The Parliament of Malaysia () is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives, lit. "People's Assembly") and the Dewan Negara (Senate, lit. "State Assembly"). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), as the head of state, is the third component of Parliament.

The Parliament assembles in the Malaysian Houses of Parliament, located in the national capital city of Kuala Lumpur.

The term "Member of Parliament (MP)" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament. The term "Senator" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Negara, the upper house of the Parliament.

History

Colonial and the Federation of Malaya
Historically, none of the states forming the Federation of Malaysia had parliaments before independence, save for Sarawak which had its own Council Negeri which enabled local participation and representation in administrative work since 1863. Although the British colonial government had permitted the forming of legislative councils for Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak, these were not the supreme makers of law, and remained subordinate to the British High Commissioner or the Rajah, in case of Sarawak.

The Reid Commission, which drafted the Constitution of Malaya — Malaya gained independence in 1957, ahead of the other states that would later form Malaysia – modelled the Malayan system of government after the British system: a bicameral parliament, with one house being directly elected, and the other having limited powers with some members being appointed by the King, as is the case with the British House of Commons and House of Lords. In line with the federal nature of the new country, the upper house would also have members elected by state legislative assemblies in addition to members appointed by the King.

The Constitution provided for the pre-independence Federal Legislative Council to continue to sit as the legislative body of the new country until 1959, when the first post-independence general election were held and the first Parliament of Malaya were elected.

Parliament first sat at the former headquarters building of the Federated Malay States Volunteer Force on a hill near Jalan Tun Ismail (Maxwell Road). The Dewan Negara met in a hall on the ground floor while the Dewan Rakyat met in the hall on the first floor. With the completion of Parliament House in 1962, comprising a three-storey main building for the two houses of Parliament to meet, and an 18-storey tower for the offices of Ministers and members of Parliament, both houses moved there.

Malaysia
In 1963, when Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore merged to form Malaysia, the Malayan Parliament was adopted for use as the Parliament of Malaysia. Both Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara were expanded to include representatives from the new states. When Singapore seceded from Malaysia in 1965, it ceased to be represented in the Parliament of Malaysia.

Significant change regarding the composition of Dewan Negara occurred during this period. Under the 1957 Constitution of Malaya, senators elected by the state assemblies were in the majority, totalling 22 members with 2 for each state, while there were only 16 appointed members. The 1963 Constitution of Malaysia retains the provision that each state sends two senators, but subsequent amendments gradually increased the number of appointed members to 40 (plus another 4 appointed for representing the federal territories), leaving state-elected members in the minority and effectively diminishing the states' representation in Dewan Negara.

Parliament has been suspended only once in the history of Malaysia, in the aftermath of the 13 May race riots in 1969. From 1969 to 1971 – when Parliament reconvened – the nation was run by the National Operations Council (NOC).

Debates in Parliament are broadcast on radio and television occasionally, such as during the tabling of a budget. Proposals from the opposition to broadcast all debates live have been repeatedly rejected by the government; in one instance, a Minister said that the government was concerned over the poor conduct of the opposition as being inappropriate for broadcasting. The prohibitive cost (RM100,000 per sitting) was also cited as a reason.

In 2006, Information Minister Zainuddin Maidin cited the controversy over speeches made at the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) — the leading party in the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition – annual general assembly as a reason to avoid telecasting Parliamentary debates. Zainuddin said that "our society has not attained a mental maturity where it is insensitive to racial issues", citing the controversy over a delegate who said Malays would fight "to the last drop of blood" to defend the special provisions granted to them as bumiputra under the Constitution.

Since 2013, parliamentary debates are broadcast live on state television TV1.

Composition and powers

As the ultimate legislative body in Malaysia, the Parliament is responsible for passing, amending and repealing acts of law. It is subordinate to the Head of State, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, under Article 39 of the Constitution.

The Dewan Rakyat consists of 222 members of Parliament (MPs) elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population in a general election using the first-past-the-post system. A general election is held every five years or when Parliament is dissolved by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister. Suffrage is given to registered voters 18 years and above, however voting is not compulsory. The age requirement to stand for election is 18 years and above. When a member of Parliament dies, resigns or become disqualified to hold a seat, a by-election is held in his constituency unless the tenure for the current Parliament is less than two years, where the seat is simply left vacant until the next general election.

The Dewan Negara consists of 70 members (Senators); 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies (2 senators per state), 4 are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to represent the 3 federal territories (2 for Kuala Lumpur, 1 each for Putrajaya and Labuan). The rest 40 members are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister. Senators must be 30 years or above, and are appointed to a three-year term for a maximum of two terms. The dissolution of the Parliament does not affect the Dewan Negara.

Members of Parliament are permitted to speak on any subject without fear of censure outside Parliament; the only body that can censure an MP is the House Committee of Privileges. Parliamentary immunity takes effect from the moment a member of Parliament is sworn in, and only applies when that member has the floor; it does not apply to statements made outside the House. An exception to this rule are portions of the constitution related to the social contract, such as the Articles governing citizenship, Bumiputera (Malays and indigenous people) priorities, the Malay language, etc. — all public questioning of these provisions is illegal under the 1971 amendments to the Sedition Act, which Parliament passed in the wake of the 1969 13 May race riots. Members of Parliament are also forbidden from criticising the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and judges. Parliamentary immunity and other such privileges are set out by Article 63 of the Constitution; as such, the specific exceptions to such immunity had to be included in the Constitution by amendment after the 13 May incident.

The executive government, comprising the Prime Minister and his Cabinet, is drawn from the members of Parliament and is responsible to the Parliament. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints the Prime Minister, who is the Head of Government but constitutionally subordinant to His Majesty, from the Dewan Rakyat. In practice, the Prime Minister shall be the one who commands the confidence of the majority of the Dewan Rakyat. The Prime Minister then submits a list containing the names of members of his Cabinet, who will then be appointed as Ministers by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Members of the Cabinet must also be members of Parliament, usually from the Dewan Rakyat. The Cabinet formulates government policy and drafts bills, meeting in private. The members must accept "collective responsibility" for the decisions the Cabinet makes, even if some members disagree with it; if they do not wish to be held responsible for Cabinet decisions, they must resign. Although the Constitution makes no provision for it, there is also a Deputy Prime Minister, who is the de facto successor of the Prime Minister should he die, resign or be otherwise incapacitated.

If the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Dewan Rakyat, whether by losing a no-confidence vote or by failing to pass a budget, he must either submit his resignation to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, or ask His Majesty to dissolve the Parliament. If His Majesty refuses to dissolve the Parliament (one of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong discretionary powers), the Cabinet must resign and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong will appoint a new Prime Minister.

Although the judiciary is constitutionally an independent branch of the government, after the 1988 constitutional crisis, the judiciary was made subject to Parliament; judicial powers are held by Parliament, and vested by it in the courts, instead of being directly held by the judiciary as before. The Attorney-General was also conferred the power to instruct the courts on what cases to hear, where they would be heard, and whether to discontinue a particular case.

After the general elections in 2008, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, leader of the People's Justice Party and wife of former deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim became the leader of the opposition. She is the first female in Malaysian history to have held this position. Wan Azizah is described as the "brains" behind the coalition of her own party, the 'leftist' Democratic Action Party (DAP) and the religion based Pan Malaysian Islamic Party.

Procedure
Parliament meets from Monday to Thursday when it is in session, as Friday is part of the weekend in the states of Johor, Kelantan, Kedah, and Terengganu. However, the lower house (Dewan Rakyat) also meets on Friday for a day (usually on September to November) during the federal budget presentation.

A proposed act of law begins its life when a particular government minister or ministry prepares a first draft with the assistance of the Attorney-General's Department. The draft, known as a bill, is then discussed by the Cabinet. If it is agreed to be submitted to Parliament, the bill is distributed to all MPs. It then goes through three readings before the Dewan Rakyat. The first reading is where the minister or his deputy submits it to Parliament. At the second reading, the bill is discussed and debated by MPs. Until the mid-1970s, both English and Malay (the national language) were used for debates, but henceforth, only Malay was permitted, unless permission was obtained from the Speaker of the House. At the third reading, the minister or his deputy formally submit it to a vote for approval. A 2/3 majority is usually required to pass the bill, but in certain cases, a simple majority suffices. Should the bill pass, it is sent to the Dewan Negara, where the three readings are carried out again. The Dewan Negara may choose not to pass the bill, but this only delays its passage by a month, or in some cases, a year; once this period expires, the bill is considered to have been passed by the house.

If the bill passes, it is presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who has 30 days to consider the bill. Should he disagree with it, he returns it to Parliament with a list of suggested amendments. Parliament must then reconsider the bill and its proposed amendments and return it to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong within 30 days if they pass it again. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong then has another 30 days to give the royal assent; otherwise, it passes into law. The law does not take effect until it is published in the Government Gazette.

The government attempts to maintain top secrecy regarding bills debated; MPs generally receive copies of bills only a few days before they are debated, and newspapers are rarely provided with copies of the bills before they are debated. In some cases, such as a 1968 amendment to the Constitution, an MP may be presented with a bill to be debated on the same day it is tabled, and all three readings may be carried out that day itself. In rare circumstances, the government may release a White paper containing particular proposals that will eventually be incorporated into a bill; this has been done for legislation such as the Universities and University Colleges Act.

Although the process above assumes only the government can propose bills, there also exists a process for Private Member's Bills. However, as in most other legislatures following the Westminster System, few members of Parliament actually introduce bills. To present a Private Member's Bill, the member in question must seek the leave of the House in question to debate the bill before it is moved. Originally, it was allowed to debate the bill in the process of seeking leave, but this process was discontinued by an amendment to the Standing Orders of Parliament. It is also possible for members of the Dewan Negara (Senate) to initiate bills; however, only cabinet ministers are permitted to move finance-related bills, which must be tabled in the Dewan Rakyat.

It is often alleged that legislation proposed by the opposition parties, which must naturally be in the form of a Private Member's Bill, is not seriously considered by Parliament. Some have gone as far as to claim that the rights of members of Parliament to debate proposed bills have been severely curtailed by incidents such as an amendment of the Standing Orders that permitted the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat to amend written copies of MPs' speeches before they were made. Nevertheless, some of these critics also suggest that "Government officials often face sharp questioning in Parliament, although this is not always reported in detail in the press."

Most motions are typically approved or rejected by a voice vote; divisions are generally rare. In 2008, the 12th Parliament saw the first division on the question of a supply bill.

In June 2008, two MPs announced they would be supporting a motion of no confidence against the Prime Minister, another first in the history of Parliament. The procedure surrounding a vote of no confidence is not entirely clear; as of 18 June 2008 it appeared there was no provision in the Standing Orders for whether a simple majority or a 2/3 supermajority would be necessary to pass a vote of no confidence

Relationship with the government
In theory, based on the Constitution of Malaysia, the government is accountable to Parliament. However, there has been substantial controversy over the independence of the Malaysian Parliament, with many viewing it simply as a rubber stamp, whereby government MPs attend parliamentary votes purely to approve decisions made by the executive branch of the government (particularly decisions made by Prime Minister and/or the Cabinet). Constitutional scholar Shad Saleem Faruqi has calculated that 80% of all bills the government introduced from 1991 to 1995 were passed without a single amendment. According to him, another 15% were withdrawn due to pressure from non-governmental organisations (NGOs) or other countries, while only 5% were amended or otherwise altered by Parliament. Shad concludes that "the legislative process is basically an executive process, not a parliamentary process." In practice, almost all laws are passed without any amendments from either non-executive government MPs or opposition MPs. Furthermore, all laws have been passed based on the official line set down by leaders of the governing political party; no laws have been passed through a conscience vote. Party whips in Malaysia play a minimal role unlike their counterparts in the United Kingdom, as party discipline in Malaysia is very strict and almost every parliamentary vote is based on the official position of the respective political party coalitions (every parliamentary bill passed into law, was voted in favour by all government MPs).

