Neuchâtel (, , ; ) is a town, a municipality, and the capital of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel on Lake Neuchâtel. Since the fusion in 2021 of the municipalities of Neuchâtel, Corcelles-Cormondrèche, Peseux, and Valangin, the city has approximately 33,000 inhabitants (80,000 in the metropolitan area). The city is sometimes referred to historically by the German name ; both the French and German names mean "New Castle". It was originally part of the Kingdom of Burgundy, then part of the Holy Roman Empire and later under Prussian control from 1707 until 1848, with an interruption during the Napoleonic Wars from 1806 to 1814. In 1848, Neuchâtel became a republic and a canton of Switzerland.

Neuchâtel is a centre of the Swiss watch industry, the site of micro-technology and high-tech industries, and home to research centres and organizations such as the Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), and Philip Morris International's Cube. The apparel company heidi.com established its headquarters in the city.

The official language of Neuchâtel is French. Neuchâtel is a pilot of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural Cities programme.

Names and etymology

Neuchâtel is a medieval toponym derived from the  "new" (Modern French neuf) and  "castle" (now château) in reference to the 10th century Neuchâtel Castle.  In French, most adjectives, when used attributively, appear after their nouns; however, the leading position of the adjective is a phenomenon widely attested in the north and east of France, as well as in Belgium and in French-speaking Switzerland (Romandy).  As with the various other places named Neuchâtel, Neufchâtel, Neufchâteau of northern France and Belgium, this reflects the Germanic influence on Gallo-Romance languages retained in the toponymy today. This contrasts with the Occitan Castelnaus (and the Frenchified Châteauneufs) in the south of France.

Of the other three national languages of Switzerland, the German name for the town is Neuenburg , which also translates roughly as "new castle".  The longer form Neuenburg am See ("Newcastle by the lake") is sometimes used to disambiguate it from the numerous other Neuenburgs, especially Neuenburg am Rhein.  The Romansh language uses the French Neuchâtel, and occasionanally Neuschatel and Neufchâtel; contemporary Italian largely uses the French name as well, but occasionally the historic Neocastello is seen.

Regionally, the Romand (Arpitan) name for the town is Nôchâtél in the broad Orthographe de référence B and is pronounced N'tchati  locally, N'tchatai  in La Sagne, N'tchaté  in Les Planchettes and Nchaté  or Ntchaté  in .

Historic names

The Neo-Latin name for Neuchâtel is the Greek-derived Neocomum, and this gives the adjective neocomensis which appears on the seal of the University of Neuchâtel (in Universitas Neocomensis Helvetiorum) and the English adjective Neocomian, a term for a former stratigraphic stage of the Early Cretaceous. Other Latin names seen historically include Novum castellum in 1011 (upon the presentation of Neuchâtel Castle by Rudolph III of Burgundy to his wife Ermengarde) and Novum Castrum in 1143.

Historic French names included Nuefchastel (attested in 1251), Neufchastel (1338), and Neufchatel, with modern Neuchâtel in use by 1750. In the Franche-Comté, the city was also called Neuchâtel-outre-Joux ("Neuchâtel beyond Joux") to distinguish it from another Neuchâtel in that region, now called Neuchâtel-Urtière.

German names of the town included Nienburg, Nuvenburch (attested in 1033) Nüwenburg, Welschen Nüwenburg, Newenburg am See ("Newcastle by the lake") and Welschneuburg, with modern Neuenburg established by 1725.

Italian names included Neocastello (which is occasionally seen in contemporary contexts) and Nuovo Castello.

History

Prehistory

The oldest traces of humans in the municipal area are the remains of a Magdalenian hunting camp, which was dated to 13,000 BC. It was discovered in 1990 during construction of the A5 motorway at Monruz (La Coudre). The site was about  below the main road. Around the fire pits carved flints and bones were found. In addition to the flint and bone artifacts three tiny earrings from lignite were found. The earrings may have served as symbols of fertility and represent the oldest known art in Switzerland. This first camp was used by Cro-Magnons to hunt horse and reindeer in the area. Azilian hunters had a camp at the same site at about 11,000 BC. Since the climate had changed, their prey was now deer and wild boar.

During the 19th century, traces of some stilt houses were found in Le Cret near the red church. However, their location was not well documented and the site was lost. In 1999, during construction of the lower station of the funicular railway, which connects the railway station and university, the settlement was rediscovered. It was later determined to be a Cortaillod culture (middle Neolithic) village. According to dendrochronological studies, some of the piles were from 3571 BC.

A Hallstatt grave (early Iron Age) was found in the forest of Les Cadolles.

Antiquity
At Les Favarger a Gallo-Roman and at André Fontaine a small coin depot were discovered. In 1908, an excavation at the mouth of the  discovered Gallo-Roman baths from the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

Middle Ages
One of the most important Merovingian cemeteries in the canton was discovered at Les Battieux in . In 1982, 38 graves dating from the 7th century were excavated many of which contained silver-inlaid or silver-plated belt buckles. Also in Serrières at the church of Saint-Jean, the remains of a 7th-century shrine were excavated.

In 1011, Rudolph III of Burgundy presented a Novum castellum or new castle on the lake shore to his wife, Ermengarde. It was long assumed that this new castle replaced an older one, but nothing about its location or design is known. At the time of this gift Neuchâtel was probably the center of a newly created royal court, which was recently developed to complement the other royal estates which managed western estates of the kings of Burgundy.

The first counts of Neuchâtel were named shortly afterwards, and in 1214 their domain was officially dubbed a city.

Early modern era
For three centuries, the County of Neuchâtel flourished, and in 1530, the people of Neuchâtel accepted the Reformation, and their city and territory were proclaimed to be indivisible from then on. Future rulers were required to seek investiture from the citizens.

With increasing power and prestige, Neuchâtel was raised to the level of a principality at the beginning of the 17th century. On the death in 1707 of Marie d'Orleans-Longueville, duchess de Nemours and Princess of Neuchâtel, the people had to choose her successor from among fifteen claimants. They wanted their new prince first and foremost to be a Protestant, and also to be strong enough to protect their territory but based far enough away to leave them to their own devices. Louis XIV actively promoted the many French pretenders to the title, but the Neuchâtelois people passed them over in favour of King Frederick I of Prussia, who claimed his entitlement in a rather complicated fashion through the Houses of Orange and Nassau. With the requisite stability assured, Neuchâtel entered its golden age, with commerce and industry (including watchmaking and lace) and banking undergoing steady expansion.

Modern Neuchâtel

At the beginning of the 19th century, Prussia sought to obtain Hanover whilst still maintaining neutrality and abstaining from the wars waged by Napoleon. Frederick William III had hoped that Prussia could receive the Electorate of Hanover from France only after the event of a British defeat and a resulting treaty, lest Prussia be forced to enter war alongside France against Britain over the territory, with which Britain had been in personal union since 1714. To achieve these aims of receiving Hanover with a simultaneous preservation of neutrality, Prussia offered to give up certain exclaves to the French, however, Napoleon exploited Prussia's politically isolated position and forced Prussia to give up more than had been hoped, partake in the Continental Blockade, and to officially annex Hanover in the Treaty of Paris on 15 February 1806, resulting in the cession of the principality of Neuchâtel to Napoleon. Napoleon's field marshal, Berthier, became Prince of Neuchâtel, building roads and restoring infrastructure, but never actually setting foot in his domain. After the fall of Napoleon, Frederick William III of Prussia reasserted his rights by proposing that Neuchâtel be linked with the other Swiss cantons (to exert better influence over all of them). On 12 September 1814, Neuchâtel became the capital of the 21st canton, but also remained a Prussian principality. It took a bloodless revolution in the decades following for Neuchâtel to shake off its princely past and declare itself, on 1 March 1848, a republic within the Swiss Confederation. Prussia yielded its claim to the canton following the 1856–1857 Neuchâtel Crisis.

On 1 January 2021 the former municipalities of Corcelles-Cormondrèche, Peseux and Valangin merged into the municipality of Neuchâtel. Corcelles-Cormondrèche was first mentioned in the historical record in 1092 as Curcellis.  Around 1220 it was mentioned as Cormundreschi. Peseux was first mentioned in 1195 as apud Pusoz though this comes from a 15th-century copy of an earlier document.  In 1278 it was mentioned as de Posoys. Valangin was first mentioned in 1241 as de Valengiz.

Geography

Before the 2021 merger of municipalities, Neuchâtel had an area, , of . Of this area,  or 10.2% was used for agricultural purposes, while  or 53.8% was forested. Of the rest of the land,  or 35.5% was settled (buildings or roads),  or 0.2% was either rivers or lakes and  or 0.1% was unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 18.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 10.1%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 4.3%. Out of the forested land, 51.8% of the total land area was heavily forested and 2.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.4% was used for growing crops and 8.0% was pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes.

The city is located on the northwestern shore of Lake Neuchâtel, a few kilometers east of Peseux and west of Saint-Blaise. Above Neuchâtel, roads and train tracks rise steeply into the folds and ridges of the Jura range—known within the canton as the Montagnes neuchâteloises. Like the continuation of the mountains on either side, this is wild and hilly country, not exactly mountainous compared with the high Alps further south but still characterized by remote, windswept settlements and deep, rugged valleys. It is also the heartland of the celebrated Swiss watchmaking industry, centered on the once-famous towns of La Chaux-de-Fonds and Le Locle, which both rely heavily on their horological past to draw in visitors. The river Doubs marks for a part the border with France, set down in a gorge and forming along its path a waterfall, the , and lake, the Lac des Brenets.

The municipality was the capital of Neuchâtel District, until the district level of administration was eliminated on 1 January 2018.

Climate

Politics

Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or, an Eagle displayed Sable beaked, langued and membered Gules, escutcheon Or, on a pale Gules three Chevrons Argent.

Administrative divisions

Government
The Municipal Council (, CC) constitutes the executive government of the City of Neuchâtel and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councillors (), each presiding over administrational sections and services comprising the related commissions. The president of the executive department acts as mayor () and is nominated annually in a tournus by the collegiate itself. In the mandate period January 2021 – June 2022 () the Municipal Council is presided by  Violaine Blétry-de Montmollin. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the General Council (parliament) are carried by the Municipal Council. The regular election of the Municipal Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Neuchâtel allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipal Council. Due to the constitution by canton of Neuchâtel not only Swiss citizens have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal and cantonal level, but also foreigners with a residence in the canton of Neuchâtel and being resident in the canton of Neuchâtel for at least one year for communal elections and votes, and at least five years of residence in the canton for cantonal elections and votes. The current mandate period is from 2021 to 2024. The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation.

, Neuchâtel's Municipal Council is made up of two representatives of the PS/SP (Social Democratic Party), two representatives of the PLR/FDP (), and one member of the PES/GPS (Green Party). The last regular election was held on 25 October 2020.

Daniel Veuve is Town Chancellor () since 2021 for the City Council.

Parliament

The General Council (, CG), the city parliament, holds legislative power. It is made up of 41 members, with elections held every four years. The General Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Municipal Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation.

The sessions of the General Council are public. Unlike members of the Municipal Council, members of the General Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Neuchâtel allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the General Council. Due to the constitution of the canton of Neuchâtel not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and be elected on the communal level, but also foreigners in the canton of Neuchâtel having been resident in the canton of Neuchâtel for at least one year for communal elections and votes, and at least five years of residence in the canton for cantonal elections and votes. The CG holds its meetings in the Town Hall (), in the old city on .

The last regular election of the General Council was held on 25 October 2020 for the mandate period () from 2020 to 2024. Currently the General Council consist of 12 members of The Liberals (PLR/FDP), 11  members (an alliance of the Green Party (PES/GPS) and others), 10 Social Democratic Party (PS/SP), 5 members of the Green Liberals (pvl/glp), 2 members of the left party , and one of the Swiss Party of Labour (PST-POP/PdA) ().

Elections

National Council
In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the PS which received 29.3% of the vote. The next four most popular parties were the PLR (22.8%), the UDC (13.6%), the Green Party (12.1%), and the Swiss Party of Labour (10.1%). In the federal election, a total of 8,136 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 41.4%.

International relations
 Neuchâtel is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.

Twin towns – Sister cities

Neuchâtel is twinned with:

 Aarau, Switzerland, 1997
 Besançon, France, 1975
 Sansepolcro, Italy, 1997

Namesakes

Neuchâtel was part of the 1998 summit of worldwide cities named "New Castle" with:

Demographics

Population
Neuchâtel has a population () of .  , 32.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 3.9%. It has changed at a rate of 2.4% due to migration and at a rate of 1% due to births and deaths.

, the population was 47.7% male and 52.3% female. The population was made up of 10,371 Swiss men (31.5% of the population) and 5,344 (16.2%) non-Swiss men. There were 12,366 Swiss women (37.5%) and 4,892 (14.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 8,558 or about 26.0% were born in Neuchâtel and lived there in 2000. There were 5,134 or 15.6% who were born in the same canton, while 7,744 or 23.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 10,349 or 31.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 63.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 17.6%.

