Westernization (or Westernisation, see spelling differences), also Europeanisation or occidentalization (from the Occident), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt what is vaguely considered to be Western culture, in areas such as industry, technology, science, education, politics, economics, lifestyle, law, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, diet, clothing, language, writing system, religion, and philosophy. During colonialism it often involved the spread of Christianity.

Westernization has been a growing influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming Westernization to be the equivalent of modernization, a way of thought that is often debated. The overall process of Westernization is often two-sided in that Western influences and interests themselves are joined with parts of the affected society, at minimum, to become a more Westernized society, with the putative goal of attaining a Western life or some aspects of it, while Western societies are themselves affected by this process and interaction with non-Western groups.

Westernization traces its roots back to Ancient Greece. Later, the Roman Empire took on the first process of Westernization as it was heavily influenced by Greece and created a new culture based on the principles and values of the Ancient Greek society. The Romans emerged with a culture that grew into a new Western identity based on the Greco-Roman society.

Westernization can also be compared to acculturation and enculturation. Acculturation is "the process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members." After contact, changes in cultural patterns are evident within one or both cultures. Specific to Westernization and the non-Western culture, foreign societies tend to adopt changes in their social systems relative to Western ideology, lifestyle, and physical appearance, along with numerous other aspects, and shifts in culture patterns can be seen to take root as a community becomes acculturated to Western customs and characteristics – in other words, Westernized.

The phenomenon of Westernization does not follow any one specific pattern across societies as the degree of adaption and fusion with Western customs will occur at varying magnitudes within different communities. Specifically, the extent to which domination, destruction, resistance, survival, adaptation, or modification affect a native culture may differ following inter-ethnic contact.

Western world

The "West" was originally defined as the Western world. A thousand years later, the East-West Schism separated the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church from each other. The definition of Western changed as the West was influenced by and spread to other nations. Islamic and Byzantine scholars added to the Western canon when their stores of Greek and Roman literature jump-started the Renaissance. The Cold War also reinterpreted the definition of the West by excluding the countries of the former Eastern Bloc. Today, most modern uses of the term refer to the societies in the West and their close genealogical, linguistic, and philosophical descendants. Typically included are those countries whose ethnic identity and dominant culture are derived from Western European culture. Though it shares a similar historical background, the Western world is not a monolithic bloc, as many cultural, linguistic, religious, political, and economic differences exist between Western countries and populations.

Significantly influenced countries

The following countries or regions experienced a significant influence by the process of Westernization:
Armenia: Geographically located in the Caucasus region of West Asia, Armenia's culture has been increasingly influenced by the process of Westernization. Throughout its history, Armenia has been influenced by Western and Eastern civilizations. Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion in 301 AD. The traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Roman, Persian, Arab, Ottoman, and Russian empires. Current Armenia gained its independence in 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Today, the Government of Armenia maintains positive relations with Iran, Russia, and the West, including the United States and the EU. The country participates in various organizations linked to the EU, such as the Eastern Partnership, the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly and is a member of the Council of Europe, the OSCE, the BSEC, La Francophonie, and NATO's Partnership for Peace and Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. In 2017, Armenia signed an extensive agreement with the EU; the CEPA agreement further strengthens economic and political ties. Armenia is also a member of various European organisations for sports, education, and cultural events such as UEFA, the European Olympic Committees, and the European Higher Education Area, and participates in the Eurovision Song Contest.
Azerbaijan: Geographically located in the Caucasus mountain range (natural border between Western Asia and Eastern Europe). Azerbaijan borrowed Western traditions mainly as a result of imperial Russian influence, with the Muslim world's first opera and secular democracy being established there before its invasion by the Soviets. Currently, the country participates in various European organizations including the EU's Eastern Partnership, the Council of Europe, and GUAM. It is also a member of European organisations for sports such as UEFA and the European Olympic Committees, and regularly participates in the Eurovision Song Contest. Despite this, the country remains an authoritarian regime with considerable human rights and press freedom issues.
Cape Verde: An insular country in West Africa, Cape Verde has influences of European culture (particularly Portuguese) and, together with the Azores and Madeira (Portugal), and the Canary Islands (Spain), it is part of the archipelagos of Macaronesia. Due to this, the country has shared close diplomatic and cultural relations with both Iberian countries and has even tried to approach Western organizations, like the EU and NATO.
Hong Kong, Macau, and Singapore: Despite their geographical positions in East and Southeast Asia and Chinese heritage, due to the heavy influences of European heritage (particularly British and Portuguese) culture, the three territories are at-least partially westernized.
Israel: Although Israel is geographically located in Western Asia, many Western cultural influences were brought in Israel by Jewish settlers from the diaspora, particularly countries like Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a member of the OECD. It is often a member of European organisations for sports and cultural events such as UEFA and Eurovision, which is due in large part to Israel's ouster from their respective Asian counterparts. According to Sammy Smooha, a professor emeritus of sociology at Haifa University, Israel is described as a "hybrid," a modern and developed "semi-Western" state. With time, he acknowledged, Israel will become "more and more Western." But as a result of the ongoing Arab–Israeli conflict, full Westernization will be a slow process in Israel.
Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan: Although they are geographically located in East Asia, the three  countries have westernized themselves since the Meiji Era (in the Empire of Japan, including Korea and Taiwan), and due to the administration of the US military after World War II, they have democratic forms of government (although both South Korea and Nationalist China were formerly anti-communist authoritarian states), free market economic systems, high standards of living, major contributions to Western science and technology, and could be described as "hybrid," modern, and developed "semi-Western" states. Several United States Army bases are stationed in the three countries. The three countries have also shared a historically very close link with the countries of Europe and with the EU.
Latin America: Most countries in Latin America are considered Western countries, largely because most of its peoples are descended from Europeans (Spanish and Portuguese settlers and later immigration from other European nations), and their society operates in a highly Westernized way. Most Latin American countries use either Spanish or Portuguese as their official language. According to the CIA World Factbook, there has also been considerable immigration to Latin America, particularly to Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, from European nations other than Spain and Portugal (for example, from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, etc.—see Immigration to Argentina, Immigration to Brazil, Immigration to Chile, and Immigration to Uruguay).
Lebanon: Geographically located in Western Asia, Lebanon is the most Westernized country in the Arab world. In ancient history, Lebanon was ruled by the Hellenistic and Roman empires. Even though it was later ruled by the Caliphate, Lebanon has the highest proportion of Christians in the Arab world, and Christians have dominated the country politically, economically and culturally. Since it was historically a French mandate, France promotes French culture and European-style education in Lebanon. At that time, Beirut was known as the "Little Paris of the Middle East". Currently, French language is still widely spoken and Lebanon is a member of the Organization of la Francophonie.
Philippines: Geographically located in Southeast Asia, due to heavy influences of European (particularly Spanish) and American cultures in Filipino culture, the country is considered Westernized. Moreover, nearly 90% of the Filipino population practices Christianity.
Thailand: Although Thailand is geographically located in Southeast Asia, through the 18th and 19th centuries, Siam faced imperialist pressure from France and the United Kingdom, including many unequal treaties with Western powers and forced concessions of territory; it nevertheless remained the only Southeast Asian country to avoid direct Western colonization. The country became westernized by itself, the Siamese system of government was centralized and initially organized into a modern unitary absolute monarchy during the reign of Chulalongkorn, later as a constitutional monarchy following the Siamese revolution of 1932. In the late 1950s, Thailand became a major ally of the United States, and played a key anti-communist role in the region as a member of the SEATO. Currently, Thailand continues to have strong ties to Western countries.
Turkey: Although geographically only 3% of Turkey lies in Europe (East Thrace) and the rest in Western Asia, Turkey is one of the most Westernized Turkic countries. The country has a similar economic system, has a customs union with the European Union in addition to being an official candidate for membership, and is a member of traditional European & Western organisations such as the OECD, the Council of Europe, and NATO. It is also a member of European organisations for sports such as UEFA and the European Olympic Committees, and has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest. Relations between Turkey and Western countries have been deteriorating since the 2010s.

Views

Kishore Mahbubani
Kishore Mahbubani's book entitled The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World (Public Affairs), is very optimistic.  It proposes that a new global civilization is being created. The majority of non-Western countries admire and adhere to Western living standards. It says this newly emerging global order has to be ruled through new policies and attitudes. He argues that policymakers all over the world must change their preconceptions and accept that we live in one world. The national interests must be balanced with global interests and the power must be shared. Mahbubani urges that only through these actions can we create a world that converges benignly.

Samuel P. Huntington posits a conflict between "the West and the Rest" and offers three forms of general action that non-Western civilizations can react toward Western countries.
 Non-Western countries can attempt to achieve isolation to preserve their own values and protect themselves from Western invasion. He argues that the cost of this action is high and only a few states can pursue it.
 According to the theory of "band-wagoning" non-Western countries can join and accept Western values.
 Non-Western countries can make an effort to balance Western power through modernization. They can develop economic, and military power and cooperate with other non-Western countries against the West while still preserving their own values and institutions.

Mahbubani counters this argument in his other book, The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East. This time, he argues that Western influence is now "unraveling", with Eastern powers such as China arising. He states:
 He explains the decline of Western influence, stating reasons as to the loss of Western credibility with the rest of the world.
 There is an increasing perception that Western countries will prioritize their domestic problems over international issues, despite their spoken and written promises of having global interests and needs.
 The West has become increasingly biased and close-minded in their perception of "non-Western" countries such as China, declaring it an "un-free" country for not following a democratic form of government.
 The West uses a double standard when dealing with international issues.
 As the biggest Eastern populations gain more power, they are moving away from the Western influences they sought after in the past. The "anti-Americanism" sentiment is not temporary, as Westerners like to believe – the change in the Eastern mindset has become far too significant for it to change back.

Samuel P. Huntington
In contrast to territorial delineation, others, like the American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington (see The Clash of Civilizations), consider what is "Western" based on religious affiliation, such as deeming the majority-Western Christian part of Europe and North America the West, and creating 6 other civilizations, including Latin America, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox, to organize the rest of the globe.

Huntington claimed that after the end of the cold war, world politics had been moved into a new aspect in which non-Western civilizations were no more the exploited recipients of Western civilization but become another important actor joining the West to shape and move the world history.

Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines.

Edward Said
In Orientalism Edward Said views Westernization as it occurred in the process of colonization, an exercise of essentializing a "subject race" in order to more effectively dominate them. Said references Arthur Balfour, the British Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905, who regarded the rise of nationalism in Egypt in the late 19th century as counterproductive to a "benevolent" system of occupational rule. Balfour frames his argument in favor of continued rule over the Egyptian people by appealing to England's great "understanding" of Egypt's civilization and purporting that England's cultural strengths complemented and made them natural superiors to Egypt's racial deficiencies. Regarding this claim, Said says, "Knowledge to Balfour means surveying a civilization from its origins to its prime to its decline – and of course, it means being able to...The object of such knowledge is inherently vulnerable to scrutiny; this object is a 'fact' which, if it develops, changes, or otherwise transforms itself...[the civilization] nevertheless is fundamentally, even ontologically stable. To have such knowledge of such a thing is to dominate it." The act of claiming coherent knowledge of a society in effect objectifies and others it into marginalization, making people who are classified into that race as "almost everywhere nearly the same." Said also argues that this relationship to the "inferior" races, in fact, works to also fortify and make coherent what is meant by "the West"; if "The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, "different..." then "...the European is rational, virtuous, mature, normal." Thus, "the West" acts as a construction in the similar way as does "the Orient" – it is a created notion to justify a particular set of power relations, in this case, the colonization and rule of a foreign country.

Process

Colonization (1400s–1970s)

Europeanization
From the 1400s onward, Europeanization and colonialism spread gradually over much of the world and controlled different regions during this five centuries long period, colonizing or subjecting the majority of the globe.
Following World War II, Western leaders and academics sought to expand innate liberties and international equality. A period of decolonization began. At the end of the 1960s, most colonies were allowed autonomy. Those new states often adopted some aspects of Western politics such as a constitution, while frequently reacting against Western culture.

