Lubang Island is the largest island in the Lubang Group of Islands, an archipelago which lies to the northwest of the northern end of Mindoro in the Philippines. The Lubang Islands are about  southwest of Manila. There are seven islands in the group. The island is divided into two municipalities. The largest settlement is the town of Lubang, the northwest end of the island. Its town center is about  northwest of Tilik Port. The southeastern half of the island is covered by the Municipality of Looc, which also has its port located in Barangay Agkawayan. The Lubang island group, which constitutes all the seven islands, are geographically distinct from any landmass, making it biologically unique - and endangered at the same time. The islands are under consideration to be set aside as a UNESCO tentative site.

Geography
Northwest to southeast the four main islands are Cabra, separated by a deep,  wide channel from Lubang Island, then Ambil to the northeast of Lubang and finally Golo. The three smaller islands are Talinas, Mandaui and Malavatuan.

 Cabra, which is wholly under the barangay also named Cabra in the municipality of Lubang, is mostly wooded and about  long, rising to a height of about . It has a lighthouse at the northwest end of the island.
 Lubang Island is about , being over  in length and up to  wide.  It is the 34th largest island in the Philippine archipelago.
 Ambil is an extinct volcanic island rising to over  and is about  in area.  During the earlier part of the Spanish Colonial Era, Ambil was reported to be in eruption.  But when it was climbed by German scientist Carl Semper in the latter part of 19th century, he found no evidence that it has erupted in historical times.  It is the 93rd largest island in the Philippine archipelago. Together with the two smaller islands of Mandaui and Malavatuan, Ambil is administered under the barangay also named Ambil in the municipality of Looc.
 Golo Island is long, narrow and flat lying, and is about  in area. It is divided into two barangays of Looc: Bulacan and Talaotao.

History
The islands were originally settled by a proto-ethnic group that eventually advanced into present-day Tagalogs. The island people of Lubang were among the first to have trade contacts with Chinese traders in the Philippines, as the island was an entry point to what was then referred as "Ma-i" in Chinese trade records.

The Spanish built a fort on Lubang Island, the San Vicente Bastion, on the western point of the entrance to Tilik Port.

After World War II, Lubang Island was where Hiroo Onoda, a Japanese army intelligence officer and war criminal who killed numerous innocent Lubang civilians, hid in the jungles when the Allies reclaimed the Philippines. He engaged in continuous, and sometimes deadly, guerrilla warfare against the United States and later against Philippine Commonwealth troops and paramilitary police. Despite flyers being dropped by airplanes in his hiding area, he adamantly believed that the war was not over yet. In March 1974, he was officially relieved of duty, 29 years after the end of the war, making him one of the last Japanese soldiers to surrender.

Two films, Onoda's War (2016), shot around Vigo, Burol, Agkawayan and Looc, and Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle (2021) have been produced by foreigners. These films, however, failed to show his criminal attacks against innocent Lubang civilians and instead distorted history and depicted him as a Japanese "hero". Werner Herzog's novel, The Twilight World, is a fictionalized account of Onoda's experiences on Lubang.

Administration
The islands are administratively part of the province of Occidental Mindoro and are divided into two municipalities: Lubang and Looc. Lubang covers the northwestern half of Lubang Island (Cabra Island included), while Looc covers the remaining half of Lubang Island plus Ambil, Golo and the other islands. Looc Proper is divided into three major sections: BonBon, Gitna and Kanluran.

Economics
Most of the population resides on Lubang Island, where Tilik Port is located. The main economic activity is fishing in the waters surrounding the islands and planting rice, garlic, peanut, and vegetables. However, with the islands fine white-sand coastlines, tourism is growing in economic importance.

Biodiversity
The Lubang forest mouse is endemic to the island. The warty pigs in Lubang Island and its outlying islands may be a distinct species, making them very important to Philippine biodiversity and conservation. More research is needed to verify their species lineage. They were formerly found in most habitats (from sea level to up to 2800 m) but is now confined to remote forests due to loss of habitat and heavy hunting by noose traps or trigger set bullets. The island is also home to a vaiety of myxomycetes or slime molds, as well as the Philippine cobra and the king cobra. Some of the birds that can be found in the island include the oriental dwarf kingfisher, glossy swiftlet, mangrove blue flycatcher, white-throated kingfisher, Philippine bulbul, black-naped monarch, rufous paradise flycatcher, purple-throated sunbird, and lovely sunbird, among others. The islands are also home to many insect species, some of which were recently identified. The waters of Lubang island and its outlying islands are also biodiverse. The islands converge with the Verde Island Passage.

Notes

References
 Hiroo Onoda (1974) No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War Kodansha International, New York,

Islands of Occidental Mindoro
Beaches of the Philippines

Lubang Island


Adiantaceae Newman (nom. cons.), nekadašnja biljna porodica koja danas čini potporodicu Vittarioideae unutar porodice Pteridaceae. Ime je dobila po rodu gospin vlasak (Adiantum).

Potporodicu danas čine rodovi Adiantum, Ananthacorus, Anetium, Antrophyum, Haplopteris, Hecistopteris, Monogramma, Polytaenium, Radiovittaria, Rheopteris, Scoliosorus, Vittaria

Izvori

Sistematika

Adiantaceae


Knjige u 1678. godini.

Stranica obuhvaća samo važne odnosno značajne umjetničke, znanstvene, kronike, zakonske i sl. knjige.
Obuhvaća i ako je objavljen prijevod i/ili pretisak nakon više desetljeća, stoljeća i tisućljeća.
Može se posebno navesti kad je napisana i kad je objavljena, jer nije rijetko veliko vremensko odstupanje dok je važna knjiga bila samo u rukopisu do vremena tiskane objave.

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Svijet
Compendio Delle Meditazioni Sopra La Vita Di Giesv Cristo, Fabio Ambroglio Spinola. Izdavač: Zaccaria Conzatti, Venecija. Broj stranica: 669. Rijetka knjiga

Izvori

Godine 17. stoljeća
1678.

Knjige u 1678.


John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus (February 5, 1882July 31, 1949) was an American politician who served as the 58th governor of North Carolina, serving from 1933 to 1937.

Biography
He was born on February 5, 1882, in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. He was a descendent of German immigrant Johann Christoph Ehringhaus, who arrived in North Carolina in the early nineteenth-century and opened a bank in Elizabeth City. The Ehringhaus family remained involved in banking and law in Elizabeth City for generations.

Ehringhaus attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he was a member of the Philanthropic society of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies from 1898 to 1902.

Ehringhaus was a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE), Elizabeth City Lodge #856. He served as District Deputy Grand Exalted Ruler for the North Carolina East District of the BPOE, 1909-1910.

Governor O. Max Gardner coaxed Ehringhaus, a former state legislator and attorney, out of political retirement as his hand-picked successor. He narrowly defeated Lieutenant Governor Richard T. Fountain in a Democratic primary runoff. Fountain claimed Ehringhaus was the tool of business interests.

Serving the state during the Great Depression, Ehringhaus encouraged the North Carolina General Assembly to create a state agency that would help rural areas of the state receive electricity services in order to revive the lagging economy. He also cut state spending, successfully pushed for a three-cent sales tax, extended the school year and kept the schools open and solvent.

He appointed former North Carolinian first lady Cora Lily Woodard Aycock as the President of the North Carolina Railroad.

He died on July 31, 1949.

Legacy
Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "My name is pronounced as if spelled ear'en-house."

A dormitory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Ehringhaus' alma mater (class of 1902) is named in his honor, and the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, of which Ehringhaus was a member, maintains a portrait in his honor.

The second longest bridge in the state of North Carolina, a 3.5-mile stretch over the Albemarle Sound, is named in honor of this former governor.

Ehringhaus' grave is located in the historic Episcopal Cemetery in his hometown of Elizabeth City in Northeastern North Carolina, and the city's main thoroughfare, Ehringhaus Street, is named in his honor.

References

External links
North Carolina History Project
National Governors Association

1882 births
1949 deaths
American people of German descent
Democratic Party governors of North Carolina
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina lawyers
People from Elizabeth City, North Carolina
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American Episcopalians

John C. B. Ehringhaus


An Epidendrum macrum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Louis Dressler. An Epidendrum macrum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum macrum


Nefis denetlemesi (özeleştiri, murakabe-i nefis) sufilik'te ve neo-spiritüalizm'de bir yönteme verilen addır.

Neo-spiritüalist görüşte "kişinin bir olayda, bir hareketinde nefsani (bencilce) davranıp davranmadığını ortaya çıkarmak üzere, kendi içinde bir tür mahkeme kurup, vicdanının sesine kulak vererek ve vicdani olmayı esas alarak, doğru gözlem, tarafsız ve dürüst bir muhakeme ve kuşku-eksiklik taşımayan diğerkamca bir kararla son bulan özeleştirisi" olarak tanımlanır.

Neo-spiritüalist görüşe göre, insan nefis denetlemesini her gün yapmalı ve bu işlem sırasında kendisine karşı dürüst olmalıdır, yani kusurlarına bahane ve mazeretler bulmaya çalışmadan kendisine itiraf etmelidir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Nefsaniyet
 Vicdan

Kaynakça

 Mukadderat ve İcabat, Bedri Ruhselman

Mistisizm
Neo-spiritüalizm

Nefis denetlemesi


An Poa tibetica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Munro ngan Otto Stapf. An Poa tibetica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Poa

Poa tibetica


عبيد المال هو فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1953، من إخراج فطين عبد الوهاب، وبطولة فاتن حمامة وعماد حمدي وفريد شوقي.

تمثيل

 فاتن حمامة
 عماد حمدي
 فريد شوقي
 مختار عثمان
 محمود المليجي
 مونا فؤاد
 ملك الجمل
 رياض القصبجي

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام فاتن حمامة
أفلام عماد حمدي
أفلام فريد شوقي
أفلام محمود المليجي
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1953
أفلام سناء جميل
أفلام رياض القصبجي

عبيد المال (فيلم)


A 52.ª edição da Volta ao País Basco disputou-se entre 2 e 7 de abril de 2012. Esteve dividida em seis etapas: cinco em estrada e a última em contrarrelógio com um total de 836,6 km.

A prova integrou-se no UCI WorldTour de 2012.

O vencedor final foi Samuel Sánchez, quem também fez-se com duas etapas e a classificação da regularidade. Acompanharam-lhe no pódio Joaquim Rodríguez (vencedor de duas etapas) e Bauke Mollema, respectivamente.

Nas outras classificações secundárias impuseram-se Mads Christensen (montanha), Marco Pinotti (metas volantes) e Katusha (equipas).

Prolegómenos

Dificuldades económicas
Depois do final do acordo com o Governo Basco, que supôs a unificação da corrida com a Euskal Bizikleta em 2009, voltaram a aparecer os problemas económicos do passado. O acordo com dito organismo consistia numa contribuição dentre 350.000 e 400.000 € durante três anos, correspondentes ao Grande Prêmio, com uma prorrogação de um ano, que também incluía à Clássica de San Sebastián. Dita prorrogação não pôde se fazer operativa devido à crise económica de 2008-2016 com o que dito governo "sozinho" pôde contribuir 200.000 € em princípio reservados para a Volta a Espanha. Depois de não encontrar um sponsor que sufragasse os 150.000 € restantes necessários para sacar as duas provas adiante (Volta ao País Basco e Clássica de San Sebastián) os organizadores fizeram público o problema e fizeram um chamada de urgência em procura de alguém que contribuísse dita quantidade. O orçamento das provas durante os últimos anos tinha sido de 1 milhão de euros para a Volta e 500.000 € para a Clássica os quais o Governo Basco sufragava diretamente o 25% aproximadamente. Finalmente conseguiu-se o patrocínio do Banco Guipuzcoano garantindo a disputa da corrida durante 2 anos mais.

