللوغاريتمات من نصيبه أما نابيير وبورجي فاعتبروا متواليات أخرى هندسية وعددية غير التي ذكرها ابن حمزة ولكنهم طبقوا عليها نظرية ابن حمزة المغربي، التي كانت أقرب للوصول إلى كشف الابتكار.

كتاب تحفة الأعداد لذوي الرشد والسداد
يبحث الكتاب في المسائل الحسابية، وفي مسائل المساحات والحجوم، ونال هذا الكتاب إعجاب العديد من المؤرخين في العلوم، كما يقول قدري طوقان في كتابه تراث العرب العلمي في الرياضيات والفلك:فعند مراجعة كتاب آثار باقية وقراءتنا لفصول كتاب تحفة الأعداد لذوي الرشد والسداد، ظهر لنا أن ابن حمزة المغربي، هو من علماء القرن السادس عشر الميلادي ومن الذين اشتغلوا بالرياضيات، وبرعوا وألفوا فيها المؤلفات القيمة، التي أفضت إلى تقدم بعض النظريات في الأعداد.وكتبه ابن حمزة باللغة التركية في مكة المكرمة، الكتاب مُنسق على مقدمة تبحث في تعريف الحساب والترقيم وخاصة الأرقام الغبارية، ويحتوي أيضاً على أربع مقالات تشمل المقالة الأولى على الأعداد الصحيحة والعمليات الحسابية من جمع وطرح وضرب وقسمة، أما المقالة الثانية فتشمل الكسور والجذور وجمعها وضربها وطرحها وقسمتها، واستخراج الجذر التربيعي للأعداد الصحيحة، وكيفية إجراء العمليات الحسابية الأربعة على الأعداد الصم، واستخراج جذور الأعداد المرفوعة إلى القوة الثالثة والرابعة، وتبحث المقالة الثالثة على الطرق المختلفة لاستخراج قيمة المجهول وذلك باستخدام التناسب، وأخيرا تناول المقالة الرابعة التي تشمل مساحات الأشكال والأجسام الهندسية، اختتم المغربي كتابه بخاتمة احتوت على كثير من المسائل الجبرية والهندسية التي استعصى حلها على سابقيه ومعاصريه، وحلها بطرق رياضية لم يسبقه إليها أحد.

المسألة المكية
وهي مسألة هندية عجز علماء الهند على حلها فطُرحت على علماء الرياضيات العرب آنذاك وأخذت بالانتشار والشهرة إلى أن حلّها ابن حمزة المغربي وأوردها في كتابه، كتاب تحفة الأعداد لذوي الرشد والسداد، وأعاد صياغتها كمسألة تعنى بمجال القسمة والإرث في حياة الإنسان الاجتماعية وسُميت بعد ذلك بالمسألة المكية لسماع ابن حمزة بها أثناء مكوثه في مكة. تنص المسألة على الآتي:كان هناك رجل من الهند يملك 81 نخلة، النخلة الأولى تعطي في السنة رطلاً واحداً من التمر، والنخلة الثانية تعطي رطلين والثالثة تعطي 3 أرطال والرابعة 4 أرطال وهكذا إلى النخلة الواحدة والثمانون التي تعطي 81 رطلاً. مات هذا الرجل وعنده 9 أبناء، أوصى بأن يُعطى كل ابن 9 نخلات بشرط أن يكون جميع الأبناء متساوون في عدد الأرطال التي يحصلون عليها من هذه النخيل. فكيف يمكن تقسيم النخل بحيث يكون لكل ولد 9 نخلات تعطي نصيباً من التمر يساوي نصيب كل واحد من بقية الاخوة.بعد أن عجز علماء الرياضيات في الهند على حل المسألة ذهب الولد الأكبر لمكة لأداء الحج ولطرح المسألة على العلماء العرب، فذهب لعالم الرياضيات ابن حمزة والذي كان أشهر علماء الرياضيات وقتها، فكان حله كالآتي:

وضع ابن حمزة المغربي جدولاً قسم فيه النخيل بالتتابع إلى تسع مجموعات كل مجموعة تحوي 9 نخلات بحيث تشمل المجموعة الأولى النخيل من النخلة رقم 1 إلى النخلة رقم 9 والمجموعة الثانية تحوي من نخلة 10 إلى 18 وهكذا مع الحفاظ على ترتيب النخلات في كل مجموعة من الاصغر إلى الأكبر وفي كل مجموعة نعطي النخيل أرقاماً من 0 إلى 8 مرتبةً تصاعدياً أو تنازلياً. وأعطي لكل واحد من الاخوة نخلة من كل مجموعة بحيث لا يأخذ أي واحد منهم نخلتان أو أكثر لهما نفس الترتيب في مجموعتيهما.

انظر أيضًا
 الخوارزمي.
 ابن الهيثم.
 عبد الحميد بن ترك.
 عمر الخيام.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 البرنامج التليفزيوني: علماء المسلمين ابن حمزة المغربي.

جزائريون في القرن 16
رياضياتيو القرن 16
رياضياتيون جزائريون
رياضياتيون من العصر الذهبي للإسلام
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
شخصيات تاريخية
علماء عرب
كتاب عرب
مستكشفون عرب

ابن حمزة المغربي


Die Liste der Biografien führt alle Personen auf, die in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia einen Artikel haben. Dieses ist eine Teilliste mit einem Eintrag einer Person, deren Namen mit den Buchstaben "Mullerh" beginnt.

Mullerh

Mullerha
 Müllerhartung, Carl (1834–1908), thüringischer Kantor, Musikpädagoge und Komponist

Liste der Biografien/Mullerh


El Aeropuerto de Anádyr-Úgolny (; ICAO: UHMA; IATA: DYR) se encuentra 11 km al este de Anádyr y 1 km al este de Úgolny, en el distrito autónomo de Chukotka, Rusia. Es conocido también como Leninka, Ugolnyye Kopi o Ugolnoy.

Es un aeropuerto de uso compartido civil y militar. Está dividido en dos partes: la "Oriental", que incluye el sector civil, con el edificio de la terminal y los servicios de aeropuerto y mantenimiento y la "Occidental" que es el sector militar.

El espacio aéreo está controlado desde el FIR del propio aeropuerto de Anádyr-Ugolny (ICAO: UHMA).

El aeropuerto aparece en la novela norteamericana "Flight of the Old Dog" de Dale Brown.

Pista

El aeropuerto de Anádyr-Úgolny dispone de una pista de hormigón en dirección 01/19 de 3.500x60 m (11.483x197 pies).

Existe una calle de rodaje paralela a la pista con dos áreas de estacionamiento pavimentadas de 600x80 m que son utilizadas por la aviación militar. La plataforma de estacionamiento civil tiene capacidad para 25 aeronaves.

El pavimento es del tipo 58/R/A/X/T, que permite un peso máximo al despegue de 398 toneladas.

La pista está clasificada como de categoría I y II de ICAO

Es adecuado para ser utilizado por los siguientes tipos de aeronaves : Antonov An-2, Antonov An-12, Antonov An-24, Antonov An-26, Boeing 747, Boeing 767, Boeing 777, Ilyushin Il-18, Ilyushin Il-62, Ilyushin Il-76, Ilyushin Il-96, Tupolev Tu-134, Tupolev Tu-154, Tupolev Tu-204/Tu-214, Yakovlev Yak-40 y clases menores, y todo tipo de helicópteros durante todo el año.

 Limitaciones:
Boeing 747-400 - no más de 2 salidas por día.

Boeing 747-200B, C, F, Boeing 737-800, Ilyushin Il-96-300, - no más de 10 salidas por día.

Operaciones civiles

Operaciones militares

El aeródromo fue construido en algún momento de la década de los 50 como base para es despliegue de los bombarderos de largo alcance, como el Tupolev Tu-95 (designación OTAN: Bear) y Tupolev Tu-22M (designación OTAN: Backfire) como aeródromo de "salto", durante los años de Guerra Fría. Posteriormente se convirtió en el eje principal para vuelos civiles en la región de Chukotka.

El mantenimiento de las instalaciones corre a cargo del OGA (Grupo de Control del Ártico).

En el año 2001, el aeródromo fue visitado por aviones Tupolev Tu-95MS (designación OTAN: Bear-H) e Ilyushin Il-78 (designación OTAN: Midas) en un ejercicio desde la base aérea de Enguels. Interceptores como el Sukhoi Su-15TM (designación OTAN: Flagon-E) se basaron en Anádyr desde 1960 hasta la década de los 90.

De manera regular se realizan prácticas de vuelos a la zona ártica de Canadá.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Características técnicas del aeropuerto - Índice de aeropuertos de Rusia (en inglés). Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2011
 Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2011
  (en inglés). Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2011
 . Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2011
 Diagrama del aeropuerto en la base de datos de aeropuertos rusos. (en inglés). Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2011
 Historial de accidentes en Anádyr-Úgolny (en inglés) Consultado el 22 de marzo de 2012
 Mapa de ubicación de los aeropuertos de Chukotka en "Our Airports" (en inglés) Consultado el 22 de marzo de 2012

Anadyr-Ugolny
Anádyr-Úgolny
Bases militares de la Unión Soviética

Aeropuerto de Anádyr-Úgolny


Radar, radyo dalgalarının yansıması yardımıyla uzaktaki nesneleri ve bu nesnelerin hız, kerteriz ve mesafesini tespit eden cihazdır. Radar, RAdio Detection And Ranging (radyo ile tespit etme ve menzil tayini) sözcüklerinin akronimidir.