Checks and balances
Theoretically, the executive branch of the government held in check by the legislative and judiciary branches. Parliament largely exerts control on the government through question time, where MPs question members of the cabinet on government policy, and through Select committees that are formed to look into a particular issue.

Formally, Parliament exercises control over legislation and financial affairs. However, the legislature has been condemned as having a "tendency to confer wide powers on ministers to enact delegated legislation", and a substantial portion of the government's revenue is not under Parliament's purview; government-linked companies, such as Petronas, are generally not accountable to Parliament. In his 1970 book The Malay Dilemma, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad stated: "In the main, Parliamentary sittings were regarded as a pleasant formality which afforded members opportunities to be heard and quoted, but which would have absolutely no effect on the course of the Government. ... The sittings were a concession to a superfluous democratic practice. Its main value lay in the opportunity to flaunt Government strength." Critics have regarded Parliament as a "safe outlet for the grievances of backbenchers or opposition members," and meant largely to "endorse government or ruling party proposals" rather than act as a check on them.

Party loyalty is strictly enforced by the Barisan Nasional coalition government, which has controlled Parliament throughout most years of Malaysia's existence. Those who have voted against the frontbench position, such as Shahrir Abdul Samad, have been sanctioned by being coerced to resign from party positions. Although there is no precedent of an MP being removed from the house for crossing the floor, two Penang State Legislative Assemblymen who abstained from voting on an opposition-tabled motion in the State Legislative Assembly were suspended, and a stern warning was issued by then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad stating that representatives from BN would likely be dismissed if they crossed the floor. This was later affirmed by Mahathir's successor, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, who issued an official directive prohibiting BN MPs from voting for opposition-tabled motions in Parliament.

At one time, there was an attempt led by government backbenchers to gain Abdullah's support for a policy change which would permit some discretion in voting, but Abdullah insisted that MPs have "no leeway or freedom to do as they like". A similar policy is in place in the non-partisan Dewan Negara — when in 2005, several Senators refused to support the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) (Amendment) Bill 2005, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Nazri Aziz said that although the government would take note of the complaints, "the cabinet did not allow senators to exercise conscience voting on this issue".

There have been only six Select Committees formed since 1970, when Parliament reconvened after the May 13 Incident. Of these, three were formed between 2002 and 2005. Although question time exists for Parliament to check the power of the executive, it has been argued that the question time allotted for MPs to question the government on its policies is insufficient or ineffective. Shad has calculated that as each question time session lasts only an hour, at the most, twelve questions can be asked. Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang of the Democratic Action Party (DAP) calculated that over the space of three days (from 10 to 13 October 2005), only 32 questions were answered orally. Of these 32 questions, only nine or 28% percent were answered by the Ministers concerned. The rest were answered either by Deputy Ministers (41%) or Parliamentary Secretaries (31%). After the 2008 general election, Abdullah reshuffled his Cabinet, eliminating Parliamentary Secretaries, which The Sun greeted as a move "forcing ministers and deputy ministers to answer questions in Parliament".

Time is allocated for discussion of the annual budget after it is tabled by the Minister of Finance; however, most MPs spend much of the time questioning the government on other issues. Shad contends that although about 20 days are given for discussion of the budget, "the budget debate is used to hit the government on the head about everything else other than the budget. From potholes to education policy to illegal immigrants." If Parliament votes to reject the budget, it is taken as a vote of no-confidence, forcing the government out of office. The government will then either have to reform itself with a new cabinet and possibly new Prime Minister, or call for a general election. As a result, Shad states that "MPs may criticize, they may have their say but the government will have its way" when it comes to the budget.

With the judiciary, it is possible for the courts to declare a particular act of Parliament unconstitutional. However, this has never occurred. Parliament is not involved in the process of judicial appointments.

Department of Parliament controversy

In early October 2005, the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of parliamentary affairs, Nazri Aziz, announced the formation of a Department of Parliament to oversee its day-to-day running. The leader of the Opposition, Lim Kit Siang, immediately announced a "Save Parliament" campaign to "ensure that Parliament does not become a victim in the second most serious assault on the doctrine of separation of powers in the 48-year history of the nation".

Nazri soon backed down, saying he had meant an office (although he stated jabatan, which means department; pejabat is the Malay word for office) and not Department (Jabatan) of Parliament. The New Straits Times, a newspaper owned by the United Malays National Organisation (a key member of the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition) wrote in an editorial that "ministerial authority was established over Parliament the building" and not Parliament the institution and that "[i]f the new 'department' and its management and staff do their jobs well, the rakyat (people) would have even more of a right to expect their MPs to do theirs by turning up for Dewan sessions, preserving that quaint tradition of the quorum, on behalf of their constituencies."

Lim was dissatisfied with such a response and went ahead with a "Save Parliament" roundtable attended by several MPs (including Nazri) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Although Lim thanked Nazri (the only Barisan Nasional MP in attendance), he stated that the proposed department remained a threat to Parliament's independence, and had to be "seen in the context of the relentless erosion and diminution of parliamentary powers and functions by the Executive". In a statement, the roundtable found that "Nazri's explanations were not convincing" and urged "Nazri to halt all implementation of the Cabinet decision to establish a Department or Office of Parliament until MPs and the civil society could approve and support the proposal".

On 13 October in the Dewan Rakyat, Ahmad Shabery Cheek (BN MP for Kemaman) tabled a motion to reinstate the Parliamentary Services Act 1963 (which would provide for a parliamentary service independent of the Public Service Department currently handling parliamentary affairs) that had been repealed (upon the unilateral suggestion of then-Speaker Zahir Ismail) in 1992. Ahmad Shabery demanded to know if the government would make the status of parliament as an independent institution clear, and stated that "Aside from nice flooring, chairs and walls, we don't even have a library that can make us proud, no in-house outlet selling copies of different Acts that are passed in Parliament itself and no proper information centre."

Nazri responded that the motion would have to be referred to the House Committee for review. Shahrir Abdul Samad, chairman of the Barisan Nasional Backbenchers Club, then insisted that the Act be immediately restored without being referred to the Committee, and called on all MPs who supported the motion to stand. Several immediately stood, with some Opposition MPs shouting "bangun, bangun" (stand up, stand up). Following Shahrir's lead, a majority of the BN MPs also stood, including some frontbenchers. However, several ministers, including Foreign Minister Syed Hamid Albar (who had supported repealing the Act in 1992) remained seated. Nazri then stated that the matter would remain with the Committee, as he did not want it dealt with in a slipshod manner.

The following day, Lim called on Kamaruddin Mohd Baria, who would have taken the post of Parliament Head of Administration, not to report for duty in his new post. Meanwhile, the Dewan Negara House Committee held a specially-convened meeting, which called on the government to revive the Act and to call off all moves to change the administrative structure of Parliament. The President of the Dewan Negara, Abdul Hamid Pawanteh, also stated that he had not been informed "at all" by the government regarding the new department or office of Parliament. Later the same day, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad stated that the government had agreed to revive the Act.

However, on 17 October, Nazri refused to budge on the issue of the new post of "Parliament Head of Administration" (which would make the current Parliamentary Secretary, who is accountable to Parliament and not the executive, redundant). He also stated that the Parliamentary Services Act would have to go through the Dewan Rakyat House Committee and endorsed by the Dewan Rakyat before being sent to the cabinet for approval. In his blog, Lim slammed Nazri for overlooking "the fact that when the Parliamentary Privilege Act was repealed in 1992, it was not at the recommendation of the Dewan Rakyat House Committee but merely at the unilateral request of the Speaker."

Dewan Negara

The Dewan Negara (Malay for Senate, literally National Council) is the upper house of the Parliament of Malaysia, consisting of 70 senators of whom 26 are elected by the state legislative assemblies, with two senators for each state, while the other 44 are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), including four of whom are appointed to represent the federal territories. The term of office is 3 years and senators may only be re-appointed once, consecutively or non-consecutively.

The Dewan Negara usually reviews legislation that has been passed by the lower house, the Dewan Rakyat. All bills must usually be passed by both the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Negara (the Senate), before they are sent to the King for royal assent. However, if the Dewan Negara rejects a bill, it can only delay the bill's passage by a maximum of a year before it is sent to the King. Like the Dewan Rakyat, the Dewan Negara meets at the Malaysian Houses of Parliament in Kuala Lumpur.

Dewan Rakyat

The Dewan Rakyat (Malay for House of Representatives, literally People's Hall) is the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia, consisting of 222 Members of Parliament (MPs) elected during elections from federal constituencies drawn by the Election Commission. The term of office is at most 5 years and MPs may be re-elected indefinitely. However, an elected MP cannot concurrently serve as a senator.

The eligibility for appointment as minister or deputy minister is when they are elected as MP or appointed as senator. Therefore, a senator who is appointed as minister (or deputy minister) shall be seated in the Dewan Rakyat to answer parliamentary question. Nevertheless, they are not involved in the parliamentary voting session.

The Dewan Rakyat usually proposes legislation through a draft known as a 'bill'. All bills must usually be passed by both the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) and the Dewan Negara, before they are sent to the King for royal assent. However, if the Dewan Negara rejects a bill, it can only delay the bill's passage by a maximum of a year before it is sent to the King. Like the Dewan Negara, the Dewan Rakyat meets at the Malaysian Houses of Parliament in Kuala Lumpur.

References

External links

1959 establishments in Malaya
Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Government of Malaysia
Malaysia
Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)

Parliament of Malaysia


أبخ هي مدينة صغيرة تقع في إقليم أبخ شمال جمهورية جيبوتي، تحديدا على الساحل الشمالي لخليج تاجورة الذي يؤدي بنفسه إلى خليج عدن وكان يقطنها 8300 ساكنًا سنة 2003.

أعلام
 عبد الله محمد كامل

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في جيبوتي
إقليم أبخ
خليج عدن
مدن جيبوتي
مرافئ وموانئ جيبوتي

أبخ


Der U-Bahnhof Museumsinsel ist ein U-Bahnhof im Berliner Ortsteil Mitte. Er ist Teil der Verlängerung der U-Bahn-Linie U5 vom Alexanderplatz zum Brandenburger Tor, mit deren Bau 2010 (erster Spatenstich) begonnen wurde. Der Bahnhof wurde am 9. Juli 2021 in Betrieb genommen, wobei der erste offizielle Halt um 10:09 Uhr einem Sonderzug vorbehalten war. Er ist der 175. U-Bahnhof des Berliner Streckennetzes.

Planung

Die Station mit Mittelbahnsteig befindet sich am östlichen Ende des Boulevards Unter den Linden, zwischen dem Zeughaus und dem Berliner Schloss. Ein Teil des Bahnhofs befindet sich unmittelbar südlich der Schloßbrücke unter dem Spreekanal. Der Bahnsteig liegt in rund 16 Metern Tiefe unter der Straßenoberkante. Der Planungsname lautete U-Bahnhof Schlossplatz.

An beiden Enden wurden Zugangsbauwerke mit einer Verteilerebene unter der Straßenoberfläche errichtet. Auf der Westseite entstanden Zugänge vor dem Kronprinzenpalais sowie östlich des Zeughauses in Richtung Museumsinsel. An der Ostseite des Bahnhofs wurden zwei Zugänge direkt am Humboldt Forum errichtet. Beide Zugangsbauwerke wurden mit Rolltreppen ausgestattet, der Ostzugang erhielt zusätzlich einen von der Oberfläche bis zum Bahnsteig führenden Aufzug.

Zuerst wurden die beiden Baugruben für die späteren Zugangsbauwerke hergestellt, im Osten in offener Bauweise und im Westen in Deckelbauweise, jeweils im Schutz von Schlitzwänden und einer HDI-Sohle. Da sich die Baugrube Ost zum Teil im Spreekanal befand, musste dieser während der Bauzeit hinter einem zusätzlichen Fangedamm teilweise zugeschüttet werden. Der Stationsbereich wurde erst nach Durchfahrt der Tunnelbohrmaschine und Herstellung der beiden Streckentunnel errichtet. Dies erfolgte, im Gegensatz zu den anderen Bahnhöfen des Neubauabschnitts, ausgehend von den beiden Baugruben im bergmännischen Vortrieb im Schutze einer Bodenvereisung. Das Vereisungsverfahren fand bereits beim Bau des U-Bahnhofs Brandenburger Tor Anwendung.