Pequenas mudanças no percorrido final
Apesar de que o percurso já estivesse praticamente desenhado um ano antes, finalmente teve pequenas mudanças com respeito ao traçado definitivo. Destacando estes (por ordem cronológica):

 Suprimiu-se o final da 5.ª etapa no Santuário de Aránzazu devido à coincidência com a Sexta-feira Santa da Semana Santa.
 Incluiu-se final de etapa no alto de Ibardin na 3.ª etapa, substituindo o final em Amurrio inicialmente previsto para a 2.ª etapa. Acabando essa 2.ª etapa directamente em Vitoria depois de passar por Amurrio.
 Modificou-se a ordem das etapas devido a provas de tiro que há em Arrate na [[Quinta-feira Santoa]. Assim o final em Arrate se moveu à 3.ª etapa e o final em Ibardin à 4.ª.
 Suprimiu-se a cota não pontuável de Goikouria poucos quilómetros antes da meta em Güeñes da 1.ª etapa, devido ao seu perigo.

Equipas participantes
Tomaram parte na corrida 21 equipas: os 18 de categoria UCI ProTour (ao ser obrigada sua participação); mais 2 equipas de categoria Profissional Continental mediante convite da organização (Caja Rural e Utensilnord Named). Formando assim um pelotão de 160 ciclistas ainda que finalmente foram 159 depois da baixa de última hora de Heinrich Haussler (Garmin-Barracuda), com 8 corredores cada equipa (excepto o mencionado Garmin-Barracuda que saiu com 7), dos que acabaram 114. As equipas participantes foram:

Etapas

Etapa 1 - 2 de abril de 2012: Güeñes-Güeñes, 154 km

Resumo
A primeira etapa, com sete cotas pontuáveis, decorreu pela comarca vizcaína das Encartaciones sob um céu soleiro. Mediado o percurso depois de ter superado com o de Ubal o único alto de primeira categoria da jornada, a cabeça de corrida estava composta pelos fugidos David de la Fuente e Davide Mucelli: pertencentes ambos ciclistas às duas equipas de menor entidade convidados à corrida pela organização, contavam nesse momento com uma margem superior aos dois minutos. O escasso interesse do pelotão facilitou que a sua vantagem se fora incrementando até atingir praticamente os quatro minutos. A partir desse momento pôs-se a trabalhar no grupo principal o Rabobank, o que fez que a margem fora diminuindo progressivamente.

O alto de Beci (habitual nas últimas edições da rodada basca, mas ao que nesta ocasião se ascendeu pela Casa de Juntas de Avellaneda e um caminho traçado posterior) serviu para que a diferença descesse até os 2'12", e no trecho plano ulterior (que incluía o passo pelas metas volantes de Zalla e Güeñes) a margem continuou se reduzindo até que foram atingidos pelo pelotão a 15 km para a conclusão da etapa. No entanto, La Fonte e Mucelli tinham conseguido os pontos suficientes para encabeçar provisionalmente ao termo da jornada as classificações da montanha e das metas volantes, respectivamente.

A última dificuldade do dia era a cota de San Cosme, cujo cume se situava a 10 km da meta. No entanto, durante a sua ascensão produziu-se uma queda nas primeiras posições do pelotão que motivou uma paragem e a ausência de ataques no resto da subida, a excepção de um Wesley Sulzberger cuja tentativa não prosperou. Já na descida se produziu em cabeça um pequeno corte de cinco corredores que também não conseguiu separar do grupo, do mesmo modo que não pôde o fazer instantes depois o dúo composto por Daniel Navarro e Oliver Zaugg.

Desta forma a vitória de etapa e o primeiro camisola de líder dessa edição decidiram-se na chegada ao sprint do nutrido pelotão à reta de meta de Güeñes. Em dita chegada, e em ausência de uma equipa que organizasse e lançasse a disputa do triunfo, foi José Joaquín Rojas quem impôs a sua ponta de velocidade em frente a um Wouter Poels ao que bateu esprintando pela sua vez direita. Os favoritos à vitória final na classificação geral chegaram nesse mesmo grupo principal.

Classificações

Etapa 2 - 3 de abril de 2012: Güeñes-Vitoria, 165,7 km

Resumo
O regresso da rodada basca a Vitoria, meta de grande tradição mas que não tinha acolhido um final de etapa nas três edições anteriores, incluía a habitual linha de chegada na Avenida de Gasteiz. A etapa, com um perfil avariado mas sem grandes portos e disputada sob um céu nubloso e com intervalos de chuva, se antecipava propícia para uma resolução ao sprint antes das duas etapas de montanha.

Depois do passo por San Cosme, primeira cota do dia, ficou estabelecido em cabeça de corrida um quinteto composto por Mads Christensen, Jérôme Pineau, Thibaut Pinot, Gabriele Bosisio e Julián Sánchez Pimienta. Estes cinco homens chegaram a contar com uma margem de quase sete minutos, vantagem que foi se reduzindo quando equipas como a Rabobank e GreenEDGE começaram a atirar do pelotão até ser finalmente neutralizados a falta de 13 km. A fuga serviu pára que Sánchez Pimienta se fizesse com a liderança provisória na classificação das metas volantes.

Pouco depois, e já na suave ascensão a Zaldiaran (última cota da jornada), se produziu uma tentativa de fuga por parte de Eduard Vorganov, Wesley Sulzberger, Aleksandr Dyachenko e Dominik Nerz, tentativa que foi neutralizada por um Astana que procurava uma chegada em massa em Vitoria que favorecesse os interesses de seu velocista Francesco Gavazzi. O conjunto cazaque prolongou seu controle do grupo no descida posterior para a capital alavesa, onde não se produziram movimentos.

Já inmersos nas ruas vitorianas apareceram em cabeça do pelotão vários ciclistas do GreenEDGE para preparar a chegada a Allan Davis, seu homem rápido. Um desses lançadores, o sul-africano Daryl Impey, tomou à saída de uma rotunda uns metros de vantagem com respeito ao grupo que posteriormente rentabilizou para fazer com a vitória de etapa, o maior triunfo da sua carreira como profissional. O pelotão não conseguiu lhe superar mas sim pôde lhe atingir e cruzar a linha de meta com o mesmo tempo, evitando assim uma mudança na liderança; o primeiro do grupo foi precisamente seu colega e teórico chefe Davis, que celebrou a dobradinha do conjunto australiano entrando também com os braços em alto.

Classificações

Etapa 3 - 4 de abril de 2012: Vitoria-Eibar (Arrate), 164 km

Resumo
Já nos primeiros quilómetros de etapa se formou uma fuga de cinco corredores: José Herrada, Jussi Veikkanen, Mads Christensen, Antonio Piedra e Davide Mucelli, quem cedo fizeram-se com uma margem a mais de quatro minutos com respeito ao pelotão. No entanto, Veikkanen e Christensen mostraram-se afetados com o desempenho de Piedra e propiciaram a sua vez novos ataques para tratar de descolar. Desta forma o grupo rompeu-se, ficando em cabeça de corrida Herrada e Christensen (a quem para o passo por Miñota conseguiu unir-se Veikkanen), seguidos a cada vez mais distância pela suas excompanheiros da fuga Mucelli e Piedra.

Na primeira subida a Arrate (Ixua) o Lampre e o Lotto endureceram a corrida ao impor um forte ritmo tanto na aproximação ao porto como em sua ascensão, facto que favoreceu que a vantagem dos fugidos diminuísse rapidamente e que estes fossem sendo atingidos sucessivamente, a excepção de um Herrada que se mantinha em cabeça já em solitário. À margem da marcha imposta pelas equipas italiana e belga, foi o Katusha (ainda que não com seus principais nomes) o que moveu o grupo principal: depois de um primeiro ataque infrutífero de Alberto Losada, foram Ángel Vicioso e Giampaolo Caruso quem marcharam-se enquanto entre os favoritos não se produziram movimentos. Desta forma foi Herrada quem passou em primeiro lugar pelo cume seguido a 1'12 pelos dois ciclistas da equipa russa (quem já tinham coincidido anos atrás no Liberty Seguros) e com o pelotão a 1'22".

No alto de San Miguel foram os homens de Euskaltel-Euskadi os que atiraram do grupo principal. Herrada coroou o porto sozinho mas na descida foi atingido por Vicioso e Caruso, enquanto o pelotão continuava acercando-se. Depois do passo por Elgóibar e Eibar, Herrada se descolou à saída da vila armera para ser neutralizado pelo grupo principal.

A segunda e definitiva ascensão a Arrate (Usartza) começou com o pelotão dando caça aos dois homens do Katusha. A 5 km de meta atacou Chris Horner seguido de Kiserlovski, mas ambos foram atingidos. Pouco depois o que atacou foi Joaquim Rodríguez seguido pelo próprio Horner: o dúo, convertido em terceto ao somar-se a eles desde atrás Samuel Sánchez, conseguiu se fazer com uns dez segundos de vantagem sobre um grupo perseguidor formado por Cunego, Scarponi, Dani Moreno, Kiserlovski e Tony Martin. No cume, situada a 2 km da meta, a margem dos três fugidos manteve-se ao mesmo tempo em que o grupo de favoritos que lhes seguia se viu ampliado até as dezassete unidades ao ligar desde atrás outro grupo com homens como Van den Broeck, Mollema, Poels, Hesjedal e Kiryienka.

Na suave descida para a tradicional chegada junto ao Santuário de Arrate os três homens da cabeça de corrida jogaram-se o triunfo de etapa e a liderança: Samuel Sánchez entrou em cabeça na sucessão final de curvas esquerda-direita e cruzou a linha de meta em primeira posição, conseguindo a vitória em Arrate pelo terceiro ano consecutivo e fazendo-se com a camisola amarela provisória, com Rodríguez e Horner com o mesmo tempo. O grupo com o resto de favoritos chegou a 12".

Classificações

Etapa 4 - 5 de abril de 2012: Eibar-Lado de Bidasoa (Ibardin), 151 km

Resumo
Na quarta jornada teve lugar o regresso à cume navarra de Ibardin: antes um dos finais de etapa clássicos da corrida (o foi e maneira consecutiva durante catorze anos, entre 1981 e 1994), a rodada basca voltava à cimeira de Lado de Bidasoa depois de uma longa ausência durante as dezassete edições prévias. O reencontro seria por partida dupla: após uma primeira ascensão os ciclistas internar-se-iam brevemente no País Basco francês para posteriormente retornar e subir Ibardin pela segunda vez. Nesta segunda e última ascensão os ciclistas, uma vez chegados à cume, seriam desviados no cruzamento para realizar uns metros finais inéditos: uma dura rampa com trechos a mais de 20% de desnível até chegar à linha de meta.

Depois dos primeiros quilómetros criou-se uma escapada de cinco corredores: Ángel Madrazo, Diego Ulissi, Marcelino García, Maciej Paterski e Eugeni Petrov. Caminho de Aritxulegi formou-se um grupo intermediário quando saltaram do pelotão dois homens do GreenEDGE, Christian Meier e Wesley Sulzberger; estes dois ciclistas conseguiram posteriormente ligar com a cabeça de corrida, de forma que um grupo de sete corredores coroou Agiña com 1'41" sobre um grupo principal comandado pelo Euskaltel-Euskadi do líder Samuel Sánchez.

Nesse momento sucederam-se diversas tentativas no pelotão; numa delas se marchou o ciclista local Patxi Vila, quem com sua cavalgada conseguiu ligar com os de diante. Ao primeiro passo por Ibardin os homens de cabeça contavam com um minuto sobre o pelotão. Depois dos oito fugidos formou-se um dúo perseguidor composto por Michael Albasini e Nicki Sørensen, que também chegaram à frente para ampliar a nómina de fugidos a dez corredores. Com uma margem inferior ao minuto, vários dos seus componentes foram-se descolando para ser sucessivamente neutralizados pelo pelotão.