, there were 14,143 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 14,137 married individuals, 2,186 widows or widowers and 2,448 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 15,937 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2. persons per household. There were 7,348 households that consist of only one person and 547 households with five or more people. , a total of 15,447 apartments (89.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 1,429 apartments (8.3%) were seasonally occupied and 311 apartments (1.8%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.5 new units per 1000 residents.

 the average price to rent an average apartment in Neuchâtel was 921.35 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$740, £410, €590 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 451.40 CHF (US$360, £200, €290), a two-room apartment was about 675.66 CHF (US$540, £300, €430), a three-room apartment was about 825.15 CHF (US$660, £370, €530) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 1647.88 CHF (US$1320, £740, €1050). The average apartment price in Neuchâtel was 82.6% of the national average of 1116 CHF. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.53%.

Historical population
The historical population is given in the following chart:

Language
Most of the population () speaks French (25,881 or 78.6%) as their first language, German is the second most common (1,845 or 5.6%) and Italian is the third (1,421 or 4.3%). There are about six people who speak Romansh.

Religion
Neuchâtel was historically Protestant, but Catholics have since formed a plurality due to immigration. From the , 10,809 or 32.8% were Roman Catholic, while 9,443 or 28.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 374 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.14% of the population), there were 80 individuals (or about 0.24% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 1,756 individuals (or about 5.34% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 58 individuals (or about 0.18% of the population) who were Jewish, and 1,723 (or about 5.23% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 99 individuals who were Buddhist, 100 individuals who were Hindu and 59 individuals who belonged to another church. 7,549 (or about 22.94% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1,717 individuals (or about 5.22% of the population) did not answer the question.

Crime

In 2014 the crime rate, of crimes listed in the Swiss Criminal Code, in Neuchâtel was 140.4 per thousand residents. During the same period, the rate of drug crimes was 16.3 per thousand residents. The rate of violations of immigration, visa and work permit laws was 5.7 per thousand residents.

Economy
Neuchâtel is a centre of the watch industry, and is also the site of micro-technology and high-tech industries. It is home to research centres and organizations such as the Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Microcity innovation pole, University of applied Sciences HE-Arc in Engineering and also Philip Morris International's Cube. The apparel company heidi.com also established its headquarters in the city.

, Neuchâtel had an unemployment rate of 7.5%. , there were 46 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. 5,658 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 261 businesses in this sector. 20,472 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 1,955 businesses in this sector. There were 16,353 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which women made up 45.4% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 21,624. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 38, of which 20 were in agriculture and 18 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 5,433 of which 4,234 or (77.9%) were in manufacturing, 9 or (0.2%) were in mining and 1,022 (18.8%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 16,153. In the tertiary sector; 2,397 or 14.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 796 or 4.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 919 or 5.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 766 or 4.7% were in the information industry, 1,077 or 6.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 1,897 or 11.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 1,981 or 12.3% were in education and 2,633 or 16.3% were in health care.

, there were 15,535 workers who commuted into the municipality and 6,056 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.6 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 33.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 43.4% used a private car.

Education

Neuchâtel is home to the French-speaking University of Neuchâtel. The university has five faculties and more than a dozen institutes, including arts and human sciences, natural sciences, law, economics and theology. For the 2005–2006 academic year, 3,595 students (1,987 women and 1,608 men) were enrolled. The Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences is the largest school of those that comprise the university of Neuchâtel with 1,500 students. Some courses at the university are taught in English.

Neuchâtel is home to the Éditions Alphil, which is a university press founded in 1996.

Neuchâtel is home to eight libraries: the Bibliothèque de la Faculté des Lettres, the Bibliothèque de l'Institut d'ethnologie et du Musée d'ethnographie, the Bibliothèque de la Faculté des Sciences, the Bibliothèque de droit, the Bibliothèque des sciences économiques, the Bibliothèque de la Faculté de théologie, the Service de coordination des bibliothèques and the Haute école Arc – Santé. There was a combined total () of 736,773 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 58,427 items were loaned out.

In Neuchâtel about 11,076 or (33.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 5,948 or (18.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 5,948 who completed tertiary schooling, 43.6% were Swiss men, 28.4% were Swiss women, 16.4% were non-Swiss men and 11.6% were non-Swiss women.

In the canton of Neuchâtel most municipalities provide two years of non-mandatory kindergarten, followed by five years of mandatory primary education. The next four years of mandatory secondary education is provided at thirteen larger secondary schools, which many students travel out of their home municipality to attend. During the 2010–11 school year, there were 27 kindergarten classes with a total of 527 students in Neuchâtel. In the same year, there were 78 primary classes with a total of 1,424 students. Secondary schools include the Lycée Jean-Piaget.

Apart from one International Montessori school for kids up to age 11 offering an English and a French class there is no international school in Neuchâtel. Neuchâtel Junior College was founded in 1956 as a non-profit foundation of the Ville de Neuchâtel to provide a unique international education. Neuchâtel Junior College is a one-year school annually welcoming over 100 students in their final pre-university year to study the Ontario Grade 12 curriculum as well as Advanced Placement.

, there were 3,859 students in Neuchâtel who came from another municipality, while 346 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transport

Neuchâtel has local public transport provided by Les Transports Publics du Littoral Neuchâtelois (TN), which operates the Neuchâtel trolleybus system, a funicular, and an interurban light rail line to Boudry. The total length of the TN network is . It serves 78,400 people (more than half using it on a daily basis) and in 2007 transported 17,670,000 travelers.

Neuchâtel railway station forms part of one of Switzerland's most important railway lines, the Jura foot railway (Olten–Genève-Aéroport), which is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways. The station is also a junction for several other lines, including a cross-border line served by the TGV (High Speed Train), with direct trains linking Neuchâtel to Paris in four hours.

Neuchâtel's airport is about  away from the center of the city and it takes 9 minutes to get into town with the direct tramway. It is a small airport that does not offer commercial flights. Neuchâtel is also linked to four international airports: Bern, Geneva, Basel and Zürich which are respectively , ,  and  away by car. Geneva and Zürich airports both have direct trains to Neuchâtel, connecting the cities respectively in 1h 17min and 1h 49min.
Three funiculars serve the city:
 The Funambule, linking the lower part of the town, near the university, to the railway station
 The Funiculaire Ecluse–Plan
 The Funiculaire La Coudre–Chaumont

The Société de Navigation sur les Lacs de Neuchâtel et Morat SA is the boat company which serves 17 towns on Lake Neuchâtel, 6 towns on Lake Murten and 7 towns on Lake Bienne from 6:30am to 9pm. Some boats offer free wireless internet connections.

Sights

Heritage sites of national significance
There are 34 sites in Neuchâtel that are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire old city of Neuchâtel, the urban village of Corcelles the small city of Valangin, the Bussy/Le Sorgereux region and the La Borcarderie region are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Architecture

Neuchâtel's Old Town has about 140 street fountains, a handful of which date from the 16th century. The Place des Halles is overlooked by Louis XIV architecture – shuttered façades and the turreted orioles of the 16th-century Maison des Halles. To the east, on Rue de l'Hôpital, is the grand 1790 Hôtel de Ville (Town Hall), designed by Louis XVI's chief architect Pierre-Adrien Paris.

The center of the Old Town is located at the top of the hill, accessed by the steeply winding Rue du Château. The Collégiale church, begun in 1185 and consecrated in 1276, is an example of early Gothic. The east end of the church has three Norman apses. The main entrance, to the west, is crowned by a giant rose window of stained glass. Within the vaulted interior, the transept is lit by a lantern tower. The Cenotaph of the Counts of Neuchâtel is located on the north wall of the choir. Begun in 1372, and the only artwork of its kind to survive north of the Alps, the monument comprises fifteen near-life-size painted statues of various knights and ladies from Neuchâtel's past, framed by 15th-century arches and gables. Beside the church is the Castle, begun in the 12th century and still in use as the offices of the cantonal government. The nearby turreted Prison Tower, which is the remains of a medieval bastion, has panoramic views over the town, along with models of Neuchâtel in different eras.

Museums

Neuchâtel has several museums, including the Laténium, an archeology museum focusing on the prehistorical times in the region of Neuchâtel and Hauterive, particularly the La Tène culture, with the eponym site being a few kilometers away; the Musée d'ethnographie de Neuchâtel (MEN), an ethnography museum; and the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, which houses the Automates Jaquet-Droz (Jaquet-Droz Mechanical Figurines).

Culture

During the summer of 2002, Neuchâtel was one of five sites which held Expo.02, the sixth Swiss national exhibition, which was subject to financial controversy. The Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival is held every year to celebrate fantastic cinema from around the world. The festival of the Fête des Vendanges, representing the wine harvest, is held traditionally in late September.

Sport

Neuchâtel Xamax is the most important football club based in Neuchâtel. It was created in 1970 through a merger between FC Cantonal (1906) and FC Xamax (1916). The club plays in Swiss Super League, the highest Swiss football league. The club plays its home matches at the Stade de la Maladière.

HC Uni Neuchâtel plays in the MySports League, the third tier of the Swiss hockey league system. Their home games are held in the 7,000-seat Littoral.

Union Neuchâtel Basket is the city's top basketball team, which plays in the Championnat LNA, Switzerland's only professional basketball league.

Notable people
William Ritter, Jean Piaget, Marcel Junod, Robert Miles and Yves Larock were all born in Neuchâtel. Friedrich Dürrenmatt lived in Neuchâtel the last 30 years of his life. Prens Sabahaddin, was an Ottoman sociologist and thinker of the Ottoman dynasty, lived in Neuchâtel the last 25 years of his life.

The Hungarian exile-writer Ágota Kristóf lived most of her life in Neuchâtel, where she learned and wrote her books in French.

Canadian illustrator John Howe, well known for his illustrations of J. R. R. Tolkien's work and his participation in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy as chief conceptual designer, also lives in the Swiss city. It was also the site of a secret first meeting between French novelist Honoré de Balzac and the married woman who later became his wife, Eveline Hanska.
Roger Schutz, founder of the Taizé Community in France, was born on 12 May 1915 at the village of Provence near Neuchâtel. He was stabbed to death on 16 August 2005 by a mentally deranged woman during a prayer meeting in Taizé's Church of Reconciliation.

The de Pury family, a Prussian noble family, is from Neuchâtel. Swiss merchant and philanthropist David de Pury, a native of Neuchâtel, left a large fortune to the city for public works and charities. His relative, James-Ferdinand de Pury, also a merchant and philanthropist, bequest his villa to house the town's ethnography museum. Other members of the family who were born or resided in the town include explorer and colonist Jean-Pierre Pury, winemaker and diplomat Frédéric Guillaume de Pury, painter Edmond Jean de Pury, and biblical scholar Albert de Pury.

The de Castello family, a French noble family, including winemakers Hubert de Castella and Paul de Castella, is from Neuchâtel. The de Montmollin family, including the Protestant minister David-François de Montmollin, are also from the town. Frédéric Louis Godet (1812–1900) was another Swiss Protestant theologian who was born and died in Neuchâtel; as was Jean-Frédéric Osterwald (1663–1747), a further Protestant pastor.

French counter-revolutionary Louis Fauche-Borel was born and died in Neuchâtel, and François Bigot, the last Intendant of New France, relocated to there after being exiled from France.

Abraham Louis Breguet, the founder of the Breguet watch company and an esteemed inventor, often regarded as the father of modern horology, was born in Neuchâtel. The company still maintains its headquarters at L'Abbaye, about 40 km southwest of Neuchâtel.

The psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Silvio Fanti was born in Neuchâtel in 1919. He founded and developed Micropsychoanalysis, a new school of psychoanalysis. Another important psychiatrist, Gottlieb Burckhardt, practiced in Neuchâtel. Alexander Agassiz (1835–1910), was an American scientist and engineer from the town.

Didier Burkhalter, 94th President of the Swiss Confederation was born in Neuchâtel, as was Logitech founder Daniel Borel.

Footballers Max Abegglen, Jayson Leutwiler, and Yann Kasaï, as well as Swiss Olympic field hockey player Albert Piaget were all born in Neuchâtel. It is also the current residence of French tennis players Richard Gasquet, Gilles Simon and Florent Serra, as well as the Mexican Formula 1 driver Sergio Pérez, and the artist and designer Ini Archibong. Anthropologist, artist, and filmmaker Véréna Paravel was also born in Neuchâtel. It is the birthplace of explorer and lecturer Raphaël Domjan.

Gallery

See also
L'Express

Explanatory notes

References

Further reading

External links

 City of Neuchâtel official website
 Transports Publics du Littoral Neuchâtelois
Museums
Archeology museum
Ethnography museum
Art and history museum
Museum of natural history
Neuchâtel Tourism Office

Archaeological sites in Switzerland
Cities in Switzerland
Cantonal capitals of Switzerland
Municipalities of the canton of Neuchâtel
Neuchatel (capital)
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Neuchâtel
Populated places on Lake Neuchâtel
1011 establishments

Neuchâtel


Agrilus anthrax é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1931.

Referências

anthrax

Agrilus anthrax


A hiperostose frontal interna (HFI) foi descrita pela primeira vez na literatura científica pelo anatomista e patologista italiano Giovanni Battista Morgagni em 1761, após abrir o corpo de uma mulher de 40 anos, o cientista encontrou um espessamento do osso frontal do crânio, além da presença de obesidade e virilismo.

