Laura Lang é a ex-CEO da Time Inc. Ela foi CEO da Digitas, uma agência global de marcas integradas de 2008 a 2012.

Carreira
Lang foi criada em Warwick, Rhode Island. Ela se formou na Tufts University e recebeu um MBA em finanças pela Wharton School, da Universidade da Pensilvânia. Ela começou sua carreira no lado do cliente, em gerenciamento de produtos e marcas na Quaker Oats Co., Bristol-Myers e Pfizer Pharmaceutical Co. Ela então passou algum tempo como vice-presidente sênior/gerente de grupo na Yankelovich Clancy Shulman. Depois disso, atuou como presidente da Marketing Corp. of America, onde fez consultoria estratégica para clientes nos setores de varejo, eletrônicos e informações, entretenimento, viagens e jogos.

Em 1999, ela ingressou na Digitas e dirigiu o escritório da empresa em Nova York por vários anos. Ela se tornou CEO da Digitas North America, em 2004, e depois CEO global, em 2008. Sob a liderança de Lang, a Digitas dobrou sua receita de novos negócios em 2008 e ampliou os relacionamentos com alguns de seus principais clientes.

Em 2007, a Advertising Age nomeou Lang como uma de suas "Mulheres em quem prestar atenção". Lang também fez parte da lista "Who's Who" da BtoB Magazine em 2006, 2007, e 2009. Ela atualmente faz parte do conselho consultivo do Tufts University Entrepreneurial Leadership Program, do Conselho de Administração da Benchmark Electronics, e do Conselho de Administração da Nutrisystem. Ela também co-preside "The One Hundred", um comitê dedicado a aumentar a conscientização e os fundos para o Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center.

Reconhecimento
Em 2012, a Forbes nomeou Lang uma das 20 mulheres de negócios mais influentes do mundo.

Referências

Alunos da Universidade Tufts
Pessoas vivas

Laura Lang


Komodor Remzi Bey Yalısı, İstanbul'un Beykoz ilçesinin Anadoluhisarı mahallesinde bulunan tarihi bir yalıdır. 1917 yılında yaptırıldı ve General Mümtaz Aktay Paşa'ya satıldı. 1972 yılında Erdal İnönü tarafından satın alındı.

Beykoz'daki yalılar

Komodor Remzi Bey Yalısı


Dion Dublin (born 22 April 1969) is an English former professional footballer, television presenter and pundit. He is a club director of Cambridge United.

As a player he was a centre-forward, notably playing in the Premier League for Manchester United, Coventry City and Aston Villa. He also had spells in the Scottish Premiership with Celtic, in the Conference with Wycombe Wanderers, and in The Football League with Cambridge United, Barnet, Millwall, Leicester City and Norwich City. He was capped four times for England.

Following on from his retirement, Dublin moved into the entertainment business. He is also an amateur percussionist, and invented a percussion instrument called "The Dube". In 2011, he accompanied Ocean Colour Scene in a gig at the University of East Anglia, Norwich. In 2015, he joined the presenting team on the BBC One daytime show Homes Under the Hammer and has appeared as a regular pundit for BBC Sport namely on Football Focus, Match of the Day or Final Score. He also occasionally provides co-commentary on live televised FA Cup games.

Club career

Norwich City
Born in Leicester, while at school Dublin played for several Leicestershire youth teams including Wigston Fields and Thurmaston Magpies. Dublin then went on to begin his professional footballing career with Norwich City after leaving school in 1985, but he never made a first-team appearance and was released from the club in 1988.

Cambridge United
In August 1988, he joined Cambridge United on a free transfer, as a centre-forward, which had been his position at Norwich City. However, due to injuries he had to make a number of appearances at centre-half. His prolific goalscoring helped United to successive promotions. During the 1988–89 season, Dublin was then loaned out for short spells with Barnet and Wycombe Wanderers. The 1989–90 season saw Cambridge promoted from the Fourth Division via the play-offs, when Dublin became the first ever scorer in a Wembley play-off final.

In the 1990–91 season, the club were champions of the Third Division, and the club also reached the quarter-final of the FA Cup in both seasons, with Dublin scoring at Arsenal in 1991. In the 1991–92 season, he played a big part in helping Cambridge to their highest ever finishing position in the football league, by finishing in fifth place in the last season of the old Second Division, but when Cambridge failed to win promotion to the top flight via the play-offs Dublin was put up for sale. He has since spoken many times of his affection for Cambridge United.

Manchester United
Having seen Dublin in a cup tie, Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson signed him for £1 million on 7 August 1992, fighting off competition from Chelsea and Everton. Dublin was something of a surprise purchase for United, after Ferguson had tried to sign Alan Shearer from Southampton but lost out to Blackburn Rovers.

He scored in United's fourth Premier League game of the 1992–93 season, a last minute winner in United's first Premier league victory – 1–0 against Southampton at The Dell. However, on 2 September, he suffered a broken leg against Crystal Palace in a 1–0 win at Old Trafford, after a tackle by Eric Young, and was out of action for six months. By the time he had recovered, however, United had signed Eric Cantona and the Frenchman was firmly established as first choice strike partner to Mark Hughes. United won the league that season for the first time since 1967, but Dublin failed to make the 10 Premier League appearances required to automatically gain a title winner's medal. However, he was given a medal as a result of special dispensation from the Premier League.

In the 1993–94 season, Dublin regained his fitness, but his first team chances were restricted by the successful partnership of Cantona and Hughes. In December 1993, Ferguson agreed a deal with Everton manager Howard Kendall, that would have seen Dublin moving to Goodison Park, but a member of Everton's board of directors, apparently feeling that Dublin was not worth the money Kendall had offered United, intervened to prevent the transfer going through – this dispute sparked Kendall's resignation as manager. Dublin would remain a United player for another nine months, but never managed to claim a regular place in the first team.

He managed five league appearances that season, scoring once in a 3–2 home win over Oldham Athletic in early April, his goal helping secure a vital victory in the title run-in during a spell when United started to drop points and Blackburn Rovers were closing in on them. He also managed a further goal in the Football League Cup second round first leg, as United were beaten 2–1 by Stoke City at the Victoria Ground. The goal against Oldham was the only competitive goal that Dublin scored for United at Old Trafford. He was left out of the FA Cup winning team against Chelsea and failed to make enough appearances to merit another Premier League title winners medal. In September 1994, he was sold to Coventry City for £2 million – a record signing for Coventry City at the time – and also one of the largest fees received by Manchester United.

Coventry City
In four years with Coventry, Dublin established himself as one of the Premier League's top strikers and during the 1997–98 season won the first of his four full England caps. That season, he equalled the Coventry City record for most goals in a top division season, with 23 goals in all competitions.

Following Phil Neal's departure in 1995, the arrival of Ron Atkinson and Gordon Strachan would see Dublin fit into an attacking team in the typical Atkinson mould. It included the likes of Noel Whelan, John Salako and Darren Huckerby to add to the already attack minded Peter Ndlovu. The addition of Gary McAllister, following UEFA Euro 1996, should have provided mid-table stability, but the team's defensive frailties often undermined Dublin's scoring at the other end. This culminated in possibly one of the greatest escapes in Premier League history in May 1997. Despite having won away to Liverpool (Dublin scoring in the dying seconds) and at home to Chelsea at the start of April, the Sky Blues could only manage two points from their following three games. City went into the final day second from bottom of the table, needing not only to beat Tottenham away from home, but also for results elsewhere in the league to go their way for them to escape relegation. They achieved the most unlikely of escapes; first-half goals from Dublin and Paul Williams gave Coventry a 2–1 win at White Hart Lane, while Sunderland lost at Wimbledon and Middlesbrough could only manage a draw at Leeds. Coventry finished the season in 17th place, one point outside the relegation zone.

The following season, the Sky Blues improved at home and enjoyed a season of mid-table security. Dublin formed an impressive partnership with Darren Huckerby which not only produced some memorable goals, but also propelled the Sky Blues to the FA Cup sixth round against Sheffield United; a game they narrowly lost in a penalty shoot-out.
On 8 November 1997, Dublin scored one of the most bizarre goals in Premier League history. Early in the match against Newcastle, goalkeeper Shay Given collected a cross from the right and placed the ball in front of him. The ball was still in play, and Dublin, who had attempted to meet the cross and was now behind Given, reappeared and calmly slotted the ball into the empty goal. This led to the joke: "Shay Given, the only Irishman who doesn't know where Dublin is." The match ended 2-2, with Dublin also scoring City's second goal in the second half.
The 1997–98 season also saw Dublin share elite status as the Premier League's top scorer with Blackburn's Chris Sutton and Liverpool's Michael Owen – each Englishman scoring 18 league goals. During this season, Blackburn manager Roy Hodgson tabled a bid which Dublin rejected. He remained at Highfield Road and contributed to Coventry's best finish to date in the Premiership (11th).

Aston Villa
Dublin was controversially excluded from the England 1998 FIFA World Cup squad, despite being the Premier League's joint top-scorer in the 1997–98 season. However, his exploits at club level were still attracting significant attention, and in the autumn of 1998, he chose to move to Aston Villa for £5.75 million. In his first four games for the club, he would score seven goals, including a memorable hat-trick against Southampton in only his second game for Villa. As a result, he is one of only six players to score in the first four consecutive games for a Premier League club.

In December 1999, while playing for Aston Villa against Sheffield Wednesday, he sustained a life-threatening broken neck, as a result of which he permanently has a titanium plate holding three neck vertebrae together. Just days before suffering this injury, it was reported in the News of the World that Dublin would soon be sold by Aston Villa for a fee of around £6 million as the club looked to finance a fall in its share value as a result of manager John Gregory's heavy expenditure on players.

However, the injury did not end Dublin's career and he was back in action three months later.

In April 2000, a week after returning to the team, he helped Aston Villa reach their first FA Cup final in 43 years, which they lost 1–0 against Chelsea, scoring a penalty in the semi-final shoot-out against Bolton Wanderers.

Faced with competition for a first-team place by new signings Juan Pablo Ángel and Peter Crouch, Dublin spent several weeks on loan at First Division Millwall towards the end of the 2001-02 season. In his time there, he scored two goals, against Stockport County and Grimsby Town in five league matches to help them into the play-offs, where despite Dublin's goal in the first leg of the semi-final, against Villa's arch rivals Birmingham City, Millwall lost 2–1 on aggregate.
Following Millwall's elimination from the play-offs, Dublin returned to Aston Villa in time for their final game of the season, against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. He replaced Darius Vassell in the 84th minute and scored Villa's third goal in a 3-1 win.

Dublin once again found himself a first-choice striker at the start of the 2002-03 season, partnering Darius Vassell up front. In March 2003, he was sent off at Villa Park for a headbutt on Robbie Savage in the Birmingham derby match, which ended 2–0 to Birmingham City.

Leicester City
When his contract expired in the summer of 2004, he was given a free transfer. He was signed by Leicester City, who had been relegated from the Premier League to the Championship. In his first season with the club, he scored only four goals in 38 competitive matches. During the 2005–06 season, Dublin lost his place as the team's main striker, but continued to appear as a defender. His contract at Leicester City was terminated by mutual consent on 30 January 2006.

Celtic
He was snapped up quickly by then Celtic manager Gordon Strachan, to cover for the loss of Chris Sutton, on a contract until the end of the season. At Celtic, Dublin achieved double success, with Scottish League Cup and Scottish Premier League winner's medals. On 19 March 2006, Dublin came on as a substitute and scored the final goal as Celtic defeated Dunfermline 3–0 to win the Scottish League Cup final, and also played enough matches with Celtic to merit a title medal. In the league, he made three league starts and eight substitute appearances for Celtic, scoring once against Kilmarnock on 9 April 2006 in a 4–1 win at Rugby Park. Despite one or two decent performances for the Parkhead outfit, Dublin was released by Strachan in May 2006.

Return to Norwich City

On 20 September 2006, Norwich City announced that Dublin had joined them until the end of the 2006–07 season. It marked a return, almost 20 years after leaving, for Dublin to the club where he began his career. He made his debut on 23 September 2006 when he came on as substitute against Plymouth Argyle. He scored his first competitive goal in Norwich City colours in a 3–3 draw against Queens Park Rangers on 14 October 2006 at Loftus Road. Steve Wilson cited Dublin as the main inspiration behind Norwich's 4–1 FA Cup 3rd Round win at Tamworth, in which the striker scored two goals and set up numerous chances for other teammates.

Dublin was an important figure in Norwich securing safety from relegation to League One and the supporters recognised his contribution by voting him in second place in the Norwich City player of the year award, and on 23 May 2007 he ended speculation about his future by signing a new one-year contract at Norwich, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2007–08 season. On 2 September 2007, while working as a pundit on a match between Aston Villa and Chelsea, Dublin said that this season would be his last as a professional footballer, citing the fact that his "bones have started to talk to him" as the reason, meaning that he did not think his body can handle another season.