A segunda e definitiva subida a Ibardin começou marcado pelo forte ritmo imposto pelo Omega Pharma-QuickStep, atingindo-se mediado o porto a Albasini, último sobrevivente da fuga. Pouco depois atacou Maxime Monfort, sem sucesso; o pelotão chegou desta forma ao cruzamento do cume íntegro e sem fracturar-se. Tomado já o desvio foi Tony Martin quem se pôs à frente do grupo, mas o contrarrelógista alemão se viu rapidamente superado com a chegada dos primeiros metros com uma maior pendente.

O primeiro ataque com a dura rampa já iniciada correu a cargo de Poels, a cuja roda saíram Joaquim Rodríguez, Samuel Sánchez e Henao; estes quatro homens fizeram-se com uns metros com respeito ao resto de favoritos. Pouco depois chegou o ataque decisivo: Joaquim Rodríguez, especialista nesse tipo de finais caracterizados por uma pronunciada pendente, marchou-se em solitário até à linha de meta para conseguir a vitória de etapa e a liderança da classificação geral. Depois dele chegaram Samuel Sánchez (a 9", cedendo assim a camisola amarela) e o dúo composto por Henao e Kiserlovski (a 12"). O resto de favoritos foram chegando a meta com perdas maiores: a 16" entraram Scarponi, Van den Broeck, Poels ou Hesjedal, enquanto a 21" fizeram-no Cunego, Tony Martin, Horner e Mollema.

Classificações

Etapa 5 - 6 de abril de 2012: Lado de Bidasoa-Oñate, 183 km

Resumo
Numa jornada caracterizada pelo frio e a chuva, ao redor do quilómetro 80 formou-se uma escapada de 16 corredores, nenhum bem situado na classificação geral. Ainda que chegaram a contar com uma vantagem em torno dos cinco minutos, quando a equipa Sky tomou o comando do pelotão ao passo pelo porto de Elosua a renda baixou rapidamente até ser neutralizados definitivamente durante a ascensão a Deskarga.

Posteriormente formou-se uma nova fuga de 9 corredores: Appollonio, Caruso, Nerz, Petrov, Kiserlovski, Arroio, Pinotti, Jesús Hernández e Malori. Estes nove corredores passaram por Oñate com 20" sobre o pelotão. A presença de Kiserlovski (quarto na geral, a 24" do líder) fez que no pelotão começassem a trabalhar o Katusha e outros para jogar abaixo a fuga; no entanto, a margem seguiu aumentando.

Na ascensão a Asentzio atacou precisamente Kiserlovski, quem marchou-se em solitário deixando atrás ao resto de escapados. Este movimento do croata aumentou o nervosismo num pelotão cada vez mais reduzido, onde foram favoritos como Samuel Sánchez ou Scarponi quem tiveram que atirar do grupo na subida para evitar que a sua desvantagem seguisse aumentando. Pese a tudo, Kiserlovski coroou o porto com 45" sobre o grupo principal. No terreno posterior o Katusha pôs à frente do pelotão a Simon Špilak primeiro e Dani Moreno depois em sua tentativa por reduzir a vantagem de Kiserlovski, quem a falta de 10 km seguia contando não obstante com 38" sobre esse grupo de favoritos.

Chegou-se assim ao trecho de Garagaltza, um muro de menos de um quilómetro mas com uma grande pendente. Ao igual que ocorresse na rampa final um dia antes, Tony Martin se situou encabeçando o pelotão ao início da cota para posteriormente e conforme aumentava o desnível ir perdendo posições, e o ataque que rompeu o grupo de favoritos vinho de novo de Joaquim Rodríguez: a sua roda só aguentou Samuel Sánchez, enquanto o resto iam cedendo terreno. O casal formado pelo primeiro e segundo classificados na general coroou a subida (situada a 3 km de meta) ao mesmo tempo que atingia a Kiserlovski. No empinado descida, com o solo molhado, o líder Purito evitou que Samuel Sánchez se lhe marchasse baixando e depois ambos colaboraram para tratar de aumentar sua margem com respeito a outros favoritos.

Já em Oñate foi o próprio Joaquim Rodríguez quem saiu o primeiro da última rotunda e no recta final sprintou para se fazer com sua segunda vitória de etapa consecutiva por adiante de um Samuel Sánchez que não pôde lhe superar nesses últimos metros, enquanto Kiserlovski não pôde emular esse sprint e se deixou 2" em meta. O resto de favoritos a fazer-se com a camisola amarela de vencedor da classificação geral cedeu tempo face à decisiva contrarrelógio final do dia seguinte: a 5" chegaram Kiryienka, Nordhaug ou Scarponi, a 7" Van den Broeck e a 12" Mollema, mas foram Tony Martin e Chris Horner quem acumularam um maior atraso ao chegar a 23" do dúo de cabeça.

Classificações

Etapa 6 - 7 de abril de 2012: Oñate-Oñate (CRI), 18,9 km

Resumo
A última etapa consistia numa contrarrelógio de 18,9 km com saída e chegada na cintura urbana de Oñate: depois do arranque sinuoso por umas ruas empedradas que conduziam à dura rampa de Zumeltzegi passava a um trecho plano onde estaria situado o ponto intermediário de cronometragem (mediado o traçado, no quilómetro 9,8) e uma parte final que incluía o muro de Garagaltza e a sua complicada descida até ao centro da vila para concluir na praça dos Fueros, onde estava localizada a linha de meta. Com os principais favoritos ao triunfo final distânciados em menos de um minuto na geral depois das cinco jornadas em linha, a jornada, com a dureza e a perigo acrescentada da chuva e o frio, apresentava-se decisiva para decidir os postos de honra, incluído o vencedor e seus acompanhantes no pódio.

O primeiro tempo de referência foi o registado por Marco Pinotti, especialista contra o crono que se encontrava não obstante fora da luta pela geral. Entre os favoritos o primeiro em melhorar seu tempo foi Tony Martin, vigente campeão do mundo contrarrelógio que precisava remontar os 56" que tinha cedido nas jornadas montanhosas precedentes. Pouco depois o tempo do alemão seria batido por um segundo pelo jovem neerlandês Bauke Mollema, quem se postulava assim para os postos de pódio. Pelo contrário, outros como Michele Scarponi, Jurgen Van den Broeck ou Chris Horner não tiveram a atuação desejada e ficaram sem opções.

O vencedor da jornada foi Samuel Sánchez: fez-se com a camisola amarela da classificação geral e o triunfo de etapa depois de marcar o melhor tempo do dia, concluindo a rodada basca com um balanço que incluía a geral, duas vitórias de etapa e a regularidade. O chefe de fileiras do Euskaltel-Euskadi deu assim ao conjunto basco o seu segundo sucesso na corrida de casa, que não ganhava desde que o fizesse pela primeira vez em 2003 por meio de Iam May. O até então líder, Joaquim Rodríguez, completou pese a não ser um especialista uma boa contrarrelógio que conquanto não foi suficiente para manter à frente da geral (por 12") sim lhe permitiu subir ao pódio como segundo classificado, enquanto o citado Mollema ocupou o terceiro posto. Damiano Cunego, habitualmente pouco competitivo nas provas cronometradas, realizou nesta ocasião um bom tempo e finalizou quarto na geral, a escassos 5" do pódio.

Classificações

Classificações finais

 As classificações finalizaram da seguinte forma:

Classificação geral

Classificação da regularidade

Classificação da montanha

Classificação das metas volantes

Classificação por equipas

Evolução das classificações

Cobertura televisiva
A retransmissão televisiva da corrida correu a cargo de Euskal Telebista, ETB, a televisão pública basca, que emitiu todas as etapas ao vivo através de ETB 1 e em diferido por ETB Sat. Além de duas motos e as câmaras fixas de meta, contou-se também com um helicóptero para obter imagens aéreas. O narrador das retransmissões foi Fermin Aramendi, máximo responsável pelo ciclismo em dita estação, secundado nos comentários pelo exciclista e apresentador de informativos Xabier Usabiaga. O jornalista Alfonso Arroio seguia in situ a corrida desde uma moto, entrevistando aos diretores desportivos que iam nos carros e dando referências de tempos e dorsais, além de entrevistar aos ciclistas mais destacados ao termo de cada etapa.

O sinal televisivo da corrida foi facilitada assim mesmo a outras estações:

 Teledesporto (canal desportivo de TVE) (em diferido)
 Eurosport (Europa)
 Universal Sports TV (América do Norte)
 RAI Sport 2 (Itália)
 Sport+ (França e satélites em Europa)
 Forta (televisões autonómicas da Espanha)

Referências

Ligações externas

 Site oficial

UCI WorldTour de 2012
2012
Desporto na Espanha em 2012

Volta ao País Basco de 2012


Hermann Witsius (Herman Wits eller på Latin Hermannus Witsius; født 12. februar 1636, død 22. oktober 1708) var en nederlandsk teolog.

Liv og gerning
Han blev født i Enkhuizen. Han studerede ved universitetet i Groningen, Leiden og Utrecht. Han blev ordineret af ministeriet og blev pastor for Westwoud i 1656 og derefter på Wormer, Goes og Leeuwarden. Han blev successivt professor i guddommelighed ved universitetet i Franeker i 1675 og ved Utrecht Universitet i 1680. I 1698 blev han udnævnt til universitetet i Leiden som efterfølger for den yngre Friedrich Spanheim. Han døde i Leiden.

Teolog
Mens Witsius i sin teologi sigtede mod en forsoning mellem den da herskende ortodoksi og federalteologi (også kendt som føderalisme), var han først og fremmest en bibelsk teolog. Hans hovedområde var systematisk teologi. Hans hovedarbejde hedder Pagtens økonomi mellem Gud og mennesket (oprindeligt udgivet på latin: De oeconomia foederum Dei cum hominibus, Leeuwarden, 1677). Han blev induceret til at offentliggøre dette værk af hans sorg på kontroverserne mellem tilhængere af Gisbertus Voetius og Johannes Coccejus. Selv om han selv var medlem af den federalistiske skole, var han på ingen måde blind for værdien af kirkens skolelærte dogmatiske system. I sidste ende lykkedes det ham ikke til at glæde nogen af parterne.

Forfatterskab
  (oprindelig offentliggjort som ).
 .

Af andre arbejder fik han offentliggjort:
 .
 .
 .

 , 2 vols.

 .
 .
 .

På engelsk foreligger:
 A Treatise on Christian Faith (London, 1761);
 An Essay on the Use and Abuse of Reason in Matters of Religion, Trans. John Carter, Norwich, 1795 (New Edition, CrossReach Publications, 2016)
 On the Character of a True Theologian (Edinburgh, 1877); and
 .
 ; Translation of
 Sacred Dissertations: On what is Commonly Called the Apostles' Creed (Volume 1) (1823)
 https://archive.org/details/sacreddissertat02witsgoog
 https://archive.org/details/sacreddissertat00witsgoog
 Sacred Dissertations: On what is Commonly Called the Apostles' Creed (Volume 2) (1823)
 https://archive.org/details/sacreddissertat01witsgoog
 https://archive.org/details/sacreddissertat03witsgoog
 Conciliatory or irenical animadversions on the controversies agitated in Britain : under the unhappy names of antinomians and neonomians (1807)
 .

Eksterne henvisninger
 .
 .

Teologer fra Nederlandene

Hermann Witsius


An Festuca densipaniculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Evgenii Borisovich Alexeev. An Festuca densipaniculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca densipaniculata


Daniel Craig McCallum (January 21, 1815 – December 27, 1878) was a Scottish-born American railroad engineer, general manager of the New York and Erie Railroad and Union Brevet Major General of the United States Military Railroads during the American Civil War, known as one of the early pioneers of management. He set down a group of general principles of management, and is credited for having developed the first modern organizational chart.

