The information bottleneck method is a technique in information theory introduced by Naftali Tishby, Fernando C. Pereira, and William Bialek. It is designed for finding the best tradeoff between accuracy and complexity (compression) when summarizing (e.g. clustering) a random variable X, given a joint probability distribution p(X,Y) between X and an observed relevant variable Y - and self-described as providing "a surprisingly rich framework for discussing a variety of problems in signal processing and learning".

Applications include distributional clustering and dimension reduction, and more recently it has been suggested as a theoretical foundation for deep learning. It generalized the classical notion of minimal sufficient statistics from parametric statistics to arbitrary distributions, not necessarily of exponential form. It does so by relaxing the sufficiency condition to capture some fraction of the mutual information with the relevant variable Y.

The information bottleneck can also be viewed as a rate distortion problem, with a distortion function that measures how well Y is predicted from a compressed representation T compared to its direct prediction from X. This interpretation provides a general iterative algorithm for solving the information bottleneck trade-off and calculating the information curve from the distribution p(X,Y).

Let the compressed representation be given by random variable . The algorithm minimizes the following functional with respect to conditional distribution :

where  and  are the mutual information of  and , and of  and , respectively, and  is a Lagrange multiplier.

Minimal sufficient statistics

Self-consistent equations

Learning theory for deep learning
It has been mathematically proven that controlling information bottleneck is one way to control generalization error in deep learning. Namely, the generalization error is proven to scale as  where  is the number of training samples,  is the input to a deep neural network, and  is the output of a hidden layer. This generalization bound scale with the degree of information bottleneck, unlike the other generalization bounds that scale with the number of parameters, VC dimension, Rademacher complexity, stability or robustness.

Phase transitions

Information theory of deep learning

Theory of Information Bottleneck is recently used to study Deep Neural Networks (DNN).
Consider  and  respectively as the input and output layers of a DNN, and let  be any hidden layer of the network.
Shwartz-Ziv and Tishby proposed the information bottleneck that expresses the tradeoff between the mutual information measures  and . In this case,  and  respectively quantify the amount of information that the hidden layer contains about the input and the output.
They conjectured that the training process of a DNN consists of two separate phases; 1) an initial fitting phase in which  increases, and 2) a subsequent compression phase in which  decreases. Saxe et al. in  countered the claim of Shwartz-Ziv and Tishby, stating that this compression phenomenon in DNNs is not comprehensive, and it depends on the particular activation function. In particular, they claimed that the compression does not happen with ReLu activation functions. Shwartz-Ziv and Tishby disputed these claims, arguing that Saxe et al had not observed compression due to weak estimates of the mutual information. Recently, Noshad et al. used a rate-optimal estimator of mutual information to explore this controversy, observing that the optimal hash-based estimator reveals the compression phenomenon in a wider range of networks with ReLu and maxpooling activations. On the other hand, recently Goldfeld et al. have argued that the observed compression is a result of geometric, and not of information-theoretic phenomena, a view that has been shared also in.

Variational bottleneck

Gaussian bottleneck

The Gaussian bottleneck, namely, applying the information bottleneck approach to Gaussian variables, leads to solutions related to canonical correlation analysis. Assume  are jointly multivariate zero mean normal vectors with covariances  and  is a compressed version of  that must maintain a given value of mutual information with . It can be shown that the optimum  is a normal vector consisting of linear combinations of the elements of  where matrix  has orthogonal rows.

The projection matrix  in fact contains  rows selected from the weighted left eigenvectors of the singular value decomposition of the  matrix (generally asymmetric)

Define the singular value decomposition

and the critical values

then the number  of active eigenvectors in the projection, or order of approximation, is given by

And we finally get

In which the weights are given by

where

Applying the Gaussian information bottleneck to time series (processes), yields solutions related to optimal predictive coding. This procedure is formally equivalent to linear Slow Feature Analysis.

Optimal temporal structures in linear dynamic systems can be revealed in the so-called past-future information bottleneck, an application of the bottleneck method to non-Gaussian sampled data. The concept, as treated by Creutzig, Tishby et al., is not without complication as two independent phases make up in the exercise: firstly estimation of the unknown parent probability densities from which the data samples are drawn and secondly the use of these densities within the information theoretic framework of the bottleneck.

Density estimation

Since the bottleneck method is framed in probabilistic rather than statistical terms, the underlying probability density at the sample points must be estimated. This is a well known problem with multiple solutions described by Silverman. In the present method, joint sample probabilities are found by use of a Markov transition matrix method and this has some mathematical synergy with the bottleneck method itself.

The arbitrarily increasing distance metric  between all sample pairs and distance matrix is  . Then transition probabilities between sample pairs  for some must be computed. Treating samples as states, and a normalised version of  as a Markov state transition probability matrix, the vector of probabilities of the 'states' after  steps, conditioned on the initial state , is . The equilibrium probability vector  given, in the usual way, by the dominant eigenvector of matrix  which is independent of the initialising vector . This Markov transition method establishes a probability at the sample points which is claimed to be proportional to the probabilities' densities there.

Other interpretations of the use of the eigenvalues of distance matrix  are discussed in Silverman's Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis.

Clusters
In the following soft clustering example, the reference vector  contains sample categories and the joint probability  is assumed known. A soft cluster  is defined by its probability distribution over the data samples . Tishby et al. presented the following iterative set of equations to determine the clusters which are ultimately a generalization of the Blahut-Arimoto algorithm, developed in rate distortion theory. The application of this type of algorithm in neural networks appears to originate in entropy arguments arising in the application of Gibbs Distributions in deterministic annealing.

The function of each line of the iteration expands as

Line 1: This is a matrix valued set of conditional probabilities

The Kullback–Leibler divergence  between the  vectors generated by the sample data  and those generated by its reduced information proxy  is applied to assess the fidelity of the compressed vector with respect to the reference (or categorical) data  in accordance with the fundamental bottleneck equation.  is the Kullback–Leibler divergence between distributions

and  is a scalar normalization. The weighting by the negative exponent of the distance means that prior cluster probabilities are downweighted in line 1 when the Kullback–Leibler divergence is large, thus successful clusters grow in probability while unsuccessful ones decay.

Line 2:	 Second matrix-valued set of conditional probabilities. By definition

where the Bayes identities  are used.

Line 3: this line finds the marginal distribution of the clusters

This is a standard result.

Further inputs to the algorithm are the marginal sample distribution  which has already been determined by the dominant eigenvector of  and the matrix valued Kullback–Leibler divergence function

derived from the sample spacings and transition probabilities.

The matrix  can be initialized randomly or with a reasonable guess, while matrix  needs no prior values. Although the algorithm converges, multiple minima may exist that would need to be resolved.

Defining decision contours

To categorize a new sample  external to the training set , the previous distance metric finds the transition probabilities between  and all samples in ,  with  a normalization. Secondly apply the last two lines of the 3-line algorithm to get cluster and conditional category probabilities.

Finally

Parameter  must be kept under close supervision since, as it is increased from zero, increasing numbers of features, in the category probability space, snap into focus at certain critical thresholds.

An example
The following case examines clustering in a four quadrant multiplier with random inputs  and two categories of output, , generated by . This function has two spatially separated clusters for each category and so demonstrates that the method can handle such distributions.

20 samples are taken, uniformly distributed on the square  . The number of clusters used beyond the number of categories, two in this case, has little effect on performance and the results are shown for two clusters using parameters .

The distance function is  where  while the conditional distribution  is a 2 × 20 matrix

and zero elsewhere.

The summation in line 2 incorporates only two values representing the training values of +1 or −1, but nevertheless works well. The figure shows the locations of the twenty samples with '0' representing Y = 1 and 'x' representing Y = −1. The contour at the unity likelihood ratio level is shown,

as a new sample is scanned over the square. Theoretically the contour should align with the  and  coordinates but for such small sample numbers they have instead followed the spurious clusterings of the sample points.

Neural network/fuzzy logic analogies
This algorithm is somewhat analogous to a neural network with a single hidden layer. The internal nodes are represented by the clusters  and the first and second layers of network weights are the conditional probabilities  and  respectively. However, unlike a standard neural network, the algorithm relies entirely on probabilities as inputs rather than the sample values themselves, while internal and output values are all conditional probability density distributions. Nonlinear functions are encapsulated in distance metric  (or influence functions/radial basis functions) and transition probabilities instead of sigmoid functions.

The Blahut-Arimoto three-line algorithm converges rapidly, often in tens of iterations, and by varying ,  and  and the cardinality of the clusters, various levels of focus on features can be achieved.

The statistical soft clustering definition  has some overlap with the verbal fuzzy membership concept of fuzzy logic.

Extensions
An interesting extension is the case of information bottleneck with side information. Here information is maximized about one target variable and minimized about another, learning a representation that is informative about selected aspects of data. Formally

Bibliography

 P. Harremoës and N. Tishby "The Information Bottleneck Revisited or How to Choose a Good Distortion Measure". In proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) 2007

References

Cluster analysis algorithms
Multivariate statistics

Information bottleneck method


Ilex paraguariensis (Yerba mate), Aquifoliaceae (çobanpüskülügiller) familyasından bir bitki türüdür.

Bilinen diğer ismi "Paraguay çayı"dır. Anlam itibarı ile yerba bitki, mate de kap anlamına gelmektedir.

Dağılımı
Yerba mate Orta tropik bir bitki olarak, yüksek sıcaklığa ve yıllık 1500 mm üzerinde yağışa ihtiyaç duyar. Kuzey Arjantin, Paraguay, Uruguay, güney Brezilya ve Bolivya gibi tropik altı Güney Amerika ülkelerinde yerel olarak ve ticari amaçlı yetiştirilir.

Avrupalılar tarafından "yerlilerin yeşil altını" olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Özellikle Arjantin'in günlük yaşamında önemi büyüktür; zaman zaman fabrika işçilerinin içmeleri yasaklanmıştır.

Özellikleri
İçeriğinde potasyum, magnezyum ve manganez bulundurmaktadır. Hafif uyarıcı etkisi varsa bile çay ve kahvenin yanında çok düşük kalmaktadır. İştah kesme ve diüretik özelliği bilinmektedir.

Mate adını taşıyan içecek bitkinin öğütülmüş toz halinden hazırlanır. Genelde kendisine has kabında, mate tozunun üzerine sıcak su döküldükten sonra kendine has elekli pipeti ile içilmektedir. Aynı tozun üzerine defalarca (3-10) sıcak su döküp içmek mümkündür.

Sütle karıştırıp içmek de mümkündür; genelde çocuklara bu şekilde verilmektedir. Güney Amerika'da çok popüler bir içecektir. Kuzey Amerika'da ise genelde kahve alışkanlıklarını bırakmak isteyenler ve zayıflama çayı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Arjantinli Che Guevara'nın astımına karşı sürekli tükettiği bilinir.

Türkiye'de tarçın ya da nane katkılı çay poşeti şeklinde piyasada bulmak mümkündür.

Varyeteler

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

paraguariensis
Alkolsüz içecekler
Kafein
Uyarıcı bitki ve mantarlar

Ilex paraguariensis


Cristian Mark Junior Nascimento Oliveira Baroni (Belo Horizonte, Brasil, 25 de junio de 1983), futbolista brasilero. Juega de volante y su actual equipo es el SC Corinthians de la Serie A de Brasil.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos regionales

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de Brasil
Futbolistas del Paulista Futebol Clube
Futbolistas del Club Athletico Paranaense
Futbolistas del Clube de Regatas do Flamengo
Futbolistas del Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
Futbolistas del Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü
Nacidos en Belo Horizonte

Cristian Oliveira Baroni


Marie Laforêt (născută Maïténa Marie Brigitte Doumenach, poreclită "Fata cu ochii de aur", )  o cântăreață și actriță franceză. S-a mutat în 1978 la Geneva și a dobândit cetățenia elvețiană.

Biografie

Originea numelui ei
Primul ei prenume Maïtena, care este de origine bască, înseamnă "iubită", și este uneori folosit de locuitorii din Languedoc, mai ales din Pirinei, și seamănă, de asemenea, cu un diminutiv de la numele Marie-Thérèse, "Maïthé".

Doumenach, numele ei de familie, este de origine catalană – Domènec în catalană.
Numele ei de la naștere Maïtena Marie Brigitte Doumenach, și repertoriul ei, care a inclus piese inspirate din folclorul mondial, au condus la speculații cu privire la originea armeană a părinților ei.
Cântăreața obișnuia să se prezinte ea însăși ca "ariégeoise", adică din regiunea Ariège, aflată în sudul Franței.