In Asia

General reactions to Westernization can include fundamentalism, protectionism, or embrace to varying degrees. Countries such as Korea and China attempted to adopt a system of isolationism but have ultimately juxtaposed parts of Western culture into their own, often adding original and unique social influences, as exemplified by the introduction of over 1,300 locations of the traditionally Western fast-food chain McDonald's into China. Specific to Taiwan, the industry of bridal photography (see Photography in Taiwan) has been significantly influenced by the Western idea of "love". As examined by author Bonnie Adrian, Taiwanese bridal photos of today provide a striking contrast to past accepted norms, contemporary couples often displaying great physical affection and, at times, placed in typically Western settings to augment the modernity, in comparison to the historically prominent relationship, often stoic and distant, exhibited between bride and groom. Though Western concepts may have initially played a role in creating this cultural shift in Taiwan, the market and desire for bridal photography has not continued without adjustments and social modifications to this Western notion.

In Korea, the first contact with Westernization was during the Chosun Dynasty, in the 17th century. Every year, the emperor dispatched a few envoy ambassadors to China and while they were staying in Beijing, the Western missionaries were there. Through the missionaries, Korean ambassadors were able to adopt Western technology. In the 19th century, Korea started to send ambassadors to the foreign countries, other than Japan and China. While Korea was being Westernized slowly in the late 19th century, Korea had the idea of "Eastern ways and Western frames (東道西器)", meaning that they accepted the Western "bowl", but used it with Eastern principles inside.

In Japan, the Netherlands continued to play a key role in transmitting Western know-how to the Japanese from the 17th century to the mid-19th century, because the Japanese had only opened their doors to Dutch merchants before US Navy Commodore Matthew Perry's visit in 1853. After Commodore Perry's visit, Japan began to deliberately accept Western culture to the point of hiring Westerners to teach Western customs and traditions to the Japanese starting in the Meiji era. Since then, many Japanese politicians have encouraged the Westernization of Japan with the use of the term Datsu-A Ron, which means the argument for "leaving Asia" or "Good-bye Asia". In Datsu-A Ron, "Westernization" was described as an "unavoidable" but "fruitful" change. In contrast, despite many advances in industrial efficiency, Japan has sustained a culture of strict social hierarchy and limited individualization.

In Iran, the process of Westernization dates back to the country's attempt to westernize during the beginning of the 1930s, which was dictated by Shah Rezā Khan and continued by his son during the Cold War and agitated the largely conservative Shia Muslim masses of the country which was partly responsible for the 1979 Iranian Revolution.

In Turkey, the synchronization process with the West is known as the Tanzimat (reorganization) period. The Ottoman Empire began to change itself according to modern science, practice, and culture. The Empire took some innovations from the West. Also, with the contribution of foreign engineers, the Empire repaired its old arm systems. Newly-found schools, permanent ambassadors, and privy councils were an essential improvement for the Empire. As a result, Turkey is one of the most Westernized majority-Muslim nations.

Globalization (1970s–present)
Westernization is often regarded as a part of the ongoing process of globalization. This theory proposes that Western thought has led to globalisation, and that globalisation propagates Western culture, leading to a cycle of Westernization. On top of largely Western government systems such as democracy and constitution, many Western technologies and customs like music, clothing, and cars have been introduced across various parts of the world and copied and created in traditionally non-Western countries.

Westernization has been reversed in some countries following war or regime change. For example: China excluding Taiwan after 1949, Cuba after the Revolution in 1959, South Vietnam after the communist takeover in 1975, Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion, and Iran after the 1979 revolution.

The main characteristics are economic and political (free trade) democratisation, combined with the spread of an individualised culture. Often it was regarded as opposite to the worldwide influence of communism. After the break-up of the USSR in late 1991 and the end of the Cold War, many of its component states and allies nevertheless underwent Westernization, including privatization of hitherto state-controlled industry.

With debates still going on, the question of whether globalization can be characterized as Westernization can be seen in various aspects. Globalization is happening in various aspects, ranging from economics, politics, and even food or culture. Westernization, to some schools, is seen as a form of globalization that leads the world to be similar to Western powers. Being globalized means taking positive aspects of the world, but globalization also brings the debate about being Westernized. Democracy, fast food, and American pop culture can all be examples that are considered as Westernization of the world.

According to the "Theory of the Globe scrambled by Social network: a new Sphere of Influence 2.0", published by Jura Gentium (University of Florence), the increasing role of Westernization is characterized by social media. The comparison with Eastern societies, who decided to ban American social media platforms (such as Iran and China with Facebook and Twitter), marks a political desire to avoid the Westernization process of their own populations and ways to communicate.

Consequences

Due to the colonization of the Americas and Oceania by Europeans, the cultural, ethnic, and linguistic make-up of the Americas and Oceania has been changed. This is most visible in settler colonies such as: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, and to a lesser extent, in some Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay, where the traditional indigenous population has been predominantly replaced demographically by non-indigenous settlers due to transmitted disease and conflict. This demographic takeover in settler countries has often resulted in the linguistic, social, and cultural marginalisation of indigenous people. Even in countries where large populations of indigenous people remain or the indigenous peoples have mixed (mestizo) considerably with European settlers, such as: Mexico, Peru, Panama, Suriname, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, Belize, Paraguay, South Africa, Colombia, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Guyana, El Salvador, Jamaica, Cuba, or Nicaragua, relative marginalisation still exists.

Due to colonization and immigration, the formerly prevalent languages in the Americas, Oceania, and part of South Africa, are now usually Indo-European languages or creoles based on them:
English (Australia, New Zealand, United States, and Canada without mainly French-speaking Quebec); English along with English-based creole languages (Anglophone Africa, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Grenada, Guyana, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Trinidad and Tobago).
French (Quebec, New Brunswick and parts of Ontario in Canada and Saint Pierre and Miquelon); French along with French-based creole languages (Francophone Africa, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Vanuatu, Martinique, and Saint-Barthelemy).
Spanish (Hispanic America, Equatorial Guinea, Western Sahara, and the Philippines).
Portuguese (Brazil, Lusophone Africa, East Timor, Macau, Goa, and other members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries).
Dutch along with Creole languages (Suriname, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles).
Afrikaans along with English (parts of South Africa and Namibia).
German along with Creole languages (along with Afrikaans in Namibia and some areas in the US, such as Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Dutch))

Many indigenous languages are on the verge of becoming extinct. Some settler countries have preserved indigenous languages; for example, in New Zealand, the Māori language is one of three official languages, the others being English and New Zealand sign language, another example is Ireland, where Irish is the first official language, followed by English as the second official language.

Sports importance in Westernization

The importance of sports partly comes from its connection to Westernization. The insight by Edelman, R., & Wilson, W. (2017) explains "This new system of thought and practices imbued with positive values in the exertion and strategic deployment of the human body, embracing the Anglo-American notion that physical activity was meaningful in and of itself, conducive to values such as learning and character-building. Modern athletics and competitive sports, avatars of this new body culture, elicited largely willing local receptions in North Asia, though there were no doubt isolated cases of coercive foisting better characterized as cultural imperialism."

See also

References

Further reading
 '
 The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860-1960 (2019) Routledge, written by Jon Thares Davidann
 The Decline of the West (1918), written by Oswald Spengler.
 The End of History and the Last Man (1992), written by Francis Fukuyama.
 The Clash of Civilizations (1996), written by Samuel P. Huntington.
 The Triumph of the West (1985) written by Oxford University historian J.M. Roberts.

Global culture
Cultural assimilation
Cultural geography
Imperialism
Western culture

Westernization


حنان سليمان (22 أغسطس 1960 -)، ممثلة مصرية.

عن حياتها
شاركت في العديد من الأفلام والمسلسلات والمسرحيات. وكانت بدايتها في مسرحية الجوكر مع الفنان محمد صبحي وفيلم يارب ولد مع الفنان فريد شوقي ومسلسل المال والبنون ومسلسل الضوء الشارد. كما شاركت في مسلسل أبو ضحكة جنان ومسلسل الأدهم.

أعمالها

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلات أفلام مصريات
ممثلات تلفزيون مصريات
ممثلات مسرح مصريات
ممثلات مصريات في القرن 20
ممثلات مصريات في القرن 21
مواليد 1380 هـ
مواليد 1960

حنان سليمان


Günmerkezlilik veya Güneş Merkezli(lik), gökbilimde, Dünya ve diğer gezegenlerin Güneş'in çevresinde döndüğü bir astronomik modeldir. Geçmişte, Yer'in merkezde olduğu (geosantrizm) astronomik modele karşı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.

Dünya'nın Güneş'in çevresinde döndüğü fikri ilk olarak M.Ö.300 gibi erken bir zamanda Sisamlı Aristarkus tarafından öne sürüldü. Fakat Orta Çağda bu fikir dikkate alınmadı. Bunun sebebi Helenistik çağdan sonra bilimsel bilginin değersizleşmesi ve Dünya'nin sabit olduğuna dair sağduyudan gelen çok güçlü kanıtların olmasıdır .

Günmerkezlilik 1543'te Kopernik'in Göksel Kürelerin Dönüşleri Üzerine kitabının yayınlanması ile tekrar tartışılmaya başlandı. Sonraki yüzyılda Kepler'in gezegenlerin eliptik yorüngelerde hareket ettiğini bulması ve Galileo'nun Yermerkezli modelle ters düşen teleskop gözlemleri (Jüpiter'in uyduları ve Venüs'un evreleri gibi) ile Günmerkezlilik tekrar en temel tartışma konularından biri haline gelmişti.

Kaynakça

Düşünce tarihi

Günmerkezlilik


Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen (, 27 May 1946 – 19 April 2005), also known by his abbreviated nickname NHØP, was a Danish jazz double bassist.

Biography

Pedersen was born in Osted, near Roskilde, on the Danish island of Zealand, the son of a church organist. As a child, Ørsted Pedersen played piano, but from the age of 13, he started learning to play upright bass and at the age of 14, while studying, he began his professional jazz career in Denmark with his first band, Jazzkvintet 60 (Danish for Jazz Quintet 60). By the age of fifteen, he had the ability to accompany leading musicians at nightclubs, working regularly at Copenhagen's Jazzhus Montmartre, after his debut there on New Year's Eve 1961, when he was only 15. When seventeen, he had already turned down an offer to join the Count Basie orchestra, mainly because he was too young to get legal permission to live and work as a musician in the United States.

The Montmartre was a regular stop-off for touring American Jazz stars, and as a member of the house band, the young Ørsted Pedersen performed with saxophonists such as Booker Ervin, Sonny Rollins, Dexter Gordon, Rahsaan Roland Kirk and Stan Getz, and pianist Bill Evans, with whom he toured in Europe in 1965. During the 1960s, Pedersen played with a series of other important American jazzmen who were touring or resident in Denmark, including Ben Webster, Brew Moore, Bud Powell, Count Basie, Roy Eldridge, Dizzy Gillespie, Jackie McLean, and vocalist Ella Fitzgerald.

He is perhaps best known for his extensive collaboration with Oscar Peterson from 1972 to 1987. His predecessor, Ray Brown, thought highly of the Dane and regarded him as the only upright bassist equal to the task of keeping up with the pianist. He was awarded Best Bass Player of the Year by DownBeat Critics' Poll in 1981.

Ørsted Pedersen worked in duo and trio arrangements with pianist Kenny Drew, recording over 50 albums together. He also worked with Stéphane Grappelli and Joe Pass and recorded extensively as a leader. His best known songs are "My Little Anna", "Jaywalkin'", and "The Puzzle", as well as jazz arrangements of traditional Danish folk songs. A duo performance with Rune Gustafsson at Vossajazz 1980, concluded on the album Just The Way You Are on the label Sonet Gramofon, recorded half a year after this first meeting. He was awarded the Nordic Council Music Prize in 1991.

Pedersen had a particular ability to interpret Danish songs and folk melodies. He often played within trio ensembles, partly collectively with the trumpeter Palle Mikkelborg and the keyboard player Kenneth Knudsen, and partly under his own name, usually with guitarists like Philip Catherine and Ulf Wakenius. In 1999, he co-led a duo with pianist Mulgrew Miller, touring Europe, Japan, Australia, and Korea. This format was later enlarged into a trio featuring drummer Alvin Queen. This trio remained intact until Pedersen's death.

