The Aston Martin DB9 is a grand tourer produced by Aston Martin. Available both in coupé and a convertible bodystyles, the latter being known as the Volante, the DB9 was the successor to the DB7. It was first shown at the 2003 Frankfurt Auto Show, and was the first model built at Aston Martin's Gaydon facility.

The DB9, originally designed by Ian Callum and Henrik Fisker, has an aluminium construction. The chassis is the Ford-developed VH platform whilst the engine is the 5.9-litre V12 from the Vanquish. The 2013 model year facelift saw many improvements to the design, the engine and the overall driving experience.

Aston Martin Racing adapted the DB9 for sports car racing, producing the DBR9 for FIA GT1 and the DBRS9 for FIA GT3. These two cars are modified DB9 models adapted for motorsport; the interior features are removed and the aluminium body panels are replaced by carbon fibre panels. Additionally, the engine has been tweaked in both the cars to produce more horsepower and torque.

Production of the DB9 ended after 12 years in 2016, having been replaced by the DB11 which uses an all-new platform and engine.

Development and design

The DB9 was designed by Ian Callum and Henrik Fisker; the extent of each individual's contributions to the car has been disputed by both. The car was first introduced at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. The letters "DB" are the initials of David Brown, the owner of Aston Martin for a significant part of its history. Although it succeeded the DB7, Aston Martin did not name the car DB8 due to fears that the name would suggest that the car was equipped with a V8 engine (the DB9 has a V12). It was also reported that Aston Martin believed that naming the car "DB8" would indicate a gradual evolution and misrepresent the car.

The DB9 is the first model to be built at Aston Martin's Gaydon facility in Warwickshire, England. In a 2007 interview, the then Aston Martin CEO Dr. Ulrich Bez stated that, though Aston Martin was traditionally a maker of more exclusive automobiles, he believed Aston Martin needed to be more visible and build more cars. At launch, Aston Martin planned to build between 1,400 and 1,500 cars per year.

In 2007, the DB9 was revised with upgraded electrical components which helped reliability, new front seat design, LED approach lights on the door handles and lowered suspension (8mm). The DB9 Volante no longer had a  top-speed limiter, allowing it to attain an unrestricted top speed of  should conditions allow.

The DB9 received a facelift in July 2008. This facelift was mainly the increase in engine power and torque, to  and , and a redesigned centre console. Externally, the DB9 remained virtually unchanged. The 2013 model year's new facelift design that resembled the 2011 Virage, as well as increased engine power of up to  and  of torque.

Interior

The DB9's interior is upholstered in leather and has a walnut wood trim. In newer editions, the leather is additionally given hand-stitched accents and joins. On the dashboard, satnav and Bluetooth are standard in later models (options on earlier models). Later models also offered a Dolby Prologic sound system can be connected to satellite radio, a six-CD changer, an iPod connector, a USB connector, or an auxiliary input jack. This sound system can be upgraded to a Bang & Olufsen stereo.

The coupé comes standard with two front seats and rear seats. A seating package, which removes the back seats and replaces the front seats with lighter seats made of Kevlar and carbon fibre was available as an option. The boot capacity is  in the coupé or  in the Volante.

Exterior
Made to follow the DB7 model, the DB9 is, according to Aston's initial press release, "a contemporary version of classic DB design elements and characteristics". It retains the traditional Aston Martin grille and side strakes, and the design attempts to keep the lines simple and refined. The boot of the car is pronounced, like that of the DB4 and DB5. At the front, DB9 is without a separate nose cone, and has no visible bumpers. The exterior skin is largely made of aluminium, though the front bumpers and bonnet are made of composite materials.

For the 2013 model year, Aston Martin made minor changes to the bodywork by adapting design cues from the 2011 Virage, including enlarging the recessed headlight clusters with bi-xenon lights and LED daytime running strips, widening the front splitter, updating the grille and side heat extractors, updating the LED rear lights with clear lenses and integrating a new rear spoiler with the boot lid.

Engine

The Aston Martin DB9 was initially launched equipped with a 5.9-litre V12 engine, already being used in the V12 Vanquish. This generates  of torque at 5,000 rpm and a maximum power output of  at 6,000 rpm. The DB9 can accelerate from 0 to  in 4.7 seconds and has a top speed of . The engine largely sits behind the front-axle line to improve weight distribution. The 2009 model year DB9 had an increase of engine power and torque, as the V12 now has a power output of  and  of torque, resulting in a power to weight ratio of 271 PS per tonne, an increase of 11 PS per tonne over the previous model. The top speed increased to  and the 0 to  acceleration time improved by 0.1 seconds to 4.6 seconds for the manual version of the car. Changes to the engine for the 2013 model year DB9 increased the power output to  and torque to . The car's 0 to  acceleration time decreased to 4.5 seconds and the top speed stood at .

The DB9 could be equipped with either a six-speed conventional manual gearbox manufactured by Graziano Trasmissioni or a six-speed ZF Friedrichshafen 'Touchtronic' automatic gearbox featuring paddle-operated semi-automatic mode. The automatic gearbox increases the 0 to  acceleration time to 4.9 seconds, though the top speed remains the same. The 2009 model year featured a revised 'Touchtronic 2' gearbox, which offered faster gear shifts due to a new valve box and integrated transmission controls. The 0 to  acceleration time decreased to 4.6 seconds, an improvement of 0.3 seconds. The gearbox is rear-mounted and is driven by a carbon-fibre tail shaft inside a cast aluminium torque tube.

Chassis
The DB9 is the first Aston Martin model to be designed and developed on Ford's aluminium VH (vertical/horizontal) platform. The body structure is composed of aluminium and composite materials melded together by mechanically fixed self-piercing rivets and robotic assisted adhesive bonding techniques. The bonded aluminium structure is claimed to possess more than double the torsional rigidity of its predecessor's, despite being 25 percent lighter.

The DB9 also has anti-roll bars and double wishbone suspension, supported by coil springs. To keep the back-end in control under heavy acceleration or braking, the rear suspension has additional anti-squat and anti-lift technology. Later versions of the car also features three modes for the tuning: normal, for every-day use, sport, for more precise movement at the cost of ride comfort, and track, which furthers the effects of the sport setting.

Wheels
The DB9 was initially launched with  wheels with a width of  at the front and  at the rear. They were fitted with Bridgestone Potenza 235/40ZR19 up front and 275/35ZR19 on the back. The brakes are large Brembo four-piston calipers in the front and rear. Carbon ceramic brakes were an option.

These were later changed to  wheels with widths of  at the front and  at the rear. The tyres are Pirelli P-Zero with codes of 245/35ZR20 and 295/30ZR20. The brakes are carbon ceramic with six-piston calipers at the front and four-piston calipers at the rear.

Variants

DB9 Volante

The Aston Martin DB9 Volante is the convertible version of the DB9 coupé. The chassis, though stiffer, uses the same base VH platform. To protect occupants from rollovers, the Volante has strengthened windshield pillars and two pop-up hoops behind the rear seats. The hoops cannot be disabled and will break the car's rear window if deployed. In an effort to improve the Volante's ride while cruising, Aston Martin softened the springs and lightened the anti-roll bars in the Volante, leading to a gentler suspension. The retractable roof of the Volante is made of folding fabric and takes 17 seconds for operation. With a kerb weight of , the Volante weighs more than the coupé due to chassis stiffening modifications.

The coupé and Volante both share the same semi-automatic and automatic gearboxes and engine. The original car was limited to  to retain the integrity of the roof, this limitation was removed on the upgraded 2007 model onwards. Like the coupé, the original Volante has  of torque at 5,000 rpm and a maximum power of  at 6,000 rpm. The 0 to  is slowed to 4.9 seconds due to the additional weight. On newer models, like the coupé's, the Volante's power output and torque have increased to  and  respectively for the 2009 model year, and  and  respectively for the 2013 model year. The kerb weight had also been reduced to .

DB9 GT
The final edition of the DB9 called the DB9 GT was introduced in 2015. The engine now has a power output of  at 6,750 rpm and  of torque at 5,500 rpm. The 0 to  acceleration time is 4.4 seconds and 0 to  acceleration time is 10.2 seconds. It can run the quarter mile in 12.8 seconds, and the top speed remains unchanged at .

DB9 LM
To commemorate Aston Martin's GT1 victory at the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, Aston Martin introduced the DB9 LM (Le Mans) in the first quarter of 2008. The DB9 LM comes standard with the DB9's optional sports pack and is only available in coupé bodystyle equipped with the automatic transmission. The LM was only available in a special Sarthe Silver exterior colour, named after the Circuit de la Sarthe, where Le Mans is run, and has red brake calipers, a chromed mesh grill, and a special black leather interior, with red stitching and the Le Mans track stitched on the central console. The car is also fitted with the DBS' clear rear lights. Initially, a production of 124 cars was planned and the cars were to be supplied to dealers at the rate of one per dealer. However, some dealers did not take their allocation as a result, the total production amounted to 69 cars.

DB9 Carbon Black, Morning Frost, and Quantum Silver
Following the success of several special edition models of other Aston Martin cars, like the V12 Vantage Carbon Black and the DBS Carbon Black, Aston Martin announced three special edition models of the DB9 in 2011: the DB9 Carbon Black, Morning Frost, and Quantum Silver. All three models are denoted by a sill plaque bearing their respective names. All three models have the same 5.9-litre V12 engine as the base DB9, which has a power output of  and  of torque. All three models were available both as a coupé and a Volante.

The DB9 Carbon Black, as its name suggests, has a black paint finish and matching interior. This includes a black center console and interior door handles on the inside, and black grills, a black tailpipe, and black  10-spoke wheels on the outside. The interior also has numerous add-ons to make the car more sporty, including silver stitching for the leather and a polished glass gear stick. The exhaust has been modified to create a different sound to add to the sporty feel. The Carbon Black was only available as a six-speed automated manual.

The DB9 Morning Frost's paint finish is a pearlescent white. However, on the interior, the Morning Frost is fitted with metallic bronze leather and a black center console and interior door handles. On the outside, the Morning Frost has silver  10-spoke wheels, silver brake calipers, and silver grilles. Like the Carbon Black, the DB9 Morning Frost has a six-speed automated manual transmission.

The DB9 Quantum Silver uses a silver paint scheme also found on the DBS in Quantum of Solace, hence its name. Inside, the Quantum Silver shares the black center console and leather. On the outside, it also has black grills and  wheels. The Quantum Silver has the same automated manual transmission as its counterparts, and shares a modified sports exhaust with the Carbon Black.

DB9 Spyder Zagato Centennial (2013)
At the firm's 100 year anniversary, Zagato presented a unique car based on the Aston Martin DB9 Volante. It was commissioned by American collector Peter Read and was painted green. It was revealed along with the Aston Martin DBS Coupe Zagato Centennial. The owner bought a US-spec 2013 Aston Martin DB9 Volante, which he immediately shipped to Zagato in Italy. The car sold for $693,000 (inclusive of applicable buyer's fee) with 2,300 miles in August 2015 at RM Sotheby's Monterey auction during car week. The car has carbon-ceramic brakes and its VIN number is SCFFDABM1DGB14756.

DB9 Vengeance by Kahn Design
The DB9 Vengeance by Kahn Design is a series of cars modified by the British car modification firm Kahn Design based on the Aston Martin DB9.

Motorsport

DBR9

The DB9 has been adapted for use in sports car racing by Aston Martin Racing, a collaboration between Aston Martin and Prodrive. Called the DBR9, the car debuted in 2005. It retains the DB9's 5.9-litre V12 engine, but has been extensively modified to decrease weight as well as to improve performance and has a final displacement of . Most of the car's aluminium body panels have been replaced with carbon fibre panels, and several external features, like a front splitter and a rear wing, have been added to increase the car's downforce. The car has a basic interior with essential driver aids. Likewise, though the suspension's layout remains the same, it has been improved to racing specifications. The brakes are upgraded to Brembo carbon-carbon discs and six-piston calipers. The transmission in the DBR9 is a Xtrac six-speed sequential manual, containing a Salisbury friction-plate limited-slip differential, and the prop shaft made of carbon fibre. The lightweight materials give the DBR9 a total kerb weight of . The engine modifications allow it to have a power output of  and  of torque. The increase of engine power and weight reduction allows the DBR9 to accelerate from 0 to  in 3.4 seconds, and 0 to  in 6.4 seconds.