Copilăria și adolescența
Marie Laforêt s-a născut la Soulac-sur-Mer, în Médoc, în vila "Rithé-Rilou", fiind numită după mama și mătușa ei: Marie Thérese și Marie Louise Saint Guily. Familia tatălui ei, Doumenach, era originară din Olette, un sat din departamentul Pyrénées Orientales, la granița cu Têt. Străbunicul ei patern, Louis Doumenach, a condus o fabrică de textile la Lavelanet, în Ariège, iar fiul lui, Charles-Joseph Doumenach, a fost colonel și consilier municipal.

Anii 1960
Cariera ei a început din întâmplare în 1959, atunci când a înlocuit-o pe sora ei în ultima clipă la un concurs de talente de la postul francez de radio Naissance d'une étoile (Nașterea unei stele) pe care l-a câștigat. Regizorul Louis Malle a distribuit-o apoi pe tânăra vedetă în filmul pe care-l turna în acea perioadă, Liberté, un proiect pe care l-a abandonat în cele din urmă, făcând ca prima apariție pe ecran a Mariei Laforêt să fie alături de Alain Delon în filmul Plein Soleil (1960), regizat de René Clément.

După acest film, ea a devenit foarte populară și a interpretat mai multe roluri în anii 1960. S-a căsătorit cu regizorul Jean-Gabriel Albicocco, care a distribuit-o în unele din producțiile sale, printre care La Fille aux Yeux d'Or, inspirat din scrierea lui Balzac, care va deveni porecla ei.

În al doilea film, Saint Tropezi Blues, acompaniată de un tânăr Jacques Higelin la chitară, ea a cantat piesa din titlu și imediat a început să lanseze single-uri, primul ei hit fiind Les Vendanges de l'Amour (1963). Cântecele ei au oferit o alternativă poetică tandră, mai matură, la melodiile yé-yé din Franța acelui timp. Melodiile ei au împrumutat mult din muzica populară exotică, mai ales din America de Sud și din Europa de Est, decât din muzica pop contemporană americană și britanică. Laforêt a colaborat cu mulți compozitori, muzicieni și scriitori francezi importanți, cum ar fi André Popp și Pierre Cour, care i-au pus la dispoziție o panoplie de aranjamente orchestrale sofisticate, cu zeci de instrumente muzicale, creând o varietate de sunete, uneori aproape medievale, renascentiste sau baroce, iar alteori destul de moderne și inovatoare.

Cu omul de afaceri Judas Azuelos, un evreu marocan de origine sefardă, ea are doi copii, o fiică și un fiu. Fiica, Lisa Azuelos, este o scenaristă, regizoare și producătoare de film franceză, care a făcut un film despre o altă celebră cântăreață franceză, Dalida, în 2017.

Anii 1970
La sfârșitul anilor 1960 Marie a devenit o figură destul de distinctă în muzica pop franceză. Ea a fost interesată să lanseze mai multe discuri proprii, dar a renunțat în cele din urmă. Deși single-uri ei cele mai de succes ("Viens, Viens", un cover la hitul german "Rain Rain Rain", și "Il a neigé sur Yesterday", o baladă despre destrămarea grupului Beatles) au fost lansate în anii 1970, Marie și-a pierdut treptat interesul față de cariera de cântăreață și s-a mutat în 1978 la Geneva, Elveția, unde a deschis o galerie de artă și a abandonat muzica.

Din anii 1980 până în 2019
În anii 1980 Marie s-a concentrat pe cariera de actriță, apărând în câteva filme franceze și italiene. A lansat câteva single-uri noi, dar acestea nu au fost populare. Ea a revenit în top, cu toate acestea, în 1993, cu ultimul ei album, ale cărui versuri erau scrise de ea. În anii 1990 a continuat să lucreze ca actriță atât pe ecran, cât și pe scenă. Ea a apărut în mai multe spectacole teatrale la Paris de-a lungul anilor, fiind aclamată de public și de critici. În septembrie 2005 ea a mers din nou într-un turneu muzical prin Franța, pentru prima dată din 1972. S-au vândut toate biletele de la fiecare concert. Marie Laforêt a locuit în Geneva și a obținut cetățenia elvețiană.

Decesul
Marie Laforêt a murit pe data de 2 noiembrie 2019 la Genolier (Suisse) din motive necunoscute public. Slujba de înmormântare a avut loc la Paris, în biserica Saint-Eustache, pe 24 noiembrie; urmată de înmormântarea sa în cripta familiei din cimitirul Père-Lachaise (diviziunea 49). Avea 80 de ani.

Filmografie selectivă
Cinema

Televiziune

 1961 : Le Rouge et le Noir de Pierre Cardinal (téléfilm) : Mathile De La Mole
 1965 : La redevance du fantôme de Robert Enrico (téléfilm) : Miss Diamond
 1972 : Kean: Un roi de théâtre de Marcel Moussy (téléfilm) : Comtesse Elena de Kloefeld
 1984 : Emmenez-moi au théâtre (série TV) : Pauline
 1987 : La Mafia 3 (La Piovra 3) de Luigi Perelli (série TV) : Anna Antinari

 1988 : Le loufiat (série TV) : la star
 1989 : La Bugiarda,de Franco Giraldi (téléfilm) : Elvira
 1989 : Isabella la ladra (série TV) : Elvira
 1990 : L'affaire Rodani (Quattro piccole donne) de Gianfranco Albano (série TV) : la mère des quatre filles
 1992 : Un cane sciolto 3 de Giorgio Capitani (téléfilm) : Hélène

 1994 : A che punto è la notte ? de Nanni Loy (téléfilm) : Chantal Guidi
 1995 : Adrien Le Sage: Ma fille est impossible (téléfilm) : Comtesse de Pontigny
 1996 : L'histoire du Samedi (série TV) : Françoise
 1997 : Le Désert de feu (Desierte di fuoco) d'Enzo G. Castellari (téléfilm) : Rahma
 1998 : Jeudi 12 de Patrick Vidal (série TV) : Françoise Gamelin
 1998 : Villa Vanille de Jean Sagols (téléfilm) : Pronia

Teatru

 1969 : La Hobereaute, de Jacques Audiberti, pusă în scenă de  Georges Vitaly, hôtel de Béthune-Sully
 1973 : Le Partage de midi, de Paul Claudel, pusă în scenă de G.-H. Régnier, théâtre de Bourges, rolul lui Isé
 1992 : L'Écorce bleue, de Marguerite Yourcenar, citind ca parte a Festival de Carpentras în data de  29  iulie 1992 la ora 22, teatru în aer liber.
 1997 : Le Vietnam de Marguerite Duras, lectură însoțită de ansamblul Ca Tru Thai Ha de Hanoï, festival de Saint-Florent-le-Vieil, dat abației în data de 28 iunie 1997
 1997 : Master Class de Terrence McNally, pusă în scenă de Roman Polanski, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin
 1999 : Master Class, de Terrence McNally, pusă în scenă de  Didier Long, théâtre Antoine
 2000 : Master Class, de Terrence McNally, copertă pentru câteva spectacole excepționale în perioada 18 aprilie 2000 și 30 aprilie 2000 la Opéra-Comique din Paris
 2003 : La Presse est unanime, de Laurent Ruquier, pusă în scenă de  Agnès Boury, théâtre des Variétés
 2004 : Jésus la Caille, adaptarea romanului Jésus-la-Caille de Francis Carco, pusă în scenă de Jacques Darcy, espace Pierre-Cardin
 2008 : Master Class de Terrence McNally, pusă în scenă de Didier Long, théâtre de Paris
 2009 : L'Hirondelle inattendue, opéra de Simon Laks, narator, orchestra filarmonică din Marseille dirijată de Lukasz Borowicz, Festival des musiques interdites de Marseille

Discografie
Albume de studio

 1964 : Viens sur la montagne
 1965 : La Fleur sans nom
 1967 : Manchester et Liverpool
 1968 : Le Lit de Lola
 1968 : Que calor la vida
 1969 : Le Vin de l'été
 1970 : Portrait
 1972 : Ay tu me plais
 1973 : Pourquoi les Hommes pleurent ?
 1974 : Noé
 1976 : La Vérité
 1977 : Il reviendra
 1979 : Moi je voyage
 1993 : Reconnaissances (Une Musique)

Albume live

 1970 : Récital
 1998 : Voyage au long cours

Albume în spaniolă

 1964 : Y Volvamos al Amor
 1965 : Entre Tú y Yo
 1968 : Qué Calor la Vida
 1969 : Mon amour, mon ami

Albume în italiană

 1964 : La Cantante Dagli Occhi d'Oro

Albume în portugheză

 1967 : Sôbre a Montanha

Single-uri și EP-uri din anii 1960

 1960 : Saint-Tropez Blues / Tumbleweed
 1963 : Tu fais semblant – Les vendanges de l'amour / Mary Ann – Les jeunes filles
 1963 : Blowin' in the Wind – Flora / House of the Rising Sun – Banks on the Ohio
 1963 : Au coeur de l'automne – L'amour en fleurs / Qu'est-ce qui fait pleurer les filles – Mais si loin de moi
 1963 : La vendemmia dell'amore – E giusto / Una noia senza fine – Che male c'e
 1964 : Viens sur la montagne – Les noces de campagne / Un amour qui s'éteint – L'amour qu'il fera demain
 1964 : La tendresse – La plage / Après toi qui sait – L'arbre qui pleure
 1965 : Katy cruelle – Entre toi et moi / La bague au doigt – Ma chanson faite pour toi
 1965 : Ah ! Dites, dites – Julie Crèvecoeur / Viens – À demain my darling
 1965 : La plage / Après toi, qui sait
 1966 : La voix du silence (The Sound of Silence) – Siffle, siffle ma fille / Je t'attends – L'orage
 1966 : Marie-douceur, Marie-colère (Paint It Black) – Toi qui dors / Je voudrais tant que tu comprennes – La moisson
 1966 : Manchester et Liverpool – Pourquoi ces nuages / Prenons le temps – Sur les chemins des Andes
 1966 : Mon amour, mon ami – Sébastien / Je suis folle de vous – Mon village au fond de l'eau
 1967 : Ivan, Boris et moi – Je ne peux rien promettre / Pour celui qui viendra – Tom
 1968 : Le lit de Lola – Qu'y-a-t-il de changé / Et si je t'aime – A la gare de Manhattan
 1968 : El polo – L'air que tu jouais pour moi / Le tengo rabia al silencio – House of the rising sun
 1968 : Que calor la vida – Mais mon coeur est vide / La valse des petits chiens blancs – Requiem pour trois mariages
 1969 : Au printemps – Roselyne / Feuilles d'or – D'être à vous
 1969 : Pour une étoile – Ton coeur sauvage / Vin de l'été – En plus de l'amour
 1969 : Ah ! Si mon moine – On n'oublie jamais / Tourne, tourne – La fleur sans nom
 1969 : Tu es laide / Toi, nos enfants et moi

LP-uri din anii 1960

 1964 : Marie Laforêt
 1965 : Marie Laforêt Vol. 2
 1967 : Marie Laforêt Vol. 3
 1968 : Marie Laforêt Vol. 4
 1968 : Que calor la vida
 1969 : Marie Laforêt Vol. 6
 1970 : Marie Laforêt Vol. 7

Publicații

 1981 : Contes et légendes de ma vie privée (ISBN 978-2-234-01349-0)
 2001 : Mes petites magies, livre de recettes pour devenir jeune (ISBN 978-2-84098-648-5)
 2002 : Panier de crabes : les vrais maîtres du monde (ISBN 978-2-84098-829-8)
 2008 : Sous le pseudonyme d'Erna Huili-Collins. Ouvrage collectif Correspondances intempestives : à la folie... pas du tout, Triartis

Note

Bibliografie
 Pierre Fageolle & Egon Kragel, Marie Laforêt , éd. ... Car rien n'a d'importance, 1994
Pierre Saka, Yann Plougastel (dir.), La Chanson française et francophone, Guide Totem, Larousse/HER, 1999 (2-03-511346-6)

 Alain Wodrascka, Marie Laforêt - La femme aux cent visages, éd. L'Étoile du Sud, 1999
 Alain Wodrascka, Marie Laforêt - Portrait d'une star libre, éd. Didier Carpentier, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-84167-612-5)
 Alain Wodrascka, Marie Laforêt - long courrier vers l'aurore, Mustang éditions, préface de Nilda Fernandez, 2014

Legături externe

 interview about her family life, in French
 some biographical data in Généalogie Magazine Nr 294. 2010
 Marie Laforet, celebrity in Switzerland – in French
 biography of Marie Laforet following Télé Melody, in French
 a biography, archives de la musique de la semaine
 interview about the place of religion in her life
 about her career, 2005
 Illustrated Discography

Nașteri în 1939
Decese în 2019
Actrițe de film franceze
Cântărețe franceze
Cetățeni naturalizați în Elveția
Înmormântări în cimitirul Père Lachaise
Actrițe franceze

Marie Laforêt


Kniphofia brachystachya es una planta bulbosa de la familia Xanthorrhoeaceae. Es originaria del sur de África.