Der Bahnsteigraum bildet sich aus den Gewölben der beiden teilweise aufzubrechenden Streckentunnel sowie dem von zwei Stützenreihen getragenen Zwischenraum mit flacher Decke. Die Gestaltung von Max Dudler wurde vom berühmten Schinkelschen Bühnenbild zur Oper Die Zauberflöte aus dem Jahr 1816 inspiriert und sieht über den Gleisen als dessen Sternenhimmel ein aquamarinblaues Tonnengewölbe mit 6662 Lichtpunkten vor. Die Wände wurden in Anlehnung an die klassizistische Architektur der umliegenden Gebäude mit hellem Naturstein verkleidet, hierfür kam Granit aus dem Fichtelgebirge zum Einsatz. Die Hintergleiswände wurden mit großformatigen Fotografien von Stefan Müller gestaltet, die die umliegenden Gebäude zeigen.

Am westlichen Ende der Station wurde eine Wehrkammer zum Schutz der Unterfahrung von Spree und Spreekanal errichtet. Alle Anlagen zur betriebstechnischen Ausrüstung, wie Stromversorgung, Fernmeldeanlagen und Klimatechnik wurden im unterirdischen Bahnhofsgebäude installiert.

Bau

Von Mitte 2010 bis Ende 2011 erfolgten umfangreiche Leitungsumverlegungen im späteren Baustellenbereich.

Ebenfalls 2011 wurden im Bereich des späteren östlichen Zugangsbauwerks archäologische Grabungen durchgeführt. Hier befanden sich bis 1894 die Häuser der Schlossfreiheit aus dem 17. und 18. Jahrhundert, deren Fundamente und Keller teilweise noch erhalten waren.

Das erste Los für die Herstellung des Rohbaus vergaben die Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) Ende Januar 2012. Es umfasst den Startschacht für die Tunnelbohrmaschine, den Tunnel im Bereich des Schildvortriebs, die Bahnhöfe Unter den Linden und Museumsinsel sowie eine Gleiswechselanlage. Das Auftragsvolumen liegt bei rund 190 Millionen Euro. Für den Rohbau des Bahnhofs Museumsinsel werden 65 Millionen Euro veranschlagt.

Der tatsächliche Baubeginn für den Bahnhof war Ende April 2012.

Zur Vereisung unter dem Spreekanal im Bereich des späteren Bahnsteigraums wurden bis Ende November 2017 insgesamt 95 je 105 Meter lange Bohrungen eingebracht. In diese wurden Leitungen für die Kühlflüssigkeit – minus 37 °C kalte Calciumchloridlösung – gelegt. Rund 2000 Messpunkte überwachten den Vereisungsvorgang. Etwa 60 Tage nach Beginn des Vereisungsvorgangs konnte am 8. Mai 2018 der symbolische Ausbruchsbeginn für den künftigen Bahnsteigbereich gefeiert werden. Diese Röhre wurde auf den Namen "Lavinia" getauft, benannt nach Lavinia Frey, Vorstand Kultur beim Humboldt Forum. Für die Errichtung dieser mittleren Röhre waren drei bis vier Monate veranschlagt. Anschließend wurden die beiden bereits beim Schildvortrieb der Streckentunnel errichteten Tunnel im Bahnhofsbereich vergrößert, hierfür mussten die dort eingebauten Tübbing-Ringe abgebrochen werden. Diese Arbeiten – und damit der gesamte bergmännische Vortrieb – waren im März 2019 abgeschlossen. Mitte Juli 2019 war die neue Innenschale der beiden Tunnelröhren fertiggestellt, sodass der vereiste Boden wieder aufgetaut werden konnte.

Im November 2019 konnte der Rohbau fertiggestellt werden, Anfang 2020 wurden die im Bahnhofsbereich noch unterbrochenen Gleise durchgebunden. Am 10. Februar 2020 wurde Richtfest gefeiert.

Der Baufortschritt am Bahnhof Museumsinsel war für die gesamte Streckenverlängerung bauzeitbestimmend. Aufgrund von Verzögerungen beim Bau des U-Bahnhofs war eine Eröffnung erst nach der Inbetriebnahme der Strecke am 4. Dezember 2020 möglich. Bis dahin haben die Züge die Station ohne Halt durchfahren.

Mit der Inbetriebnahme des Bahnhofs am 9. Juli 2021 war der Lückenschluss vom Alexanderplatz zum Hauptbahnhof abgeschlossen. Es fanden lediglich noch Restarbeiten oberhalb der Erdoberfläche statt, die den Betrieb der Bahn nicht beeinflussten.

Anbindung
Der U-Bahnhof Museumsinsel wird von den BVG-Buslinien 100, 300 und N5 bedient.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Informationen der Projektrealisierungs GmbH U5 zum Bahnhof Museumsinsel
 Informationen und Bilder zum Bau auf baustellen-doku.info
 Bilder der Station auf public-transport.net

Einzelnachweise

Museumsinsel
Museumsinsel
Berlin-Mitte
Museumsinsel (Berlin)

U-Bahnhof Museumsinsel


Apele uzate reprezintă apele folosite în procese industriale de producție sau în gospodăriile populației, poluate cu diferite substanțe, evacuate prin intermediul sistemului de canalizare în receptori naturali (râuri, lacuri, mări) sau pe diferite terenuri, cu sau fără epurare prealabilă.

Legea apelor din România definește apele uzate ca fiind ape provenind din activități casnice, sociale sau economice, conținând substanțe poluante sau reziduuri care-i alterează caracteristicile fizice, chimice și bacteriologice inițiale, precum și ape de ploaie ce curg pe terenuri poluate.

Clasificare
Apele uzate pot fi clasificate în mai multe categorii:
Ape uzate menajere - reprezintă apele uzate din gospodăriile populației, provenite de la grupurile sanitare, gătit, spălat și din alte activități menajere. Aceste ape sunt poluate cu substanțe organice (detergenți, produse petroliere, pesticide), substanțe minerale (cloruri, amoniac), germeni patogeni, paraziți.
Ape uzate industriale - reprezintă apele uzate provenite din diferite procese industriale și/sau comerciale, altele decât apele uzate menajere și apele meteorice.
Ape uzate orășenești/urbane - reprezintă apele uzate menajere sau un amestec de ape uzate menajere cu ape uzate industriale și/sau ape meteorice.

Conform legislației în vigoare, apele uzate trebuie să fie tratate în stații de epurare, pentru ca efluentul rezultat să poată fi redat naturii.

Pe de altă parte, nămolurile, care reprezintă produsul final ireductibil al stațiilor de epurare, au valoare potențială în construcții, în producerea biogazului și ca amendament al solului pentru utilizarea benefică în agricultură.

Sub presiunea scăderii rezervelor mondiale de apă curată și a necesității de a hrăni o populație în creștere, pe plan global se prevede o creștere rapidă a utilizării apei uzate și tratate pentru a iriga terenurile agricole și în alte scopuri.

Note

Managementul deșeurilor
Canalizări
Ecologie acvatică
Terminologie tehnică

Ape uzate


Manisa 19 Mayıs Stadyumu, Manisa'da Manisaspor'un ve 2017-18 Süper Lig sezonunun ikinci yarısına kadar Akhisar Belediyespor'un maçlarına ev sahipliği yapan stadyum. Kapasitesi yeni yapılan modern ve UEFA standartlarına uygun kapalı tribünüyle 16 bin 597 kişiye ulaşmıştır. 2012 sezonu sonu itibarıyla tüm tribünlerin üzeri kapatılacaktır. 6 Şubat 2013 tarihinde Türkiye ile Çek Cumhuriyeti arasında oynanan hazırlık karşılaşması bu stadyumda oynanan ilk millî karşılaşma olarak tarihe geçmiştir.

Türkiye millî futbol takımı maçları

Kaynakça

Manisa ilindeki stadyumlar
Manisaspor
1974'te tamamlanan altyapı
Şehzadeler

Manisa 19 Mayıs Stadyumu


Die Liste der Biografien führt alle Personen auf, die in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia einen Artikel haben. Dieses ist eine Teilliste mit 5 Einträgen von Personen, deren Namen mit den Buchstaben "Fuz" beginnt.

Fuz

Fuze
 Fuzelier, Louis († 1752), französischer Dramatiker, Librettist, Lyriker und Sänger

Fuzi
 Füzi, Herbert, österreichischer Radrennfahrer
 Füzi, Johann (* 1958), österreichischer Fußballspieler, Fußballtrainer
 Füzi-Tóvizi, Petra (* 1999), ungarische Handballspielerin

Fuzu
 Fuzūlī († 1556), Diwan-Dichter

Liste der Biografien/Fuz


අස් ඇවෙන්ටුරාස් ද ගුයි ඊ එස්ටෝපා () යනු බ්‍රසීලියානු ෆ්ලෑෂ් සජීවිකරණ රූපවාහිනී කතා මාලාවකි. මෙම කතා මාලාව 2009 සිට 2017 අතර කාටූන් නෙට්වර්ක්හි ප්‍රදර්ශනය කරන ලද අතර මෑතකදී එය 2012 මුල් භාගයේ Quintal da Cultura වැඩසටහනේ සෙනසුරාදා දිනවල ටීවී කුල්ටුරාහි ද පෙන්වනු ලැබේ. මෙම කතා මාලාව ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ 2013 දෙසැම්බර් 2 වන දින ටූන්කාස්ට් සහ බූමරන්ග් විසින් විකාශනය කරන ලදී.

2021 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, මාලාව පස්වන වාරයේ මංගල දර්ශනය සමඟින් බූමරන්ග් වෙත නැවත පැමිණේ.

කථා පුවත
මෙම කතා මාලාව ගුයි සහ එස්ටෝපාගේ අත්වැරදීම් ගැන කියයි, තරුණ මානවරූපී සුනඛයන් දෙදෙනෙක් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ මිතුරන් වන ක්රොකට්, පිටිබුරෝ, ෆිෆිවෙලින්හා සහ රිබල්ඩෝ.