In the spring of 2008, Dublin was approached by Jimmy Quinn, then manager of Cambridge United, about joining his old club for the 2008–09 season. However, the player would not change his mind about retiring. He was voted the club's Player of the Year and awarded the Barry Butler trophy on 26 April 2008 in his final season as a footballer, at his penultimate game, and on his final appearance at Carrow Road. Dublin played his final game on 4 May 2008, featuring in Norwich's 4–1 loss to Sheffield Wednesday in front of 36,208 fans at Hillsborough – the highest Championship attendance that season. When he was taken off in the 66th minute, Dublin received a standing ovation from both sets of supporters and players, and referee Mark Clattenburg.

International career
Dublin earned his first cap for England on 11 February 1998, playing the whole 90 minutes in the 2–0 friendly defeat to Chile at Wembley Stadium. In the run-up to the 1998 FIFA World Cup, Dublin played in the King Hassan II International Cup Tournament in May, starting in the 1–0 win against Morocco, and coming off the bench in 0–0 draw with Belgium, a game England lost on penalties. Despite showing good form and versatility throughout the season, including finishing joint top scorer in the Premier League with 18 goals, Glenn Hoddle included Les Ferdinand ahead of Dublin in his 22-man squad for the tournament in France. On 18 November, he started in the 2–0 friendly win against the Czech Republic at Wembley Stadium. This turned out to be Dublin's last cap for his country. He won four caps for England but did not score any goals.

Career statistics

Club

International

Television career
Since retiring from football, Dublin has worked in the media as a pundit for Sky Sports. As well as appearing on Ford Super Sunday with Richard Keys, Dublin has commentated on a number of games including the UEFA Champions League games with Martin Tyler. He has also been a member of the panel on BBC Radio 5 Live's Fighting Talk. He has also co-presented 606 on BBC Radio 5 Live, Match of the Day 2 and was also a regular on BBC One's Late Kick Off in the East region. He joined Lucy Alexander and Martin Roberts on Homes Under the Hammer in 2015.

Also for the BBC, he has appeared as a regular pundit for BBC Sport namely on Football Focus, Match of the Day or Final Score. He also occasionally provides co-commentary on live televised FA Cup games.

In August 2021 it was announced that Dublin would be a competitor on BBC's Celebrity MasterChef. He reached the final.

Personal life
Born in England, Dublin is of Antiguan descent. Away from football, during his spell with Norwich, he invented a percussion instrument called The Dube, a form of cajón. In 2011, he accompanied Ocean Colour Scene during a gig at the University of East Anglia.

In July 2021, Dublin was appointed as a club director at former club Cambridge United.

Honours
Cambridge United
Football League Third Division: 1990–91

Manchester United
Premier League: 1992–93
FA Charity Shield: 1994

Aston Villa
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001

Celtic
Scottish Premier League: 2005–06
Scottish League Cup: 2005–06

Individual
Premier League Golden Boot: 1997–98
Premier League Player of the Month: January 1998, November 1998
Coventry City Hall of Fame

References

External links

Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk

1969 births
Living people
Men's association football central defenders
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football utility players
Aston Villa F.C. players
BBC television presenters
Barnet F.C. players
Black British sportsmen
Cambridge United F.C. directors and chairmen
Cambridge United F.C. players
Celtic F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
England men's international footballers
English association football commentators
English Football League players
English men's footballers
English television presenters
English sportspeople of Antigua and Barbuda descent
First Division/Premier League top scorers
Footballers from Leicester
Leicester City F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Premier League players
Scottish Premier League players
Television personalities from Leicestershire

Dion Dublin


Calatorao es un apeadero ferroviario situado en el municipio español de Calatorao en la provincia de Zaragoza, comunidad autónoma de Aragón. Cuenta con servicios de Media Distancia.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 285,2 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico que une Madrid con Barcelona a 345 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de Ricla-La Almunia y de Salillas de Jalón.

El tramo es de doble vía y está electrificado.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 25 de mayo de 1863 con la apertura del tramo Medinaceli - Zaragoza de la línea férrea Madrid-Zaragoza por parte de la Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante o MZA. En 1941, la nacionalización del ferrocarril en España supuso la integración de la compañía en la recién creada RENFE.

Entre al menos 1977 y hasta el 31 de diciembre de 1983, en que fueron sustituidos por autobuses, existió un servicio desde Zaragoza-El Portillo prestado por un Ferrobús vía Calatayud, Daroca y Caminreal, enlazando con Teruel. Este servicio tenía una duración de 4 horas y 56 minutos.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

En fecha posterior, en torno al bienio 2017-18, se realizaron obras de mejora.

La estación
El edificio de viajeros de la estación, antes de su demolición y posterior reforma, se hallaba situada en el andén sentido Zaragoza.

Tras las obras de mejora, el edificio de viajeros, la caseta de enclavamientos y el almacén fueron demolidos. También se quitaron las vías de apartado, dejando sólo las principales, convirtiendo la estación en apeadero. Se construyó un refugio y bancos de hormigón, a la vez que se renovaba y recrecía el andén. Se habilitaron cuatro plazas de aparcamiento y otras dos más para personas con discapacidad, así como espacios reservados para motos y seis para bicicletas. Con buen criterio, se respetó de la estación original dos ejemplares de sabina en el andén sentido Zaragoza.

El conjunto se halla por carretera asfaltada a poco más de 1 km de las primeras casas de la población.

El horario de la instalación, según Adif, es diario de 07:45h a 21:45h. Está catalogada como de categoría 5.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
Renfe presta servicios de Media Distancia gracias a sus trenes Regionales en los trayectos indicados, realizando dos servicios diarios por sentido en total, de la forma en que se detalla a continuación.

El servicio regional con destino/origen Madrid-Chamartín/Lérida se presta una vez al día por sentido con trenes automotores eléctricos R-470 de Renfe. El servicio Zaragoza-Arcos de Jalón se presta una vez al día por sentido con antiguos Intercity reconvertidos a regionales, los trenes de la serie 448 de Renfe.

Puede descargarse el horario de la estación en este enlace de la Asociación de amigos del ferrocarril de Castilla-La Mancha.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Media Distancia Aragón en la web de Renfe.

Calatorao
Calatorao
Calatorao
Calatorao
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1863
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Aragón inauguradas en el siglo XIX

Estación de Calatorao


5333 Kanaya este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5333 Kanaya este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Susono de Makio Akiyama și Toshimasa Furuta. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,35 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 11,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

5333 Kanaya


Martin Munyanyi (* 3. Januar 1956 in Bikita; † 15. Mai 2022 in Shurugwi) war ein simbabwischer Geistlicher und römisch-katholischer  Bischof von Gweru.

Leben
Martin Munyanyi studierte von 1976 bis 1978 Philosophie und von 1979 bis 1983 Theologie am Priesterseminar in Chishawasha bei Harare und empfing am 3. September 1983 die Priesterweihe. Er war zunächst in seinem Heimatbistum Gweru in den Pfarren St. Michael, Ascot und St. Alois in Silobela sowie am Charles-Lwanga-Seminar in Chimanimani tätig. Von 1995 bis 1999 lehrte er am Großen Seminar in Chishawasha, zunächst als Vizerektor und dann als Rektor. 2000 erfolgte die Ernennung zum Rektor des neuen nationalen Philosophischen Seminars St. Augustine's Seminary in Bulawayo. Von 2003 bis 2005 absolvierte er ein philosophisches Doktoratsstudium an der Päpstlichen Universität Urbaniana in Rom.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 11. Mai 2006 zum Bischof von Gweru. Der Bischof von Masvingo, Michael Dixon Bhasera, spendete ihm am 26. August desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Robert Christopher Ndlovu, Erzbischof von Harare, und Pius Alick Mvundla Ncube, Alterzbischof von Bulawayo.

Am 28. April 2012 hat Papst Benedikt XVI. das Rücktrittsgesuch von Martin Munyanyi angenommen und Michael Dixon Bhasera, Bischof von Masvingo, als Administrator eingesetzt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bischof von Gweru
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Rektor einer Hochschule
Simbabwer
Geboren 1956
Gestorben 2022
Mann

Martin Munyanyi


يعتبر باب مراح من الأبواب التاريخية المتوسطة الحجم لـ العاصمة الاسماعيلية المشيدة إبان العهد العلوي

تتجلى أهميتها الكبرى تتجلى في كونها جزءا أساسيا من الأسوار المحيطة بساحة القصر الملكي لمدينة مكناس.

وصلات داخلية
 المغرب
 مكناس

روابط خارجية

مصادر

مكناس

باب مراح


Faldtal er et udtryk for aktiviteten af hydrolytiske enzymer i mel og anvendes hyppigt i bageindustrien til kvalitetsbestemmelse af mel. Faldtallet bestemmes ved en faldtalsanalyse. Faldtalsanalysen er et viskometrisk assay, der involverer hurtig gelatinering af en melsuspension i vand ved nedsænkning i et kogende vandbad hvorefter viskositeten af den forklistrede stivelse bestemmes. Faldtalsanalysen er derfor et indirekte mål for aktiviteten af melets hydrolytiske enzymer, særligt α-amylase . Faldtallet er en af de vigtigste parametre til at bestemme bageegenskaberne af rugmel.

Testen udføres instrumentelt, således at 7g mel med en vandprocent på 15 (eller en tilsvarende mængde med en anden vandprocent) opslæmmes i 25 mL vand i 2 sek. Herefter placeres røret med opslæmningen i et vandbad tilkoblet faldtalsmåleren. I nyere instrumenter starter en motor omrøringen efter 5 sek. i vandbadet og fortsætter i yderligere 55 sek. Herefter frigøres spindlen fra sin øverste position og falder gennem den gelatinerede suspension. Den tid spindlen tager om at falde til bunden af røret registreres i sekunder og repræsenterer faldtallet. Stigende niveauer af α-amylase resulterer i et lavere faldtal.

Parametre der påvirker melets faldtal
Mel indeholder en række aktive enzymer der påvirker melets bageegenskaber og faldtal, heraf er det vigtigste α-amylase, som forekommer i alle cerealier. I modne kerner er α-amylaseaktiviteten minimal, mens den øges brat under spiring, hvilket resulterer i omfattende stivelsesnedbrydning under bagningsprocessen og et lavere faldtal. Ufordelagtige forhold ved høst eller under opbevaring af kornet, såsom høj fugtighed og temperatur, favoriserer for tidlig spiring.

I relation til faldtal er det vigtigste enzym α-amylase. Enzymet er endo-virkende og hydrolyserer α-1,4-glykosidbindinger (stivelse, glykogen mf.) og frigiver oligomerer på 6 -7 glukoseenheder. Når stivelsen gelantiniserer, svulmer stivelseskornene op og danner store forgrenede netværk, der "fanger" vand og solutter i sit matrix. Disse netværk skal kun "klippes" få steder før stivelseskæderne begynder at aggregere og netværket kollapser, derfor kan selv små mængder enzym resultere i en stor reduktion af viskositeten. Dette afspejles i et inverst forhold mellem α-amylaseaktivitet og faldtal . α-amylaseaktiviteten er højest under bagningen, når stivelsen er forklistret og temperaturen er omkring 70 °C. α-amylaseaktiviteten er meget lav ved temperaturer under 60 °C, se tabellerne herunder.

Foruden α-amylaseaktivitet påvirkes faldtallet i mel (særligt rugmel) af pentosaner og pentosanaseaktiviteten. Pentosanerne danner desuden en beskyttende hinde omkring de opsvulmede stivelseskorn hvilket reducerer α-amylasens evne til at binde til sit substrat. Pentosanaseaktivitet påvirker faldtallet på samme måde som α-amylaseaktivitet, ved at klippe de forgrenede netværk i stykker. Derfor kan faldtallet i mel svinge afhængigt af koncentrationen af pentosaner og pentosanaser, på trods af en konstant α-amylaseaktivitet .

Foruden aktiviteten af hydrolytiske enzymer påvirkes faldtallet også af størrelsen på stivelseskornene. Størrelsen påvirker hastigheden hvormed forklistringen forløber: store stivelseskorn forklistrer tidligere end små, hvilket eksponerer dem for enzymatisk nedbrydning i længere tid og faldtallet bliver lavere. Faldtallet for mel af bagekvalitet ligger typisk på 130-180 sek. for rug og 250-350 for hvedemel.

Referencer

Fødevarer
Analyse
Mel

Faldtal


Meñiques es un volcán ubicado en la comuna de San Pedro de Atacama, región de Antofagasta, Chile.

El cerro es un estratovolcán, gran andesita basáltica de dacita. El complejo, ubicado al sur de la laguna homónima, tiene un gran número de cráteres, domos y flujos de lava, se eleva en su cima a 5910  Su cumbre contiene tres cráteres superpuestos de E-O, parcialmente llenos de cúpulas de lava y flujos. Uno de estos baja hacia el noroeste desde la cumbre y se extiende hasta los flancos inferiores, separando la laguna homónima de su vecina Miscanti.