Descripción
Es una planta bulbosa  con tallos solitarios o en pequeños grupos. Las hojas son erectas o algo encorvadas, rígidas de 15-28 cm de largo x 4-12 cm de ancho. El escapo de  250-650 mm de altura. La inflorescencia en forma de racimos cilíndricos, densos, de 40-90 x 10-15 mm, con flores de color amarillo pálido a marrón, púrpura marrón, ligeramente perfumadas.  Fruto globoso.

Relacionado con la especie Kniphofia typhoides, pero de menor estatura, con hojas más cortas y estrechas y las flores algo más pequeñas, de 4-5 mm de largo. Las brácteas son ovadas, agudas, mientras que en K. typhoides son redondeadas en el ápice. La única otra especie con flores tan pequeñas es Kniphofia buchananii, pero en esta especie las flores son blancas, las brácteas son lanceoladas acuminadas, y las hojas de la base, son de 400-600 x 2,5-4,0 mm .

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra desde las montañas del este de Griaqualand, KwaZulu-Natal y las estribaciones de los Drakensberg, en la región central de KwaZulu-Natal, en  los pastizales de la montaña a altitudes de 1 300 a 2 200 metros.

Taxonomía
Kniphofia brachystachya fue descrita por  (Zahlbr.) Codd y publicado en  Fl. Pl. Africa 36: t. 1424, en el año 1964.
Sinonimia
Notosceptrum brachystachyum Zahlbr.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

brachystachya

Kniphofia brachystachya


En matemáticas, un operador de clase traza o un operador de traza finita es un operador compacto para el cual la traza está definida (en ese caso la traza es un número finito y no depende de la base elegida).

La clase de operadores de traza finita coincide esencialmente con la de los operadores nucleares, aunque muchos autores reservan el término "operador de clase traza" para el caso particular de operadores nucleasres definidos en un espacio de Hilbert y usan el nombre de operador nuclear para el caso más general de un espacio de Banach.

Definición
Parafraseando la definición de la traza para matrices, un operador lineal acotado A definido sobre un espacio de Hilbert separable H se llama de clase traza o de traza finita si para alguna base ortonormal {ek}k de H la suma de términos positivos:

es finita. En ese caso la suma:

es absolutamente convergente y es independiente de la elección de la base ortonormal. Este valor se denomina traza de A. Cuando H es de dimensión finita, entonces, cualquier operador definido sobre él es acotado y es de traza finita (resultando en ese caso la traza coincidente con la traza de una matriz que represente al operador en una base dada).

Por extensión, si A es un operador autoadjunto y no negativo, se puede definir la traza de  A como el número real extendido dado por la suma, posiblemene divergente:

Propiedades

Teorema de Lidskii
Sea  un operador de clase traza definido en espacio de Hilbert separable  y sea   el conjunto de autovalores de . Asúmase que  se enumeran contabilizando multiplicidades algebraicas, entonces el teorema de Lidskii (llamado así por Victor Borisovich Lidskii) afirma que:

Nótese que la serie a la izquierda es absolutamente convergente debido a la desigualdad de Weyl:

entre los autovalores

y el valor singular:

de un operador compacto . Véase por ejemplo Simon (2005).

Relación entre algunas clases de operadores
Uno puede obtener ciertas clases de operadores acotados como el análogo no conmutativo de un espacio de sucesiones clásico. En este caso los operadores de clase traza son el análogo no conmutativo de los espacios . De hecho, aplicando el teorema espectral, todo operador normal de clase traza sobre un espacio de Hilbert separable se puede realizar como una sucesión en . De la misma manera:
 Los operadores acotados son el análogo no conmuativo de .
 Los operadores compactos son el análogo no comutativo de  (sucesiones que convergen a cero).
 Los operadores de Hilbert-Schmidt se corresponden con .
 Los operadorde de rango finito se corresponden con .
Hasta cierto punto las relaciones entre las diferentes clases de operadores son similares a las relaciones existentes entre sus contrapartes conmutativas.

Téngase en cuenta que todo operador compacto T definido en un espacio de Hilbert puede escribirse como:

para dos bases ortonormales {ui} y {vi}, formalizando lo anterior de manera más precisa:
 T es de clase de traza si la serie sumada  es convergente.
 T es del tipo Hilbert-Schmidt si  es convergente.
 T es de rango finito si  sólo tiene un número finito de sumandos diferentes de cero.
La caracterización anterior permite establecer fácilmente algunos hechos que relacionan esas clases de operadores. Por ejemplo, se tiene la siguiente cadena de inclusiones (si el espacio de Hilbert es de dimensión infinita son inclusiones propias): {rango finito} ⊂ {clase de traza} ⊂ {tipo Hilbert-Schmidt} ⊂ {compacto}.

Los operadores de clase de traza forman un espacio vectorial normado con la norma:

Los operadores de Hilbert-Schmidt admiten la norma vectorial:

Los operadores acotados admiten también la norma:

Estas tres normas satisfacen la siguiente cadena de desigualdades:

Para un operador de clase de traza.

Otro hecho interesante es que los operadores de rango finito constituyen un subconjunto denso tanto en el conjunto de operadores de Hilbert-Schmidt como en el conjunto de los operadores de clase traza (con topología definida por las normas anteriores).

La clase de traza como dual topológico
El espacio dual topológico del espacio vectorial de sucesiones de números reales convergentes  es el espacio de sucesiones tales que la serie asociada es absolutamente convergente . De manera similar el espacio dual de los operadores compactos  sobre un espacio de Hibert  coincide con el espacio vectorial de los operadores de clase traza. El argumento, que esbozamos a continuación es reminiscente del correspondiente argumento de espacios vectoriales de sucesiones. Sea  y se asocia a f con el operador Tf definido por:

donde Sx,y es el operador de rango 1 dado por:

Esta identificación funciona porque los operadores de rango finito forman un conjunto denso en . En el caso de que Tf sea un operador positivo, se tiene para cualquier base ortonormal ui, one has

donde I es el operador identidad:

Aunque esto implica que Tf es de clase de traza. Además puede probarse mediante un argumento basado en operadores de rango finito que  y, por tanto, que  es isométrico a C1.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Dixmier, J. (1969). Les Algebres d'Operateurs dans l'Espace Hilbertien. Gauthier-Villars.

Teoría de operadores lineales

Operador de clase de traza


Giuseppe D'Urso (d. 15 Eylül 1969) eski İtalyan 800 metre koşucusudur. Stuttgart, Almanya'da gerçekleşen 1993 Dünya Atletizm Şampiyonası'nda gümüş madalyanın sahibi olup 1996 Avrupa Salon Şampiyonası'ndaysa gene yarışı 2. tamamlamıştır.

1969 doğumlular
İtalyan orta mesafe koşucuları
İtalyan Olimpiyat atletleri
1996 Yaz Olimpiyatları atletleri
Yaşayan insanlar
İtalyan Akdeniz Oyunları atletleri
Altın Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı İtalyan sporcular
1997 Akdeniz Oyunları atletleri
Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı atletler

Giuseppe D'Urso


Aşkabat (Türkmence: Aşgabat, Farsça عشق آباد), Türkmenistan'ın başkentidir. 1.031.092 (2012) kişiyle Türkmenistan'ın en büyük şehridir. İran sınırı yakınında, Kopet Dağları'nın eteğinde, Karakum Çölü'nde bir vahada bulunur. 'Aşgabat şäheri' adlı kendine ait bölgede, ülkenin Ahal Vilayeti'nde yer alır. Aşkabat, Türkmenistan'ın güneyinde, İran sınırından 26 km'de yer alır. 1881'de bu bölge Rus işgal güçleri tarafından alınmıştır. İran'ın en büyük ikinci şehri olan Meşhed'dan 920 km uzaklıkta bulunur.

Aşkabat bir başkent olarak çeşitli yönetim binalarıyla bezenmiştir. Bunlar özellikle kentin en önemli caddesi olan Türkmenbaşı Caddesi'nde toplanmıştır. Kent uluslararası bir havaalanına sahiptir. 2016 senesinde hizmete giren havalimanı Türkmen kültüründe önemli bir figür olan "Laçin" kuşu şeklinde olup mimari ödüller almıştır. Ayrıca bu havalimanı eskisinden daha büyük ve daha modern. Kent bir endüstri merkezi değildir. Kent merkezindeki ekonomik faaliyetler küçük esnaf dükkanları ve devlete ait olan mağazalarla sürmektedir. Şehirde bir kültür merkezi, üniversite, çeşitli yüksekokullar, tiyatro, müzeler ve bir hayvanat bahçesi bulunmaktadır.

Etimoloji

Aşkabat, Türkmence Aşgabat, Farsça عشق آباد, Rusça Ашхаба́д olarak bilinir. 1991'den önce şehir İngilizce'de Ashkhabad olarak Rusça'dan direkt çeviri yapılarak kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca Ashkabat, Ashgabad ve Ishqábád kullanımları da görülmekteydi. Adın Farsça Ashk-ābād, "Arsaces Şehri"nden türetildiği sanılmaktadır. Başka bir açıklama da adın Farsça'daki عشق (eshq:"aşk") ve آباد (ābād: "yerleşim yeri" veya "kent"), sözcüklerinin birleşmesinden oluşan "aşk şehri" anlamında olduğudur.

Tarih
Aşgabat 1818'de kervan yollarının kesişme noktasında bir köy olarak kurulmuştur. Nisa köyü(antik başkent Parthia)'nden ve İpek Yolu'nda bulunan antik şehir Konjikala (Moğollar tarafından 13. yüzyılda yok edilmiştir.)'nın harabelerinden fazla uzakta değildir.

1881 yılında bölgedeki bir Rus Ordu Üssü'nün etrafında gelişmeye başlamıştır. Trans-Hazar-Demiryolu'na bağlantısı, Kazakistan, Özbekistan ve Hazar Denizi'yle bağlanmasını ve bunun sonucunda kentin 1885 yılından itibaren sürekli genişlemesine neden olmuştur. 1919-1927 yılları arasında kentin adı 'Poltorazk'tı.

1919 yılında Aşkabat'ta dünyanın ilk Bahai mabedi yapılmıştır. 1938'de zorunlu olarak sanat galerisine çevrilmiş ve 1963 yılında da yıkılmıştır.

1924'te Aşkabat Sovyetler Birliği içinde Türkmenistan'ın başkenti olmuştur. 5. Ekim 1948'deki yıkıcı deprem sonucunda kent tamamen zarar görmüştür ve daha sonra yeniden inşa edilmiştir. 1962'de Aşkabat'ın Karakumkanal'ına bağlantısı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu su kanalı, dünyanın en uzun su kanallarından biri olup, 600 kilometre doğudan akan Amuderya nehriyle bağlanmıştır.

27 Ekim 1991'de Türkmenistan'ın bağımsızlığını ilan etmesiyle Aşkabat başkent olmuştur.

İklim

Ulaşım
Aşkabat'ta ulaşım otobüs, dolmuş ve taksilerle yapılmaktadır. Kentteki hemen hemen tüm özel araçlar aynı zamanda taksi olarak da hizmet vermektedir. Ülkede petrol ve gaz çok ucuz ve bol olduğundan ötürü küçük motorlu ekonomik araçlar son derece az olup araçlar genelde 2500cc ve üstü motorlu, lüks araçlardır. Yollar çok geniş ve genelde 4 şeritlidir. Bu sebepten ötürü ulaşım çok rahat ve ucuzdur. Kentte metro yoktur.