චරිත

 ගුයි "ඉගුයින්හෝ" (මරියානා කැල්ටාබියානෝගේ හඬ) මාලාවේ ප්රධාන චරිතය, තරුණ වෙස්ට් හයිලන්ඩ් වයිට් ටෙරියර්. ඔහුගේ හොඳම මිතුරන් වන්නේ එස්ටෝපා, ක්රොකට් (ඔහුගේ පෙම්වතිය) සහ පිටිබුරෝ (ඔවුන් සමහර විට ප්රතිවාදීන් මෙන් වුවද). මුලින් ඔහුව නිර්මාණය කරන විට ඔහුගේ නම ඉගුයින්හෝ වූ අතර ඔහු හිස මත රතු තොප්පියක් සහිත පොදු බලු පැටියෙකි. ඔහුගේ සම්පූර්ණ නම ගිල්හර්ම් ඉගුයින්හෝ ජූනියර් ද සිල්වා. ඔහු වීඩියෝ ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමට ප්‍රිය කරයි, නමුත් සමහර විට ඔහු එය ඉක්මවා යයි.
 එස්ටෝපා (එඩ්වාඩෝ ජාර්ඩිම්ගේ හඬ) ගුයිගේ හොඳම මිතුරා වන මහත අළු බල්ලෙක්. ඔහු අධික ලෙස ආහාර ගැනීමට උමතු වන අතර සෑම විටම ආහාර ගැන සිතයි. ඔහු බොහෝ විට ඔහුගේ පාදවල සහ අත්වල සපත්තු පැළඳ සිටී.
 ක්රොකට් ස්පැනියෙල් (මරියානා කැල්ටාබියානෝගේ හඬ) ගුයිගේ පෙම්වතිය වන දුඹුරු ඉංග්‍රීසි කොකර් ස්පැනියෙල්. මුලින් ඇයව නිර්මාණය කරනු ලැබුවේ ගුයිගේ ආදර උනන්දුව (සහ සමහර විට පිටිබුරෝ) ලෙසිනි, නමුත් වත්මන් අනුවාදයේ ඇයව පෙන්වන්නේ මිතුරියක් ලෙස පමණි, කෙසේ වෙතත්, තුන්වන වාරයේදී ඇය ගුයි සමඟ පෙම් සබඳතාවක් ආරම්භ කරයි. එහි ලොම් සහිත දුඹුරු පැහැති කන් දිගු හිසකෙස් මෙන් පෙනේ. ඇය කහ පැහැති කරපටි පැළඳ සිටින්නේ එය මත හදවතකි.
 පිටිබුරෝ (එඩ්වාඩෝ ජාර්ඩිම්ගේ හඬ) ගුයිගේ මිතුරා සහ ප්‍රතිවාදියා වන බේජ් පිට් බුල්. මුලදී ඔහු කතා මාලාවේ ප්‍රතිවාදියා විය, නමුත් වර්තමාන කථා වල ඔහු ගුයිගේ මිතුරෙකු වන නමුත් ඔහු තම අහංකාර පෞරුෂය දිගටම කරගෙන යන අතර සමහර විට සාර්ථක නොවී හිරිහැර කරන්නෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරයි.
 දෝනා ඉගුයිල්ඩා (මරියානා කැල්ටාබියානෝගේ හඬ) ගුයිගේ මව වන වෙස්ට් හයිලන්ඩ් වයිට් ටෙරියර් සතෙකි. පෙනෙන විදිහට ඇය වැන්දඹුවක්.
 ෆිෆිවෙලින්හා (මරියානා කැල්ටාබියානෝගේ හඬ) දම් පාට හිසකෙස් ඇති ගැහැණු ළමයෙක්.
 රිබාල්ඩෝ "රිබා" (අර්ලි කාඩෝසෝගේ හඬ) අළු මූසිකයක්.
 රොකට් ස්පැනියෙල් (මරියානා කැල්ටාබියානෝගේ හඬ) ක්රොකට්ගේ වැඩිමහල් ඥාති සහෝදරිය වන ප්‍රංශ බීජ් ස්පැනියෙල්.
 පිටිබෙලා පිටිබුරෝගේ පෙම්වතිය වන බේජ් පිට් බුල්.
 පිට්බාලින්හා පිටිබුරෝගේ බාල මල්ලි වන කුඩා බීජ් පිට් බුල්.
 ජයිමින්හෝ ඌරෙක්.
 නර්ඩ්සන් කොල්ලෙක්. ඔහු ගුයිගේ අසල්වැසියෙකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර යොමු

රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා

අස් ඇවෙන්ටුරාස් ද ගුයි ඊ එස්ටෝපා


Ugni, rod grmova iz porodice mirtovki (Myrtaceae) smješten u podtribus Ugninae, dio tribusa Myrteae, potporodica Myrtoideae. Priznate su dvije vrste iz južnog Čilea i Argentine, na sjever sve do južnog Meksika. Jedna vrsta endem je otočja Juan Fernández

Vrste
 Ugni candollei (Barnéoud) O.Berg
 Ugni molinae Turcz.
 Ugni myricoides (Kunth) O.Berg
 Ugni selkirkii (Hook. & Arn.) O.Berg; Juan Fernández

Izvori

Myrteae

Ugni


Fading Suns is a science fiction space opera role-playing game published by Holistic Design. The setting was also used for a PC game (Emperor of the Fading Suns), a live action role-playing game (Passion Play), and for a space combat miniature game (Noble Armada).

History
After the computer game Machiavelli the Prince, Holistic Design decided to do something new - a space strategy computer game, which would eventually become Emperor of the Fading Suns (1996). Holistic brought on two experienced world designers, Andrew Greenberg and Bill Bridges, to create a cohesive and interesting universe for the game, which would also be used as the basis for a tabletop role-playing game to be released simultaneously. Greenberg and Bridges had helped define the style of White Wolf Publishing's World of Darkness and, according to Shannon Appelcline, people noticed this game's similarity to the "White Wolf style". Appelcline comments further: "Fading Suns is unique mainly for its distinctive setting. It is a hard science-fiction game, but much of the universe has fallen back to Medieval technology: noble houses, guilds and a monolithic church control most of the power in the universe. Many people compare the universe to that of Frank Herbert's Dune, though Bridges points to Gene Wolfe's The Book of the New Sun, Isaac Asimov's Foundation and others as his inspiration."Over the next few years Fading Suns was supported extensively with supplements and for a time the line did well. Holistic released the table-top miniatures game Noble Armada (1998) – co-designed by Ken Lightner and Chris Wiese – a spaceship combat game compatible with Fading Suns. Passion Play (1999) was a LARP for Fading Suns. Holistic printed a d20 version of Fading Suns (2001), and then dual-statted later Fading Suns supplements to use both d20 and their own "Victory Point System". Over the next few years Holistic announced a third edition of Fading Suns as well as new games called variously Diaspora, Dystopia, Inc, and Sathranet, which would have been designed using d20 Modern and would have looked into different periods in Fading Suns'  history. However, none of these products were released. In 2007 Holistic Design licensed Fading Suns to RedBrick, and in 2012 the license passed to FASA Games, Inc, which released a revised edition of Fading Suns later that year. In 2014 FASA Games announced they would be releasing a new version of Noble Armada. In 2016 Holistic Design licensed the publishing rights for Fading Suns to Ulisses Spiele, who announced they were planning a new edition, with products published in both English and German. FASA Games retained the license for Noble Armada products and miniatures.

Game setting
The action is set in the Known Worlds, a future medieval-analogue empire built on the remains of a previous, more sophisticated human space-faring civilization made possible by ancient "jumpgates". The jumpgates are relics left by the mysterious Anunnaki, an ancient civilization (or civilizations) which seem to have influenced the evolution of lesser species, such as humans, for their own end, and waged a devastating war many millennia ago using them as tools and weapons.

The atmosphere is strongly reminiscent of Frank Herbert's Dune and of the Hyperion stories by Dan Simmons, but is influenced by many other science fiction and horror books and movies as well, including the Cthulhu Mythos. The Known Worlds are a very superstitious and dangerous place.

Power is administered by five major Noble Houses, five major guilds within the Merchants League, and six major sects of the Universal Church of the Celestial Sun.

While most role-playing situations arise from the strict codes regulating the everyday life of the empire's citizens, the Imperial Age is rife with opportunities for adventure. Following the fall of the old regime, and centuries of darkness and warfare, most worlds have slipped backward to a technology level not much more advanced than 21st century Earth, and a number of alien threats lurk in the shadows. Pushing at the borders of the Known Worlds lurk the mutangenic horror of the Symbiots, the ancient and enigmatic Vau, and the barbarian empires of the Kurgan and the Vuldrok, all waiting for their chance to throw humanity into darkness and chaos.

Players can take the role of either a member of a Noble House, of one of the various merchant guilds, or a member of one of the numerous religious sects. A number of alien species, most notably the human-like 'psychic' Ukar and Obun, and the six-limbed, bestial Vorox, are also available as player characters.

Two separate types of occult abilities exist within the game universe: psychic powers and Theurgy. Psychic powers manifest, generally, from the practitioners' own mental abilities. Psionicists, castigated as 'demon worshippers' and heretics, are often hunted down and killed by the Church, or enrolled in the Church's ranks (after a good bit of 're-training'). Theurgy is a kind of ordained divine sorcery practiced by the Church through various approved rites and is capable of producing miracles, often by calling on the assistance of various saints and angels.

A large library of supplements provides descriptions of locales (planets, space stations, whole sections of space), alien societies, minor houses, guilds and sects, monsters and secret conspiracies, thus expanding the thematic possibilities offered by the setting.

Game system
The Fading Suns engine uses a simple attribute and skill, level and classless, single d20-powered system, called the Victory Point System (VPS). The second edition of the game's rules solved many issues raised by the earlier rule book, while increasing the amount of data available. The current Revised Edition further updated and streamlined the VPS mechanics.

While generally stereotypical in their template-like form, characters are easily personalized through either life path or points-buy systems.

In 2000, an adaptation of the setting to the popular 3rd edition OGL system was also published - D20 Fading Suns.  For several years, supplements carried rules for both systems.

Holistic Design has released a LARP version of Fading Suns entitled Passion Play.

A fourth edition of Fading Suns is in development, helmed by original writer Bill Bridges.

Authors
Fading Suns was written by Andrew Greenberg and Bill Bridges, known for their involvement with the original Vampire: The Masquerade and Werewolf: The Apocalypse role-playing games both published by White Wolf Publishing.

Sourcebooks
Victory Point System:
 1996 First Edition Rulebook,  (OOP)
 1996 Gamemasters Screen First Edition,  (OOP)
 1996 Forbidden Lore: Technology,
 1996 Byzantium Secundus,
 1997 Players Companion,
 1997 Lords of the Known Worlds,  (OOP)
 1997 The Dark between the Stars,
 1997 Merchants of the Jumpweb,
 1997 Weird Places,
 1997 Priests of the Celestial Sun,  (OOP)
 1998 Children of the Gods,
 1998 Sinners & Saints,
 1999 Second Edition Rulebook,  (OOP)
 1999 Gamemaster's Screen and Complete Pandemonium,
 1999 Legions of the Empire,
 1999 Imperial Survey 1: Hawkwood Fiefs, 1-888906-15-4 (OOP)
 1999 Imperial Survey 2: al Malik Fiefs,
 1999 War in the Heavens: Lifeweb,
 2000 Star Crusade,
 2000 War in the Heavens 2: Hegemony,
 2000 Imperial Survey 3: Hazat Fiefs,
 2001 Alien Expeditions: Vorox,
 2001 Secret Societies: Spies & Revolutionaries,
 2001 Into the Dark,
 2001 Imperial Survey 4: Li Halan Fiefs,
 2001 Imperial Survey 5: Decados Fiefs,
 2002 Star Crusade 2: Lost Worlds,
 2002 Secret Societies: Heretics & Outsiders,
 2002 Lord Erbian's Stellar Bestiary,
 2003 Alien Expeditions: Orphaned Races Hironem & Ascorbites,
 2003 Imperial Survey 6: Imperial Fiefs (PDF, as a free download)

Collections:
 2000 Lords & Priests,  (contains Lords of the Known World and Priests of the Celestial Sun)
 2002 Aliens & Deviltry,  (contains Children of the Gods and The Dark Between the Stars)
 2003 Worlds of the Realm,  (contains: Hawkwood Fiefs, al Malik Fiefs, Hazat Fiefs, Li Halan Fiefs, and the previously unprinted Imperial Fiefs)

d20 System:

 2001 Fading Suns: d20,
 2003 d20 Character Codex,

Passion Play:

 Passion Play: Fading Suns Live-Action Roleplaying,

Fiction:

 1998 Tales of the Sinful Stars,  (OOP)

RedBrick Publications

 2007 Second Edition Revised Rulebook. (Not to be confused with 2012 Fading Suns Player's Guide Revised Edition Core Rulebook)
 Editors: Alex Wichert, Carsten Damm, Kathy Schad, James D. Flowers
 Description: Mostly identical to Second Edition main rulebook. The layout was changed slightly, the index was expanded, important tables were gathered and printed in an appendix. Another adventure (called Pandemonium Unchained) was added.
 2007 A Road So Dark (PDF; now part of the Shards Collection, below)
 Author: Angus McNicholl
 Description: an adventure about a previously unknown jumproute between two stellar systems.
 2007 Imperial Survey Vol. 7: Church Fiefs
 Author: Mat Wakefield
 Description: this details the Church planets Artemis, Holy Terra, Pentateuch, De Moley, and Pyre
 2007 Kraken's Loom (PDF; now part of the Shards Collection, below)
 Author: Angus McNicholl
 Description: this adventure leads the characters into barbarian space in search of a lost heirloom, but the situation is complicated by being the strangers in a strange land.
 2008 Arcane Tech
 Authors: Bill Bridges, Alan Bryden, Brian Campbell, Andrew Greenberg, Lee Hammock, Dave Harrison, Samuel Inabinet, Bill Maxwell, Angus McNicholl, Angelus Michaels, Laura Poplin, Rustin Quaide, Sandra Schneider, Nicky Rea, Jay Verkuilen, James Walker-Bumcrot, Mat Wakefield, Martin Welnicki, Alex Wichert, Gabriel Zarate
 Description: this sourcebook contains reprinted and refreshed material from "Forbidden Lore: Technology", as well as new technological items, ranging from alien technology to weird tech to new weapons and gear.
 2008 Ruinous Folly (PDF; now part of the Shards Collection, below)
 Author: Angus McNicholl
 Description: this adventure takes the characters from a private auction to the turbulent atmosphere of Gargantua in search of a lost treasure, but the treasure has ideas of its own.
 2008 Dead End (PDF; now part of the Shards Collection, below))
 Author: Thomas Baroli
 Description: this adventure takes the characters from a religious ceremony, to an obscure plot of murder and intrigue
 2011 Fading Suns Shards Collection Volume One (Print and PDF Release)
 Author: Thomas Baroli, Angus McNicholl
 Description: compiles and updates the previously released PDF adventures Dead End, Ruinous Folly, Kraken's Loom, and A Road So Dark into one volume.