Radarlar; kullanım alanlarına göre hava ve deniz radarları olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Hava radarları; askeri (stratejik) meteorolojik, astronomik, hava limanlarında ve uçaklarda kullanılır. Deniz radarları; askeri ve ticari gemilerde kullanılır. Radarlar çalıştığı frekans bandına göre de isimlendirilebilmektedir.

Tarihçe
Alman mühendis Christian Hülsmeyer elektromanyetik dalgalar ile gemilerin yerini belirlemekte kullanılabilen icadını tescil ettirmek için 1904 yılında Almanya ve İngiltere'de patent başvurusunda bulundu.

30 Nisan 1904 tarihinde Kraliyet Patent Dairesi, Christian Hülsmeyer tarafından geliştirilen, "uzaktaki metal nesnelerin yerini bir gözlemciye bildiren" cihazı 165 546 Nolu belge ile tescil etti.

Patent belgesinde bir yansıma sayesinde, gelmekte olan bir gemiyi tespit eden bir buharlı geminin resmi yer almaktadır. Ren nehrinde yapılan bir denemeyle cihazın kullanılabilirliği kanıtlandı. Daha sonra savaşın doğurduğu ihtiyaçlar ve zorlamalar sonunda geliştirilmiştir.

Çalışma prensibi

Radar, elektromanyetik enerji darbelerini yandaki şekilde görüldüğü gibi sesin yansımasına benzer bir şekilde kullanır. Radyo dalgaları ile taşınan enerji nesneye ulaşır ve tekrar nesneden yansıyarak geri döner. Enerjinin buradan küçük bir kısmı yansır ve radara geri gelir. Dönen bu bölüme aynen ses terminolojisinde olduğu gibi "yankı" adı verilir. Radar seti yankıyı yansıtan nesnenin yön ve mesafesini tespit etmek için kullanır.

 ışık hızı ve  yansıma zamanı olmak üzere bir cismin radara olan menzili () şu formül ile bulunur:

Bir alıcı verici düzeninden oluşan radar, bir cismin varlığını tayin etme, bulunduğu yön ve uzaklığı ölçme işlevlerini yerine getirir. Radar cihazları temel olarak bir sinyal üreteci, bir verici, bir alıcı ve bir veya daha çok antenden oluşur.

Havacılıkta kullanımı

Radarlar havacılıkta başlıca olarak yaklaşma kontrol ve saha kontrol üniteleri tarafından hava araçlarının tespiti ve emniyet ayrımı amacıyla kullanılırlar. Bunun haricinde uçaklarda diğer hava taşıtlarının ve meteorolojik olayların tespitinde kullanılan radarlar da mevcuttur.

Otomatik kapı sistemlerinde kullanımı
Mikrodalga sensörü içeren radarlar otomatik kapı sistemlerinde de kullanılmaktadır. Kapının her iki yönüne de takılan radarlar temelde hareket algılamak amaçlı kullanılırlar. Herhangi bir cisim radarın algılama mesafesinde hareket ettiğinde radardan çıkan dalgaların radara tekrar ulaşma zamanı anlık olarak değişir. Radar bu zaman farkını işlemciye gönderir ve işlemci solid röle ya da mekanik röle ile kontak kapatır ve kapı açılmaya gider.

Kaynakça

Radar


Lily Rabe (n. 29 iunie 1982) este o actriță americană. Ea a primit o nominalizare Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play pentru performanța ei ca Portia în The Merchant of Venice. Rabe este cel mai bine cunoscut pentru rolurile multiple pe FX antologie a serialul American Horror Story, și rol principal ca Claire Bennigan din serialul The Whispers.

Filmografie

Film

Televiziune

Premii

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1982
Actrițe americane din secolul al XXI-lea
Actrițe din New York City
Oameni în viață

Lily Rabe


The 1995 Rugby World Cup (), was the third Rugby World Cup. It was hosted and won by South Africa, and was the first Rugby World Cup in which every match was held in one country.

The World Cup was the first major sporting event to take place in South Africa following the end of apartheid. It was also the first World Cup in which South Africa was allowed to compete; the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB, now World Rugby) had only readmitted South Africa to international rugby in 1992, following negotiations to end apartheid. The World Cup was also the last major event of rugby union's amateur era; two months after the tournament, the IRFB opened the sport to professionalism.

In the final, held at Ellis Park in Johannesburg on 24 June, South Africa defeated New Zealand 15–12, with Joel Stransky scoring a drop goal in extra time to win the match. Following South Africa's victory, Nelson Mandela, the President of South Africa, wearing a Springboks rugby shirt and cap, presented the Webb Ellis Cup to the South African captain François Pienaar.

Qualifying

The eight quarter-finalists from the 1991 Rugby World Cup all received automatic entry, as did South Africa, as hosts. The remaining seven of the 16 positions available in the tournament were filled by regional qualifiers. The qualifying tournaments were broken up into regional associations: Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania. Côte d'Ivoire qualified through Africa, Japan through Asia, Argentina through the Americas, Italy, Romania and Wales through Europe, Tonga through Oceania.

Squads

Referees

Venues
The 1995 tournament was the first Rugby World Cup to be hosted by just one country, and thus, all the venues are within the one country. South Africa were given the rights to host the tournament in 1993, after a meeting between the IRB and both the government led by F. W. de Klerk and the African National Congress. In total, nine stadiums were used for the World Cup, most being owned by local municipalities, and the majority of the venues were upgraded prior to the tournament. Six of the nine stadiums were South African Test grounds. The four largest stadiums were used for the finals, with the final taking place at Johannesburg's Ellis Park.

There were games originally scheduled to have been played in Brakpan, Germiston, Pietermaritzburg and Witbank, but these games were reallocated to other venues. This reduced the number of venues from 14 to 9. The reasons cited for this change had to do with facilities for both the press and spectators, as well as the security. The change in the itinerary occurred in January 1994. Further changes occurred in April, so that evening games were played at stadiums with good floodlighting. It is also thought that Potchefstroom was an original venue.

Venues were paired:
 Pool 1: Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Stellenbosch
 Pool 2: Durban and East London
 Pool 3: Johannesburg and Bloemfontein
 Pool 4: Pretoria and Rustenburg

Pools & format

The tournament was contested by 16 nations using the same format that was used in 1987 and 1991 and in total 32 matches were played. The competition began on 25 May, when the hosts South Africa defeated Australia 27–18 at Newlands in Cape Town. The tournament culminated with the final between South Africa and the All Blacks at Ellis Park in Johannesburg on 24 June. In total, the tournament ran for thirty days. The nations were broken up into four pools of four, with each pool consisting of two teams that were automatically qualified and two that went through the qualifying tournaments.

Points system

The points system that was used in the pool stage was unchanged from 1991:
3 points for a win
2 points for a draw
1 point for playing

Knockout stage

Pool winners were drawn against opposite pool runners-up in the quarter-finals. For example, the winner of A faces the runner up of B, and the winner of B face the runner-up of A. The whole finals stage adopts a knock-out format, and the winners of the quarter-finals advance to the semi-finals, where winner 1 faces winner 2, and winner 3 faces winner 4. The winners advance to the final, and the losers contest a third/fourth place play-off two days before the final.

A total of 32 matches (24 pool stage & 8 knock-out) were played throughout the tournament over 30 days from 25 May to 24 June 1995.

Pool stage

Pool A

Pool B

Pool C

Pool D

Three minutes into the match between Ivory Coast and Tonga, the Ivorian winger Max Brito was crushed beneath several other players, leaving him paralysed below the neck.

Knockout stage

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third-place play-off

Final

The final was contested by New Zealand and hosts South Africa. Both nations finished undefeated at the top of their pools. South Africa defeated Western Samoa in the quarter-finals, and then France in the semi-finals to reach the final; New Zealand defeated Scotland in the quarter-finals, and England in the semi-finals, a game in which Jonah Lomu famously scored four tries for the All Blacks. The final was played at Ellis Park in Johannesburg and refereed by Ed Morrison of England. To this point, New Zealand had led the tournament in production, outscoring their opponents 315–104, while South Africa had outscored their opponents 129–55. The tight Springbok defence would keep the high scoring All Blacks in check – particularly Jonah Lomu and Marc Ellis, who had already scored a then World Cup record seven tries each in the tournament – with neither team scoring a try in the match.

South Africa led 9–6 at half time, and New Zealand levelled the scores at 9–9 with a drop goal in the second half. Though Andrew Mehrtens almost kicked a late drop goal for the All Blacks, the score remained tied at full-time, forcing the game into extra time. Both teams scored penalty goals in the first half of extra time, but Joel Stransky then scored a drop goal to win the final for South Africa.

What happened after the match has become an iconic moment in the history of the sport. Nelson Mandela, wearing a Springbok rugby jersey and cap, presented the Webb Ellis Cup to South African captain François Pienaar to the delight of the capacity crowd. The moment is thought by some to be one of the most famous finals of any sport.

Statistics

The tournament's top point scorer was France's Thierry Lacroix, who scored 112 points. Marc Ellis and Jonah Lomu, both of New Zealand, scored the most tries, with seven each.

Broadcasters
The event was broadcast in Australia by Network Ten and in the United Kingdom by ITV.

Commemorative coins
The South African Mint issued a one-ounce gold proof "Protea" coin with a total mintage of 406 pieces to commemorate the event being hosted by South Africa.