Anav Kalıntıları
Anav Kültürü bölgesinde 1904, 1905 yıllarında yapılan kazılarda M.Ö. 9000 yılında başlayan bir neolitik uygarlığa rastlanmıştır. Bu uygarlık M.Ö. 8000 yıllarında hayvancılığı ve M.Ö. 6000 yıllarında ise madenciliği uygulamıştır. Bilinen en eski medeniyetin burada kurulduğu ve dünyaya medeniyetin buradan yayıldığı arkeologlar tarafından açıklanmıştır. Arkeologlar, bulguların ilk Orta Asyalı ön-Türklere ait olduğunu ve uygarlığın Çin'e ve İran'a buradan yayıldığını öne açıklarlar.

Nüfus
Aşkabat, 865.000(01.01.2020) kişiyle Türkmenistan'ın en büyük şehridir. Şehrin nüfusu çoğunlukla Türkmenlerden oluşmaktadır. Daha sonra sırasıyla Rus, Ermeni ve Azeri gibi etnik azınlıklar gelir. Kentin büyük çoğunluğunun Sünni Müslüman olmasının yanında, Hristiyan azınlıklar da bulunur. Ayrıca Aşkabat geçmişte Bahai azınlığının da önemli bir yerleşim yeriydi.

Görülmeye Değer Yerler

1948 yılındaki 7,3 büyüklüğündeki deprem sonucunda eski şehir merkezi tamamen yok olmuştur. Bu nedenle diğer Orta Asya şehirlerinde tipik olan doğu tarzı eski şehir yoktur. Aşgabat şehir merkezi depreme dayanıklı modern çelik-beton ve cam binalarla donatılmıştır.

Aşkabat'ta şehir yaşamının genel görüntüsü, ülkenin eski cumhurbaşkanı Saparmurat Türkmenbaşı'nın eserleri ile doludur. Kentin en yüksek binası, 'Tarafsızlık Kuşağı' cumhurbaşkanının altından heykeliyle taçlandırılmıştır.

Sanat Müzesi, Ülke Müzesi, Tarih Müzesi ve botanik bahçesi bazı görülmeye değer yerlerdendir. Aşkabat ayrıca ülkenin el sanatları merkezi durumunda ve özellikle de el dokuması halılarıyla meşhurdur.

Kardeş şehirler
Aşkabat'ın aşağıdaki şehirler ile kardeş şehir anlaşması bulunmaktadır.

 Partner şehirler
  (2014'ten beri)

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
 Kavuncu, A. Çolpan (2014). Türk Dünyası Başkentleri. s. 189. ISBN 978-9944-237-25-3
 Е. М. Поспелов (Ye. M. Pospelov). "Имена городов: вчера и сегодня (1917-1992). Топонимический словарь." (City Names: Yesterday and Today (1917-1992). Toponymic Dictionary.) Москва, "Русские словари", 1993.

Dış bağlantılar

Aşkabat


Das English Masters 1980 im Badminton fand vom 23. bis 27. September 1980 in der Royal Albert Hall in London, England, statt. Das Einladungsturnier wurde nach seinem Sponsor Friend's Provident Masters genannt.

Finalresultate

Referenzen
 Badminton-Sport 29 (1981) (9), S. 12–13

1980
Badmintonwettbewerb in London
Badminton 1980
Sportveranstaltung im Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Royal Albert Hall

English Masters 1980


Aceasta este o listă de filme americane din 1909:

Referințe

Legături externe

Listă de filme americane din 1909 la Internet Movie Database

 *Listă
america
Liste de filme americane

Listă de filme americane din 1909


Kenzo Taniguchi (født 15. september 1988) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Fujieda MYFC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kenzo Taniguchi


Gène Hanssen (født 9. januar 1959) er en tidligere hollandsk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Verdy Kawasaki.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Holland

Gène Hanssen


Retten til mad (Retten til en passende ernæring eller Retten til frihed for sult (frihed for hunger)) er en menneskerettighed, der blandt andet er beskyttet i FN's Verdenserklæring om Menneskerettighederne fra 1948 og i FN's konvention fra 1966 om økonomiske, sociale og kulturelle menneskerettigheder.

Verdenserklæringen fra 1948
I FN's Verdenserklæring om Menneskerettighederne hedder det i artikel 25, stk. 1:

Enhver har ret til en sådan levefod, som er tilstrækkelig til hans og hans families sundhed og velvære, herunder til føde, klæder, bolig og lægehjælp og de nødvendige sociale goder og ret til tryghed i tilfælde af arbejdsløshed, sygdom, uarbejdsdygtighed, enkestand, alderdom eller andet tab af fortjenstmulighed under omstændigheder, der ikke er selvforskyldt.

Konventionen fra 1966
FN's konvention fra 1966 om økonomiske, sociale og kulturelle menneskerettigheder trådte i kraft i 1976. I konventionens artikel 11, stk. 1 hedder det:

De i denne konvention deltagende stater anerkender ethvert menneskes ret til en levefod, som er tilstrækkelig for vedkommende selv og vedkommendes familie, herunder passende ernæring, beklædning og bolig og til fortsat forbedring af vedkommendes levevilkår. De deltagende stater vil træffe passende foranstaltninger til at sikre virkeliggørelsen af denne ret, idet de anerkender, at internationalt samarbejde på frivilligt grundlag er af væsentlig betydning i denne henseende.

I konventionens artikel 11, stk. 2 hedder det:

De i denne konvention deltagende stater, som anerkender ethvert menneskes grundlæggende ret til frihed for sult, skal, hver især og gennem internationalt samarbejde, træffe nødvendige foranstaltninger, herunder udarbejdelse af konkrete planer til

a) at forbedre metoderne til fremstilling, opbevaring og fordeling af fødevarer gennem fuld udnyttelse af den tekniske og videnskabelige viden, gennem udbredelse af kendskab til ernæringsprincipper og gennem udvikling eller omformning af landbrugets metoder på en sådan måde, at der opnås den mest effektive udvikling og udnyttelse af naturrigdommene;

b) at sikre en retfærdig fordeling af verdens fødevareforsyninger i forhold til behov under hensyntagen til såvel fødevareimporterende som fødevareeksporterende landes problemer.

Menneskerettigheder

Retten til ernæring


An Carex umbellata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Ludwig von Willdenow. An Carex umbellata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex umbellata


La Ruta Estatal de California 156, y abreviada SR 156 (en inglés: California State Route 156) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de California. La carretera inicia en el Oeste desde la  hacia el Este en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 40,2 km (25 mi). Esta ruta forma parte del Sistema Estatal de Carreteras Escénicas de California.

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de California 156 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de California por sus siglas en inglés Caltrans.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Caltrans

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de California
Carreteras escénicas de California
Carreteras del condado de Monterrey
Carreteras del condado de San Benito
Carreteras del condado de Santa Clara

Ruta Estatal de California 156


Dolichopentas es un género con cuatro especies de plantas con flores perteneciente a la familia Rubiaceae.

Es nativo del África tropical.

Taxonomía
El género fue descrito por Comm. ex Vent. y publicado en Taxon 56(4): 1075–1076. 2007.

Especies
 Dolichopentas decora (S.Moore) Kårehed & B.Bremer, Taxon 56: 1075 (2007).
 Dolichopentas liebrechtsiana (De Wild.) Kårehed & B.Bremer, Taxon 56: 1076 (2007).
 Dolichopentas lindenioides (S.Moore) Kårehed & B.Bremer, Taxon 56: 1076 (2007).
 Dolichopentas longiflora (Oliv.) Kårehed & B.Bremer, Taxon 56: 1076 (2007).

Referencias

Knoxieae

Dolichopentas


An Rhipidoglossum oxycentron in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Phillip James Cribb, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Karlheinz Senghas. An Rhipidoglossum oxycentron in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhipidoglossum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Rhipidoglossum

Rhipidoglossum oxycentron


I den katolske kirke indebærer eksemption at en institution eller person bliver løst (eksempteret) fra biskoppens eller metropolitens kirkeretslige overhøjhed. De kan i så fald stilles under en særlig udpeget embedsmand eller (sædvanligvis) direkte under paven. I det sidste tilfælde kaldes institutionen immediat (umiddelbar).

Institutioner der kan eksempteres, er: bispedømmer, klostre og ordener. Eksempler på immediate bispedømmer er Bispedømmet København og samtlige bispedømmer i Schweiz. Immediate klostre kaldes territorialabbedier.

Romerskkatolske kirke

Eksemption


Volimo se (eng. Let's Make Love), američka romantična filmska komedija i mjuzikl iz 1960. godine redatelja Georgea Cukora s Marilyn Monroe i Yvesom Montandom u glavnim ulogama.

Radnja
U New Yorku živi francuski bogataš Jean-Marc Clement. Doznao je da u jednom broadwayskom kazalištu namjeravaju izvesti predstavu u kojoj će ga ismijavati. Na to je otišao u kazalište. U kazalištu se događa zabuna. Misle da je neka osoba koja je došla na audiciju za ulogu Clementa te je dobio ulogu. Pokušava objasniti nesporazum, no svidi mu se privlačna plesačica i pjevačica Amanda pa se predomislio i odlučio pretvarati da je nepoznati glumac. Amandi se Clement doista sviđa, no ona je u vezi s glumcem, pjevačem i plesačem Alexanderom.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Rotten Tomatoes

Američki filmovi 1960-ih
Filmovi 1960-ih

Volimo se (1960.)


Phoebe Ann Beale Sheavyn, née le  à Atherstone et morte le  à , Birmingham, est une universitaire britannique. Spécialiste en littérature et professeure à l'université Victoria de Manchester, elle est membre fondatrice de la British Federation of University Women.

Biographie
Phoebe Sheavyn naît à Atherstone, dans le Warwickshire, en 1865, cinquième enfant d'une fratrie de huit, fille de Jane Elizabeth Sheavyn, née Farmer, et de William Sale Sheavyn, drapier. La famille vit au-dessus du magasin, à Atherstone. Elle commence sa carrière professionnelle comme enseignante dans une série d'écoles privées, puis elle est gouvernante dans la famille d'un architecte. Celui-ci l'incite à passer les examens d'entrée à l'université et elle obtient une bourse du collège d'Aberystwyth au pays de Galles. Elle obtient son diplôme à 24 ans, et enseigne l'anglais de 1889 à 1892 dans la  de , dans le borough londonien de Lewisham, puis elle reprend ses études à Aberystwyth et obtient un master en anglais et français en 1894. Elle est recrutée par Bryn Mawr en Pennsylvanie comme fellow et maître de conférences en 1894. Elle revient en Angleterre en 1896, travaille durant une année avec le philologue Joseph Wright sur le projet du . En 1897, elle est nommée tutrice résidente au Somerville College d'Oxford. Phoebe Sheavyn découvre les disparités de statuts entre les enseignants hommes et femmes à Oxford ou Cambridge, qu'elle n'avait pas connues à Aberystwyth ou Bryn Mawr. Elle prend une année sabbatique en 1905-1906 pour finir sa thèse de doctorat qu'elle soutient à l'université de Londres en 1906, et qui forme la base de son ouvrage The Literary Profession in the Elizabethan Age, publié en 1909 aux Manchester University Press.

Phoebe Sheavyn est l'une de pionnières de la British Federation of University Women, avec la biochimiste Ida Smedley Maclean et la physiologiste Winifred Cullis.

Elle quitte Oxford en 1907, pour prendre un poste de maître de conférences à l'université Victoria de Manchester. Elle est également tutrice des étudiantes et  de , la résidence universitaire pour femmes fondée en 1900. Elle est membre du sénat de l'université en 1912. Elle démissionne avant 1917 de ses fonctions à Ashburne Hall. Elle prend sa retraite en 1923. Elle s'installe à Selly Oak, un quartier de Birmingham, se met à la peinture et réalise des paysages et des fleurs, et elle s'initie au scrabble.

En 1967, l'université de Manchester réédite son ouvrage The Literary Profession in the Elizabethan Age. Certains aspects de ce travail font l'objet de critiques, notamment en ce qui concerne l'exclusion de certains auteurs élisabéthains, mais son livre, lors de la première parution en 1909, est considéré comme l'une des premières études de critique littéraire anglaise.

Elle meurt à son domicile de Selly Oak à 102 ans, le , quelques mois après la réédition de son livre.

Publications
 The Literary Profession in the Elizabethan Age, 1909, Manchester University Press.
 Higher Education for Women in Great Britain, Londres, International Federation of University Women, 1922.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 .
 .