Death

Ørsted Pedersen died of heart failure in 2005 at the age of 58 in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was survived by his wife, Solveig, and his three children.
Oscar Peterson wrote:

Awards and honors
1974: Grammy Award. Best Jazz Performance by a Group, The Trio – Oscar Peterson, Joe Pass and Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen
1981: Best Bass Player of the Year by Downbeat Critics' Poll
1991: Nordic Council Music Prize

Discography

As leader

 Paul Bley/NHØP with Paul Bley (SteepleChase, 1973)
 Duo with Kenny Drew (SteepleChase, 1973)
 Duo 2 with Kenny Drew (SteepleChase, 1974)
 Two's Company with Joe Albany (SteepleChase, 1974)
 Jaywalkin' (SteepleChase, 1975)
 Duo Live in Concert with Kenny Drew (SteepleChase, 1975)
 Movability with Martial Solal (MPS, 1976)
 Double Bass with Sam Jones (SteepleChase, 1976)
 Pictures with Kenneth Knudsen (SteepleChase, 1977)
 In Concert with Kenny Drew (SteepleChase, 1979)
 Dancing on the Tables (SteepleChase, 1979)
 Goin' Straight with Edgar Wilson (MPS, 1979)
 Tania Maria & Niels Henning Orsted Pedersen (Medley, 1979)
 Four Keys (MPS) with Martial Solal, Lee Konitz, John Scofield (MPS, 1979)
 Chops with Joe Pass (Pablo, 1979)
 Just the Way You Are with Rune Gustafsson (Sonet, 1980)
 Northsea Nights with Joe Pass (Pablo, 1980)
 Looking at Bird with Archie Shepp (SteepleChase, 1981)
 The Viking with Philip Catherine (Pablo, 1983)
 Trinity with Boulou Ferre, Elios Ferre (SteepleChase, 1983)
 Face to Face with Tete Montoliu (SteepleChase, 1984)
 With a Little Help from My Friend(s) with Claes Crona (Skivbolaget, 1985)
 With Joy and Feelings with Ulla Neumann (Four Leaf Clover, 1985)
 The Eternal Traveller (Pablo, 1984)
 Threesome with Monty Alexander, Grady Tate (Soul Note, 1986)
 Heart to Heart with Palle Mikkelborg, Kenneth Knudsen (Storyville, 1986)
 Play with Us with Louis Hjulmand (Olufsen, 1987)
 Duologue with Allan Botschinsky (MA Music, 1987)
 Latin Alley with Alain Jean-Marie (IDA, 1988)
 Copenhagen Groove with Moller/Clausen/Cobb (Stunt, 1989)
 Three for the Road with Guitars Unlimited (Sonet, 1989)
 Homage/Once Upon a Time with Palle Mikkelborg (Sonet, 1990)
 Uncharted Land (Pladecompagniet, 1992)
 Spanish Nights with Philip Catherine (Enja, 1992)
 Art of the Duo with Philip Catherine (Enja, 1993)
 Ambiance with Danish Radio Big Band (Dacapo, 1994)
 Misty Dawn with Doky/Riel (Columbia, 1994)
 Scandinavian Wood (Caprice, 1995)
 Those Who Were (Verve, 1996)
 Elegies Mostly with Dick Hyman (Gemini, 1996)
 Friends Forever featuring Renee Rosnes (Milestone, 1997) – recorded in 1995
 This Is All I Ask (Verve, 1998)
 In the Name of Music with Trio Rococo (BMG, 1998)
 The Duets with Mulgrew Miller (Bang & Olufsen, 1999)
 Breaking the Ice with Floris Nico Bunink (BV Haast, 1999)
 Grundtvigs Sang Til Livet with Ole Kock Hansen (Vartov, 2000)
 The Unforgettable NHØP Trio Live (ACT Music, 2007)
 The Duo Live! with Mulgrew Miller (Storyville, 2016)

See also
 List of jazz bassists

Notes

References

"Scandinavian Wood": The musical career of Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen in the light of his discography by Jørgen Mathiasen. Books on Demand 2010. .

External links
Niels-Henning Orsted Pedersen – Danish virtuoso bassist who kept pace with Oscar Peterson by John Fordham, 21 May 2005, at The Guardian
[ Profile and discography] at allmusic.com
Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen Autumn Leaves on YouTube
Rick Beato, NHØP – Jaco before Jaco...The GREATEST Bass Player You've NEVER Heard Of on YouTube
Photo of Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen's grave at Findagrave

1946 births
2005 deaths
People from Lejre Municipality
20th-century double-bassists
21st-century double-bassists
20th-century bass guitarists
21st-century bass guitarists
Bebop double-bassists
Danish jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Danish jazz bass guitarists
Danish jazz composers
Enja Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Hard bop double-bassists
SteepleChase Records artists
Male bass guitarists
21st-century guitarists
DR Big Band members
Male jazz composers
20th-century Danish male musicians
21st-century male musicians
20th-century jazz composers
Oscar Peterson Trio members

Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen


257515 Zapperudi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
257515 Zapperudi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Linz la Observatorul Meyer-Obermair. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,79 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 12,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 257001-258000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

257515 Zapperudi


سيد أول هو لقب غير رسمي يتم استخدامه في حالة كان رئيس الدولة أو حاكم الإقليم امرأة، فيتم استخدامه للتعبير عن مصطلح موازي لمصطلح السيدة الأولى. وبالتوازي مع مصطلح السيدة الأولى، يتم استخدام لقب السيد الأول سواء كان بصورة رسمية أو غير رسمية للتعبير عن زوج سيدة في منصب رئاسي مؤسسي كأن تكون رئيسة جامعة أو كلية أو راعية كنيسة أو حتى أن تكون في منصب رئيس الدولة أو رئيس الحكومة.

السادة الأوائل الحاليين
 تود بالين (ألاسكا)
 مايك غريغوار (واشنطن)
 لو ريل (كونيكتيكت)

ألقاب حاكمية

سيد أول


Anna de Saxonia (16 noiembrie 1567 - 27 ianuarie 1613), a fost o nobilă germană, membră a Casei de Wettin (ramura Albertină) și prin căsătorie Ducesă de Saxa-Coburg-Eisenach.

Biografie
Născută la Dresda, ea a fost al 12-lea copil din cei 15 ai  Electorului Augustus de Saxonia și ai Prințesei Anna a Danemarcei. Dintre frații ei doar ea și alți trei au atins vârsta adultă.

La 4 mai 1584 și fără consimțământul tatălui ei, Anna s-a logodit cu Johann Casimir, Duce de Saxa-Coburg. Nunta a avut loc la Dresda la 16 ianuarie 1586, iar ea a primit ca zestre 30.000 de taleri și orașul Römhild. Vesela și impetuoasa ducesă a organizat curând festivități magnifice la noua ei curte.

Mariajul ei a eșuat: soțul ei prefera vânătoarea și deci petrecea câteva săptămâni departe de ea. La sfârșitul lunii septembrie 1593 ducesa a fost prinsă de soțul ei în adulter. Imediat Johann Casimir a ordonat arestarea ei și a iubitului ei, Ulrich de Lichtenstein. În ciuda scrisorilor pe care Anna le-a trimis soțului ei și a rudelor care l-au rugat s-o ierte, la 12 decembrie, la Jena, Schöppenstuhl (Înalta Curte) a anulat căsătoria și i-a condamnat pe ambii iubiți la decapitare prin sabie. Johann Casimir în ultimul moment a schimbat pedeapsa la închisoare pe viață. Fratele Annei, Electorul Christian I a confirmat sentința și a refuzat să o ajute, ea împărțind aceeași cu sora ei Elisabeta.

Anna a fost trimis prima dată la Eisenach, apoi la Castelul Kahlenberg, în 1596 la a fosta mănăstire Sonnefeld și în cele din urmă (1603), la Veste Coburg, unde a murit în 1613, la vârstă de 45 de ani. A fost îngropată la Klosterkirche, Sonnefeld. Ulrich de Lichtenstein a murit în închisoare douăzeci de ani mai târziu, la 8 decembrie 1633 la doar trei zile după ce i-a fost anunțată vestea că va fi eliberat.

În 1599 Johann Casimir s-a căsătorit pentru a doua oară verișoara primară a Annei, Margaret de Brunswick-Lüneburg; pentru a o umili pe prima lui soție el a sărbătorit această ocazie cu faimosul Coburg Taler: pe avers a arătat un cuplu care se săruta cu inscripția WIE KVSSEN SICH DIE ZWEY SO FEIN (Un bun sărut între doi), în timp ce reversul o arăta pe Anna îmbrăcată ca o călugăriță cu inscripția: WER KVST MICH - ARMES NVNNELIN (cine te sărută acum, săracă călugăriță?).

Casa de Wettin
Nașteri în 1567
Decese în 1593
Oameni din Dresda

Anna de Saxonia (1567–1613)


An Poa tanfiljewii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Roman Julievich Roshevitz. An Poa tanfiljewii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa tanfiljewii


Danmarks Melodibog er en dansk sangbog der udkom fra 1895 til 1928 i fem bind.
De to første bind er digitaliseret af Det Kongelige Bibliotek og findes tilgængelig på bibliotekets hjemmeside.

Henvisninger

Melodibog

Danmarks Melodibog


Masacrul de la Camenița a avut loc între 27 și 29 august 1941. Aproximativ 23.600 de evrei au fost uciși de autoritățile naziste la periferia orașului Camenița (în ucraineană Kameneț-Podolski), situat în apropierea frontierei cu România.

Acest masacru a marcat o schimbare de scară în politica de exterminare efectuată de naziști pe frontul de est începând cu sfârșitul lunii iulie a anului 1941. Exterminările erau supervizate de Einsatzgruppen, unități criminale mobile de pe lângă RSHA și SS.

Particularitatea evenimentelor care au avut loc în Kameneț-Podolski constă în faptul că a fost primul masacru de mare amploare, în care, pe lângă bărbații apți de a purta arme, au fost uciși copii, femei și bătrâni. Deosebită a fost și originea evreilor executați. Mulți au fost aduși din Ungaria fascistă, unde guvernul marionetă a decis să deporteze mii de evrei cu cetățenie nemaghiară (fiecare evreu din Ungaria era obligat să dovedească cu acte că este din familie de cetățeni maghiari până la străbunici) sau apatrizi, fără ca Germania nazistă să le fi sugerat măcar așa ceva.

Istoric

Contextul
 Originea evreilor masacrați
Între 1938 și 1941 Ungaria amiralului Miklós Horthy, țara care a pierdut o mulțime de teritorii după Primul Război Mondial, anexează teritoriile pe care le consideră a fi ale ei. În total, aproape 5 400 000 de locuitori suplimentari, din care aproximativ 324 250 erau evrei, aceștia din urmă fiind concentrați în principal în est (Rutenia Subcarpatică, regiune până atunci cehoslovacă și formând acum în Ungaria, o entitate teritorială în afara dreptului comun al comitatelor) și partea de nord-vest a țării. În plus, se estimează că, la începutul războiului, aproximativ  polonezi, germani, austrieci sau cehoslovaci, fugind de armata nazistă, s-au refugiat în Ungaria. Cu toate acestea, guvernul ungar este în majoritatea lui antisemit, și caută să scape rapid de acești evrei, "străini".
 Vara anului 1941, începutul unui val de masacre antisemite
Această oportunitate a venit în vara anului 1941. Germania, încălcând acordurile secrete de neagresiune semnate la 23 august 1939, a declarat război Uniunii Sovietice declanșând, la 22 iunie 1941, Operațiunea Barbarossa.

Înaintarea Wehrmacht-ului a fost rapidă pe tot frontul de est, și foarte repede intră pe teritoriul sovietic, după ce, în prealabil, își asigurase controlul unei zone ce se întindea de la Țările Baltice până în sudul Ucrainei. În această zonă trăiau aproximativ 4 000 000 de evrei, chiar dacă se estimează că aproximativ un milion și jumătate dintre ei fugiseră deja. În timpul înaintării armatei naziste, se declanșează spontan, în întreaga zonă cucerită, o mulțime de pogromuri și masacre antisemite.