Early life and education
McCallum was born in Johnstone in the council area of Renfrewshire in the west-central Lowlands of Scotland in 1815. In 1822, while he was still a boy, his family emigrated to Rochester, New York. He did attend elementary school but did not want to follow his father's footsteps and become a tailor. Instead, McCallum left school to become a carpenter and worked his way up.

New York engineer
In the early 1840s, McCallum worked as a civil engineer in Rochester, designing buildings including Saint Joseph's Church. Soon he started building and maintaining railway bridges as subcontractor for the New York and Erie Railroad. By the late 1840s, the New York and Erie Railroad placed McCallum in charge of its bridges, and he started experimenting with new construction methods. He developed and in 1851 patented a new type of bridge, named the "McCallum Inflexible Arched Truss Bridge", which could withstand heavier loads and required less maintenance than previous designs. One such at Lanesboro, Pennsylvania over the Susquehanna River, drew national attention for its durable construction.

In the early 1850s, the New York and Erie Railroad promoted McCallum to the superintendent of the Susquehanna Division, one of the railroad's five operating divisions. About two years later (1854/54) he received another promotion, becoming the railroad's General Superintendent and succeeding Charles Minot during Homer Ramsdell's presidency. In this position, McCallum supervised the entire railroad, as well as restructured it to make it more efficient and safe. New management and communication methods used the telegraph. McCallum also described these new management principles and introduced the first modern organizational chart. On February 25, 1857,

In 1858, McCallum resigned from the Erie Railroad and founded the McCallum Bridge Company.

U.S. military railroads

On February 11, 1862, weeks after President Abraham Lincoln signed the Railways and Telegraph Act of January 31, 1862 (which authorized the president to seize and operate any railroad or telegraph company's equipment for use during the American Civil War), the new secretary of war Edwin M. Stanton appointed McCallum as military director and superintendent of the United States Military Railroad with the staff rank of colonel. The USMRR's primary mission was to repair and operate captured Southern lines to support the Union army.

The previous secretary of war, Simon Cameron, had called on the Pennsylvania Railroad's Vice President Thomas A. Scott to coordinate railroads and Scott had been promoted to Assistant Secretary of War. However, President Lincoln replaced Cameron in January after newspapers reported he unduly favored the North Central Railroad in which he was a stockholder, at the expense of rival railroads including the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, including allowing removed B&O track and telegraph wire to be shipped to repair damaged Virginia lines. On April 22, 1862, Stanton summoned West Point graduate Herman Haupt, who had become a leading railway engineer after resigning his U.S. Army commission and who had applied for Scott's job, to evaluate the engineering required to rebuild the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac line in Virginia. On May 28 Haupt was also appointed a colonel, but he twice refused military rank (including a promotion to brigadier general on September 5, 1862), instead of becoming the civilian Chief of Construction and Transportation in the Department of the Rappahannock. Although Haupt would have difficulties dealing with some military men, he worked well with McCallum.

McCallum remained in Washington during the war to oversee the "big picture" of USMRR operations, and especially coordinate deliveries of locomotives and other equipment with manufacturers. He received a brevet promotion to brigadier-general of volunteers for faithful and meritorious services on September 24, 1864, and his authority was extended to the Western Theater and to support Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. He received another promotion to major general in 1865. In July 1866 McCallum was mustered out of the service and published a report on the military railroads during the war.

MacCallum also wrote a set of poems. The most famous was called 'Lights on the Bridge', which he wrote shortly before his death, memorializing his friend, Sam Campbell, a railroad engineer killed in 1842. McCallum himself died in Brooklyn, New York, on December 27, 1878.

Work

Architecture, 1830s-40s

McCallum was an architect in Rochester from 1840, and for a few subsequent years. He was an accomplished architect and held a high position in his profession. Among the prominent buildings erected by him are the House of Refuge, St. Josephs Church, St. Marys Hospital, and the Odd-Fellows' Hall building. He did much to improve the general architecture of the city. His drawings and studies were carefully made, and his plans well-adapted to location.

The St. Josephs Church was originally built 1843–1846 in the simple monumental tradition of the Greek Revival, with a gray stone facade of series of arched bays on the exterior facade. The simple church was enlarged 1849 into a cruciform plan that sat a thousand. The interior was remodeled in 1895. The first steeple was added in 1859 and replaced with a tower in 1909, designed by Joseph Oberlies. Nowadays only the preserved facade of St. Joseph's Church has remained.

McCallum's inflexible arched truss bridge, 1840s–60s
Late 1840s McCallum developed a specific truss bridge construction for the railroad bridges, called McCallum inflexible arched truss. It was constructed principally of pine timber, with less than the ordinary portion of iron rods, blots and casings. An editorial notice from Appletons' Mechanics' Magazine, edited by Julius W. Adams commented on McCallum's patent timber bridge, built-in 1851 over the Susquehanna River, near Lanesboro', Pennsylvania, for the New York and Erie railroad:

These inflexible arched trusses were used in wooden railroad bridges across the US and Canada in the 19th century.  After his work at the New York and Erie Railroad, in 1858 McCallum founded the McCallum Bridge Company in Cincinnati. The company specialized in railroad bridges, which they build in the Western and Southern States. Some of the Howe truss men were so impressed by McCallum's business success (if not by his arguments) that they began arching their top chords, and a notable example of this practice was the Rock Island Bridge over the Mississippi River. The advent of steel bridges in the 1860s effectively made obsolete his unique design.

Large-scale management problems at New York & Erie Railroad, 1850s

McCallum had started at the New York & Erie Railroad as a subcontractor to build and maintain bridges, was appointed superintendent of one region, and eventually made its general superintendent in 1855, controlling over 5000 employees. In this position McCallum came in contact with the large-scale management problems, which other great railroad companies such as the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad also faced. One of the main problems of these largest railroad companies was the rising of costs of moving freight in comparison to smaller companies. McCallum postulated that this was caused by the inefficient internal organization. In his 1856 report to the stockholders of the New York & Erie Railroad he explained:

New methods had to be invented for mobilizing, controlling, and apportioning capital, for operating a widely dispersed system, and for supervising thousands of specialized workmen spread over hundreds of miles. The railroads solved all these problems and became the model for all large businesses. The main innovators were three engineers, Benjamin H. Latrobe of the Baltimore and Ohio, McCallum of the Erie, and John Edgar Thomson of the Pennsylvania (railroad). They devised the functional departments and first defined the lines of authority, responsibility, and communication with the concomitant separation of line and staff duties which have remained the principles of the modern American corporation.

Illustrative organization chart, 1855

As general superintendent McCallum in 1855 designed an illustrative organization chart of the New York and Erie Railway, which is considered to be the first modern organization chart, which was compiled and drawn by the civil engineer George Holt Henshaw. On the chart is written, that the diagram represents a plan of organization, and exhibits the division of administrative duties and shows the number and class of employees engaged in each department, and is dated September 1855.

The chart explains that the diagram is compiled from the latest monthly report and indicates the average number of employees of each class engaged in the Operating Department of the railroad company. It shows the powers and duties of each individual and to whom they are subject to report. It further describes:

"By inspection it will be seen that the Board of Directors as the fountain of power, concentrates their authority in the President as the Executive Officer, who in that capacity directly controls those officers who are shown on the Diagram at the termini of the lines diverging from him, and these in their turn, through all the various ramifications down to the lowest employee control those who terminate the lines from them.All orders from the Superior officers are communicated in the above order, from superior to subordinate to the point of desired; thereby securing despatch in their execution and maintaining proper discipline without weakening the authority of the immediate superior of the subordinate controlled by the order thus transmitted. Each individual, therefore, holds himself responsible only to his immediate superior..."

Furthermore, a table is added showing the number of offices and employees classed. First were listed the employees in the five divisions of the New York &  Erie Railroad divided into workers at the station, on trains, on repairs of trucks, and on repairs of bridges and buildings.

The chart was thought lost for years and only located at the Library of Congress after many years of research after Alfred Chandler had suggested its existence. It was found by Charles D. Wrege (1924–2014) and Guidon Sorbo Jr. (1927–2008) in 2005. They suggested that the visualization of the organizational tree probably was inspired by the shape of a local flower Salix caprea (goat willow, also known as the pussy willow, or great sallow).

Principles of management, 1856
As General Superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad, McCallum developed new ideas about a modern system of management. In his 1856 report he formulated the following requirements:

"A system of operations to be efficient and successful should be such as to give to the principal and responsible head of the running department a complete daily history of details in all their minutiae. Without such supervision, the procurement of a satisfactory annual statement must be regarded as extremely problematic. The fact that dividends are made without such control does not disprove the position, as in many cases the extraordinarily remunerative nature of an enterprise may ensure satisfactory returns under the most loose and inefficient management..."
McCallum presented the following general principles for the formation of such an efficient system of operations, reprinted in Vose (1857)
First. A proper division of responsibilities.
Second. Sufficient power conferred to enable the same to be fully carried out, that such responsibilities may be real in their character.
Third. The means of knowing whether such responsibilities are faithfully executed.
Fourth. Great promptness in the report of all derelictions of duty, that evils may at once be corrected.
Fifth. Such information to be obtained through a system of daily reports and checks that will not embarrass principal officers nor lessen their influence with their subordinates.
Sixth. The adoption of a system, as a whole, which will not only enable the general superintendent to detect errors immediately, but will also point out the delinquent.

About the core principle of management, he summarized:

Vose (1857, p. 416) added, that all subordinates should be accountable to, and directed by, their immediate superiors only. Each officer must have authority, with the approval of the general superintendent, to appoint all persons for whose acts he is held responsible, and to dismiss any subordinate when in his judgment the interests of the company demand it.

American Civil War, 1862–65

On 11 February 1862, McCallum was appointed military director and superintendent of the Union railroads, with the staff rank of colonel, by Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War. McCallum had the authority to "enter upon, take possession of, hold and use all railroads, engines, cars, locomotives, and equipment that may be required for the transport of troops, arms, ammunition, and military supplies of the United States, and to do and perform all acts... that may be necessary and proper... for the safe and speedy transport aforesaid," he wrote in his 1866 report. McCallum's view was that his organization "was a great construction and transportation machine, for carrying out the objects of the commanding generals." As superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad McCallum had developed a reputation as an autocratic leader, running his railroad with "strict precision and stern discipline." But to his credit, he combined his engineering and administrative talents with his pleasant personality to make a success of his tenure.

As McCallum's assistant was appointed Herman Haupt, who also was called to service in early 1862. The two worked practically independent from each other. While McCallum was the administrative head of the U.S. Military Railroads, Herman Haupt was in charge of the operations of the railroad in the field. At the time that McCallum assumed his duties, the seven-mile road from Washington to Alexandria, Virginia, was the only railroad in federal government control. By May 1862 the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, which ran from Alexandria southwest toward Orange, Virginia, was an important supply line, as was the Manassas Gap Railroad, which covered the territory between Manassas Junction and Front Royal and Strasburg. By the end of the war, the U.S. Military Railroads had, at different times during the war, used parts of 17 railroads as military lines in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania and 23 in Tennessee, Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, and North Carolina. In addition, the small Construction Corps grew from about 300 men in 1863 to nearly 10,000 men by the end of the war.

During his stint as superintendent of the U.S. Military Railroads, McCallum fulfilled the function of liaison officer between the government and the many railroads on the one hand, and manufacturers of railroad equipment on the other. His greatest success was supporting the western operations from Nashville and Chattanooga under Gen. William T. Sherman in the summer of 1864, by successfully supplying General Sherman's army of 100,000 men and 60,000 animals." "The successful supply of Sherman's army in its campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta was the most outstanding achievement of the military railroads," later reported Thomas Weber in The Northern Railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865.