Liens externes

Critique littéraire britannique
Professeur à l'université de Manchester
Étudiant de l'université d'Aberystwyth
Naissance en septembre 1865
Naissance dans le Warwickshire
Décès en janvier 1968
Décès à Birmingham
Décès à 102 ans

Phoebe Sheavyn


Diego de Velasco Arce y de Marrón (Carasa, 1622 - muerto antes de  1661) fue señor de la Casa del Pico de Velasco de Angustina (Carasa, Cantabria).  Fue hijo primogénito de Juan de Velasco con su primera esposa, María Marrón, y hermanastro de Francisco Marcos de Velasco y Alvear.

Carrera militar
Ingresó en la Orden de Santiago en 1651, siendo capitán de una Compañía de Corazas en Galicia.  Murió antes de 1661.

Referencias

Caballeros de la Orden de Santiago
Casa de Velasco
Nacidos en Voto

Diego de Velasco Arce y de Marrón


Guillermo Clito (25 de octubre de 1102-28 de julio de 1128) fue hijo de Roberto II, duque de Normandía y de Sibila de Conversano. Reclamó Normandía e Inglaterra y fue conde de Flandes.

Su apellido "Clito" es el equivalente latino al anglosajón "Aetheling", y al germánico "Adelinus" (usado para referirse a su primo carnal Guillermo Adelin, hijo de Enrique I). Tanto "Clito" como "Atheling" significan "de sangre real", equivaliendo a "príncipe".

Historia y familia

Juventud
Tras la derrota de su padre en Tinchebray en 1106, el joven Guillermo fue capturado por el rey. Enrique I puso a su sobrino bajo la custodia de Elias de Saint Saens, conde de Arques, casado con una hija natural de Roberto de Normandía, su amigo y patrón. Esta decisión parece haber sido tomada para disipar las posibles dudas del rey acerca de las intenciones de su sobrino. El joven Guillermo permaneció bajo el cuidado de su hermanastra y de Elías hasta agosto de 1110, cuando el rey envió repentinamente a buscar a su sobrino. Elias se encontraba lejos de casa en aquel momento, así que sus sirvientes consiguieron esconder al joven Guillermo y enviarlo junto a él a escondidas, lo que le costó la pérdida del ducado.

Primera rebelión normanda, 1118-19
El primer refugio del joven Guillermo fue Robert de Bellême, gran enemigo de Enrique y que poseía amplios territorios al sur del ducado. Tras la captura de Robert en 1112, Guillermo y Elías huyeron a la corte de Balduino de Flandes, que era primo de Guillermo. En 1118, una poderosa coalición de condes y barones normandos se unió al conde Balduino para apoyar las pretensiones de Guillermo, iniciando una peligrosa revuelta.

Esta coalición era demasiado poderosa para el rey y consiguió ocupar gran parte del norte del condado. Pero la prometedora campaña concluyó súbitamente con las graves heridas de Balduino durante el sitio de Arques en septiembre de 1118. Al año siguiente fue Luis VI de Francia el que tomó partido por la causa de Clito. Invadió el ducado por el Sena y el 20 de agosto de 1119 se enfrentó a Enrique I en la Batalla de Bremule, donde los franceses sufrieron una derrota decisiva.

Guillermo figuraba como nuevo caballero entre la guardia real ese día y escapó por poco de ser capturado. Su primo, Guillermo Adelin, hijo de Enrique, le envió al día siguiente el caballo que había perdido en la batalla junto con otras necesidades en un gesto de cortesía. La rebelión se colapsó, pero Guillermo siguió contando con partidarios en la corte francesa. Luis presentó su causa ante el Papa en octubre de 1119 en Reims, forzando a Enrique a explicar su conducta frente al joven exiliado.

Segunda rebelión normanda, 1123-1124
La muerte de Guillermo Atheling, único hijo legítimo de Enrique I, cambió la suerte de Clito. Era ahora el heredero más apto para reinar en Inglaterra y Normandía, y gran parte de la aristocracia normanda adoptó su causa en 1122, liderados por Amaury de Montfort, conde de Evreux y Waleran de Beaumont, conde de Meulan.

La posición de Guillermo se vio más reforzada aún tras su matrimonio con Sibila, hija del conde Fulco V de Anjou. Esta boda aportaría a Guillermo el condado de Maine, entre Normandía y Anjou, como dote. El rey Enrique apeló a la ley eclesiástica, lo que llevó a la anulación del matrimonio en agosto de 1124 por el parentesco de los contrayentes.

Mientras tanto, estallaba en Normandía una rebelión nobiliaria a favor de Guillermo, pero la red de espionaje de Enrique y la falta de organización de los sublevados desbarataron el intento. Luis VI, por su parte, se vio obligado a prestar atención a su flanco este, tras la ascensión al trono imperial de Enrique V, yerno de Enrique I.

Conde de Flandes
Luis VI realizó grandes esfuerzos en apoyo de la causa de Guillermo en 1127. En enero, le concedió los realengos del Vexin francés para utilizarlos como base para atacar Normandía por el Sena, y se casó con la hermanastra del rey, Juana de Montferrato. El asesinato del conde Carlos el Bueno de Flandes el 2 de marzo de 1127 permitió a Luis reforzar aún más la lucha de Guillermo. Marchó sobre Flandes a la cabeza de un ejército y el 30 de marzo consiguió la aceptación del joven Clito como nuevo conde por parte de los barones de la provincia.

Al principio, Guillermo lo hizo bien, consiguiendo asegurar su dominio a finales de mayo, pero el dinero inglés y la emergencia de Teodorico de Alsacia como rival deterioraron su posición. En febrero de 1128, Saint-Omer y Gante se pronunciaron en su contra, y lo mismo hizo Brujas en marzo. En mayo, Lille dio también su apoyo a Teodorico, dejando a Guillermo con el control de apenas la franja sur de Flandes. No obstante, Guillermo contraatacó y el 21 de junio consiguió derrotar a Teodorico en Axspoele, al sur de Brujas.

Se le unió entonces, el duque Godofredo I de Lovaina y ambos pusieron sitio a Gante. Pero durante el asedio, Guillermo falleció a consecuencia de una herida a la edad de 25 años. Su cuerpo fue llevado a la Abadía de San Bertin en Saint Omer, donde fue enterrado. No tuvo hijos, y fue sobrevivido por su padre, que moriría seis años después en prisión.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Galbert of Bruges, The Murder of Charles the Good, trans. J.B. Ross (repr. Toronto, 1982)
 Sandy Burton Hicks, "The Impact of William Clito upon the Continental Policies of Henry I of England," Viator 10 (1979), 1–21.
 D. Crouch, The Normans: History of a Dynasty (London, 2002)
 C.W. Hollister, Henry I (New Haven, 2001)
 J.A. Green Henry I (Cambridge, 2006)

Enlaces externos

Casa de Normandía
Nobles de Francia del siglo XII
Fallecidos por heridas de combate
Condes de Flandes del siglo XII
Nacidos en Ruan

Guillermo Clito


Brulovke (Juncaginaceae), porodica jednosupnica iz reda žabočunolike koja je dobila ime po rodu trajnica poznatih kao brula (Triglochin). Od tridesetak vrsta ove porodice, u Hrvatskoj rastu samo tri vrste iz roda Triglochin, od kojih su sve tri kritično ugrožene, to su morska brula ili trošipan (Triglochin maritima), močvarna brula (Triglochin palustris) i Triglochin barrelieri.

Brulovke su raširene po svim kontinentima, Sjevernoj i Južnoj Americi, sjeveru i jugu Afrike, Europi, Rusiji, velčikim djelovima Australije, Novom Zelandu.

Glavnom rodu Triglochin ime na grčkom znači 'trovrh', zbog trozubob ploda. Mladi listovi morske brule su jestivi, ali neugodnog mirisa dokm se ne prokuhaju.

Rodovi
 Cycnogeton Endl.
 Tetroncium Willd.
 Triglochin L.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Žabočunolike

Brulovke


Die Mariä-Geburt-Kirche (Serbokroatisch: Храм Рођења Пресвете Богородице, Hram Rođenja Presvete Bogorodice), auch Kirche zur Geburt der Allerheiligsten Gottesmutter genannt, in der Stadt Bosanska Krupa ist eine serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche im westlichen Bosnien und Herzegowina.

Die 1882 erbaute und eingeweihte Kirche ist dem Hochfest der Mariä Geburt geweiht.

Sie ist die Pfarrkirche der Pfarrei Krupa im Dekanat Sana-Krupa der Eparchie Bihać-Petrovac der Serbisch-Orthodoxen Kirche.

Lage
Die Kirche steht im Stadtzentrum von Bosanska Krupa. Das Gotteshaus steht fast direkt am Ufer des Flusses Una, einem rechten Nebenfluss der Save.

Sie steht an der Kreuzung der Straßen Ulica Stari Grad und der Ulica Generala Izeta Nanića. Nahe der Kirche steht die römische-katholische Marienkirche und die Stadtmoschee, sowie die Post von Bosanska Krupa, eine Brücke und eine Bäckerei.

Geschichte
Die Mariä-Geburt-Kirche wurde 1882 erbaut und im gleichen Jahr vom Metropoliten der Metropolie Dabrobosnien Sava (Kosanović) eingeweiht. Eine zweite große Serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche wurde in der Stadt vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg erbaut.

Am 29. Juli 1941 wird die Kirche von den kroatisch-faschistischen Ustaša dem Erdboden gleichgemacht und geplündert. Die Ustascha waren Verbündete der Achsenmächte im Zweiten Weltkrieg und errichteten einen Vasallenstaat in Kroatien, Bosnien und Herzegowina und im serbischen Srem, den Unabhängigen Statt Kroatien. Diese kroatischen Faschisten verfolgten Juden, Roma, Kommunisten, vor allem Serben und ihre orthodoxe Kirche.

Die zweite Serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche wurde ebenfalls zerstört und auch nicht mehr wieder aufgebaut. Die neue heutige Kirche wurde auf dem Gelände der alten Mariä-Geburt-Kirche von 1989 bis 1991 erbaut. Im Bosnienkrieg, der von 1992 bis 1995 dauerte, wurde die Kirche von Angehörigen der ARBiH schwer beschädigt und das Kircheninventar geplündert.

2007 wurde mit dem Segen von Bischof Hrizostom (Jević) ein Ausschuss gegründet, der sich mit der Renovierung der Kirche befasste. Im gleichen Jahr wurden die erforderlichen Mittel gesammelt, um in der ersten Phase das Dach und die Fassade der Kirche zu renovieren.

Die Generalrenovierung der Kirche begann am 11. Februar 2008 mit dem Segen von Bischof Hrizostom. Die Renovierung ist inzwischen außen abgeschlossen und wird derzeit im Inneren durchgeführt. Priester der Kirche ist Karađorđe Derajić.

Quellen
 Seite über die Kirche auf der Seite der Eparchie Bihać-Petrovac,(serbisch)
 Seite über die Kirche auf der Seite Skyscrapercity,(serbisch)
 Seite über die Kirche auf der Seite Tromedja.rs,(serbisch)
 Seite über die Kirche auf der Seite der Serbisch-orthodoxen Kirche,(serbisch)

Bosanska Krupa
Bosanska Krupa
Bosanska Krupa
Bosanska Krupa
Bosanska Krupa

Mariä-Geburt-Kirche (Bosanska Krupa)


is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation. It is an adaptation of the first 194 chapters of the manga of the same name created by Akira Toriyama, which were published in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1984 to 1995. The anime is composed of 153 episodes that were broadcast on Fuji TV from February 1986 to April 1989. It was broadcast in 81countries worldwide. It is part of the Dragon Ball media franchise.

Plot

Emperor Pilaf Saga
The series begins with a young monkey-tailed boy named Goku befriending a teenage girl named Bulma. Together, they go on an adventure to find the seven mystical , which have the ability to summon the powerful dragon Shenron, who can grant whoever summons him their greatest desire. The journey leads to a confrontation with the shape-shifting pig Oolong, as well as a desert bandit named Yamcha and his companion Pu'ar, who all later become allies; Chi-Chi, whom Goku unknowingly agrees to marry; and Emperor Pilaf, a blue-skinned imp who seeks the Dragon Balls to fulfill his desire of becoming ruler of the world. Oolong stops Pilaf from using the Dragon Balls by wishing for a pair of panties.