A 21 km al sur del volcán Chiliques y a 26 km al oeste del Cordón de Puntas Negras, el cerro forma parte de una atracción turística frecuentemente visitada, conformada por las dos lagunas altiplánicas mencionadas y el cerro Miscanti. Se presume que su mayor periodo de actividad fue desde el Plioceno al Holoceno y se le considera extinto.

Véase también
 Anexo:Volcanes de Chile
 Reserva Nacional Los Flamencos
 Laguna Miñiques

Referencias

 Miñiques en el Programa de Vulcanismo Global

Enlaces externos

Volcanes de la Región de Antofagasta
Estratovolcanes de Chile
Cincomiles andinos de Chile

Volcán Miñiques


Lild Strandkær  er en lobeliesø og  den nordligste af en række klitsøer indenfor klitrækken, lige sydvest for Lild Strand ved Lild Klitplantage i  Thisted Kommune i Thy. Den lavvandede sø  har et areal på  3,4 hektar. Lild Strandkær ligger i et klitområde som overvejende består af lavtliggende
klitlavninger i mosaik med klitheder, grå/grønne klitter og andre søer. Søen ligger desuden få hundrede meter fra Vigsø Bugt, uden at det tilsyneladende har øget saliniteten i søen. Den  ligger i en langstrakt klitlavning bag de første klitrækker ud mod havet. Det er det eneste sted på den jyske vestkyst, hvor kystlinjen løber så parallelt med den fremherskende vindretning, at søtyper som disse kan opstå. Lild Strandkær er så dyb, at der lever fisk som gedder og ferskvandsmuslinger i den. Tranerne yngler omkring de utilgængelige klitsøer;  strandtudsen en nok den mest karakteristiske padde i området.

Søen er en del af Natura 2000-område nr. 44 Lild Strand og Lild Strandkær, og 122 hektar  omkring  Lild Strandkær blev i 1977 fredet for at beskytte klitsøen og de nærmeste omgivelser.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Om fredningen på fredninger.dk
 Fredningskendelse
 Basisanalyse for Natura 2000-plannen 2016-2021

Søer i Thisted Kommune
Lokaliteter i Thisted Kommune
Fredede arealer i Danmark

Lild Strandkær


Warren Girard Ellis (born 16 February 1968) is a British comic book writer, novelist, and screenwriter. He is best known as the co-creator of several original comics series, including Transmetropolitan (1997–2002), Global Frequency (2002–2004) and Red (2003–2004), which was adapted into the feature films Red (2010) and Red 2 (2013). Ellis is the author of the novels Crooked Little Vein (2007) and Gun Machine (2013) and the novella Normal (2016).

A prolific comic book writer, Ellis has written several Marvel series, including Astonishing X-Men, Thunderbolts, Moon Knight and the "Extremis" story arc of Iron Man, which was the basis for the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Iron Man 3 (2013). Ellis created The Authority and Planetary for WildStorm, and wrote a run of Hellblazer for Vertigo and James Bond for Dynamite Entertainment. Ellis wrote the video games Hostile Waters (2001), Cold Winter (2005), and Dead Space (2008). He also wrote the animated TV movie G.I. Joe: Resolute (2009) and served as the head writer on the acclaimed animated Netflix series Castlevania (2017–2021).

Ellis is well known for sociocultural commentary, both through his online presence and through his writing, which covers transhumanist (most notably nanotechnology, cryonics, mind transfer and human enhancement) and folkloric themes, often in combination with each other. He is a humanist and former patron of Humanists UK, a charity focused on promoting humanism and advancing secularism. He is a resident of Southend-on-Sea, England.

Early life
Ellis was born in Essex in February 1968. He has stated that the televised broadcast of the Moon landing is his earliest coherent memory. He was a student at the South East Essex Sixth Form College, commonly known as SEEVIC. He contributed comic work to the college magazine, Spike, along with Richard Easter, who also later followed a career in writing.

Before starting his career as a writer, he worked in a book and stationery store, a pub, in bankruptcy, in a record shop, and lifted compost bags for a living.

Career

Early career
Ellis's writing career started in the British roleplaying magazine 'Adventurer' for which he wrote the 1920s Cthulhu mythos strip 'Whiplash' throughout 1986. This was followed by a six-page short story published in 1990 in independent magazine Deadline. Other early works include a Judge Dredd short and a Doctor Who one-pager. His first ongoing work, Lazarus Churchyard with D'Israeli, appeared in Blast!, a short-lived British magazine.

By 1994, Ellis had begun working for Marvel Comics, where he took over the series Hellstorm: Prince of Lies with issue number 12, which he wrote until its cancellation after issue number 21. He also did some work on the Marvel 2099 imprint, most notably in a storyline in which a futuristic Doctor Doom took over the United States. Other notable early Marvel work is a run on Excalibur, a superhero series set in Britain. He also wrote a four-issue arc of Thor called "Worldengine", in which he dramatically revamped both the character and book (though the changes lasted only as long as Ellis's run on the book), and tackled Wolverine with then-rising star Leinil Francis Yu.

The Authority, Transmetropolitan and critical acclaim
Ellis then started working for DC Comics, Caliber Comics and Image Comics' Wildstorm studio, where he wrote the Gen¹³ spin-off DV8 and took over Stormwatch, a previously action-oriented team book, to which he gave a more idea- and character-driven flavor. He wrote issues 37–50 with artist Tom Raney, and the 11 issues of volume two with artists Oscar Jimenez and Bryan Hitch. Hitch and he followed that with the Stormwatch spin-off The Authority, a cinematic super-action series for which Ellis coined the term "widescreen comics".

In 1997, Ellis started Transmetropolitan, a creator-owned series about an acerbic "gonzo" journalist in a dystopian future America, co-created with artist Darick Robertson and published by DC's Helix imprint. When Helix was discontinued the following year, Transmetropolitan was shifted to the Vertigo imprint, and remained one of the most successful nonsuperhero comics DC was then publishing. Transmetropolitan ran for 60 issues (plus a few specials), ending in 2002, and the entire run was later collected in a series of trade paperbacks. It remains Ellis's largest work to date.

Planetary, another Wildstorm series by Ellis and John Cassaday, launched in 1999, as did Ellis's short run on the DC/Vertigo series Hellblazer. He left that series when DC announced, following the Columbine High School massacre, that it would not publish "Shoot", a Hellblazer story about school shootings, although the story had been written and illustrated prior to the Columbine massacre. Planetary concluded in October 2009 with the release of issue 27.

Return to superhero titles
Ellis also returned to Marvel Comics as part of the company's "Revolution" event, to head the "Counter-X" line of titles. This project was intended to revitalise the X-Men spin-off books Generation X, X-Man and X-Force, but it was not successful and Ellis stayed away from mainstream superhero comics for a time.

In 2002, Ellis started Global Frequency, a 12-issue limited series for Wildstorm, and continued to produce work for various publishers, including DC, Avatar Press, AiT/Planet Lar, Cliffhanger and Homage Comics.

In 2004, Ellis came back to mainstream superhero comics. He took over Ultimate Fantastic Four and Iron Man for Marvel under a temporary exclusive work for hire contract.

Toward the end of 2004, Ellis released the "Apparat Singles Group", which he described as "An imaginary line of comics singles. Four imaginary first issues of imaginary series from an imaginary line of comics, even". The Apparat titles were published by Avatar, but carried only the Apparat logo on their covers.

In 2006, Ellis worked for DC on Jack Cross, which was not well received and was subsequently cancelled. For Marvel, he worked on Nextwave, a 12-issue limited series. He also worked on the Ultimate Galactus trilogy. Ellis also took over the Thunderbolts monthly title, which deals with the aftermath of the Marvel Civil War crossover.

In honour of the 20th anniversary of Marvel's New Universe in 2006, Ellis and illustrator Salvador Larroca created a new series that reimagines the New Universe under the title newuniversal. The first issue was released on 6 December 2006.

Ellis continued to work on several projects for different publishers, including Desolation Jones (for DC/Wildstorm) and Blackgas and Black Summer (for Avatar Press). Ellis also wrote an episode of Justice League Unlimited entitled "Dark Heart".

2007–2012
Ellis's first prose novel, Crooked Little Vein, was published in mid-2007 by William Morrow (an imprint of HarperCollins).

Ellis has described himself as "a notorious pain in the arse for getting involved in book design". According to a comment made in the first issue of Fell, he has more trade paperbacks in print than anyone else in the American comic industry.

On 29 July 2007, Ellis announced two new projects for Avatar Press: FreakAngels, a free long-form webcomic illustrated by Paul Duffield, and Ignition City, a five-issue miniseries. He also has five other current series with Avatar: Anna Mercury, No Hero, along with two long series Doktor Sleepless and Gravel.

The first quarter of 2009 had the release of G.I. Joe: Resolute, a series of webisodes written by Warren Ellis and later released on DVD in December.

He worked with D'Israeli again in 2010–2011 for a one-off comic, SVK, to be published by BERG, a London consultancy firm. It uses a UV torch to reveal the thoughts of the characters in the story.

In 2010, a documentary film on Ellis, Warren Ellis: Captured Ghosts, was announced for 2011 completion. Its co-producer Sequart Organization also plans on publishing, in 2011, three books studying Ellis's work: on Planetary, Transmetropolitan and Ellis's overall career. Sequart has dubbed this push "The Year of Ellis."

2013–15: Gun Machine, subsequent Marvel work and return to Image
Ellis's second novel, hardboiled detective thriller Gun Machine, was released on 3 January 2013 by Mulholland Books. The novel follows a Manhattan detective investigating a murder, which expands into the hunt of a serial killer. Gun Machine hit The New York Times Best Sellers list and received mostly positive reviews. In June 2013, Ellis announced on his website that he would be ending his relationship with Mulholland Books due to "continuing issues" and cancelling the release of his short story "Dead Pig Collector". In July 2013, "Dead Pig Collector" was picked up by Farrar, Straus and Giroux and published as a digital original.

In March 2014, Ellis relaunched Moon Knight for Marvel, with art by Declan Shalvey and colors by Jordie Bellaire. The series received critical acclaim and helped establish Moon Knight as a major character in the Marvel Universe. Ellis ended his run after six issues, after which the series was taken on by writer Brian Wood. Trees, a new creator-owned comics collaboration between Ellis and artist Jason Howard, debuted in May 2014 through Image Comics. The science fiction series explores a world in which aliens have invaded Earth, but completely ignored humans. The first story arc concluded in January 2015, and was followed by a second volume, Trees: Two Forests, which ended its run in August 2016. A third volume is planned.

Ellis joined main writer Kelly Sue DeConnick to co-write two issues of her Captain Marvel series in early 2015. In May 2015, Ellis reteamed with his Moon Knight collaborators Shalvey and Bellaire to publish Injection with Image Comics. The creator-owned science-fiction series follows the members of a think tank given the task of improving the future, who deal with mistakes made after trying to prevent human innovation from dying off. Three volumes of Injection have been released.

Ellis launched a new ongoing comics series featuring James Bond in November 2015, published by Dynamite Entertainment in partnership with Ian Fleming Publications and illustrated by James Masters. James Bond depicts the original character from the Ian Fleming novels, as opposed to the one in the films, but is set in present day. The first story arc, "Vargr", was followed in June 2016 with a second arc titled "Eidolon". Ellis stepped down from the series after 12 issues in December 2016 and was succeeded as writer by Benjamin Percy. As part of Marvel's All-New All-Different relaunch, Ellis wrote the series Karnak, following the eponymous Inhuman character. The series debuted in October 2015 with art by Gerardo Zaffino to positive reviews. Karnak suffered several delays which resulted in Zaffino being replaced by Roland Boschi. The series ended its six-issue run in February 2017.

2016–present: Normal and WildStorm revival
Normal, Ellis's new novella, was serialized as four digital installments beginning in July 2016. It was published as a single volume by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in November 2016. The near-future thriller follows the residents of an asylum for futurists as they investigate a disappearance. The novella received a mostly positive reception, with reviewers praising its plot, humor and commentary on the future.

In October 2016, Ellis launched Shipwreck, a new six-issue comics miniseries with artist Phil Hester, published by AfterShock Comics. The series follows the survivor of a shipwreck trying to find out what happened after he washes up on another world. Though Ellis has left open the possibility of expanding the book past six issues, he said he is focused finishing the story as planned first.

Despite rarely returning to his early work, in October 2016, DC Comics announced a relaunch of the WildStorm publishing line as a new imprint curated by Ellis. Taking a similar approach to Gerard Way's Young Animal imprint, DC asked Ellis to write a main series, titled The Wild Storm, and curating others set in the same universe. The series begins a complete reboot of the WildStorm Universe, with Ellis saying his goal is for the imprint to be new reader-friendly. The Wild Storm debuted in February 2017 with art by John Davis-Hunt. In his newsletter Orbital Operations, Ellis stated that he has a two-year plan for the series. Three more WildStorm series are expected to follow.