In 1865 McCallum participated in the organization of the Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln. Following his death by assassination, the body of Abraham Lincoln was brought from Washington, D.C. to its final resting place in Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois, by funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries. The Department of War designated the route and declared railroads over which the remains passed as military roads under the control of McCallum as director and superintendent of United States Military Railroads. No person was allowed to be transported on the cars except those authorized by the War Department, and the train never moved at speeds of more than  an hour to avoid any accidents.

To McCallum was due much of the efficiency of the railroad service during the civil war. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers "for faithful and meritorious services," September 24, 1864, and Major General, March 13, 1865. On July 31, 1866, he was mustered out of the service. In the same year, he published a report on the military railroads during the war, written with James Barnet Fry.

Reception

American timber bridges
The 1863 article entitled "American Timber Bridges" by the Institution of Civil Engineers described that:

The National Cyclopedia of American Biography (1897) confirmed, that the inflexible arched truss introduced by McCallum has probably been in more general use in the United States than any other system of timber bridges. A 2012 Historic American Engineering Record confirms that:

This success didn't last much longer. McCallum continued to construct bridges during the Civil War, but the type of bridge fell out of favor. It was obsolete by 1870, because it was difficult to frame and metal constructions had taken over.

Nowadays the only remaining example in the world of the McCallum truss is the Percy Covered Bridge (1861), ironically an automobile and footbridge. It crosses the Chateauguay River at Powerscourt, Québec, between the municipalities of Elgin and Hinchinbrooke.

Management principles
Chandler (1977) stipulated that:

McCallum's work drew national and international attention. Chandler (1977) recalled that

McCallum's ideas were further developed by others, such as Chandler (1956) explained: "expert railroad engineers as George Vose and John B. Jervis wrote much on the principles of systematic management which McCallum had first articulated and Poor had expanded upon."

Selected publications
 1856. "Report of the Superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad to the Stockholders, for the Year Ending September 30" in: Annual Report. New York and Erie Railroad Company, 1856. p. 33-97
 1857. "Report of D. C. McCallum to the stockholders of the New York and Erie Railroad, March 25"  in: Annual Report. New York and Erie Railroad Company, 1857. (Extract online)
 1859. McCallum's inflexible arched truss bridge explained and illustrated
 1861. Military railroads, 1861-1867: general orders, instructions and reports. United States. War Dept.
 1862. Soldiers' marching song: "Our country and our home." Air--"John Brown". 4 pages.
 1866. Reports of Bvt. Brig. Gen. D. C. McCallum: director and general manager of the military railroads of the United States, and [of James B. Fry] the provost marshall general. With James Barnet Fry. United States. Military Railroad Dept.
 1870. The Water Mill and Other Poems. Brooklyn, N.Y.

Further reading
 Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1956). "Henry Varnum Poor: philosopher of management, 1812-1905." in: Men in Business. William Miller (eds.) Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1956. Chapter III and IV
 Hopper, Ken, and Will Hopper (2007). "Dan McCallum Creates the Multidivisional Corporation" in: The Puritan Gift: triumph, collapse and revival of an American dream. IB Tauris Publishers, 2007. p. 66-73

References

Attribution
 This article incorporates public domain material from  ; and other public domain material from books and websites.

External links

 Laying Down the Principles: Management at library.hbs.edu

1815 births
1878 deaths
American civil engineers
19th-century American railroad executives
American business theorists
Scottish business theorists
Scottish engineers
People from Johnstone
Union Army colonels

Daniel McCallum


Unter Kältebeständigkeit versteht man die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Werkstoffen, Bauteilen und technischen Produkten gegen niedrige Temperaturen. Viele Materialeigenschaften ändern sich in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur. Wird die sogenannte untere Gebrauchstemperatur unterschritten, besteht die Gefahr, dass ein Material bzw. das daraus bestehende Objekt nicht mehr die für den Anwendungszweck benötigten Eigenschaftswerte aufweist.

Typische Effekte, die bei tiefen Temperaturen auftreten können, sind:

 Versprödung: Einige Werkstoffe wie z. B. manche Stähle weisen eine temperaturabhängige Zähigkeit auf. Unterhalb einer Übergangstemperatur werden sie spröde (sogenannte Kaltversprödung), was zu Brüchen führen kann, sofern die Konstruktion dies nicht berücksichtigt. Auch Kunststoffe haben eine Glasübergangstemperatur, bei deren Unterschreitung das Material vom weichen in den spröden, glasartigen Zustand übergeht. Die Ursache der Challenger-Katastrophe war beispielsweise eine Dichtung aus Elastomer, die infolge zu tiefer Umgebungstemperaturen ihre Elastizität und damit die Dichtwirkung verlor.

 Wärmeschrumpfung: Zieht sich ein Objekt bei Abkühlung zu stark zusammen, kann es unter Umständen nicht mehr seine Funktion erfüllen. Besonders kritisch sind Bauteile, die aus Materialien mit unterschiedlichem Ausdehnungskoeffizienten bestehen. Hier kann es aufgrund von verschieden starker Kontraktion zu thermischen Spannungen und damit zu Rissen kommen.

 Veränderungen bei Flüssigkeiten: Flüssigkeiten können bei tiefen Temperaturen gefrieren, die Viskosität steigt in der Regel mit abnehmender Temperatur und es kann zu Ausflockungen kommen. All diese Probleme treten beispielsweise beim Einsatz von Kraftfahrzeugen im Winter auf. Bei unzureichendem Frostschutz gefriert das Kühlwasser ein, dickflüssige Motoröle (Sommeröle) bieten bei tiefen Temperaturen aufgrund hoher Viskosität nur unzureichende Schmierwirkung (siehe Viskositäts- bzw. SAE-Klassen) und bei Nichtbenutzung von Winterdiesel droht ein Verstopfen des Kraftstofffilters infolge von Ausflockungen.

 Beeinflussung von elektrischen und elektrochemischen Komponenten: Ein typisches Beispiel ist die Starterbatterie eines Fahrzeuges, die im Winter nicht mehr über ausreichende Kapazität verfügt, weil die elektrochemischen Vorgänge durch die geringe Temperatur beeinträchtigt werden. Auch der elektrische Widerstand von Materialien ändert sich mit der Temperatur, weshalb es in elektrischen Bauteilen und Schaltungen bei extremen Temperaturen zu Funktionsstörungen kommen kann.

Die Kältebeständigkeit, bzw. untere Gebrauchstemperatur ist in der Regel in den jeweiligen technischen Dokumentationen, Datenblättern, Normen usw. angegeben. Sie muss bei Auswahl und Einsatz eines Werkstoffes, Bauteiles oder Produktes beachtet werden.

Siehe auch

 Hitzebeständigkeit

Werkstoffeigenschaft

Kältebeständigkeit


Azões Portekiz'de Vila Verde belediyesine bağlı olan, 1,29 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 343 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vila Verde'nin bucakları

Azões


García de Santa María Mendoza y Zúñiga (falecido em 1606) foi um prelado católico espanhol que serviu como arcebispo do México (1600–1606).

Biografia
García de Santa María Mendoza y Zúñiga foi ordenado sacerdote na Ordem de São Jerônimo. A 6 de dezembro de 1600, foi nomeado pelo Papa Clemente VIII como Arcebispo do México. A 15 de agosto de 1601, foi consagrado bispo pelo cardeal Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, arcebispo de Toledo. Serviu como arcebispo do México até à sua morte em 1606. Enquanto bispo, foi o consagrador principal de Diego Vázquez de Mercado, bispo de Iucatão (1604).

Mortos em 1606
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Clemente VIII

García de Santa María Mendoza y Zúñiga


ميورا  هي مقاطعة يابانية تقع في محافظة كاناغاوا، اليابان. تبلغ مساحتها 17.06 كم مربع، وبلغ تعداد سكان المقاطعة في عام 2008 32,234 نسمة، وكثافة السكان 1890 نسمة لكل كم مربع.

البلدات والقرى
 هاياما

مراجع

مقاطعات محافظة كاناغاوا

مقاطعة ميورا (كاناغاوا)


Havnsø er en dansk kortfilm fra 1968 instrueret af Niels Heie efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Et møde mellem en mand og en kvinde, hvis kærlighedsforhold er ved at opløses. Omkring disse to personer er to andre placeret: en pige, som tilskuerne aldrig ser, men kun hører, og en pige, som hovedpersonen for at udfylde en ventetid forsøger at opnå kontakt med.

Medvirkende
 Jesper Høm
 Gitte Mikkelsen
 Nuni Tholstrup

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1968

Havnsø (film)


Alois Kreiten (* 16. Februar 1856 in Oedt; † 3. März 1930 in Köln) war ein bedeutender Kölner Goldschmied und Emailleur.

Leben und Werk
Kreiten war Sohn des Schuhmachers Valentin Kreiten (1825–1868) aus Oedt und der Anna Margaretha, geb. Busch (1828–99). Seit 1888 betrieb Kreiten in Köln eine eigene Werkstatt und war königlich-rumänischer Hofgoldschmied. Die Werkstatt befand sich in der Komödienstraße 47. Er war Innungsobermeister in Köln. In 1885 heiratete er Cäcilie Bauer (1856–1930) aus Düsseldorf. Nachfolger in der Werkstatt war sein Sohn Paul Kreiten (1890–1970). Die Arbeiten von Paul Kreiten zeigen Einflüsse des Art Déco-Stils sowie des Dessauer Bauhauses.

Kreiten war Großonkel des von den Nazis hingerichteten  Pianisten Karlrobert Kreiten (1916–1943).

Werke
Kreitens Werke befinden sich in Kirchen und Museen des Rheinlandes; er hat zahlreiche Werke von überwiegend hervorragender Qualität hinterlassen:

 Vortragekreuz (ca. 1880), heute St. Stephan, Köln-Lindenthal
 Monstranz, St. Mariä Himmelfahrt, Marienfeld (Much)
Ziborium und Monstranz, St. Agnes (Köln)
 Adlerleuchter, (1900) Kölnisches Stadtmuseum
 Silber vergoldet, Email, Bergkristall, Edelsteine: Höhe 112 cm, Durchmesser 54 cm
 Reliquiar, St. Agatha (1900) Dormagen-Straberg
 Reliquiar, Schützenbruderschaft St. Sebastian, Köln-Dünnwald
 Leuchterpaar Bauer und Jungfrau (1901);
 Silber vergoldet, Email, Edelsteine, Höhe 116 cm, Durchmesser 56 cm.
 Weihrauchschiff von 1903, weitere Werke vorhanden in St. Hubertus, Köln-Brück
 Kelch, St. Barbara in Nideggen-Muldenau
 dreiteiliges Ölgefäß in Silber (1906), St. Severin in Köln
 Kelch (1907), St. Mariä Himmelfahrt in Köln-Holweide
 Turmmonstranz, St. Anna, Wipperfürth-Hämmern
 Drei Leuchter, St. Nikolaus, Köln-Dünnwald
 Zwei Kelche, Heilige Familie, Köln-Höhenhaus
 Gefäß für hll. Öle, Unbefleckte Empfängnis, Wipperfürth-Egen
 Ziborium, St. Joseph, Lindlar-Linde, um 1900/1. Viertel des 20. Jahrhunderts
 Monstranz, Kapelle St. Johannes, Wipperfürth-Ommerborn
 Taufgarnitur, St. Agatha, Wipperfürth-Agathaberg (um 1920–1930)
 Ziborium, St. Nikolaus, Wipperfürth (1915)
 Kustodia, St. Maria Himmelfahrt, Hückeswagen
 Ziborium, St. Johannes Baptist, Bergisch Gladbach-Refrath
 zwei Reliquiare in St. Kunibert, Köln
 silbernes Mokka-Service (von Paul Kreiten 1925/30),  Kölnisches Stadtmuseum
 Monstranz (beschriftet 1928), St. Hedwig, Köln-Höhenhaus
 Kelch (beschriftet 1929), St. Hermann Joseph, Köln-Dünnwald, dazu Nachfolgewerk von Paul Kreiten
 Ziborium (beschriftet 1935, mit Signatur Paul Kreiten), St. Johann Baptist, Köln-Höhenhaus

Weblinks
 Werke von Alois Kreiten im Stadtmuseum Köln
 Silberschmiedekunst von Paul Kreiten

Einzelnachweise

Goldschmied
Person (Köln)
Deutscher
Geboren 1856
Gestorben 1930
Mann

Alois Kreiten


Esposende  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Norte bölgesine bağlı Cávado altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 15 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Antas
 Apúlia
 Belinho
 Curvos
 Esposende (Esposende)
 Fão
 Fonte Boa
 Forjães
 Gandra
 Gemeses
 Mar
 Marinhas (Esposende)
 Palmeira de Faro
 Rio Tinto
 Vila Chã

Dış bağlantılar

 Esposende şehrinin fotoğrafları

Cávado'nun belediyeleri

Esposende


Aceasta este o listă de puncte extreme ale Republicii Moldova: punctele care sunt mai în nordul, sudul, estul sau vestul extrem, decât oricare altă locație, precum și cele mai înalte și joase puncte din țară.