A doença é caracterizada por um espessamento do osso frontal em que sua superfície interna torna-se tuberosa. Normalmente, uma linha de conexão é fixada entre o osso preservado e o neoformado (Nekachalov, 2000). Esta condição afeta principalmente o osso frontal, mas pode-se estender-se aos ossos parietais e ao occipital. O restante esqueleto não é afetado.

Etiologia
A hiperostose frontal interna mostra dependência etária e sexual: a prevalência é significativamente maior no sexo feminino do que no masculino e a sua  a gravidade aumentam com o envelhecimento, atingindo um pico em mulheres na pós-menopausa.

A menopausa, com a diminuição relativamente repentina na produção de estrogénio, pode ser o gatilho para a ocorrência de HFI ou a sua transição para uma forma mais grave. Contudo a sua etiologia ainda é incerta. O aparecimento desta condição pode ter origem em várias causas como por exemplo, envelhecimento, distúrbios endócrinos, obesidade e diabetes mellitus.

O diagnóstico diferencial da doença inclui massas focais (por exemplo, meningiomas, osteoma), calcificação subdural e dural e processos difusos do crânio, como doença de Paget, acromegalia e displasia fibrosa. Características como limites claros ao longo da artéria meníngea média, linha média não afetada e uma tendência para a bilateralidade, permitem uma clara diferenciação da maioria dos processos antes mencionados.

Classificação
Para avaliar a gravidade da hiperostose frontal interna foram atribuídos quatros tipos baseados na observação macroscópica:

 Tipo A –  nódulos pequenos e discretos geralmente com menos de 10 mm de tamanho, encontradas na parte ântero medial do  frontal

 Tipo B – osso nodular com ligeira elevação, identificados em menos de 25% do osso frontal

 Tipo C – crescimento ósseo nodular extenso com espessamento irregular de até 50% da superfície endocraniana frontal

 Tipo D –  super crescimento ósseo contínuo, envolvendo mais de 50% da superfície endocraniana frontal

Existem quatro graus que se podem atribuir de acordo critérios radiológicos:

 Grau 0 - Ausência de formação óssea nova

 Grau I - Tábua interna com osso novo endosteal num estado precoce

 Grau II -  Osso novo endosteal num estado mais avançado e com aparência bosselada

 Grau III - Alteração severa verificando-se muita irregularidade e aumento da espessura

Exemplos de casos paleopatológicos

Hadju et. al 2009

Em 2009 Hajdu e seus colaboradores relataram a existência de hiperostose frontal interna em algumas séries osteoarqueológicas da Hungria. Os materiais esqueléticos são de períodos arqueológicos variados, desde a Idade do Bronze média até ao século XVIII. Os resultados na tabela 1 apresentam a  existência de 20 casos da doença de uma amostra total de 803 abóbadas cranianas. A doença foi identificada em 5 de 412 abóbadas identificadas com homens e em 15 de 391 abóbadas identificadas como sexo feminino (1,21% e 3,83% da amostra).  No sexo masculino, foram registados apenas casos do tipo A e um caso, do tipo C. No sexo feminino foram registados todos os tipos, exceto o tipo D. O osso frontal é o osso mais afetado e em casos de maior  gravidade pode afetar os parietais e o occipital.

Morita et. al 2020
Morita e colaboradores publicaram o caso de uma  senhora japonesa de 86 anos. A causa da morte foi cardiopatia isquémica e quando o crânio foi aberto, detetou-se a presença de hiperostose frontal interna. Para se fazer a avaliação, a porção frontal da calvária foi removida e analisada por tomografia computadorizada (TC) e pequenos fragmentos do osso frontal foram processados para analisar a histologia desta condição.A senhora não era obesa e não apresentava sinais de doenças que pudessem causar hiperostose. O crânio é de tamanho médio, e a aparência externa não apresenta modificações, mas a superfície interna do osso frontal é mais espessa. Os ossos parietais e occipital não apresentavam alterações. O cérebro tem um tamanho e peso médios, não apresentando sinais de compressão pelo crescimento ósseo.

A região saliente consiste em nódulos bilaterais e simétricos, localizados ao longo do eixo ântero-posterior. A espessura destes seis nódulos, varia de 14,0 a 18,4 mm, o que é maior do que a espessura do osso frontal normal, que varia de 5,6 a 6,9 mm. Na região onde os nódulos estão presentes, foi possível definir cinco camadas, designadas entre I-V, da camada interna para a externa. Os resultados do exame histológico mostraram que a tábua interna e as camadas I e III eram constituídas pelo osso cortical. O díploe e as camadas II e IV consistiram no osso trabecular, e a tábua externa e a camada V são constituídas por osso cortical. Também se observou um aumento no número de ossos lamelares e vasos sanguíneos no lado externo da camada I, indicando aumento da vascularização e osteogénese ativa.

De acordo com a classificação desenvolvida por Hershkovitz et al. (1999), este caso é classificado como do tipo D.

Referências

Bibliografia

 Bebel, A., & Golijewskaja, A. (2015). A case of hyperostosis frontalis interna from Deir el-Bahari, Egypt. Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 9, 45-54.
 Cvetković, D., Nikolić, S., Brković, V., & Živković, V. (2019). Hyperostosis frontalis interna as an age-related phenomenon–Differences between males and females and possible use in identification. Science & Justice, 59(2), 172-176.
 Djonic, D., Bracanovic, D., Rakocevic, Z., Ivovic, M., Nikolic, S., Zivkovic, V., & Djuric, M. (2016). Hyperostosis frontalis interna in postmenopausal women—Possible relation to osteoporosis. Women & health, 56(8), 994-1007.
 Hajdu, T., Fóthi, E., Bernert, Z., Molnár, E., Lovász, G., Ko, I., ... & Marcsik, A. (2009). Appearance of hyperostosis frontalis interna in some osteoarcheological series from Hungary. Homo, 60(3), 185-205.
 Hershkovitz, I., Greenwald, C., Rothschild, B. M., Latimer, B., Dutour, O., Jellema, L. M., & Wish‐Baratz, S. (1999). Hyperostosis frontalis interna: an anthropological perspective. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 109(3), 303-325.
 Littlejohn, G. O., Hall, S., Brand, C. A., & Davidson, A. (1986). New boe formation in acromegaly: pathogenetic implications for diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. nClinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 4(2), 99-104.
 May, H., Peled, N., Dar, G., Cohen, H., Abbas, J., Medlej, B., & Hershkovitz, I. (2011). Hyperostosis frontalis interna: criteria for sexing and aging a skeleton. International journal of legal medicine, 125, 669-673.
 Morita, K., Nagai, A., Naitoh, M., Tagami, A., & Ikeda, Y. (2021). A rare case of hyperostosis frontalis interna in an 86-year-old Japanese female cadaver. Anatomical Science International, 96, 315-318.
 Mulhern, D. M., Wilczak, C. A., & Dudar, J. C. (2006). Brief communication: unusual finding at Pueblo Bonito: multiple cases of hyperostosis frontalis interna. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 130(4), 480-484.
 Nekachalov, V. V. (2000). Pathology of bones and joints. St Petersburg: Publishing house Sotis, 266-70.
 Raikos, A., Paraskevas, G. K., Yusuf, F., Kordali, P., Meditskou, S., Al-Haj, A., & Brand-Saberi, B. (2011). Etiopathogenesis of hyperostosis frontalis interna: a mystery still. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger, 193(5), 453-458.
 Resnick D, Niwayama G. 1988. She, R., & Szakacs, J. (2004). Hyperostosis frontalis interna:  case report and review of literature. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 34(2), 206-208.
 Valiente, A. R., Fidalgo, A. R., Trinidad, A., Berrocal, J. R. G., & Camacho, R. R. (2011). Hiperostosis frontal interna (HFI). Síndrome de Morgagni-Stewart-Morel (HSH). Revista ORL, (2), 17.
 Verdy, M., Guimond, J., Fauteux, P., & Aube, M. (1978). Prevalence of hyperostosis frontalis interna in relation to body weight. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 31(11), 2002-2004.

Síndromes
Sistema endócrino

Hiperostose frontal interna


Euglossa é um gênero de abelhas das orquídas (Euglossini). Como todas as suas parentes próximas, são nativas dos neotrópicos, mas há uma população introduzida na Flórida. São tipicamente metálicas, nas cores azul, verde, cobre ou douradas.

A espécie Euglossa intersecta (anteriormente chamada E. brullei) é morfologicamente e cromaticamente atípica para o gênero e tem uma série de características semelhantes à Eufriesea, inclusive a coloração.

Distribuição
A Euglossa ocorre naturalmente do México ao Paraguai, norte da Argentina, oeste do Brasil, Jamaica, e Trinidad e Tobago, mas uma espécie (E. dilemma) foi recentemente introduzida na Florida, Estados Unidos.

Espécies

Ver Também

 Nemésio, A., (2007): Three new species of Euglossa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, vol. 1547, p. 21-31
 Roubik, D. W. (1989): Ecology and natural history of tropical bees. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
 Cameron, Sydney A.( 2004): Phylogeny and Biology of Neotropical Orchid Bees (Euglossini). Annual Review of Entomology 49: 377-404.

Ligações Externas

 David Roubik (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute): Diagnostic photographs of several Euglossa species (em inglês).
 Euglossa dilemma em UF / IFAS Featured Creatures website (em inglês).

Abelhas do Brasil
!
!Artigos a revisar sobre Abelhas do Brasil
Biologia
Entomologia
Meliponicultura
Meliponíneos
Apídeos

Euglossa


92 (واثنان وتسعون) هو عدد طبيعي يلي العدد 91 ويسبق العدد 93.

في الرياضيات

مراجع

أعداد صحيحة

92 (عدد)


Wesley Ruggles (11. juni 1889 – 8. januar 1972) var en amerikansk filminstruktør. Mellem 1917 og 1946 instruerede han godt 80 film.'
Han er mest kendt som instruktør af den oscarbelønnede westernfilm Cimarron fra 1931.

For sit arbejde med film har han fået en stjerne på Hollywood Walk of Fame ved adressen 6424 Hollywood Blvd.

Filmografi

Filminstruktør
 London Town (1946)
 See Here, Private Hargrove (1944)
 Slightly Dangerous (1943)
 Somewhere I'll Find You (1942)
 You Belong to Me (1941)
 Arizona (1940)
 Too Many Husbands (1940)
 Invitation to Happiness (1939)
 Sing, You Sinners (1938)
 True Confession (1937)
 I Met Him in Paris (1937)
 Valiant Is the Word for Carrie (1936)
 The Bride Comes Home (1935)
 Accent on Youth (1935)
 Mississippi (1935, fill-in director - uncredited)
 The Gilded Lily (1935)
 Shoot the Works (1934)
 Bolero (1934)
 Shoot the Works (1934)
 I'm No Angel (1933)
 College Humor (1933)
 The Monkey's Paw (1933)
 No Man of Her Own (1932)
 Roar of the Dragon (1932)
 Are These Our Children? (1931)
 Cimarron (1931, "A Wesley Ruggles Production"--not specified as director)
 The Sea Bat (1930, replaced during production: Lionel Barrymore, uncredited)
 Honey (1930)
 Condemned (1929)
 Street Girl (1929, uncredited)
 Port of Dreams (1929)
 Scandal (1929)
 Finders Keepers (1928)
 The Fourflusher (1928)
 Silk Stockings (1927)
 Beware of Widows (1927)
 Breaking Records (1927, Short)
 Flashing Oars (1927, Short)
 The Cinder Path (1927, Short)
 The Relay (1927, Short)
 Around the Bases (1927, Short)
 The Last Lap (1926, Short)
 The Collegians (1926, Short)
 A Man of Quality (1926)
 The Kick-Off (1926)
 Hooked at the Altar (1926, Short)
 California Here We Come (1926, Short)
 The Plastic Age (1925)
 Broadway Lady (1925)
 Miss Me Again (1925, Short)
 Don Coo Coo (1925, Short)
 Barbara Snitches (1925, Short)
 What Price Gloria? (1925, Short)
 The Merry Kiddo (1925, Short)
 Three Bases East (1925, Short)
 Madam Sans Gin (1925, Short)
 The Covered Flagon (1925, Short)
 The Fast Male (1925, Short)
 The Great Decide (1925, Short)
 Merton of the Goofies (1925, Short)
 He Who Gets Rapped (1925, Short)
 The Pacemakers (1925, Short)
 Welcome Granger (1925, Short)
 The Age of Innocence (1924)
 Slippy McGee (1923)
 The Heart Raider (1923)
 The Remittance Woman (1923)
 Mr. Billings Spends His Dime (1923)
 If I Were Queen (1922)
 Wild Honey (1922)
 Over the Wire (1921)
 Uncharted Seas (1921)
 The Greater Claim (1921)
 Love (1920)
 The Leopard Woman (1920)
 The Desperate Hero (1920)
 Sooner or Later (1920)
 Piccadilly Jim (1919)
 The Winchester Woman (1919)
 The Blind Adventure (1918, as Wesley H. Ruggles)
 He Had to Camouflage (1917, Short)
 Bobby's Bravery (1917, Short)
 For France (1917, as Wesley H. Ruggles)
 Bobby, Movie Director (1917, Short)