În iulie 1941 Reinhard Heydrich, șeful Gestapo (Geheime Staats Polizei - Poliția Secretă de Stat) și al Kripo (Kriminalpolizei), primește de la Göring ordinul de a trece la pregătirile pentru "Endlösung der Jugendfrage" (soluția finală a problemei evreiești). Dacă "problema evreiască" rămânea atunci neclară (în special cu privire la soarta femeilor și a copiilor), masacrele comise asupra comunităților evreiești, până atunci spontane, încep să fie organizate, raționalizate și supervizate pe frontul din răsăritul Europei. Dacă tot felul de soldați germani sunt chemați să participe la eliminarea evreilor în lunile care urmează, anumite trupe sunt special desemnate pentru această misiune, inclusiv patru Einsatzgruppen, (în traducere ''trupe de intervenție militară'') care, de fapt, nu erau altceva decât trupe mobile de exterminare.

În Ungaria biroul național pentru controlul străinilor oferă, în momentul acela, un plan pentru expulzarea "indezirabililor" . Obiectivul este de a expulza evreii străini, mai ales a celor situați în Rutenia Carpatică, și să le livreze autorităților germane, situate în Galiția, în partea de est a Ucrainei. După o negociere cu ofițerii Gestapo-ului, Horthy emite, pe 12 iulie 1941, decretul de expulzare a evreilor "de naționalitate dubioasă". Acesta prevede că orice evreu în imposibilitatea de a-și dovedi cetățenia maghiară, fie că  este din Budapesta, din Rutenia sau din Carpați, va fi prins și predat autorităților germane din Galiția. În timpul arestărilor, autoritățile sunt prea puțin precaute cu privire la naționalitatea victimelor. Este bine documentat faptul că mulți evrei de cetățenie maghiară au fost și ei deportați.

Desfășurarea masacrului
 Deportarea la Kameneț-Podolski
Între 14 iulie și 17 august 1941 cel puțin 16 000 de evrei au fost deportați cu trenul la graniță și apoi într-un camion în afara Ungariei. Majoritatea acestora sunt adunați la Kameneț-Podolski, unde sunt înghesuiți de germani și poliția locală ucraineană în cartierul evreiesc unde există deja mii de evrei locali. Condițiile sunt mizerabile, devenind tot mai sumbre cu fiecare nouă sosire de camion cu deportați. S-a prevăzut uciderea unui număr maxim de evrei începând cu sfârșitul lunii iulie, mai ales că Hitler, implicit, declară că, de acum înainte, femeile și copiii evrei trebuie să fie și ei uciși. Cu toate acestea, Wehrmacht-ul nu știa, la început, ce să facă cu atât de mulți evrei.

Armata germană încearcă să atragă atenția superiorilor săi și autorităților maghiare asupra dificultăților generate de acest aflux. Wehrmachtul a solicitat ca aceștia să fie trimiși înapoi în Ungaria, dar Horthy a refuzat categoric.
 Conferința de la Vinnița, hotărârea unui masacru
Un raport trimis de Einsatzgruppe C în data de 28 august, vorbește de fricțiuni între autoritățile germane și cele maghiare, legate de afluxul masiv de evrei. Conferința de la Vinnița, din 23 august 1941, are tocmai scopul de a rezolva această problemă. Friedrich Jeckeln a fost mandatat să rezolve problema, drept pentru care s-a deplasat Kameneț-Podolski.

Sprijinit de unitatea ucraineană de jandarmi, batalionul de poliție 320 și oamenii din compania lui, Friedrich Jeckeln a intrat în orașul ucrainean la sfârșitul lunii august. Evreii au fost preveniți că vor fi expulzați din oraș și mutați spre o destinație necunoscută. Jeckeln, în fruntea Einsatzgruppe C, a soldaților maghiari și a jandarmilor ucraineni, adună 23.600 de evrei. Îi scot până la ieșirea din oraș, unde se găseau mai multe cratere (rezultatul distrugerii unor depozite de muniții efectuată de către sovietici în retragere), care vor folosi ca morminte pentru evreii din oraș, și cele alte câteva mii din Ungaria.

Masacrul a durat trei zile, din 27 până în 29 august. Evreii trebuie să se dezbrace, în conformitate cu un ritual deja încetățenit, înainte de a fi executați prin împușcare în adâncul gropilor. Mulți însă, doar răniți, au fost îngropați de vii. Jeckeln a reușit să-și țină promisiunea pe care o făcuse la Vinnița, de a termina înainte de 1 septembrie.

În raportul de activitate al Einsatzgruppe C (''grupul de intervenție''), din data de 11 septembrie 1941, aceste "operațiuni" sunt expediate într-o frază:
''La Kameneț - Podolski au fost omorâți în 3 zile 23.300 de evrei de către un comandou al SS și al Poliției.''
Mai mult decât atât, după masacrul de la Kameneț-Podolski, ''Wehrmachtul a cooperat sistematic cu grupele de intervenție (Einsatzgruppen) și forțele de poliție pentru a distruge comunitățile evreiești.''.

Note

Masacre
1941
Holocaustul în Ucraina

Masacrul de la Camenița


Gisela Stang (* 26. November 1969 in Hofheim am Taunus, Hessen) ist eine deutsche Politikerin (SPD) und Mitglied des Hessischen Landtags. Zuvor war sie bis zum 12. September 2019 für 18 Jahre Bürgermeisterin der Stadt Hofheim und von 2009 bis 2019 stellvertretende Landesvorsitzende der SPD Hessen. Außerdem gehört sie seit 2001 als Abgeordnete dem Kreistag des Main-Taunus-Kreises an und ist seit 2019 Vorstandsvorsitzende von Rhein.Main.Fair e.V. mit Sitz in Frankfurt am Main.

Ausbildung und Beruf
Gisela Stang wuchs in Hofheim am Taunus auf. Sie besuchte bis zur Mittleren Reife die Pestalozzi- und die Elisabethenschule in der Kreisstadt. An der Georg-Kerschensteiner-Schule in Bad Homburg legte sie im Jahr 1989 das Abitur mit Abschluss zur Mathematisch-Technischen Assistentin ab.

Es folgte ein Germanistik-Studium mit den Nebenfächern Soziologie und Politologie an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, das Stang erfolgreich als Magistra abschloss. Direkt im Anschluss absolvierte sie an der Universität von Kapstadt (Südafrika) ein Aufbaustudium mit den Schwerpunkten Wirtschaft und Marketing.

Nach ihrer Rückkehr nach Deutschland arbeitete Stang in der Kommunikationsabteilung einer deutschen Versicherung und im Anschluss als Projektleiterin für eine PR- und Marketingagentur in Frankfurt am Main. 1998 wurde sie persönliche Referentin der damaligen hessischen Ministerin für Wissenschaft und Kunst Christine Hohmann-Dennhardt.

Politischer Werdegang und weiteres Engagement
Stang ist seit 1997 Mitglied der SPD.

Nach dem Regierungswechsel in Hessen 1999 schied Stang aus dem Landesdienst aus und wurde hauptamtliche wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin der SPD-Stadtverordnetenfraktion der Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden für die Bereiche Planung, Bau und Verkehr, Umwelt, Gesundheit und Bürgerbeteiligung.

Bei der Bürgermeisterwahl in Hofheim im Jahr 2001 setzte sie sich mit 50,1 % der gültigen Stimmen gegen ihren Mitbewerber Gerd Czunczeleit (CDU) durch. Sie wurde damit am 13. September 2001 mit 31 Jahren die damals jüngste Bürgermeisterin in Hessen. Des Weiteren ist sie seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg das erste Stadtoberhaupt, das nicht der CDU angehört und die erste Frau überhaupt in diesem Amt. Im Jahr 2007 gelang ihr im ersten Wahlgang die Wiederwahl gegen zwei Mitbewerber mit 52,0 % der Stimmen. Auch 2013 kandidierte Stang für dieses Amt und wurde mit 54,5 % der gültigen Stimmen wiedergewählt.

Stang war Sozialdezernentin und Kämmerin der Stadt Hofheim und hat in vielen sozialen Bereichen der Stadt Hofheim wichtige Strukturveränderungen vorgenommen. So wurde die außerschulische Betreuungsoffensive von ihr konzipiert und umgesetzt, die Öffnungszeiten der städtischen Kitas auf 17 Uhr verlängert, die Seniorenarbeit durch ehrenamtliche Netzwerkarbeit breiter aufgestellt und erstmals die Wahl eines Behindertenbeirats umgesetzt.

Seit 2001 ist Stang außerdem Abgeordnete im Kreistag des Main-Taunus-Kreises.

Im Jahre 2009 wurde sie mit 90,3 % der gültigen Stimmen erstmals zur stellvertretenden Landesvorsitzenden der SPD Hessen gewählt und zog sich 2019 aus dem Landesvorstand zurück.

Seit 2011 ist Stang, als ehrenamtliche Beigeordnete, Mitglied im Regionalvorstand des Regionalverbands FrankfurtRheinMain.

Hessischer Landtag

Die SPD-Wahlkreisdelegiertenkonferenz des Wahlkreises 33 Main-Taunus West nominierte Stang im Februar 2018 einstimmig als Landtagskandidatin für die Landtagswahl in Hessen 2018. Der Inhaber des Mandates Axel Wintermeyer (CDU) war deutlicher Favorit und setzte sich auch bei der Wahl durch. Auf der Landesliste der SPD war sie auf Platz 26 aufgestellt. Aufgrund der unerwartet starken Verluste der SPD zog sie nicht direkt über die Landesliste in den Landtag ein. Bereits vorher hatte sie verkündet, sich nicht erneut als Bürgermeisterin der Stadt Hofheim zur Wahl zu stellen. Auch nach der Wahl erklärte Stang, ein Rücktritt vom Rücktritt als Bürgermeisterin käme nicht in Frage.

Nach der Mandatsniederlegung von Heinz Lotz rückte Stang zum 1. März 2023 in den Hessischen Landtag nach und vertritt die SPD-Fraktion im Hessischen Landtag im Kulturpolitischen Ausschuss und dem Unterausschuss für Heimatvertriebene, Aussiedler, Flüchtlinge und Wiedergutmachung im Hessischen Landtag der 20. Wahlperiode.

Rhein.Main.Fair e.V.
Stang ist Gründungsmitglied und seit 2019 Vorstandsvorsitzende von Rhein.Main.Fair e.V., einem Verein zur Förderung von globaler Gerechtigkeit und nachhaltiger Entwicklung auf kommunaler Ebene, mit dem Ziel, die Region Frankfurt-Rhein-Main zu einer fairen und nachhaltigen Metropolregion zu machen. Im Februar 2021 wurde das erste Vereinsziel erreicht und Frankfurt-Rhein-Main von TransFair Deutschland als faire europäische Metropolregion ausgezeichnet.

Positionen
Stang nennt als Ziele verbesserte Bedingungen im sozialen Bereich und in der Kinderbetreuung. Sie nennt die Sechs-Stunden-Gebührenfreiheit in den Kitas eine "billige Kopie unserer Forderung, Kommunen und Eltern umfassend zu entlasten".

Weblinks
 Kurzvorstellung von Gisela Stang auf der Website der SPD-Kreistagsfraktion Main-Taunus

Einzelnachweise

Landtagsabgeordneter (Hessen)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
SPD-Mitglied
Bürgermeister (Hofheim am Taunus)
Deutscher
Geboren 1969
Frau

Gisela Stang


Hnoðuxi  (fræðiheiti; Aleochara sparsa) er bjöllutegund sem var fyrst lýst af Oswald Heer, 1758.

Tilvísanir

Jötunuxaætt

Bjöllur
Skordýr á Íslandi

Hnoðuxi


Austurríkiskeisari var keisari Austurríska keisaradæmisins og síðar Austurrísk-ungverska keisaradæmisins frá 1804 til 1918. Titillinn var búinn til af Frans 2. keisara Heilaga rómverska ríkisins, rétt áður en það var leyst upp. Frans varð eftir það Frans 1. Austurríkiskeisari. Titillinn gekk í arf innan Habsburg-Lorraine-ættar þar til Karl 1. Austurríkiskeisari sagði af sér 1918.

Austurríkiskeisari


Masyanya (en russe : ) est une série de dessins animés russe diffusée depuis 2001. La série dépeint les aventures de l'espiègle Masyanya, une petite fille. La série est populaire en Russie et son compte YoutTube compte plus d'un million d'abonnés en 2022 .Bien que sarcastique et humoristique, la série ne traite jamais de sujets ouvertement politiques, sauf en , où un épisode attaque frontalement la politique du président de la Russie, Vladimir Poutine, pour la guerre en Ukraine qu'il a provoquée. Roskomnadzor exige la suppression de l'épisode.