In 2017, Netflix launched a Castlevania animated television series adaptation, written and produced by Ellis. Ellis had been previously hired to write a screenplay for Castlevania: Dracula's Curse, an animated film based on Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse. The first season of the Castlevania TV series was released in 2017, and seasons 2 through 4 were released during the period of 2018 to 2021. Executive producer Adi Shankar confirmed that Ellis would be writing every episode.

Planned projects
In 2012, Ellis announced he would publish a nonfiction book, tentatively titled Spirit Tracks, with Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. The book is "about the future of the city, the ghosts that haunt it and the science-fiction condition we live in." It is based on a talk Ellis gave in Berlin at a conference titled "Cognitive Cities", which was based on a series of posts on his website. At Image Expo 2015, Heartless, a new creator-owned comic book with Ellis's Supreme: Blue Rose collaborator Tula Lotay, was announced. , Heartless has yet to be released, though Ellis has commented in 2016 that Lotay and he are working on it at their "own pace".

Finality, a new webcomic written by Ellis and illustrated by Colleen Doran, was announced in September 2016. Set to be published by Webtoon in 2017, the 26-issue weekly series follows a middle-aged female detective working a murder mystery.

In 2020, anime streaming platform Crunchyroll announced that it was adapting the webcomic FreakAngels as one of the first Crunchyroll Originals anime TV series.

Unrealised projects
In 2006, Ellis was hired to develop a science-fiction television series for AMC titled Dead Channel, but the project was put on hiatus. The series followed a television network executive who discovers the existence of aliens and decides to turn the discovery into a reality show. Listener, a near-future science fiction novel, was planned as Ellis's next book after Crooked Little Vein. The novel has since been lost and cancelled.

Wastelanders, a web-based "end-of-the-world" collaboration with director Joss Whedon, was postponed due to Whedon's work on The Avengers. Ellis and British producer Vivek Tiwary developed an adventure thriller television miniseries title Ascension, with Idris Elba in talks to star, though nothing has come of the project.

Adaptations and nonfiction

Film and television adaptations
Adaptations of Ellis's works have frequently been planned, to limited success. Ellis and Cully Hamner's miniseries, Red, has been loosely adapted as two films: Red (2010) and Red 2 (2013), written by Jon Hoeber and Erich Hoeber, produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura and starring Bruce Willis, Morgan Freeman and Helen Mirren. The sequel was simply inspired by the comics as no source material exists outside the original miniseries. The Hoebers were commissioned to write a third installment in 2013, though no further developments have occurred since. A television series based on the Red film franchise, produced by di Bonaventura and written the Hoeber brothers, was announced as in development in 2015. The Iron Man "Extremis" story arc written by Ellis was used as the primary influence on the plot of the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Iron Man 3, directed by Shane Black. Elements of "Extremis" were also used in the first Iron Man film.

Global Frequency has been at various stages of adaptation since its publication. A television pilot written by John Rogers was produced in 2005, but development ended after it was leaked. Several more attempts to bring the limited series to television include writers Scott Nimerfro in 2009, and Rockne S. O'Bannon in 2014, though none have materialized. Gravel was at one point being developed with Tim Miller attached as director, with Ellis commissioned to write the first draft of the screenplay and serving as executive producer. Black Summer has also been optioned as a feature film. Ellis's comics collaboration with Chris Sprouse, Ocean, has been optioned, and Ryan Condal hired to write a screenplay. Ellis's novel Gun Machine has been set up as a television series first with writer Dario Scardapane at Fox in 2012, and later in 2014 at the now-defunct Xbox Entertainment, with a script by Brett Conrad. In 2016, it was announced that NBCUniversal had optioned the rights to Ellis and Jason Howard's Trees and would be developing it as a television series with Tom Hardy's production company.

Talks and speaking engagements
In 2013, Ellis spoke at the HowTheLightGetsIn festival in Hay. In his first talk, titled Our Hopeless Future and Other Comedy, he discussed the power of Twitter and how it can 'break' other people's websites. In the second, Thinking Differently, he explored how the internet revolution is changing people's lives and asked whether it is changing how people think. A festival regular, he has returned in subsequent years to debate the risks and rewards of artificial intelligence with physicist Stephen Hawking and collaborator Roger Penrose.

Nonfiction and email newsletters
Ellis is a contributor of nonfiction articles and columns to magazines and websites. He has been a columnist for SuicideGirls, Reuters, Vice, Wired UK, and Esquire. From 1995 to 1999, he wrote an email list titled From the Desk of, where he wrote about various subjects including the comic industry and his work. From the Desk of was collected in two print volumes by Avatar Press. When technical issues forced that list to shut down in 2001, Ellis started a new email list, Bad Signal, which was described as "anarchy in your mailbox to brighten up your day". Bad Signal was replaced in 2012, two years after its closing, by Machine Vision; Ellis ended Machine Vision alongside his relationship with his publisher Mulholland Books a year later. Since 2013, Ellis has been writing the weekly email newsletter Orbital Operations, which features work updates and thoughts on books, comics and current events. As of late 2015, Orbital Operations had 13,000 subscribers.

In 2007, Ellis launched the now-defunct message board Whitechapel as a companion to his webcomic FreakAngels, though it rapidly evolved into his internet home. He is frequently referred to as "The Boss", "Stalin", "The Love Swami" or "Internet Jesus" on these forums. Ellis maintains a blog at his personal website, thought it is rarely updated. Beginning in 2014, he wrote regularly at Morning.Computer. In 2015, Ellis published Cunning Plans, an ebook collection of talks he gave at technology and futurism conferences.

Sexual coercion allegations
In June 2020, several people (including musician Meredith Yayanos, artist Zoetica Ebb and photographer Jhayne Holmes) publicly accused Ellis of sexual coercion and manipulation, in having engaged in simultaneous relationships with several of them without the others' knowledge. The Daily Beast reported that "by 19 June, over 60 women had joined a group organized by Holmes, all of them accusing Ellis of a largely consistent pattern of behavior". The Guardian later reported that "roughly 100 women have come forward, while 33 of them have composed written statements, supported by emails and text messages, which have been seen by the Guardian". These testimonials were posted together on a new website, SoManyofUs.com, in July 2020 and contain accounts of "manipulation, gaslighting, coercion, and other forms of emotional abuse".

Ellis responded, writing that he had not considered that others would see him as having "a position of power and privilege", and that "I have hurt many people that I had no intention of hurting. I am culpable. I take responsibility for my mistakes. I will do better and for that, I apologize." DC Comics subsequently announced that, at Ellis's request, a two-page story written by him would not be included in an upcoming anthology. Ellis ended his long-running email newsletter, which he had published under various titles since 1995.

In mid-July 2020, The Guardian reported "Ellis responded to these accounts with self-pity and what seemed to be genuine contrition. [...] Ellis insists that the problem was relationship trouble, 'not predatory behaviour', but concedes that '[t]here is a differing of perception here, and I've been listening to it'. He said he was going to try therapy on the advice of friends". The Hollywood Reporter later reported Ellis would not be returning to Castlevania for subsequent seasons and that a planned Batman comic would no longer be moving forward.

In June 2021, a week after Ben Templesmith announced that he would be reteaming with Ellis for new issues of Fell, Image Comics announced that they would not be publishing the series following negative reaction from within the industry.
An update on SoManyofUs.com informed that Ellis reached out to the collective which created the site. He wrote that he was made aware of the offer of a mediated dialogue and that he would be available to begin a conversation. After having closed his newsletter in June 2020, he used it again to inform his subscribers about this development.

In an update in January 2022, SoManyofUs.com reported that their members have been in a mediated dialogue with Ellis since August 2021 and that they were making progress in a guided transformative justice process. In February 2022, Ellis relaunched his newsletter, in which he linked to the SoManyofUs.com update and website. On January 19, 2023, SoManyOfUs.com once again updated the site, alleging that Ellis "took none of the steps we hoped he would", stating "we do not anticipate our involvement in any progress he might make in the future."

Awards
 2001 Eagle Award – Favourite Comics Story (for The Authority: The Nativity)
 2003 Wizard Magazine Best One-Shot (for Planetary/Batman: Night on Earth)
 2004 Sidewise Award for Alternate History (for Ministry of Space)
 2007 Eagle Award – Favourite Comics Writer
 2007 Eagle Award – Favourite New Comicbook (for Nextwave)
 2007 Eagle Award – Favourite Comics Story (for Nextwave #1–6)
 2007 Eagle Award Roll of Honour
 2010 Eagle Award – Favourite Comics Writer
 2010 Eagle Award – Favourite Web-Based Comic (for FreakAngels)

Bibliography

Filmography

Television

Video games

References

External links

1968 births
Avatar Press
English graphic novelists
English science fiction writers
English webcomic creators
English comics writers
English atheists
English humanists
Living people
Cyberpunk writers
Sidewise Award winners
Video game writers
DC Comics people
Marvel Comics writers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Writers from Essex
British transhumanists
Futurism
Futurologists

Warren Ellis


Andreea Eliza Chiricuță ()  o handbalistă română care joacă pentru CSM Târgu Jiu. Anterior ea a evoluat pentru Corona Brașov, CS Rapid București și CSU Știința București. Începând din 2016, Chiricuță a fost convocată de câteva ori și la echipa națională a României.

Handbalista a făcut parte și din lotul de tineret al României care a participat la Campionatul Mondial din 2014.

Palmares
Cupa EHF:
Turul 3: 2020
Turul 2: 2017

Campionatul Național de Junioare I
 Câștigătoare: 2013

Campionatul Național de Junioare II
 Câștigătoare: 2011

Referințe

Legături externe
  Federația Europeană de Handbal: Profil Andreea Chiricuță

Jucătoare de handbal din România
Nașteri în 1994
Sportivi români în viață
Handbaliste ale Corona Brașov
Buzoieni

Andreea Chiricuță


François Joseph Derouet (né à Tours le  et mort dans la même ville le ), dit Derouet-Picault, est un militaire, polytechnicien, homme politique et botaniste tourangeau.

Biographie

Une famille d'architectes
François Joseph Derouet, né à Tours le 4 décembre 1773, est le fils de Marie-Josephe-Flore de Granolach et de François Derouet (1738-1811), né et mort à Tours, qui avait succédé à son propre père en qualité d'architecte-entrepreneur des ouvrages du Roi. Après la Révolution, François est également capitaine du Génie, premier adjoint au maire de Tours et siège au Conseil général d'Indre-et-Loire dès la création de celui-ci. En 1791, à la suite de la suppression des ordres religieux et de la liquidation de leurs biens, il acquiert la Ferme de Meslay.

François Derouet est l'architecte de la transformation du couvent de la Visitation en hôtel de la préfecture de 1804 à 1811. Il ajoute à la façade sud, donnant sur le jardin, un péristyle néoclassique, à fronton triangulaire, dans le style des bâtiments officiels de son époque. En 1805-1806, il construit dans l'avant-cour de la préfecture, à l'emplacement de l'église des visitandines rasée en 1803, un petit bâtiment annexe, également néo-classique, avec un péristyle à quatre colonnes doriques sous un fronton triangulaire.

Polytechnicien, notable et botaniste
François Joseph Derouet et son frère Frédéric (1779-1861) furent membres du corps du génie et prirent part aux guerres de la Révolution et de l'Empire. Selon son biographe Tourlet, François Joseph entre à l'École polytechnique et en sort lieutenant du génie le . Il est capitaine le 26 frimaire an II. En 1806, alors qu'il est en garnison à Versailles, en tant que capitaine dans le corps impérial du génie des armées de l'empire français, il se marie à Tours avec Claire Picault (1775-1855). Il quitte ensuite l'armée et devient directeur des contributions indirectes à Rodez, puis revient en Touraine, où il meurt le 20 novembre 1860 à Tours.

Botaniste, membre de la Société d'agriculture, sciences, arts et belles-lettres du département d'Indre-et-Loire, maire de Rochecorbon, François Joseph habitait, avec son frère Frédéric, la propriété du Rosnay à Rochecorbon, qu'il avait acquise en 1817. Retraités de l'armée, ils se consacrèrent à l'agriculture et s'intéressent notamment aux engrais verts, préconisant l'enfouissement du trèfle. Frédéric, ancien commandant du génie, épousa la fille de Jean Prudent Bruley, président du Conseil général, et fut lui-même conseiller général du canton de Vouvray. Son fils, prénommé également Frédéric (1811-1875) et lui-même botaniste, hérita de l'herbier de François Joseph.

François Joseph Derouet, surnommé Derouet-Picault ou Derouet l'aîné pour le distinguer de son frère, a beaucoup exploré les environs de Tours et de Vouvray pour alimenter son herbier.

Œuvres
François Joseph Derouet est co-auteur, avec Félix Dujardin, Jean Bernard Toussaint Jacquemin-Bellisle et Pierre-Médard Diard, de la première flore de Touraine, la Flore complète de l'Indre publiée à Tours en 1833.