The DBR9 won in its debut at the 2005 12 Hours of Sebring, and has gone on to take wins in the American Le Mans Series, Le Mans Series, FIA GT Championship, as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

DBRS9

Aston Martin Racing also developed a variant of the DBR9 following FIA GT3 regulations. Called the DBRS9, the car shares carbon fibre bodywork and the chassis and suspension layout of the DBR9. The DBRS9 has a kerb weight of ,  more than the DBR9. While the engine is shared with the DBR9, it has been detuned and has a power output of  and  of torque. The DBRS9 is equipped with either a six-speed H-pattern gearbox or a six-speed sequential gearbox and has a 0 to  acceleration time of 3.4 seconds and a top speed of .

The DBRS9 competed in several endurance races, including the 24 Hours Nürburgring, Spa 24 Hours, and Malaysia Merdeka Endurance Race. The car additionally raced in the FIA GT3 European Championship for which it was designed before being replaced by a GT3 version of the V12 Vantage in 2011.

The DBRS9 was made available to consumers and included an adjustable driver's seat and steering.

Reception
Car critics have generally rated the DB9 coupé and Volante well, praising the car's luxurious interior and exterior design. On the British automotive show Top Gear, the DB9 is thought of highly. Notably, on the show's "Cool Wall" segment, the presenters called the DB9 "too cool" for the wall and gave it its own category called "The DB9 Fridge", a mini-refrigerator containing the car's card. While reviewing the Volante, Richard Hammond called the interior of the DB9 "one of the best known to man". He felt that the car was less stiff than the coupé, however, to the point that the car was "wobbly".

Both Edmunds.com and Road & Track critiqued the DB9 for not having as good handling as its competitors, noting that the car isn't stiff enough. However, Edmunds noted that while the Mercedes-Benz SL600 and SL55 AMG were objectively better cars, the DB9 was more desirable. When compared directly against other cars, like the Porsche 911 Turbo S Cabriolet and the Ford GT, the DB9 was ranked poorly, though the reviewer noted that comparing it against faster cars "highlighted its shortcomings". Likewise, when compared to the Bentley Continental GT, Mercedes-Benz CL600, and the Ferrari 612 Scaglietti F1, the DB9 ranked poorly again, though reviewers said that "despite its problems, the DB9 would be their personal choice". The issues with stiffness were largely fixed by later iterations of the DB9 as noted by Autoweek and Edmunds.

The DB9's interior has been called "regal" and "dazzling", with Edmunds saying, "[w]ords like 'rich' and 'crafted' just don't cut it, though 'decadent' and 'sculpted by the Almighty himself' get close". Critics liked the comfort of the almost racecar-like driver's seat. Reviewers complained about the back seats however, with Forbes saying "think of it more as a padded parcel shelf". Likewise, reviewers complained that the space for cargo was limited, though many quipped the small back seats could help hold luggage. Another common complaint was car's poor satnav system, which Automobile Magazine called the car's "Achilles heel", noting that "selecting a route is painful at best". Newer models contain a much improved satnav system sourced from Garmin.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Aston Martin DB9 – Official Aston Martin webpage

DB9
Grand tourers
Coupés
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2004
2010s cars
Convertibles
Henrik Fisker

Aston Martin DB9


Kaito Yamamoto (født 10. juli 1985) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Han var en del af den japanske trup ved Sommer-OL 2008.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kaito Yamamoto


Istraživačka loža je posebna vrsta masonske lože koja je posvećena istraživanju slobodnog zidarstva te širenju masonskih učenja. To je deputacijska loža te kao takva je pod zaštitom jedne velike lože. Međutim, ova loža ne dodjeljuje stupnjeve i ograničava članstvo samo na majstore zidare ujutar jedne velike lože. Istraživačkim ložama srodna su masonska istraživačka društva, koja služe istoj svrsi, ali funkcioniraju bitno drugačije. U većini zemalja u kojima postoji masonerija postoje i istraživačke lože.

Istraživačka loža okuplja znanstvenike i intelektualce koji se bave istraživačkom i znanstvenom obradom slobodnozidarskih tema i publicističkom djelatnošću u svrhu dubljeg razumijevanja slobodnozidarske misli, povijesti i vrijednosti suvremenog društva.

Najstarija istraživačka loža je "Quatuor Coronati" br. 2076, osnovana 1886. godine pod zaštitom Ujedinjene velike lože Engleske (UGLE). Loža prihvaća članove iz cijelog svijeta kroz svoj Dopisni krug.

Većina istraživačkih loža ima neku vrstu periodika, zbornika eseja ili samo bilten koji se redovito objavljuje.

Istraživačke lože u Hrvatskoj
 Velika loža Hrvatske: Loža "Quatuor Coronati" br. 7, Zagreb
 Velika simbolička loža Hrvatske: Loža "Delta"

Izvori

Istraživačka loža


Eranthis cilicica, do deset centimetara visoka trajnica iz Male Azije (Turska) i sjevernog Iraka. Pripada porodici žabnjakovki, a odlikuje se sjajnim zelenim listovima i velikim žutim cvjetovima oblika kaleža,  krupnije od uobičajene vrste E. hyemalis, često uzgajane po vrtovima.

E. cilicica cvate zimi, pojavljuje sredinom veljače poput sićušnog zelenog kišobrana s malom žutom »čašicom« na vrhu.

Lako se uzgajaju u vlažnom, humusom bogatom tlu u djelomičnoj sjeni ili šumskom okruženju.

Sinonimi
 Eranthis isaurica C.Simon

Izvori

Ozimica

Eranthis cilicica


إيملين هيوز ، من مواليد 28 أغسطس 1947، وتوفي في 9 نوفمبر 2004، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم إنجليزي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب إيملين هيوز خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 6 أندية في واحد وعشرون موسمًا وسجل خلالها 43 هدفًا ضمن 632 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسم واحد بالكأس وفي أربعة مواسم بالدوري.

خاض إيملين هيوز مسيرته مع نادي بلاكبول في موسم 1965–66 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 28 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي ليفربول في موسم 1966–67 ليلعب معه ثلاثة عشر موسمًا، حيث شارك في 474 مباراة سجل خلالها 35 هدفًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي وولفرهامبتون واندررز في موسم 1979–80 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 58 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفين. ثم انتقل إلى نادي روذرهام يونايتد في موسم 1981–82 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 56 مباراة سجل خلالها 6 أهداف. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي هال سيتي في موسم 1982–83 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 9 مباريات ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى نادي سوانزي سيتي في موسم 1983–84 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 7 مباريات ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أعضاء قاعة مشاهير كرة القدم الإنجليزية
إنجليز من أصل ويلزي
ضباط رتبة الإمبراطورية البريطانية
لاعبو التشكيلة المثالية في دوري كرة القدم الإنجليزية
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو كأس العالم 1970
هيوز
لاعبو كرة قدم من كمبريا
لاعبو ليفربول
لاعبو منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم تحت 23 سنة
لاعبو نادي بلاكبول
لاعبو نادي روذرهام يونايتد
لاعبو نادي سوانزي سيتي
لاعبو نادي مانسفيلد تاون
لاعبو نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي
لاعبو هال سيتي
لاعبو وولفرهامبتون واندررز
لاعبون فائزون بكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي
لاعبون فازوا بدوري أبطال أوروبا
مدربو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
هيوز
مدربو نادي روذرهام يونايتد
مذيعون رياضيون بريطانيون
هيوز
هيوز
وفيات السرطان في إنجلترا
وفيات بسبب ورم الدماغ
وفيات سرطان الدماغ في إنجلترا
وفيات في شفيلد

إيملين هيوز


L'hôtel Banke est un établissement 5 étoiles situé à Paris dans le quartier de l'Opéra, doté de 91 chambres, et dont la particularité est d'être situé dans les anciens locaux d'une banque. Il appartient au groupe hôtelier espagnol Derby Hotels.

Historique

La reine Hortense de Beauharnais, dite Hortense de Hollande, fit construire au  des jardins situés à l'emplacement actuel, entre le 18 et le 22 de la rue Lafayette .

En 1908, la Banque suisse et française fit construire son siège au 20 de la rue Lafayette. Il est l'œuvre des architectes Paul_Friesé et Joseph Cassien-Bernard. Après sa fusion avec la Caisse de crédit de Nice et la Maison Aynard et fils, cette banque devient le Crédit commercial de France, conservant le siège de la rue Lafayette. Lors du rachat du CCF par le groupe HSBC, le bâtiment est dans un premier temps conservé, avant d'être cédé.

En 2009, le groupe espagnol Derby Hotels, dirigé par l'homme d'affaires catalan Jordi Clos, fait l'acquisition des locaux de cette ancienne banque, pour le transformer en hôtel de luxe, classé 5 étoiles depuis 2014.

Caractéristiques

Architecture et décor
Le bâtiment a été conçu en 1908 par les architectes Paul Friesé et Joseph Cassien-Bernard.

Collections archéologiques
L'hôtel a conservé certains parties de l'ancienne banque, réaménagées pour servir de décor lors de réceptions. On peut ainsi visiter l'ancienne salle des coffres, ou la salle du Conseil.

Le propriétaire du groupe Derby Hotels a développé un goût prononcé pour l'archéologie. Passionné d'égyptologie, il a soutenu en tant que mécène la création du Musée égyptien de Barcelone. L'hôtel Banke présente ainsi, à chaque étage, une mini collection archéologique, associée à la décoration des chambres de l'étage concerné.

Notes et références

9e arrondissement de Paris
Hôtel à Paris
Édifice construit en 1908

Hôtel Banke


Ministerio de Industria puede referirse a los siguientes ministerios:
 Ministerio de Industria (Argentina), cartera de Argentina creada en 1954 y disuelta en 1956.
 Ministerio de Industria (Argentina, 2009), cartera de Argentina creada en 2009 y disuelta en 2010.
 Ministerio de Industrias (Cuba), cartera de Cuba.
 Ministerio de la Industria Alimentaria, cartera de Cuba.
 Ministerio de Industria y Comercio (República Dominicana), cartera de República Dominicana.
 Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo, cartera de España creada en 2018.
 Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Turismo, cartera de España creada en 2011 y disuelta en 2016.
 Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio, cartera de España creada en 2004 y disuelta 2011.
 Ministerio de Industria y Comercio de Paraguay.
 Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería de Uruguay.

Ministerio de Industria


An Octarrhena bilabrata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Pieter van Royen, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Walter Kittredge. An Octarrhena bilabrata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Octarrhena, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Octarrhena

Octarrhena bilabrata


An Cyrtopodium witeckii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lou Christian Menezes. An Cyrtopodium witeckii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtopodium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Cyrtopodium

Cyrtopodium witeckii


Franjo Švelec (Koškovec kraj Varaždina, 17. kolovoza 1916. – Zadar, 26. prosinca 2001.) hrvatski književni povjesničar, akademik.

Životopis

Studij jugoslavistike završio je 1948. na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu, gdje je 1956. doktorirao tezom o Mavru Vetranoviću. Radio je na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu 1951. – 56., a potom je do 1978. bio profesor starije hrvatske književnosti na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zadru. Redoviti član HAZU bio je od 1991. Uređivao je Zadarsku reviju i Radove Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Napisao je književnopovijesnu sintezu hrvatske književnosti XVII. st. (Povijest hrvatske književnosti, knjiga 3, 1974). O pjesnicima dopreporodne hrvatske književnosti – ponajprije zadarskoga i hvarskoga književnoga kruga – objavio je nekoliko knjiga. Priredio je djela P. Zoranića, J. Barakovića, I. Đurđevića, I. Bunića Vučića, I. Gundulića, F. Grabovca i dr., a osobito se bavio djelom M. Držića (Komički teatar Marina Držića, 1968).

Nepotpun popis djela

 Po stazi netlačeni (1977.)
 Iz naše književne prošlosti (1990.)
 Iz starije književnosti hrvatske (1998.)

Izvori

Hrvatski književni povjesničari

Franjo Švelec


Jozef Israëlskade este o stradă în districtul Zuid al orașului Amsterdam. Cheiul este numit după pictorul Jozef Israëls (1824-1911) din Haga.

Jozef Israëlskade este situat în partea de sud a cartierului De Pijp. Această zonă formează partea de est a fostului district urban Oud-Zuid și este numit Nieuwe Pijp. Cheiul începe din Ruysdaelkade și se întinde câțiva kilometri până la Amsteldijk și râul Amstel. Apa care scaldă cheiul este canalul Amstel (Amstelkanaal). De cealaltă parte a canalului se află Amstelkade. Cheiul se întinde în zonele cu codurile poștale 1072, 1073 și 1074.