FASA Games Publications

 2012 Fading Suns Player's Guide - Revised Edition Core Rulebook. (Not to be confused with 2007 Fading Suns Second Edition Revised Rulebook) -- produced by RedBrick, published by FASA Games, Inc.
 Author: Todd Bogenrief, Vidar Edland, Chris Wiese, Andrew Greenberg, Bill Bridges, Phil Cameron, Richard Ashley, Thomas Baroli, Ruben Ramos, Mark Stout, James Sutton
 Description: Similar in places to the Fading Suns Second Edition, with rules extensively re-written (especially combat rules). Updates and additions throughout.
 2013 Fading Suns Game Master's Guide - Revised Edition Core Rulebook
 Authors: Todd Bogenrief, Vidar Edland, Richard Ashley, Thomas Baroli, Brandon van Buren, Phil Cameron, Tristan Lhomme, Ruben Ramos, Mark Stout, James Sutton, Dennis Watson, and Chris Wiese, with reused material by Bill Bridges, Brian Campbell, Andrew Greenberg, Robert Hatch, Jennifer Hartshorn, Chris Howard, Sam Inabinet, Ian Lemke, Jim More, Rustin Quade
 Description: Chapter 1 - Game Mastering; Chapter 2 - Hazard; Chapter 3 - Antagonists; Chapter 4 - Fiefs & Planets; Chapter 5 - Hawkwood Fiefs; Chapter 6 - al-Malik Fiefs; Chapter 7 - Hazat Fiefs; Chapter 8 - Li Halan Fiefs; Chapter 9 - Decados Fiefs; Chapter 10 - Imperial Fiefs; Chapter 11 - Pandemonium;
 2015 Criticorum Discord - A Fading Suns Drama Book
 Description: Three dramas for Fading Suns provide the backdrop to the beginnings of an uprising in the Known Worlds. The al-Malik world of Criticorum is highlighted, with each drama taking place on the planet itself, or within the star system.

Ulisses Spiele GmbH
 On November 1, 2016, Holistic Design announced that Ulisses Spiele GmbH has taken over publishing the Fading Suns roleplaying game.
 In 2020 Ulisses started a Kickstarter for several new books.
 In August 2020 Kickstarter backers received the electronic version of the new Fading Suns 3rd edition "Universe Book".
 In October 2020 Kickstarter backers received the electronic version of the new "Character Book", the new "Gamemaster Book" and the new "Intrigues and Escapades".

Reception
In the August 1997 edition of Dragon (Issue 238), Rick Swan liked the sombre setting, but criticized the task resolution system: "Inexplicably, the designers pile on the numbers, adding stuff like effect dice, effect numbers, and complementary actions, all of which are intended to make task resolution more realistic, but just make it more confusing." But Swan liked the rest of the game, and gave it a rating of 5 out of 6, saying, "Although Fading Suns fails to scale the heights of Traveller — the setting isn't as rich, and the rules, though solid, aren't nearly as elegant — it succeeds on its own terms, evoking a vividly imagined future where street smarts count more than computer literacy, where betrayal and despair are more common than sunshine. With nearly 50 pages of background to digest, it's not the easiest game to get into. But for players who like a little anguish with their space opera, it's worth the effort."

Reviews
Arcane #11 (October 1996)
Review in Shadis #29

References

External links
 Holistic Design - The owners of the Fading Suns game line.
  - The English-language site of the current Fading Suns license-holder.
 FASA Games, Inc. - The current Noble Armada license-holder.
 Review of the 2nd Edition Fading Suns Core Rulebook
 Empire of the Phoenix Throne

 Fading Suns MUSH Webpage
 Interview with Bill Bridges and Andrew Greenberg
 Strontium Dog Fading Suns

Campaign settings
Holistic Design games
Role-playing games introduced in 1996
Space opera role-playing games

Fading Suns


Kyōko Hamaguchi (jap. , Hamaguchi Kyōko; * 11. Januar 1978 im Tokioter Bezirk Taitō, Präfektur Tokio) ist eine japanische Ringerin. Sie wurde fünfmal Weltmeisterin und gewann bei zwei Olympischen Spielen Bronzemedaillen.

Werdegang

Kyōko Hamaguchi ist die Tochter des Profi-Wrestlers Heigo "Animal" Hamaguchi. Sie wuchs in Tokio auf und betrieb als Kind Schwimmen als Wettkampfsport. Mit 14 Jahren wechselte sie dann zum Ringen. Ihr erster Trainer war ihr Vater, mit dem sie in dessen "Hamaguchi Training Gym" in Tokio trainierte. Später kamen dann noch Ryo Kanehama und in der Nationalmannschaft Kazuhito Sakae als Trainer hinzu. Als Erwachsene kämpft sie in der beim Damenringen schwersten Gewichtsklasse, die bis zum Jahre 2001 bis 75 kg und seit 2002 bis 72 kg Körpergewicht ging bzw. geht. Mit 1,80 Metern ist sie dabei eine der größten der Weltklasseringerinnen. Sie ist praktisch Berufsringerin und wird von der Japan Beverage, einem Getränkekonzern, gesponsert.

Mit der Teilnahme an der Weltmeisterschaft 1995 in Moskau in der Gewichtsklasse bis 70 kg als Siebzehnjährige begann die internationale Laufbahn von Kyōko Hamaguchi. Bei diesem Start musste sie freilich noch Lehrgeld bezahlen und landete auf dem 13. Platz. Bereits ein Jahr später wurde sie erstmals japanische Meisterin und wenig später in Xianshoh/China auch asiatische Meisterin in der Gewichtsklasse bis 70 kg. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1996 in Sofia verbesserte sie sich auf den 7. Platz.

1997 gelang ihr dann der erste große Erfolg bei einer internationalen Meisterschaft. In Clermont-Ferrand wurde sie Weltmeisterin in der Gewichtsklasse bis 75 kg Körpergewicht. Im Finale bezwang sie dabei Kristie Marano (Davis) aus den Vereinigten Staaten. Diesen Erfolg wiederholte sie in den Jahren 1997 und 1998 bei den Weltmeisterschaften in Poznań und in Boden/Schweden. In den Endkämpfen bezwang sie dabei bei beiden Meisterschaften wieder Kristie Marano.

In den Jahren 2000 und 2001 war Kyōko Hamaguchi dann nicht mehr so erfolgreich. Sie kam bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2000 in Sofia hinter Christine Nordhagen aus Kanada und Edyta Witkowska aus Polen auf den 3. Platz und verfehlte bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2001 in Sofia mit einem 4. Platz gar die Medaillenränge. Dabei verlor sie u. a. auch gegen Nina Englich aus Deutschland.

Im Jahre 2002 kehrte sie dann auf die Erfolgsspur zurück. Sie wurde zunächst in Busan Siegerin bei den Asien-Spielen vor Kang Min-Jeong aus Südkorea und Jana Panowa aus Kirgisistan. Danach wurde sie in Chalkida/Griechenland zum viertenmal Weltmeisterin. Sie besiegte dabei mit Swetlana Martynenko aus Russland, Maider Unda Gonzales de Audicana aus Spanien, Galina Iwanowa aus Bulgarien, Edyta Witkowska und Wang Xu aus China fünf schwere Gegnerinnen. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2003 in New York errang sie ihren fünften Weltmeistertitel. Sie besiegte dabei Swetlana Sajenko aus der Ukraine, Kaliraman Sonika aus Indien, Edyta Witkowska, Stanka Slatewa aus Bulgarien und Toccara Montgomery aus den Vereinigten Staaten.

2004 wurde Kyōko Hamaguchi in Tokio vor Otschirbatyn Burmaa aus der Mongolei Asienmeisterin. Bei den Olympischen Spielen 2004 in Athen siegte sie in der Gewichtsklasse bis 72 kg zunächst über Toccara Montgomery und Stanka Slatewa, musste sich aber in ihrem dritten Kampf der Chinesin Wang Xu geschlagen geben. Mit dem Sieg über Swetlana Sajenko rettete sie aber noch eine Bronzemedaille.

Bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2005 in Budapest und 2006 in Guangzhou/China wurde sie dann jeweils Vize-Weltmeisterin. In Budapest bezwang sie u. a. die Chinesin Wang Jiao, die in ihrer weiteren Karriere noch eine Rolle spielen wird und verlor im Endkampf gegen Iris Smith aus den Vereinigten Staaten. 2006 besiegte sie in Guangzhou mit Otschirbatyn Burmaa, Kristie Marano, Swetlana Sajenko und Ohenewa Akuffo aus Kanada wieder vier Weltklasseringerinnen, musste sich im Finale aber erstmals der Bulgarin Stanka Slatewa geschlagen geben, die in den nächsten Jahren praktisch ihre Nachfolgerin auf dem Weltmeisterinnenthron wurde.

In den Jahren 2006, 2007 und 2008 siegte Kyōko Hamaguchi wieder bei der Asienmeisterschaft, während sie bei den Asien-Spielen 2006 in Doha hinter Wang Xu auf den 2. Platz kam und bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2007 in Baku nach Niederlagen gegen Stanka Slatewa und Olga Schanibekowa aus Kasachstan gar auf dem 9. Platz landete. Bei den Olympischen Spielen 2008 in Peking kam sie zu Siegen über Jelena Perepelkina aus Russland und Rosangela Conceicao aus Brasilien, dann verlor sie gegen Wang Jiao, womit ihr Traum von der olympischen Goldmedaille erneut geplatzt war. Es gelang ihr aber mit einem Sieg über Ali Sue Bernard aus den Vereinigten Staaten wieder eine olympische Bronzemedaille zu gewinnen.

Nach einem Jahr Pause startete Kyōko Hamaguchi im Jahre 2010 dann wieder bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Moskau. Dabei erzielte sie zunächst zwei bemerkenswerte Siege über Kateryna Burmistrowa aus der Ukraine und Otschirbatyn Burmaa, ehe sie gegen Ohenewa Akuffo unterlag. Mit einem Sieg über Maider Unda Gonzales de Audicana errang sie aber noch eine Bronzemedaille. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2011 in Istanbul verlor sie dann in ihrem zweiten Kampf erneut gegen Ohenewa Akuffo. Da diese das Finale nicht erreichte, schied sie aus und kam nur auf den 11. Platz.

2011 errang Kyoko Hamaguchi mit einem Sieg im Endkampf über Mami Shinkai ihren 16. japanischen Meistertitel. Mit fünf Weltmeistertiteln, vier weiteren WM-Medaillen, zwei olympischen Bronzemedaillen, einem Sieg bei Asien-Spielen und vier asiatischen Meistertiteln ist sie ohne Zweifel eine der weltweit erfolgreichsten Ringerinnen seit Einführung des Damenringens Ende der 1980er Jahre.