Annexes

Liens externes

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Série d'animation russe

Masyanya


Tsundoku () é um termo japonês que se refere ao hábito de adquirir materiais de leitura e deixá-los empilhados em casa sem lê-los. Também é usado para se referir a livros que estão prontos para serem lidos mais tarde, mas que estão em uma estante.

O termo se originou na Era Meiji (1868–1912) como uma gíria japonesa. Ele combina elementos de tsunde-oku (, empilhar coisas para mais tarde e sair) e dokusho (, lendo livros). Atualmente a palavra escrita combina os caracteres "empilhar" () e o caractere "ler" (). Há sugestões para incluir a palavra na língua inglesa e em dicionários como o Collins Dictionary.

O autor e bibliófilo estadunidense A. Edward Newton comentou um estado semelhante em 1921.

Ver também
 Bibliofilia
 Bibliomania

Estética japonesa
Palavras, frases e expressões em japonês
Terminologia de livros
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Tsundoku


El Aeródromo Militar de León  es un aeródromo del Ejército del Aire en La Virgen del Camino 6km al oeste de León (España). Esta junto y compartiendo pista con el aeropuerto de León. Forma parte de sus instalaciones la Academia Básica del Aire y del Espacio, la Escuadrilla de Transmisiones n.º 8 y, entre 2006 y 2018 fue sede del Establecimiento Disciplinario Militar Norte.

Misión

La principal misión del aeródromo es proporcionar apoyo logístico y seguridad a las Unidades Aéreas de las Fuerzas Armadas que se desplieguen en él.

Historia

El nacimiento del aeródromo
Con la publicación del Real Decreto publicado en la Gaceta de Madrid el 18 de marzo de 1920 a propuesta del Ministro de Guerra José Villalba, se instruye la organización de cuatro zonas para la aeronáutica militar española, con la categoría de bases aéreas: Base Aérea de Getafe y Base Aérea de Zaragoza, el aeródromo de Tablada y el aeródromo de León. El proyecto lo realiza el capitán Rafael Ros Müller (1890-1974) que también participa en la construcción del aeropuerto de la Base Aérea de Tablada en Sevilla. Un año después, comenzaron las obras, que quedaron terminadas a finales de 1923. En octubre de ese mismo año se incorporaron 30 aviones de la escuadra número 3, aunque esto no se realizó en una única operación, sino que el despliegue de los mismos se sucedió en el tiempo. En 1924, se autoriza la realización de obras de acondicionamiento del aeródromo para servir como escala en las líneas aéreas que enlazan Madrid y Asturias.

El 28 de octubre de 1928, el periódico La Correspondencia Militar resumía las obras de la nueva base aérea. Con un coste de más de tres millones de pesetas, el terreno fue regalado por el ayuntamiento leonés. Hay una ermita de la Virgen del Camino a poca distancia, por ello el aeródromo recibió el mismo nombre. Los talleres y cobertizos podían acoger hasta una cincuentena de aeronaves, y se construyeron unos pabellones de tropa con capacidad para 600 soldados. La pista de aterrizaje mide una extensión de cerca de un kilómetro cuadrado y, por la humedad del clima local, se instalaron tubos de drenaje en la zona de aterrizaje. Junto a la pista en hilera se han construido tres cobertizos para hasta 36 aeronaves, además en un extremo de los cobertizos un taller de 12 por 55 metros y un cobertizo para una cincuentena de vehículos. Además de otras pequeñas edificaciones como un edificio para doce oficiales, aseos, una pequeña enfermería, etc así hasta 26 edificaciones.

El mismo día 28 de octubre, en uno de los traslados de aviones De Havilland Airco DH.9A, tuvo lugar el primer accidente con fallecido. Aunque no estaban destinados en León, pero si podemos relacionarlo con esta unidad, ocurrió el mismo en el pueblo de Alaejos, cerca de Medina del Campo, tras una toma de emergencia por un mal funcionamiento del motor, ocurrida dos días antes. Ese 28, una vez arreglado el avión, despegaron el teniente piloto Mariano Armijo y Fernández de Alarcón, y el suboficial mecánico, Tomás González Martín, aunque apenas iniciado el vuelo, tropezaron con un poste de la línea de conducción eléctrica de Pesqueruela, que tiene una tensión eléctrica de 20000V (voltios). A resultas del mismo el aparato perdió su estabilidad y fue a caer al cementerio del pueblo. A consecuencia del golpe resultó con heridas muy graves el teniente Armijo, y con heridas de importancia el suboficial. El aparato quedó completamente destrozado. Con posterioridad y debido a las gravísimas heridas falleció el Teniente Armijo.

El 27 de abril de 1929, se inaugura oficialmente y empieza a prestar servicios de navegación aérea comercial. El aeródromo dispone de una señal en el centro del campo y una manga de viento como ayudas a la navegación. Cuatro hangares para alojamiento, reparación de aeronaves y servicios de gasolina, aceite, agua y teléfono. Acoge al Grupo 21 de Reconocimiento y Bombardeo de la escuadra de Breguet XIX número 1 del Parque Regional del Noroeste, además de otros modelos.

En uno de estos aviones, remanentes de los que en un principio dotaron a la Unidad, el 26 de septiembre de 1929, un De Havilland Airco DH.9A, también, con número DH.77, y realizando una de las prácticas de vuelo habituales, despegó a la 10 de la mañana pilotado por el capitán D. Ramiro Molina Sol, de veintiocho años, soltero, natural de Córdoba, y el observador D. Ramón Grau Inurrigarro, teniente, de veintiún años, soltero y natural de Santander. Ambos resultaron con heridas de pronóstico muy grave el primero, y grave el teniente Grau. Debido a la gravedad de las heridas, a última hora de la tarde fallecería el capitán Ramiro Molina. Puede considerarse este hecho como el "Bautismo de Sangre" de esta Unidad.

Adquiere importancia durante la Revolución de 1934 y aún más en la Guerra Civil Española, siendo Cuartel General de la aviación alemana Legión Cóndor. En ese tiempo, poseía instalaciones de radio, telefonía, un radiogoniómetro y balizamiento nocturno.

La Academia de Aviación y la Escuela de Especialistas
En septiembre de 1939 se establece la Academia del Arma de Aviación en este Aeródromo. Diez años más tarde la Academia es trasladada a San Javier (Región de Murcia) como su actual nombre: Academia General del Aire.

Aprovechando los talleres existentes y los construidos durante la estancia de la Legión Cóndor, los cuales, además, dieron cobertura logística a los aviones del bando sublevado", se crea una Maestranza Aérea de Aviación y junto a esta, en 1939, la Escuela de Aprendices. Llegó a contar con 1800 trabajadores.

En septiembre de 1950, se traslada de Málaga al aeródromo la Escuela de Especialistas del Aire con los cursos de Mecánico de Mantenimiento de Avión y de Armeros Artificieros.

En 1955, la Maestranza se traslada a la Base Aérea de Cuatro Vientos, integrándose en la allí existente.

La aviación civil y la Academia Básica del Aire
En 1990, la Diputación Provincial de León solicita al Ministerio de Defensa la autorización para ubicar instalaciones civiles dentro de los terrenos del aeródromo militar para así dar lugar al Aeropuerto de León. Autorización que se concede en 1991.

La última promoción de la Escuela de Especialistas del Aire se incorporó a este Aeródromo el 11 de diciembre de 1989, recibiendo el 4 de junio de 1993 sus despachos de Sargentos Especialistas del Ejército del Aire. Coetáneo a esta promoción de Especialistas, y en sustitución de la antigua Escuela, se crea la Academia Básica del Aire, perdurando hasta la actualidad. En la misma se reunifican todos los Planes de Estudios de los Cuerpos Generales y Especialistas, que anteriormente se llevaban a cabo en las distintas Escuelas repartida por toda la geografía española, realizándose ahora en la A.B.A. la Formación Básica completa del citado personal y la de especialización, como en la antigua Escuela de Especialistas, relativas a las Especialidades de Mecánico de Avión y de Armero Artificiero. En 2022 ha egresado la 30ª Promoción de la Escala de Suboficiales del Cuerpo General del Ejército del Aire y del Espacio.

Establecimiento Disciplinario Militar Norte
En el año 2006 se creó el Establecimiento Disciplinario Militar Norte dentro del aeródromo militar. Su misión era garantizar el cumplimiento de las sanciones militares graves y muy graves así como cumplir las medidas de arresto a los sancionados (desde soldados a tenientes coroneles). El 7 de septiembre de 2018 las instalaciones y personal asociado finalizaron su misión y pasaron a depender del aeródromo militar de León.

Véase también
 Ejército del Aire (España)
 Anexo:Aeronaves y armamento del Ejército del Aire de España
 Base Aérea de Zaragoza
 Base Aérea de Alcantarilla
 Base Aérea de Talavera
 Base Aérea de Morón
 Base Aérea de Torrejón de Ardoz

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Santos Álvarez, Félix; Negrón Carreño, José María. Aeródromo militar de León: 80 años de historia; editor: Ministerio de Defensa de España, Madrid, 2009. ISBN 978-84-9781-549-9.
 Madariaga, Rafael de; Parejo, José; Utrilla, Luis. Historia de la Base Aérea y Aeropuerto de León; editor: AENA. ISBN 978-84-95135-89-6.
 González Álvarez, Manuel. El aeródromo de León y la Revolución de Asturias de 1934; editor: Ediciones Leonesas, León, 2008. ISBN 978-84-95702-84-5.

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial del Ejército del Aire de España
 Centenario — Aeródromo Militar de León

La Virgen del Camino
Provincia de León
León
Fuerzas armadas en Castilla y León

Aeródromo Militar de León


منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي  (ECO)، منظمة دولية تنظم حكومات سبع دول آسيوية وثلاث أوروبية عبر مساحة 8٬620٬697 كم2؛ هي أذربيجان وأفغانستان وأوزبكستان وإيران وباكستان وتركيا وتركمانستان وطاجيكستان وقيرغيزستان وكازاخستان؛ كي تتعاون في المجال الاقتصادي والتجاري؛ مثل جعل سوق الخدمات والبضائع المشتركة. وتوجد أمانتها العامة وقسمها الثقافي في طهران، بينما يقع المكتب الاقتصادي في تركيا، أما المكتب العلمي فيقع في باكستان.

المراجع

اقتصاد أذربيجان
اقتصاد أفغانستان
اقتصاد أوزبكستان
اقتصاد إيران
اقتصاد باكستان
اقتصاد تركمانستان
اقتصاد تركيا
اقتصاد طاجيكستان
اقتصاد قيرغيزستان
اقتصاد كازاخستان
العلاقات الأذربيجانية الكازاخستانية
العلاقات الأفغانية الباكستانية
العلاقات الأفغانية الطاجيكية
العلاقات الأوزبكستانية الباكستانية
العلاقات الأوزبكستانية الطاجيكية
العلاقات الأوزبكستانية القيرغيزستانية
العلاقات الأوزبكستانية الكازاخستانية
العلاقات الإيرانية الباكستانية
العلاقات الباكستانية التركمانية
العلاقات الباكستانية التركية
العلاقات الباكستانية الطاجيكية
العلاقات الباكستانية الكازاخستانية
العلاقات التركية الإيرانية
العلاقات الطاجيكية القيرغيزستانية
العلاقات القيرغيزستانية الكازاخستانية
تجمعات إقليمية
كتل تجارية
مراقبو الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة
منظمات دولية اقتصادية
منظمات دولية في آسيا

منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي


Neuwelt ist ein Gemeindeteil von Lautrach. 1987 hatte das Dorf 100 Einwohner.

Geographie
Das Dorf liegt unmittelbar nördlich des Siedlungsgebietes des Hauptortes Lautrach am linken Ufer der Iller, einen Kilometer von Illerbeuren entfernt. Im Zentrum des Ortes befindet sich eine denkmalgeschützte Wegkapelle aus dem 18. Jahrhundert.

Geschichte
1832 wird Neuwelt im Topo-geographisch-statistisches Lexicon vom Königreiche Bayern mit 40 Einwohnern und 7 Hufen (h) als Weiler geführt. Bei der Volkszählung am 1. Dezember 1875 hatte der damals als Weiler bezeichnete Ort 17 Gebäude und 56 Einwohner. Meyers Orts- und Verkehrslexikon aus dem Jahr 1913 verzeichnet 73 Einwohner.