Cheiul este intersectat de câteva bulevarde principale precum Ferdinand Bolstraat, Van Woustraat și Amsteldijk. Pe Ferdinand Bolstraat trece tramvaiul 12 și pe Van Woustraat tramvaiul 4, ale căror opriri pe chei poartă numele Jozef Israëlskade .

Istoric
Jozef Israëlskade a fost numit în perioada ocupației germane (din 14 august 1942 până în 18 mai 1945) "Tooropkade". După revenirea cheiului la vechiul nume în mai 1945, casele de la numerele 104 la 132 au fost renumerotate de la 362 la 468. Pe fațada estică a clădirii de la intersecția dintre Jozef Israëlskade și Jan Lievensstraat mai există încă plăcuța cu vechiul număr 103. Din cauza renumerotării, nicio clădire de pe chei nu poartă numere de la 103 la 361.

Aspect
Cheiul are o funcție rezidențială și un aspect idilic datorită prezenței clădirilor proiectate în stilul Școlii din Amsterdam. Pe colțul format cu Ferdinand Bolstraat se află un complex din clădiri de birouri, în care se află agenții de turism în diferite țări. Acest complex se află pe locul unde era centrul de congrese RAI Amsterdam. RAI este situat în prezent în Europaplein din vecinătate.

Puncte-cheie

 De-a lungul cheiului, lângă Ferdinand Bolstraat, se află celebrul Hotel Okura. Acoperișul Hotelului Okura este considerat cel mai înalt barometru al Țărilor de Jos, la 75 m altitudine. Culoarea luminii care trece prin acoperiș este un indicator al vremii din zilele următoare. Albastru înseamnă vreme însorită, verde vreme rea și alb cer noros.
 Liceul Berlage care face parte din Esprit Scholengemeenschap este format din două clădiri construite în stilul Școlii din Amsterdam. Aceste clădiri sunt situate la mijlocul cheiului, având în față sculpturi realizate de Hildo Krop, acum reproduse în granit. Ele sunt monumente naționale.
 Pe colțul cu Diamantstraat, la numărul 415 (după vechea numerotare: 116-I), au trăit scriitorii Karel van het Reve și Gerard Reve. Acest fapt este comemorat printr-o placă memorială pe care scrie "66 De Egters". Acest semn este fixat pe fațada clădirii și se referă la Frits van Egters, personajul principal al romanului De Avonden al lui Reve. Numărul 66 se referă la adresa la care locuia Frits van Egters: Schilderskade 66.
 Pe colțul format de Jozef Israëlskade și Ruysdaelkade se află un complex rezidențial proiectat de arhitecți M.J.E. Lippits și N.H.W. Scholte, finalizat în anul 1923. Acești arhitecți sunt cunoscuți, de asemenea, pentru proiectarea Hotelului Schiller în Rembrandtplein din Amsterdam. Complexul este, începând din anul 2012, un monument municipal. El este un bloc de locuințe cu o curte interioară, care este tipic planificării urbane realizate de Hendrik Petrus Berlage. Complexul este situat pe Jozef Israëlskade, la confluența canalului Amstel cu Boerenwetering . Blocul are o formă aproape pătrată, cu o curte interioară. O alee interioară conectează bloc cu străzile din jur. Cele cinci etaje sunt realizate din cărămidă, cu ferestre în formă de frunze de dafin pe mai multe etaje și cu diferite soluții arhitectonice la colțuri. În mod particular, acest complex și-a păstrat aspectul autentic din 1919-1923.
 Toate podurile de peste canalul Amstel sunt proiectate de Piet Kramer:
 podul peste canalul Amstel de la intersecția cu Amsteldijk este numit P. L. Kramerbrug (nr. 400) și datează din 1917 (Monument național),
 podul ce leagă Van Woustraat cu Rijnstraat este numit Ernst Cahn și Alfred Kohnbrug (nr. 401) și datează din 1926,
 podul de lemn care leagă Pieter Lodewijk Takstraat de Waalstraat este numit Han de Zomerenbrug (nr. 402) și a fost renovat și mutat în 2009,
 "Maasbrug" care leagă Tweede van der Helststraat de Maasstraat (nr. 403) datează din 1936 și este numit din 2016 Gerard Revebrug,
 podul care leagă Ferdinand Bolstraat de Scheldestraat este numit din 2016 Barbiersbrug (nr. 404) și este un monument național.

Note

Străzi din Amsterdam

Jozef Israëlskade


Jens Philip Puriya Yazdani (født 30. april 1998 i Aarhus) er debattør og var 2017-18 formand for Danske Gymnasieelevers Sammenslutning. Han blev landskendt som formand for elevrådet på Langkaer Gymnasium i efteråret 2016, da det vakte stor opmærksomhed, at gymnasiet opdelte sine nye gymnasieklasser efter etnisk herkomst, og folketingsmedlem Martin Henriksen i et TV-debatprogram afstod fra at kalde Yazdani for dansk, selvom han er født og opvokset i Danmark.

Baggrund

Yazdanis mor kommer fra Vestjylland, mens faderen er født i Zanjan i den aserbajdjanske del af Iran, men flygtede fra det iranske præstestyre til Danmark i 1980'erne. Da Jens Philip blev født, boede familien i en lejlighed i Aarhus-bydelen Trøjborg, men flyttede til Sabro, da han var et år.

Yazdani voksede op i en meget politisk interesseret familie og blev tidligt selv politisk interesseret. I 8. klasse blev han formand for elevrådet på Sabro-Korsvejskolen. I 2014-15 var han viceborgmester i Børn- og Unge-byrådet i Aarhus Kommune, og i 2016 var han "et ikke specielt aktivt medlem af Socialistisk Ungdomsfront" (SUF).

I 2018 begyndte Yazdani på studiet i persisk (Mellemøstens sprog og samfund) ved Københavns Universitet.

Elevrådsformand og debatten om Langkær Gymnasiums opdeling af elever

Yazdani blev formand for elevrådet på Langkaer Gymnasium i slutningen af 1. g. I denne egenskab blev han kendt i offentligheden i efteråret 2016, hvor det vakte landsdækkende opmærksomhed, at gymnasiet var begyndt at opdele sine nye gymnasieklasser efter elevernes etniske herkomst. Især blev Yazdani landskendt efter sin optræden i Clement Kjersgaards 'Debatten' på DR2 22. september 2016, hvor folketingsmedlem Martin Henriksen ikke kunne svare på, om han anså Yazdani for at være dansk.

Formand for DGS

Yazdani blev sidenhen engageret i Danske Gymnasieelevers Sammenslutning, hvor han tiltrådte som formand d. 1. juli 2017, efter at han havde beklædt posten som regionssekretær for DGS-Østjylland i året inden. I forbindelse med sin nye post udtalte han til Altinget, at et "overdrevent fokus på karakterer og fraværsprocent, nedskæringer og ny gymnasiereform gør det sværere at være elev i de danske gymnasier". Som formand for DGS stillede han borgerforslaget om at fjerne uddannelsesloftet på vegne af otte organisationer fra elev- og studenterbevægelsen. I 2018 blev han afløst som formand af Malte Sauerland-Paulsen.

Samfundsdebattør

Efter optrinet i 'Debatten' i september 2016 blev Yazdani samme år nomineret til Berlingskes pris med titlen 'Årets Dansker' og fik en 12. plads på Politikens liste over årets debattører i 2016.

Yazdani har siden i en række tilfælde deltaget i samfundsdebatten, især om forhold inden for uddannelsespolitik og integration. Efter VM i fodbold 2018 beskrev han i et meget omtalt debatindlæg, der først blev bragt på Facebook og siden i Jyllandsposten, hvordan han med sin etniske baggrund ofte føler sig urimeligt behandlet: "...Hvordan kunne jeg stå dér, dybt investeret i kampen, og skiftevis frygte og juble for Danmark – når det samme Danmark, dag efter dag, skider på, nedgør og tilsviner mig og mine? Vi, unge med anden etnisk baggrund, udsættes nemlig dagligt for mistænkeliggørelse, stigmatisering – og værre endnu: politiske ændringer, der fjerner vores rettigheder og muligheder."

Noter

Referencer

Studenter fra Langkær Gymnasium & HF
Debattører fra Danmark

Jens Philip Yazdani


Larissa Krainer (* 1967 in Klagenfurt) ist eine österreichische Philosophin und Kommunikationswissenschaftlerin. Sie ist außerordentliche Professorin am Institut für Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft der Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt und Vorsitzende des Senats der Universität Klagenfurt.

Leben
Krainer studierte Philosophie und Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaften an der Universität Klagenfurt. Von 1988 bis 1997 arbeitete sie als Journalistin für verschiedene Zeitungen und Zeitschriften (z. B. Kärntner Volkszeitung, Der Standard, ORF-Landesstudio Kärnten, Die Brücke, FORVM). 1991 gründete sie gemeinsam mit Kollegen die erste zweisprachige Wochenzeitung Kärntens, TANGO (Dvojezični Tednik na Koroškem), die sie bis 1993 leitete.

Von 1995 bis 1997 leitete Krainer die Landesgeschäftsstelle von amnesty international in Kärnten. Seit 1998 ist sie Mitglied der Universität Klagenfurt, wo sie 2001 habilitierte. Von 2009 bis 2011 hatte sie dort eine Vertragsprofessur inne und ist seit 2016 Vorsitzende des Senats der Universität. Sie war Mitbegründerin des ehemaligen "Instituts für Interventionsforschung und Kulturelle Nachhaltigkeit".

2015 gründete Krainer gemeinsam mit Kollegen das Interdisciplinary Mediaethics Centre (IMEC), das sich in regelmäßigen Tagungen und Publikationen um den interdisziplinären Austausch zu Themen der Medienethik im Kontext der Mediatisierung bemüht. Ferner engagiert sie sich gemeinsam mit Marlis Prinzing und Mark Eisenegger in einer länderübergreifenden Initiative im DACH-Raum für die Etablierung von Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft als öffentliche Wissenschaft.

Wissenschaftlicher Beitrag
Die Publikationsschwerpunkte von Larissa Krainer umfassen medien- und kommunikationswissenschaftliche wie philosophische Arbeiten im Bereich der Medienethik und der Prozessethik, Publikationen zur methodischen und wissenschaftstheoretischen Fundierung inter- und transdisziplinärer Forschung (insbesondere der Interventionsforschung), Arbeiten im Bereich der Wissenschafts- und der Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation sowie einzelne Beiträge zur Medien- und zu Fachgeschichte.

In ihrer Dissertation befasste sich Krainer mit österreichischen Frauenzeitschriften und deren ökonomischer Ausrichtung, 2015 bzw. 2019 legte sie dazu aktualisierte Publikationen vor. In ihrer Habilitationsschrift arbeitete sie die zahlreichen Spannungsfelder und Widersprüche im Bereich der Medienethik heraus. 2010 legte sie gemeinsam mit Peter Heintel ein Grundlagenwerk zur Prozessethik vor. In etlichen wissenschaftlichen Aufsätzen in Sammelbänden und Fachzeitschriften befasst sie sich mit der Frage, welche aktuell dominanten kulturellen Muster nachhaltige Entwicklung befördern bzw. behindern können (Forschung zu Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation und Kultureller Nachhaltigkeit).

Ein weiterer Forschungsfokus von Krainer ist das Thema Wissenschaftskommunikation. In ihren medienethischen Publikationen befasst sie sich sowohl mit dem journalistischen System, das im digitalen Zeitalter vor neuen ethischen Herausforderungen steht, als auch mit der digitalen Alltagskommunikation von jungen und älteren Menschen. In zahlreichen Workshops unterstützt die Forscherin Praktikerinnen und Praktiker bei der Bearbeitung konkreter ethischer Fragestellungen und publiziert neben wissenschaftlichen Fachartikeln auch regelmäßig in öffentlichen Medien um einen Wissenstransfer in die Gesellschaft zu leisten.