World Martial Arts Tournament Saga
Goku undergoes rigorous training under the martial artist Master Roshi in order to fight in the  that attracts the most powerful fighters in the world. A monk named Krillin becomes his training partner and rival, but they soon become best friends. After a few months of training with Master Roshi, they start the tournament. Battling through with different opponents and Yamcha fighting a mysterious man named "Jackie Chun," who was oddly similar to Master Roshi. As the tournament goes on, eventually Goku and Jackie Chun are the last ones left, and after hours of battle, Jackie Chun realizes that Goku is mimicking all of his moves. Recognizing that Goku is shorter, he lunges a flying kick at Goku. Knowing that Goku will do one right back, Jackie Chun's longer leg can reliably reach Goku and knock him out, defeating him.

Red Ribbon Army Saga
After the tournament, Goku sets out on his own to recover the Dragon Ball his deceased grandfather left him and encounters a terrorist organization known as the Red Ribbon Army, whose diminutive leader, Commander Red, wants to collect the Dragon Balls so that he can use them to become taller. He almost single-handedly defeats the army, including their hired assassin Mercenary Tao, whom he originally loses to, but after training under the hermit Korin, easily beats. Goku reunites with his friends to defeat Fortuneteller Baba's fighters and have her locate the last Dragon Ball in order to revive a friend killed by Tao.

King Piccolo Saga
Goku and his friends reunite at the World Martial Arts Tournament three years later and meet Master Roshi's rival and Tao's brother, Master Shen, and his students Tien Shinhan and Chiaotzu, who vow to exact revenge for Tao's apparent death at the hands of Goku. Krillin is murdered after the tournament and Goku tracks down and is defeated by his killer, Tambourine, and the Demon King Piccolo. The overweight samurai Yajirobe takes Goku to Korin, where he receives healing and a power boost. Meanwhile, Piccolo kills both Master Roshi and Chiaotzu, and uses the Dragon Balls to give himself eternal youth before destroying Shenron, which results in the Dragon Balls' destruction. As King Piccolo prepares to destroy West City as a show of force, Tien Shinhan arrives to confront him, but is defeated and nearly killed. Goku arrives in time to save Tien and then kills King Piccolo by blasting a hole through his chest.

Piccolo Junior Saga
Just before he dies, King Piccolo spawns his final son, Piccolo Junior. Korin informs Goku that Kami, the original creator of the Dragon Balls, might be able to restore Shenron and the Dragon Balls so that Goku can wish his fallen friends back to life, which he does. He also stays and trains under Kami for the next three years, once again reuniting with his friends at the Martial Arts Tournament, as well as a now-teenaged Chi-Chi and the revived Mercenary Tao. Piccolo Junior also enters the tournament to avenge his father's death, leading to the final battle between him and Goku. After Goku narrowly wins and defeats Piccolo Junior, he leaves with Chi-Chi and they get married, leading to the events of Dragon Ball Z.

Production

Kazuhiko Torishima, Toriyama's editor for Dr. Slump and the first half of Dragon Ball, said that because the Dr. Slump anime was not successful in his opinion, he and Shueisha were a lot more hands on for the Dragon Ball anime. Before production even began, they created a huge "bible" for the series detailing even merchandise. He himself studied the best way to present anime and its business side, discussing it with the Shogakukan team for Doraemon.

Toriyama had some involvement in the production of the anime. When it began he did mention to the staff that they seemed to be making it too colorful by forcing the color palette of Dr. Slump on it. He also listened to the voice actors' audition tapes before choosing Masako Nozawa to play Goku. He would go on to state that he would hear Nozawa's voice in his head when writing the manga. Toriyama specified Kuririn's voice actress be Mayumi Tanaka after hearing her work as the main character Giovanni in Night on the Galactic Railroad. Tōru Furuya remarked that there were not many auditions for the characters because the cast was made up of veteran voice actors. Performing the roles was not without its difficulties, Toshio Furukawa, the voice of Piccolo, said it was difficult to constantly perform with a low voice because his normal lighter voice would break through if he broke concentration.

Shunsuke Kikuchi composed the score for Dragon Ball. The opening theme song for all of the episodes is  performed by Hiroki Takahashi in Japanese and Jimi Tunnell in English. The ending theme is  performed by Ushio Hashimoto in Japanese and Daphne Gere in English.

Feeling that the Dragon Ball anime's ratings were gradually declining because it had the same producer that worked on Dr. Slump, who had a "cute and funny" image connected to Toriyama's work and was missing the more serious tone, Torishima asked the studio to change the producer. Impressed with their work on Saint Seiya, he asked its director Kōzō Morishita and writer Takao Koyama to help "reboot" Dragon Ball; which coincided with the beginning of Dragon Ball Z.

English localization and Broadcasting
In 1989 and 1990, Harmony Gold USA licensed the series for an English-language release in North America. In the voice dubbing of the series, Harmony Gold renamed almost all of the characters, including the protagonist Goku, who was renamed "Zero." This dub consisting of 5 episodes and one movie (an 80-minute feature featuring footage of movies 1 and 3 edited together) was cancelled shortly after being test marketed in several US cities and was never broadcast to the general public, thus earning the fan-coined term "The Lost Dub."

A subtitled Japanese version of the series was first broadcast in the United States by the Hawaii-based Nippon Golden Network. The series aired in a 6AM slot on Tuesdays from 1992 to 1994, before the network moved on to Dragon Ball Z.

In 1995, Funimation (founded a year earlier in California) acquired the license for the distribution of Dragon Ball in the United States as one of its first imports. They contracted Josanne B. Lovick Productions and voice actors from Ocean Productions to create an English version for the anime and first movie in Vancouver, British Columbia. The dubbed episodes were edited for content, and contained different music. Thirteen episodes aired in first-run syndication during the fall of 1995 before Funimation canceled the project due to low ratings.

In March 2001, as the sequel series Dragon Ball Z became its signature license, Funimation announced the return of the original Dragon Ball series to American television, featuring a new English version produced in-house with slightly less editing for broadcast (though the episodes remained uncut for home video releases), and they notably left the original background music intact. The re-dubbed episodes aired on Cartoon Network from August 20, 2001, to December 1, 2003. Funimation also broadcast the series on Colours TV and their own Funimation Channel starting in 2006. This English dub was also broadcast in Australia and New Zealand. In Canada and Europe, an alternative dubbed version was produced by AB Groupe (in association with Blue Water Studios) and was aired in those territories instead of the Funimation version.

Content edits
The US version of Dragon Ball was aired on Cartoon Network with numerous digital cosmetic changes, which were done to remove nudity and blood, and dialogue edits, such as when Puar says why Oolong was expelled from shapeshifting school, instead of saying that he stole the teacher's panties, it was changed to him stealing the teacher's papers. Some scenes were deleted altogether, either to save time or remove strong violence. Nudity was also covered up; for Goku's bathing scene, Funimation drew a chair to cover his genitals where it was uncensored previously. References to alcohol and drugs were removed, for example, when Jackie Chun (Master Roshi) uses Drunken Fist Kung Fu in the 21st Tenkaichi Budokai, Funimation called it the "Mad Cow Attack." Also, the famous "No Balls!" scene was deleted from episode 2, and when Bulma places panties on the fishing hook to get Oolong (in fish form), they digitally painted away the panties and replaced it with some money.

Changes also lead to confusing context and the content of the scenes; as when Bulma helps Goku take a bath. In the Japanese version, the two characters do not cover their privates because Goku is innocent of the differences in gender and Bulma believes Goku to be a little boy. While bathing Bulma asks Goku his age and only when Goku reveals himself to be fourteen does Bulma throw things at Goku before kicking him out of the bath. In the Funimation version the dialogue was changed; with Goku remarking that Bulma did not have a tail and it must be inconvenient for her when bathing.

Other media

Home media
In Japan, Dragon Ball did not receive a proper home video release until July 7, 2004, fifteen years after its broadcast. Pony Canyon announced a remastering of the series in a single 26-disc DVD box set, that was made-to-order only, referred to as a "Dragon Box". Since then, Pony Canyon content of this set began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on April 4, 2007, and finished with the 26th volume on December 5, 2007.

Original releases

Dragon Ball'''s initial VHS release for North America was never completed. Funimation released their initial dub, the edited and censored first thirteen episodes, on six tapes from September 24, 1996, to February 28, 1998 together with Trimark Pictures. These episodes and the first movie were later released in a VHS or DVD box set on October 24, 2000. Funimation began releasing their in-house dub beginning with episode 14 by themselves on December 5, 2001, in both edited and uncut formats, only to cease VHS releases two years later on June 1, 2003 in favor for the DVD box sets. Including the initial 1996-1998 releases with Trimark, 86 episodes of Dragon Ball across 28 volumes were produced on VHS for North America.

Funimation released their own in-house dub to ten two-disc DVD box sets between January 28, 2003, and August 19, 2003. Each box set, spanning an entire "saga" of the series, included the English and Japanese audio tracks with optional English subtitles, and uncut video and audio. However, they were unable to release the first thirteen episodes at the time, due to Lions Gate Entertainment holding the home video rights to their previous dub of the same episodes, having acquired them from Trimark after the company became defunct. After Lions Gate Family Entertainment's license and home video distribution rights to the first thirteen episodes expired in 2009, Funimation has released and remastered the complete Dragon Ball series to DVD in five individual uncut season box sets, with the first set released on September 15, 2009, and the final on July 27, 2010.

Funimation's English dub of Dragon Ball has been distributed in other countries by third parties. Madman Entertainment released the first thirteen episodes of Dragon Ball and the first movie uncut in Australasia in a DVD set on March 10, 2004. They produced two box sets containing the entire series in 2006 and 2007. Manga Entertainment began releasing Funimation's five remastered sets in the United Kingdom in 2014.Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!! (ドラゴンボール オッス!帰ってきた孫悟空と仲間たち!! Doragon Bōru: Ossu! Kaette Kita Son Gokū to Nakama-tachi!!) is the second Dragon Ball Z OVA and features the first Dragon Ball animation in nearly a decade, following a short story arc in the remade Dr. Slump anime series featuring Goku and the Red Ribbon Army in 1999. The film premiered in Japan on September 21, 2008, at the Jump Super Anime Tour in honor of Weekly Shōnen Jump's fortieth anniversary. Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!! is also in the extra DVD included in the Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods limited edition, which was released on September 13, 2013.

Manga

Films

During the anime's broadcast, three theatrical animated Dragon Ball films were produced. The first was Curse of the Blood Rubies in 1986, followed by Sleeping Princess in Devil's Castle in 1987, and Mystical Adventure in 1988. In 1996 The Path to Power was produced in order to commemorate the anime's tenth anniversary.

Video games

Several video games based on Dragon Ball have been created, beginning with Dragon Daihikyō in 1986. Shenlong no Nazo, produced that same year, was the first to be released outside Japan. 1988's North American version was titled Dragon Power and was heavily Americanized with all references to Dragon Ball removed; characters' names and appearances were changed. Additional games based on the series include Advanced Adventure, Dragon Ball: Origins, its sequel, and Revenge of King Piccolo.

SoundtracksDragon Ball has been host to several soundtrack releases, the first being Dragon Ball: Music Collection in 1986. Dragon Ball: Saikyō e no Michi Original Soundtrack is composed entirely of music from the tenth anniversary film. In 1995 Dragon Ball: Original USA TV Soundtrack Recording was released featuring the music from the Funimation/Ocean American broadcast.

Reception
The show's initial U.S. broadcast run in 1995 met with mediocre ratings.

In 2000 satellite TV channel Animax together with Brutus, a men's lifestyle magazine, and Tsutaya, Japan's largest video rental chain, conducted a poll among 200,000 fans on the top anime series, with Dragon Ball coming in fourth. TV Asahi conducted two polls in 2005 on the Top 100 Anime, Dragon Ball came in second in the nationwide survey conducted among multiple age-groups and third in the online poll. On several occasions the Dragon Ball anime has topped Japan's DVD sales.Otaku USAs Joseph Luster called Dragon Ball "one of the most memorable animated action/comedy series of all time." He cited the comedy as a key component to the show, noting that this might surprise those only familiar with Z. Todd Douglass of DVD Talk referred to it as "a classic among classics [that] stands as a genre defining kind of show." and wrote that "It's iconic in so many ways and should be standard watching for otaku in order to appreciate the genius of Akira Toriyama." He had strong praise for the "deep, insightful, and well-developed" characters, writing "Few shows can claim to have a cast quite like Dragon Ball's, and that's a testament to the creative genius of Toriyama."