Religion
Neuwelt gehört zur römisch-katholischen Pfarrei St. Peter und Paul Lautrach in der Diözese Augsburg.

Gemeindezugehörigkeit
Das Dorf gehört bereits seit der Gemeindebildung 1818 (Zweites Gemeindeedikt) zur Gemeinde Lautrach.

Weblinks

Literatur
 Peter Blickle: Historischer Atlas von Bayern. Schwaben. Reihe 1, Heft 4 Memmingen, München 1967, insbesondere Seiten 279–282 und 433 (Digitalisat).

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Unterallgäu
Ort in Oberschwaben
Lautrach
Dorf

Neuwelt (Lautrach)


Hugo Urquijo (Buenos Aires, 9 de abril de 1944-ib., 26 de enero de 2020) fue un médico psiquiatra, psicoanalista, docente y director teatral argentino.

Biografía
Se graduó como médico en la Universidad de Buenos Aires en 1966. Recibió el título de médico psiquiatra en 1973 luego de ser médico residente bajo la jefatura del doctor Mauricio Goldenberg. Ejerció la actividad psicoanalítica desde 1967.

Fue miembro del grupo Documento, disidente de la Internacional Psicoanalítica y se incorporó al Colegio de Estudios Avanzados en Psicoanálisis en 1992. Fue miembro fundador del Colegio de Psicoanalistas en 1997 e integró su Comisión Directiva en 2001 y 2002.

Presidió el Colegio de Psicoanalistas durante dos períodos: 2014-2016 y 2016-2018.

Paralelamente a su actividad médica desarrolló su formación teatral como actor en Argentina con Augusto Fernandes y en Estados Unidos con Lee Strasberg. Estuvo casado con la actriz argentina Graciela Dufau.

Comenzó su actividad como director teatral en 1974, la que desarrolló ininterrumpidamente en teatros oficiales y comerciales, abordando textos de autores internacionales de la talla Luigi Pirandello, Antón Chéjov, Samuel Beckett, Harold Pinter, William Motter Inge, Michael Frayn, Tennessee Williams, como así también de los autores más importantes de su país, entre ellos Pacho O'Donnell, Diana Raznovich, Daniel Dalmaroni, Eduardo Rovner, José María Paolantonio, Patricia Suárez, Roberto Cossa y Enrique Papatino.

Falleció en Buenos Aires a los setenta y cinco años el 26 de enero de 2020 a consecuencia de un paro cardíaco La notició se comunicó a través de las redes sociales.

Trabajos como director
Dirigió las siguientes obras de teatro:
 La culpa de David Mamet en el Centro Cultural de la Cooperación
 Ver y no ver de Brian Friel y Oliver Sacks. Teatro LA Comedia
 Pequeño estado de gracia de Enrique Papatino Teatro Nacional Cervantes
 La mujer justa adaptación teatral de Graciela Dufau y Hugo Urquijo sobre la novela homónima de Sandor Marai.
 Eva y Victoria de Mónica Ottino y Graciela Dufau
 Cuestión de principios de Roberto Tito Cossa
 La sombra de Federico de Eduardo Rovner y César Oliva
 Teatro abierto X2: Gris de ausencia de Tito Cossa y El acompañamiento de Carlos Gorostiza
 Democracia de Michael Frayn
 Como blanca diosa, de Daniel Dalmaroni
 Los nietos nos miran, de Juana Rotenberg
 Definitivamente adiós, de Roberto Tito Cossa (FIBA, Festivales de Cádiz, Londres y Oxford)
 El tapadito de Patricia Suárez
 Oleanna, de David Mamet
 Comer entre comidas de Donald Margulies
 Platonov, de Anton Chéjov
 Diatriba de amor contra un hombre sentado de Gabriel García Márquez
 De repente, el último verano de Tennessee Williams
 Paula.doc de Nora Rodríguez
 Nuestro fin de semana de Roberto Tito Cossa
 El organito de Armando y Enrique Santos Discépolo
 El canto del cisne y otros cuentos de Antón Chéjov
 Pantaleón y las visitadoras, versión musical de Lalo Cernadas Lamadrid basada en la novela de Mario Vargas Llosa
 Nora de Emilio Carballido
 La casa del español de Rascón Banda (Ciclo VOCES del Teatro Presidente Alvear)
 Siemprediva de Hugo Paredero (1989)
 Un tranvía llamado deseo de Tennessee Williams (1986)
 Acerca de las mujeres (1985)
 La conciencia en paz de José M. Paoloantonio (1983)
 Jardín de otoño de Diana Raznovich (1983)
 Esperando a Godot de Samuel Beckett (1983)
 Noches blancas de Fiódor Dostoyevski (1981)
 Desconcierto de Diana Raznovich (1981)
 Viejos tiempos de Harold Pinter (1980)
 Picnic se William Inge (1979)
 Esperando a Godot de Samuel Beckett (1979)
 El zoo de cristal de Tennessee Williams (1978 y 1992)
 Casas de viudos de George Bernard Shaw (1977)
 Seis personajes en busca de autor de Luigi Pirandello (1976)
 Escarabajos de Pacho O'Donnell (1975)
 Cabareteras de Jorge Palant (1975)
 Tres por Chéjov Dos cuentos de Antón Chéjov (1974)

Premios y nominaciones
 PREMIO ACE 2017-18 como mejor director por Ver y no ver de Brian Friel y Oliver Sacks
 Nominado al PremioAce 2012/ 2013 como mejor director por La mujer justa de Sandor MARAI
 Premios Teatro del Mundo 2013: Trabajo Destacado como mejor adaptación de la novela La mujer justa de Sandor Marai
 Nominado al premio Florencio como mejor director por Democracia de Michael Frayn en 2007
 Premio María Guerrero al mejor director por El zoo de cristal de Tennessee Williams en 1992
 Premio ACE al mejor director por El zoo de cristal en 1992
 Premio Leónidas Barletta al mejor director por Nora de Emilio Carballido en 1993
 Nominado como mejor director para el Premio ACE 2000 por Oleanna de David Mamet
 Nominado como mejor director para el Premio ACE 1998 por Paula. Doc de Nora Rodríguez
 Ternado para el Premio Molière 1978 por El zoo de cristal de T. Williams
 Ternado para el Premio Molière 1975 por Escarabajos de Mario O'Donnell.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Hugo Urquijo
 Aternativa teatral Reseña biográfica
 El Clarín espectáculos Graciela Dufau y Hugo Urquijo: matrimonio y algo más. (Artículo)

Alumnado de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires
Directores de teatro de Argentina
Psiquiatras de Argentina
Porteños

Hugo Urquijo


Le fonds national pour l'environnement et le climat (FNEC) est un mécanisme de financement des programmes et projets visant la protection et la gestion rationnelle de l'environnement, la lutte contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques et la promotion du développement durable créé en 2017 au Bénin.

Historique
À la suite de la mise en place du Fonds vert pour le climat par la Convention Cadre des Nations unies sur les Changements Climatiques au cours de sa 16ème Conférence des Parties, le conseil des ministres, en sa séance du 25 janvier 2017, a approuvé les nouveaux statuts du fonds national pour l'environnement et le climat (FNEC). Ainsi, le FNEC est créé en 2017 par décret n° 2017-128 du 27 février 2017 constatant approbation de la création du Fonds National pour l'Environnement et le Climat (FNEC), il est placé sous tutelle du ministère du cadre de vie et du développement durable.

Missions et attributions

Missions
Le FNEC, en tant que mécanisme de financement des programmes et projets visant la protection et la gestion rationnelle de l'environnement, la lutte contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques et la promotion du développement durable au Bénin, a pour mission de :

 Mobiliser des ressources extérieures relatives à la protection, à la gestion rationnelle de l'environnement et à la lutte contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques, notamment celles relatives aux mécanismes financiers des accords internationaux sur l'environnement et le climat ;
 Appuyer les programmes et projets relatifs à la protection de l'environnement, à la lutte contre les effets négatifs des changements climatiques et à l'amélioration du cadre de vie des populations ;
 Suivre et évaluer l'exécution des projets financés et leurs impacts sur l'environnement et la population.

Attributions
Le FNEC collabore avec les structures publiques, privées et non gouvernementales dont les activités concourent à la mise en œuvre des stratégies nationales de gestion de l'environnement, des ressources naturelles et des changements climatiques.

Localisation
Le siège est Mitoyen à la maison des médias, au bord des voies pavées de l'axe Sainte Cécile Carrefour Gbèdjromèdé dans le 6e arrondissement de Cotonou

Notes et références

Articles connexes

Politique de l'environnement

Fonds national pour l'environnement et le climat


කැර්මෑන් රේඛාව, හෝ  කාමන් රේඛාව පවතින්නේ, පෘථිවියෙහි  මුහුදු මට්ටමට වඩා කිලෝමීටර් 100 (සැත 62) ඉහළින් උන්නතාංශයක වන අතර, එය සාමාන්‍ය වශයෙන්  පෘථිවියෙහි වායුගෝලය සහ අභ්‍යාවකාශය අතර මායිම නිරූපණය කරන බව සැලකෙයි.  ගගන යාත්‍රා විද්‍යාව සහ අභ්‍යාවකාශ විද්‍යාව සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රමිති-සදන සහ වාර්තා-නඩත්තු කරන ආයතනයක් වන ෆෙඩරෂියොං එයිරුනොටික් ඇන්ටර්වැෂියොනැල් (එෆ්ඒඅයි) විසින්, මෙම අර්ථදැක්වීම පිළිගනු ලැබෙයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

අභ්‍යවකාශය

කැර්මෑන් රේඛාව


Krahule este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Žiar nad Hronom din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 267 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Krahule este atestată documentar din 1331.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Krahule


ELO, bir sıralama, derecelendirme sistemidir. İsmini Arpad Elo'dan alır. Satranç ve Go gibi iki kişilik oyunlarda izafi yetenek düzeylerini ölçmek için kullanılır. Benzer bir amaçla, kimi çok oyunculu bilgisayar oyunlarında da kullanılmaktadır. Günümüze kadar en yüksek ELO'ya ulaşan kişi Magnus Carlsen'dir ve derecesi 2882'dir (Mayıs 2014 ELO listesinde).

Türkiye'de ise ulusal düzeyde geçerli olan UKD (ulusal kuvvet derecesi) sistemi de ELO ile birlikte kullanılmaktadır.

FIDE sıralaması
Dünyadaki en iyi 20 unvanlı satranç oyuncusu Temmuz 2023 itibarıyla aşağıdaki tabloda gösterilmiştir:

Dünyadaki en iyi kadın 20 unvanlı satranç oyuncusu Temmuz 2023 itibarıyla aşağıdaki tabloda gösterilmiştir:

Kaynakça

Satranç

Elo sıralama sistemi


San Andres ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Romblon, in der Verwaltungsregion IV-B, Mimaropa. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ). Sie wird als Gemeinde der fünften Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen und als teilweise urbanisiert eingestuft.

San Andres liegt im Nordwesten der Insel Tablas, an der Küste der Sibuyan-See. Die Topographie der Gemeinde wird durch flachwelliges Terrain gekennzeichnet. Ihre Nachbargemeinden sind Calatrava im Norden, Odiongan im Süden, San Agustin im Osten.

Baranggays
Die Gemeinde setzte sich 2011 aus 13 Barangays zusammen:

Weblink

Ort auf den Philippinen
Provinz Romblon

San Andres (Romblon)


Edrosa, Portekiz'de Vinhais belediyesine bağlı olan, 22,62 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 251 nüfuslu (2011) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vinhais'in bucakları

Edrosa


Manden fra Heden er en film instrueret af Leo Tscherning.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Spillefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1913

Manden fra Heden


Les Arbutoideae sont une sous-famille de plantes à fleurs dicotylédones de la famille des Ericaceae, originaire principalement des régions à climat méditerranéen de l'hémisphère nord (Amérique du Nord, Europe, Afrique du Nord, Moyen-Orient), comprenant six genres.