Producer
 London Town (1946)
 You Belong to Me (1941)
 Arizona (1940, uncredited)
 Too Many Husbands (1940)
 Invitation to Happiness (1939)
 Sing, You Sinners (1938)
 I Met Him in Paris (1937)
 Valiant Is the Word for Carrie (1936)
 The Bride Comes Home (1935)
 Cimarron (1931)
 The Sea Bat (1930, uncredited)
 Street Girl (1929, uncredited)

Skuespiller
 Triple Trouble (1918, Short) - Crook (uncredited)
 Her Torpedoed Love (1917, Short) - Messenger Inside the House (uncredited)
 Behind the Screen (1916, Short) - Actor (uncredited)
 The Pawnshop (1916, Short) - Client with Ring (uncredited)
 Beatrice Fairfax (1916) - #15 Wristwatches
 The Floorwalker (1916, Short) - Policeman (uncredited)
 Police (1916, Short) - The Crook
 A Submarine Pirate (1915, Short) - Inventor's Accomplice / Sub Officer
 Burlesque on Carmen (1915, Short) - A Vagabond (uncredited)
 Her Painted Hero (1915, Short) - Effeminate Party Guest (uncredited)
 A Night in the Show (1915, Short) - Second Man in Balcony Front Row (uncredited)
 Shanghaied (1915, Short) - Shipowner (uncredited)
 The Bank (1915, Short) - Bank Customer (uncredited)
 A Lover's Lost Control (1915, Short) - Shoe Clerk (uncredited)
 Gussle Tied to Trouble (1915, Short) - Man with Monocle (uncredited)
 Gussle's Backward Way (1915, Short) - Man with Monocle (uncredited)
 Gussle Rivals Jonah (1915, Short) - Ship Steward / Ship Passenger
 Gussle's Wayward Path (1915, Short) - Clergyman
 Caught in a Park (1915, Short) - The Cop

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra USA

Wesley Ruggles


3C steht für:
 3C Records, späterer Name von Laurie Records
 Äquatorialguinea (Staatszugehörigkeitszeichen für Luftfahrzeuge)
 Air Chathams (IATA-Code), neuseeländische Fluggesellschaft

Siehe auch:
 3C 33.1
 CCC
 C3
 C III

3C


Ugandas fodboldlandshold repræsenterer Uganda i fodboldturneringer og kontrolleres af Ugandas fodboldforbund.

Referencer

Fodboldlandshold i Afrika

Ugandas fodboldlandshold


Para Piyasası Ortak Fonu, küçük tasarruf sahiplerinin tasarruflarının toplanıp para piyasası menkul kıymetlerine yatırılması sonucunda elde edilen faiz gelirleri tasarruf sahiplerine hisseleri oranında dağıtılmasıdır. Böylece bankalar küçük tasarruf sahiplerini kendilerine bağlamış olurlar. Bu hesaba çek yazılabilir.

Finansal piyasalar

Para Piyasası Ortak Fonu


Le major-général Francis de Rottenburg, baron de Rottenburg (4 novembre 1757 - 24 avril 1832) était un officier militaire et un administrateur colonial. Il a servi dans l'armée française et plus tard dans l'armée britannique.

Jeunesse et service
Franz von Rottenburg est né à Dantzig, dans le Royaume de Prusse (aujourd'hui Gdańsk en Pologne ) le 4 novembre 1757. Il est le fils de Franz Gottlieb von Rottenburg (2 avril 1725 - 2 mars 1799), marchand et propriétaire terrien, et d'Anna Maria Brunati (20 avril 1739 - 15 octobre 1799). Il a servi dans l'armée française, sous le nom de Rottenburg plutôt que de von Rottenburg, de mars 1782 à septembre 1791.  Rottenburg quitte l'armée française lorsque la Révolution française prend de l'ampleur. Il retourne à Dantzig. Il commanda un bataillon d'infanterie lors d'une révolte contre le pouvoir russe. En décembre 1795, Rottenburg rejoint l'armée britannique. Il sert alors chez les hussards de Hompesch. En 1796, il a aidé à établir l'infanterie légère de Hompesch, qui est devenue plus tard une partie du 5e bataillon du 60e régiment d'infanterie. Ce bataillon était formé principalement d'émigrés allemands. Rottenburg atteint le grade de lieutenant-colonel de cette unité et la commande pendant la rébellion irlandaise de 1798 et la prise du Suriname en 1799.

Rottenburg a écrit une série de manuels en allemand. Ces écrits sont devenus la base de la formation des carabiniers et de l'infanterie légère sous Sir John Moore. Il commanda plus tard une brigade de troupes légères dans la campagne de Walcheren.

Service en Amérique du Nord
Dès avril 1808, Rottenburg avait été affecté à l'état-major nord-américain comme général de brigade. Il arrive au Canada en 1810, avec le grade de major général. Lorsque la guerre de 1812 avec les États-Unis éclate, il prend le commandement du district de Montréal. Il a assumé la responsabilité de la direction civile et de la direction militaire du Bas-Canada à deux reprises pendant l'absence de Sir George Prevost, le commandant en chef.

En 1813, il succède au major-général sir Roger Hale Sheaffe comme commandant militaire et civil du Haut-Canada. Rottenburg a été accusé d'avoir négligé ses devoirs civils et d'avoir été excessivement prudent dans ses décisions militaires. Il a refusé d'envoyer des renforts au major-général Henry Procter, commandant à la frontière de Détroit. Cette décision a finalement conduit aux défaites britanniques à la bataille du lac Érié et à la bataille de la rivière Thames. Plus tard, il imposa la loi martiale dans l'Eastern District et dans le Johnstown District, obligeant les fermiers à vendre des vivres à l'armée. Cette mesure impopulaire sera abrogée par son successeur, mais qu'il fut néanmoins forcé de la réimposer à tout le Haut-Canada.

En décembre 1813, Rottenburg est remplacé par le lieutenant-général sir Gordon Drummond et retourne à ses anciens postes dans le Bas-Canada. Plus tard en 1814, d'importants renforts britanniques arrivent au Canada. Sir George Prevost se prépare à envahir les États-Unis, en passant par le lac Champlain. Il place Rottenburg aux commandes d'une division de trois brigades (dirigées Manley Power, Thomas Brisbane et Frederick Philipse Robinson ). Prevost a personnellement mené la campagne et a été vaincue à la bataille de Plattsburgh. Prevost, Rottenburg et leurs équipes ont été critiqués par les trois commandants de brigade pour leur manque de courage durant la bataille de Plattsburgh.

Fin de carrière
Rottenburg est rappelé en Grande-Bretagne en décembre 1814. Il quitte le Bas-Canada en juillet 1815. Il est nommé Chevalier Commandeur de l'Ordre royal de Hanovre en 1817 et « Knight Bachelor » le 12 février 1818. Il est promu lieutenant général le 12 août 1819. Il décède à Portsmouth le 24 avril 1832.

Famille
Rottenburg a épousé Juliana Wilhelmina Carolina von Orelli, la fille de Johann Ulrich von Orelli, général napolitain, à Bratislava, le 4 janvier 1802. Ils eurent un fils et une fille. Son fils George Frederick Rottenburg était officier dans l'armée britannique arrivée au Canada dans les années 1830 et était officier de milice dans le Haut-Canada. George Frederick Rottenburg a quitté le Canada en 1852.

Références

Liens externes

Knight Bachelor
Général de l'armée de terre britannique
Lieutenant-gouverneur du Haut-Canada
Naissance en novembre 1757
Décès en avril 1832
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Militaire britannique des guerres de la Révolution française
Militaire britannique des guerres napoléoniennes
Décès à 74 ans

Francis de Rottenburg


Gor este numele Contra-Pământului dintr-o serie de cărți sword and planet  scrise de John Norman. Seria este inspirată de seria  Barsoom (de Edgar Rice Burroughs) și de Almuric (de Robert E. Howard), dar este cel mai cunoscută pentru conținutul său care combină filozofia,  erotismul și fantezia științifică.

Seria a fost denumită în diferite feluri de către editori: The Chronicles of Counter-Earth (Ballantine Books), The Saga of Tarl Cabot (DAW Books), Gorean Cycle (Tandem Books), Gorean Chronicles (Masquerade Books), Gorean Saga (Open Road Media) sau The Counter-Earth Saga (DAW Books, pentru romanele cu alt protagonist decât Tarl Cabot). Obiceiurile, terminologia și imaginile reprezentate în aceste cărți au inspirat o subcultură Gorean, cu aderenți ai stilului de viață online și offline. Cărțile din serie sunt cunoscute sub numele The Scrolls printre unii membri ai acestei subculturi.

Seria a provocat numeroase controverse datorită modului considerat ofensator și incorect politic în care este prezentată femeia. Gor este, probabil, cea mai lungă serie de cărți, atât în domeniul științifico-fantastic cât și în cel fantastic, având peste 50  de ani de la prima carte. Primele 25 de cărți  au apărut între 1966 și 1988, dar seria a stagnat  următorii 13 ani ca urmare a unor probleme de publicare. A fost continuată în 2001 și continuă să fie publicată și astăzi, cu cel puțin încă 9 cărți. În prezent există  34 de cărți în seria Gor.

Seria a inspirat două filme, unul din 1988 și altul din 1989 și a creat o subcultură BDSM independentă care s-a dezvoltat în interiorul și în afara Internetului.

Descrierea seriei

Fundal

Gor este descrisă ca fiind o planetă locuibilă din Sistemul Solar care împarte aceeași orbită ca și Pământul, dar este liniar opusă față de Pământ și, prin urmare, întotdeauna este ascunsă observatorului terestru de către Soare. Flora, fauna și obiceiurile de pe Gor sunt prezentate detaliat ca fiind foarte complicate. John Norman, pseudonimul Dr. John Lange, un profesor de filozofie și un savant în etnografie, populează planeta sa cu popoare asemănătoare romanilor, grecilor, nativilor americani, vikingilor și cu alte culturi. În romanele Gor, aceste diferite grupuri de oameni au fost aduse de pe Pământ cu ajutorul unor nave spațiale de către conducătorii din umbră ai planetei, preoții-regi (Priest-Kings), o specie extraterestră cu aspect insectoid. Oamenilor de pe Gor le sunt permise de către acești preoți-regi abilități arhitecturale, agricole și medicale avansate (inclusiv prelungirea duratei de viață), dar sunt obligați să rămână primitivi în transporturi, comunicații și armament. Aceste limitări sunt impuse pentru siguranța atât a preoților-regi precum și a celorlalte ființe indigene sau aduse pe Gor, cunoscându-se tendințelor belicoase ale oamenilor.

Planeta Gor are gravitația mai mică decât Pământul (ceea ce permite existența unor creaturi mari care zboară și în orașe a unor turnuri înalte conectate prin poduri aeriene). Gor ar avea gravitația și mai mică dacă nu ar exista tehnologia preoților-regi. Geografia cunoscută Gor constă în principal din coasta de vest a unui continent care începe din Arctica în nord până la ecuator la sud, cu oceanul Thassa la vest și cu lanțul muntos Voltai care formează limita de est a continentului la mai multe latitudini. Există, de asemenea, insule în ocean și unele deșerturi și câmpii în estul munților Voltai. Cuvântul "Gor" în sine înseamnă "piatra-acasă" în limba maternă a orașelor civilizate din nordul Gorului cunoscut dar și în alte limbi vorbite în numeroase alte zone.

Tema cea mai izbitoare a seriei Gor este explorarea sexualității în societățile de pe Gor, unde femei numite kajiras sunt sclave sexuale deținute de oamenii puternici, iar această relație în stil BDSM este descrisă ca fiind naturală și intrinsec dorită de fiecare femeie. Norman critică societatea modernă, argumentând că tehnologia și feminismul au deturnat oamenii de a instinctele lor necesare pentru fericire și satisfacția acestora.

Scenarii
Majoritatea romanelor din serie sunt de acțiune și aventuri sexuale, cu multe  angajamente militare  împrumutate cu generozitate din cele istorice, cum ar fi luptele de triremă din Grecia antică și asediile castelelor din Europa medievală. Ar, cel mai mare oraș cunoscut de pe Gor, are asemănări cu orașul antic al Romei, iar imperiului său continental i se opune  puterea maritimă a insulei Cos.