Puncte extreme

Cote extreme
 Cel mai înalt punct: dealul Bălănești (430 m.)  – raioanele Călărași și Nisporeni
 Cel mai jos punct: valea Nistrului (2 m.) – raionul Ștefan Vodă

Vezi și
 Punctele extreme ale Europei
 Punctele extreme ale Pământului
 Geografia Republicii Moldova
 Punctele extreme ale României

Referințe

Puncte extreme ale Republicii Moldova
Geografia Republicii Moldova
Moldova

Puncte extreme ale Republicii Moldova


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Slaská enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Slaská im Okres Žiar nad Hronom.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Slaska


Laurel ist eine Stadt des Jones County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Mississippi.

Geographie
Laurel liegt auf 31°41'51" nördlicher Breite und 89°8'22" westlicher Länge. Die nächstgelegenen Großstädte sind Jackson (120 Kilometer nordwestlich) und New Orleans (200 Kilometer südwestlich). Der Interstate-59-Highway verläuft durch die Stadt.

Geschichte

Laurel wurde 1882 gegründet. Aufgrund des Waldreichtums in der Gegend entwickelte sich bald eine ausgeprägte Holzwirtschaft. Nachdem die New-Orleans-and-Northeastern-Railroad-Eisenbahnlinie gebaut wurde, nahmen im Laufe der folgenden Jahre mehrere Sägewerke ihren Betrieb auf. Wegen der reinen gelben Farbe des Holzes der verarbeiteten Nadelhölzer waren die Produkte sehr gefragt. Anfang der 1900er Jahre war Laurel weltweit führend in der Lieferung dieser Erzeugnisse. Der Name der Stadt geht auf die damals in der gesamten Region zahlreich vorhandenen Sträucher der Breitblättrigen Lorbeerrose (Kalmia latifolia), lokal als Mountain-laurel bezeichnet, zurück. Aufgrund der verstärkten Forstwirtschaft ist deren Bestand inzwischen aber spürbar zurückgegangen.

2005 erreichte der Hurrikan Katrina die Stadt und richtete erheblichen Schaden an.

Heute sind in Laurel neben der Holzindustrie auch Öl-, Gas-, Metallverarbeitungs- und Elektroindustrien angesiedelt. Mit Sanderson Farms hat einer der weltgrößten Geflügelzüchter und -verarbeiter sowie eines der größten Unternehmen Mississippis seinen Hauptsitz in Laurel. Mississippis ältestes Kunstmuseum, das Lauren Rogers Museum of Art, befindet sich in der Stadt.

Demografische Daten
Im Jahr 2009 wurde eine Einwohnerzahl von 18.831 Personen ermittelt, was einen Zuwachs um 2,4 % gegenüber dem Jahr 2000 bedeutet. Der Zuwachs ist hauptsächlich dadurch zu erklären, dass Menschen aus den südlichen Küstenregionen, die durch den Hurrikan Katrina ihre Existenz verloren hatten, in Laurel eine neue Heimat suchten. Das Durchschnittsalter der Einwohner betrug 2009 34,7 Jahre.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 Lance Bass (* 1979), Sänger, Schauspieler und Filmproduzent
 Marsha Blackburn (* 1952) Kongressabgeordnete von Tennessee
 Ralph Boston (1939–2023), Leichtathlet
 Lee Calhoun (1933–1989), Leichtathlet
 Charles Cross (* 2000), American-Football-Spieler
 Robert Hyatt (* 1948), Informatiker und Computerschachprogrammierer
 Tom Lester (1938–2020), Schauspieler und Prediger
 Mundell Lowe (1922–2017), Jazzgitarrist
 Charles McGhee (1942–2002), Jazztrompeter
 Sam Myers (1936–2006), Blues-Musiker und Songschreiber
 Michael Parker (* 1949), Politiker
 Chip Pickering (* 1963), Politiker
 Clinton Portis (* 1981), Footballspieler
 Parker Posey (* 1968), Schauspielerin
 Leontyne Price (* 1927), Opernsängerin
 Ben Thigpen (1908–1971), Jazzmusiker
 Mary Elizabeth Ellis (* 1979), Schauspielerin

Weblinks

 www.laurelms.com
 city City Data
 calval.cr.usgs.gov (PDF; 2,29 MB) Hurricane Katrina
 museum Lauren Rogers Museum of Art

Einzelnachweise

Gemeindegründung 1882

Laurel (Mississippi)


ගෝඨාභය රජු මිය යාමෙන් පසු මාගම රාජ්‍යත්වයට පත් වුයේ ඔහුගේ පුත් කාකවණ්ණතිස්ස හෙවත් කාවන්තිස්ස කුමරුය. එලාර රජු අනුරාධපුරය ආක්‍රමණය කරණු ලැබූ බව කියන්නේ කාවන්තිස්ස රජු රාජ්‍යයට පත්වී අවුරුද්දකට පමණ පසුවය. රුහුණු රටට අයත්ව පැවති යොම නුවර, සේරු නුවර, ලෝන නුවර යන ප්‍රදේශ තුන පිළිවලින් අභය, සිව හා මහා නාග යන ප්‍රාදේශීය පාලකයන් තිදෙනෙකු යටතේ පාලනය වූ බව ධාතුවංශයෙන් හෙලි වේ. ගෝඨාභය රජුගේ කාලයේ පටන්ම රුහුණ මුලුමුනින්ම පාහේ එක්සත්ව පැවතියද තම රාජ්‍යයට විරුද්ධව අනුරාධපුර එලාර රජුගෙන් එල්ලවිය හැකිව තිබූ තර්ජන පිළිබඳ කාවස්තිස්ස රජු මුලසිටම අවධානය යොමු කොට සිටි බව එවැනි තර්ජන ඇතිවුවහොත් එයට මුහුනදීම සඳහා රජු විසින් ආරක්ෂක විදිවිධාන සලසනු ලැබූ ආකාරය වංශකතාවල විස්තර කර ඇත. මහා වංශයේ සඳහන් වී ඇති පරිදි රජු මුලින්ම කලේ තමාගේ යුද හමුදාව තර කිරීම හා රුහුනේ දේශ සිමාව යුද හමුදාව ලවා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමයි. රජුගේ බාල පුත්‍රයා වූ සද්ධාතිස්ස කුමරු බල වාහන සහිතව දිගා වැව ප්‍රදේශයේ ආරක්ෂාව සැපයීම සඳහා යවන ලද බවත් රජුගේ වෙනත් භිසවකගේ පුත්‍රයකු වූ දීඝභය නම් කුමරුකු මාගමේ කසාතොට රැකවලේ යෙදු බවත් වංශකතාවල සඳහන් වේ.

එළාර රජුගෙන් ආක්‍රමණයක් එල්ල වී යුද්ධයක් ඇති වුවහොත් යුද්ධ කාලයේ දී ආහාර හිගය ඇතිවීම වැලැක්වීම සඳහා රජු ඊලඟට කලේ ගොවිතැන් කටයුතු දියුණු කිරීමයි. තමාගේ මරණයෙන් පසු තම සිංහාසනය සඳහා පුතුන් දෙදෙනා අතර සටන් ඇතිවීම වැලැක් වීම සඳහා සහ එම අවස්ථා මුල් කරගෙන එළාර රජු ආක්‍රමණය කිරීම වැලැක්වීම සඳහා භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා හා හමුදාව ඉදිරියේ පුතුන් දෙදෙනා පොරොන්දු කරවීය. එහෙත් එය ඒ ආකාරයෙන් සිදු නොවීය. දුටුගැමුණු කුමාරයාට නම් තබන අවස්ථාවේදී රජතුමා විසින් එළාර රජු පලවා හැර රට එක්සත් කිරීමේ කාර්යභාරය තම වැඩිමහල් පුතු විසින් සිදුවේ යැයි ප්‍රාර්ථනාවක් කළ බව මහාවංශයේ සඳහන් වේ.

කාවන්තිස්ස රජුගේ රාජ්‍ය කාලය අවුරුදු 45ක් පමණ වූ බව මහා වංශයේ සඳහන් වේ. ඔහු මියයන විට අවුරුදු 64ක් විය. මෙම අවධිය වන විට ආර්ථීක වශයෙන් පමණක් නොව ශාසනික වශයෙන් ද දියුණුකොට ඇත.  මෙම රජු විසින් ඉදිකරනු ලැබූ වෙහෙර විහාර 64කි. මගම්තිස්ස විහාරය, ජාත පබ්බත විහාරය, රුහුනේ සිතුල්පවු විහාරය, ත්‍රිකුණාමලේ වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර, සේරුවිල මංගල මහා චෛත්‍ය මින් සමහරකි. මෙම රජු විසින් කැළණි විහාරය පිළිසකර කල බව පූජාවලියේ සඳහන් වේ.

ගෝඨාභය රජ


හේමචන්ද්‍ර විජේරත්න (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Hemachandra Wijeratne) (තවද: හේම  විජේරත්න සහ ලොfප්ටි විජේරත්න (English: Hema (Lofty) Wijeratne) යනු  හිටපු ගරු ශ්‍රී ලංකා කොන්සල් ජෙනරල් තූර්කිය වෙයි.

ජීවන සටහන්
හේමචන්ද්‍ර විජේරත්න  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.  හිටපු කැබිනට් අමාත්‍ය ගරු රංජන් විජේරත්න, හේමචන්ද්‍ර ගේ වැඬිමහල් සොහොයුරාය.

ආශ්‍රිත
 හේමචන්ද්‍ර විජේරත්න  ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව
 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු තානාපතිවරුන් හා මහ කොමසාරිස් වරුන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
2000 මරණ

හේමචන්ද්‍ර විජේරත්න


منتخب جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية لكرة القدم  الملقب بالفهود، هو المنتخب الوطني الذي يمثل جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية والذي يديره اتحاد الكونغو الديمقراطية لكرة القدم . تغير اسم المنتخب عدة مرات في الماضي حيث شارك باسم الكونغو البلجيكية (1948-1960) والكونغو ليوبولدفيل (1960–1963) الكونغو كينشاسا (1963–1971) وزائير (1971–1997).