Für die Teilnahme an ihren dritten Olympischen Spielen 2012 in London hat sie sich im März 2012 in Astana qualifiziert. Dort belegte sie hinter Wang Jiao den 2. Platz. In London verlor sie aber gleich ihren ersten Kampf gegen Güsel Manjurowa aus Kasachstan nach Punkten (1:2 Runden, 2:10 Punkte). Da diese den Endkampf nicht erreichte schied sie aus und kam nur auf den 11. Platz.

2013 nahm Kyoko Hamaguchi an keinen internationalen Wettbewerben teil. Im Dezember 2013 feierte sie aber bei der japanischen Meisterschaft nach längerer Pause ein erfolgreiches Comeback. Sie gewann dort ihren 16. japanischen Meistertitel, wobei sie im Halbfinale die Asienmeisterin Hiroe Suzuki und im Finale Mami Shinkai besiegte. Im März 2014 vertrat sie zusammen mit Mami Shinkai die japanischen Farben beim Mannschafts-Welt-Cup in Tokio in der Gewichtsklasse bis 75 kg. Beim grandiosen 8:0-Sieg Japans über Russland im Endkampf besiegte sie dabei Jekaterina Bukina nach Punkten.

Internationale Erfolge

Japanische Meisterschaften

Kyōko Hamaguchi gewann zwischen 1996 und 2013 sechzehnmal die japanische Meisterschaft in den Gewichtsklassen bis 70 kg, 75 kg und 72 kg Körpergewicht.

 Erläuterungen

 alle Wettbewerbe im freien Stil
 OS = Olympische Spiele, WM = Weltmeisterschaft

Literatur

 Fachzeitschrift Der Ringer

Weblinks

 Kampf von Kyoko Hamaguchi (blau) gegen Maider Unda Gonzales de Audicana bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2010
 Website "WWW.japan-wrestling.jp"

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2004
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Ringer (Japan)
Weltmeister (Ringen)
Asienspielesieger (Ringen)
Japanischer Meister (Ringen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Japan)
Teilnehmer an den Asienspielen (Japan)
Geboren 1978
Frau
Japaner

Kyōko Hamaguchi


La china oriental (Smilax china) es una especie de planta trepadora perteneciente a la familia  Smilacaceae, es originaria de Asia.

Descripción
Es una enredadera leñosa con el tallo ramificado, cilíndrico, que alcanza una longitud de 1 - 5 m,  poco espinoso. Pecíolo de 0,5 a 1,5 cm, estrechamente alado para 1/2--2/3 su longitud, zona de abscisión justo por encima de la porción de alas; los zarcillos suelen estar presentes. Las hojas de elípticas a orbiculares. Las inflorescencia son axilares en umbelas de ambos sexos, con 10 a 25 flores;. Con muchas bractéolas. Las flores masculinas con los tépalos de color verde amarillento. Las flores femeninas: con 6 estaminodios. Frutos rojos, globosos, 0,6 a 1,5 cm de diámetro.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en los bosques, matorrales, laderas, laderas cubiertas de hierbas, lugares con sombra a lo largo de valles y arroyos; desde el nivel del mar, hasta cerca de 2000 metros, en Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwán, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Birmania, Filipinas, Tailandia y Vietnam.

Taxonomía
Smilax campestris fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 1029, en el año 1753.
Etimología
Smilax: nombre genérico que recibe su nombre del mito griego de Crocus y la ninfa Smilax. Aunque este mito tiene numerosas formas, siempre gira en torno al amor frustrado y trágico de un hombre mortal que es convertido en una flor, y una ninfa del bosque que se transforma en una parra.

china: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en China.
Citología
El número cromosomático es de: 2 n = 30, 90.
Variedades aceptadas
 Smilax china f. china
 Smilax china f. yanagitai (Honda) T.Koyama
Sinonimia
 Coprosmanthus japonicus Kunth
 Smilax china f. obtusa H.Lév.;
 Smilax china var. taiheiensis (Hayata) T. Koyama;
 Smilax pteropus Miq.
 Smilax taiheiensis Hayata.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

china
Flora de Asia oriental
Plantas descritas en 1753
Plantas descritas por Linnaeus

Smilax china


الدكتور نايل بركات محمد (1922 ـ 2000) أحد رواد علم البصريات الفيزيقية في مصر. ولد بالقاهرة في سنة 1922 وحصل على بكالوريوس العلوم من جامعة القاهرة (فؤاد الأول آنذاك). تولى عمادة كلية العلوم بجامعة عين شمس سنة 1971. زميل معهد الطبيعة بإنجلترا سنة 1973.

تدرجه العلمي

حصل نايل بركات على درجة الدكتوراه في فلسفة العلوم من جامعة لندن سنة 1951، ثم عاد إلى مصر باحثا ومدرساً أكاديمياً في مجال الضوء والطيف التطبيقي وبصريات الليزر وبصريات الألياف وتطبيقات طرق التداخل الضوئي لدراسة الألياف البصرية المستخدمة في التراسل الضوئي ونقل الصور.

أشرف بركات علي 63 رسالة ماجستير وخمس عشرة رسالة دكتوراه في علم البصريات، ومنحته جامعة لندن درجة دكتوراة العلوم سنة 1992، ليكون رابع مصري ـ أولهم د. مصطفي مشرفة ـ يحصل علي هذه الدرجة العلمية من جامعة لندن.

الجوائز والتكريمات التي حصل عليها

 جائزة الدولة التشجيعية في الفيزياء ـ مرتان (1959 و1965).
 وسام العلوم والفنون من الطبقة الأولى (1959)
 وسام العلوم والفنون 1965.
 وسام الجمهورية من الطبقة الثانية عامي 1975 و1982
 وسام الجمهورية من حكومة ألمانيا الاتحادية سنة 1981.
 جائزة الدولة التقديرية (1990)
 جائزة مبارك للعلوم (يوليو 2000).

من مؤلفاته وكتاباته باللغة العربية

 الليزر بين النظرية والتطبيق.
 التداخل الضوئي والألياف (بالاشتراك مع الدكتور أمين حمزة)
كما كانت له عدة مقالات في جريدة الأهرام، تحدث فيها عن قضايا علمية متنوعة.

المراجع

أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة عين شمس
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
مصريون حائزون على جائزة الدولة التشجيعية
مصريون حائزون على جائزة الدولة التقديرية
مواليد 1922
وفيات 2000
مصريون حائزون على وسام الجمهورية
مصريون حائزون على وسام العلوم والفنون

نايل بركات


Gayla Reid (* 12. Mai 1945 in Armidale, New South Wales) ist eine in Australien geborene kanadische Schriftstellerin, die 1995 den Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize gewann und 2005 mit dem Marian Engel Award ausgezeichnet wurde.

Leben

Geboren und aufgewachsen in Armidale, New South Wales, wo ihre beiden Eltern bei der lokalen Tageszeitung arbeiteten, studierte Gayla Reid an der University of New England, der Australian National University und der University of British Columbia. Daraufhin blieb sie in Kanada, wo sie aktives Mitglied der feministischen Bewegung war, die Zeitung Kinesis und das Literaturmagazin Room of One's Own herausgab sowie Frauenstudien am Vancouver Community College unterrichtete.

Mit dem Schreiben von Kurzgeschichten und anderer Fiktion begann sie in den frühen 1990er Jahren. So gewann sie 1993 den Journey Prize für ihre Kurzgeschichte Sister Doyle's Men. 1994 veröffentlichte sie ihre erste Kurzgeschichtensammlung als Buch, To Be There With You, das im Folgejahr den zu den BC Book Prizes gehörenden Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize gewinnen konnte.

Gayla Reid erhielt 2005 zur Ehrung ihres schriftstellerischen Werks den Marian Engel Award.

Auch nach über 30 Jahren in Kanada kehrt sie häufig nach Australien zurück – zum Teil thematisch in ihren Büchern. Neben ihren fiktionalen Texten erarbeitet sie weiterhin in der öffentlichen juristischen Erziehung allgemeine Erläuterungstexte.

Werk

Romane und Kurzgeschichten
 To Be There With You. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 1994.
 All the Seas of the World. Toronto: Stoddart, 2001. ISBN 978-0-7737-3280-3
 Closer Apart. Toronto: Stoddart, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7737-3337-4
 Come from Afar. Cormorant  Books, Ontario 2011. ISBN 978-1-77086-044-5.

Sachbücher
 A study of protection for battered women. (hrsg. zusammen mit Diana Ellis, Helga E. Jacobson u. a.), Woman's Research Centre, Vancouver 1982.
 Preparing information on the law : guidelines for writing, editing and designing. (hrsg. zusammen mit Richard Darville) Canadian Law Information Council, Ottawa 1985.
 Keeping on track : an evaluation guide for community groups. (hrsg. zusammen mit Diana Ellis, Jan Bramsley u. a.), Woman's Research Centre, Vancouver 1990.
 Reaching your readers : a fieldtesting guide for community groups. (hrsg. zusammen mit  Penny Goldsmith, Sidney Sawyer) Legal Services Society of British Columbia, Vancouver 1993.

Auszeichnungen und Nominierungen

 1993: Journey Prize, Sister Doyle's Men
 1995: Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize, To Be There With You
 2005: Marian Engel Award

Weblinks
 gaylareid.net

Autor
Roman, Epik
Kurzgeschichte
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Kanadische Literatur
Kanadier
Australier
Geboren 1945
Frau

Gayla Reid


مني أركو مناوي الشهير ب"مني" (مواليد 1968 مدينة كتم شمال دارفور) هو سياسي سوداني شغل منصب الأمين العام لحركة تحرير السودان بجانب عبد الواحد محمد نور والقائد الميداني السابق لحركة جيش تحرير السودان إقليم دارفور وجبل مرة حيث انشق عن الحركة و انضم إلى حكومة الخرطوم وشغل كبير مساعدي الرئيس السوداني عمر البشير رابع أكبر منصب في الرئاسة تقنيا بحسب الدستور ورئيس سلطة دارفور الإقليمية الانتقالية اشتهر كقائد ميداني وكانت له علاقات وثيقة بالنظام الإريتري وله مساعي في قضية دارفور، أعلن عن اختفائه لفترة في 24 يونيو 2008 في دارفور  ثم عاد إلى الحكومة المركزية.

سيرة
ينتمي لقبيلة الزغاوة ولد في بلدة فوراوية شمال غرب مدينة كتم والتحق بمدرسة فوراوية الابتدائية ثم مدرسة كرنوي المتوسطة ثم مدرسة الفاشر الثانوية  ودرس اللغة الفرنسية في تشاد عامي 1994 -1996 وعمل كمعلم لمدارس الأساس في منطقة بوبا ومن ثم عمل بالتجارة بين ليبيا والكاميرون ونيجيريا التحق بالعمل العسكري في عام 2001 تحت راية حركة تحرير السودان مع المحامي عبد الواحد محمد نور.

مصادر

قناة الجزيرة الإخبارية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص في الحرب في دارفور
أشخاص من ولاية شمال دارفور
زغاوة
سياسيون سودانيون
عسكريون سودانيون
متمردون سودانيون
مواليد 1388 هـ
مواليد 1968
مواليد في ولاية شمال دارفور

مني مناوي


Schweinsdorf ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Neusitz im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern). Schweinsdorf ist nach dem Gemeindesitz Neusitz der zweitgrößte Gemeindeteil.

Geografie
Das Kirchdorf liegt in Tallage am Schweinsbach, der mit dem Bauerngraben 500 m westlich im Westen und schon auf Rothenburger Gebiet im von einem Naturschutzgebiet umgebenen Großen Lindleinsee zum Saubach zusammenfließt, der dann über den Steinbach zur Tauber entwässert. Im Südosten erhebt sich der Schweinsdorfer Ranken an der nahen Stufenkante der Frankenhöhe, im Nordosten der Vogelbachwald.