Listă de cărți

Seria Gor
 Tarnsman of Gor (1966), Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-345-27583-7
 Outlaw of Gor (1967), Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-345-27136-X
 Priest-Kings of Gor (1968), Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-7592-0036-X
 Nomads of Gor (1969), Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-7592-5445-1
 Assassin of Gor (1970), Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-7592-0091-2
 Raiders of Gor (1971), Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-7592-0153-6
 Captive of Gor (1972), DAW Books, Elinor Brinton ISBN 0-7592-0105-6
 Hunters of Gor (1974), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-0130-7
 Marauders of Gor (1975), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-0141-2
 Tribesmen of Gor (1976), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-5446-X
 Slave Girl of Gor (1977), DAW Books, Judy Thornton ISBN 0-7592-0454-3
 Beasts of Gor (1978), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-1125-6
 Explorers of Gor (1979), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-1167-1
 Fighting Slave of Gor (1980), DAW Books, Jason Marshall ISBN 0-7592-1173-6
 Rogue of Gor (1981), DAW Books, Jason Marshall ISBN 0-7592-1179-5
 Guardsman of Gor (1981), DAW Books, Jason Marshall ISBN 0-7592-1368-2
 Savages of Gor (1982), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-1374-7
 Blood Brothers of Gor (1982), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-1380-1
 Kajira of Gor (1983), DAW Books, Tiffany Collins ISBN 0-7592-1926-5
 Players of Gor (1984), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-1932-X
 Mercenaries of Gor (1985), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-1944-3
 Dancer of Gor (1985), DAW Books, Doreen Williamson ISBN 0-7592-1950-8
 Renegades of Gor (1986), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-1956-7
 Vagabonds of Gor (1987), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-1980-X
 Magicians of Gor (1988), DAW Books, ISBN 0-7592-1986-9
 Witness of Gor (2001), E-Reads, Janice ISBN 0-7592-4235-6
 Prize of Gor (2008), E-Reads, Ellen ISBN 0-7592-4580-0
 Kur of Gor (2009), E-Reads, The Kur ISBN 0-7592-9782-7
 Swordsmen of Gor (2010), E-Reads, ISBN 1-6175-6040-5
 Mariners of Gor (2011), E-Reads, The Mariner ISBN 0-7592-9989-7
 Conspirators of Gor (2012), E-Reads, Allison Ashton-Baker ISBN 1-6175-6731-0
 Smugglers of Gor (2012), E-Reads, Margaret Alyssa Cameron, The Scribe și The Merchant ISBN 1-6175-6865-1
 Rebels of Gor (2013), E-Reads, ISBN 1-6175-6123-1
 Plunder of Gor (august 2016), E-Reads, ISBN 1-5040-3406-6

Ecranizări
Două filme au fost realizate pe baza acestor cărți, Gor și Outlaw of Gor (cunocut și ca Gor 2 sau Outlaw); mai târziu au apărut în cadrul serialului Mystery Science Theater 3000.

Deși nu este conectată în mod oficial la lucrările lui John Norman, Minerva no kenshi (1994) este o serie de animație japoneză care conține multe dintre elementele și ideile discutate în filozofia Gor.

Referințe și note

Legături externe

 John Norman's Chronicles of Gor, current semi-official site
 John Norman's World of Gor, old publisher site (2001-2007)
 The Complete John Norman, a bibliography
 List of Gorean animals

Serii de romane fantastice
Planete imaginare
Serii de cărți
Contra-Pământ
Serii de romane științifico-fantastice

Gor


La prefectura apostólica de Kompung Cham ( y ) es una circunscripción eclesiástica latina de la Iglesia católica en Camboya, inmediatamente sujeta a la Santa Sede. La prefectura apostólica es sede vacante desde el 25 de julio de 2019.

Territorio y organización
La prefectura apostólica tiene 81 456 km² y extiende su jurisdicción sobre los fieles católicos de rito latino residentes en las provincias de Kompung Cham, Tboung Khmum, Kratié, Stung Treng, Ratanak Kirí, Mondol Kirí, Svay Rieng y Prey Veng.

La sede de la prefectura apostólica se encuentra en la ciudad de Kompung Cham.

En 2020 en la prefectura apostólica existían 27 parroquias.

Historia
La prefectura apostólica fue erigida el 26 de septiembre de 1968 con la bula Superna voluntate del papa Pablo VI, obteniendo el territorio del vicariato apostólico de Nom Pen.

Estadísticas
De acuerdo al Anuario Pontificio 2021 la prefectura apostólica tenía a fines de 2020 un total de 3045 fieles bautizados.

|- align="right"
| 1970 || 18 820 || 2 036 582 || 0.9 || 14 || 3 || 11 || 1344 ||  || 32 || 52 ||
|- align="right"
| 1974 || 4000 || 2 000 000 || 0.2 || 1 ||  || 1 || 4000 ||  || 1 ||  ||
|- align="right"
| 1999 || 3200 || 3 800 500 || 0.1 || 5 || 1 || 4 || 640 ||  || 4 ||  || 18
|- align="right"
| 2000 || 3300 || 4 100 000 || 0.1 || 5 || 1 || 4 || 660 ||  || 4 || 5 || 19
|- align="right"
| 2001 || 3400 || 4 100 000 || 0.1 || 5 || 1 || 4 || 680 ||  || 4 || 10 || 20
|- align="right"
| 2002 || 3460 || 4 200 000 || 0.1 || 7 || 1 || 6 || 494 ||  || 6 || 9 || 22
|- align="right"
| 2003 || 3500 || 4 300 000 || 0.1 || 9 || 1 || 8 || 388 ||  || 1 || 8 || 23
|- align="right"
| 2004 || 3700 || 4 400 000 || 0.1 || 9 || 1 || 8 || 411 ||  || 8 || 8 || 23
|- align="right"
| 2010 || 3600 || 5 400 000 || 0.1 || 13 || 1 || 12 || 276 ||  || 12 || 7 || 31
|- align="right"
| 2014 || 3000 || 5 771 000 || 0.1 || 12 || 1 || 11 || 250 ||  || 13 || 9 || 24
|- align="right"
| 2017 || 3000 || 5 763 685 || 0.1 || 14 || 3 || 11 || 214 ||  || 14 || 9 || 27
|- align="right"
| 2020 || 3045 || 5 734 750 || 0.1 || 11 || 3 || 8 || 276 ||  || 10 || 8 || 28
|- align="right"
|colspan=12 |<small>Fuente: Catholic-Hierarchy, que a su vez toma los datos del Anuario Pontificio.
|}

Episcopologio
 sacerdote André Lesouëf, M.E.P. † (26 de septiembre de 1968-1997 retirado)
 sacerdote Joseph Chhmar Salas (3 de mayo de 1975-septiembre de 1977 falleció) (administrador apostólico sede plena)
 Sede vacante (1997-2000)
 sacerdote Antonysamy Susairaj, M.E.P. (27 de mayo de 2000-25 de julio de 2019 renunció)
 Sede vacante (desde 2019)
 sacerdote Bruno Cosme, M.E.P., desde el 25 de julio de 2019 (administrador apostólico)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) Ficha de la prefectura apostólica en www.gcatholic.org
 Catholiccambodia

Kompung Cham
Iglesia católica en Camboya
Kompung Cham

Prefectura apostólica de Kompung Cham


HS 0741+4741 ou SDSS J074521.78+734336.1 est un quasar ou un blazar de la constellation du Lynx qui se situe 4.3 milliards d'années-lumière

Caractéristiques

Luminosité de HS 0741
HS 0741+4741 est très brillant dans le domaine des ondes visibles (magnitude absolue de -29.5) et les ondes infrarouge.

Une étude du 2MASS a trouvé que le spectre a été décalé vers le haut de 10 sur une échelle de flux arbitraire par rapport au spectre inférieur.

Pour déterminer la distribution de matière sous-jacente dans le milieu intergalactique (IGM) le 2MASS a calculé l'un des paramètres clés à connaître pour comparer les observations et les simulations numériques est l'absorption HII moyenne dans l'IGM.

Composition du disque d'accrétion de HS 0741
L'émission d'infrarouge est due à l'ionisation du deutérium du disque d'accrétion de HS 0741+4741.

Masse de HS 0741
HS 0741+4741 a une masse estimée de 19,5 milliards de masses solaires.

Catégorie de HS 0741
HS 0741+4741 fait partie de la catégorie des radio silencieux (émission de 3.5 hertz).

Notes et références

Constellation du Lynx
Quasar
Trou noir supermassif

HS 0741+4741


La  est l'une des cinq circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Fukushima au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La cinquième circonscription de la préfecture de Fukushima regroupe la ville d'Iwaki et le district de Futaba.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Cinquième circonscription de la préfecture de Fukushima


වෙළද ලකුණු
වෙළද ලකුණක වැදගත්කම
•	එක් සමාගමක භාණ්ඩ තවත් සමාගමකින් වෙන්කර හදුනා ගැනිම
•	භාණ්ඩවල ගුණාත්මක භාවය වෙළද ප්‍රචාරක කටයුතු වලදි යොදා ගැනිම
•	නිෂ්පාදකයන් සහ පාරිභෝගිකයන් යන දෙපක්ෂයම ආරක්ෂාකර ගැනිම
•	භාණ්ඩ ප්‍රදර්ශනවලදි හා වෙළද ප්‍රචාරන වලදි භාවිතා කිරිම
•	නව නිෂ්පාදන වෙළදපලට හදුන්වාදීමේ දී යොදා ගැනිම

වෙළද නාම
භාණ්ඩ සහ සේවා අනිත් තරගකාරී සැපයුම්කරැවන්ගෙන් වෙන්කර හදුනාගත හැකි නමක් පදයක්. නිර්මාණයක් හෝ සළකුණක් වෙනත් පදයක් වෙළදනාමයක් විය හැක.

වෙළද නාමයකින් නියෝජනය කරනු ලබන්නේ යම්කිසි සමාගමක භාණ්ඩ හා සේවා පිළිබද පාරිභෝගිකයන්ගේ  පළපුරැද්දයි.

භාණ්ඩ දෙකක් හෝ කිහිපයක් සම්බන්ධ වන වෙළද කටයුත්තක් සමූහ වෙළද නාම තරණය (Co – Branding) ලෙස හදුන්වයි.

මිල නියම කිරිම
භාන්ඩයක් සදහා හුවමාරැවන මුදල් ප්‍රමාණය තීරනය කිරිම මිල නියම කිරිම නම් වේ. පාරිභෝගිකයාට අදාල මුදලට අනුව භාණ්ඩයේ උපයේගීතාව සහ/හෝ පාරිභෝගිකයා භාණ්ඩයවෙනුවෙන් කැප කිරිමට කැමති ප්‍රමාණය මෙම අංශය තීරණය කරයි.

අරමුණු
•	විකුණුම් ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කිරිම
•	අදාායම වැඩි කිරිම
•	ලාභ ඉපයීම හෝ වැඩි කිරිම
•	වෙළද පල කොටස් වැඩි කිරිම හෝ පවත්වා ගැනිම
•	තරගකාරි බව නැති කිරිම
•	මහා පරිමාණ වශයෙන් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීමෙන් වාසි අත්පත් කර ගැනිම

මිල තීරණය කිරීමේ දී බලපාන සාධක
•	නිෂ්පාදනය හා බෙදාහැරීමේ පියවර
•	දැනට ඇති ආදේශන භාණ්ඩ
•	සාමාන්‍ය වෙළද පුරැදු
•	ස්ථිර මිල
•	බෙදාහරින්න‍න්ගේ ප්‍රතිචාර
•	පාරිභෝගිකයන්ගේ ප්‍රතිචාර
•	ඉල්ලුමේ ස්වාභාවය
	නම්‍යතාවය
	අනම්‍යතාවය

වෙළද‍පළ ආකෘතිය
•	සම්පූර්ණ තරඟය
•	ඒකාධිකාරී තරඟය
•	ඒකාධිකාරී
•	කතිපයාධිකාරී
•	දර්ශනය
මිල තීරණය කිරිම් පියවර
•	අල්ලාගතයුතු වෙළදපළ කොටස තීරනය කිරීම
•	මිල තීරණය කිරිමේ ක්‍රම උපායන් සෑදීම
•	ඉල්ලුම තක්සේරැ කිරිම
•	තරගකරැවන්ගේ ප්‍රතිචාර නිර්මාණය කිරිම

වෙළද ලකුණු


Futbolo Klubas Tauras var en fodboldklub fra den litauiske by Tauragė.

Historie
Klubben blev stiftet i 1942 og gik konkurs i 2017.

Titler

Nationalt
 A Lyga
 Vindere (0)
 4.plads (1): 2010

 Soviet Litauen (Aukščiausia lyga)
 Vindere (1): 1987
 Andenplads (1): 1948

Klub farver

Historiske slutplaceringer

Noter

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 tauras.lt
 futbolinis.lt
 ueafa.com
 foot.dk
 weltfussballarchiv.com
 soccerway
 RSSSF

Fodboldklubber i Litauen
Etableret i 1942
Tidligere fodboldklubber i Litauen

FK Tauras Tauragė


أرابيسك هو مسلسل مصري أنتج وعرض بعام 1994 من تأليف أسامة أنور عكاشة وإخراج جمال عبد الحميد  في أولى تجاربه الإخراجية بالمسلسلات الدرامية بعد سنوات من إخراج الفوازير والمنوعات.

أحداث المسلسل
تدور أحداث المسلسل حول حسن ارابيسك فنان الارابيسك المصري الذي تعرض لبعض الأحداث افقدته توازنه فاهمل عمله وورشته الا انه في نفس الوقت كان محافظ على فنه الذي احبه وورث مهارته فيها من أجداده واتجه إلى المخدرات وصحبه السوء حتى جاءت له إحدى الفرص التي بدأت تخرجه من المتاهة وذلك عن طريق صديق له يعمل مهندس ديكورات وهي فرصه عمل لفيلا أستاذ أكاديمي في الطاقة النووية كان يعمل في أمريكا وعاد ليستقر في مصر ولكن تحدث عدة مفارقات يرويها لنا المسلسل...