Popular culture
Mandela and Pienaar's involvement in the World Cup is the subject of the John Carlin book Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation, its 2009 film adaptation Invictus, and the ESPN TV documentary The 16th Man in 2010.

References

External links

 Official Rugby World Cup Site
 1995 Rugby World Cup at ESPN
 Full Results and Statistics at ESPN

1995 rugby union tournaments for national teams
1995
1995 in South African rugby union
1995 in rugby union
Rugby union and apartheid
May 1995 sports events in Africa
June 1995 sports events in Africa

1995 Rugby World Cup


Pierre de Ronsard, (11 Eylül 1524 – 28 Aralık 1585) Rönesans dönemi Fransız edebiyatında geleneksel tarzı kırıp Yunan ve Roma modelli yeni bir Fransız edebiyatı yaratmaya çalışan yedi şairden oluşan Pleiade grubunun önderi.

Şiirleri aşk ve gençliğin geçmesi gibi temaları betimleyen pastoral tarzda eski yazı biçimlerini kullanır. Ronsard'ın şiirlerinin kolay çekiciliği, dünyevi tecrübenin önemine derin adamışlığı saklar. Yazını, yaşlılık ve ölüm gibi bu tecrübelerin acı yanlarının korkusuzca üzerine gitme becerisini gösterir. Helene için sone adlı şiiri Orhan Veli tarafından Türkçeye çevrilmiştir.

Kaynakça

1524 doğumlular
Loir-et-Cher doğumlular
Paris Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
1585 yılında ölenler
16. yüzyıl yazarları
Fransız şairler
Fransız edebiyatı

Pierre de Ronsard


Earthquake is a 1974 American ensemble disaster drama film directed and produced by Mark Robson and starring Charlton Heston and Ava Gardner. The plot concerns the struggle for survival after a catastrophic earthquake destroys most of the city of Los Angeles, California.

Directed by Robson with a screenplay by George Fox and Mario Puzo, the film starred a large cast of well-known actors, including Heston, Gardner, George Kennedy, Lorne Greene, Geneviève Bujold, Richard Roundtree, Marjoe Gortner, Barry Sullivan, Lloyd Nolan, Victoria Principal, and (under an alias) Walter Matthau. It is notable for the use of an innovative sound effect called Sensurround, which created the sense of actually experiencing an earthquake in theatres.

Plot
Athletic former college football star Stewart Graff (Charlton Heston), in a dysfunctional marriage to Remy (Ava Gardner), is arguing with her after she fakes another suicide attempt when a mild earthquake jolts the Los Angeles metro area. Angered by his wife's manipulations, Graff leaves for work, stopping to visit Denise Marshall (Genevieve Bujold), a part-time actress and widow of a co-worker who he assigned to the project that accidentally killed him. Feeling obligated to help her and her ten-year-old son, Corry, Graff brings the boy an autographed football from his college days, and briefly helps Denise rehearse her lines before a film shoot she has later that morning.

Los Angeles Police Department officer Lew Slade (George Kennedy) is in pursuit of a car thief, when intercepted by a rival deputy from the neighboring Los Angeles County Sheriff district when he crosses jurisdictional lines. Already enemies who have had run-ins with each other over previous incidents, Slade hits the deputy, resulting in his suspension. Disheartened, Slade heads to a neighborhood bar.

At the California Seismological Institute (CSI), junior seismologist Walter Russell (Kip Niven) has analyzed the minor quake, and calculated that Los Angeles will suffer a major earthquake within the next two days. After head seismologist, Dr. Stockle (Barry Sullivan) and associate Dr. Johnson (Donald Moffat) determine the hypothesis probable, they contact the mayor of Los Angeles (John Randolph) who, fearful of the social and political consequences, decides to tell the Governor of California only to alert the National Guard and police as a precaution, so that they can be ready to mobilize.

In a vacant lot, motorcycle daredevil Miles Quade (Richard Roundtree) and his manager and mechanic, Sal Amici (Gabriel Dell), have set up a wild stunt track with loops and jumps, hoping to impress a Las Vegas promoter, so he will book their act at a hotel. Sal's sister, Rosa Amici (Victoria Principal), is unconvinced that the stunt will work, fears that Miles will be severely injured in the attempt, and refuses to help either of them in its promotion, storming off in anger.

Grocery store manager Jody Joad (Marjoe Gortner), who is very attracted to Rosa (a store customer), is a member of a National Guard unit being called up, and he heads home to change into his uniform. His abusive housemates continually taunt him, and harass him for having posters of male bodybuilders on his wall, using homophobic slurs.

A second small tremor cancels Denise's film shoot for the day, so she goes to meet her friend Barbara (Monica Lewis), a secretary at Graff's engineering firm. Graff bumps into Denise in the building's lobby, where they agree to share a drink for lunch. The pair instead go back to Denise's house, where they make love for the first time. Wrapped up in the moment, Graff asks Denise to come to Oregon with him, and bring Corry, while he works on a hydroelectric dam project that summer.

Returning to work, Graff's boss and father-in-law, Sam Royce (Lorne Greene), unexpectedly offers Stewart the company presidency. Stewart calls Denise to tell her he cannot see her that evening, when she tells him she wants to go to Oregon with him. Conflicted between the relationship and the promotion, Graff nevertheless goes to Sam's office to accept his offer. He is stunned to find Remy there, correctly assuming she convinced Sam to offer the promotion to save their marriage, and he storms off, where he admits the affair with Denise, and the end of their marriage.

As Remy follows him out of the building into the street, an earthquake measuring 9.9 on the Richter Scale strikes, destroying much of Los Angeles.

Sam and many others are trapped on the upper floors of the skyscraper, which catches fire, due to the escape stairs collapsing and the elevator being destroyed by the tremor. After several workers fall to their deaths through the chasm, Sam rigs a fire hose to a chair and lowers the rest of his staff down one at a time. Before he can descend himself, Sam suffers a heart attack, and Graff climbs up to rescue him before the stressed firehose snaps.

Corry has been catapulted from a collapsing footbridge into the Los Angeles River, and become entangled with high voltage electric cables from a fallen electrical pole. Denise finds him unconscious and climbs down to save him. Unable to climb back out, she hails a passing truck, driven by Miles and Sal. After saving them, they meet up with Slade, who knows Miles and Sal (after arresting both a year prior during a biker riot), and commandeers the truck to use as an ambulance, while Miles takes his motorcycle to search for Rosa.  Slade stays in the area with additional injured, while Sal drives the rest to a makeshift field hospital being set up at the Wilson Plaza, a combination office building and underground mall and parking structure that survived the earthquake, with apparently superficial damage.

Rosa is mistakenly arrested for looting by a National Guard unit led by Jody. He orders her to stay inside a secluded store for what he says is her safety. Another group of troops arrives with Jody's housemates, who are also being detained for looting. To the shock of his troops, Jody taunts then murders them for the ridicule he has endured.

Graff drives his co-workers to the Wilson Plaza, dropping off Remy, Barbara, and Sam. To Remy's protestations, Graff leaves to search for Denise and Corry. Sam attended to by Dr. Jim Vance (Lloyd Nolan), but he dies shortly thereafter.

Graff's off-road Chevrolet Blazer is one of the few surviving vehicles from the quake, and is commandeered by Slade as he drives past. Unable to work the complicated manual transmission, Slade makes Graff drive, while they take the last of the injured back to Wilson Plaza. On the way, they come across Jody and his unit, who has quarantined the only passage through. As Jody threatens to shoot them, Rosa emerges from the store, screaming to Slade for help. Facing an assault rifle, Slade and Stewart turn around and drive away, but Slade quickly returns on foot, and gets the jump on Jody who is about to rape Rosa, shooting him and rescuing her.

An aftershock destroys Wilson Plaza shortly before Graff, Slade and Rosa arrive there. After Barbara tells them she last saw Denise, Royce, and Remy in the 3rd level basement garage, Graff has a discussion with an Army Corps of Engineers Colonel (George Murdock) that there may be survivors trapped in an underground garage, which would be accessible via a parallel storm drain. Against the Colonel's advice, Graff and Slade use a jackhammer to drill through to the garage, where they find 70 survivors, including Denise, Corry, Remy, and Dr. Vance.

The damaged Mulholland Dam finally gives way, flooding the storm drains miles away. Denise, Corry, and Dr. Vance make it up a ladder to safety, but just as Remy climbs up a few rungs, she is knocked off into the flooded sewer. Graff looks up at Denise waiting for him at the top of the manhole, but hearing Remy's wailing, he realizes he cannot just abandon Remy. Graff swims and reaches her, but overcome by the rushing water, both of them, along with many others, are swept away by the water and drown. Slade, having held on to the ladder during the flood, searches in vain for Graff, but escapes up to the street.

In tears, Denise returns to Corry, who has regained consciousness. Slade and Rosa survey the ruins of Los Angeles, as Dr. Vance says "this used to be a hell of a town, officer." Stunned survivors mill about the devastated landscape, as the fires burn on in the darkness.