Geschichte
Schweinsdorf ist wahrscheinlich ein Ausbauort von Gattenhofen, der im 8. bzw. 9. Jahrhundert angelegt wurde. 1128 wurde der Ort in einer Urkunde des Königs Lothar III. als "Sewtorff" erstmals erwähnt, benannt nach den fünf Seen, die es um den Ort herum damals gab. 1249 wurde der Ort erstmals als "Swinsdorf" genannt. Wie es zur Umdeutung kam, bleibt unklar.

Unter Führung des französischen Generals Ezéchiel de Mélac zündeten im November 1688 französische Mordbrenner 37 Häuser an und richteten einen Schaden von mindestens 8045 Gulden an.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde der Steuerdistrikt Schweinsdorf gebildet, zu dem Chausseehaus, Gärtleinsseehaus, Linden und Nordenberg gehörten. Wenig später entstand die Ruralgemeinde Schweinsdorf, zu der Seehäusl gehörte. Sie unterstand in Verwaltung und Gerichtsbarkeit dem Landgericht Rothenburg. Die Gemeinde hatte 1961 eine Gebietsfläche von 4,534 km². Im Zuge der Gebietsreform wurde sie am 1. Mai 1978 nach Neusitz eingemeindet.

Baudenkmäler
 Haus Nr. 11: Ehemaliges Wohnstallhaus
 Haus Nr. 12: Ehemaliges Wohnstallhaus
 Haus Nr. 32: Wohnhaus mit Scheune
 Haus Nr. 33: Ehemaliges Wohnstallhaus
 Haus Nr. 34: Ehemaliges Wohnstallhaus
 Haus Nr. 36: Evang.-luth. Pfarrhaus
 Haus Nr. 48: Evang.-luth. Pfarrkirche St. Ottilia

Bodendenkmäler
In der Gemarkung Schweinsdorf gibt es sieben Bodendenkmäler.

Einwohnerentwicklung
Gemeinde Schweinsdorf

Ort Schweinsdorf

Religion
1333 erhielt Schweinsdorf eine eigene Pfarrstelle mit der Pfarrkirche St. Ottilia, die bis dahin Filialkirche von St. Michael in Gattenhofen war. Die Kirchengemeinde hatte 1730 200 und 1775 241 Mitglieder.

Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Johannis (Rothenburg ob der Tauber) gepfarrt.

Verkehr
Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt nach Neusitz zur Staatsstraße 2250 (3 km südlich) bzw. nach Linden zur Kreisstraße AN 8 (2,2 km östlich). Weitere Gemeindeverbindungsstraßen führen nach Rothenburg ob der Tauber zur Staatsstraße 2419 (3,5 km südwestlich), nach Hartershofen (2,2 km nördlich) und nach Nordenberg (2 km nordöstlich) jeweils zur AN 8.

Der Ort hat einen Haltepunkt an der Bahnstrecke Steinach bei Rothenburg–Dombühl.

Oberhalb von Schweinsdorf beim Schweinsdorfer Ranken verlaufen die Fernwanderwege Europäische Wasserscheide und Jean-Haagen-Weg.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Neusitz)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Ansbach)
Ersterwähnung 1128
Gemeindeauflösung 1978
Kirchdorf (Siedlungstyp)

Schweinsdorf (Neusitz)


Penokee est une communauté non incorporée (unicorporated community) du comté de Graham dans l'état du Kansas.

Histoire
Penokee aurait été le théâtre de la bataille de Solomon's Fork le  entre des cavaliers de la United States Army et des Cheyennes.

La ville s'appelait originellement Reford et a été fondée en 1888 par Ben Chasdey lorsque la L & C Railroad a été prolongé jusqu'à cet endroit. La même année, la ville est re-planifié (c'est-à-dire qu'elle a pris sa forme actuelle dans l'organisation des rues). Reford était confondu avec une autre ville du Kansas appelé Rexford. Lorsque les services postaux et la L&C Railroad ont demandé que la communauté change de nom, les habitants ont décidé de renommer leur communauté Penokee d'après les montagnes Penokee près du lac Supérieur.

Notes et références

Localité au Kansas

Penokee (Kansas)


Palača Barberini (talijanski: Palazzo Barberini) je barokna palača u Rimu; jedna od dvije lokacije u kojima je smještena Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica. Nalazi se na adresi via delle Quattro Fontane, 13.

Povijest

Palača Barberini je napravljena za papu Urbana VIII., člana obitelji Barberini, koju je dizajnirao talijanski arhitekt Carlo Maderno (1556.–1629.) na staroj lokaciji vile Sforza. Maderno je započeo rad 1627. godine, uz pomoć svog nećaka Francesca Borrominija. No, smrću Maderna, Boromini je preskočen i dovršenje palače je povjereno mladom arhitektu, koji je tada bio poznatiji kao kipar, Berniniju. Dva velika arhitekta su jedno kratko vrijeme radili zajedno i palaču je dovršio Bernini 1633. godine. Palača je prava barokna palača sa središnjom ovalnom dvoranom visine dva kata koja dominira unutarnjim trgom (cour d'honneur) uokvirenim s dva simetrična krila. Kao takva utjecala je na dizajn brojnih baroknih palača, uključujući Versailles. Strop njenog središnjeg salona je dekorirao Pietro da Cortona, u čast Božije providnosti, kako bi se veličala papinska obitelj Barberini. Nakon smrti pape Urbana VIII., palaču je konfiscirao papa Inocent X. i vraćena je obitelji Barberini 1653.

Tijekom izgradnje vile Savorgnan di Brazzà, u stražnjem podrumu zgrade otkriven je rimski Mitrej iz 2. st.

U ovoj palači potpisana je ključna Europska konvencija o ljudskim pravima 4. studenog 1950., kojom je osnovan Europski sud za ljudska prava.

Kronološka galerija zbirke palače Barberini

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Gallerie Nazionali d'Arte Anticai Službene stranice

Barberini

Palača Barberini


إيزوبوبانول أو بروبان-2 أول حسب التسمية النظامية أو 2-بروبانول عبارة عن مركب عضوي ينتمي إلى مجموعة الكحولات (الأغوال)، وهو أبسط الكحولات الثانوية الأليفاتية. للمركب الصيغة الجزيئية المجملة C3H8O .

الخصائص الفيزيائية

كحول الإيزوبروبانول سائل عديم اللون، سهل التطاير وقابل للاشتعال. له رائحة مميزة غير منفرة، يمكن أن تكون واخزة عند شمها بجرعات كبيرة. تذكر رائحته عادة بالمستشفيات أو العيادات الطبية كونه يدخل في أغلب الأحيان في تركيب المعقمات.

بتبريد السائل إلى -88°س نحصل على صلب عديم اللون (نقطة الانصهار) ، في حين أن درجة غليانه عند الضغط النظامي تبلغ 82°س.

يمتزج إيزوبروبانول مع الماء بكافة النسب بشكل متجانس، ويشكل مزيج أزيوتروبي (غير قابل للفصل بالتبخير) عند درجة حرارة تبلغ 80.4°س وعندما تكون نسبة الماء فيه 12.1 %.

التحضير
يحضر الإيزوبروبانول صناعياً إما من البروبيلين أو من الأسيتون.

بإجراء تفاعل ضم الماء (إماهة) إلى البروبيلين على مبادل أيوني حمضي (حفاز):

أما تحضيره من الأسيتون فيتم عن طريق إجراء تفاعل هدرجة:

الاستخدام الصيدلاني

محلّول مطهر ، مضاد للجراثيم .
يُستخدم إيزوبروبيل الكحول في مستحضرات التجميل و المستحضرات الصيدلانية و بشكل رئيسي كمحلول في الأشكال الصيدلانية الموضعية التطبيق و لا يُنصح باستخدامه فموياً نظراً لسميّته ، كما يدخل في تحضير الغسولات .
إن للإيزوبروبيل الكحول خواصاً كمحل لكل من أفلام تغليف المضغوطات و حثيراتها حيث يتم جرفه ببخار الماء .
يتمتع إيزوبروبيل الكحول ببعض الخواص المضادة للجراثيم و يُستخدم محلوله المائي بتركيز 70% حجم/حجم كمطهر موضعي .

التأثير على صحة الجسم

يُمتص بسرعة عبر القناة المعوية و لكن يُمتص ببطء عبر الجلد السليم .
و يتم استقلاب إيزوبروبيل الكحول ببطء أشدّ مما هي عليه الحال في الإيثانول حيث يعطي بشكل رئيسي الأسينون .
يتم طرح نواتج الاستقلاب بالإضافة لإيزوبروبيل الكحول غير المستقلب و غير المنحل .
يتمتع إيزوبروبيل الكحول بسميّة أكبر بمرتين من سميّة الإيثانول و لذلك لا يؤخذ فموياً أضِفْ لذلك الطعم غير المستحب له .

إن أعراض التسمم بإيزوبروبيل الكحول يشبه أعراض التسمم بالإيثانول إلا أنه لا يسبب النشوة و كما أن التهاب المعدة و القئ يكون أشد ظهوراً .
و تُقدّر الجرعة المميتة بحوالي 50 ملغ و الجرعة التي تُبدي الآثار السميّة بحوالي 20ملغ و إن إعطاء إيزوبروبيل الكحول الممدد بالماء حقناً بجرعة أكبر من 20 ملغ يؤدي لحدوث الحس بالحرارة و انخفاض ضعيف في ضغط الدم فقط ، و لذلك فهو غير شائع الاستخدام في المستحضرات الحقنية .
و يُستخدم إيزوبروبيل الكحول بشكل كبير في المستحضرات الصيدلانية موضعية التطبيق و يؤثر كمخرش و عند تطبيقه في العين يسبب حروقاً في قرنية العين و أذيات عينية .

سلامة الاستعمال

تختلف الاحتياطات المتبعة أثناء التعامل مع المادة باختلاف التراكيز و الظروف المحيطة.
يمكن أن يكون إيزوبروبيل الكحول مخرشاً للجلد و العيون و الأغشية المخاطية عند استنشاقه و لذلك نحتاج لواقيات الأعين و القفازات . و يجب أن نتعامل معه في وسط جيد التهوية .
و تم في انكلترا تحديد التعرض المديد للإيزوبروبيل الكحول بـ 980 ملغ/م3 (400 ppm ) في حين حدد التعرض القصير بـ 1295 ملغ/م3 ( 500 ppm ).
يُعتبر إيزوبروبيل الكحول مادة قابلة للاشتعال و ينتج أبخرة سامة لدى اشتعاله .

التنافرات

يتنافر مع العناصر المؤكسدة كبيروكسيد الهيدروجين و حمض الآزوت مما يسبب تفككه. إيزوبروبيل الكحول يرسب بإضافة كلوريد الصوديوم إلى أمزجته المائية و كذلك كبريتات الصوديوم و الأملاح الأخرى أو بإضافة هيدروكسيد الصوديوم .

المصادر

أكسجينات
ألكانولات
سواغات
كحولات
كحولات ثانوية
مانعات العفونة
مبيدات آفات
مبيدات الجراثيم
مركبات الإيزوبروبيل
مطهرات
معدلات تفارغية موجبة لمستقبل غابا أ
مواد كيميائية منزلية

إيزوبروبانول


Brokerii apocalipsei (titlu original: The Big Short) este un film american biografic comedie dramatică din 2015 regizat de Adam McKay. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Christian Bale,  Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling și Brad Pitt. Scenariul se bazează pe cartea The Big Short de Michael Lewis despre Criza financiară din 2007–08 (en).