تغيير نهاية المسلسل
شكل كل من الفنان صلاح السعدني والفنانة هالة صدقي ثنائية جميلة في المسلسل من خلال علاقة الشد والجذب والحب والفراق بين شخصياتهما "حسن أربيسك" و"توحيدة"، فأحب الجمهور هذه الثنائية وتعلق بها كثيراً، إلا أنه سرعان ما أصيب الجمهور العربي خارج مصر بخيبة أمل كبيرة عند عرض الحلقة الأخيرة لأن قصة الحب هذه لم تكتمل ولم يتزوجا "حسن وتوحيدة"، وبما أن الحلقات كانت تعرض في مصر متأخرة عن بقية الدول بيوم واحد، فكان القرار العاجل من المخرج وصناع المسلسل أن يتم تدارك الموقف وتغيير نهاية المسلسل كي لا تؤثر سلباً على جماهيرية العمل كما حدث خارج مصر، فتم بشكل طارئ وعاجل تصوير مشهد إضافي لكل من "حسن" و"توحيدة" وهم في الحارة وقد تزوجا وأنجبا بنتاً اسمها "دنيا".

شخصيات المسلسل

فريق العمل

هوامش
 رُشح أحمد زكي للعمل وأبدى إعجابه وتحمسه للمشاركة ولكنه كان منشغلاً في تصوير فيلم ناصر 56 فلم يكن من الممكن تأجيل تصوير المسلسل، ثم تم ترشيح عادل إمام لبطولة المسلسل لأن لديه الرغبة بأن يعود للدراما من خلال مسلسل يكتبه أسامة أنور عكاشة، إلا أنه طلب قراءة النص كاملًا ليطلب بعض التعديلات، فرفض عكاشة ذلك لأنه لم يتعود على الكتابة بناء على طلب الفنان، ثم انتقلت البطولة إلى محمود عبد العزيز الذي أعجبه النص واستعد للقيام بالدور ولكن عندما نشرت الصحافة خبراً أنه بديل لعادل امام في المسلسل اعتذر مباشرة عن الدور، لتنتقل البطولة أخيراً إلى صلاح السعدني.
 رُشحت الفنانة (آثار الحكيم) لأداء شخصية أنوار، إلا أنها اعتذرت وذلك لظروف حملها وقرب ولادتها، فذهبت الشخصية للفنانة (لوسي).

مصادر

صفحة المسلسل علي موقع السينما

مسلسلات أسامة أنور عكاشة
مسلسلات تلفزيونية مصرية بدأ عرضها في 1994
مسلسلات حسن حسني
مسلسلات صلاح السعدني
مسلسلات لطفي لبيب
مسلسلات محمد متولي
مسلسلات هالة صدقي
مسلسلات هدى سلطان

أرابيسك (مسلسل)


Poliovaccine er vaccine til beskyttelse mod polio.

En type bruger inaktiv poliovirus og gives som injektion, mens andre typer bruger svækket poliovirus og gives gennem munden. WHO anbefaler at alle børn vaccineres mod polio. De to vacciner har elimineret polio i det meste af verden og reduceres antallet af tilfælde fra vurderet 350.000 i 1988 til 359 i 2014.

Bivirkninger

Poliovaccine med inaktiv virus er ret sikker. Mild rødme eller smerte kan opstå på injektionsstedet. Orale poliovacciner anvender resulterer i vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis i omkring tre tilfælde ud af en en million doser. Begge er generelt sikre at modtage under graviditet og hos personer med Hiv/Aids, som ellers er raske. Oral poliovaccine (OPV), som består af levende svækket vaccine, benyttes ikke længere i Danmark.

Vaccine-afledt polio

En potentiel, skadelig bivirkning af OPV er dens kendte evne til at omforme sig til en form der forårsager neurologisk infektion og paralyse. Denne genetiske tilbagevenden af patogenet til en smittefarlig form tager en betydelig mængde tid (mindst 12 måneder) og påvirker ikke den person der oprindeligt blev vaccineret. Den vaccine-afledte svækkede virus udskilles normalt fra vaccinerede personer i en tidsbegrænset periode. Det er derfor muligt i områder med ringe sanitære forhold og lav vaccinationsdækning, at den spontane tilbagevenden af den vaccine-afledte virus til en smittefarlig form og dens spredning i miljøet kan lede til smitte af ikke-vaccinerede personer. Klinisk sygdom, inklusiv paralyse, forårsaget af "vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV)" (dansk: vaccine-afledt poliovirus) kan ikke skelnes fra klinisk sygdom forårsaget af vilde/ikke-vaccine-afledte poliovirusser. Udbrud af "vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP)" (dansk: vaccine-relateret paralytisk poliomyelitis), forårsaget af en "circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV)" (dansk: spredende vaccine-afledt poliovirus), er blevet rapporteret, og har en tildens til at forekomme i områder med lav dækning af OPV, formodentligt fordi OPV i sig selv beskytter mod den relaterede virusstamme i virusudbrudet. Med antallet af vilde/ikke-vaccine-afledte polio-tilfælde på rekordlave niveauer, var 2017 det første år hvor der var flere registrerede tilfælde af cVDPV end den vilde/ikke-vaccine-afledte poliovirus, en tildens der forventes at fortsætte.

Til at bekæmpe dette besluttede WHO i 2016 at skifte fra den trivalente poliovaccine til den bivalente poliovaccine. Denne vaccine indeholder ikke længere poliovirus type 2 fordi den blev udryddet i 1999.

Historik

Den første poliovaccine var med inaktiv poliovirus. Den blev udviklet af Jonas Salk og blev taget i brug i 1955. Danmark var det andet land i verden, der tog Salks vaccine i brug, også i 1955. Den orale poliovaccine blev udviklet af Albert Sabin og kom i kommercielt brug i 1961.
Poliovaccine er på WHO's liste over essentiel medicin. Grossistprisen på oral poliovaccine var i 2014 på 0,25 amerikanske dollar. I USA koster en poliovaccine med inaktiv virus 25-50 amerikanske dollar.

Poliovaccination i Danmark
Polio er erklæret udryddet i Europa, men der konstateres fortsat enkelte poliotilfælde i Asien.. Poliovaccination indgår derfor i det danske børnevaccinationsprogram, der udover vaccine mod polio vaccinerer mod difteri, stivkrampe, kighoste og Haemophilus influenzae-infektion. Vaccinen kaldes "DiTeKiPolHib" og gives til børn ved 3, 5 og 12 måneders alderen, samt når barnet bliver 5 år.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Global Poilio Eradication Initiative final project to eliminate polio by 2018.
 History of Vaccines Website – History of Polio  History of Vaccines, a project of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia
 PBS.org — 'People and Discoveries: Salk Produces Polio Vaccine 1952', PBS

Virussygdomme
Vacciner

Poliovaccine


NGC 36 este o galaxie spirală din constelația Peștii.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 35
 NGC 37

Galaxii spirale barate
Obiecte NGC
Obiecte UGC
Constelația Peștii
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1785

NGC 36


28. Šahovska olimpijada održana je 1988. u Grčkoj. Grad domaćin bio je Solun.

Poredak osvajača odličja

1988.
Šah u Grčkoj
Međunarodna športska natjecanja u Grčkoj

Šahovska olimpijada 1988.


Joakim "Jo" Bonnier (Djurgården, Švedska, 31. siječnja 1930. – Le Mans, Francuska, 11. lipnja 1972.) je bivši švedski vozač automobilističkih utrka. U Formuli 1 se natjecao od 1956. do 1971., a najbolji rezultat mu je pobjeda na VN Nizozemske 1959. u bolidu BRM. Bila je to ujedno i prva pobjeda te momčadi u Formuli 1. Na utrci 24 sata Le Mansa je nastupio 13 puta, a čak 12 puta nije stigao do cilja. Jedina utrka koju je završio je bila 1964., kada je sa suvozačem Grahamom Hillom u Ferrariju osvojio drugo mjesto. U posljednjem nastupu na toj utrci 1972., vozeći bolid Lola-Cosworth, sudario se s Florianom Vetschom u Ferrariju. Nakon sudara Bonnierov bolid je odletio preko ograde među stabla, a Bonnier je poginuo.

Rezultati u Formuli 1

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Vozači Formule 1
Švedski automobilisti

Jo Bonnier


විමලරත්න කුමාරගම 1919 ජනවාරි 18 වන දින පාතදුම්බර හාරිස්පත්තුව  බටහිර කෝරලයේ නාරම්පනාව ග්‍රාමයේ උපත ලැබිය. පුංචි බන්ඩා කුමාරගම හා බණ්ඩාර මැණිකේ කුමාරගම ඔහුගේ දෙමාපියන් විය. ඔහු හත් දෙනෙක් ගෙන් යුක්ත පවුලක දෙවනියා විය.

අධ්‍යාපනය

ඔහු මහනුවර මාකොලදෙනිය වේරපිටිය පාසලේ මුලික අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ අතර පසු කාලීනව තෙල්දෙණිය ද්විභාෂා විද්‍යාලයේ හා කටුගස්තොට ශ්‍රී රාහුල විද්‍යාලයේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබිය . ඔහු අවසාන වශයෙන් නුවර ධර්මරාජ විද්‍යාලයේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ අතර මැට්‍රිකුලේෂන් විභාගය විශිෂ්ඨ සමර්ථ සහිතව සමත් වූ අතර , පාසැල කාලයේද සිංහල කවිය පිළිබද උනන්දුවක් දැක්වූ අතර කවි රචනයේද නියැළුණි.

පොත්
නිල්සීනය (1941)
ඔරුව (1942)
සංවේග වේදනා (1946)
සපුමලී (1946)
සුරතල්ලු (1961)
ආරච්චිරාළ

පද්‍ය නිර්මාණ

සංවේග වේදනා
කුමාරගම කවියාගෙ ප්‍රථම  පද්‍ය නිර්මාණය බිහිවූයේ 1935 දීය. සංවේග වේදනා නම් වූ මේ පද්‍ය කාව්‍යය ලියැවුණෙ ස්වකිය සහෝදරිය ගෙ මරණය නිසා නැගුණු කඳුළු සෙවණැලි අතරිනි.සංවෙග වේදනා ඇරඹෙන්නේ මෙ ලෙසිනි .

පිය නැගණියනි හොවමින් අප දුක්	වළෙක
ගිය මුත් තුසිත දෙස රස නොම දැන	දුකෙක
සිය වසරක ම ලැග සිටියද හිම		ගොඩෙක
ළය තුල ගින්න අඩු වේ ද අසකින්	අසෙක
පද්‍ය 75 කින් ස්මන්විත එම කව්‍යය සමාප්ත වනුයෙ  මේ පද්‍යයෙනි.
නුවන'ග කඳුළැලින් හද ඇවිලෙමින්	එන
සුරවග යදිමි මිහිමත සිටුවමින්		දණ
මෙම දිග සසර වාසය අවසනක්		වන
තුරු නඟ මටම වෙවා උපනුපන්		තැන
1935 අවුරුද්දේ රජයෙ ලිපිකාර විභාගයෙන්  සමත් ව අනුරාධපුර කච්චෙරියේ සේවයට පත්ව සිටි කාලයේ දී සංවේග වේදනා ප්‍රකාශයට පත්විණ.