Cast

 Charlton Heston as Stewart Graff
 Ava Gardner as Remy Royce-Graff
 George Kennedy as Lou Slade
 Lorne Greene as Sam Royce
 Geneviève Bujold as Denise Marshall
 Richard Roundtree as Miles Quade
 Marjoe Gortner as Jody Joad
 Barry Sullivan as Dr. Willis Stockle
 Lloyd Nolan as Dr. James Vance
 Victoria Principal as Rosa Amici
 Walter Matthau as Drunk
 Monica Lewis as Barbara
 Gabriel Dell as Sal Amici
 Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. as Emilio Chavez
 Lloyd Gough as Bill Cameron
 John Randolph as Mayor Lewis
 Kip Niven as Walter Russell
 Scott Hylands as Max
 Tiger Williams as Corry Marshall
 Donald Moffat as Dr. Harvey Johnson
 Jesse Vint as Buck
 Alan Vint as Ralph
 Michael Richardson as Hank
 John Elerick as Carl Leeds
 John S. Ragin as (Chief Inspector)
 George Murdock as (Colonel)
 Donald Mantooth as Sid
 Lionel Johnston as Sandy
 Alex A. Brown as Pool Player
 Bob Cunningham as Dr. Frank Adams
 John Dennis as Brawny Foreman
 Gene Dynarski as Fred
 Bob Gravage as Farmer Mr. Griggs
 Hard Boiled Haggerty as Pool Player
 Tim Herbert as Las Vegas Man
 Dave Morick as Technician
 Inez Pedroza as Laura
 Josh Albee as Boy with Radio (uncredited)

Crew

 Mark Robson: director and producer
 Bernard Donnenfeld: producer (uncredited)
 Jennings Lang: executive producer
 George Fox & Mario Puzo: writers
 John Williams: music score
 Philip Lathrop: director of photography
 Dorothy Spencer: editor
 Alexander Golitzen: production designer
 E. Preston Ames: art director
 Burton Miller: costume designer
 Albert Whitlock: visual effects
 Fred Tuch: Assistant Art Director

Production

Inception
In the wake of the tremendous success of the 1970 disaster-suspense film Airport, Universal Studios began working with executive producer Jennings Lang to come up with a new idea that would work within the same "disaster-suspense" genre. Inspiration came in the form of the San Fernando earthquake of February 1971. Director Mark Robson and Lang were intrigued by the idea of creating a disaster on film that would not be confined to an airliner, but rather take place over a large area.

Budgeted at US$6,675,125, Earthquake found itself in a race against the clock with the bigger-budgeted disaster film, The Towering Inferno, which was being produced by Irwin Allen and financed, for the first time, by two studios (20th Century Fox and Warner Bros.).

Development
Lang scored a coup when he was able to sign screenwriter Mario Puzo, who was paid $125,000 to write the first draft during the summer of 1972. Puzo, fresh from the success of his novel and film, The Godfather, delivered the draft script in August. However, Puzo's detailed and expansive script would have necessitated a larger production budget, as the action and multiple story arcs were spread over a vast geographical area in Los Angeles. Universal was faced with either cutting the script or increasing the projected budget. Puzo's involvement with Earthquake was short-lived, as Paramount Pictures was anxious to begin development with the followup to The Godfather, The Godfather Part II in early-1973. Because Puzo's services contractually were obligated to the sequel, he was unable to continue any further work on Earthquake.

The Earthquake script sat at Universal Studios for a short period, but was brought back to life by the huge success of the 20th Century Fox hit The Poseidon Adventure, released in December 1972. Fueled by that film's enormous box-office receipts, Universal Studios put pre-production on Earthquake back into high gear, hiring writer George Fox to continue work with Puzo's first draft. Fox was principally a magazine writer and never had written a screenplay, so director Mark Robson worked with him to narrow the scope of the script to fit into the budgetary constraints. After 11 drafts, Earthquake went before the cameras in February 1974. Since Robson was also tasked with producing such a technically complex film, Bernard Donnenfeld was brought in to co-produce, but was uncredited.

Casting
While The Towering Inferno featured a larger "all star" cast, Universal was able to land Charlton Heston in the lead role. Rounding out the top billing were Ava Gardner (who co-starred with Heston in 1963's 55 Days at Peking), George Kennedy, Lorne Greene, and Geneviève Bujold. Richard Roundtree (riding a wave of success from the Shaft film series) was brought in after filming had already started, filling the part of an Evel Knievel-like motorcycle stuntman. Former evangelical preacher Marjoe Gortner was hired as the antagonist, Jody. Relative unknown Victoria Principal was hired to play the sister of Roundtree's business partner, Sal, played by veteran actor Gabriel Dell.

Walter Matthau was cast in a cameo role, for which he was credited as "Walter Matuschanskayasky". Executive Producer Jennings Lang, who had worked with Matthau on the previous year's Charley Varrick, was able to convince him to appear in the role (originally to be filled by veteran actor Harry Morgan). The unpaid cameo - and his credited name - were part of the deal.

Set design
Production necessitated the complete re-dressing of the entire Universal Studios "New York Street" backlot in order to simulate the catastrophic earthquake of the title. Along with a clever use of miniatures of actual buildings, matte paintings, and full-scale sets (some of which were placed on rollers for a shaking effect), Earthquake used a new technique developed especially for the film: a "shaker mount" camera system that mimicked the effects of an earthquake by moving the entire camera body several inches side to side. This camera mount was used for most exterior scenes or other instances where shooting on location.

Stunts
Extensive use of highly trained stunt artists for the most dangerous scenes involving high falls, dodging falling debris, and flood sequences, set a Hollywood record for the most stunt artists involved in any film production up until that time: 141. Major stunt sequences in the film required careful choreography between the stunt artists and behind-the-scenes stunt technicians who were responsible for triggering full-scale effects, such as falling debris. Timing was critical, since some rigged effects involved dropping six ton chunks of reinforced concrete in order to flatten cars, with stunt performers only a few feet away. In other scenarios, some stunt artists were required to fall sixty feet onto large air bags from the rafters of Universal's largest stage (Stage 12) – for which they were paid the sum of $500. While every precaution was taken to prevent injuries, several did occur during filming. One stunt person suffered a concussion during the flood sequence (the accident was used in the film), and several stunt artists were injured during the elevator crash scene, since the set was designed to collapse upon them.

"Sensurround"
Universal Studios and Jennings Lang wanted Earthquake to be an "event film", something that would draw audiences into the theatre multiple times. After several ideas were tossed about (which included bouncing styrofoam faux "debris" over audience members' heads), Universal's sound department came up with a process called "Sensurround" – a series of large speakers made by Cerwin-Vega powered by BGW amplifiers, that would pump in sub-audible "infra bass" sound waves at 120 decibels (equivalent to a jet airplane at takeoff), giving the viewer the sensation of an earthquake. The process was tested in several theatres around the United States prior to the film's release, yielding various results. A famous example is Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California, where the "Sensurround" cracked the plaster in the ceiling. The same theatre premiered Earthquake three months later – with a newly installed net over the audience to catch any falling debris – to tremendous success.

The "Sensurround" process proved to be a large audience draw, but not without generating a fair share of controversy. When the film premiered in Chicago, Illinois, the head of the building and safety department demanded the system be turned down, as he was afraid it would cause structural damage. In Billings, Montana, a knick-knack shop next door to a theatre using the system lost part of its inventory when items from several shelves were thrown to the floor when the system was cued during the quake scenes.

Sensurround was used again for the films Midway (1976), Rollercoaster (1977), and Battlestar Galactica (1979).

The 2006 Universal Studios Home Entertainment DVD release features the original "Sensurround" 3.1 audio track, duplicating the original theatrical "Sensurround" track (but oddly in mono directed to the front 3 speakers rather than the original stereo mix), but no actual 'rumble' generator was used, and only the two control tones that activated the generator can be heard. In addition, the film's original soundtrack was remixed in Surround Sound 5.1 which was simply a tag as once again only the control tones feature on the track.

Music
John Williams' music for Earthquake was the second of his trio of scores for large-scale disaster films, having previously scored The Poseidon Adventure and following with The Towering Inferno. Williams scored both Earthquake and The Towering Inferno in the summer of 1974, both scores showing similarities to one another (notably Earthquake's theme and The Towering Inferno's love theme sharing the same eight-note melody, albeit in different keys). The music of the song "C'est si Bon" by Henri Betti is played on the guitar in the middle of the film.

On December 10, 2019, La-La Land Records released a fully remastered and expanded version of Williams' music, as part of the Disaster Movie Soundtrack Collection, which includes the remastered expansions of Williams's music for this film, as well as The Towering Inferno and The Poseidon Adventure.

Pretests and re-edits
After an October 2, 1974 test screening in Joplin, Missouri, Universal opted to cut 30 minutes from the film, notably from the pre-quake sequences, at the cost of some of the dramatic flow. This included a narration sequence about the San Andreas fault and an impending catastrophic earthquake that would occur in either Los Angeles or San Francisco. This scene was filmed and was set to be shown before the opening title credits (although it was removed at the last minute, it was eventually included as the opening sequence of the NBC television edit for the September, 1976 broadcast premiere). Also excised were lengthy scenes of Remy and Graff arguing at the beginning of the film. After Remy's faked suicide attempt, Dr. Vance (Lloyd Nolan) inadvertently informs his old friend Graff that Remy had an abortion two years prior (he was told it was a miscarriage). Angered because he wanted children, Graff storms off. There was more of Slade's leaving the police station, and footage of Rosa's leaving the market was shot as well. She was filmed waiting for a bus and being offered a lift from a man on a motorcycle (this footage eventually was used in the film's television cut). Just before the earthquake, Stewart and Remy had a final fight (in front of Stewart's car) that was deleted as well. During the earthquake, there was a scene of a nearby lumberyard's falling apart, and this was removed from the final cut.