Publikationen
Eine Übersicht von Larissa Krainers Publikationen findet sich auf research gate oder der Homepage der Universität Klagenfurt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Philosoph (21. Jahrhundert)
Kommunikationswissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Universität Klagenfurt)
Absolvent der Universität Klagenfurt
Österreicher
Geboren 1967
Frau

Larissa Krainer


Balıklava veya Balaklava (Kırım Tatarcası: Balıqlava, Ukraynaca: Балаклава, Rusça: Балаклава). Ukrayna'ya bağlı Kırım Özerk Cumhuriyeti'nin güney kısmında bulunan bir Karadeniz sahil kenti.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Balaklava Muharebesi

Dış bağlantılar

 Balaklava PhotoBlog*

Sivastopol
Kırım'daki şehirler
Kırım Savaşı
Ukrayna'daki şehirler
Karadeniz'deki liman kentleri

Balıklava


Cristina Gutiérrez Herrero (née le ) est une dentiste et pilote de rallye espagnole. Elle est devenue en 2017 la première femme espagnole dans la catégorie auto à terminer le rallye Dakar.

En 2021, elle était la deuxième femme à remporter une étape dans l'histoire du Rallye Dakar après Jutta Kleinschmidt. De plus, elle a participé à la compétition de SUV électrique cross-country, l'Extreme E au volant de l'équipe X44 de Lewis Hamilton.

Carrière en sports mécaniques
Cristina Gutiérrez a participé à 6 rallyes Dakar de 2017 à 2022, les terminant à chaque fois. Elle signe son meilleur résultat en carrière lors de l'édition 2022 avec son copilote François Cazalet, en finissant  de la catégorie Prototypes légers (T3) au volant du Prototype Red Bull OT3.

En 2017, elle devient la première femme espagnole à terminer la classique off-road dans la catégorie auto.

En 2021, elle concourt dans la catégorie des véhicules légers et devient la deuxième femme après Jutta Kleinschmidt en 2005 à remporter une étape du Dakar.

Gutiérrez est également championne des rallyes tout-terrain (catégorie féminine) de son pays depuis 2012, et vice-championne dans la même discipline en 2015 après une série de deuxièmes places dans les Bajas espagnoles.

En décembre 2020, elle est annoncée en tant que pilote féminine au sein de l'équipe X44 de Lewis Hamilton en Extreme E, avec Sébastien Loeb.

En 2021, elle devient la première pilote féminine à remporter un championnat du monde dans la catégorie Rallye-Raid. Elle a notamment terminé la dernière étape au Kazakhstan avec les vertèbres fracturées.

Résultat en course

Résultats en Extreme E

Légende :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

  Fiche du pilote sur le site officiel du W2RC
 Fiche du pilote sur dakar.com

Pilote automobile espagnole
Pilote du Rallye Dakar
Pilote de rallye espagnol
Naissance en juillet 1991
Pilote d'Extreme E

Cristina Gutiérrez


La Sabline à deux fleurs (Arenaria biflora) est une espèce de plantes vivaces de la famille des Caryophyllacées.

Liens externes

Espèce de plantes (nom vernaculaire)
Caryophyllaceae
Taxon décrit par Carl von Linné

Sabline à deux fleurs


مجلس الوزراء اللبناني (بالفرنسية: Conseil des Ministres du Liban) هي الهيئة التنفيذية للجمهورية اللبنانية. رئيسها هو رئيس وزراء لبنان، ويعينه رئيس الجمهورية بتثبيت مجلس النواب اللبناني. تتكون عادة من عدد متساوٍ من المسلمين والمسيحيين (على الرغم من أن هذا المطلب غير محدد في الدستور). يعد مجلس الوزراء «حكومة» لبنان حسب الدستور ومن سلطاته:
 وضع السياسة العامة للدولة في جميع المجالات ووضع مشاريع القوانين والمراسيم، واتخاذ القرارات اللازمة لتطبيقها.
 السهر على تنفيذ القوانين والأنظمة والإشراف على أعمال كل أجهرة الدولة من إدارات ومؤسسات مدنية وعسكرية وأمنية.
 تعيين موظفي الدولة وصرفهم وقبول استقالتهم وفق القانون.
 وفي حالات دستورية معينة، يحق بحل مجلس النواب.

تاريخ
أسس المجلس في 23 أيار 1926، عندما صدر دستور دولة لبنان الكبير. منذ إنشاء المكتب في عام 1926 وحتى نهاية الحرب الأهلية، لم يشر الدستور كثيرًا إلى أدوار وواجبات المنصب، وإن كان ذكر الرئيس «لتسمية أحد الوزراء كرئيس للوزراء». بعد انتهاء الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية والمصادقة على اتفاق الطوائف، عززت مسؤوليات مجلس الوزراء وقننت وإدرجت بوضوح في الدستور. والجدير بالذكر أن الاتفاقية نقلت السلطة التنفيذية من الرئيس إلى المجلس.

تشكيل الحكومة
يتشكل المجلس بمرسوم من رئيس الجمهورية ويوقع عليه رئيس مجلس الوزراء. في غضون 30 يومًا، يجب أن يوافق مجلس النواب على الحكومة من خلال تصويت بالثقة، الأمر الذي يتطلب أغلبية بسيطة. بموجب المادة 64 من الدستور اللبناني، يتولى رئيس الوزراء المفاوضات مع مجلس النواب لتشكيل الحكومة. حسب العرف، تتكون الحكومة بالتساوي بين المسلمين والمسيحيين - ولكن هذا ليس شرطًا محددًا في الدستور.

المسؤوليات والصلاحيات
المجلس مكلف بشكل عام بالإشراف على الشؤون اليومية، وإعداد مشاريع قوانين لمجلس النواب للتصويت عليها. يعمل الوزراء الأفراد على حقائبهم الخاصة، ويحتاجون فقط إلى توقيع الرئيس ورئيس الوزراء لاتخاذ القرارات المتعلقة بوزارتهم الفردية. عندما تؤثر القرارات على الحكومة بأكملها، هناك حاجة إلى أغلبية الوزراء. موافقة الحكومة على ما يسمى بالقضايا «الأساسية» (التعديلات الدستورية، القوانين الانتخابية، حل البرلمان، الحرب والسلام، المعاهدات الدولية، حالة الطوارئ، ميزانية الدولة، خطط التنمية طويلة الأجل، تعيين الكادر الأول لموظفي الدولة، إعادة تقسيم الدوائر، قوانين الجنسية، قانون الأحوال الشخصية، إقالة الوزراء) [ملحوظة 1] هناك حاجة لأغلبية ثلثي الوزراء الحاضرين.

فيما يلي قائمة باختصاصات مجلس الوزراء:

 صياغة مشروعات القوانين للتصويت عليها الهيئة التشريعية. يضع جدول الأعمال العام، ويتخذ القرارات اللازمة لتنفيذ مشاريع القوانين التي اعتمدها مجلس النواب.
 الموافقة على قرار رئيس الجمهورية بحل البرلمان.
 الموافقة على تصديق الرئيس على المعاهدات الدولية.
 الموافقة على إقالة الوزير من قبل رئيس الجمهورية.
 الإشراف على جميع الإدارات المدنية والعسكرية والأمنية.
 إنها السلطة التي تخضع لها القوات المسلحة (ومع ذلك، فإن الرئيس هو القائد الأعلى للقوات المسلحة وبالتالي يكون له الكلمة الأخيرة).

سلطات رئيس الجمهورية

قبل اتفاق الطائف، كان دور المجلس هو إعطاء الرئيس «مشورته الإيجابية» بدلاً من إجماع / أغلبية واضحة على القضايا المذكورة أعلاه. ومع ذلك، نظرًا إلى أن الرئيس هو الشخص الوحيد الذي يمكنه ترشيح / عزل الوزراء والحكومة بأكملها، فلا بد أن يكون في صالحه. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، لا يتطرق الدستور إلى مسألة الانتقام - حيث إذا كان للرئيس سلطة إقالة الحكومة وتوقيع مرسوم لم يوافق عليه - إلا أن هذه المسألة لم تظهر أبدًا منذ أن كان مجلس الوزراء يحترم بشكل عام الرئيس (أو والعكس صحيح).

خلافات التمثيل الطائفي
كانت هناك العديد من الخلافات المتعلقة بالجماعات الطائفية وسلطة الإطاحة بالحكومة. على سبيل المثال، في عام 2006، بدأ حزب الله مظاهرات حاشدة حيث استقال كل من الشيعة الخمسة ومسيحي واحد من 24 عضوًا (2 أقل من 1/3 المطلوب لإسقاط الحكومة) لرئيس الوزراء فؤاد السنيورة. وهذا يعني أنه لم يكن هناك تمثيل شيعي فعليًا في مجلس الوزراء وأغلبية مسيحية. ومع ذلك، استمرت الحكومة في العمل لمدة عامين آخرين حتى انتهاء ولاية الرئيس إميل لحود في عام 2008

تأليف المجلس
يتألف مجلس الوزراء من:
 رئيس الجمهورية: يحق له ترؤس مجلس الوزراء إلا إنه لا يستطيع التصويت على القرارات التي تتخذ فيه.
 رئيس مجلس الوزراء: وهو رئيس الحكومة الذي يمثلها ويتكلم باسمها، ويعتبر مسؤولاً عن تنفيذ السياسة العامة التي يضعها مجلس الوزراء.
 الوزير: وهو الذي يكون مسؤول عن الوزارة.

الحكومة الحالية

شكلت الحكومة السابعة والسبعون بموجب المرسوم رقم 8376 بتاريخ 10 سبتمبر 2021 برئاسة نجيب ميقاتي، وتتألف من 24 عضواً بينهم سيدة واحدة يتوزعون على مختلف الطوائف والأحزاب السياسية.

تشكيلة الحكومة

مراجع والوصلات الخارجية

 موقع رئاسة مجلس الوزراء اللبناني
 وثيقــة الوفـاق الوطنـي اللبنانـي

حكومة لبنان
سياسة لبنان
قوائم متعلقة بلبنان
مجالس وزراء وطنية
مجالس وزراء في لبنان

مجلس الوزراء اللبناني


كانت كأس العالم للأندية لكرة القدم 2010 (تعرف رسميا باسم كأس العالم للأندية الإمارات FIFA 2010 مقدمة من تويوتا لأسباب الرعاية) مسابقة كرة القدم التي لعبت من 8 إلى 18 ديسمبر 2010. وقد كان سابع نسخ كأس العالم للأندية لكرة القدم واستضافته الإمارات العربية المتحدة. وكانت دول أخرى قدمت عروض أستراليا واليابان. هذا وقد كانت البرتغال في بادئ الأمر مقدمة عرض، ولكنها انسحبت في وقت لاحق من العملية.

شهدت هذه المسابقة المرة الأولى في تاريخها التي يصل فيها فريق من خارج أوروبا أو أمريكا الجنوبية النهائي، بعد أن هزم ممثل أفريقيا تي بي مازيمبي من الكونغو الديمقراطية إنترناسيونال البرازيلي في نصف النهائي. ومع ذلك، لم يتمكن مازيمبي من اجتياز العقبة النهائية، لأنه خسر 3–0 أمام إنتر ميلان الإيطالي (مثل أوروبا) في النهائي. وكان هذا هو اللقب العالمي الثالث لإنتر، بعد أن فاز بسلف كأس العالم للأندية – كأس الإنتركونتيننتال – في عامي 1964 و1965.

الفرق المتأهلة

1 في الغامق: فائز سابق بالمسابقة (كان إنترناسيونال أول فائز سابق يشارك مرة أخرى في المسابقة)

الحكام

التشكيلات

الأماكن
كانت أبوظبي المدينة الوحيدة التي كانت بمثابة مكان لكأس العالم للاندية لكرة القدم 2010.

القوس
عقدت قرعة في 27 أكتوبر 2010 بمقر الفيفا في زيورخ، سويسرا لتحديد مواجهات لمباراتي ربع النهائي.

المباريات
إذا كانت مباراة متعادلة بعد وقت اللعب الطبيعي، ستلعب 30 دقيقة من الوقت الإضافي. إذا استمر التعادل بعد الوقت الإضافي، ستعقد ركلات الجزاء الترجيحية لتحديد الفائز. ومع ذلك، لن يلعب وقت إضافي، بالنسبة لمباريات المركز الخامس والمركز الثالث، وإذا كانت متعادلة ستذهب المباراة مباشرة إلى ركلات الجزاء الترجيحية لتحديد الفائز.