නිල් සීනය
1941 දී අවුරුද්දේ ඔහු අතින් නිල් සීනය නිර්මාණය වීය. එය ඇරඹෙන්නේමෙලෙසිනි.
වික්මැති කෙනෙක් ඇතහොත් නිවටයෙක්	ඇත
අක් මුල් නොමැති වැනි සසරෙ ද ඉමක්	ඇත
ඉක් මෙන තැනක් ඇත දිවි ඉපැදුමක්	ඇත
දුක් මුහුදෙහිද සැනසුම් දුපතක්		ඇත

ගැඹුරු ජිවන දෘෂ්ටියක් හෙලිකරන  නිල් සීනය කව්‍යයෙන් කුමාරගමගෙ මුහුකුරා යන කවිත්වය  මන ලෙස පිළිබිඹු වේ. නිල් සීනය අවසන් වනුයේ මෙලෙසිනි.
ඇඹිලිය පෙඳ පාසී උඳුපියලිය		තෝර
මෙය ඇදහුමද මහ සමයෙකි පල	සාර
කටු කඳුළු පිරි ලොව දැනගෙන		පාර
කිවි බව ලබමි දිවි විවියෙන ගති	මාර

හේරත් හාමි
අලියා වැටුණු වැව සිටි හේරත් 		හාමි
මා වැනියකු වුවද මම වැදගත් 		වීමි
මිනී කපන මුත් ඒ් හේරත්		හාමි
ඔහු මට වඩා විසි තිස් ගුණයෙන්	දෑමි

ඉස්පිරිතාලයේ අලියා වැටුණු		වැවේ
මළ මූ ඇදීමෙන් ඔහුගේ දවස		ගෙවේ
මාසික පඩිය ලැබ පෙන්වූ නමුදු		සුවේ
ඔහු දුටු සෑම විට මා දුක් මුසුව 	තැවේ

ඔරුව
ගල්පර අසල ඇති බව දන්වන		තරුව
බොල් කළු වලාකුලකින් පිටවනු	බැරුව
කල් ගත කරයි මෙ ගමනට මුල	පිරුව
නිල් දිය පතුල රිසියෙද ගිල්වුණු		ඔරුව

ආරච්චිරාළ
අලියා වැටුණු වැව ආරච්චි          රාළට
මුවමස් ඌරුමස් භිඟ නොමැත       කෑමට
මුළු ගංගොඩම හිටියත් ඔහුගේ       වාලට
ඔහු වැඩිපුරම බය ලොකූ සයිබු      නානට

වට්ටක්කා වැලකි ඒ ගෙයි වහල	මත
එරඬු වැටේ වැඩිපුර ලොකු කපොලු	නැත
කුරහන් බිස්ස යට බල්ලට සෙවන	ඇත
ඔහුගේ ගෙදර මට හොඳටම මතක	ඇත

පස් බානක්ම ඔහු හට හොර හරක්	ඇත
ගමනට පැදුරු දැමු බර බාගයක්		ඇත
නියඟක් අවත් ඉන් වැඩිපුර බයක්	නැත
වැව කිට්ටුවම වෙල ඉස්සර හයක් 	ඇත

සිරගෙය
 නුග අතු ඇහැටු දළු ගෙන එන විටදි	ළඟා
 එළවා ගතී වියරුව පැන සොඬය	නඟා
 හත් දවසක්ම මේ දුක්මුසු රැඟුම		රඟා
 ඈ බැරි තැන වුණා ඒ වළ තූළම	දිගා

 ඒ මළ ඇතින්නට මුළු සතියකම		දුක
 ඇති වූයේ මුගෙන් බව පැහැදිලිව	දැක
 මුළු ලෝකයට ඉඩ දුන් මා ළයෙහි	රැක
 ඇති කරුණාව ගැන මට තව තිබෙන	සැක

කවි
හේරත් හාමිනේ
අයියනායක
දඩයම
වන්නියෙ මල්
ගමේ වැව
කිරා
ආරච්චි රාළ
සිරගෙය
යන්තම් බේරුනා
හරක් හොරා
බුදුරුව
සුන්දර හාමි
ආගන්තුක සත්කාරය
අවුරුදු නිවාඩුව
මුතුගේ ප්‍රශ්න
වන්නියෙ දොස්තර

මුලාශ්‍ර

චරිත කතා
සිංහල සාහිත්‍ය
කවියෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
1919 උපත්
1962 මරණ

විමලරත්න කුමාරගම


Europa kup u gađanju field samostrelom (Europa Cup in Field Crossbow) je IAU natjecanje koje se održava u Slavonskom Brodu u dvorani s metama na udaljenosti od 18m.

Izdanja

Pojedinačno
Legenda:
 - broj ispred imena strijelaca označava njihovu poziciju nakon kvalifikacija
 - * Na natjecanju se pobjednici osim u ukupnoj konkurenciji određuju u kadetskoj, juniorskoj i master konkurenciji (u kojima se oba spola natječu ravnopravno) te muškoj i ženskoj konkurenciji. Margina označava prednost pred drugim najboljim rezultatom muškog, odnosno ženskog natjecatelja bez obzira na dobnu skupinu, jer se povremeno dogodilo da je muški ili ženski pobjednik juniorske konkurencije imao bolji rezultat od prvoplasiranog ili drugoplasiranog u muškoj ili ženskoj konkurenciji, ali s obzirom na propozicije natjecanja rangiran je samo u svojoj dobnoj skupini.
 - bold označava službeno prvoplasiranog s obzirom na broj pogođenih centara u slučaju istog broja bodova ili slučaja opisanog iznad kod zvjezdice - ES - extra shots** Neki natjecatelji nastupaju nastupaju pojedinačno, bez ekipeStatistika (2019.)

Ekipno* u jednom slučaju drugoplasirana reprezentacija bila je Hrvatska I, a u drugom Rusija I - obje reprezentacije nastupile su u drugačijim sastavima u odnosu na godinu ranije''

Najbolji rezultat njemačke ekipe je 4. mjesto 2006. i 2011., a češke ekipe je 3. mjesto 2019. godine.

Vanjske poveznice

Vidi
Hrvatski streljački savez
Hrvatski streličarski savez
IAU Svjetski samostrijelski kup u Hrvatskoj

Izvori

Međunarodna streličarska natjecanja u Hrvatskoj
Međunarodna streličarska natjecanja
Međunarodna streljačka natjecanja u Hrvatskoj
Šport u Slavonskom Brodu
Europska športska natjecanja

Europa kup u field samostrelu


«Breathless» puede referirse a:

Cine
 Breathless/Vivir sin aliento (1983), película de Jim McBride;

Música
 Breathless (1978), álbum de Camel;
 Breathless (2007), álbum de Shayne Ward;
 Breathless (2000), canción de The Corrs;

Breathless


هالة غوراني (1 مارس 1970)  هي صحفية أمريكية من أصل سوري لأبوين سوريين هاجرا إلى أمريكا تعمل في المكتب الرئيسي لسي إن إن في أتلانتا، جورجيا. سابقاً كانت تعمل في مكتب لندن كمذيعة لبرنامج «عالمك اليوم» (Your World Today) مع جيم كلانسي. كما أنها تقدم برنامج «المكتب الدولي» (International Desk) والبرنامج الشهري «داخل الشرق الأوسط» (Inside the Middle East).

حياتها
ولدت هالة غوراني في سياتل، واشنطن، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية لأبوين سوريين. مهاجرين من حلب. لكنها نشأت في باريس، فرنسا. كما أنها عاشت لفترة في الجزائر. حصلت على شهادة البكالوريوس في الاقتصاد من جامعة جورج ماسون بالقرب من واشنطن دي سي، كما تخرجت من معهد الدرسات السياسية بباريس في عام 1995.

عملها
بدأت عملها كصحفية في لا فوه دي نورد  ووكالة فرانس برس قبل أن تنضم إلى فرانس 3 في عام 1994. وانضمت إلى سي إن إن في لندن في عام 1998.

عملت على تغطية أحداث الحرب بين حزب الله وإسرائيل في عام 2006 من مكتب سي إن إن في لبنان. كما أنها أعدت العديد من التقارير من سورية، لبنان، السعودية، العراق، مصر.

كما أنها قادت حملة تغطية الانتخابات الرئاسية الفرنسية (2007) في أبريل 2007. وغطت من باريس تبعات الهجوم على صحيفة شارلي إبدو في يناير 2015.

حياة شخصية
تتكلم هالة غوراني اللغات الإنكليزية، الفرنسية والعربية وتقيم حالياً في لندن.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من باريس
أشخاص من حلب
أمريكيون مغتربون في الجزائر
أمريكيون مغتربون في المملكة المتحدة
أمريكيون من أصل سوري
أمريكيون من أصل فرنسي
خريجو جامعة جورج ماسون
خريجو معهد الدراسات السياسية بباريس
صحفيات تلفزيون أمريكيات
صحفيات فرنسيات
صحفيو سي إن إن
صحفيون أمريكيون من أصل عربي
صحفيون من باريس
صحفيون من ولاية واشنطن
فرنسيون من أصل سوري
مذيعات أمريكيات
مذيعات سوريات
مراسلات حربيات
مراسلون أمريكيون
مسلمون أمريكيون
مغتربون أمريكيون في فرنسا
مواليد 1389 هـ
مواليد 1970
مواليد في سياتل

هالة غوراني


Poul Holm kan henvise til flere personer:
 Poul Holm (historiker), født 1955
 Poul Holm (badmintonspiller) - 1920-2000
 Poul Holm (idrætsmand), født 1888

Poul Holm


Alex Collier manifiesta ser un contactado con por seres de extraterrestres humanos que pertenecen a la constelación de Andrómeda. La primera vez que comenzó a experimentar el contacto extraterrestre fue a los 8 años de edad, durante su infancia.

Después, las experiencias se detuvieron durante un período de varios años, que incluía el tiempo en el servicio militar como piloto de helicóptero en el ejército de los Estados Unidos. Las experiencias de contacto se reanudaron en 1988. Se reunió con dos andromedanos, Vissaeus y Morenae, que se convirtieron en sus mentores y lo llevaron a bordo de una nave nodriza extraterrestre, donde fue expuesto a las enseñanzas y filosofías de los andromedanos. Los andromedanos le dieron información acerca de la espiritualidad cósmica, la vida en el Universo, y la historia galáctica de la Tierra.

Contactos
Collier señala que ha estado en contacto con seres de la galaxia de Andrómeda y pretende ser mensajero de estos supuestos visitantes. Los andromedanos de Collier son del tipo extraterrestre nórdico. Las declaraciones de Collier incluyen una elaborada historia de la Tierra desde el punto de vista de estos extraterrestres. Esta historia secreta contiene elementos de muchas otras teorías de conspiración y tradiciones ovni, incluidos objetos planetarios propuestos en religión, astrología y ovnilogía, como: el planeta Nibiru propuesto por Zecharia Sitchin; reptiloides, extraterrestres grises; múltiples especies de extraterrestres quienes habrían colonizado la Tierra hace millones de años; Lemuria; y la Atlántida.

Collier ha declarado que ha sido forzado a mantenerse en la oscuridad debido a las amenazas de "tres hombres bien vestidos" quienes presuntamente formaban parte de un "Programa". No han podido corroborarse ninguna de estas declaraciones, así como el ser un "contactado" o de haber sido amenazado en silencio por cualquier organización gubernamental. Ha sido acusado abiertamente por miembros de la comunidad ovni, como Michael Horn, de simplemente haber perpetrado un fraude. No obstante, Alex Collier tiene apoyo entre, por lo menos, algunos ufólogos, lo cual ha sido demostrado al continuar teniendo cobertura positiva en sitios web como Exopolitics Journal y Galactic Diplomacy

Alex Collier también fue el presentador de evidencias de que tres objetos de gran tamaño que se acercaban a la Tierra, y que se esperaba llegarían a mediados de diciembre de 2012, aunque muchos criticaron este hallazgo por considerarlo poco real, aunque los investigadores de eventos extraterrestres le dieron crédito.

Dichos objetos pueden ser en el Mapa DSS2 ALL SKY SURVEY, en las coordenadas siguientes:
19 25 12 -89 46 03 - El gran objeto primero
16 19 35 -88 43 10 - Un objeto cilíndrico
02 26 39 -89 43 13 – el objeto como un círculo

En una entrevista en 1994 afirmó que la humanidad tenía que tomar el control de su destino en agosto de 2001.

Véase también
 Abducción (ufología)
 Ufología

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Alex Collier en UFO Hypotheses
 Alex Collier Official

Encuentros con ovnis
Ufólogos

Alex Collier


La Dirección de Meteorología e Hidrología (DMH), es una organización paraguaya encargada de informar/alertar los datos meteorológicos e hidrológicos del país.

Historia
Según Decreto Ley N° 9926 de fecha 7 de noviembre de 1938, se creó la Dirección de Meteorología, reorganizando los Servicios Meteorológicos bajo una única Dirección, dependiente del Ministerio de Guerra y Marina, actualmente Ministerio de Defensa Nacional.

El desarrollo de la meteorología en el Paraguay, tuvo sus orígenes en los registros realizados por el naturalista, antropólogo y botánico suizo, Moisés Santiago Bertoni, quien entre 1887 y 1929, realizó varias series de observaciones meteorológicas en forma independiente, en la zona que actualmente ocupa parte del embalse de la Represa Hidroeléctrica de Itaipú, ubicada en el Departamento de Alto Paraná.

La colección y registro sistemático de los datos relativos con la frecuencia de las precipitación, la humedad, el comportamiento del viento y la temperatura del aire efectuada durante aproximadamente 50 años, plasmó en numerosas publicaciones, y algunas prácticas sobre pronósticos de precipitaciones en el Paraguay, sobre la base de los datos estadísticos de los 12 meses del año, generando de este modo un calendario de lluvias utilizado por mucho tiempo como referencia por los agricultores.

Sitio web
Dirección de Meteorología e Hidrología del Paraguay

Organizaciones meteorológicas
Empresas de Paraguay

Dirección de Meteorología e Hidrología (Paraguay)


An Elymus mucronatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Philipp Filip Maximilian Opiz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Hans Joachim Conert. An Elymus mucronatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elymus

Elymus mucronatus


Le site archéologique de Mauves-sur-Loire est un ensemble de vestiges protohistoriques et surtout antiques situés sur la commune de Mauves-sur-Loire dans le département français de la Loire-Atlantique.

Sur un plateau surplombant la rive droite de la Loire, une agglomération antique se développe sous le Haut-Empire romain avant d'être délaissée à la charnière des . Aucun vestige n'est visible en élévation mais, sur une superficie d'environ , plusieurs monuments publics sont attestés : un sanctuaire, un théâtre et des thermes. En outre, une vaste , un petit temple, des éléments de voirie et des indices d'activité artisanale (forges) sont identifiés.