Other scenes were shot to wrap up many characters' stories after the earthquake, but were deleted from the final print: Walt Russell and Dr. Stockle – whose fates are undetermined after the quake in the theatrical release – were shown alive in the seismology laboratory post-quake. They were shown finding the earthquake's magnitude to be 9.9 on the Richter scale. The film's final scene was significantly re-edited, and originally showed Denise walking up to Lew Slade as he emerges from the manhole, and asks if Stewart had survived; upon hearing of his death, she walks over to Corry who has regained consciousness.

The elevator scene
A scene involving an elevator loaded with passengers plummeting 25 floors to the ground during the earthquake is one of the film's more notorious sequences, mainly for how its conclusion was depicted. As originally scripted, the occupants were pressed to the ceiling of the elevator as it fell down the shaft, and then dropped to the floor when the elevator crashes to the bottom. To film this, an elevator set was built suspended several feet over the stage floor, allowing for the dropping of the set (with the stunt people inside). The scene was filmed several times, with several stunt people involved. Copious amounts of stage blood were rigged to spray the stunt people inside the elevator set with blood when the set came crashing to the ground. After several tries over two separate filming days weeks apart (the break in filming was an attempt to perfect the mechanical effects involved), and with unsatisfactory results, the decision was made to edit the scene with an "animated blood" effect to be added in post production. The optical effect was superimposed over a still frame of part of the unusable footage, resulting in the "cartoonish" nature of the shot. The television version removed the animated blood sequence.

Reception
Released in the United States on November 15, 1974, Earthquake ranked third among the high-grossing film of the year; The Towering Inferno was the highest.

Box office
Earthquake grossed $1,306,271 in its opening weekend from 62 theatres in 51 cities. It eventually grossed $79.7 million domestically ($450.5 million, adjusted for inflation in 2023 dollars) being one of the highest-grossing films of the time. The film earned  () overseas in Japan, bringing its worldwide gross to .

Critical response
At its release, critics generally acknowledged the special effects in Earthquake while discounting other aspects. Without either panning or praising the film, Nora Sayre of the New York Times wrote that it was an improvement on Airport 1975 and observed, "The impulse to shout advice to the screen—get out! go away! don't enter that building—is quite powerful, so this does rank as a participatory movie." Judith Crist wrote in New York Magazine that "the nonsense is bearable for the spectacle. And ... here we have a feast of feats of destruction." Pauline Kael wrote "The picture is swill, but it isn't a cheat; it's an entertaining marathon of Grade-A destruction effects". Roger Ebert criticized the "witless Earthquake" for "regarding [the effects] with awe". Gene Siskel gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote the special effects were "terrific" but identified a basic problem with the story: "With a Poseidon Adventure or an Airport the ending is clear people are saved ultimately thru their own or somebody else's enterprise. But with an earthquake, the final solution is out of one's hands, anyone's hands even Allstate's. If the tremors don't stop, then everybody'll die; if they do, then only a few people will die. End of story." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the Sensurround vibrations "succeed very nicely in making themselves felt as well as heard and they set up an anxiety which makes watching 'Earthquake' a very ambivalent experience for anyone who, so to speak, has been there before." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote "Thanks to Sensurround, 'Earthquake' figures to be the gimmick hit of 1974. Without the gimmick, it would be difficult to distinguish this perfunctory, mediocre piece of storytelling from Universal's other disaster vehicle, Airport 1975."

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 44% from 32 reviews with an average score of 4.90 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads: "The destruction of Los Angeles is always a welcome sight, but Earthquake offers little besides big actors slumming through crumbling sets." Metacritic, who uses a weighed average, has assigned the film a score of 56/100 based on 6 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Leonard Maltin gave the film a "BOMB" rating, stating "[the] title tells the story in hackneyed disaster epic ... Marjoe as a sex deviate and Gardner as Lorne Greene's daughter tie for film's top casting honors." Gardner was only 8 years younger than Lorne Greene.

Accolades
Earthquake was nominated for four Academy Awards. including Best Film Editing, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Alexander Golitzen and E. Preston Ames; Set Decoration: Frank R. McKelvy) and Best Sound (Ronald Pierce and Melvin Metcalfe Sr.). It won for Best Sound (Ronald Pierce and Melvin Metcalfe Sr.) and a Special Achievement Academy Award for Visual Effects (Frank Brendel, Glen Robinson and Albert Whitlock).

The film was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Original Score (John Williams).

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2001: AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated

Television version
For the film's television premiere on Sunday, September 26, 1976 on NBC, additional footage was added to expand the film's running time so it could be aired over two nights, as part of NBC's promotion of "The Big Event" fall premiere series (the second night aired on Sunday, October 3, 1976). This "television version" made no use of material left out of the theatrical release (save one brief scene featuring Victoria Principal and Reb Brown), but rather incorporated new footage filmed nearly two years after the original using two of the original film's stars, Marjoe Gortner and Victoria Principal, as well as Jesse Vint and Michael Richardson (reprising their film roles of Marjoe Gortner's taunting roommates), expanding on the original storyline from the theatrical film. Editing and re-recorded dialogue helped integrate this expansion into the original film. An entirely new storyline shot specifically for the television version was that of a young married couple (Debralee Scott and Sam Chew) flying to Los Angeles on an airplane. The husband seeks a job with the Royce Construction company of the film (in fact, hoping to work with Charlton Heston's character, Stewart Graff), while his wife has the eerily accurate ability to see the future with tarot cards. Their airliner attempts to land at Los Angeles International Airport as the titular earthquake hits, and the airliner makes a touch-and-go landing on a runway that is breaking up, diverting to San Francisco. Throughout the remainder of the television version, the film cuts back to the couple as they discuss their future together, and the husband's wish to return to Los Angeles and help rebuild the city.

The "Sensurround" audio of the original film was simulcast in FM stereo in the Los Angeles and New York markets. This theoretically allowed the home viewer (with the properly equipped sound system) to experience a similar effect as in the theater.

Theme park attractions

Earthquake inspired the attractions Earthquake: The Big One at Universal Studios Florida and Hollywood.

The Hollywood attraction opened in March 1989 as part of the Studio Tour tram ride. The tram enters a sound stage, the interior designed to look like a San Francisco underground BART station, whereupon a two-and-a-half-minute simulation of an 8.3 earthquake takes place, featuring a gas truck falling into the station, a runaway train and a flood.

The Florida attraction opened in June 1990. It began with an introductory film on the making of Earthquake with Charlton Heston appearing to explain the special effects, followed by a live demonstration based on the film with audience participation. The attraction culminated in a simulated 8.3 earthquake aboard an underground train at Embarcadero Station in San Francisco. In the fall of 2002, the pre-show was changed to a more generic "magic of making movies" theme, with slight modifications which included mentioning special effects used in other films besides Earthquake. The Florida attraction officially closed on November 5, 2007, and reopened several months later as "Disaster!: A Major Motion Picture Ride...Starring You!."

Stock footage
Many scenes from the film, especially those featuring the destruction of Los Angeles, have appeared in other productions, often those of Universal Studios itself (effectively allowing Universal to recoup some of the expenses associated with filming the costly special effects). Some examples include:

 Damnation Alley: In this 1977 film, the earth shifts from its axis after a full-scale nuclear war. Flood scenes from the dam burst in Earthquake are used to help depict the earth returning to its correct axis.
 Quantum Leap: The episode "Disco Inferno" has Sam Beckett leaped in as a film stuntman. One of his jobs is on the set of Earthquake, where he is the character seen hanging from a piece of debris whom Sam Royce (Lorne Greene's character) attempts to save, but Beckett loses his grip and falls.
 Galactica 1980: In the episode "Galactica Discovers Earth", in a "computer simulation" of a devastating Cylon attack on Los Angeles, which used different extended takes of what was shown in the original film, composited with newly-filmed elements for the series. This footage was in turn shown in the Tom Petty music video for the song "You Got Lucky".
 V: The Final Battle: Footage from the sequence featuring the collapse of the Hollywood dam was reused during the destruction of the Visitors water pumping station.
 Barenaked Ladies music video for "Another Postcard": Parts of the film, namely when the big earthquake struck, were used.
 The Incredible Hulk: In the first-season episode "Earthquakes Happen", several building collapse scenes, the collapsing freeway overpass scene, the collapsing Spanish bells, the sliding and falling stilt houses, and the collapsing high tension wires and parts of the wooden foot bridge scenes were reused with slightly zoomed or slightly reoriented focus to minimize association with Earthquake.
 Scarface (1983) has a scene where Tony Montana is going to buy cocaine from some drug dealers, and the TV set in the motel room shows the scene in this film where the graduate assistant is explaining his earthquake theory to the director of the Seismology Institute.

Notes

Scientific accuracy
The purported magnitude of the earthquake in the film (9.9 on the Richter Scale) would make it the largest ever recorded, eclipsing the record set by the actual Chilean Earthquake of 1960 (9.5 on the Richter Scale). However, such huge earthquakes can only be generated by "megathrust" faults or asteroid strikes. The numerous faults in California, particularly the San Andreas (the fault implied to have generated the titular earthquake in the film), are the "strike-slip" type, which historically have rarely produced tremors higher than 8.3 on the Richter Scale in recorded history.