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Christian Bale ca Michael Burry
 Steve Carell ca Mark Baum (bazat pe Steve Eisman)
 Ryan Gosling ca Jared Vennett (bazat pe Greg Lippmann)
 John Magaro ca Charlie Geller (bazat pe Charlie Ledley)
 Finn Wittrock ca Jamie Shipley (bazat pe Jamie Mai)
 Brad Pitt ca Ben Rickert (bazat pe Ben Hockett)
 Hamish Linklater ca Porter Collins
 Rafe Spall ca Danny Moses
 Jeremy Strong ca Vinny Daniel
 Marisa Tomei ca Cynthia Baum (bazat pe Valerie Feigen)
 Melissa Leo ca Georgia Hale
 Stanley Wong ca Ted Jiang (bazat pe Eugene Xu)
 Byron Mann ca Wing Chau
 Tracy Letts ca Lawrence Fields
 Karen Gillan ca Evie
 Max Greenfield ca Mortgage Broker
 Margot Robbie în rolul său
 Selena Gomez în rolul său
 Richard Thaler  în rolul său
 Anthony Bourdain ca  în rolul său

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Oscar 2016
 A 73-a ediție a Premiilor Globul de Aur

Filme din 2015
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Adam McKay
Filme Paramount Pictures
Filme biografice
Filme dramatice americane
Filme Plan B Entertainment
Filme Regency Enterprises
Filme de comedie din anii 2010
Filme de comedie dramatică

Brokerii apocalipsei


Antilanac je parcijalno uređen skup u kojem nikoja dva elementa nisu usporediva, dok u lancu vrijedi suprotno. Ako je A antilanac, onda mu je veličina |A|. Antilancima se bavi Spernerov teorem, Lubell-Yamamoto-Meshalkinova nejednakost, Mirskyev teorem, Dilworthov teorem i dr.

Svaki lanac i antilanac u P imaju presjek u kojem je najviše jedan član. Zbog toga je duljina svakog lanca manja od najmanjeg broja antilanaca koji čija unija sadrži cijeli P, a veličina svakog antilanca je najviše jednaka najmanjem broju lanaca čija unija sadrži čitavi P.

Izvori

Teorija skupova

Antilanac


Minas e Armadilhas foi um programa português de apanhados apresentado por Júlio César, sendo transmitido na SIC. Ao longo das quatro temporadas entre 1993 e 1996, teve várias parcerias à assisti-lo na condução do programa, começando pela célebre drag queen Belle Dominique e passando pela modelo e actriz soft-porn francesa Marlène Mourreau e pela patinadora Andreia Teixeira. Na assistência do programa era comum estarem presentes várias colectividades, como tunas académicas, ranchos folclóricos e bandas filarmónicas.
O programa captava as reacções dos portugueses ao serem surpreendidos em algumas situações cómicas, caricatas ou inesperadas na rua  e tinha ainda uma vertente de concurso, onde dois dos apanhados jogavam um jogo de memória de pares para ganharem prémios monetários.
Entre 2002 e 2004, voltaria a ser exibido na SIC Sempre Gold.

Elenco
Carla Andrino
Guilherme Leite
Amadeu Carronho
Ildaberto Beirão
Orlando Baptista
Óscar Branco
Domingos Machado
Andreia Teixeira
Marta Pereira
Marlène Mourreau
Gabriel Leite
Miguel Ribeiro

Programas de televisão de Portugal que estrearam em 1993
Programas da SIC
Programas de televisão em língua portuguesa

Minas e Armadilhas


Kong Hee-yong (Daejeon, 11 de dezembro de 1996) é uma jogadora de badminton sul-coreana, medalhista olímpica.

Carreira

Nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020, em Tóquio, conquistou a medalha de bronze na categoria duplas femininas ao lado de Kim So-yeong após confronto contra as também sul-coreanas Shin Seung-chan e Lee So-hee. Ela foi premiada como a jogadora mais aprimorada do ano 2019 da BWF.

Jogadores de badmínton olímpicos da Coreia do Sul
Jogadores de badminton nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Kong Hee-yong


Die Estnische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2012 fand vom 3. bis zum 5. Februar 2012 in Tallinn statt. Es war die 48. Austragung der Titelkämpfe.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
Statistiken beim Estnischen Badmintonverband

2012
Badminton 2012
Badmintonwettbewerb in Tallinn

Estnische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2012


خالد العجيرب  (16 فبراير 1971 -)، ممثل كوميدي كويتي، كان يهوى الفن منذ صغره ودرس في المعهد العالي للفنون الموسيقية، وعندما أراد أن يصبح ممثلا وأثناء عمله في إحدى الوزارات التقى بأحد الفنانين وطلب منه الانتساب للمجال الفني، وبالفعل قام الفنان بمساعدته ودخل الفن عبر الأدوار الصغيرة، ثم بدأ بأخذ الأدوار ذات مساحة كبيرة بعد اشتراكه في الأعمال التي قامت شركة سكوب سنتر بإنتاجها فترة 2005 / 2006 كمسلسلي عديل الروح والإمبراطورة.

أعماله

من المسلسلات
 2022: مشراق.
 2022:حريم طارق
 |2022:عاشر صفحة
 زواج إلا ربع
 بناية هب الريح
 أحلام نيران.
 بوقلبين.
 الناس أجناس.
 سابع جار.
 بيت الوالد.
 زمان الإسكافي.
 ديوان السبيل.
 سوق المقاصيص.
 الخطر معهم - الجزء الثالث.
 طبق الأصل - برنامج كوميدي.
 عديل الروح.
 تاكسي تحت الطلب.
 الإمبراطورة.
 بيت من ورق.
 عيني عينك - برنامج كوميدي من 5 مواسم.
 عقاب - الجزء الثاني.
 دندرمة.
 العقيد شمه.
 الهدامة.
 مسك وعنبر.
 جني وعطبة.
 موزة ولوزة.
 صيدة سوالف .
 هايبر لوب
 إلعب غيرها.
 زمن مريان.
 بنات سكر نبات.
 مضارب بني قرقاص.
 سوق الحريم.
 عطر الجنة.
 خالي وصل.
 امينة حاف.

البرامج
 سوالف - قناة فنون.

من المسرحيات
 اللي يدري يدري.
 صح لسانك.
 ما يصح إلا الصحيح.
 سوبر صطار.
 قدها ونص.
 واحد+واحد.
 نيولوك.
 قرقيعان.
 شملان في لبنان.
 بخيت وبخيتة.
 زنقة زنقة - عرضت الإمارات.
 مواطن بالمقلوب - عرضت في قطر.
 هاي فايف.
 تحت الصفر.
 مطلوب.
 قلب للبيع.
 هلا بالخميس.
 بيت بو سند.
 فرحان نسيب زعلان.

الأفلام
 2004 - شباب كول.
 2015 - التجارة شطارة.
 2017 - خميس وجمعة.
 2018 - طربال رايح جاي.
 2019 - اطلع من مزاجي.
 2021-غيبوبة

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
كوميديون كويتيون
مواليد 1390 هـ
مواليد 1971
ممثلون كويتيون

خالد العجيرب


Un turneu fiecare cu fiecare este un tip de turneu în care "fiecare participant joacă pe rând împotriva tuturor celorlalți". El este cunoscut și sub denumirile engleze round-robin sau all-play-all.

Într-un turneu fiecare cu fiecare simplu, toți participanții se întâlnesc o singură dată în timpul competiției. În sporturile care presupun meciuri numeroase de-a lungul unui an competițional, spre exemplu la fotbal, campionatul se desfășoară sub forma unui turneu fiecare cu fiecare dublu, denumit "turneu fiecare cu fiecare în două tururi". Fiecare participant joacă pe rând împotriva celorlalți oponenți câte două partide, una în turul, iar cealaltă în returul competiției. Acest tip de turneu este frecvent folosit la șah, sportul în care a fost utilizat pentru prima dată, la turneele disputate la Londra în 1851 și 1862. Recent, sistemul a fost folosit la campionatele mondiale de șah din 2005 și 2007.

Clasamentul final al unui turneu fiecare cu fiecare se alcătuiește de obicei pe baza victoriilor și a meciurilor terminate la egalitate, deși uneori sunt posibile și alte variante de departajare.

În general, fazele de calificare ale unei competiții importante se desfășoară după sistemul fiecare cu fiecare, spre exemplu la Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal, campionatele mondiale masculine și feminine de handbal, precum și la nenumărate alte sporturi.

Terminologie
Expresia engleză round-robin derivă de la cuvântul francez ruban, care înseamnă "panglică". De-a lungul timpului, termenul s-a transformat în etimologia populară în robin.

În Marea Britanie, turneul fiecare cu fiecare este adesea denumit "Turneu american" în cazul sporturilor precum tenis sau biliard care au de obicei faze superioare eliminatorii. În italiană este denumit girone all'italiana (în ). În sârbă, turneul poartă denumirea de Бергеров систем sau Bergerov sistem (în ), după numele jucătorului de șah Johann Berger. Un turneu fiecare cu fiecare având doar patru jucători este uneori numit "patrulater".

Avantaje și inconveniente
Într-un turneu fiecare cu fiecare, procentul de hazard este minimizat, deoarece toți participanții se întâlnesc pe rând, iar unul din ei poate obține în final victoria în ciuda câtorva contraperformanțe de pe parcurs, ceea ce nu este posibil într-un sistem cu eliminare directă.

Totuși, acest lucru implică și faptul că uneori meciurile care se desfășoară spre sfârșitul competiției nu mai prezintă interes, deoarece unul din participanți a câștigat deja suficiente puncte și nu mai poate fi ajuns de către ceilalți oponenți. Această asimetrie poate afecta uneori echitatea turneului, deoarece în acest caz motivarea adversarilor nu mai este cea de la începutul competiției. În plus, nu există un meci final spectaculos, în care oponenții să dea totul pentru victorie. La primele meciuri de șah jucate după sistemul fiecare cu fiecare, disputate la Londra în iulie 1851, nu fusese prevăzut un premiu decât pentru cel care va câștiga competiția, ceea ce a făcut ca mulți dintre jucători să-și abandoneze restul partidelor după ce le-a devenit evident că nu mai au nicio șansă să se lupte pentru primul loc. Începând cu turneul din 1862, a fost prevăzut câte un premiu pentru toți sportivii clasați pe primele șase locuri, cu scopul de a limita abandonurile prin forfait.

Pe de altă parte, în cazul în care e vorba de calificarea la un eveniment sportiv mai important, un competitor deja calificat în etapa următoare ar putea încerca să-și dozeze forțele sau chiar să piardă în mod deliberat, dacă înfrângerea sa ar contribui la promovarea unui viitor adversar mai puțin înzestrat.

Sistemul elvețian reprezintă o tentativă de combinare a anumitor elemente dintr-un turneu fiecare cu fiecare și dintr-un turneu cu eliminare directă, cu scopul de a produce un campion incontestabil în mult mai puține tururi decât la sistemul fiecare cu fiecare, dar permițându-i totuși și câteva contraperformanțe pe parcurs.

Note

Sisteme competiționale

Turneu fiecare cu fiecare


La Estación Ferroviaria de Pampilhosa, igualmente conocida como Estación de Pampilhosa, es una plataforma de la línea del Norte, que sirve a parroquias de Pampilhosa, en el Distrito de Aveiro, en Portugal.

Historia

Inauguración
El tramo entre Taveiro y Estarreja de la línea del Norte, en el cual la estación se inserta, abrió a la explotación el 10 de abril de 1864. El tramo de la línea de Beira Alta, entre esta estación y Vilar Formoso, fue inaugurado  el 1 de julio de 1883, teniendo la continuación de esta línea hasta Figueira da Foz sido abierta el 3 de agosto del mismo año.

Estaba previsto, en enero de 2011, que fuesen realizadas obras de conservación de las catenarias, en el interior de esta estación, entre el primer y cuarto trimestre de 2012.

Características

Localización y accesos
Esta plataforma se encuentra junto a la localidad de Pampilhosa, con acceso por la calle de la República.

Descripción física
En enero de 2011, presentaba siete vías de circulación, con 180 a 780 metros de longitud; las plataformas tenían entre 220 y 315 metros de extensión, y 30 a 40 centímetros de altura.

Véase también
 Red Ferroviaria Nacional
 Comboios de Portugal

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Página de la Estación de Pampilhosa, en el portal de la transportista Comboios de Portugal
Página con fotografías de la Estación de Pampilhosa, en la web Railfaneurope

Pampilhosa
Mealhada
Pampilhosa
Pampilhosa

Estación de Pampilhosa