L'herbier Derouet contient des plantes datant de 1761 à 1860. Légué par Frédéric Derouet (le neveu de François Joseph Derouet) à la ville de Tours, il est en partie conservé à l'Université de Tours, avec environ 6000 planches, à la bibliothèque du Campus de Grandmont.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
  « Derouet, aîné », p. 42-44.

Liens externes

 .
 .

Botaniste français du XIXe siècle
Naissance en décembre 1773
Naissance à Tours
Décès en novembre 1860
Décès à Tours
Décès à 86 ans

François Joseph Derouet


Shrek je američka medijska franšiza koju je napravio DreamWorks Animation, djelomično temeljen na slikovnici Williama Steiga Shrek! iz 1990. Serijal se primarno usredotočuje na Shreka, zlobnog, ali dobrodušnog ogra, koji nerado prihvaća misiju spašavanja princeze, što rezultira time da pronađe prijatelje i ode u mnoge naredne pustolovine u svijetu bajki. Uključuje četiri računalno animirana filma: Shrek (2001), Shrek 2 (2004), Shrek Treći (2007) i Shrek uvijek i zauvijek (2010). Također postoje dva televizijska specijala, božićni televizijski specijal Shrekov prvi Božić (2007) i televizijski specijal za Noć vještica Scared Shrekless (2010). Spin-off film pod nazivom Mačak u čizmama objavljen je u listopadu 2011. te njegov drugi dio pod nazivom Mačak u čizmama: Posljednja želja'' iz 2022.

Serija je bila financijski uspješna, postavši 17. filmska franšiza s najvećom zaradom svih vremena i druga animirana franšiza s najvećom zaradom.

Filmovi

Izvori

Multimedijske franšize
Američki filmski serijali

Shrek (serijal)


Lipí (deutsch Lippen) ist eine Gemeinde in Tschechien. Sie liegt zehn Kilometer südwestlich von České Budějovice in Südböhmen und gehört zum Okres České Budějovice.

Geographie

Lipí befindet sich am Fuße des Blanský les im Budweiser Becken. Das Dorf liegt rechtsseitig des Baches Dehtářský potok. Südlich erhebt sich der Kluk (740 m), im Südwesten der Haberský vrch (718 m) und der Švelhán (721 m), westlich die Střední hora (718 m) und Skalka (687 m) sowie im Nordwesten der Čihadlo (519 m). Gegen Nordosten liegen die Teiche Panin rybník, Starý haberský rybník, Žabinec und Haberský mlýnský rybník. Gegen Osten erstreckt sich der Flughafen České Budějovice. Im Westen liegt der Teich Panin rybník, nordwestlich der Žabinec und der Starý haberský rybník sowie südlich der Badeteich Štětků.

Nachbarorte sind Na Kotlovech, U Zedníků und Dubné im Norden, Mrzutá, Třebín und Kaliště u Lipí im Nordosten, Planá und Homole im Osten, Nové Homole und Závraty im Südosten, U Zajíčka, Hradce, Slavče und U Konopí im Süden, Hastrman, Povišer, Adámek, Vobr, Ludvík, Bohouškovice, Stupná und Chmelná im Südwesten, Horní Vít, Habří, U Fajtalů, Dolní Vít und U Pufrů im Westen sowie Bedlan, Kvítkovice, Nový Mlýn und Čakovec im Nordwesten.

Geschichte
Einen Kilometer südöstlich des Dorfes wurden in der Flur Travní Reste einer frühzeitlichen Siedlung aus der Bronze-, Hallstatt- und Latènezeit aufgefunden. In derselben Gegend wurde auch bei der Einschicht U Zajíčka ein Hügelgrab aus der Zeit um 750–500 v. Chr. entdeckt, in dem ein hallstattzeitliches Fürstengrab vermutet wird.

Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung des Dorfes Lypye erfolgte im Jahre 1389. Später wurde der größte Teil des Dorfes an die Herrschaft Krumau angeschlossen. Im Jahre 1840 bestand Lippen / Lipý einschließlich der einschichtigen Höfe Simandl und Bedlan aus 37 Häusern mit 336 Einwohnern. Mit Ausnahme von vier zum Stiftsgut Komařice untertänigen Dominikalistenhäusern, in denen 40 Personen lebten, gehörte Lippen bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts zur Herrschaft Krumau. Pfarrort war Duben.

Nach der Aufhebung der Patrimonialherrschaften bildete Lipí/Lippen mit den Ortsteilen Kaliště eine Gemeinde in der Bezirkshauptmannschaft Budějovice/Budweis. In der Gemeinde lebten im Jahre 1914 553 durchweg tschechischsprachige Personen. Lipí hatte 349 Einwohner, in Kaliště waren es 204. Mit Beginn des Jahres 1961 wurde Habří und 1964 noch Kvítkovice eingemeindet. Seit dem 24. November 1990 bilden Habří und Kvítkovice wieder eigene Gemeinden.

Gemeindegliederung
Die Gemeinde Lipí besteht aus den Ortsteilen Lipí (Lippen) und Kaliště u Lipí (Kallischt), die zugleich auch Katastralbezirke bilden. Zu Lipí gehören außerdem die  Einschichten Adámek, Hastrman, Povišer, Mrzutá und U Zedníků.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Neogotische Kapelle der Jungfrau Maria von Lourdes auf dem Dorfplatz, geweiht 1897
 Mehrere Gehöfte aus der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts im südböhmischen Bauernbarock

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ersterwähnung 1389

Lipí


O Portão de Mandelbaum é um antigo posto de controle entre os setores israelense e jordaniano de Jerusalém, ao norte da borda ocidental da Cidade Velha ao longo da Linha Verde.

História
A travessia recebeu o nome da Casa Mandelbaum, um prédio de três andares que ficava naquele local de 1927 a 1948. Foi o primeiro posto de controle para a Comissão de Armistício Misto do Reino Hachemita da Jordânia/Israel no Portão de Mandelbaum, desde o fim da Guerra Árabe-Israelense em 1949 até agosto de 1952, foi movido do lado israelense do Portão para a Zona Desmilitarizada após a "Incidente do Barril".

O segundo posto de controle existiu até a Guerra dos Seis Dias de 1967. O Portão tornou-se um símbolo do status dividido da cidade. Clérigos, diplomatas e funcionários das Nações Unidas usaram o portão de 50 jardas (46 m) para passar pela barreira de concreto e arame farpado entre os setores, mas as autoridades jordanianas permitiram apenas passagem de mão única para tráfego não oficial. Qualquer pessoa com um carimbo israelense em seu passaporte teve sua passagem negada.  Os jordanianos permitiram um comboio de suprimentos duas vezes por mês do setor israelense para acessar a propriedade judaica no Monte Scopus , e uma travessia anual de Natal para os cristãos israelenses em peregrinação a Belém.  Em 1964, foram feitos arranjos especiais para os israelenses saudarem o Papa Paulo VI enquanto ele cruzava da Jordânia para Israel no Portão de Mandelbaum.

A última pessoa a passar pelo Portão foi a jornalista americana Flora Lewis, pouco antes da eclosão da Guerra dos Seis Dias, em junho de 1967. As forças jordanianas entraram na guerra em 5 de junho, com um bombardeio maciço do setor israelense da cidade.

As forças israelenses capturaram a parte jordaniana de Jerusalém em dois dias e logo derrubaram o Portão de Mandelbaum. Apenas um marcador histórico permanece.

Poucos dias após a Guerra dos Seis Dias e a unificação de Jerusalém em junho de 1967, o prefeito Teddy Kollek enviou equipamentos pesados para demolir os restos da Casa Mandelbaum. Ele desconhecia totalmente a história por trás da casa, exceto por seu conhecimento do Portão de Mandelbaum.

Ligações externas

 Photo of Mandelbaum House under construction in the late 1920s

Mandelbaum
História de Jerusalém

Portão de Mandelbaum


غونغور بايرك و اسمها الحقيقي شريفة بايرك هي ممثلة تركية و مثلت دور شريفة خانم في مسلسل نور و كانت تعمل راقصة في فترة شبابها ولدت في 27 فبراير 1954.

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
ممثلون وممثلات أتراك
مواليد 1373 هـ
مواليد 1954

غونغور بايرك


සාමාන්‍ය සාපේක්ෂතා වාදයෙහි, සුදු කුහරයක් යනු, පිටතින් ඇතුළු විය නොහැකි වුවත් එයින්   පදාර්ථය සහ ආලෝකය බැහැර යෑ හැකි අවකාශකාලයෙහි මනඃකල්පිත ප්‍රදේශයකි. මේ අතින් බලන කල, පිටතින් පමණක් ඇතුළු විය හැකි හා පදාර්ථය සහ ආලෝකය එය වෙතින් මිදී යා නොහැකි  කළු කුහරයක  ප්‍රතිලෝමය සුදු කුහරයක් වෙයි.

සුදු කුහරය


Michael Fagan may refer to:

 Michael Fagan (intruder) (born 1948), Buckingham Palace intruder
 Mike Fagan (born 1980), American bowler
 Michael Fagan, software designer who invented the Fagan inspection, a software inspection process

Michael Fagan


George Town é a capital e maior cidade das Ilhas Caimã (Ilhas Caimão, em português europeu), localizada em Grande Caimã. Em 2021, a cidade tinha uma população de , fazendo dela a maior cidade (por população) de todos os territórios ultramarinos britânicos.

George Town é o coração do setor de serviços financeiros das Ilhas Caimã (há cerca de 600 empresas de bancos e trustes — consórcios, em português europeu — nas Ilhas Caimã). Os escritórios do governo caimanês estão localizados na cidade. De acordo com a Globalization and World Cities Research Network em 2016, George Town é classificada como uma cidade beta.

Assentamentos nas Ilhas Caimã

George Town (Ilhas Caimã)


Pathology – Jeder hat ein Geheimnis ist ein US-amerikanischer Thriller von Marc Schölermann aus dem Jahr 2008.

Handlung
Ted Grey, ein Nachwuchsarzt aus gutem Haus, kommt als herausragender Absolvent der Harvard University nach Philadelphia, wo er an einem renommierten Lehrgang für Pathologie von Dr. Quentin Morris teilnimmt. Bei den ersten Autopsien beeindruckt er seine Kollegen mit detaillierten Analysen der Todesursache.

Doch als sein junger Kollege Jake Gallo ihn in eine geheime Gruppe einführt, merkt Ted allmählich, wie grausam seine Kollegen sind. Nach einem nächtlichen Ausflug in ein zwielichtiges Gebäude liegt der Mann, dem sie begegnet waren, am folgenden Tag in der Leichenhalle. Ted erfährt nun, das sich die Gruppe um Jake bei einem makabren Spiel vergnügt. Die jungen Pathologen üben den perfekten Mord. Wer gewinnen will, muss sein Opfer so ermorden, dass die Kollegen die Todesursache nicht enträtseln können.

Ted gerät immer tiefer in eine dunkle Welt aus Gewalt, Drogen und Sex. Bald begeht er seinen ersten eigenen Mord und verschafft sich so Anerkennung in der Gruppe. Anschließend ist Juliette Bath an der Reihe. Sie erzählt Ted, dass sie als Kind von ihrem pädophilen Vater missbraucht worden sei. Gemeinsam töten sie den vermeintlichen Vater, indem sie seine Lunge mit flüssigem Stickstoff füllen. Doch wenig später erfährt Ted, dass die Geschichte eine Lüge gewesen sei. In Wirklichkeit handelt es sich um unschuldige Opfer.

Nach den Weihnachtsferien kommt Teds Verlobte Gwen Williamson mit ihm nach Philadelphia. Sie weiß nichts von den mörderischen Aktivitäten im Untergrund und soll davon auch nichts erfahren. Zusätzlich kompliziert wird die Lage für Ted, weil Jake ihn nicht aus der Gruppe aussteigen lassen will und Juliette ihre sexuellen Bedürfnisse weiterhin lieber mit ihm als mit Jake befriedigt. Jake gerät vor Wut in einen Blutrausch und bestraft diese Untreue, indem er Juliette als nächstes Mordopfer auswählt. Ted bleibt der Autopsie trotz Aufforderung fern, woraufhin die Anderen beschließen, ihn zu beseitigen. Er hat jedoch vorher in dem Kellerraum einen Gashahn geöffnet, und so kommt es durch eine Meth-Pfeife zu einer Explosion.

Als Ted am nächsten Morgen zum Unfallort kommt erkennt er, dass Jake überlebt und es nun auf Gwen abgesehen hat. Als Ted in seiner Wohnung ankommt, ist seine Verlobte schon tot. Er überredet Dr. Morris, die Autopsie selbst vornehmen zu dürfen. Er analysiert den Mord, schreibt in den Bericht aber Herzrhythmusstörung als Diagnose. Nach der Untersuchung überwältigt ihn Jake in dem Wahn, Ted erfolgreich getäuscht zu haben und nun seine Rache vollenden zu können. Doch dann wird er von seinem Kollegen Ben von hinten mit Äther betäubt und Ted tötet ihn genauso, wie Jake zuvor Gwen ermordet hatte: mit einer verdeckten Kaliumchlorid-Injektion und langsam wirkendem Nitroglycerin.