T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews' Tim Jones gave the show four out of five stars, referring to it as a forerunner to modern fighting anime and still one of the best. He also stated that it has much more character development than its successors Dragon Ball Z and Dragon Ball GT. Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network summed up Dragon Ball as "an action-packed tale told with rare humor and something even rarer—a genuine sense of adventure." Kimlinger and Theron Martin, also of Anime News Network, noted Funimation's reputation for drastic alterations of the script, but praised the dub.

The positive impact of Dragon Ball'''s characters has manifested itself in the personal messages Masako Nozawa sent to children as taped messages in the voice of Goku. Nozawa takes pride in her role and sends words of encouragement that have resulted in children in comas responding to the voice of the characters.

Notes

References

External links

Dragon Ball anime
1986 anime television series debuts
1989 Japanese television series endings
1986 Japanese television series debuts
Adventure anime and manga
Anime series based on manga
Bruceploitation
Chinese mythology in anime and manga
Comedy anime and manga
Crunchyroll anime
Fantasy anime and manga
Fiction about size change
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Fuji TV original programming
Japanese mythology in anime and manga
Martial arts anime and manga
Martial arts television series
Shunsuke Kikuchi
Television shows based on Journey to the West
Toei Animation television
Toonami

Dragon Ball (TV series)


Paul Rudolf von Roth (* 11. Juli 1820 in Nürnberg; † 29. März 1892 in München) war ein deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler.

Leben
Paul von Roth war zweiter Sohn des königlich bayerischen Staatsrats Friedrich von Roth. Nach dem Gymnasialabschluss 1836 am (heutigen) Wilhelmsgymnasium München begann er mit 16 Jahren das Studium der Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität München. 1840 trat er in den Vorbereitungsdienst für den bayerischen Justizdienst ein und bestand im Oktober 1842 mit der Note der "ausgezeichneten Befähigung" die "praktische Concursprüfung für Staatsdienstaspiranten". Nach einigen Jahren der praktischen Tätigkeit promovierte er 1848 an der Universität Erlangen mit einer Arbeit Über der Entstehung der Lex Bajuvariorum. Im gleichen Jahr habilitierte er an der Universität München mit seiner Arbeit zur Krongutsverleihungen unter den Merowingern und erhielt die Venia legendi. Nach einer zweijährigen Tätigkeit als Privatdozent wechselt er als außerordentlicher Professor der Rechte an die Universität Marburg, 1853 als ordentlicher Professor an die Universität Rostock und 1858 an der Universität Kiel. Mit Adolf A. F. Rudorff, Hugo Böhlau und Georg Bruns begründete er 1861 die Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte, die er mit einer programmatischen Bestandsaufnahme über Die rechtsgeschichtlichen Forschungen seit Eichhorn eröffnete.
1863 kehrte er schließlich als Nachfolger Bluntschlis nach München zurück, wo er deutsches Privatrecht, deutsche Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte, Staatsrecht sowie seit 1867 auch bayerisches Landrecht lehrte. 1866 wurde er zusätzlich zum Oberbibliothekar der Universitätsbibliothek ernannt. Als Mitglied der Bundesrats-Kommission zur Erarbeitung eines gesamtdeutschen bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches verlegte er 1881 seinen Wohnsitz zeitweilig nach Berlin. Im Jahre 1888 kehrte er nach München zurück. 1890 beendete er seine Lehrtätigkeit und starb 1892 an den Folgen eines Schlaganfalls.

Wirken
In Roths frühem Werk verbinden sich rechtshistorische und rechtsdogmatische Perspektiven. In seiner Geschichte des Benefizialwesens (1850) führte er die 1863 in Feudalität und Unterthanenverband vertiefte These aus, dass die Herrschafts- und Gesellschaftsverfassung der germanisch-fränkischen Verbandsbildungen geprägt durch die "gleiche Berechtigung aller Freyen" worden sei. Diese Konzeption einer ursprünglichen "Gemeinfreiheit", die erst in karolingischer Zeit verdrängt worden sei, hat die Diskussion über die Entstehung von Adel und Lehenswesen im mittelalterlichen Europa bis heute geprägt.

Umfassende textkritische Materialerfassung und systematische Ordnung kennzeichnen Roths Arbeiten zum geltenden Recht. 1858 veröffentlichte er mit Victor von Meibom das Kurhessische Privatrecht unter Berücksichtigung der umfangreichen Rechtsprechungspraxis. In seiner Münchener Zeit schuf er mit seinem Bayerischen Civilrecht (1871/75) die erste umfassende systematische Darstellung des Privatrechts in Bayern. Im System des Deutschen Privatrechts (3 Bde., 1881–1886) weitete er diesen Ansatz auf ganz Deutschland aus und verschmolz die sonst stets voneinander getrennt betrachteten Regeln des ius commune, des deutsch-germanischen Rechtskreises und der Landesgesetzgebung zu einer darstellerischen Einheit.

Roth war überzeugt, dass das deutsche Privatrecht auf der Vielfalt seiner regionalen Traditionen beruhe und eine zentralstaatliche gesetzgeberische Kodifikation "weder erforderlich noch nützlich noch ausführbar sei", wovon er seit 1870 – zunächst in Untersuchungen zum ehelichen Güterrecht – abrückte. In der Folge wurde Roth 1874 auf Vorschlag Bayerns zusammen mit Gottfried Schmitt durch den Bundesrat des Deutschen Kaiserreichs zum Mitglied der elfköpfigen ersten Kommission zur Entwicklung eines Deutschen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches berufen. Obwohl er dieser Kommission bis zu ihrer Auflösung (1888) angehört, setzte er kaum gestalterische Akzente, seine Werke lieferten dagegen wichtige Materialgrundlagen.

Roth zählt durch die systematische, aber stets quellennahe Erschließung ungeheurer Textmassen, die souveräne Überbrückung der überkommenen Trennung von Germanistik und Romanistik und nicht zuletzt aufgrund der Vielfalt der von ihm gewählten Themenstellungen zu den wichtigsten Vertretern der geschichtlichen Rechtswissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert.

Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen
 1852 Mitglied der königlich bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
 1872 Bayerischer Maximiliansorden für Wissenschaft und Kunst
 Verdienstorden vom Heiligen Michael II. Klasse
 Ritter des Verdienstordens der Bayerischen Krone, verbunden mit dem persönlichen Adel
 Inhaber des königlich preußischen Kronenordens II. Klasse

Werke

 Literatur von Paul von Roth in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München

 Mecklenburgisches Lehenrecht. Stiller, Rostock 1858.
 Feudalität und Unterthanenverband. Böhlau, Weimar 1863.

Literatur

 Paul von Roth. In: Karl Bader: Lexikon deutscher Bibliothekare im Haupt- und Nebenamt bei Fürsten, Staaten und Städten. Harrassowitz, Leipzig, 1925 (Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen. Beiheft 55.), S. 214–215.
 Sten Gagnér: Zielsetzungen und Werkgestaltung in Paul Roths Wissenschaft. In: Sten Gagnér, Hans Schlosser, Wolfgang Wiegand (Hrsg.): Festschrift für Hermann Krause. Böhlau, Köln/Wien 1975, S. 276–450.

 Markus-Benjamin Rusch: Eine Edition der Nachschrift zu Paul von Roths Vorlesung zum Schleswig-Holsteinischen Privatrecht aus dem Wintersemester 1860/61. Verlag Dr. Kovač, Hamburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-8300-9037-3.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Rechtswissenschaftler (19. Jahrhundert)
Rechtshistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Philipps-Universität Marburg)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Rostock)
Hochschullehrer (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel)
Hochschullehrer (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)
Bibliothekar (Deutschland)
Rechtsbibliothekar
Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Träger des Bayerischen Maximiliansordens für Wissenschaft und Kunst
Träger des Verdienstordens der Bayerischen Krone (Ritter)
Träger des Preußischen Königlichen Kronenordens 2. Klasse
Ritter II. Klasse des Verdienstordens vom Heiligen Michael
Nobilitierter (Bayern)
Deutscher
Geboren 1820
Gestorben 1892
Mann

Paul von Roth


Belgiens U/21-fodboldlandshold er Belgiens landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 21 år og administreres af KBVB/URBSFA.

U/21-fodboldlandshold
U/21-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Belgiens U/21-fodboldlandshold


An Stylochaeton lancifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Karl Theodor Kotschy ngan Johann Joseph Peyritsch. An Stylochaeton lancifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stylochaeton, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Stylochaeton

Stylochaeton lancifolius


Tscherykau () ist eine Stadt mit 8177 Einwohnern (2009) in Belarus und administratives Zentrum der Verwaltungseinheit Rajon Tscherykau. Sie befindet sich in der Mahiljouskaja Woblasz und liegt am Fluss Sosch.

Geografie
Der Ort liegt südöstlich von Mahiljou.
Südwestlich des Ortes liegt Slauharad, südlich Krasnapolle.

Geschichte

Das Gebiet um Tscherykau wurde infolge der Nuklearkatastrophe von Tschernobyl radioaktiv kontaminiert.

Söhne des Ortes
 Alexander Iljitsch Achijeser (1911–2000), Physiker
 Naum Iljitsch Achijeser (1901–1980), Mathematiker

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Mahiljouskaja Woblasz

Tscherykau


Trancers este un film american din 1985 regizat și produs de Charles Band. Scenariul este scris de  Danny Bilson și Paul De Meo. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii  Tim Thomerson, Helen Hunt și Michael Stefani. Este primul film dintr-o serie omonimă de  șase filme SF de acțiune: Trancers (1985) și continuările sale lansate direct-pe-video; Trancers II (1991), Trancers III (1992), Trancers 4: Jack of Swords (1994), Trancers 5: Sudden Deth (1994) și Trancers 6 (2002). O continuare considerată pierdută a fost restaurată digital în septembrie ca un film de cca. 20 de minute: Trancers: City of Lost Angels, aceasta are povestea stabilită între primele două filme și a fost lansat via fullmoonstreaming.com în septembrie 2013. Seria Trancers descrie o modalitate de călătorie în timp prin folosirea unui drog care  îi dă posibilitatea călătorului să preia controlul unui strămoș de-al său.

Prezentare

Jack Deth (Tim Thomerson) este un polițist din 2247 care îl urmărește pe Martin Whistler (Michael Stefani), un geniu criminal care folosește o putere psihică de a transforma oamenii în zombie aflați sub comanda sa.   Victimele sale sunt denumite Trancers. Jack Deth poate descoperi cine anume i-a căzut victimă lui Martin Whistler prin scanarea acestuia cu o brățară specială deoarece toți Trancers par a fi oameni normali la început înainte de a fi transformați la comandă în ucigași.

Chiar înainte de a fi prins de Jack Deth, Martin Whistler fuge înapoi în timp cu ajutorul drogului special. Acesta își părăsește corpul din anul 2247 și ajunge în 1985 unde pune stăpânire pe corpul unui strămoș: Weisling, un detectiv de poliție din Los Angeles.

După ce Deth își dă seama unde a ajuns Whistler, îi distruge corpul pentru ca acesta să rămână blocat în trecut, fără posibilitatea de a se întoarce în prezent, în 2247.  Deth folosește la rândul său el drogul și  ajunge înapoi în timp în corpul unuia dintre strămoșii săi; un jurnalist pe nume Phil Dethton, totul în scopul de a continua urmărirea lui Whistler.

Distribuție
 Tim Thomerson -  Trooper Jack Deth/Phil Dethton
 Helen Hunt - Leena
 Michael Stefani - Martin Whistler/Police Detective Weisling
 Art LaFleur - McNulty (as Art La Fleur)
 Telma Hopkins - Engineer Ruth "Ruthie" Raines
 Richard Herd - Chairman Spencer
 Anne Seymour - Chairman Margaret Ashe
 Peter Schrum - Santa Clause
 Barbara Perry - Mrs. Santa Claus
 Biff Manard - Hap Ashby
 Richard Erdman - Drunken Wise Man
 Wiley Harker - Dapper Old Man
 Miguel Fernandes - Officer Lopez
 Alyson Croft - "Baby" McNulty

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme cu călătorii în timp
 Listă de filme SF de acțiune
 Listă de filme cu acțiunea în viitor
 Listă de serii cu șase filme
 Filmografia actriței Helen Hunt

Filme din 1985
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Charles Band
Filme de acțiune
Filme SF de acțiune
Filme SF de groază
Filme de groază din anii 1980
Filme SF din anii 1980
Filme Empire International Pictures
Filme cu călătorii în timp
Filme cu acțiunea în viitor

Trancers


An oral consonant is a consonant sound in speech that is made by allowing air to escape from the mouth, as opposed to the nose, as in a nasal consonant. To create an intended oral consonant sound, the entire mouth plays a role in modifying the air's passageway. This rapid modification of the air passageway using the tongue and lips makes changes to the waveform of the sound by compressing and expanding the air. In addition to the nose and mouth, the vocal cords and lungs also make a contribution to producing speech by controlling the volume (amplitude) and pitch (frequency) of the sound. The use of the vocal cords will also determine whether the consonant is voiced or voiceless. The vast majority of consonants are oral, such as, for example , ,  and . The others are nasal, such as the nasal occlusives  or .