Liste des genres

Selon  :
 Arbutus L.
 Arctostaphylos Adans.
 Arctous (A.Gray) Nied.
 Comarostaphylis Zucc.
 Ornithostaphylos Small
 Xylococcus Nutt., 1842

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sous-famille de Dicotylédones (nom scientifique)
Ericaceae (nom scientifique)

Arbutoideae


ثانية قوسية  وحدة لقياس الزاوية، تعادل 1/3600 من الدرجة . 60 ثانية قوسية تعادل 1 دقيقة قوسية و60 دقيقة قوسية = 1 درجة.

تستخدم الثانية القوسية في المجالات التي تتطلب دقة في قياس الزوايا مثل علم الفلك.

مراجع

وحدات الزاوية المستوية

ثانية قوسية


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja
 Od 9. do 19. lipnja – Europsko prvenstvo u košarci u Italiji: prvak SSSR

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti
 22. kolovoza – Aleksandar Kovačević, jugoslavenski atletičar (* 1910.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1979.


Il existe plusieurs routes ayant comme numéro 733 dans le monde.

 Route régionale 733 en Finlande
 Route nationale 733 en France

Route 733


Carsten Elben Fischer (11. juni 1936 – 19. juli 2015) var en dansk tv-reporter.

Carsten Fischer var ansat på DR i over 40 år. Han begyndte i 1963 som sportsreporter, senere fulgte han blandt de store brobyggerier i en serie tv-programmer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Tidligere DR-journalist Carsten Fischer er død | Nyheder | DR
 Carsten Fischer blev 79 år: Planlagde sin begravelse få uger før sin død - Danmark | www.bt.dk
 Ham med hjelmen | Kristeligt Dagblad

Ansatte i DR
Journalister fra Danmark

Carsten Fischer


Gadfly most commonly refers to:
 Horse fly or botfly
 Gadfly (philosophy and social science), a person who upsets the status quo

Gadfly may also refer to:

Entertainment
 The Gadfly, an 1897 novel by Ethel Lilian Voynich
 The Gadfly (play), an 1898 play by George Bernard Shaw
 The Gadfly (1928 film), a Soviet film by Kote Marjanishvili
 The Gadfly (1955 film), a Soviet film by Aleksandr Fajntsimmer
 The Gadfly Suite, a musical suite by Dmitri Shostakovich for the 1955 film
 The Gadfly (1980 film), a Soviet film by Nikolai Mashchenko
 The Gadfly (opera), a 1958 Russian opera by Antonio Spadavecchia
 Gadfly Online, an online and print magazine
 The Gadfly (Adelaide), a 1906–1909 Australian literary magazine produced by C. J. Dennis
 The Gadfly (album), a 2003 album by LPG
 The Gadfly, a fictional play in the novels of Geoffrey Trease, see The Hills of Varna

Other uses
 Gadfly (database), a relational database management system
 Gadfly (mythology), the insect as sent by Hera to torment Io in Greek mythology
 Gadfly, the NATO reporting name for a Russian 9K37 Buk surface-to-air missile system
 Education Gadfly, the weekly e-bulletin of the Thomas B. Fordham Institute
 Autism's Gadfly, a blog maintained by Jonathan Mitchell (writer)
 A package for plotting and data visualisation written in Julia.

See also
 HMS Gadfly, a list of ships of the Royal Navy

Gadfly


Baron Massy, of Duntryleague in the County of Limerick, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 4 August 1776 for Hugh Massy, who had previously represented County Limerick in the Irish House of Commons. His son, the second Baron, also represented this constituency in the Irish Parliament. His great-grandson, the sixth Baron, sat in the House of Lords as an Irish Representative Peer from 1876 to 1915.  He left such heavy debts that in 1924 the  family were evicted from their home.

 the title is held by the latter's great-great-grandson, the tenth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1995.

Eyre Massey, 1st Baron Clarina, was the younger brother of the first Baron Massy.

The family seat was Killakee House, near Rathfarnham, County Dublin. The house was demolished in 1941, but the Killakee  estate, popularly known as Lord Massey's Wood, is now a much valued public amenity. Another seat from the 1790s was Hermitage House in Castleconnell, County Limerick, until it was burnt in June 1920, being demolished in the 1970s.

Barons Massy (1776)
Hugh Massy, 1st Baron Massy (1700–1788)
Hugh Massy, 2nd Baron Massy (1733–1790)
Hugh Massy, 3rd Baron Massy (1761–1812)
Hugh Hamon Massy, 4th Baron Massy (1793–1836)
Hugh Hamon Ingoldsby Massy, 5th Baron Massy (1827–1874)
John Thomas William Massy, 6th Baron Massy (1835–1915)
Hugh Somerset John Massy, 7th Baron Massy (1864–1926)
Hugh Hamon Charles George Massy, 8th Baron Massy (1894–1958)
Hugh Hamon John Somerset Massy, 9th Baron Massy (1921–1995)
David Harmon Somerset Massy, 10th Baron Massy (born 1947)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother Hon. John Hugh Somerset Massy (born 1950).  His heir apparent is his son Luke John Somerset Massy (born 1984).

See also
Baron Clarina
Massey Baronets

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronies in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1776

Baron Massy


Sorgun ist eine Stadt in der türkischen Provinz Yozgat und Hauptort des gleichnamigen Landkreises. Die Stadt liegt etwa 35 Straßenkilometer östlich der Provinzhauptstadt Yozgat und ist die zweitgrößte Stadt der Provinz. Sorgun erhielt 1905 den Rang einer Belediye (Gemeinde).

Landkreis
Der Landkreis liegt im Zentrum der Provinz und grenzt im Norden an die Provinz Çoprum. Des Weiteren wird er im Norden beginnend entgegen dem Uhrzeigersinn von den Landkreisen Aydıncık, Çekerek, Saraykent, Akdağmadeni, Sarıkaya und dem zentralen Landkreis Yozgat umrahmt.

Der Landkreis wurde am 26. Juni 1926 gebildet und besteht neben der Kreisstadt (68 % der Kreisbevölkerung) aus weiteren sieben Belediye (Gemeinden):

Des Weiteren existieren noch 74 Dörfer (Köy) mit einer Gesamtbevölkerung von 11.873 Einwohnern, also durchschnittlich 160 Bewohner je Dorf. Die Skala der Einwohnerzahlen reicht hierbei von 884 (Belencumafakılı) herunter bis auf 9 (Büyükkışla), wobei letztere Ortschaft auch die kleinste der gesamten Provinz ist. 25 Dörfer haben mehr als der Durchschnitt (160) Einwohner.

Der Landkreis Sorgun hat mit 45,5 Einw. je km² nach dem zentralen Landkreis (Merkez) die zweithöchste Bevölkerungsdichte. Auch der städtische Bevölkerungsanteil ist mit beträgt 85,26 Prozent der zweithöchste der Provinz.

Sehenswertes
Im Süden des Landkreises liegen der Stausee der Gelingüllü-Talsperre und an der Straße nach Sarıkaya der seit mindestens hethitischer Zeit bewohnte Siedlungshügel Alışar Höyük. Etwa zwölf Kilometer südwestlich der Kreisstadt liegt mit Kerkenes ein weiterer Siedlungsplatz aus hethitischer Zeit. Dort lag später die medische Stadt Pteria, wo im 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr. die Schlacht bei Pteria stattfand.

Sport
Sorgun besitzt mit Sorgun Belediyespor einen Fußballverein, der 1959 gegründet wurde. Die Mannschaft spielte in der 2010 gegründeten fünfthöchsten Liga und höchsten Amateurspielklasse im türkischen Fußball. In der Saison 2013/14 der BAL belegte Sorgun Belediyespor den zweiten Platz und qualifizierte sich für die Play-offs um den Aufstieg in die 3. Liga. Das Elfmeterschießen endete mit 4-3 für Halide Edip Adıvar SK (kurz HEASK), nachdem das Play-off-Spiel in Ankara 1:1 unentschieden ausgegangen war.

In der Saison 2014/2015 vertrat Sorgun Belediyespor die Provinz Yozgat im türkischen Fußballpokal, da Yozgatspor (Mannschaft aus derselben Provinz) in der vorherigen Saison in die BAL abstieg. In der Vorrunde gewann Sorgun Belediyespor 2-1 gegen MKE Kırıkkalespor und qualifizierte sich für die 1. Hauptrunde. Der nächste Gegner in der 1. Hauptrunde war Etimesgut Belediyespor. Das Spiel endete nach 90 Minuten 2-0 für den Gast, beide Pokalspiele fanden in Bozok Stadı in Yozgat statt.

Söhne und Töchter (Auswahl)
 Ahmet Oğuz (* 1993), türkischer Fußballspieler
 Hasan Özdemir (* 1963), deutschsprachiger Lyriker und Erzähler
 Ali Şimşek (* 1973), deutsch-türkischer Politiker (SPD)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Sorgun


Blagajnički zapis, riznični zapis, trezorski zapis, trezorska mjenica - vrijednosni papir s rokom dospijeća kraćim od godine dana. Uobičajeni rokovi dospijeća su 91 dan, 182 ili 364 dana, a primjerice kod američke vlade prodaju se otprilike jednom mjesečno i s rokom od 52 tjedna. Na zapisu je naznačena izdatnikova obveze plaćanja glavnice i kamata. Prodaje se uz popust pa mu je cijena po kojim je prodan na dražbama niža od nazivne cijene, koju vlasnik dobije o dospijeću. Rjeđi je slučaj da ima kamatni kupon. Kamatu određuje izdavatelj, kao i ukupni iznos i apoene. Spada u obligacijske vrijednosne papire. U Hrvatskoj su obvezni dijelovi blagajničkog zapisa oznaku da je blagajnički zapis, tvrtka izdavatelja, tvrtka upisnika ili oznaku da je na donositelja, nazivnu vrijednost, visinu kamatne stope, rokove otplate glavnice i kamata, mjesto i datum izdanja, prava imaoca blagajničkog zapisa, potpise ovlaštenih osoba izdavaoca i odgovarajuće serijske brojeve. Izdavatelji su državne riznice (trezori, ministarstva financija), državne agencije, jedinice lokalne uprave, a u Hrvatskoj to mogu biti središnja banka (Hrvatska narodna banka), poslovne banke, a mogu ih izdavati i teritorijalno-političke zajednice i nebankovne financijske organizacije.

Izvori

Vidi
Narodne novine, zakoni:
 Zakon o izdavanju i prometu vrijednosnim papirima
 Zakon o tržištu kapitala
 Zakon o vrijednosnim papirima
 Zakon o obveznim odnosima

Vrijednosni papiri

Blagajnički zapis


Laurits Follert (Duisburg, 10 de abril de 1996) é um remador alemão, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Follert conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio com a equipe da Alemanha no oito com masculino, ao lado de Johannes Weißenfeld, Olaf Roggensack, Torben Johannesen, Jakob Schneider, Malte Jakschik, Richard Schmidt, Hannes Ocik e Martin Sauer, com o tempo de 5:25.60.

Remadores olímpicos da Alemanha
Remadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Laurits Follert


Uprava za obavještajne poslove i sigurnost obrane (fra.: Direction du renseignement et de la sécurité de la Défense, DRSD) je vojna sigurnosna služba Francuske Republike zadužena za potrebe Francuskih oružanih snaga. DRSD djeluje unutar francuskog Ministarstva obrane.

DRSD je dio francuske obavještajne zajednice zajedno s vojnom obavještajnom službom DRM, sigurnosnom službom DGSI i obavještajnom službom DGSE.

Povijest

Ustroj

DRSD se sastoji od središnje uprave smještene u Fort de Vanvesu u Malakoffu blizu Pariza i 44 mjesta u Francuskoj i inozemstvu. Četiri stalna misije u inozemstvu nalaze se u: Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima, Senegalu, Džibutiju i Gabonu.

Središnja uprava u Parizu se sastoji:

 Uprava - zapovjedništvo i inspekcija, odgovorna za opći pregled službe i posebno sigurnosna pitanja
 Odjel za suzbijanje smetnji - zaštita oružanih snaga, zaštita industrije, nadzor i kontrola trgovine oružjem, prikupljanje informacija ljudskim i tehničkim sredstvima
 Odjel za strategiju i resurse - koji uključuje Odjel upravljanja, Odjel za ljudske resurse, Odjel za potporu i financije i Odjel za obuku i obuku;
 Odjel u nacionalnih ekspertnih centara (postupci odobravanja, orijentacije i koordinacije istraživačkih aktivnosti, revizija sigurnosnih uvjeta obrambenih objekata), koji okuplja Nacionalni centar za obbrambeno odobrenje (CNHD), centar sredstva istraživanja, središte vijeća, prevencija i inspekcija, kao i središte sustava informiranja i komunikacije.