Hintergrund
Damit der erste Trailer nicht zu brutal wirkte, wurden einige Leichen ohne offen sichtbare Organe präsentiert und eine Sexszene digital bearbeitet. Einige der Schauspieler nahmen an echten Autopsien teil, um sich auf ihre Rollen vorzubereiten.

In der Eröffnungsszene spielen die makaberen Pathologen mit den Leichen eine berühmte Filmszene nach.

Rezeption
Der Kritiker von kino.de empfiehlt den Film "Freunde[n] von Crime-Scene-Fotos und Fans von "House", die tiefer in die Anatomie des Menschen eintauchen wollen". Sascha Westphal von filmstarts.de sieht in dem "zynische[n] Thriller [..] eine bitterböse Abrechnung mit allen amerikanischen Arztserien", die mit allen Tabus breche. "Allerdings verliert Schölermann darüber recht bald Story und Figuren aus den Augen." Diesen Mangel kritisiert auch der Rezensent von Cinema mit der Feststellung: "Wichtiger als die Frage, warum sich ein biederer Elitestudent in einen skrupellosen Killer verwandelt, war ihm die Inszenierung ekelhafter Körperwelten, garniert mit wildem Sex." Bernd Zywietz von cinefacts.de sieht "die Grundregeln oder wenigstens Standards der Dramaturgie" als erfüllt an; insgesamt sei der Film wegen der schwachen Darstellung der Protagonisten ein "blutleer blutiges […] Machwerk".

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2008
US-amerikanischer Film
Thriller

Pathology – Jeder hat ein Geheimnis


Dimetra, monotipski rod maslinovki smješten u tribus Myxopyreae. Jedina vrsta je D. craibiana, tajlandski endem iz istočnog Tajlanda

RRod je opisao 1938. irski botaničar Arthur Francis George Kerr.

Izvori

Maslinovke
Endemska flora Tajlanda

Dimetra


Super Animal Royale este un joc video de tip battle royale indie dezvoltat și publicat de Pixile Studios pentru Microsoft Windows și MacOS. Jocul include meciuri de 64 de jucători cu animale antropomorfe care folosesc o varietate de arme dintr-o perspectivă 2D și au fost construite folosind motorul de joc Unity. O versiune "Early Access" a fost lansată pe Steam pe data de 12 decembrie 2018, cu o versiune demo gratuită pentru joc, lansată în luna ianuarie 2019.

Modul de joc

Dezvoltare

Referințe

Legături externe
 Site oficial
 pagina de Facebook

Jocuri pentru Windows
Shootere third-person
Jocuri pentru Mac OS X

Super Animal Royale


José Alberto Capdevila (o Capdevilla) fue un médico de fines del  y comienzos del XIX que tuvo una destacada labor profesional en el Río de la Plata.

Biografía
José Alberto Capdevila y Pallares nació en Saray, Lérida, ca. 1738. Cursó los estudios de medicina y cirugía en la Universidad de Cervera, donde obtuvo el título de licenciado en medicina, tras lo que fue examinado y aprobado por el Real Colegio de Cirugía de Barcelona que le extendió el diploma de "médico latino" en 1774. Ingresó como cirujano a los Reales Ejércitos y fue destinado al Regimiento de Galicia.

Río de la Plata
Acompañó a Pedro de Cevallos a la Gobernación de Buenos Aires en su expedición de 1776. Allí, Capdevila, «quien desea establecerse acá», solicitó el nombramiento de Cirujano del Presidio de Buenos Aires en reemplazo de Matías Grimau en razón de que «el corto sueldo del Regimiento no le basta para su subsistencia y la de su familia», familia que aún permanecía en España. La solicitud fue aceptada bajo la condición de que, en atención a su avanzada edad, cediera a Matías Grimau la mitad de su sueldo, sueldo que siendo originalmente de 2000 pesos, había sido reducido para ese entonces a 500.

Ceballos le encargó el 18 de diciembre de 1777 el reconocimiento y examen de los que ejercían la medicina sin título o con título dudoso.

Al estallar en 1780 la rebelión de Túpac Amaru II acompañó como cirujano ayudante al coronel Francisco Antonio Argerich, Cirujano mayor de los ejércitos enviados a sofocar el levantamiento, tras lo que regresó a sus funciones habituales.

Protomedicato
El 17 de agosto de 1780 el virrey Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo abrió en el Colegio de los Jesuitas el Tribunal del Protomedicato y eligió al doctor Miguel Gorman «Protomédico General y Alcalde Mayor de todos los facultativos en Medicina, Cirugía y Farmacia en todos los distritos del virreinato».

Gorman eligió para integrar el Tribunal a Francisco Argerich y a Capdevila, quien entonces se encontraba en Colonia del Sacramento después de su servicio en el norte.
Además, fueron nombrados un fiscal como escribano (Juan José Rocha), un secretario del tribuna (José Miguel Carballo) y un alguacil (Miguel Mansilla).

Con el tiempo la situación económica se hizo insostenible y en 1784 solicitó permiso en razón de los «impulsos epilépticos que con mucha frecuencia le acometen en eminente peligro de perder la vida» para pasar a España para tratarse en las aguas termales «que tanto abundan en el Principado de Cataluña» y reunirse con su mujer y familia en Barcelona.

No obstante la llegada de su familia alteró sus planes y decidió ya su radicación en el Río de la Plata. Al hacerse cargo del gobierno Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo, el antiguo médico del Presidio, Grimau, solicitó ser repuesto en el cargo y percibir el total del sueldo. Capdevila se opuso a la solicitud que tildó de muestra de ingratitud y solicitó su sueldo pleno y en los valores originales en razón del aumento de las fuerzas militares y «extraordinario aumento de la población» que había vivido el territorio desde el inicio de su comisión, lo que había aumentado extraordinariamente su trabajo y teniendo en cuenta lo bajo del ingreso para cubrir sus necesidades.
También aducía que si bien en otras épocas Buenos Aires vivía «en medio de la abundancia» y ayudaba a vivir el «bajo precio de las casas y alimentos», eso también había cambiado.

La resolución del Tribunal consideró en 1787 que habiéndose comprobado el aumento de su trabajo y que «siendo por otra parte bien notorio el incremento que han tomado todos los comestibles, y demás especies necesarias a la vida humana con motivo de la erección del nuevo Virreynato, libre comercio y demás causas que a nadie se ocultan» correspondía acceder a un sueldo de 1500 pesos.

Sin embargo, el virrey Nicolás del Campo consideró excesivo el aumento declarando que se había ocultado que su trabajo «en la curación de los enfermos que en calidad de pobres [se tratan] en el Hospital de Betlemitas, se lo paga el mismo Hospital». En enero de 1788 se le acordó finalmente un salario de sólo 1000.

En 1790 obtuvo autorización para viajar a Cataluña por motivos de salud, regresando a los dos años.

En 1798 el virrey Antonio Olaguer Feliú reglamentó el nombramiento de Gorman y Capdevila, que debían ser responsables de la enseñanza de sus respectivas materias para «dar principio a la enseñanza pública de dichas facultades». Miguel Gorman era así nombrado protomédico y catedrático de medicina y Capdevila catedrático de cirugía, integrándose los otros cargos con Carballo como asesor, Rocha como escribano y Mansilla como alguacil.

Cuando le comunicaron a Capdevila su nombramiento, no quiso aceptarlo argumentando que tenía mucho trabajo como cirujano del Presido y se sentía afectado por su enfermedad. Por este motivo, en 1799, año en que el rey confirmó el cargo de protomédico de Buenos Aires, Capdevila fue reemplazado su nombramiento por el de Agustín Eusebio Fabre, que inició su enseñanza en 1801.

Cuando el 17 de noviembre de 1803 el Real Tribunal de Protomedicato de Buenos Aires expidió un Auto prohibiendo ejercer la profesión de medicina y cirugía en la ciudad y sus aledaños a los "curanderos y charlatanes", entregó a los boticarios una lista de los médicos y cirujanos que consideraba habilitados para ejercer la profesión y recetar. En esa lista figuran: los doctores Miguel O'Gorman, Cosme Mariano Argerich y José Redhead; los licenciados José Capdevila, Agustín Fabre, Justo García y Valdez, Miguel Rojas (Miguel Roxas o García Roxas), Salvio Gafarot (o Gaffarot), Juan Jiménez (Ximénes), Bartolomé González (o González Jabanero), Félix Pineda, Guillermo Aymas (o Aymar), Juan Tindall (o Tyndall), José Ignacio Aroche, David Reid, Manuel Salvadores, Ángel Refoxo, Jerónimo Aréchaga (o Gerónimo Aréchaga Amanita), Pedro Faya, Juan Escola, Francisco Maciel, Manuel Pintos, Carlos Deschamps, José Fernández, Francisco Ramírez (o Ramiro), Cesáreo Niño y Pedro Benito Fernández.

Esclavitud
A consecuencia de la preocupación que generó el masivo ingreso de esclavos en Montevideo desde los primeros años 1790 se creó en 1804 una Junta de Sanidad integrada por tres cirujanos y presidida por Juan Cayetano Sánchez de Molina cuya misión era la de inspeccionar en el puerto de Montevideo los navíos negreros.

Molina propuso, aún sin el aval de sus compañeros, que se observaran estrictas medidas higiénicas para evitar contagios, dadas las pésimas condiciones en que llegaban los buques y teniendo en cuenta que se solían desembarcar los enfermos en el Buceo, donde la población de la ciudad acostumbraba a lavar la ropa.

Los comerciantes de esclavos resistieron las medidas y la cuestión de la fragata portuguesa El Joaquín (capitán Manoel Barbosa y Paliado) hizo estallar el conflicto. El Joaquín, fletado por Martín de Álzaga y su socio Zacarías Pereira, partió de Mozambique el 19 de noviembre de 1803 con 376 esclavos africanos y una tripulación de 15 hombres. Viajó sin detenerse en puerto alguno y al arribar a Montevideo el 28 de mayo de 1804 quedaban sólo 60 esclavos con vida. Molina ordenó al siguiente día que regresara a Mozambique, pero apenas partió una tormenta lo hizo regresar a puerto, encallando en la playa de la Aguada, donde Molina lo puso en cuarentena.
Álzaga apeló airadamente la decisión explicando que «debido a la escasez de agua durante la travesía se racionó para los negros y no para la tripulación, ninguno de sus miembros se enfermó, por lo que alegaba que los esclavos no murieron de peste si no de sed ya que la peste afecta a todos por igual».

El virrey Rafael de Sobremonte hizo lugar a la apelación y decidió revisar la medida, pero el gobernador Pascual Ruiz Huidobro apoyó las disposiciones adoptadas por Molina, quien agravó el debate al calificar al comercio negrero como "inhumano y execrable".

Álzaga negó a Molina capacidad alguna como médico sanitarista y solicitó la opinión del Tribunal del Protomedicato, a lo que se accedió. El Protomedicato solicitó la opinión de los doctores José Redhead y Juan Tindall (ambos habían viajado en buques negreros provenientes de África y Tindall había incluso residido en la costa occidental de África), quienes respondieron escuetamente, y de los doctores Carlos Guerri (también involucrado desde su profesión en el tráfico negrero había residido en Mozambique) y a Capdevila, quien por su cargo se encargaba de los reconocimientos médicos para la regulación de la trata de esclavos en Buenos Aires.

Los encuestados coincidieron en señalar tanto las saludables condiciones de vida nativas en Mozambique así como las afecciones más frecuentes tras la captura y esclavitud: disentería, escorbuto, diarrea, sarna, infecciones oftálmicas y viruela. Capdevila agregó por su parte a esa lista las caquexias, fiebres nerviosas y venéreas.

Pero solo Capdevila consideró que el contagio de los esclavos desembarcados pudiera ser peligroso para la población del Río de la Plata. Mientras él achacaba a una partida de esclavos infectada la introducción de la viruela que en 1793 había provocado en Buenos Aires más de dos mil muertos, sus compañeros consideraban que la viruela ya estaba "naturalizada" en el territorio.

Invasiones Inglesas
El día 12 de agosto de 1806 las fuerzas al mando de Santiago de Liniers y los voluntarios porteños iniciaban la reconquista de Buenos Aires ocupada por los británicos. Ese día ingresaron al Hospital de la Hermandad de la Caridad San Miguel 55 heridos, 4 de los cuales murieron. Allí prestó servicios Capdevila, junto a Salvio Gaffarot, José Bernardo Nogué, Cosme Mariano Argerich, Manuel Salvadores, Justo García Valdez, Gerónimo Aréchaga Amanita, y los alumnos Baltasar Tejerina, Juan de Dios Madera, Cesáreo Niño y Manuel Antonio Casal.