جميع الأوقات حسب توقيت الإمارات العربية المتحدة (ت ع م+4)

مباراة فاصلة لربع النهائي

ربع النهائي

نصف النهائي

مباراة المركز الخامس

مباراة المركز الثالث

النهائي

ترتيب الهدافين

موجز المسابقة

الترتيب النهائي

الجوائز

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2010, FIFA.com
 2010 FIFA Club World Cup Official Site (Archived)
 FIFA Technical Report

بابوا غينيا الجديدة في 2010
رياضة كونغولية ديمقراطية في 2010
الرياضة في إمارة أبو ظبي
كرة القدم الإماراتية في 2010–11
كرة القدم الإيطالية في 2010–11
كرة القدم البرازيلية في 2010
كرة القدم الكورية الجنوبية في 2010
كرة القدم المكسيكية في 2010–11
كرة القدم في 2010
كرة القدم في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
2010
2010

كأس العالم للأندية 2010


යුරේසියාව යනු පෘථිවිය මත ඇති විශාලතම මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රදේශය වන අතර යුරෝපයෙහි සහ ආසියාවෙහි සියළුම ප්‍රදේශ එයට අයත් වෙයි.

යුරේසියාව


La literatura en neerlandés medio es un conjunto de lo que fue escrito como obra literaria en neerlandés medio, ancestro del neerlandés moderno, escrito y hablado en los Países Bajos, una región histórica que comprende los Reinos de los Países Bajos y la Bélgica actuales, así como una gran parte del norte de Francia (la correspondiente más o menos a la Región Norte-Paso de Calais).

Puntos principales
La literatura en neerlandés comienza con textos en neerlandés medio, que se escribieron en los siglos XII y XIII en Limburgo, Flandes, Brabante y Holanda. La distinción entre el sur de los Países Bajos y el norte no se daba en ese momento, pero el centro de gravedad cultural estaba en el sur. Antes de esto, solo han sobrevivido fragmentos de textos en neerlandés antiguo (de la Alta Edad Media, ca. 500-1150). El primer autor conocido es el limburgués Hendrik van Veldeke o Heynric van Veldeke (de aproximadamente 1170) cuya obra también es considerada literatura en alemán medio por los historiadores literarios alemanes, ya que pasó gran parte de su carrera en las cortes alemanas y luego comenzó a escribir en alemán.

Enlaces externos

 Carlos y el espíritu élfico (Karel ende Elegast, ca. s. XII).
 Traducción al francés, de 1836, de Jules de Saint-Genois (1813 - 1867) en el sitio de Philippe Remacle (1944 - 2011), con comentarios en el mismo idioma. Se emplea como introducción un escrito, también en francés y obra del propio traductor, extraído de Recherches sur l'épopée française (Investigaciones sobre la epopeya francesa, 1867), trabajo con Paul Meyer (1840 - 1917).
 Entrada de «epopeya» en el sitio del DRAE: véase la 2ª acepción.

Literatura medieval
Literatura de los Países Bajos

Literatura en neerlandés medio


Competiția din 2016 reprezintă a 48-a ediție a Trofeului Carpați la handbal feminin pentru senioare, turneu amical organizat anual de Federația Română de Handbal cu începere din anul 1959. Ediția din 2016, la care au luat parte patru echipe naționale, a fost găzduită de orașul Cluj-Napoca și s-a desfășurat între 26-27 noiembrie 2016.

Echipe participante
Pe data de 21 iunie 2016, Federația Română de Handbal a anunțat trei din cele patru echipe naționale care vor participa la competiție. Acestea au fost România, Olanda și Ungaria. În octombrie 2016 s-a făcut public faptul că a patra echipă va fi o selecționată B a României.

România A
Antrenorii celor două selecționate au convocat inițial 42 de handbaliste, însă Lorena Ostase a declinat convocarea, fiind obligată să se opereze în urma unei accidentări la brațul de aruncare. Cele 41 de handbaliste rămase au fost împărțite în două echipe, iar reprezentativa A a fost la început alcătuită din 23 de jucătoare. Cristina Neagu, Gabriela Perianu și Ana Maria Iuganu au fost menajate ca urmare a problemelor de sănătate, iar componența celor două echipe ale României a fost ușor schimbată și a variat de la meci la meci.

Portari
 20 Iulia Dumanska (SCM Craiova)
 30 Paula Ungureanu (CSM București)
 1 Elena Voicu (HC Dunărea Brăila)

Extreme stânga
 2 Andreea Chiricuță (CSU Danubius Galați)
 10 Cristina Florica (HCM Râmnicu Vâlcea)
  Ana Maria Iuganu (CSM Roman)

Intermediari stânga
 15 Cristina Neagu (ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica)
  Gabriela Perianu (HC Dunărea Brăila)
 3 Gabriella Szűcs (HC Dunărea Brăila)
 19 Cristina Zamfir (SCM Craiova)

Centri
 9 Aurelia Brădeanu (CSM București)
 7 Eliza Buceschi (FC Midtjylland Håndbold)
 11 Cristina Laslo ("U" Alexandrion Cluj)
 31 Mădălina Zamfirescu (HC Dunărea Brăila)

Pivoți
  Florina Chintoan ("U" Alexandrion Cluj)
 22 Oana Manea (CSM București)
 6 Crina Pintea (Thüringer HC)

Intermediari dreapta
 5 Melinda Geiger (Brest Bretagne Handball)
  Alina Ilie (CSM Unirea Slobozia)
 17 Laura Popa ("U" Alexandrion Cluj)

Extreme dreapta
  Laura Chiper (Corona Brașov)
 4 Marilena Neagu (Corona Brașov)
 13 Aneta Udriștioiu (HC Dunărea Brăila)

Antrenori
  Ambros Martín - Antrenor principal
  Costică Buceschi - Antrenor secund

România B
Reprezentativa B a fost alcătuită la început din 18 jucătoare. Ca urmare a accidentărilor sau problemelor de sănătate ale Lorenei Ostase, Cristinei Neagu și Anei Maria Iuganu, componența echipei a fost ușor schimbată și a variat de la meci la meci.

Portari
 16 Denisa Dedu (Corona Brașov)
 12 Daciana Hosu (Corona Brașov)
  Raluca Kelemen (CSȘ Caracal)

Extreme stânga
 98 Ana Maria Lopătaru (Corona Brașov)

Intermediari stânga
 21 Andreea Adespii (HCM Râmnicu Vâlcea)
 17 Raluca Petruș (CS Dinamo București)
 19 Gabriela Preda (CSM Bistrița)
 4 Bianca Tiron (HC Dunărea Brăila)
 9 Sorina Tîrcă (Corona Brașov)

Centri
 11 Ana Maria Apipie (SCM Craiova)
 15 Andreea Popa (CS Dinamo București)
  Laura Pristăvița (CSM Bistrița)

Pivoți
 13 Teodora Popescu (CNE Râmnicu Vâlcea)
 10 Cynthia Tomescu (CSM Roman)

Intermediari dreapta
 14 Bianca Bazaliu (CSM București)
 18 Daria Bucur (Corona Brașov)

Extreme dreapta
 8 Alexandra Badea (Școala 181 București)
  Ana Maria Berbece (Corona Brașov)
 3 Ana Maria Simion (HCM Râmnicu Vâlcea)

Antrenori
  Ion Crăciun - Antrenor principal
  Ildiko Kerekes - Antrenor secund

Olanda
Olanda nu a participat cu echipa principală, ci cu o selecționată B condusă de Harrie Weerman și alcătuită din 15 jucătoare. Componența acesteia a fost anunțată pe 4 noiembrie 2016:

Portari
 2 Kristy Zimmerman (Frish Auf Göppingen)
 3 Annick Lipman (Vipers Kristiansand)

Extreme stânga
  Sanne Hoekstra (HSG Bensheim Auerbach)
 4 Angela Steenbakkers (SERCODAK Dalfsen)
 6 Daisy Hage (Virto/Quintus)

Intermediari stânga
 12 Inger Smits (VfL Oldenburg)
 38 Rachel de Haze (Succes Schoonmaak/VOC)

Centri
 20 Myrthe Schoenaker (København Håndbold)
 16 Maxime Struijs (Frisch Auf Göppingen)

Pivoți
 22 Esther Schop (Nantes Loire Atlantique)
 32 Celine Michielsen (TüS Metzingen)

Intermediari dreapta
 5 Anouk Nieuwenweg (HSG Bad Wildungen Vipers)
 15 Anouk van de Wiel (Thüringer HC)
 25 Tessa van Zijl (Virto/Quintus)

Extreme dreapta
 31 Kelly Vollebregt (TüS Metzingen)
  Ana Pavković (SERCODAK Dalfsen)

Antrenori
  Harrie Weerman - Antrenor principal

Ungaria
Ungaria a participat cu o selecționată condusă de Kim Rasmussen și alcătuită din 18 jucătoare. Componența acesteia a fost anunțată pe 25 noiembrie 2016:

Portari
 61 Kinga Janurik (ÉRD NK)
 21 Éva Kiss (Győri Audi ETO KC)
 12 Melinda Szikora (FTC-Rail Cargo Hungaria)

Extreme stânga
 44 Ildikó Erdősi (Siófok KC)
 3 Nadine Schatzl (FTC-Rail Cargo Hungaria)

Intermediari stânga
 15 Kinga Klivinyi (ÉRD NK)
 23 Klára Szekeres (FTC-Rail Cargo Hungaria)
 5 Krisztina Triscsuk (Siófok KC)

Centri
 13 Anita Görbicz (Győri Audi ETO KC)
 8 Anikó Kovacsics (FTC-Rail Cargo Hungaria)
 7 Zita Szucsánszki (FTC-Rail Cargo Hungaria)

Pivoți
  Luca Dombi (Mosonmagyaróvári KC SE)
 14 Anett Kisfaludy (ÉRD NK)
 34 Rea Mészáros (FTC-Rail Cargo Hungaria)

Intermediari dreapta
 31 Dóra Hornyák (FTC-Rail Cargo Hungaria)
 25 Anna Kovács (Dunaújvárosi KKA)

Extreme dreapta
 22 Bernadett Bódi (Győri Audi ETO KC)
 66 Viktória Lukács (FTC-Rail Cargo Hungaria)

Antrenori
  Kim Rasmussen - Antrenor principal
  Beáta Siti - Antrenor secund
  István Bakos - Antrenor cu portarii

Partide

Partidele s-au desfășurat pe durata a două zile, 26 și 27 noiembrie 2016, în Sala Polivalentă din Cluj-Napoca. Biletele au fost puse în vânzare în rețeaua Eventim pe 9 noiembrie 2016.

Formatul ediției din 2016 a Trofeului Carpați a fost similar cu formatul ediției din 2015. În prima zi s-au jucat două meciuri, Ungaria împotriva Olandei și România A împotriva României B, iar în cea de-a doua zi s-au disputat meciul pentru locurile 3-4 și finala competiției.

Meciul pentru locurile 3-4

Finala

Clasament și statistici

Clasamentul final

Clasamentul marcatoarelor

Premii
 Cea mai bună jucătoare:
 Cea mai bună marcatoare:  (13 goluri)
 Cel mai bun portar:

Note

Legături externe

Handbal în Cluj-Napoca
48
2016 în handbal

Trofeul Carpați (handbal feminin) - Ediția a 48-a


Ringerike Grand Prix 2018 var den 43. udgave af Ringerike Grand Prix og blev arrangeret 6. maj 2018 af Ringerike Sykkelklubb. Løbet var klassificeret som kategori 1.2 af UCI. Hovedløbet blev vundet af norske Syver Wærsted fra Uno-X Norwegian Development, foran danske Alexander Kamp fra .

Holdene

Resultater
Af 159 tilmeldte ryttere var der 157 som startede og 70 som fuldførte.

I juniorløbet var der 61 tilmeldte, 53 som startede og 39 som fuldførte.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officielle tidtagerresultater – VotreCourse

2018
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Ringerike Grand Prix 2018


Kiichi Yajima (født 6. april 1995) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder FC Tokyo.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kiichi Yajima


Donald Sumpter (* 13. Februar 1943 in Brixworth, England) ist ein britischer Schauspieler.

Karriere
Sumpter ist seit Mitte der 1960er Jahre als Schauspieler aktiv. Seine erste bekannte Fernsehrolle hatte er 1968 in der Doctor-Who-Serie The Wheel in Space, mit Patrick Troughton als Doktor. 1972 folgte die nächste Doctor-Who-Reihe The Sea Devil, in der Sumpter ebenfalls mitwirkte. Seinen dritten Auftritt in einem Doctor-Who-Ableger hatte er 2006 in The Sarah Jane Adventures. 1977 verkörpere er in dem Thriller The Black Panther die Rolle des real existierenden Serienmörders Donald Neilson.