Localisation

Le site de Mauves-sur-Loire se trouve en limite sud de la  des Namnètes constituée par la Loire, à une quinzaine de kilomètres à l'est de  (Nantes), au contact de la  des Pictons. Il occupe un plateau allongé du nord au sud, encadré par les vallées encaissées de deux ruisseaux qui descendent vers la Loire. Ce plateau, dont l'altitude baisse légèrement du nord () vers le sud (), se termine par un coteau abrupt surplombant la rive droite du fleuve de plus de . Le site est desservi par plusieurs voies. La Loire, navigable, constitue une voie privilégiée même si aucun embarcadère n'est identifié au niveau de Mauves ; deux voies routières, est-ouest d'Angers à Nantes et nord-sud de la Vendée à Petit-Mars et Blain se croisent à proximité du site.

Dans la géographie moderne, le site occupe la partie sud-est de la commune de Mauves-sur-Loire, en limite des départements de la Loire-Atlantique et de Maine-et-Loire. À l'exception de sa partie septentrionale, où des opérations d'archéologie préventive ont lieu en 2021 en préalable à l'implantation de lotissements, le site n'est, au début des années 2020, que très peu urbanisé.

Histoire
Après quelques traces au Néolithique, l'occupation pérenne du site commence dès l'âge du fer ; elle est attestée dans sa partie méridionale, là où une  romaine est plus tard édifiée, mais surtout dans sa partie septentrionale, au nord et à l'ouest du théâtre antique. Il s'agit dans ce cas d'une voie empierrée et de nombreux vestiges d'un cinquantaine de structures sur poteaux, sans doutes des greniers à grains.

L'agglomération antique, bien qu'encore mal définie dans son contour et son organisation, semble directement prendre la suite de l'occupation protohistorique. Elle semble abandonnée à la fin du  ou dans la première moitié du , au plus tard sous le règne de Magnence.

Les premières fouilles sont réalisées en 1885 et 1886 par Léon Maître ; elles concernent principalement les thermes, le théâtre et le sanctuaire de Vieille-Cour. D'autres fouilles ou sondages ont lieu entre les années 1970 et les années 1980, toujours partielles et parfois mal documentées. Des fouilles préventives, dans le cadre d'un projet de lotissement au nord du site, ont lieu en 2021.

Le site antique
Allongé du nord-ouest au sud-est, le site archéologique de Mauves-sur-Loire correspond à celui d'une agglomération antique d'une superficie estimée à  où, en 1973, quatorze bâtiments sont recensés. Plusieurs équipements publics y sont identifiés : un sanctuaire peut-être dédié à Mars Mullo, des thermes et un édifice de spectacles de type théâtre gallo-romain. Un petit  est localisé au nord de l'emprise.

Le théâtre occupe le point le plus haut du site, thermes et sanctuaire étant proches du bord du coteau. Une voie semblant longer la crête du coteau relie les thermes et le sanctuaire et dessert à mi-chemin une . Une autre voie, perpendiculaire à la précédente, part du sanctuaire pour rejoindre le théâtre.

Sanctuaire de Vieille-Cour

Au sud-est du site archéologique, un sanctuaire prend la place d'une occupation du Hallstatt ou de La Tène qui ne peut être caractérisée. Entre le courant du  et la seconde moitié du  ce sanctuaire connaît trois états successifs se caractérisant par une monumentalisation accrue, pour aboutir à un temple romain classique. Ce temple est accompagné, au sud, d'un édifice à galeries dont le rôle n'est pas défini mais qui pourrait être un espace d'accueil pour les pèlerins. Dans la seconde moitié du  le temple, qui est peut-être déjà affecté à d'autres utilisations, semble victime d'un incendie.

Édifice de spectacles

Un théâtre occupe le point culminant du site antique, au nord de son emprise. Doté d'une  qui outrepasse le demi-cercle et dont le diamètre maximal est supérieur à , il est tourné vers l'est. Seul le dispositif qui délimite la  (un couloir entre deux murs annulaires) et le mur qui barre la scène sont connus par des fouilles de 1876. Son histoire n'est pas connue mais son style architectural suggère une construction du .

Thermes

Le complexe thermal, sur le plateau Saint-Clément, se trouve dans la partie sud-ouest du site antique. Il est partiellement fouillé en 1886 mais Léon Maître n'est alors pas certain qu'il s'agisse de thermes ; son existence est toutefois confirmée en 1966 sans que son architecture et la distribution des salles puisse être précisée ni que les dernières trouvailles puissent être intégrées au plan partiel de 1886.

Quelques murs sont connus, ainsi que plusieurs structures assimilées à des bassins dont celui d'un  et des vestiges de sols dont le carrelage recouvre une couche de cailloux. Au  de nombreux débris de  étaient visibles à la surface du sol. Les structures identifiées permettent d'attribuer aux thermes de Mauves des dimensions d'au moins  pour une superficie supérieure ou égale à , ce qui leur confère probablement le statut d'édifice public.

Autres aménagements

Une  est identifiée dans les années 1970 entre le sanctuaire et les thermes. L'affectation de certaines pièces est clairement attestée : une cuisine et son fourneau, une pièce chauffée par hypocauste, un cellier, une galerie à colonnades en façade. Si son premier état date de l'époque d'Auguste ou de Tibère, elle s'agrandit progressivement jusqu'à la fin du  ou au début du . Elle semble abandonnée entre la fin du  et le milieu du .

À l'extrême nord du site, deux forges sont identifiées, dont l'une est abritée par une structure sur poteaux. Dans le même secteur, une voie antique se superpose presque exactement à une voie protohistorique, montrant que l'occupation humaine n'a pas cessé dans cette période.

Un petit  est identifié à une centaine de mètres à l'ouest de cette voie, toujours au nord du site. Remanié à au moins une reprise, son orientation est calée sur celle de la voie et quatre fossés qui l'encadrent semblent dessiner un péribole ouvert au nord-est.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Namnètes

Liens externes

Ancienne agglomération romaine en France

Site archéologique de Mauves-sur-Loire


ස්ටාර් ඔෆ් බොම්බේ යනු කැරට් 182 (ග්රෑම් 36.4) ක බරකින් යුක්ත ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සම්භවය වූ ආරුනූල් නිල් මැණිකකි.

ම්වාද බලන්න
ස්ටාර් ඔෆ් ඉන්ඩියා (මැණික)

ආශ්‍රිත

ස්ටාර් ඔෆ් බොම්බේ


An Warczewiczella lobata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Louis Dressler. An Warczewiczella lobata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Warczewiczella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Warczewiczella

Warczewiczella lobata


W56 peut faire référence à :
 Contact avec un animal marin, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 W56, une ogive thermonucléaire américaine.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

W56 (homonymie)


Renato Júnior Luz Sanches ()

Palmares

Club
 Primeira Liga: 2015–16
 Taça da Liga: 2015–16

Naționala
Portugalia
 UEFA Euro 2016

Premii individuale
 UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2014
 SJPF Young Player of the Month: Decembrie 2015
 Primeira Liga Goal of the Month: Decembrie 2015
 CNID Awards - Revelation of the Year: 2016
 UEFA European Championship Young Player of the Tournament: 2016
 Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player: 2015–16
 Primeira Liga Best Goal: 2015–16
 Golden Boy: 2016

Referințe

Fotbaliști portughezi
Oameni din Lisabona
Nașteri în 1997
Fotbaliști ai SL Benfica
Fotbaliști ai Paris Saint-Germain FC
Fotbaliști ai lui AS Roma

Renato Sanches


Burton's Gentleman's Magazine and American Monthly Review (sau uneori ...and Monthly American Review) sau, mai simplu, Burton's Magazine, a fost o publicație literară ce a apărut la Philadelphia din 1837 până în 1841. Fondatorul său a fost William Evans Burton, un imigrant de origine engleză în Statele Unite ale Americii care a condus, de asemenea, un teatru și a fost un actor de mică importanță.

Prezentare generală
Revista a publicat poezii, proză, eseuri, cu un accent pe viața sportivă. Articolele sportive se refereau la navigație, crichet, vânătoare etc. Pentru a concura cu alte reviste ale vremii, Burton's a inclus ilustrații suplimentare și o hârtie mai groasă decât cea standard.

Edgar Allan Poe

Cel mai faimos colaborator al revistei a fost Edgar Allan Poe, care a fost o scurtă perioadă și redactor în 1839. Ediția din iunie 1839 a revistei Burton's a inclus notița că proprietarul ei a "făcut aranjamente cu Edgar A. Poe, Esq., fost redactor la Southern Literary Messenger, pentru a-și dedica abilitățile și experiența lui pentru o parte a sarcinilor redacționale ale Gentlemen's Magazine". Poe a fost de acord să furnizeze aproximativ 11 pagini de material original pe lună și a fost plătit cu 10 dolari pe săptămână, iar numele său a fost adăugat lângă cel al lui Burton. În Burton's, Poe a publicat povestiri binecunoscute acum precum "Omul făcut bucăți", "Prăbușirea Casei Usher", "William Wilson", "Morella", "Convorbirea dintre Iros și Carmion" și altele. Neînțelegerile dintre cei doi l-a determinat pe Burton să-l concedieze pe Poe în iunie 1840.

În 1841, Burton a vândut revista lui George Rex Graham. Ea a fuzionat atunci cu Atkinson's Casket pentru a deveni Graham's Magazine.

Vezi și
Printre alte reviste americane în care a publicat Edgar Allan Poe se numără:
 American Review: A Whig Journal
 Broadway Journal
 Godey's Lady's Book
 Graham's Magazine
 Southern Literary Messenger
 The Stylus

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. Harper Perennial, 1991. p. 143-44.
 Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. Checkmark Books, 2001.

Reviste literare din Statele Unite ale Americii
Edgar Allan Poe
Fondări în 1837

Burton's Gentleman's Magazine


سمية الخنة (17 يوليو 1974 -)، مذيعة وممثلة بحرينية.

عن حياتها
متزوجة من المخرج غافل فاضل، عرفها الجمهور الخليجي عبر تلفزيون الكويت، بداياتها كانت عبر عروض الأزياء، واستمرت في هذا المجال لمدة خمس سنوات، عملت بعدها كمذيعة، لتنتقل إلى التمثيل.
قدمت أول عمل لها عام 1988 تحت عنوان «فتاة أخرى» والذي قدمته مع المذيعة المعتزلة «أماني محمد».

أعمالها

من المسلسلات
 فتاة آخرى.
 السراج.
 أولاد بوجسوم.
 حامض حلو.
 الكلمة الطيبة.
 بيت تسكنه سمرة.
 الديرة نت.
 الوهم - سهرة تلفزيونية.
 طاش ما طاش - الموسم الثامن.
 الحب يأتي متأخرا.
 بقدر ما تحمله النفوس.
 بيوت من ثلج.
 مدينة الأمان.
 بيت بو نشمي.
 للحياة وجه آخر.
 صور من الحياة.
 دار الزين.
 الإختيار الصعب.
 بيت من ورق.
 بعد منتصف الخوف.
 شوف الدنيا.
 يا صديقي.

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
عارضات أزياء بحرينيات
مذيعات بحرينيات
مواليد 1394 هـ
مواليد 1974
ممثلات تلفزيون بحرينيات

سمية الخنة


Ăla micu' (titlu original: Little Man) este un film american de comedie din 2006. Este produs și regizat de Keenen Ivory Wayans. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Kerry Washington, John Witherspoon, Tracy Morgan și Lochlyn Munro. A primit Zmeura de Aur pentru cea mai proastă refacere sau continuare a unui film.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Marlon Wayans - Calvin Simms
 Shawn Wayans - Darryl Edwards
 Kerry Washington - Vanessa Edwards
 John Witherspoon - Pops
 Brittany Daniel - Brittany
 Tracy Morgan - Percy
 Lochlyn Munro - Greg
 Chazz Palminteri - Walken
 Molly Shannon - Soccer Mom
 David Alan Grier - Jimmy
 Dave Sheridan - Rosco
 Fred Stoller - Richard
 Alex Borstein - Janet
 Kelly Coffield Park - The Jeweler
 Damien Dante Wayans - Ofițer Wilson
 Rob Schneider - D-Rex (cameo nem.)
 Uriel Garcia - Shaq
 Verne Troyer - dublura lui Calvin (nem.)

Coloana sonoră
 "My House" de Lloyd Banks și 50 Cent
 "Ridin'" de  Chamillionaire și Krayzie Bone
 "The Message" de Echo & the Bunnymen
 "Movin' on Up" de  Jeff Berry și Ja'net Dubois
 "Celebration" de Robert Kool Bell
 "Home Sweet Home/Bittersweet Symphony" de  Limp Bizkit
 "Lifetime" de Maxwell
 "In This Moment" de Ill Niño
 "Purple Haze" de Maxwell
 "Buddy (D-Rex Theme Song)" de Dwayne Wayans și  Eric Willis
 "Best Friend" de Harry Nilsson
 "Pump It" de  The Black Eyed Peas
 "Happy Birthday to You" de Mildred J. Hill și Patty S. Hill
 "Praise You" de Fatboy Slim
 "Candy Shop" (instrumental) de 50 Cent și Olivia

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și

Filme din 2006
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Keenen Ivory Wayans
Filme de comedie din anii 2000

Ăla micu'