Después de la Reconquista Liniers organizó regimientos de milicias para resistir una probable segunda invasión, destinando a cada uno de ellos cirujanos y boticarios.

El 16 de octubre Miguel Gorman propuso la formación de una «plana mayor de médicos y cirujanos voluntarios, dependientes del ejército», sugiriendo su propia designación en el cargo de "Primer Médico del Ejército Urbano de Buenos Aires".

Finalmente se organizó el Cuerpo Sanitario cuya plana mayor, estabablecida a fines de 1806, estaba presidida por el Cirujano Mayor José Capdevila y constituida por el Médico Primero Justo García y Valdez, los Ayudantes Consultores Salvio Gaffarot y Bernardo Nogué, el Boticario Mayor Antonio García Posse y el Primer Boticario Manuel Hermenegildo Rodríguez. Posteriormente se incorporaron a la Plana Mayor los cirujanos Pedro Carrasco y Matías Rivero.

Durante las jornadas de la defensa contra la segunda invasión inglesa al Río de la Plata y ya finalizadas estas con la capitulación británica, los numerosos heridos de ambos bandos se distribuyeron en el Fuerte, los conventos de San Francisco, Santo Domingo y Santa Catalina, la Recoleta, el Colegio de San Carlos, en la Hermandad de la Caridad, y en casas particulares, una de ellas la del mismo Capdevila.

A partir del 4 de septiembre de 1807 Capdevila se hizo cargo directamente del hospital Santa Catalina auxiliado por Juan Pérez, Claudio Parro, Cesáreo Niño, Roque Barragán, Fermín Varela y el estudiante Pedro Nolasco Rojas.
Para el 13 de octubre solo quedaban hospitalizados 11 heridos en Santa Catalina.

Así en la cruenta lucha a que dio lugar la segunda invasión, «esta organización militar, con médicos de carrera en las tropas, hospitales que recibían las evacuaciones y una dirección técnico-militar concomitante, dio excelentes frutos y los resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento de los heridos puede considerarse excelente para la época».

Su desempeño, al igual que el de Valdez, mereció que fuera citado en la Real Orden fechada en Sevilla el 13 de enero de 1809, figurando en la relación de grados conferidos por Fernando VII de España.

Tras la revolución de Mayo de 1810 permaneció en Buenos Aires ejerciendo su oficio. Falleció en su ciudad adoptiva el 29 de agosto de 1820 y fue sepultado en el camposanto del Hospital de los Betlemitas.

Familia
El historiador Cutolo afirma que era hermano de José Antonio de Capdevila y que eran hijos de un homónimo, José Alberto de Capdevila y de Francisca de Vigo y Sanz. Sin embargo no coincide el segundo apellido de Capdevila (Pallares) y da como año de nacimiento de José Antonio el de 1765, por lo que es más factible que José Antonio sea su hijo y en ese caso Francisca de Vigo su esposa.

El 19/10/1785, Don José Alverto Capdevila y Pallares, casado con Doña Francisca Vigo y Fuentes, bautizan a su hijo: Pedro Francisco Jaime. Bautismos, Catedral al Norte, Ntra. Sra. de La Merced, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, L16 F68v.

Por otra parte, constan en el Indiferente General del Archivo General de Indias expedientes de solicitud de licencia de embarque de «José Antonio Capdevila, vecino y del comercio de Buenos Aires, hijo de José Capdevila, para regresar a su ciudad en el bergantín San José» (10 de enero de 1789) y de «José Cayetano Capdevila y Mariano Capdevila, hermanos, naturales y vecinos de Barcelona, solteros, hijos de José Capdevila y de Josefa Capdevila y Grasas, para pasar a Montevideo a reemplazar al frente de los negocios a Francisco Posas, residente y de aquel comercio, que retorna a España» (4 de mayo de 1803).

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía
 Vicente Osvaldo Cutolo, Nuevo diccionario biográfico argentino (1750-1930), Editorial Elche, 1968
 Archivo General de Simancas, José Alberto Capdevila y Pallares. Sueldos, ES.47161.AGS/1.19.2//SGU,LEG,6801,12

Enlaces externos
 Josep Capdevila i Pallarés |Galería de Médicos Catalanes En catalán

 Tribunal del Protomedicato
 El Cabildo de Córdoba ante el Tribunal del Protomedicato de Buenos Aires
 Enfermedades sanitarias y epidemias padecidas por los esclavos en el Virreinato del Río de la Plata. Aspectos de política sanitaria

 Invasión, reconquista y defensa de Buenos Aires : 1806-1807
 Grandes figuras de la cirugía argentina
 Portal de archivos españoles

Médicos militares de España
Médicos de las Invasiones Inglesas
Militares de España del siglo XIX
Militares de España del siglo XVIII
Militares de la provincia de Lérida
Nacidos en la provincia de Lérida
Alumnado de la Universidad de Cervera

José Alberto Capdevila


Otto Bechtold (* 20. April 1928 in Rinschheim; † 31. Januar 2019 in Freiburg im Breisgau) war ein deutscher römisch-katholischer Geistlicher und von 1988 bis 2003 Generalvikar des Erzbistums Freiburg.

Leben
Otto Bechtold empfing nach seinem Studium der Philosophie und Theologie 1952 die Priesterweihe und war anschließend zunächst Kaplan in Mannheim und Lörrach. 1958 wurde er mit der Arbeit Der "Ruf nach Synoden" als kirchenpolitische Erscheinung im jungen Erzbistum Freiburg (1827–1860). Ein Beitrag zum Verhältnis von Staat und Kirche im Großherzogtum Baden und zur Geschichte der religiösen Aufklärung in Süddeutschland an der Universität Freiburg promoviert. Ab 1958 war er als Sekretär im Erzbischöflichen Ordinariat Freiburg tätig, dessen Ordinariatsrat er 1960 wurde.

Er wurde 1969 ins Freiburger Domkapitel aufgenommen und 1990 Domdekan. Erzbischof Oskar Saier ernannte Bechtold 1988 zum Generalvikar des Erzbistums Freiburg. Er war während der Sedisvakanz im Juli 2002 Ständiger Vertreter des Diözesanadministrators Paul Wehrle. Auch der neue Erzbischof Robert Zollitsch machte Bechtold zu seinem Generalvikar von Juli bis Oktober 2003. Sein Nachfolger wurde 2003 Fridolin Keck. Von 1988 bis 2003 war er Vorsitzender des Stiftungsrates der Schulstiftung der Erzdiözese Freiburg.

Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen
 1971: Ernennung zum Päpstlichen Ehrenprälaten durch Papst Paul VI.
 1992: Ernennung zum Apostolischen Protonotar durch Papst Johannes Paul II.
 1999: Verdienstmedaille des Landes Baden-Württemberg
 2003: Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 2003: Konradsplakette der Erzdiözese Freiburg

Weblinks
 Pontifikalamt zum 80. Geburtstag

Einzelnachweise

Generalvikar (Erzbistum Freiburg)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (21. Jahrhundert)
Schulstiftung der Erzdiözese Freiburg
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes 1. Klasse
Träger des Verdienstordens des Landes Baden-Württemberg
Deutscher
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2019
Mann

Otto Bechtold


An Pristiglottis longiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Paul J. Kores. An Pristiglottis longiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pristiglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pristiglottis

Pristiglottis longiflora


Emilio Mihura (Gualeguay, 14 de octubre de 1873 - Buenos Aires, 13 de agosto de 1943) fue un hacendado y político argentino que ejerció como Ministro de Agricultura y Ganadería de su país durante la segunda mitad de la presidencia de Marcelo T. de Alvear.

Afiliado desde su juventud a la Unión Cívica Radical, fue elegido diputado nacional en 1914 y vicegobernador en 1918, acompañando al también oriundo de Gualeguay, Celestino Marcó.  Presentó su renuncia al cargo el 5 de marzo de 1922, al ser proclamado su hermano Ramón Mihura candidato a gobernador.

Desde su juventud se había dedicado a la producción ganadera, y era heredero de una gran estancia cerca de Gualaguay. En 1925 el presidente Alvear lo nombra ministro de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Nación, para reemplazar a Tomás Le Breton, cuya gestión había causado muchos conflictos dentro del radicalismo, aunque no se logró evitar su división.

Su hijo, también llamado Emilio Mihura, fue diputado nacional por la Unión Cívica Radical Intransigente entre 1958 y 1962.

Referencias

Nacidos en Gualeguay
Fallecidos en Buenos Aires
Políticos de la Unión Cívica Radical
Ministros de Agricultura de Argentina
Diputados del Congreso de la Nación Argentina por la provincia de Entre Ríos
Vicegobernadores de la provincia de Entre Ríos

Emilio Mihura


محمد مهدي كبة، (1900 -1984) مفكر قومي وسياسي عراقي، نائب ووزير سابق، وعضو مجلس السيادة عام 1958 . والده العلامة والفقيه والشاعر الحاج محمد حسن كبة.

سيرته ونسبه
هو محمد مهدي بن محمد حسن بن محمد صالح كبة، ولد في سامراء عام 1900، من أسرة (آل كبة) العربية التي تنتمي إلى قبيلة ربيعة. بدأ تعليمه القراءة والكتابة في إحدى مدارس سامراء، وفي عام 1917 انتقل مع أفراد أسرته إلى الكاظمية. وقد أكمل تحصيله في مدرسة الشيخ الخالصي الدينية، وتدرج في تثقيف نفسه تثقيفاً ذاتياً مستعيناً ببعض أفراد أسرته ممن كان لهم باع في علوم اللغة والأدب والدين، فنظم الشعر وشرع في ترجمة رباعيات الخيام نظماً وتعلم شيئاً من أصول اللغة وآدابها ومن الفقه والمنطق.

نزعته الوطنية
وفي هذه المرحلة استفزته رياح الاحتلال البريطاني لبلاده، فتوقدت في نفسه الروح الوطنية، فأسهم في ثورة العشرين، وكان داعيةً نشطاً، فأخذ على عاتقه توزيع منشورات الثوار ومراسلاتهم، بالإضافة إلى نشره عدداً من نتاجاته في الأدب والسياسة في الصحف المحلية يوم ذاك، حيث تجلت فيها نزعته الوطنية والقومية التي عبر عنها بكل جرأة وصراحة.

نشاطه السياسي
وفي أعقابها قام بتأسيس الجمعية الوطنية التي كانت تمثل جبهة المعارضة للسلطة آنذاك، بعدها اندمجت مع الحزب الوطني بزعامة جعفر أبو التمن ومولود مخلص وأحمد الشيخ داود ومحمد صدر الدين وعلي البازركان وآخرين، وكان أحد أعضائه النشطين. وفي عام 1935 أسهم الشيخ كبة في تأسيس نادي المثنى بن حارثة في بغداد، وانتُخِبَ نائباً لرئيسه صائب شوكت، وقد سجل فيه دوراً سياسياً ووطنياً وقومياً. وفي عام 1937 انتُخِبَ نائباً في مجلس النواب وأصبح عنصراً معارضاً ومناهضاً لكل المخططات التي تنال من حرية العراق واستقلاله، وقد اتخذ موقف المؤيد لكل القضايا الوطنية التي تهم العراق والشعب العربي، فأيّد ثورة مايس عام 1941 الذي نجم عنه غلق النادي من قبل السلطة والاستيلاء على بنايته كما أسهم في عدد من الجمعيات الوطنية منها جمعية (الجوال العربي) و (الدفاع عن فلسطين) و (نادي القلم).

تأسيس حزب الاستقلال
وتوج نشاطه السياسي بتأسيس حزب الاستقلال في عام 1946 وأصدر جريدة (لواء الاستقلال) الناطقة باسم الحزب، التي كان ينشر فيها آراءه وأفكاره السياسية. وفي عام 1948 أصدر بياناً ضد معاهدة بورتسموث، كما تولى وزارة التموين في وزارة محمد الصدر واستقال منها بنفس السنة، وتفرغ لشؤون الحزب.

نشاطه القومي
وفي عام 1951 استنكر القضاء على المعارضة الوطنية في مراكش وطالب بإثارة ذلك في هيئة الأمم المتحدة. كما ناصر الثورة المصرية عام 1952 والشعب المصري في تصديهم للعدوان الثلاثي عام 1956 .