Auch in zahlreichen anderen Produktionen hatte Sumpter mitgewirkt, darunter oft in Verfilmungen von Charles Dickens Romanen. Dazu zählen Nicholas Nickleby (2001), Große Erwartungen (1999) und Bleak House (1985). 1992 stellte er in der Agatha Christie's Poirot-Episode Der ABC-Mörder die Rolle des neurotischen Mr. Cust dar. Weitere Serien, in denen er zu sehen war, sind unter anderem Inspector Barnaby, The Bill, Holby City, A Touch of Frost und Game of Thrones.

Als Filmdarsteller war Sumpter in Kinofilmen wie Enigma – Das Geheimnis (2001), K-19 – Showdown in der Tiefe (2002) und Der ewige Gärtner (2005) zu sehen.

Filmografie
 1968: The Window Cleaner (Kurzfilm)
 1968; 1972: Doctor Who (Fernsehserie, neun Folgen)
 1968: Bestien lauern vor Caracas (The Lost Continent)
 1969: Night After Night After Night
 1970: Groupie Girl
 1970: Die Krücke (The Walking Stick)
 1971: Freudlose Augenblicke  (Bleak Moments)
 1971: Sunday, Bloody Sunday
 1974: Stardust
 1975: Task Force Police (Softly Softly: Task Force, Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 1977: Hardcore
 1977: The Black Panther
 1979: Meetings with Remarkable Men
 1983: Der Fluch des rosaroten Panthers (Curse of the Pink Panther)
 1983; 1989: Jim Bergerac ermittelt (Bergerac, Fernsehserie, 2 Folgen)
 1984: Der Aufpasser (Minder, Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 1990: Rosenkranz & Güldenstern (Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead)
 1992: Méchant garçon
 1992: Agatha Christie's Poirot (Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 1993: The Buddha of Suburbia
 1993–2006: The Bill (Fernsehserie, 4 Folgen)
 1995: Richard III.
 1997: Der Polizist von Tanger (Tangier Cop)
 2001: Enigma – Das Geheimnis (Enigma)
 2001: The Point Men
 2002: K-19 – Showdown in der Tiefe (K-19: The Widowmaker)
 2004: Inspector Barnaby (Midsomer Murders, Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 2005: Der ewige Gärtner (The Constant Gardener)
 2006: Der Adler – Die Spur des Verbrechens (Ørnen: En krimi-odyssé, Fernsehserie, 2 Folgen)
 2007: Tödliche Versprechen – Eastern Promises (Eastern Promises)
 2008: New Tricks – Die Krimispezialisten (New Tricks, Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 2009: God & Lucy (Kurzfilm)
 2009–2010: Being Human (Fernsehserie, neun Folgen)
 2010: Ultramarines: The Movie (Stimme)
 2010: Spooks – Im Visier des MI5 (Spooks, Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 2011: Verblendung (The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo)
 2011: Merlin – Die neuen Abenteuer (Merlin, Fernsehserie, eine Folge)
 2011: Black Mirror (Fernsehserie, Folge 1x01)
 2011–2012: Game of Thrones (Fernsehserie, 14 Folgen)
 2013: Atlantis (Fernsehserie, Folge 1x04)
 2015: Im Herzen der See (In the Heart of the Sea)
 2015: Doctor Who (Fernsehserie, Folge 9x12)
 2015: Jekyll & Hyde (Fernsehserie, zehn Episoden)
 2017: Charles Dickens: Der Mann, der Weihnachten erfand (The Man Who Invented Christmas)
 2017: Peaky Blinders – Gangs of Birmingham (Peaky Blinders, Fernsehserie, zwei Episoden)
 2018: 12 Monkeys (Fernsehserie, drei Episoden)
 2018: Les Misérables (Miniserie)
 2018: Der junge Inspektor Morse (Endeavour, Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 2019: Chernobyl (Miniserie, zwei Episoden)

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
Brite
Geboren 1943
Mann

Donald Sumpter


විවේක ගන්නා සැටර් හෙවත් හේත්තු වී සිටින සැටර්, නැතහොත් Satyr anapauomenos (පුරාතන ග්‍රීක , විවේක ගන්නා අරුතැති  / anapaúô, වදනෙන්) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ පුරාතන ග්‍රීක ප්‍රතිමා ශිල්පී ප්‍රැක්සිටිලීස් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන්නට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරෙන ප්‍රතිමා ප්‍රභේදයකි. මෙහි නිදර්ශන වශයෙන් දැනට හඳුනාගත් ප්‍රතිමා 115ක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් වඩාත්ම ප්‍රකට ප්‍රතිමාව කැපිටෝලයින් කෞතුකාගාරය තුළ දක්නට ලැබේ.

සටහන්

ග්‍රන්ථාවලිය

 Elisabeth Bartman, "Ancient Sculptural Copies in Miniature", Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition, vol. 19, Brill, Leyde, New York and Cologne, 1992 .
 Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, Taste and the Antique, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1981, p36.
  Jean-Luc Martinez, "Les satyres de Praxitèle", in Praxitèle, Louvre exhibition catalogue, éditions du Louvre & Somogy, 2007, , p. 236-291.
 Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway, Fourth-Century Styles in Greek Sculpture, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1997 (), p. 265-267.
  Barbara Vierneisel-Schlörb, Glyptothek München. Katalog der Skulpturen, p32, p. 353-369.

පුරාතන ග්‍රීක ප්‍රතිමා
ප්‍රැක්සිටිලීස්ගේ ප්‍රතිමා
ග්‍රීක ප්‍රතිමාවල රෝම පිටපත්
කැපිටෝලයින් කෞතුකාගාර එකතුව
නග්න ප්‍රතිමා

විවේක ගන්නා සැටර්


Oxalis boliviana er jurt af smæruættkvísl sem er upprunnin frá norður og mið Andesfjöllum (Perú til V-Bólivíu).

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt

Oxalis boliviana


Tomáš Vaclík (n. 29 martie 1989, Ostrava, Cehoslovacia, astăzi în Cehia) este un fotbalist ceh, care evoluează la echipa spaniolă Olympiakos FC pe postul de portar.

Palmares
Basel
 Swiss Super League: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
 Campion Swiss Cup: 2016–17
 Vice-campion Swiss Cup: 2014–15

Referințe

Fotbaliști cehi
Sportivi cehi în viață
Nașteri în 1989

Tomáš Vaclík


Olaylar
 Misiche Savaşı, Sasaniler ve III. Gordianus önderliğindeki Roma ordusu arasında yapılan, mutlak Sasani zaferi ile sonuçlanan savaş
 Urfa Süryani Krallığı yıkıldı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 11 Şubat - III. Gordianus, Roma İmparatoru (d. 225)

244


Purbach ist ein ausgedehnter Einschlagkrater im Südwesten der Mondvorderseite, östlich des Mare Nubium, südlich des Kraters Thebit und nördlich von Regiomontanus.

Der Kraterrand ist stark erodiert, das Innere weitgehend eben.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem österreichischen Mathematiker und Astronom Georg von Peuerbach (auch Georg Purbach) offiziell benannt.

Östlich von Purbach kann beim Mondalter von zirka 6,7 Tagen, kurz vor dem Erreichen des ersten Mondviertels, der visuelle Effekt Lunar X am Mondterminator beobachtet werden.

Weblinks

 Purbach auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Purbach (Mondkrater)


6546 Kaye este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6546 Kaye este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Kleť de Antonín Mrkos. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,22 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 14,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia Ursula

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1987
Centura de asteroizi

6546 Kaye


A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) propôs um plano de proteção aos bens culturais do mundo, através do Comité sobre a Proteção do Património Mundial Cultural e Natural, aprovado em 1972. Esta é uma lista do Patrimônio Mundial existente no Botswana, especificamente classificada pela UNESCO e elaborada de acordo com dez principais critérios cujos pontos são julgados por especialistas na área. O Botswana ratificou a convenção em 23 de novembro de 1998, tornando seus locais históricos elegíveis para inclusão na lista.

O sítio Tsodilo foi o primeiro local do Botswana incluído na lista do Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO por ocasião da 25ª Sessão do Comitè do Património Mundial, realizada em Helsinque (Finlândia) em 2001. Desde então, o Botswana totaliza dois sítios classificados como Patrimônio da Humanidade, sendo um de classificação Natural e outro de classificação Cultural.

Bens culturais e naturais
O Botswana conta atualmente com os seguintes lugares declarados como Patrimônio da Humanidade pela UNESCO:

Lista Indicativa
Em adição aos sítios inscritos na Lista do Patrimônio Mundial, os Estados-membros podem manter uma lista de sítios que pretendam nomear para a Lista de Patrimônio Mundial, sendo somente aceitas as candidaturas de locais que já constarem desta lista. Desde 2010, o Botswana possui 7 locais na sua Lista Indicativa.

Ligações externas

Cultura do Botswana
Botswana

Lista do Patrimônio Mundial no Botswana


د.كارلو يوهو ستولبيرغ (Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg؛ سووموسالمي، 28 يناير 1865 - هلسنكي، 22 سبتمبر 1952) الرئيس الفنلندي الأول (1919-1925). وفقيه قانوني وأكاديمي، لعب دوراً محورياً في صياغة مسودة دستور فنلندا عام 1919.
وكان ليبرالياً قومياً.

السيرة الذاتية

الحياة مبكر
ولد ستولبيرغ في سووموسالمي بإقليم كاينو الفنلندي. إبناً ثانياً ليوهان غابرييل ستولبيرغ وهو مساعد راعي، وأماندا غوستافا كاسترين. كان أسلاف ستولبيرغ على جانبي عائلته من الرجال الدين اللوثريين. وقد عـُمد باسم "كارل يوهان"، ولكن فـُنلـِند لاحقاً إلى كآرلو يوهو، كما فعل معظم الفنومانيون (أي أنصار الثقافة واللغة الفنلندية بدلا من السويدية).

عاش ستولبيرغ وأسرته في لهتي، حيث ذهب أيضا بمدرسة لغة. توفي والد ستولبيرغ وهو مايزال صبياً، تركاً عائلته في وضع مالي صعب. انتقلت العائلة إلى أولو، حيث دخل بالمدرسة بينما عملت الأم لدعم الأسرة. تحدث وأيدت أسرة ستولبيرغ دائماً اللغة الفنلندية، والتحق ستولبيرغ الشاب ثانوية لوسيو الفنلندية الخاصة، حيث تفوق وكان الأول بصفه. في عام 1889 تخرج من كلية القانون بجامعة هلسنكي. وتحصل الدكتوراه في القانون في عام 1893.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

انظر أيضا
قائمة رؤساء فنلندا

أساتذة قانون فنلنديون
أعضاء برلمان فنلندا (1913–16)
أعضاء برلمان فنلندا (1916–17)
أعضاء برلمان فنلندا (1917–19)
أعضاء برلمان فنلندا (1930–33)
أعضاء برلمان في فنلندا (1908–09)
أعضاء برلمان في فنلندا (1909–10)
أكاديميو جامعة هلسنكي
الحرب الأهلية الفنلندية
الصلبان الكبرى لوسام الصليب الحرية
خريجو جامعة هلسنكي
رؤساء برلمان في فنلندا
رؤساء فنلندا
سياسيون مختطفون
لوثريون فنلنديون
ليبرالية
مدفونون في مقبرة هييتانييمي
مواليد 1865
وفيات 1952
وفيات في هلسنكي

كآرلو يوهو ستولبيرغ


Europsko prvenstvo u rukometu 2024. je šesnaesto europsko prvenstvo u rukometu a održava se u Njemačkoj. Predloženo je da se utakmice igraju u Berlinu, Kölnu, Düsseldorfu, Hamburgu, Hannoveru, Mannheimu ili Frankfurtu i Münchenu ili Stuttgartu.

Kvalificirane momčadi

M 2024
Međunarodna rukometna natjecanja u Njemačkoj

Europsko prvenstvo u rukometu – Njemačka 2024.


The Taskbar is a graphical user interface element that has been part of Microsoft Windows since Windows 95, displaying and facilitating switching between running programs. The Taskbar and the associated Start Menu were created and named in 1993 by Daniel Oran, a program manager at Microsoft who had previously collaborated on Great ape language research with the behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner at Harvard.

The Taskbar is an exemplar of a category of always-visible graphical user interface elements that provide access to fundamental operating system functions and information. At the time of its introduction in 1995, the Taskbar was unique among such elements because it provided the user with a means of switching between running programs through a single click of the pointing device.