بمسماه السابق زائير كان ثالث منتخب أفريقي (بعد مصر والمغرب) يشارك في إحدى بطولات كأس العالم وكان في بطولة عام 1974 التي أقيمت في ألمانيا الغربية، والتي خسر فيها جميع مبارياتها الثلاث، ولم يسجل فيها أي هدف، وتلقت شباكه أربعة عشر هدفاً. حقق بطولة كأس الأمم الأفريقية لكرة القدم مرتين الأولى بمسمى كونغو كينشاسا سنة 1968 والمرة الثانية بمسمى منتخب زائير سنة 1974 . في سنة 2005 كان على وشك التأهل إلى بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2006 التي أقيمت في ألمانيا ولكنه احتل المركز الثاني بفارق 5 نقاط عن المتصدر والمتأهل منتخب غانا. أشهر نجوم المنتخب الحاليين لومانا لوا لوا، شعباني نوندا، ألاين ماسودي ، وبارفايت مانداندا .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 قائمة بيانات المنتخب من الموقع الرسمي للفيفا باللغة العربية

منتخبات رياضية وطنية في جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية
منتخبات كرة قدم وطنية إفريقية


The EuroLeague, known as the Turkish Airlines EuroLeague for sponsorship reasons, is a European men's professional basketball club competition. The league is widely recognised as the top-tier men's league in Europe. The league consists of 18 teams, of which 16 are given long-term licences and wild cards, making the league a semi-closed league. The league was first organized by FIBA in 1958, subsequently by ULEB in 2000 and then solely the Euroleague Basketball.

The competition was introduced in 1958 as the FIBA European Champions Cup (renamed to the FIBA EuroLeague in 1996), which operated under FIBA's umbrella until Euroleague Basketball was created for the 2000–01 season. The FIBA European Champions Cup and the EuroLeague are considered to be the same competition, with the change of name being simply a re-branding.

The EuroLeague is one of the most popular indoor sports leagues in the world, with an average attendance of 8,960 for league matches in the 2022–23 season. This was the fifth-highest of any professional indoor sports league in the world (the highest outside the United States), and the second-highest of any professional basketball league in the world, only behind the National Basketball Association (NBA).

The EuroLeague title has been won by 22 clubs, 14 of which have won it more than once. The most successful club in the competition is Real Madrid, with eleven titles, including the most recent one in 2023.

History

The FIBA European Champions Cup was originally established by FIBA and it operated under its umbrella from 1958 until the summer of 2000, concluding with the 1999–00 season. Euroleague Basketball was created after the end of the FIBA European Champions Cup.

FIBA had previously used the EuroLeague name for the competition since 1996 but had never trademarked the name. As FIBA had no legal recourse on the usage of the name, it started a new league named the FIBA SuproLeague. The following 2000–2001 season started with two top European professional club basketball competitions: FIBA SuproLeague (renamed from FIBA EuroLeague) and Euroleague.

Top clubs were split between the two leagues: Panathinaikos, Maccabi Tel Aviv, CSKA Moscow and Efes Pilsen stayed with FIBA, while Olympiacos, Kinder Bologna, Real Madrid Teka, FC Barcelona, Paf Wennington Bologna,  Žalgiris Kaunas, Benetton Treviso, AEK and Tau Cerámica joined Euroleague Basketball.

In May 2001, Europe had two continental champions, Maccabi of the FIBA SuproLeague and Kinder Bologna of the Euroleague. Both organizations realized the need to come up with a unified competition and Euroleague Basketball negotiated terms and dictated proceedings which FIBA agreed to their terms. As a result, European club competition was fully integrated under Euroleague Basketball's umbrella and teams that competed in the FIBA SuproLeague during the 2000–01 season joined it as well.

The authority in European professional basketball was divided over club-country lines. FIBA stayed in charge of national team competitions (like the FIBA EuroBasket, the FIBA World Cup, and the Summer Olympics), while Euroleague Basketball took over the European professional club competitions. From that point on, FIBA's Korać Cup and Saporta Cup competitions lasted one more season and then Euroleague Basketball launched the ULEB Cup, now known as the EuroCup.

League era
In November 2015, Euroleague Basketball and IMG agreed on 10-year joint venture. Both Euroleague Basketball and IMG will manage the commercial operation, and the management of all global rights covering both media and marketing. The deal was worth €630 million guaranteed over 10 years, with projected revenues reaching €900 million. Along with the deal the league changed into a true league format, with 16 teams playing each other team in the regular season followed by the playoffs. The A-licensed clubs were assured of participation for the following ten years in the new format.
After the new format of the EuroLeague and FIBA implementing national team windows, a conflict between the two organizations emerged. EuroLeague has been criticised by FIBA as well as several national federations for creating a 'closed league' and ignoring the principle of meritocracy. In July 2019, EuroLeague announced that from the 2019–20 season there will be no direct access to the league through domestic leagues anymore.

Title sponsorship

On 26 July 2010, Turkish Airlines and Euroleague Basketball announced a €15 million strategic agreement to sponsor the top European basketball competition across the globe. According to the agreement, starting with the 2010–11 season, the top European competition would be named Turkish Airlines Euroleague Basketball. Similarly, the EuroLeague Final Four would be named the Turkish Airlines EuroLeague Final Four, whereby the new league title would appear in all media accordingly. This title partnership was set to run for five seasons, with the option of extending it to an additional five. On 23 October 2013, Turkish Airlines and Euroleague Basketball agreed to extend their partnership, up until 2020.

Names of the competition

FIBA era: (1958–2001)
FIBA European Champions Cup: (1958–1991)
FIBA European League ("FIBA Euro League"): (1991–1996)
FIBA EuroLeague: (1996–2000)
FIBA SuproLeague: (2000–2001)
Euroleague Basketball era: (2000–present)
Euroleague: (2000–2016)
EuroLeague: (2016–present)
*There were two competitions during the 2000–01 season. The SuproLeague, which was organized by FIBA, and the Euroleague, which was organized by Euroleague Basketball.

Competition systems

Tournament systems
The EuroLeague operated under a tournament system, from its inaugural 1958 season, through the 2015–16 season.
FIBA European Champions Cup (1958 to 1986–87): The champions of European national domestic leagues, and the then current European Champions Cup title holders (except for the 1986–87 season), competing against each other, played in a tournament system. The league culminated with either a single game final, or a 2-game aggregate score finals (3 games if needed to break a tie).
FIBA European Champions Cup (1987–88 to 1990–91): The champions of European national domestic leagues, competing against each other, played in a tournament system. The league culminated with a Final Four.
FIBA European League (1991–92 to 1995–96): The champions of the European national domestic leagues, the then current European League title holders, along with some of the other biggest teams from the most important national domestic leagues, played in a tournament system. The league culminated with a Final Four.
FIBA EuroLeague (1996–97 to 1999–00): The champions of the best European national domestic leagues, along with some of the other biggest teams from the most important national domestic leagues, played in a tournament system. The league culminated with a Final Four.
*Euroleague (2000–01): Some of the European national domestic league champions, and some of the runners-up from various national domestic leagues, played in a tournament system. The league culminated with a best of 5 playoff finals.
*FIBA SuproLeague (2000–01): Some of the European national domestic league champions, and some of the runners-up from various national domestic leagues, played in a tournament system. The league culminated with a Final Four.
Euroleague (2001–02 to 2015–16): The champions of the best European national domestic leagues, along with some of the other biggest teams from the most important national domestic leagues, played in a tournament system. The league culminated with a Final Four.
*There were two competitions during the 2000–01 season. The SuproLeague, which was organized by FIBA, and the Euroleague, which was organized by Euroleague Basketball.

League system
Starting with the 2016–17 season, the EuroLeague operates under a league format.
EuroLeague (2016–17 to present): The champions of the best European national domestic leagues, along with some of the other biggest teams from the most important national domestic leagues, playing in a true European-wide league system format. The league culminates with a Final Four.

Format

Starting with the 2016–17 season, the EuroLeague is made up of 18 teams, with each playing every other team twice (once at home and once away) in a double round robin league regular season, for a total of 34 games played by each team.

The top 8 placed teams at the end of the regular season advance to playoffs, each playing a 5-game playoff series against a single opponent. The regular season standings are used to determine which teams play each other, and in each pairing the higher placed team has home-court advantage in the series, playing 3 of the 5 games at home. The winners of each of the four playoff series advance to the Final Four, held at a predetermined site. The Final Four features two semi-finals, a third place game, and the championship game, all on the same weekend.

Each team plays a maximum 41 games per season: 34 in the regular season, a maximum of 5 during the playoffs, and 2 in the Final Four.

Qualification
Currently (and since the suspension of Russian teams because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine), 12 out of the 18 EuroLeague places are held by licensed clubs that have long-term licenses with Euroleague Basketball, and are members of the Shareholders Executive Board. These twelve licensed clubs are:

The remaining 6 EuroLeague places are held by 6 associated clubs that have annual licences, of which one has a two-year wild card, three have one-year wild-cards and two are the finalists of the previous season's 2nd-tier European competition, the EuroCup. From the 2020/21 season, however, if the better of the two teams from the EuroCup makes it to the playoffs, it keeps the place for the following year.

European professional basketball club rankings

Current clubs
These are the teams that participate in the 2023–24 EuroLeague season:

Results

Team statistics

Titles by club

Titles by nation

Records

 Real Madrid has been the most successful team, having won the competition a record eleven times, including the most recent one in 2022–23.
 Split (1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91), is the only team to have won the competition three times in a row in the modern EuroLeague Final Four era (1987–88 season to present).
 Rīgas ASK, as a Soviet League club in the late 1950s and early 1960s (1958, 1958–59, 1959–60), is the only team to have won the competition three times in a row in the pre-EuroLeague Final Four era.
 Real Madrid (1963–64, 1964–65) & (1966–67, 1967–68), along with Varese (1971–72, 1972–73) & (1974–75, 1975–76), are the only teams to have won the European Championship twice in a row on two occasions in the pre-modern EuroLeague Final Four era.
 Cantù (1981–82, 1982–83), Cibona (1984–85, 1985–86), and Olimpia Milano (1986–87, 1987–88), are the other three teams to have won the European Championship twice in a row (only for one time) in the pre-modern EuroLeague Final Four era.
 Maccabi Tel Aviv (2003–04, 2004–05), Olympiacos (2011–12, 2012–13), and Anadolu Efes (2020–21, 2021–22) are the only teams to have won the EuroLeague twice in a row, becoming back-to-back EuroLeague champions in the Euroleague Basketball era (2000–01 season to present).
 Fenerbahçe are the only team which stayed undefeated at home after a 30-game regular season and secured the best record after a regular season (25–5) under the new format (2016–17 season to present). They are also the earliest EuroLeague Playoffs qualifiers ever in the modern EuroLeague era.
 Istanbul is the only city from which nine clubs have played in the competition: Beşiktaş, Darüşşafaka, Eczacıbaşı, Efes, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, Istanbul Technical University, Modaspor, and Ülker have participated in the EuroLeague.
 Although Israel is located in the Middle East, its teams play in the EuroLeague, as its national federation is a member of FIBA Europe and its top professional league is a member of ULEB. Similarly, the Israel Football Association is a member of UEFA, enabling its national team and clubs to play in UEFA competitions.
 In a small area of less than 40 km2 (25 mi2), north of Milan, there are 3 clubs that have won a total of 10 FIBA European Champions' Cups, and played in a total of 16 finals: Pallacanestro Varese (5), Olimpia Milano (3) and Cantù (2).
 The record score differential for a EuroLeague Finals game was achieved at the 2004 Finals, in Tel Aviv, where the home club, Maccabi Tel Aviv, defeated Skipper Bologna, by a score of 118–74 (a 44-point difference).
 A crowd of 22,567, which filled Belgrade Arena on 5 March 2009, for a 2008–09 season Top 16 game between Partizan and Panathinaikos is the league's official all seated attendance record. Before that, a crowd of 18,500 all seated fans occurred at a Panathinaikos home game at the Olympic Indoor Hall, in Athens, against Tau Cerámica, on 12 April 2006, during the 2005–06 third quarterfinal playoff game.
 The most points ever scored in a single game by an individual in the league's overall history (since 1958), is 99 points, by Radivoj Korać of OKK Beograd, on 14 January 1965, during the 1964–65 season, in a game against Alvik.
 The most points ever scored in a single game by an individual in the league since Euroleague Basketball has owned the competition (2000), is 49 points, by Shane Larkin of Efes Istanbul, on 29 November 2019, during the 2019–20 season, in a game against Bayern Munich.
 The most points ever scored in a single EuroLeague Finals game by an individual is 47 points, in the 1978–79 season, by Žarko Varajić of Bosna, in a game against Emerson Varese on 5 April 1979.