See also
 List of American films of 1974

References

External links

 Disaster Films at filmsite.org
 "Introduction to Sensurround" March 2004 article in the 70mm Newsletter

1974 films
1970s disaster films
1970s thriller films
1970s American films
American disaster films
American survival films
American thriller films
Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department
Films about earthquakes
Seismology in fiction
Films directed by Mark Robson
Films scored by John Williams
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award
Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Films with screenplays by Mario Puzo
Universal Pictures films
1974 drama films
1970s English-language films

Earthquake (1974 film)


Prix Bancroft peut désigner les distinctions suivantes  :
 Prix Bancroft, prix remis par l'université américaine Columbia aux auteurs d'ouvrages originaux traitant de diplomatie ou de l'histoire des Amériques ;
 Prix Bancroft, prix remis par la Société royale du Canada pour récompenser l'enseignement et la recherche en sciences géologiques.

Prix Bancroft


Gribov este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Stropkov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 191 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Gribov este atestată documentar din 1414.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Gribov, Stropkov


Adeodat (på engelsk kendt som Adeodatus II, død 17. juni 676) var pave fra 11. april 672 til sin død i 676. Der vides ganske lidt om Adeodat, men han blev født i Rom. De fleste bevarede kilder indikerer at han var kendt for at være generøs, særligt når det kom til fattige eller pilgrimme. Han brugte meget af sin tid som pave på et forbedre kirker. Han efterfulgte Vitalian og blev efterfulgt af Donus.

Referencer

Paver i middelalderen

Pave Adeodat


Grafički fakultet u Zagrebu je fakultet u Zagrebu.

Dijelom je Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Povijest
Dugi niz godina za grafičku struku školovali su se samo kvalificirani i visokokvalificirani radnici. Tek 1951. godine osnovan je Grafički tehnikum na kojem se počinju školovati grafički tehničari.

Godine 1959. godine donosi se Zakon o osnivanju Više grafičke škole u Zagrebu. Uskoro se pokazala potreba za fakultetskim obrazovanim grafičkim kadrovima, ali je ozbiljnija akcija za osnivanje Grafičkog fakulteta započela tek 1973. godine. Viša grafička škola u Zagrebu kao punopravni član 1979. godine ulazi u sastav Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Nakon odluke Samoupravne interesne zajednice usmjerenog obrazovanja grafičke industrije SR Hrvatske o promjeni naziva i djelatnosti Više grafičke škole u Grafički fakultet u Zagrebu, Republički komitet za znanost, tehnologiju i informatiku izdaje rješenje o promjeni naziva i Grafički fakultet registrira se kao znanstveno-nastavna organizacija u području kemijskog inženjerstva kao privremenog znanstvenog područja do donošenja konačne odluke o priznanju novog znanstvenog područja grafičke tehnologije.

Skupština grada Zagreba prihvaća Statut Grafičkog fakulteta i 1990. godine upisuje ga u registar Privrednog suda u Zagrebu kao Grafički fakultet s osnovnom djelatnosti u obrazovanju grafičkih inženjera i diplomiranih grafičkih inženjera.

Na taj način završene su akcije uz pomoć Sabora, Sveučilišta, Republičkog komiteta za znanost i grafičke privrede oko osnivanja Grafičkog fakulteta kao jedinog za visoko obrazovanje u grafičkoj djelatnosti, ne samo u Hrvatskoj nego i u cijeloj jugoistočnoj Europi. Do danas je diplomiralo više od 2129 grafičkih inženjera i 276 diplomiranih inženjera grafičke tehnologije.

Poznati znanstvenici
 Esad Jogić
 Osman Muftić

Studiji
Na preddiplomskom i diplomskom studiju grafičke tehnologije postoje 2 smjera:
 Tehničko-tehnološki smjer
 Dizajn grafičkih proizvoda

Na doktorskom studiju postoji jedan smjer:
 Grafičko inženjerstvo i oblikovanje grafičkih proizvoda

Povezani članci
 Blaž Baromić

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Službena web-stranica

Sveučilište u Zagrebu
Fakulteti u Hrvatskoj

Grafički fakultet u Zagrebu


Thea Iven Ulstrup er en dansk stemmeskuespiller (dubber), der har lagt stemme til adskillige tegnefilm.

Thea er født i 1990 og stammer fra Hvidovre. I 2000 begyndte hun at lægge stemme til tegnefilm og gør det stadig den dag i dag. Hendes første film var Monsters Inc., hvor hun lagde stemme til flere små monstre. Hendes første tegnefilmserie var Lloyd i rummet, hvor hun spillede hovedpersonen Lloyds lillesøster, Francine.

Stemmeskuespil
 Avatar: Den sidste luftbetvinger - Toph
 Chihiro og heksene - Chihiro
 Eventyrtid - Prinsesse Sukkermås
 Find Nemo - Darla
 Lilo & Stitch - Mertle
 Hannah Montana - Holly og Carmen
 Harry Potter og Fønixordenen (spil) - Ginny Weasley
 High School Musical - Gabriella
 Hundehotellet - Andi
 Kiki - den lille heks - Den rødhårede heks
 Popples - Sunny
 Violetta - Nata
 Højs hus - Lana Høj, Lily Høj, Ronnie Anne Santiago

Se også
Maja Iven Ulstrup

Eksterne henvisninger

 http://voiceacting.wikia.com/wiki/Thea_Iven_Ulstrup

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyWTulHu0UQ

Tegnefilmsdubbere fra Danmark
Personer fra Hvidovre

Thea Iven Ulstrup


Skollarót (fræðiheiti: Hyoscyamus niger) er einær jurt af náttskuggaætt. Hún er ættuð frá Evrópu og Síberíu og hefur breiðst út með ræktun, sem lækningaplanta. Hún hefur gjarnan verið bendluð við nornir og galdra. Hætta á banvænni eitrun er veruleg.

Tilvísanir

Náttskuggaætt
Lækningajurtir

Skollarót


von Triers 100 øjne er en dansk portrætfilm fra 2000 skrevet og instrueret af Katia Forbert Petersen.

Handling
I maj 2000 modtog Lars von Trier De Gyldne Palmer i Cannes for filmen Dancer in the Dark og den islandske sanger Bjørk fik prisen som bedste skuespillerinde. Filmens titel refererer til von Triers ide om at kombinere det håndholdte kamera, som han selv betjener, med 100 faste, ubemandede kameraer på filmens dansescener. Indspilningen af »Dancer in the Dark« blev et drama i sig selv, især mellem von Trier og Bjørk: "Bjørk og mit forhold er meget ægteskabslignende: Det starter med en masse følelser af forskellig art...kreativitet...man tror man kan læse hinandens tanker, - og så ender det med en magtkamp", siger Trier. »Von Triers 100 øjne« beskriver Triers kamp for at færdiggøre »Dancer in the Dark« og den smerte, der måske er forudsætningen for at skabe kunst.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2000

Portrætfilm fra Danmark

Von Triers 100 øjne


Buddy Rogers (born Herman Gustav Rohde Jr.; February 20, 1921 – June 26, 1992), better known by the ring name "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers, was an American professional wrestler who was one of the biggest professional wrestling stars in the beginning of the television era. His performances influenced future professional wrestlers, including "Nature Boy" Ric Flair, who used Rogers's nickname, as well as his look, attitude and finishing hold, the figure-four leglock. He was also known for his rivalry with Lou Thesz, both in and out of the ring.

Rogers was a fourteen-time world champion, notably holding the top championship in both the NWA and the WWF, today known as WWE (he was the inaugural WWF World Heavyweight Champion). He is one of three men in history to have held both championships, along with Ric Flair and AJ Styles.

Early life
Rogers was the son of Herman Gustav Rohde Sr., and Frieda Stech, both German immigrants. He was athletic, and took up wrestling at age nine at the local YMCA, joining the Camden YMCA Wrestling League and winning its heavyweight championship. He served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Rogers also excelled in football, boxing, track and swimming, winning the YMCA's three-mile swimming championship in 1937. Rogers joined the Dale Brothers Circus as a wrestler at age 17. He later worked at a shipyard, and became a police officer.

Professional wrestling career

Early career and National Wrestling Alliance (1939–1963)
Rogers visited the offices of professional wrestling promoters Ray and Frank Hanley, who gave him his first match on July 4, 1939, against Moe Brazen, which he won. Rogers soon became a top professional wrestler using his real name around his hometown as Dutch Rhode, where he gained his first major win over Ed "Strangler" Lewis. He continued his career in Houston, where he assumed the name Buddy Rogers. Rogers would get his first title during his tenure there, winning the NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship four times, once from Lou Thesz, beginning a long feud between them both in and out of the ring. After leaving the Texas territory for Columbus, Ohio, Rogers bleached his hair, and was given the moniker "Natural Guy" by promoter Jack Pfefer. The moniker later evolved to "Nature Boy". In the early 1950s, Lillian Ellison (under the moniker Slave Girl Moolah) worked as his valet. Ellison claims that the partnership ended after Rogers pushed for a sexual relationship, which Ellison refused. With the advent of television, Rogers's flashy look, great physique and bombastic personality instantly caught the ire of audiences. The first sign of Rogers's impact was his involvement in Sam Muchnick's opposition promotion in St. Louis, Missouri, a major professional wrestling market at the time. He was pitted against Lou Thesz as a draw. In the end, Muchnick's promotion was powerful enough with Rogers as its main star that the two promotions merged. Rogers continued control of the Midwest as a booker and professional wrestler, most notably in Chicago, frequently selling out the 11,000-seat arena. In the 1950s, Rogers expanded into Vincent J. McMahon's Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC). He also wrestled in the Al Haft promotion out of Columbus, Ohio in the 1950s and through 1963.