Since the introduction of Windows 95, other operating systems have incorporated graphical user interface elements that closely resemble the Taskbar or have similar features. The designs vary, but generally include a strip along one edge of the screen. Icons or textual descriptions on this strip correspond to open windows. Clicking the icons or text enables the user to easily switch between windows, with the active window often appearing differently from the others on the strip. In some versions of recent operating systems, users can "pin" programs or files to this strip for quick access. In many cases, there is also a notification area, which includes interactive icons that display real-time information about the computer system and some of the running programs.

With the rapid evolution of operating systems and graphical user interfaces, items that are native to each operating system have been included in the various designs.

Antecedents

Windows 1.0
Windows 1.0, released in 1985, features a horizontal bar located at the bottom of the screen where running programs reside when minimized (referred to as "iconization" at the time), represented by icons. A window can be minimized by double-clicking its title bar, dragging it onto an empty spot on the bar, or by issuing a command from one of its menus. A minimized window is restored by double-clicking its icon or dragging the icon out of the bar.

The bar features multiple slots for icons and expands vertically to provide the user with more rows as more slots are needed. Its color is the same as that of the screen background, which can be customized. Minimized windows can be freely placed in any of the empty slots. Program windows cannot overlap the bar unless maximized.

The Start button did not make an appearance in these early implementations of the taskbar, and would be introduced at a much later date with the release of Windows 95.

Arthur
Another early implementation can be seen in the Arthur operating system from Acorn Computers. It is called the icon bar and remains an essential part of Arthur's succeeding RISC OS operating system. The icon bar holds icons which represent mounted disc drives and RAM discs, running applications and system utilities. These icons have their own context-sensitive menus and support drag and drop behaviour.

Amiga
AmigaOS featured various third party implementations of the taskbar concept, and this inheritance is present also in its successors. For example, AmiDock, born as third-party utility, has then been integrated into AmigaOS 3.9 and AmigaOS 4.0. The AROS operating system has its version of Amistart that is provided with the OS and free to be installed by users, while MorphOS has been equipped with a dock utility just like in AmigaOS or Mac OS X.

Microsoft Windows
The default settings for the Taskbar in Microsoft Windows place it at the bottom of the screen and includes from left to right the Start menu button, Quick Launch bar, taskbar buttons, and notification area. The Quick Launch toolbar was added with the Windows Desktop Update and is not enabled by default in Windows XP. Windows 7 removed the Quick Launch feature in favor of pinning applications to the taskbar itself. In Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, a hotspot located in the bottom-left corner of the screen replaced the Start button, although this change was reverted in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.

The Windows 95 Taskbar buttons evolved from an earlier task-switching design by Daniel Oran, a program manager at Microsoft, that featured file-folder-like tabs across the top of the screen, similar to those that later appeared in web browsers. For this reason, the Taskbar was originally intended to be at the top of the screen. But the final configuration of Windows 95 put the Taskbar at the bottom of the screen, replacing a user interface element called the tray that had been borrowed from Microsoft's Cairo project.

With the release of Windows XP, Microsoft changed the behavior of the Taskbar to take advantage of Fitts's law by removing a border of pixels surrounding the Start button which did not activate the menu, allowing the menu to be activated by clicking directly in the corner of the screen.

Taskbar elements
 The Start button, a button that invokes the Start menu (or the Start screen in Windows 8.1). It appears in Windows 9x, Windows NT 4.0 and all its successors, except Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012.
 The Quick Launch bar, introduced on Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 through the Windows Desktop Update for Internet Explorer 4 and bundled with Windows 95 OSR 2.5 Windows 98, contains shortcuts to applications. Windows provides default entries, such as Launch Internet Explorer Browser, and the user or third-party software may add any further shortcuts that they choose. A single click on the application's icon in this area launches the application. This section may not always be present: for example it is turned off by default in Windows XP and Windows 7.
 The Windows shell places a taskbar button on the taskbar whenever an application creates an unowned window: that is, a window that does not have a parent and that is created according to normal Windows user interface guidelines. Typically all Single Document Interface applications have a single taskbar button for each open window, although modal windows may also appear there.
 Windows 98 and Windows Desktop Update for Windows 95 introduced the ability to minimize foreground windows by clicking their button on the taskbar. They also introduced DeskBands (band objects).
 Windows 2000 introduced balloon notifications.
 Windows Me added an option to disable moving or resizing the taskbar.
 Windows XP introduced taskbar grouping, which can group the taskbar buttons of several windows from the same application into a single button. This button pops up a menu listing all the grouped windows when clicked. This keeps the taskbar from being overcrowded when many windows are open at once.
 Windows Vista introduced window previews which show thumbnail views of the application in real-time. This capability is provided by the Desktop Window Manager. The Start menu tooltip no longer says "Click here to begin" but now says simply "Start".
 Windows 7 introduced jumplists which are menus that provide shortcuts to recently opened documents, frequently opened documents, folders paths (in case of Windows Explorer), or various options (called Tasks) which apply to that specific program or pinned website shortcut. Jump lists appear when the user right-clicks on an icon in the taskbar or drags the icon upwards with the mouse left click. Recent and frequent files and folders can be pinned inside the jump list.
 Windows 7 introduced the ability to pin applications to the taskbar so that buttons for launching them appear when they are not running. Previously, the Quick Launch was used to pin applications to the taskbar; however, running programs appeared as a separate button.
 Windows 7 removed several classic taskbar features.
 Windows 11 removed taskbar grouping, possibility to move taskbar to the other sides of the screen, etc., but old Taskbar still could be reactivated.
  are minimized functional, long-running programs, such as Windows Media Player. Programs that minimize to deskbands are not displayed in the taskbar.
 The  is the portion of the taskbar that displays icons for system and program features that have no presence on the desktop as well as the time and the volume icon. It contains mainly icons that show status information, though some programs, such as Winamp, use it for minimized windows. By default, this is located in the bottom-right of the primary monitor (or bottom-left on languages of Windows that use right-to-left reading order), or at the bottom of the taskbar if docked vertically. The clock appears here, and applications can put icons in the notification area to indicate the status of an operation or to notify the user about an event. For example, an application might put a printer icon in the status area to show that a print job is under way, or a display driver application may provide quick access to various screen resolutions. The notification area is commonly referred to as the system tray, which Microsoft states is wrong, although the term is sometimes used in Microsoft documentation, articles, software descriptions, and even applications from Microsoft such as Bing Desktop. Raymond Chen suggests the confusion originated with systray.exe, a small application that controlled some icons within the notification area in Windows 95. The notification area is also referred to as the status area by Microsoft.
 In older versions of Windows the notification area icons were limited to 16 colors. Windows Me added support for high color notification area icons.
 Starting with Windows XP, the user can choose to always show or hide some icons, or hide them if inactive for some time. A button allows the user to reveal all the icons.
 Starting with Windows Vista, the taskbar notification area is split into two areas: one reserved for system icons including clock, volume, network and power; the other for applications.
 Since the Windows 95 Desktop Update, the Quick Launch bar featured  as one of its default shortcuts which automatically minimizes all opened applications, redundant with the Winkey-D key combination. On Windows 7, a dedicated Show desktop button was placed to the right of the notification area and could not be removed. With the "Peek" option enabled, hovering over the button hides all opened windows to expose the desktop (leaving outlines of them on-screen). On Windows 10, the "Show desktop" widget changed yet again, being reduced to a narrow iconless strip at the far right of the taskbar.

Customization
The Windows taskbar can be modified by users in several ways. The position of the taskbar can be changed to appear on any edge of the primary display (except in Windows 11, where the taskbar is permanently fixed at the bottom of the screen and cannot be moved to the top, left, or right side). Up to and including Windows Server 2008, the taskbar is constrained to single display, although third-party utilities such as UltraMon allow it to span multiple displays. When the taskbar is displayed vertically on versions of Windows prior to Windows Vista, the Start menu button will only display the text "Start" or translated equivalent if the taskbar is wide enough to show the full text. However, the edge of the taskbar (in any position) can be dragged to control its height (width for a vertical taskbar); this is especially useful for a vertical taskbar to show window titles next to the window icons.

Users can resize the height (or width when displayed vertically) of the taskbar up to half of the display area. To avoid inadvertent resizing or repositioning of the taskbar, Windows XP and later lock the taskbar by default. When unlocked, "grips" are displayed next to the movable elements which allow grabbing with the mouse to move and size. These grips slightly decrease amount of available space in the taskbar.

The taskbar as a whole can be hidden until the mouse pointer is moved to the display edge, or has keyboard focus. The Windows 7+ taskbar does not allow pinning any arbitrary folder to the taskbar, it gets pinned instead to the jumplist of a pinned Explorer shortcut, however third party utilities such as Winaero's Taskbar Pinner can be used to pin any type of shortcut to the Taskbar.

Desktop toolbars
Other toolbars, known as "Deskbands", may be added to the taskbar. This feature, along with many other taskbar features is currently absent in Windows 11. Windows includes the following deskbands but does not display them by default (except the Quick Launch toolbar in certain versions and configurations).
 Address. Contains an address bar similar to that found in Internet Explorer. (not available in Windows XP SP3, due to legal restrictions).
 Windows Media Player. Optionally shown when the Windows Media Player is minimized.(Windows XP, Windows Vista)
 Links. Shortcuts to items located in the user's Links folder. Usually shortcuts to internet sites.
 Tablet PC Input Panel. Contains a button to show the Tablet PC input panel for ink text entry.
 Desktop. Contains shortcuts to items contained on the user's desktop. Since the taskbar is always shown, this provides easy access to desktop items without having to minimize applications.
 Quick Launch. Contains shortcuts to Internet Explorer, email applications and a link to display the desktop. Windows Vista adds a link to the Flip 3D feature.
 Language. Contains shortcuts to quickly change the desired language for the keyboard to follow.

In addition to deskbands, Windows supports "Application Desktop Toolbars" (also called "appbands") that supports creating additional toolbars that can dock to any side of the screen, and cannot be overlaid by other applications.

Users can add additional toolbars that display the contents of folders. The display for toolbars that represent folder items (such as Links, Desktop and Quick Launch) can be changed to show large icons and the text for each item. Prior to Windows Vista, the Desktop Toolbars could be dragged off the taskbar and float independently, or docked to a display edge. Windows Vista greatly limited, but did not eliminate the ability to have desktop toolbar not attached to the taskbar. Windows 7 has deprecated the use of Floating Deskbands altogether; they only appear pinned into the Taskbar.

 Upon opening the Taskbar properties on Windows 95 and Windows 98 whilst holding down the CTRL key, an extra tab for DeskBar Options is shown, but no part of it can be used. The DeskBar option was a feature that was never included within these versions of Windows.

macOS
Classic Mac OS did not display a taskbar onscreen by default. Application switching prior to Mac OS 8.5 was done by clicking on an application's window or via a pull-down menu at the right end of the menu bar. Prior to version 8.5 the menu's title was the icon of the foreground application. Version 8.5 introduced the ability to optionally also display the application name and to "tear off" the menu by dragging the title with the mouse. The torn off menu was displayed as a palette. The palette window could be configured using AppleScript to appear much like a taskbar, with no title bar and fixed to one edge of the screen. No control panel was provided by Apple to access this functionality, but third-party developers quickly wrote applications that allowed users unfamiliar with AppleScript to customize their application palettes. Third party taskbars such as DragThing were a popular category of shareware on these systems.

The Dock, as featured in macOS and its predecessor NeXTSTEP, is also a kind of taskbar. The macOS Dock is application-oriented instead of window-oriented. Each running application is represented by one icon in the Dock regardless of how many windows it has on screen. A textual menu can be opened by right-clicking on the dock icon that gives access to an application's windows. Mac OS X 10.2 added the ability for an application to add items of its own to this menu. Minimized windows also appear in the dock, in the rightmost section, represented by a real-time graphical thumbnail of the window's contents. The trash can is also represented in the Dock, as a universal metaphor for deletion. For example, dragging selected text to the trash should remove the text from the document and create a clipping file in the trash.

The right side of macOS's Menu bar also typically contains several notification widgets and quick access functions, called Menu extras.

Unix-like operating systems

KDE Plasma
In KDE Plasma 5, taskbar uses Widgets as elements in taskbar. In the update 5.20 (November 2020) they updated the taskbar to look more like Windows 10 by only displaying icons by default and grouping application windows together.