EuroLeague awards

Statistical leaders

All-time leaders

Since the beginning of the 2000–01 season (Euroleague Basketball era):

Individual performances

EuroLeague versus NBA games

Attendances

Season averages
All averages include playoffs and Final Four games.

Historic average attendances
This list shows the averages attendances of each team since the 16-team regular season was established in 2016. All averages include playoffs games.

Individual game highest attendance

Note: Match between Panathinaikos and Barcelona on 18 April 2013, at OAKA Sports Center, was supposedly watched by about 30,000 spectators. However, it is not included in the table as the official data is 18,300.

As of 4/4/2023 Partizan holds 10 games in top 10 most attended games.

Media coverage

The EuroLeague season is broadcast on television, and can be seen in up to 201 countries and territories. It can be seen by up to 245 million (800 million via satellite) households weekly in China.

It was also televised in the United States and Canada on NBA TV and available online through ESPN3 (in English) and ESPN Deportes (in Spanish) until 2017–18 season. From 2018 to 2019 season, the coverage moved to FloSports, before moving back to the ESPN family of networks in 2023, just in time for the playoffs.

The EuroLeague Final Four is broadcast on television in up to 213 countries and territories. The EuroLeague also has its own internet pay TV service, called EuroLeague TV.

Sponsors
Title sponsor
Turkish Airlines
Premium partners
7DAYS
Adidas
Tempobet (only in Germany)
Fonbet (only in Russia)
Nesine (only in Turkey)
bwin (Greece and Spain)

Global partners
VODA VODA
viagogo
Detur
Upper Deck
DraftKings
Kyocera
VTB Arena Park
VTB
AX Armani Exchange
Intersport
Spalding
Tadim

Regional partners
Odeabank (only in Turkey)
Head & Shoulders (only in Turkey)
SEK (only in Turkey)
Oscar Mayer (only in Spain)
Endesa (only in Spain)
youwin.tv
Global partners of the Final Four
Efes
Acıbadem

Source:

See also

 Men's competitions
 EuroLeague
 EuroCup Basketball
 Basketball Champions League
 FIBA Europe Cup
 Women's competitions
 EuroLeague Women
 EuroCup Women
 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women

References

External links

 List of Winners with Rosters
 EuroLeague history – stats
 EuroLeague's Youtube channel

Endeavor
1
Recurring sporting events established in 1958
Recurring sporting events established in 2000
1958 establishments in Europe
2000 establishments in Europe
Multi-national professional sports leagues

EuroLeague


දියමන්ති (බොහෝවිට) සහ වෙනත් මැණික් (සමහරවිට) ඔප දමනා කැපුමකි.

දියමන්ති

බෙරලියන්තු


Her Şey Çok Güzel Olacak, 1998 Türkiye yapımı komedi filmidir. Ömer Vargı'nın yönettiği filmin yapımcılığını Filma-Cass adına Mine Vargı üstlenmiş, görüntülerini ise Garry Turnbul çekmiştir. Cem Yılmaz'ın Mazhar Alanson ile başrollerini paylaştığı ilk sinema deneyimidir. Cem Yılmaz ayrıca filmin senaryosusunun yazımında da yer almıştır.

Konu

Altan, karıştığı kavga sırasında yıllardır görmediği kardeşi Nuri'yle karşılaşır. Nuri'nin çalıştığı ecza deposunu, uzun süredir açmayı planladığı bar için bir para kaynağı olarak görür. Çeşitli uğraşlardan sonra Nuri'ye tekrar yakınlaşmayı başaran Altan, farkına varmadan hem kendisini hem de Nuri'yi tehlikeli maceraların içine sürükler. Nuri ve Altan, her şeyin çok güzel olacağını umarak yaşamla mücadeleye devam ederler. Bu mücadele içerisinde unuttukları önemli detaylar vardır.

Film müzikleri

Her Şey Çok Güzel Olacak - Özgün Film Müzikleri, filmin 1998 yılında yayınlanan film müziği albümüdür. Albümdeki bütün şarkılarda Mazhar Alanson imzası vardır. Albümün çoğu enstrümantal bestelerden ve filmden alınan diyaloglardan oluşmaktadır. Vokalde Alanson'a Cem Yılmaz ve Sami Özer'in eşlik ettiği ve ilk versiyonu 1974'te yayınlanan Mazhar ve Fuat albümü Türküz Türkü Çağırırız'da "Nerde Hani?" adıyla bulunan "Bu Ne Biçim Hikaye Böyle" şarkısına video klip çekilmiştir. Albümde iki versiyonu ile bulunan "Benim Hala Umudum Var", 2002 yılında çıkan Alanson albümü Türk Lokumuyla Tatlı Rüyalar albümünde yeni bir düzenleme ile tekrar yayınlandı. "Bir Zamanlar Fırtınalar Estirirdim" ise MFÖ'nün 2006 yılında çıkan AGU albümünde "Ne Bileyim Ben" adıyla yeniden yorumlandı.

Şarkı listesi

Tüm şarkılar Mazhar Alanson tarafından yazılıp bestelendi.

 "Her Şey Çok Güzel Olacak" (4:28)
 "Latin - 1" (0:30)
 "Kavga" (1:05)
 "Aşk" (1:19)
 "Tek Başına" (0:42)
 "Benim Hala Umudum Var" (3:32)
 "Nuri - 1" (0:41)
 "Nuri - 2" (0:19)
 "Gece Yarısı" (0:44)
 "Eski Resim - 1" (0:53)
 "Latin - 2" (1:54)
 "Depoda - 1" (1:05)
 "Depoda - 2" (1:40)
 "Disko Önü" (1:06)
 "Arabada Rock'n Roll" (1:26)
 "Güneye Gidiyoruz" (2:12)
 "Bir Zamanlar Fırtınalar Estirirdim" (4:23)
 "Dialog - 1" (0:42)
 "Bu Ne Biçim Hikaye Böyle" (3:13)
 "Mafya Rüyası" (0:25)
 "Latin - 3" (1:59)
 "Eski Resim - 2" (1:38)
 "Hesaplaşma" (2:27)
 "Sürpriz" (1:25)
 "Dialog - 2" (0:18)
 "Benim Hala Umudum Var (Final)" (5:41)

Oyuncular

 Cem Yılmaz (Altan Çamlı)
 Mazhar Alanson (Nuri Çamlı)
 Ceyda Düvenci (Ayla Çamlı)
 Selim Naşit Özcan (Baba: Cevat Çamlı)
 Mustafa Uzunyılmaz (Nusret)
 Adnan Tönel (Osman)
 Cenk Varcan (Celil)
 Sait Genay (Rasim Bey)
 Emre Sipahioğlu (Serkan)
 Mesut Akusta (Resepsiyonist)
 Uğur Çavuşoğlu (Suat)
 İbrahim Yalçın (Haluk)
 Engin Günay (Matiz Adam)
 Deniz Oral (Akvaryumcu Cemil)
 Fuat Onan (Fevzi)
 Yaşar Güner (Tahir Baba)
 Aziz Parlakyıldız (Apo)
 Nazım Yılmaz (Sülo)
 Mehmet Hanif (Tahir Baba'nın adamı)
 Rafi Emeksiz (Tahir Baba'nın aşçısı)
 Ayumi Takano (Shav Mei)
 Sinan Albayrak (Tolga Baykal)
 Engin Ocaklı (Tolga'nın babası)
 Celal Belgil (Tolga'nın koruması)
 Melih Gürlük (Tolga'nın koruması)
 Günay İbicioğlu (Tolga'nın kız arkadaşı)
 Yusuf Basmacı (Berber Nihat)
 Okay Şenol (Berberdeki müşteri)
 Abdullah Baykal (Berberdeki müşteri)
 Murat Tarık Fidan (Berber çırağı)
 Bekir Erdemöz (Büfeci)
 Nihan Doğru (Büfedeki kız)
 Şafak Kemancı (Büfedeki kız)
 Emre Cebeci (Büfedeki erkek)
 Barış Çakır (Büfedeki erkek)
 Ulgar Manzakoğlu (Barmen Tuncay)
 Öner Işık (Tevfik)
 Vural Çelik (Harun)
 Baran Özçaylan (Harun'un arkadaşı)
 Nurgül Yeşilçay (Hemşire)

Dış bağlantılar

 YouTube'da izle

1998 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
1990'larda kara komedi filmleri
Ömer Vargı'nın yönettiği filmler
Türk kara komedi filmleri
Bodrum'da çekilmiş filmler
Konusu Bodrum'da geçen filmler
Türk ikili komedi filmleri
1990'larda Türkçe filmler
1998 çıkışlı komedi filmleri
Kült filmler
Komedi filmleri

Her Şey Çok Güzel Olacak


An Oxychloë andina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Rodolfo Amando Philippi. An Oxychloë andina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oxychloë, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oxychloë

Oxychloë andina


Süderbrarup Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 8,1 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 3854 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Peter Henningsen görevi tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.suederbrarup.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Süderbrarup


Schuchart ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Alfred Schuchart (* 1935), deutscher Theologe
 Karl Schuchart (1806–1869), deutscher Revolutionär und Mitglied des Vorparlaments
 Siegfried Schuchart (1915–1992), deutscher SS-Obersturmführer und Angehöriger des Einsatzkommandos 10b.

Siehe auch:
 Schuchard
 Schuchardt
 Schuchhardt
 Schuchert

Schuchart


Rho Cassiopeiae (ρ Cas / ρ Cassiopeiae) este steaua cea mai îndepărtată care poate fi  văzută cu ochiul liber, obsevatorul aflându-se doar în emisfera nordică. Ea se află la o distanță de  în constelația Cassiopeia.

Rho Cassiopeiae este de tip spectral G2, însă în orice moment strălucirea ei poate crește cu ocazia unei ejecții de materie. Ea este o candidată serioasă la titlul de viitoare supernovă vizibilă în Calea Lactee. Foarte aproape de ea se află V373 Cassiopeiae, o variabilă situată la doar 42 de ani-lumină.

Istorie
Această hipergigantă galbenă - una dintre cele 12 stele de acest tip cunoscute în Galaxia Noastră - are un diametru de 450 de ori mai mare decât cel al Soarelui (adică de circa ) și strălucește de 1 milion de ori mai mult decât acesta. Se estimează că la fiecare 50 de ani, Rho Cassiopeiae pierde brusc o masă echivalentă cu  masa terestră. Ultima tresărire a sa a fost observată în 2000.

Galerie

Note

Legături externe

Rho Cassiopeiae fact sheet
David Darling site
Big and Giant Stars: Rho Cassiopeiae

Constelația Cassiopeia
Stele hipergigante
Stele variabile semiregulate
Stele de tip spectral GII
Obiecte Bayer
Obiecte Flamsteed
Obiecte HIP
Obiecte HD și HDE
Obiecte HR

Rho Cassiopeiae