In 1961, the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) voted him into an NWA World Heavyweight Championship match. On June 30, 1961, Rogers took the title from Pat O'Connor in front of 38,622 fans at Comiskey Park, which set a new North American professional wrestling attendance record that stood until the David Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions in 1984. In addition, the $148,000 gate in ticket sales was a professional wrestling record for almost twenty years. The contest, which was a two out of three falls match, was billed as the "Match of the Century", during which both men had gained a pinfall. However, when O'Connor missed a dropkick and hit his head, Rogers pinned him to win the match and being recognized as the new NWA World Heavyweight Champion. A rematch was set between the two for the title months later, where Rogers retained. At the time, Rogers was working at two different jobs in Chicago, but he never walked into work again according to his autobiography. Many promoters felt that Rogers favored northeastern promoters over other territories. Promoters and noted shooters Bill Miller and Karl Gotch confronted Rogers in Columbus and broke his hand. Rogers sustained another injury in Montreal against Killer Kowalski, which kept Rogers on the sidelines. Upon his return, the NWA voted to switch the title back over to Lou Thesz, who publicly disliked Rogers. On January 24, 1963, the match took place in Toronto. Rogers was hesitant about dropping the title, so promoter Sam Muchnick put three safeguards in place to guarantee Rogers's cooperation. The first safeguard was formatting the match as a one fall finish, rather than the traditional best two out of three falls. The second safeguard was his threat to give Rogers's bond away to charity, rather than returning the deposit to the dethroned Rogers. Every NWA World Heavyweight Champion was required to pay a $25,000 deposit to the NWA Board of Directors, before winning the championship belt. The deposit was held by the NWA for the duration of the champion's reign. The third safeguard was Thesz, who could "take" the title if necessary. Ultimately, Thesz won the match and the title.

Rogers was a co-holder of the NWA United States Tag Team Championship with tag team partner "Handsome" Johnny Barend. They won the championship on July 5, 1962, from Johnny Valentine and "Cowboy" Bob Ellis on Capitol Wrestling's regular Thursday night Washington, D.C., television show. Arnold Skaaland was a last minute replacement for Ellis whose flight was delayed and unable to get to the arena. With the championship on the line, Rogers and Barend isolated Skaaland whom Rogers forced to submit with his figure-four leglock to win the first fall. After Skaaland was carried from the ring on a stretcher, Valentine continued to fight alone in the second fall. Valentine fought valiantly, but was worn down by Rogers and Barend. Just when it looked like Valentine was going to succumb to the vicious attack of the heels the crowd erupted. The television cameras swung from a view of the ring to "Cowboy" Bob Ellis running down the aisle in street clothes and carrying a travel suitcase. Ellis jumped into the ring, applied multiple bulldog headlocks and pinned Barend to win the second fall for his team. The third fall featured everyone fighting inside and outside the ring. Finally, Ellis and Barend collided in the corner and knocked each other out. The referee was distracted by Valentine trying to get into the ring as Rogers grabbed an unconscious Barend by his hair and back of his trunks and threw him on top of Ellis for the victory. Rogers and Barend defeated Valentine and Ellis in a title rematch at Madison Square Garden on July 13, 1962. They defended the championship until March 7, 1963, when they lost to Killer Buddy Austin and The Great Scott on Capitol Wrestling's regular Thursday night television broadcast. Rogers and Barend split briefly and feuded, but they reunited that summer to defeat Bobo Brazil and Bruno Sammartino in a best two out of three falls tag team match. During the Rogers-Barend feud, Rogers regularly teamed with a masked wrestler, The Shadow. Prior to his title reign with Barend, Rogers frequently teamed with the "Big O" Bob Orton. During the 1950s, Rogers's main tag team partner was The Great Scott.

World Wide Wrestling Federation and semi-retirement (1963–1969)
After Thesz defeated Rogers for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, Northeast promoters Toots Mondt and Vincent J. McMahon withdrew their membership from the NWA and formed the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF, now WWE). The promoters felt that Thesz was not a strong draw in their territory, therefore the WWWF billed Rogers as their world champion as did Fred Kohler's Chicago promotion from January 25. Rogers was formally recognized as the first ever WWWF World Heavyweight Champion on April 11, 1963, when promoter and first WWWF President Willie Gilzenberg handed Rogers the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship belt on Washington, D.C., television. Gilzenberg explained that Rogers won a wrestling tournament in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, although it was fictional. WWE.com currently cites April 25, 1963, as the beginning of Rogers's reign. Rogers was a top draw, but his reign was ultimately cut short by a mild heart attack which greatly hindered his endurance and in-ring performance. Vincent J. McMahon and Toots Mondt were in a panic and hid Rogers's medical problems. In an emergency title switch, Rogers put over Bruno Sammartino in a quick 48 second match on May 17, 1963, in Madison Square Garden. The match had to be kept short for fear of Rogers having a major heart attack and dying in the ring.

After putting over Sammartino, his health problems forced Rogers to wrestle in only a limited number of short singles matches that lasted a minute or two. He participated in a few tag team matches with partner Handsome Johnny Barend where he spent almost the entire match in his corner on the ring apron while Barend did the wrestling. Rogers defeated Hans "The Great" Mortier in less than a minute with the figure-four leglock in Madison Square Garden and teamed with Handsome Johnny Barend to take two out of three falls via pin from Sammartino and Bobo Brazil, with Rogers pinning Sammartino for the final fall. The big rematch was to be held October 4, 1963, at Roosevelt Stadium in Jersey City, New Jersey. The tickets were printed with Rogers–Sammartino on them. However, it was announced that Rogers was retiring and Gorilla Monsoon, who had won a tournament, got the title shot that night. In 1966–1967, Rogers wrestled in 18 short matches in Canada. In 1969, Rogers appeared in 19 quick matches in an Ohio-based promotion called Wrestling Show Classics before he realized his health was not getting better to the point where he could wrestle. He spent time on television talking with his former manager Bobby Davis.  A decade later, Rogers would try to make a legitimate comeback.

Jim Crockett Promotions and return to WWF (1978–1992)
In 1979, Rogers returned to wrestling as a fan favorite in Florida, although he was in his late 50s. He later moved up to Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) in the Carolinas as a villain manager managing professional wrestlers like Jimmy Snuka, Ken Patera, Gene Anderson, Dewey Robertson and Big John Studd. His most notable moment during his run in the Carolinas was his feud with the new "Nature Boy" Ric Flair, before Rogers put over Flair on July 9, 1978. After his time in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling (MACW), he moved back into WWF where he was a fan favorite manager and part-time professional wrestler who also hosted the interview segment "Rogers' Corner" until 1983. Rogers was instrumental in helping turn Jimmy Snuka into a fan favorite, leading to Rogers managing Snuka for his feud with Lou Albano and Ray Stevens. During the feud, Rogers broke his hip and retired from professional wrestling for good. His show was replaced by "Victory Corner", which would later be replaced by "Piper's Pit". He would continue to make sporadic appearances in the WWF until 1984, right before the beginning of the Rock 'n' Wrestling era. Rogers, who was at the age of 71, was set to wrestle yet another "Nature Boy", this time Buddy Landel, in a comeback match for the Tri-State Wrestling Alliance (TWA, a predecessor of Extreme Championship Wrestling – ECW) in early 1992, but the promotion went out of business and the match never occurred.

Personal life
Rogers married Ruth "Debbie" Nixon in 1969 and subsequently adopted her son, David Buddy Rogers,  as his own. When Rogers retired from wrestling, he took a job as a manager at a Playboy Club casino. He resided in Haddonfield, New Jersey, until he moved to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 1987.

In 1989, while Rogers was eating a turkey sandwich at a hoagie shop in Florida, a   man in his late 20s began verbally abusing two female employees. Rogers told the man to stop shouting, but the man called him "old" and challenged him to a fight.  Rogers proceeded to push the man into a wall, leading to the man throwing a chair at him. Rogers fought back and threw the man five feet into a refrigerator. Rogers then hit him in the stomach, knocking him into the kitchen. He then held onto Rogers' hair repeatedly telling him to stop, fleeing the shop afterwards. Rogers, who received 14 stitches after the fight, stated to a reporter that the man calling him "old" was the worst part of the incident, then saying "Hell, I'm only 68, that's not so old."

Death
In early 1992, Rogers' health deteriorated. He had a broken arm and suffered three strokes, two of them occurring on the same day. At his own request he was not placed on life-support and died on June 26, 1992, at the age of 71. Other reports suggest that his death was as the result of a heart attack. He had previously suffered a fall at a supermarket and subsequently underwent heart-bypass surgery.