ائتلاف حزبي الاستقلال والوطني الديمقراطي
وعندما حلت السلطات الأحزاب منتصف الخمسينات جرت مداولات بين حزب الاستقلال الذي يتزعمه والحزب الوطني الديمقراطي لتوحيد جهودهما تجاه ذلك، فتقدموا عام 1956 بطلب إلى وزارة الداخلية لتأسيس حزب سياسي باسم (المؤتمر الوطني) بهدف إبعاد العراق عن كل نفوذ أجنبي وضمان حياده وتأييد الخطوات التي تقوم بها الدول العربية لتحقيق تعاون أوسع فيما بينها ودعم الجامعة العربية.(5)

عضويته في مجلس السيادة
في عالم 1958 حيث انبثاق الحكم الجمهوري بقيادة الزعيم عبد الكريم قاسم عين عضواً في مجلس السيادة الذي رأسه الفريق نجيب الربيعي، واستقال منه في السنة التالية ولم يلبث أن ترك المسرح السياسي بسبب الأجواء السياسية التي لم تكن تتفق وميوله وتوجهاته، وانصرف إلى كتابة مذكراته التي طبعت بعنوان (مذكراتي في صميم الأحداث) سجل فيها مسيرة حياته من 1918- 1958. وأشادت بمواقفه الوطنية والقومية كثير من الدراسات وتناولت شخصيته عدد من الرسائل الجامعية، توفي عام 1984.

ترجمته لرباعيات الخيام
والشيخ محمد مهدي كبة هو أحد المترجمين لرباعيات الخيام، نظما وعن الأصل الفارسي، حيث تعلم اللغة الفارسية أثناء تواجده في مدينة سامراء التي نزح إليها والده العالم المجتهد الحاج محمد حسن كبة وسكنها سنة 1305 هـ طالبا للعلوم الدينية، حيث كانت آنئذٍ موئلا للعلوم الدينية ومقصداً لطلاب هذه العلوم من شتى الاقطار الإسلامية ولا سيّما الإيرانية منها، وبحكم اختلاطه بأبناء المغتربين من طلابها الذين كانت اللغة الفارسية هي اللغة الشائعة فيما بينهم، أتاح له تعلم هذه اللغة والإلمام بأدبياتها وقواعدها. وتعتبر ترجمته من أقدم التراجم العربية، حيث باشر بها منذ العشرينات من القرن الماضي، إلا أنه توقف عنها لفترة طويلة لانشغاله في الحياة السياسية ثم عاد ليكملها بعد تقاعده وأنجزها في السبعينات، إلا أنها لم ترى النور إلا حديثا حيث تم طبعها مؤخرا في مطابع بغداد.

ويقول عنها الأديب العراقي الراحل جعفر الخليلي: ((..وهي ترجمة مطابقة للأصل الفارسي كل المطابقة فضلا عن سلاسة الفاظها ووضوحها، وبعدها عن التعقيد الذي يقع فيه الكثير من المترجمين شعرا من لغة إلى أخرى بسبب صعوبة نقل الفكرة، وقيود الوزن والقافية. وأحسب أن الذين يعرفون آل كبة الذين يسعون دائما إلى أن يجمعوا إلى أعمالهم الدنيوية ثقافة أدبية جمعاً ربما ليس له انفكاك عند بعضهم، أقول وأحسب إن الذين يعرفون هذا عن هذه الأسرة لا يستكثرون الجمع بين الاشتغال بالسياسة والانغماس فيها وبين الأدب كما اجتمع عند الشيخ محمد مهدي كبة في ماضيه من السنين، وستكون هذه الترجمة خير معرّف أدبي لهذه الشخصية اللامعة لدى من لم يكن يعرف عن ماضيه غير الوجه السياسي المشرق الذي ينضح منه الجبين بأسمى فضائل الإنسانية وطهارة النفس والعفّة)).

نماذج من الرباعيات
وفيما يلي نماذج من رباعيات الخيام التي ترجمها الشيخ محمد مهدي كبة نظماً:
 رُبَّ ضَبـيٍ يَهـواهُ قَلبـي أغَـنٍّ.... راحَ يَهوى رَشاً غَريـراً أغَنّـا.... كيفَ أرجو لِبرئ دائي طَبيبـاً.... هو أضحـى بِمثـلِ دائي مُضَنّـى
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 أنـتَ صَـوّرتهـا مِثـال الحُسـ.... ـنِ ومِن أعيُن الوَرى تَجتليها.... ثـمّ تَقضـي بأن نَغُــضّ كَمَــن.... قالَ املِها ولا تَرِق ما فيهـا
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 كيفَ أخشى ذَنباً وعَفوكَ ذُخري.... أو طَريقاً يَنـأى وبِرُّكَ زادي.... وإذا ابيَـضّ لي بلُطفِك وَجـهٌ.... لسـتُ أخشى صَحيفَتي مِن سَوادِ

المصادر
 مذكراتي في صميم الأحداث 1918-1958 - محمد مهدي كبة - دار الطليعة - بيروت
 مولود مخلص باشا - تأليف د. محمد حسين الزبيدي - كلية الآداب - جامعة بغداد - 1989
 تاريخ حزب الاستقلال (1946-1958) - د. عبد الأمير هادي العكّام - دار الشؤون الثقافية العامة.
 مذكراتي في صميم الأحداث 1918-1958- مصدر سابق.
 تاريخ حزب الاستقلال (1946-1958) – مصدر سابق.
 جريدة التآخي العراقية - الشيخ محمد مهدي كبة مواقف وطنية مشهودة - مقالة بقلم خالد خلف داخل 29/9/2011 .
 جريدة الزمان العراقية - 8آب - 2014 (وفيها إشارة إلى ترجمته لرباعيات الخيام).
 موسوعة الغتبات المقدسة- جعفر الخليلي-الجزء الثالث- عن بيوتات الكاظمية للدكتور حسين علي محفوظ-بغداد-1970- ص 110
 مقدمة أ. جعفر الخليلي في كتاب رباعيات الخيام للشيخ محمد مهدي كبة - تحقيق- مؤيد كبة- مطبعة الرفاه - بغداد – 2017

مراجع

أشخاص من سامراء
سياسيون عراقيون
شيعة عراقيون
مواليد 1900
مواليد في سامراء
نواب رئيس جمهورية العراق
وفيات 1984

محمد مهدي كبة


Zeynel Abidin Cümbüş, (1882, Üsküp - 1947), Cümbüş adlı müzik aletinin mucidi ve bir luthierdir.

İlk mektebi Üsküp'te okuduktan sonda Askerî Rüştiyeyi bitirmiştir. Tophane fabrikalarında uzun zaman ustalık yapmış, daha sonra İzmir'de Beyler sokağında dükkân açarak çalgı imalatına başlamıştır. İşini İstanbul'a naklettikten sonra, 1929'da Ud benzeri ve alüminyum gövdeli "Cümbüş" adını verdiği çalgıyı imal etmiştir. Madenî ve gür sesli bu çalgı Türk mûsikîsinin diğer çalgıları ile ses uyumu sağlayamadığından, sanat çevrelerinde tutulmamasına rağmen piyasa mûsikîsinde özellikle sahne ve gazinolarda çok yayılmış ve revaç bulmuştur. İlk yapım Cümbüşlerden birini Atatürk'e, birini de İran Şahı Rıza Pehlevi'ye hediye etmiştir. Cümbüş ile katıldığı Prag ve Kahire sergilerinde ödül kazanmıştır. Soyadının Mustafa Kemal Atatürk tarafından verildiği bilinmektedir.

Oyuncu Esra Dermancıoğlu'nun dedesidir.

Kaynakça

1882 doğumlular
1947 yılında ölenler
Türk müzisyenler
Luthierler
Merkezefendi Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler

Zeynel Abidin Cümbüş


فيليب كانيون تشابمان  (ولد في 5 مارس 1935) وهو أول رائد فضاء أمريكي-أسترالي المولد، خدم لخمسة سنوات في المجموعة السادسة لرواد فضاء وكالة ناسا الفضائية عام (1967).

دراسته
ولد تشابمان في ملبورن في أستراليا، ثم انتقلت عائلته إلى مدينة سيدني، وأكمل دراسته الثانوية في ثانوية بارامانتا. وحصل على درجة البكالوريوس من كلية العلوم قسم الفيزياء والرياضيات من جامعة سيدني عام 1956.

حصل على درجة ماجستير العلوم في الطيران والملاحة الفضائية عام 1964، ودرجة دكتوراه العلوم عام 1964 في علم تطوير الآلات من معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا.

عمله
عمل رئيسًا للعلماء في شركة الفضاء التحويلية بعقد يبلغ قيمته 6 ملايين دولار بالتعاون مع ناسا لتطوير ودعم محطة الفضاء الدولية.

مراجع

أفراد عسكريون من ملبورن
أمريكيون متجنسون
خريجو جامعة سيدني
خريجو مدرسة الهندسة بمعهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا
خريجو معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا
رواد فضاء أستراليون
رواد فضاء أمريكيون
مهاجرون أستراليون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1935
مواليد في ملبورن
وفيات 2021

فيليب تشابمان


ද්‍රව්‍යමය විද්‍යාව /ද්‍රව්‍යමය ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව

ද්‍රව්‍යමය විද්‍යාව හෝ ද්‍රව්‍යමය ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පයට පදාර්ථවල ගුණ හා විද්‍යාවේ හා ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පයේ විවිධ අංශවලදී ඒවායේ යෙදීම් ආදිය සඳහා ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම විද්‍යාව ද්‍රව්‍යවල ව්‍යුහය හා ගුණ අතර සම්බන්ධකම් පිළිබඳ සොයා බලනු ලබයි. එයට ව්‍යවහාරික භෞතික විද්‍යාවෙහි හා රසායන විද්‍යාවේ අංශ ඇතුළත් වන අතරම රසායනික , යාන්ත්‍රික , සිවිල් හා විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු ක්ෂේත්‍රවලට අයත් කොටස්ද ඇතුළත් වේ. මෑත කාලයේ නැනෝ විද්‍යාවට හා නැනෝ තාක්ෂණයට යොමු වූ සැලකිය යුතු මාධ්‍ය අවධානය ද්‍රව්‍යමය විද්‍යාව බොහොමයක් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවල පෙරමුණට ගෙන ඒමට දායක විය. තවද මෙය අසාර්ථක වූ උපකරණ හා භාණ්ඩ පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනය කරන අධිකරණ ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පය හා අධිකරණ ද්‍රව්‍යමය ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පයෙහි වැදගත් අංශයක් වෙයි.

ඉතිහාසය

දී ඇති යුගයක දී තෝරාගත් ද්‍රව්‍යය එම යුගය නිර්වචනය කරන සාධකය විය. ගල් යුගය, ලෝකඩ යුගය හා වානේ යුගය මෙයට උදාහරණ වේ. ද්‍රව්‍යයමය විද්‍යාව ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පයේ හා ව්‍යවහාරික විද්‍යාවේ පැරණිතම ආකාරයක් වන අතර සෙරමික් නිෂ්පාදනය තුළින් එය නිර්මාණය විය. නූතන ද්‍රව්‍යයමය විද්‍යාව හටගන්නේ ලෝහ විද්‍යාවෙනි. ලෝහ විද්‍යාව හට ගත්තේ පතල් නිසාය. ද්‍රව්‍ය තේරුම් ගැනීමේ විශාල සොයා ගැනීමක් වූයේ 19 වැනි සියවස අග භාගයේ දී විලර්ඩ් ගිඕස් විසින් විවිධ කලාපවල , පරමාණුක ව්‍යුහය හා සම්බන්ධ තාප ගතික ගුණ ද්‍රව්‍යයේ භෞතික ගුණවලට ද සම්බන්ධකමක් ඇති බව පෙන්වා දීමයි. නවීන ද්‍රව්‍ය විද්‍යාවේ වැදගත් දේ බොහෝමයක් අභ්‍යාවකාශ තරගයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයි. අභ්‍යාවකාශ යානා සෑදීමට ගන්නා මිශ්‍ර ලෝහ , සිලිකන් හා කාබන් සංයෝග හඳුනා ගැනීම ඒ අතරට අයත් වේ. ප්ලාස්ටික්, අර්ධ සන්නායක හා ජෛව ද්‍රව්‍ය වැනි විප්ලවකාරී තාක්ෂණ නිසා ද්‍රව්‍යයමය විද්‍යාව දිගින් දිගටම ඉදිරියට ඇදේ.

1960 ට පෙර (සමහරක් අවස්ථාවල දී දශක කිහිපයකට පසු) බොහෝමයක් ද්‍රව්‍යය විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු ලෝහ විද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තු ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. එය සිදු වූයේ 19 හා 20 වැනි සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ වූ ලෝහ පිළිබඳ අවධානය නිසාය. එතැන් සිට ක්ෂේත්‍රය සෙරමික් , බහු අවයවක , අර්ධ සන්නායක, චුම්භක ද්‍රව්‍යය , වෛද්‍යමය අධිරෝපණ ද්‍රව්‍යය හා ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක ද්‍රව්‍යය ඇතුළුව සියලු කාණ්වල ද්‍රව්‍ය ඇතුළත් වන සේ පුළුල් වී ඇත.

විද්‍යාව

රසායන විද්‍යාව
ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව

ද්‍රව්‍යමය විද්‍යාව