DRSD ima pet područnih odjela koji odgovaraju područjima obrane i sigurnosti na koje je Francuska podijeljena.

Ravnatelji

Poveznice
 DGSE, francuska obavještajna služba
 DGSI, francuska sigurnosna služba
 DRM, francuska vojna obavještajna služba
 DI, britanska vojna obavještajna služba
 Aman, izraelska vojna obavještajna služba

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica

Sigurnosno-obavještajne službe
Politika Francuske


Oymaağaç, Samsun ilinin Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Samsun iline 124 km, Vezirköprü ilçesine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Vezirköprü'nün mahalleleri

Oymaağaç, Vezirköprü


Clara Petacci, cunoscută sub numele de Claretta Petacci, (; 28 februarie 1912 – 28 aprilie 1945) a fost o amantă a dictatorului italian Benito Mussolini, care a fost executată, alături de el, de partizani.

Relația cu Mussolini
Petacci a avut o relație de lungă durată cu Mussolini, în timp ce el era căsătorit cu Rachele Mussolini. Benito era cu 28 de ani mai în vârstă decât Petacci.

O parte din corespondența lor face încă obiectul unui litigiu cu Arhivele Naționale, bazat pe dreptul la intimitate.

Moartea

Pe 27 aprilie 1945, Benito Mussolini și Clara Petacci au fost capturați de partizani în timp ce călătoreau într-un convoi, alături de alți conducători fasciști ai Republicii Sociale Italiene.

Pe 28 aprilie, ea și Mussolini au fost transportați la Mezzegra și împușcați. În ziua următoare, cadavrele lui Mussolini și Petacci au fost duse în Piazzale Loreto din Milano și atârnate cu capul în jos în fața unei benzinării. Cadavrele au fost fotografiate în timp ce mulțimea și-a revărsat furia asupra lor.

Familia
Tatăl Clarei Petacci a fost dr. Francesco Petacci, medic principal al papei Pius al XI-lea. Sora ei a fost actrița Miriam di San Servolo (31 mai 1923 – 24 mai 1991), cunoscută, de asemenea, sub numele de Miriam Petacci sau Miriam Day. Fratele ei, Marcello Petacci, a fost capturat odată cu Mussolini și Clara Petacci. Cu toate acestea, în loc să fie executat la Dongo, precum ceilalți lideri fasciști, el a fost împușcat în timp ce încerca să evadeze.

În cultura populară
 Claretta, film din 1984 cu Claudia Cardinale în rolul titular
 Muzicianul american Scott Walker a înregistrat un cântec intitulat "Clara" pe albumul Drift (2006)
 Trupa muzicală pronazistă spaniolă División 250 a înregistrat, de asemenea, un cântec intitulat "Clara"
 Mussolini: The Untols Story, miniserie TV din 1985 cu Virginia Madsen în rolul Clarei Petacci
 Mussolini and I, în care rolul ei a fost interpretat de Barbara De Rossi

Referințe

Lectură suplimentară
 Nicholas Farrell, Mussolini: A New Life (Phoenix Press, London, 2003)
 Luciano Garibaldi, Mussolini: The Secrets of His Death (Enigma Books, New York, 2004)
 Ray Moseley, Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce (Taylor Trade Publishing, Dallas, 2004)
 Rudolph S. Daldin "The Last Centurion" Volumes I&II
 R.J.B. Bosworth "Claretta: Mussolini's Last Lover"

Nașteri în 1912
Decese în 1945
Oameni din Roma

Clara Petacci


Theosebia, also known as Theosebia the Deaconess, was a 4th-century Christian leader, who is honored as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church. As a saint she is referred to as Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess.

Her life and identification is ambiguous: her years of birth and death are uncertain (probably subsequent to 381). However, she is thought to have played an important role in the church in Nyssa, where she was called diakonissa, the deaconess or wife of a deacon.

Gregory Nazianzen wrote a letter of condolence on her death to Gregory of Nyssa in which Gregory Nazianzen mentioned "your sister Theosebia" and "true yoke-fellow of a priest". Hither comes the ambiguity of her identification. Some historians supposed Theosebia was the wife of Gregory of Nyssa, others suppose she was one of his sisters like Macrina the Younger. If so, then Theosebia was the sister of Basil the Great as well.

Gregory of Nyssa—unlike the other Cappadocian Fathers—was married, according to his own testimony in his work On Virginity that he could not benefit from the subject of his own work. This, combined with Nazianzen's statement that Theosebia was buried by the other Gregory in the aforementioned letter, suggest that she was indeed either Gregory of Nyssa's wife or sister, whose funeral he would have been obliged to oversee.

The St Theosevia Centre for Christian Spirituality is in Oxford. Donald Allchin was director of the centre from 1987 to 1994.

The Cappadocian Gregory of Nazianzus wrote to Gregory of Nyssa about Theosebia, "the pride of the church, the ornament of Christ, the finest of our generation, the free speech of women, Theosebia, the most illustrious among the brethren, outstanding in beauty of soul. Theosebia, truly a priestly personage, the colleague of a priest, equally honored and worthy of the great sacraments."

Bibliography

Ramelli, Ilaria. "Theosebia: A Presbyter of the Catholic Church" in Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion; Vol. 26, Nº 2 (Fall 2010), pp. 79–102

References

Saints from Roman Anatolia
4th-century Christian saints
Late Ancient Christian female saints

Theosebia


Philip Reeve (28. veljače 1966. - ) bio je engleski autor fantastičnih romana, uglavnom humorističnog tipa. Napisao je knjiški niz Mortal Engines Quartet.

Vanjske poveznice
 Philip-Reeve.com službena stranica Terryja Pratchetta

Pisci znanstvene fantastike
Britanski književnici

Philip Reeve


An Vallisneria erecta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Surrey Wilfrid Laurance Jacobs. An Vallisneria erecta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vallisneria, ngan familia nga Hydrocharitaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vallisneria

Vallisneria erecta


An Sacciolepis africana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Edward Hubbard ngan Joseph Davenport Snowden. An Sacciolepis africana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sacciolepis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sacciolepis

Sacciolepis africana


The Atticus Institute este un film de groază american din 2015 regizat de Chris Sparling.

Distribuție
 William Mapother
 Rya Kihlstedt
 John Rubinstein

Referințe

Filme din 2015
Filme în limba engleză
Filme independente americane
Filme americane

The Atticus Institute


Der Debarsee (; ) ist ein Stausee im Westen Nordmazedoniens an der Grenze zu Albanien. Der Damm bei Špilje staut den Schwarzen Drin, den zweitlängsten Fluss des Landes. Er liegt unmittelbar vor der Stadt Debar, von der der See seinen Namen hat.

Der Debarsee hat eine Fläche von 13,2 km² und zählt somit zu den größten Nordmazedoniens. Er ist 92 m tief; der Wasserspiegel bei Normalstau liegt auf 580 m über Adria. Der See entstand zwischen 1966 und 1968 infolge einer Erhöhung der bestehenden Staumauer beim Dorf Špilje auf 102 m.

Quelle

Weblinks

Stausee in Nordmazedonien
Stausee in Europa

SDebarsee
Opština Debar
Opština Centar Župa

Debarsee


ناصر جاسم عبد الله خليفة الصانع، من مواليد 1955، نائب سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي عن الحركة الدستورية الإسلامية.

حياته البرلمانية
شارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1992 في الدائرة التاسعة، وحصل على المركز الأول برصيد 1070 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1996 في الدائرة التاسعة، وحصل على المركز الثاني برصيد 1071 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999 في الدائرة التاسعة، وحصل على المركز الثاني برصيد 1071 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003 في الدائرة التاسعة، وحصل على المركز الثاني برصيد 920 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006 في الدائرة التاسعة، وحصل على المركز الأول برصيد 2354 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008 في الدائرة الثالثة، وحصل على المركز العاشر برصيد 6058 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات.

مواقفه في مجلس الأمة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع د. ناصر الصانع
 ظاهرة الفساد في العالم العربي، برنامج بلا حدود، قناة الجزيرة، 23 نوفمبر 2005م

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1992
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1996
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2003
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2006
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008
إخوان مسلمون كويتيون
سياسيو الحركة الدستورية الإسلامية
مواليد 1955

ناصر الصانع


Acindino () foi um governador bizantino de Carras (atual Harrã), ativo no reinado do imperador Maurício . Foi acusado de ser pagão e foi executado. As principais fontes sobre ele são crônicas siríacas, em particular a Crônica de Miguel, o Sírio e a Crônica de 1234. A fonte de ambos os relatos foi a crônica perdida de Dionísio I de Tel Mare.

Vida

As principais fontes sobre sua vida são crônicas siríacas, em particular a Crônica de Miguel, o Sírio e a Crônica de 1234. A fonte de ambos os relatos foi a crônica perdida de Dionísio I de Tel Mare. Segundo as obras, foi governador de Carras (Harrã) em Osroena. O termo usado, hegemon, normalmente implica um governador civil, mas os governadores civis de Osroena geralmente estavam estacionados em Edessa. Assim, ele foi provavelmente um comandante militar estacionado na cidade secundária. Os relatos siríacos concordam que o próprio imperador Maurício autorizou o bispo Estêvão de Harrã a perseguir os pagãos de sua região. Durante a perseguição, os acusados puderam escolher entre uma conversão forçada ao cristianismo e a morte. Acindino era conhecido por ser um cristão, mas seu escriba / secretário Iário (Miguel, o Sírio) / Honório (Crônica de 1234) o acusou de praticar secretamente o paganismo. Estêvão executou Acindino, seja por empalamento ou crucificação, e ele foi sucedido por Iário.

Interpretações

Os eventos podem ser datados por volta de 589. John Liebeschuetz conecta a narrativa a uma onda de perseguições religiosas que começou em 578. O imperador   havia iniciado a busca por criptopagãos entre as fileiras dos cristãos. Mas a aplicação de suas leis sobre o assunto foi "espasmódica". Em outras palavras, explosões repentinas de atividade na perseguição de pagãos alternavam com períodos em que ninguém estava procurando suspeitos ativamente. Em 578, as autoridades bizantinas receberam relatórios sobre uma revolta iminente de criptopagãos em Balbeque. Teófilo, um funcionário que já havia enfrentado revoltas de judeus e samaritanos, foi encarregado de localizar os referidos criptopagãos. Os suspeitos foram presos, interrogados sob tortura e forçados a delatar outros "pagãos". Logo, Teófilo tinha listas de nomes, incluindo cidadãos proeminentes espalhados pelas províncias orientais do Império Bizantino. A perseguição se espalhou para o resto dessas províncias.

O próprio Teófilo havia visitado Edessa no curso de suas investigações. Alegou ter interrompido um sacrifício a Zeus que acontecia dentro da cidade. Prendeu Anatólio e Teodoro, respectivamente o governador da província de Osroena e seu segundo em comando. Foram transportados primeiro para Antioquia para seu interrogatório e depois para Constantinopla para seu julgamento. Liebeschuetz vê essas atividades como uma "caça às bruxas" regular, onde todos são suspeitos. Aponta que muitos dos "pagãos" executados provavelmente eram cristãos reais. Liebeschuetz e outros historiadores modernos apontam o envolvimento dos monofisistas nesses eventos. O último reinado favorável a eles foi o de  . Desde 518, eram vistos como hereges, com "suas igrejas e mosteiros (...) passíveis de serem confiscados, e seus bispos serem exilados e presos". No entanto, participaram com entusiasmo na busca por criptopagãos. Provavelmente viram isso como uma oportunidade para desacreditar seus inimigos, já que muitos dos "suspeitos" eram calcedônios proeminentes. Por exemplo, o patriarca de Antioquia   foi acusado de participar de um sacrifício humano.

Bibliografia

Governadores do Império Bizantino do século VI
Oficiais de Maurício (imperador)
Bizantinos executados no século VI
Pagãos do Império Bizantino

Acindino (Carras)