Legacy
Lou Thesz, Rogers's long-time colleague and frequent opponent, described Rogers's early impact in his memoir, Hooker:
Rogers is remembered by fans and performers alike as one of the top all-time stars in the business, but it's probably not common knowledge just how influential he was... he broke into the business somewhere around 1941 as a hero-type personality, with little more going for him than a good body and natural charisma in the ring – which is actually a pretty good beginning – and he was a hit almost from the start. He had that indefinable something fans responded to, and he was sharp enough to build upon what he had, paying attention to what got a reaction from the fans. What evolved over several years was the "Nature Boy", the prototype of the cocky, strutting, sneering, arrogant peroxide blond villain that is almost a tired wrestling cliché today. Rogers invented the character, and I believe he did it better than anyone.
Thesz continued,
He was also one of the first guys to rely a lot on what we called "flying" moves in the ring – body slams, dropkicks, piledrivers, ricochets off the ropes into his opponent, action moves that are commonplace today. All of those moves were in use before Rogers came along, but they were used sparingly; most of the wrestling prior to Rogers's emergence was done on the mat. Rogers was the first to use flying moves in quantity, staying off the mat, and the style was so popular with the fans that other wrestlers, including me, followed his lead.
Another Rogers contribution to modern professional wrestling was his bombastic interviewing style. Professional wrestlers might talk and converse with interviewers, but Rogers bragged and boasted about how great he was and how pathetic his opponents were. After winning the NWA World Heavyweight Championship from Pat O'Connor in Chicago in 1961, Rogers accepted the title belt and then took the microphone and shouted, "To a nicer guy it couldn't happen!" This type of bombastic style went over well with the fans and has been followed ever since. However, Rogers was not well liked during his prime years because he had a habit of taking advantage of opponents in the ring. During his prime years, he was known as much for his distinctive peacock-like strut as for his wrestling performance. He was also very skilled at drawing heat during interviews, with a smug "to a nicer guy, it couldn't have happened" being his catchphrase of sorts whenever he was victorious. He may have been the first authentic "charismatic" professional wrestler, who, along with almost equally charismatic Bobby Davis, would use cruel, yet hilarious, put-downs of his opponents, such as: "After I get through with him, he'll be back driving a garbage truck where he belongs". Almost like a tag team of pseudo-arrogance, Davis would incredulously say of Roger's opponents that they did not even deserve to be in the same ring as Rogers, bemoaning the fact that "this is a sport of kings!" Although he was viewed as a villain in most areas during most of his career, Rogers was always a fan favorite in cities throughout Ohio. This was probably due to his appearances for many years with the Al Haft Promotion who had their offices in Columbus.

According to Thesz, Rogers, although admittedly an excellent professional wrestler and a superb showman, was a manipulative schemer behind the scenes and was fond of saying in private: "Screw your friends and be nice to your enemies, so your enemies will become your friends, and then you can screw them too". With age, however, Rogers mellowed and became a very respected veteran and spokesman for professional wrestling. Rogers had one of the longest consistent top drawing periods of any main eventer (15 years) and the ability to draw in several different territories successfully. In 1994, he was posthumously inducted into the World Wrestling Federation Hall of Fame class of 1994. Fellow professional wrestlers Ric Flair and Buddy Landel adopted the "Nature Boy" gimmick from Rogers as a tribute to him. Even using Rogers's own signature move, the figure-four leglock, as his own, Flair even went as far as doing his own variation of the Rogers strut as well.

Championships and accomplishments
 American Wrestling Association
 AWA World Heavyweight Championship (Chicago version) (1 time)
 American Wrestling Association (Ohio)
 AWA World Heavyweight Championship (Ohio version) (3 times)
 American Wrestling Association (New England)
 AWA Eastern States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
  Capitol Wrestling Corporation/World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation
 WWWF World Heavyweight Championship (1 time, inaugural)
 NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (Northeast version) (1 time, inaugural)
 NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Northeast version) (2 times) – with Johnny Valentine (1) and Johnny Barend (1)
 WWF Hall of Fame (Class of 1994)
International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2021
 Midwest Wrestling Association MWA Ohio Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Great Scott (6) and Juan Sebastian (1)
 Jack Pfefer Promotions World Heavyweight Championship (Jack Pfeffer version) (4 times)
 Montreal Athletic Commission World Heavyweight Championship (Montreal version) (3 times)
 National Wrestling Alliance NWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 NWA Hall of Fame (class of 2010)
 NWA Chicago NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (Chicago version) (1 time)
 NWA Mid-America NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 NWA San Francisco NWA World Tag Team Championship (San Francisco version) (1 time) – with Ronnie Etchison
 NWA Western States Sports NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (Amarillo version) (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated Stanley Weston Award (1990)
 Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Class of 2002 (Television Era)
 Southwest Sports Inc. NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (7 times)1
 NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Otto Kuss
 St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2008
 World Wide Wrestling AllianceWWWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
 Other titles Maryland Eastern Heavyweight Championship (12 times)Victory Championship Wrestling'''
VCW Hall of Fame (Class of 2018)

1 Five of Rogers's six reigns with the NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship occurred before the title came under the control of the NWA and before the NWA was created. The situation is the same regarding Rogers's reign with the NWA Texas Tag Team Championship.

References

External links

1921 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American male actors
20th-century professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
American people of German descent
NWA World Heavyweight Champions
Professional wrestlers from New Jersey
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Sportspeople from Camden, New Jersey
WWE Hall of Fame inductees
WWE Champions
United States Navy personnel of World War II
WWWF United States Tag Team Champions
NWA Texas Heavyweight Champions

Buddy Rogers (wrestler)


Elpídio Silva (født 19. juli 1975) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Elpídio Silva


William Voris Gregory (* 21. Oktober 1877 bei Farmington, Graves County, Kentucky; † 10. Oktober 1936 in Mayfield, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Zwischen 1927 und 1936 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
William Gregory besuchte sowohl private als auch öffentliche Schulen. Im Jahr 1896 absolvierte er das West Kentucky College in Mayfield. Von 1898 bis 1900 war er in dieser Stadt im Schuldienst tätig. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an der School of Law der Cumberland University in Lebanon (Tennessee) und seiner 1902 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Mayfield in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Zwischen 1902 und 1910 war er als County Surveyor beim Graves County angestellt. Von 1913 bis 1919 fungierte er im selben Bezirk als Richter. Danach war Gregory von 1919 bis 1923 Bundesstaatsanwalt für den westlichen Distrikt von Kentucky. Zwischen 1920 und 1927 war er auch Kurator des Presbyterian Theological Seminary in Louisville. Seit 1925 führte er den Vorsitz dieses Kuratoriums. Gregory war auch Vizepräsident der Jefferson Davis Memorial Commission.

Politisch war Gregory Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1926 wurde er im ersten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1927 die Nachfolge von Alben W. Barkley antrat. Nach vier Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zu seinem Tod am 10. Oktober 1936 im Kongress verbleiben. Während seiner Zeit im Kongress wurden dort viele der New-Deal-Gesetze der Bundesregierung unter Präsident Franklin D. Roosevelt verabschiedet. Im Jahr 1933 wurden der 20. und der 21. Verfassungszusatz ratifiziert. 1936 wurde Gregory von seiner Partei für eine erneute Wiederwahl nominiert; er starb aber noch vor der Wahl. Die Nominierung ging dann an seinen Bruder Noble, der nach mehreren Wahlerfolgen den ersten Distrikt zwischen 1937 und 1959 im Kongress vertreten sollte.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
United States Attorney
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1877
Gestorben 1936
Mann

William Voris Gregory


In abstract algebra, a medial magma or medial groupoid is a magma or groupoid (that is, a set with a binary operation) which satisfies the identity

, or more simply

for all x, y, u and v, using the convention that juxtaposition denotes the same operation but has higher precedence. This identity has been variously called medial, abelian, alternation, transposition, interchange, bi-commutative, bisymmetric, surcommutative, entropic etc.

Any commutative semigroup is a medial magma, and a medial magma has an identity element if and only if it is a commutative monoid. The "only if" direction is the Eckmann–Hilton argument. Another class of semigroups forming medial magmas are normal bands. Medial magmas need not be associative: for any nontrivial abelian group with operation  and integers ,  the new binary operation defined by  yields a medial magma which in general is neither associative nor commutative.

Using the categorical definition of product, for a magma , one may define the Cartesian square magma  with the operation
 .
The binary operation of , considered as a mapping from  to , maps  to ,  to , and  to .
Hence, a magma  is medial if and only if its binary operation is a magma homomorphism from  to . This can easily be expressed in terms of a commutative diagram, and thus leads to the notion of a medial magma object in a category with a Cartesian product. (See the discussion in auto magma object.)

If  and  are endomorphisms of a medial magma, then the mapping   defined by pointwise multiplication

is itself an endomorphism. It follows that the set End() of all endomorphisms of a medial magma  is itself a medial magma.

Bruck–Murdoch–Toyoda theorem
The Bruck–Murdoch-Toyoda theorem provides the following characterization of medial quasigroups.  Given an abelian group  and two commuting automorphisms φ and ψ of , define an operation  on  by

where  some fixed element of .  It is not hard to prove that  forms a medial quasigroup under this operation.  The Bruck–Toyoda theorem states that every medial quasigroup is of this form, i.e. is isomorphic to a quasigroup defined from an abelian group in this way. In particular, every medial quasigroup is isotopic to an abelian group.

The result was obtained independently in 1941 by D.C. Murdoch and K. Toyoda. It was then rediscovered by Bruck in 1944.

Generalizations

The term medial or (more commonly) entropic is also used for a generalization to multiple operations.  An algebraic structure is an entropic algebra if every two operations satisfy a generalization of the medial identity.  Let f and g be operations of arity m and n, respectively.  Then f and g are required to satisfy

Nonassociative examples

A particularly natural example of a nonassociative medial magma is given by collinear points on Elliptic curves. The operation  for points on the curve, corresponding to drawing a line between x and y and defining  as the third intersection point of the line with the elliptic curve, is a (commutative) medial magma which is isotopic to the operation of elliptic curve addition.

Unlike elliptic curve addition,  is independent of the choice of a neutral element on the curve, and further satisfies the identities . This property is commonly used in purely geometric proofs that elliptic curve addition is associative.

See also
 Category of medial magmas

References

Non-associative algebra

Medial magma