See also
Nasal consonant
Manner of articulation
List of phonetics topics

References

External links

Manner of articulation

Oral consonant


Rosslyn station  is the westernmost station on the shared segment of the Blue, Orange, and Silver lines of the Washington Metro. It is located in the Rosslyn neighborhood of Arlington, Virginia, United States. Rosslyn is the first station in Virginia heading westward from the District on the Orange and Silver Lines and southward on the Blue Line. It is one of four interchange points on the Metrorail system west of the Potomac River and located in a growing business district.

Depending on the year, Rosslyn is the busiest, or one of the busiest stations outside the District of Columbia, along with  and , which are also in Arlington, and Silver Spring and Shady Grove in Montgomery County, Maryland. Rosslyn is the biggest choke point of the Metro system. Due to this, planners are considering adding another station in the Rosslyn neighborhood, possibly as part of an inner loop through Washington and Arlington.

Location
The station has entrances on the west side of North Moore Street between Wilson Boulevard and 19th Street North and on the east side of Fort Myer Drive between Wilson Boulevard and 19th Street North. A bank of three high-speed street elevators to the mezzanine (upper) level of the station is on the east side of North Moore Street, across the street from the station entrance. The station is a stop for several express Metrobus lines.

History
The station opened on July 1, 1977. Its opening coincided with the completion of  of rail between National Airport and RFK Stadium and the opening of the , , , , , , , , , McPherson Square, , , , ,  and  stations. Orange Line service to the station began upon the line's opening on November 20, 1978.

Station layout
Rosslyn is one of two stations (the other being the Pentagon station) at which trains going one direction are boarded on a different station level than trains going the other direction, as a way to prevent an at-grade crossing. This is because the Orange/Silver and Blue lines split apart an extremely short distance from the station. This ensures that no trains traveling in opposite directions share a track.

Rosslyn is the deepest station on the three lines servicing it. The mezzanine and upper platform are  below the Fort Myer Drive street-level entrance; the lower platform is  below the entrance. This is because its neighborhood is on a bluff over the Potomac River, while its shared rail line into Washington passes through a rock-bored tunnel up to  beneath the river surface. The station's depth also takes advantage of the strength and watertightness of the bedrock  below the surface. An escalator ride between the street and mezzanine levels takes about three minutes.

It is one of nine stations on the Metro with platform-level fare gates and elevators (the other eight being the , , , , ,  (eastbound only), , and  stations). A new bank of three high-speed elevators and an expanded mezzanine opened officially on October 7, 2013. It replaces the original single street elevator, cutting elevator transit time from about a minute to about 17 seconds. The separate accessible and general entrances are a relative rarity in the Washington Metro system; only  and  stations share this feature. The underground hallway to the new elevator bank contains a four-coffered arch like most underground stops on the Red Line that were opened after 1980.  This is the only stop on the Blue, Orange, and Silver Lines with this arch.  It is also the only stop in the system that contains both the waffle and four-coffer arch design.

An indicator sign at the south end of the station flashes to inform passengers of the arriving train's destination, showing Orange for , Blue for , and Silver for . This feature is only used at final transfer stations; another example being .

Notable places nearby
 Artisphere
 Freedom Park
 Marine Corps War Memorial
 Netherlands Carillon

Gallery

References

External links

 The Schumin Web Transit Center: Rosslyn Station
 Fort Myer Drive entrance from Google Maps Street View
 Moore Street entrance from Google Maps Street View

Stations on the Blue Line (Washington Metro)
Stations on the Orange Line (Washington Metro)
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Transportation in Arlington County, Virginia
Washington Metro stations in Virginia
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1977
1977 establishments in Virginia
Rosslyn, Virginia

Rosslyn station


Julian (Jules) Fontana () a fost un pianist, compozitor, avocat, autor, traducător și antreprenor polonez. El este cel mai bine amintit ca prieten apropiat și executor muzical al compozitorului Frédéric Chopin.

Viața
Născut în Varșovia într-o familie de origine italiană, Fontana a studiat avocatura la Universitatea din Varșovia și muzica cu Józef Elsner la conservator, unde s-a întâlnit cu Chopin. Fontana a părăsit Varșovia în 1831, după Revolta din Noiembrie, și s-a stabilit în Hamburg, înainte să devină pianist și profesor în Paris.

În 1835, la Londra, a participat la un concert de muzică împreună cu alți 6 artiști, printre care Ignaz Moscheles, Johann Baptist Cramer și Charles-Valentin Alkan.

În 1840 Chopin și-a dedicat cele două Polonaise, Op. 40 lui Fontana. Acestea au inclus "Polonaise militare" în La major.

El a dus o viață rătăcitoare care includ regiunile:

▪ Anglia și Franța (1833-1837);

▪ Havana, Cuba (1844-1845): pe data de 8 iulie 1844 a interpretat pentru prima dată piesele lui Chopin în Cuba. Acolo l-a avut elev pe Nicolás Ruiz Espadero;

▪ New York (1845-1851): acolo a făcut concerte cu Camillo Sivori;

▪ Montengeron, Paris (1852) - a devenit o parte a scenei literare și a prietenilor cu Adam Mickiewicz.

În New York, la 9 septembrie 1850, Fontana s-a căsătorit cu Camilla Dalcour Tennant(1818-1855), văduva comerciantului Stephen Cattley Tennant (1800-1848) și mama lui Enriqueta Augustina Tennant(1843-1908) și a altor patru copii. Fiul lor Julian Camillo Adam Fontain s-a născut la data de 10 iulie 1853, la Paris. Camilla a murit la 30 martie 1855 de pneumonie, în timp ce era însărcinată cu al șaptelea copil. Fontana și-a luat copiii din prima căsătorie pentru a fi îngrijiți de primul ei soț în Anglia. El s-a întors la New York, unde a primit cetățenie americană pe data de 7 septembrie a aceluiași an.

De asemenea, 1855 a publicat o colecție de manuscrise nepublicate ale lui Chopin,sub numerele de opus 66-73. Apoi a călătorit în Cuba într-o ofertă nereușită de a câștiga moștenirea soției sale. A petrecut câțiva ani călătorind în Havana, New York, Paris și Polonia. În 1859 a publicat 19 piese poloneze de-ale lui Chopin, ca op.74 (o ediție ulterioară a crescut la 17 piese).

În 1860,Louis Morreau Gottschalk și-a dedicat două compoziții lui Fontana, 'La Gitanella' și 'Illusions perdues'.

Tot în 1860 a tradus Cervantes Don Quijote în poloneză. În 1869 a publicat o carte de astronomie populară.

El a cedat surzimii și sărăciei și s-a sinucis prin inhalarea de monoxid de carbon în Paris. A fost ingropat în Cimitirul Montmartre. El a aranjat, înainte de moartea sa, ca fiul său să aibă grijă de familia soției sale în Anglia.

Note

Nașteri în 1810
Decese în 1859
Compozitori polonezi
Pianiști polonezi

Julian Fontana


Jean-Yves Fréchette, né le 11 mai 1948 au Nouveau-Brunswick, est un écrivain et artiste multidisciplinaire québécois. Il vit à Québec.

Biographie
De 1972 à 2008, Jean-Yves Fréchette enseigne la poésie et la communication. En tant que concepteur de logiciels éducatifs, il participe aux projets LogiTexte, Scriptor et Twittexte.

En octobre 1982, il réalise la performance Agrotexte avec une quinzaine de cultivateurs de Saint-Ubalde. Le vers « Texte Terre Tisse », tracé dans les champs par des tracteurs sur une distance de 1,6 km, devient le plus long texte labouré au monde, défi inscrit dans le livre des records.

Ses recherches s'articulent autour des problématiques liées à la pédagogie de l'écriture mobile. À cet effet, il collabore notamment avec le Centre de la Francophonie des Amériques ainsi qu'avec le Musée de la civilisation.

Œuvrant hors des cadres traditionnels littéraires, Jean-Yves Fréchette s'intéresse à la twittérature. En plus d'être membre du collectif Inter/Le Lieu, il dirige l'Institut de twittérature comparée de Québec-Bordeaux, « un organisme qui explore, analyse et enseigne les mutations littéraires induites par les temps modernes ». Avec les collaborateurs de l'Institut, il codirige le deuxième Festival international de twittérature de Bordeaux.

Fondateur de la Centrale textuelle de Saint-Ubald, il réalise également une performance d'édition intitulée Physitexte, une manœuvre textuelle d'écriture technique, Le lieu-dit le lieu ainsi qu'une manœuvre-réseau d'écriture collective, Le party textuel.

Il publie Plis sous pli en collaboration avec Pierre-André Arcand (Éditions du Noroît, 1982), Tweet rebelle : twittérature (L'instant même, 2011) ainsi que Ne sois pas effrayé par le pollen dans l'œil des filles (L'instant même, 2015).

Membre des conseils d'administration de Rhizome, Jean-Yves Fréchette est également membre des éditions Intervention ainsi que de l'Institut de gouvernance numérique.

Œuvres

Poésie

Plis sous pli, en collaboration avec Pierre-André Arcand, Montréal, Éditions du Noroît, 1982, 1 portefeuille.
 Ne sois pas effrayé par le pollen dans l'œil des filles, avec des photographies de Patrick St-Hilaire et une préface de Gilles Pellerin, Québec, L'Instant même, 2015, 167 p.

Nouvelles

Tweet rebelle : twittérature, Québec, L'Instant même, 2011, 175 p.

Art visuel, performance et art numérique

 Le lieu-dit le lieu, 1982
 Le public dans tous ses états, 1982
 Agrotexte, écriture dans les champs agricole de Saint-Ubalde, 1982
 G mon soleil sans complexe, 1983
 L'Arpenteur, en collaboration avec le collectif Bleu Diode (Isabelle Gagné et Sven Buridans)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
Musée de la civilisation

Liens externes

Écrivain québécois
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois
Artiste québécois

Jean-Yves Fréchette


Pobouzke (, ) est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Kirovohrad, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021.

La localité compte une usine de ferronickel, une gare ferroviaire et un musée des missiles stratégiques.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Kirovohrad

Pobouzke


الصندوق القومي الفلسطيني هو الدائرة المالية والإدارية والرقابية لمنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية، تأسس عام 1964 مع تأسيس منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية. يتألف مجلس إدارة الصندوق من 15 عضوًا كحد أدنى و20 عضوًا كحد أقصى، ويُعينون بقرار من اللجنة التنفيذية.

رؤساء سابقون

 عبد المجيد شومان (1964 – 1969)
 خالد اليشرطي (1969 – 1970)
 زهير العلمي (1970 – 1971).
 يوسف صايغ (1981- 1983).
 وليد قمحاوي (1974 – 1981).
 صلاح الدين الدباغ (1981 – 1983).
 حنا ناصر (1983 – 1984).
 جويد الغصين (1984 – 1996)
 محمد زهدي النشاشيبي (1996 – غير معروف).
 رمزي خوري (2005 - لا يزال)

المراجع

مؤسسات منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية

الصندوق القومي الفلسطيني


Jerónimo Churriguera Palomares (¿Madrid?, c. 1692 - Ibidem, 6 de febrero de 1731) fue un artista y arquitecto español del .

Biografía
Hijo de José Benito de Churriguera, se desconocen algunos detalles de su biografía. En la capilla de la Iglesia de San Sebastián, de advocación procedente a Nuestra Señora de Belén, fue construida a finales del  o principios del . La traza pudo ser del propio Jerónimo Churriguera (reformada posteriormente por Ventura Rodríguez). Junto con su hermano Nicolás Churriguera continuó algunos trabajos de su padre como el Colegio de Santo Tomás de Madrid.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Arquitectos de la Comunidad de Madrid
Arquitectos de España del siglo XVIII
Familia Churriguera

Jerónimo Churriguera