GNOME
GNOME 2 used its own type of taskbar, known as panels (the program responsible for them is therefore called gnome-panel). By default, GNOME 2 usually contains two full-width panels at the top and bottom of the screen. The top panel usually contains navigation menus labeled Applications, Places, and System in that order. These menus hold links to common applications, areas of the file system, and system preferences and administration utilities, respectively.

The top panel usually contains a clock and notification area, while the bottom panel contains buttons for navigating between virtual desktops, the window list proper, and a button which minimizes all windows (similarly to Windows' Show desktop button). The contents of panels are handled by widgets called panel applets, which can consist of application shortcuts, search tools, or other tools. The contents of the panels can be moved, removed, or configured in other ways.

In GNOME 3, panels are replaced by GNOME Shell, which consists of a bar across the top of the screen with an Activities button on the left, a clock in the centre, and a notification area on the right. GNOME Shell does not contain a traditional taskbar; users can manage windows, virtual desktops, and launch applications from either a "Dash" on the side of the screen, or by searching from Activities Overview, which is displayed by clicking on the Activities button. GNOME 3.8 introduces Classic Mode, which re-implements certain aspects of GNOME 2's desktop as an alternate desktop environment that can be selected at the login screen.

Other Unix environments
These desktop environments provide their own implementation of a taskbar:
 Cinnamon
 MATE
 LXDE
 Xfce
 Trinity Desktop (based on KDE3's Kicker)

Standalone window managers that provide an integrated taskbar include:
 Fluxbox
 FVWM95
 IceWM
 JWM
 qvwm
 WindowLab
 Window Maker

Programs that offer standalone taskbars for desktop environments or window managers without one include Avant Window Navigator, pypanel, fbpanel, perlpanel, tint2, and others.

References

Graphical user interface elements
Application launchers
Windows 95
Windows components

Taskbar


Defence or defense (in American English) in ice hockey is a player position that is primarily responsible for preventing the opposing team from scoring. They are often referred to as defencemen, D, D-men or blueliners (the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone). They were once called cover-point.

In regular play, two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice. Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded (i.e. has been assessed a penalty), in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender; when a team is on the power play (i.e. the opponent has been assessed a penalty), teams will often play only one defencemen, joined by four forwards and a goaltender. In National Hockey League regular season play in overtime, effective with the 2015-16 season, teams (usually) have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice, and may use either two forwards and one defenceman, orrarelytwo defencemen and one forward.

Historical designations
Organized play of ice hockey originates from the first indoor game in Montreal in 1875. In subsequent years, the players per side were reduced to seven per side. Positions were standardized, and two correspond to the two defencemen of current six-man rules. These were designated as cover point and point, although they lined up behind the center and the rover, unlike today. Decades later, defencemen were standardized into playing left and right sides of the ice.

Point
According to one of the earliest known books on ice hockey, Farrell's Hockey: Canada's Royal Winter Game (1899), Mike Grant of the Montreal Victorias, describes the point as "essentially defensive. He should not stray too far from his place, because oftentimes he is practically a second goal-minder ... although he should remain close to his goal-keeper, he should never obstruct that man's view of the puck. He should, as a rule, avoid rushing up the ice, but if he has a good opening for such a play he should give the puck to one of the forwards on the first opportunity and then hasten back to his position, which has been occupied, in the interim, by the cover-point."

Cover-point
Also in Farrell's 1899 book, Hugh Baird, then captain and cover-point of the Montreal Hockey Club, describes the cover-point as "a combination of a defence man and a forward, and is allowed, in virtue of this fact, more latitude with respect to leaving his position, than any man on the team, except the rover. In his capacity of a defence player, he should linger around his goals as long as the puck is near... When the play is at the other end of the rink, the cover-point should advance to about the middle, so that when the puck is lifted down, he may return it without loss of time, in order to keep the game centered around his opponents' goals, and to save his forwards the trouble of skating up to him so that they may again 'get in to play.' It is by playing far up under these circumstances that a clever cover-point can chine to the advantage of his team. If he has a good opening he should shoot well for the goals, but if he has not, he should, as I have said, return the puck instantaneously."

Distinguished defensemen
After a finished season the NHL, the premier ice hockey league in the world, presents the James Norris Memorial Trophy to the best defenceman in the league. Bobby Orr of the Boston Bruins – an eight-time Norris Trophy recipient – is often considered to be the greatest defenceman in NHL and ice hockey history. In addition to his Norris Trophy honours, he is the only defenceman in NHL history to capture the Art Ross Trophy as the league's leading scorer. In 1998, Orr was selected as the best defenceman of all-time (second overall player behind Wayne Gretzky) in The Hockey News''' Top 100 NHL Players of all-time.

Conversely, according to the IIHF Centennial All-Star Team (also chosen by The Hockey News), the greatest defencemen to play in IIHF-sanctioned international competition are Vyacheslav Fetisov and Börje Salming.

'Stay-at-home' and 'offensive' defence
Defence players are often described by the amount that they participate in offence. The extreme of non-participation in offence is a "stay-at-home" defender, who plays a conservative, risk averse game and does not score much, instead focusing on defensive assignments towards the opposing team. A good example is Rod Langway, who won the  Norris Trophy after having scored only three goals that season, as the award winners before and after him were primarily offensive defencemen such as Bobby Orr, Denis Potvin, and Paul Coffey. Other examples of stay-at-home defencemen include Leo Boivin, Chris Chelios, Tim Horton, Harry Howell, Tom Johnson, Jacques Laperrière, Kevin Lowe, Brad McCrimmon, Bill Quackenbush, and Scott Stevens.

The other extreme of participation is an offensive defenceman, who gets aggressively involved in the team's offence. To accomplish this, the offensive defence player often "pinches in" to keep the play from going offside and moves towards the halfboards and high-slot area for scoring opportunities. This makes it difficult for the opposing team to protect their net from being scored upon if the team can maintain control of the puck. However, this can lead to more odd man rushes and breakaway opportunities for the opposing team if the defender does not succeed. Bobby Orr's end-to-end rushing allowed him to defend effectively as well as attack, helping his teams win two Stanley Cup Championships. By contrast, Paul Coffey enjoyed high offensive production but his defensive play was considered mediocre for most of his career; he helped his teams win four Stanley Cup Championships, often paired with a "stay-at-home" defender.

Defensive zone play
When in the defensive zone, the defence player is responsible for keeping the opposing forwards' opportunities to a minimum when they are on a rush, forcing them to the corners and blocking both passing and shooting lanes. The primary responsibility is to cover areas of the defensive zone that would otherwise pose a clear goalscoring threat from the opposing offence.

When the opposing offence is putting pressure on the defence's team, the defence skater usually plays closer to the net, attempting again to block shooting lanes but also ensure that the goalie is not screened (prevented from being able to see the puck at all times). It is especially critical for the defenceman to keep opposing forwards from being able to move effectively in front of the net, which is why defencemen are frequently tasked with playing physical hockey in front of their own net. If a shot on net is made, an unguarded forward can often redirect it too quickly for the goalie to adjust or else score on a rebound. Another important duty is clearing rebounds away from the goal, and preferably to the defenceman's teammates, before opposing forwards can get to them. Often, defence players end up covering the opposing team's wingers while in the defensive zone, while their centre will cover the opposing team's centre.

Neutral zone play
In the neutral zone, the defence hangs back towards his or her own blue line, usually playing the puck up to other teammates. According to Jay Leach, who writes for NHL.com's "learn to play hockey" section, the defence must "Move the puck hard and quick to the open man. Join the rush, [but] do not lead it." Because of this responsibility, defencemen must read the other team's defensive strategy effectively in order to make an effective first pass that furthers the offensive momentum without leaving the defenceman out of position should his team lose control of the puck. In certain situations the best option could be to skate the puck into the zone to maintain offensive speed as well as preventing an offside.

Offensive zone play
In the offensive zone, the defence skaters usually "play the blue line." It is their duty to keep the puck in the offensive zone by stopping it from crossing the blue line that demarcates where the offensive zone begins. Should the puck cross this line, the offence cannot touch the puck in their opponent's zone without stopping play (see offside). Defencemen must be quick to pass the puck around, helping their forwards to open up shooting lanes, or taking open shots themselves when they become available. The defence must also be able to skate quickly to cut off any breakaways, moving themselves back into the defensive zone ahead of the onrushing opponent.

Essentially in all three zones of the rink, the defence is the backstop for the puck. It should never go behind the defence, unless the player intentionally lets it for strategic reasons. The defence keeps the momentum of play squarely directed towards the opposing goal, or at least away from his own.

Because defencemen are often expected to shoot on the opposing net from long range, these players often develop the hardest and most accurate slapshots. This is because taking a more stationary position on the blue line rewards pure accuracy and patience, rather than the adept hand–eye coordination attributed to forwards. Al MacInnis, who was seven times decorated with "Hardest Shot" in NHL skills competitions, was able to score frequently from the blue line because his slapshot was simply too fast to block effectively.

When a team is on a power play, a defence player can set up plays in the offensive zone, and distribute the puck to the teammate that he or she feels is in the best position to score, similar to a point guard in basketball, a playmaker in soccer, and a quarterback in American football and Canadian football. For this reason, a defenceman will often be described as the power play "quarterback", in particular if an umbrella power play formation is used (where a single defenceman is occupying the point, in the middle of the ice). This is also referred to as "playing the point" (this term derives not from the basketball position, but from an older name for the defence position in hockey itself).

Faceoffs
During faceoffs in the defensive zone, most teams have their defence players pair up with opposing wingers to tie them up while leaving his team's forwards open to move the puck, though this is at the discretion of the individual coach. In the offensive zone, the defence player acts in his or her usual role, keeping control of the puck as the forwards fight for position.

In the first organized ice hockey, (see Amateur Hockey Association of Canada), defencemen used to line up in an "I" formation behind the rover (defunct) as point and cover point''. Defence is still referred to as "playing the point", though this term now refers mostly to the role of defencemen on the power-play.

Skating
Defencemen must possess excellent skating abilities, specifically in speed, constant foot movement and quick transitioning from forward to backward and vice versa. With regard to skating backwards, defencemen must acquire a higher skill level than offensive players. This allows them to face their offensive opponents as they rush down the ice toward the defensive zone. A defenceman must be as comfortable going backwards and sideways as forwards. Defencemen must also gain confidence in quickly carrying the puck to open up the attack during a defensive zone break-out. This requires the ability to burst out of the defensive zone with speed, yet at the same time having the ability to use their vision to execute quick passes to open forwards, or gaining the neutral zone before shooting the puck into the offensive zone.

See also

Centre
Forward
Goaltender
List of NHL players
Rover
Winger

Notes

References

External links
List of NHL defencemen (present players and recently retired)

Ice hockey positions
Ice hockey terminology

Defenceman


ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම 2004 සැප්තැම්බර් 30 සිට නොවැම්බර් 28 දක්වා පකිස්තානයේ සංචාරයක නිරත විය. මෙම සංචාරය සදහා පක්ටෙල් කුසලානය සදහා පැවති තුන්කොන් තරගාවලියක් හා පාකිස්ථානයට එරෙහි ටෙස්ට් තරග දෙකකින් සමන්විත විය. ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව 1-1 ක් ලෙස සම විය.

පක්ටෙල් කුසලානය
පක්ටෙල් කුසලානය යනු පාකිස්තානය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ සිම්බාබ්වේ අතර ක්‍රීඩා කළ එක්දින ජාත්‍යන්තර තුන්කොන් ක්‍රිකට් තරගාවලියකි. මෙම තරඟාවලිය 2004 සැප්තැම්බර් 30 සිට 2004 ඔක්තෝබර් 16 දක්වා පකිස්ථානයේදී පැවැත්විණි. තරඟාවලිය රවුන්ඩ් රොබින් අදියරකින් සමන්විත වූ අතර, එක් එක් කණ්ඩායමක් අනෙක් කණ්ඩායම සමග දෙවර බැගින් තරඟ වැදුණි. තරගාවලියේ අවසන් මහා තරගයට සහභාගි වූයේ පළමු කණ්ඩායම් දෙක (පකිස්තානය සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව) ය. අවසාන තරගයෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ජය හිමි විය.

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ටෙස්ට් මාලාව

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 ශ්‍රී ලංකා කණ්ඩායමේ පාකිස්ථාන සංචාරය, 2004/05

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ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ පාකිස්ථාන තරග සංචාරය 2004