Leon B. Alcalay (n. 1847, București – d. 1920, București) a fost un editor și librar român, dintr-o familie evreiiască de rit spaniol din București. Prin editura pe care a întemeiat-o a adus o contribuție însemnată la viața culturală și în domeniul educației în România.

Biografie
Născut la București, Leon B. Alcalay a învățat la o școală elementară și apoi doi ani de gimnaziu în orașul natal. Apoi a fost vânzător ambulant de cărți, broșuri și reviste vechi și rare. La vârsta de 17 ani (în 1864) el a deschis primul său magazin în centrul Bucureștiului, la colțul străzii Podul Mogoșoaiei (Calea Victoriei de astăzi) nr. 27 și al Bulevardului Elisabeta. Prăvălia cuprindea în acea vreme doar două dulapuri burdușite cu cărți de anticariat. În anul 1883 a deschis în locul anticariatului două magazine - o librărie și un magazin cu articole de papetărie. Ele s-au aflat la parterul Hotelului Herdan, care a devenit mai apoi "Grand Hotel du Boulevard" sau Hotelul Bulevard, lângă consulatul Rusiei. Cu timpul, a intrat în domeniul editării de cărți, prin mijlocirea a două case de editură pe care le-a înființat, purtând denumirile "Librăria Alcalay" și "Librăria Universală Alcalay".

Pe perioada construirii "Grand Hotelului Bulevard", librăria Alcalay s-a mutat temporar în clădirea "Colos" de lângă Prefectura Poliției. Apoi a revenit la locul inițial la parterul hotelului. În două din vitrine erau expuse, ca atracție comercială, titluri importate din Franța incluzând cărți cu conținut erotic și despre sexualitate, iar in vitrina a treia cărți de anticariat în genul cărți de "sfaturi utile" în genul "Cum se trișează în jocul de cărți" și literatura clasică, inclusiv traduceri în limba română din cadrul colecției Biblioteca pentru toți. Librăria conținea cărțile editate în România și în plus, volume importate din Franța și Germania, mai cu seamă cărți de medicină și drept. De asemenea vindea și instrumente și partituri muzicale.

Între anii 1900-1920 editura Alcalay a publicat colecția "Biblioteca pentru toți" (înființată de Carol Müller și Dumitru Stăncescu în 1895) care cuprindea multe dintre cele mai însemnate cărți din literatura română și universală și care se vindeau cu prețuri ieftine, la îndemâna publicului. După moartea lui Alcalay, colecția a continuat să apară în alte edituri, până în zilele noastre.
Editura Alcalay publica și un catalog de cărți, ceea ce era o premieră în scena editorială românească.

Un timp Alcalay a deținut funcția de vicepreședinte al Asociației Librarilor din România.
În anul 1932 librăria "universală" din centrul Bucureștiului a fost condusă de Iancu Șaraga si S. Schwartz, care au modernizat-o, păstrându-i numele de Alcalay până la legile românizării din 1940, când instituția a fost preluată de Romulus Cioflec din Cluj. Unii din membrii familiei editorului Alcalay au emigrat în Palestina la începutul secolului al XX-lea. Între urmașii familiei s-a numărat și actorul israelian originar din România Moscu Alkalai.

Note

Lectură suplimentară
 George Potra, Din Bucureștii de ieri
 Memoriile unui boier de viță-III Din amintirile lui Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici, revista "Clipa". martie 2013
H.Kuller, N. Cajal (coord.) Contribuția evreilor din România la cultură și civilizație, Hasefer 2004

Legături externe
 Calea Victoriei - articol pe saitul "Politica ieri, azi și mâine" 2016
 Ecaterina Țarălungă - "Dicționar de literatură română", 2007 on line p.9

Nașteri în 1847
Decese în 1920
Editori români
Evrei sefarzi români
Bucureșteni

Leon B. Alcalay


سَمَنْدل المكسيك أو عفريت الماء  الاسم العلمي (Ambystoma mexicanum) هو نوع من السمندل يعيش في المكسيك، ذو قرابة بسمندل النمر. هذا النوع من قنافذ البحر يمتلك قدرات ومزايا عجيبة. أطراف هذا الكائن البحري تنمو مجددًا بعد قطعها، وإذا جُرِحَ فإن نزيف الدم يتوقف خلال ثوان! يسعى العلماء الآن للاستفادة من هذه المزايا في الطب البشري. وهو لا ينفرد بخاصية التجديد فهو مثل نجم البحر وخيار البحر. وُجِدَ هذا الحيوان منذ عام 1830م في مجموعة قنوات في المكسيك وهي قناة Xochimilcho حيث وُجِدَ في تلك المنطقة فقط، وهو اليوم يعد من الحيوانات النادرة ومن ثم يُبَاع في الأسواق بسعر مرتفع (وغالبًا يأتي من مزارع خاصة). يعيش هذا الحيوان إلى ما يقرب 10 سنوات. ويوجد منه اللون الأبيض، والبني المرقط، والرمادي أو الرصاصي، والفضي، والرمادي، والبني هو أغلب الألوان المتوفرة، له فم عريض ورأس دائري الشكل تنبت منه ستة قرون ناعمة الملمس عليها شعيرات. يطلق عليه السكان المحليون اسم أكسولوتل Axolotl والذي يعني «وحش الماء».

السّمات والتهديدات

يكاد هذا الحيوان العجيب أن ينقرض في المكسيك بسبب التلوث البيئي، ولولا رعاية العلماء له لكان انقرض منذ زمن. في مركز التجديد الحيوي بألمانيا يوجد أكثر من 120 منه.

وهو حيوان قليل الحركة ويفضل الاختفاء في ركن من حوض الماء، ولا يخطر على بال من يراه أنه يتمتع بمزايا لا توجد لدى الكائنات الحية الأخرى المعروفة. تقول الباحثة كريستينا ألميلينغ: «يعتبر عفريت الماء معجزة في القدرة على تجديد نفسه، فهو قادر على تجديد أطرافه وحتى أعضائه الداخلية غير الضرورية للحياة، والتي قد تتعرض للأذى عبر حادث ما أو عندما يعضه حيوان آخر، وهذا مثير جدا لاهتمامنا». ولمعرفة ما يحدث حين يفقد الأكسولوتل أحد أطرافه، يُجري العلماء تجارب على قطع الأطراف.

يُخرج الدكتور بيورن مينغر أحد الحيوانات من حوض الماء ويضعه في حوض منعزل يوجد فيه سائل مخدر، وبعد بضع دقائق يكون الأكسولوتل قد غاب عن الوعي من أثر المخدر، ثم يوضع على طاولة الجراحة: «نستخدم تقنية جراحية ونجري بالمشرط عملية بتر. لا نحتاج للاعتناء بموضع البتر لأن الدم يتخثر خلال ثوان، بحيث يمكن للمرء مشاهدة سرعة تخثره وتوقف النزيف. بالنسبة لهذا الحيوان يُعَدُ البتر مجرد إجراء بسيط».

الاهتمام العلمي

يحظى هذا الحيوان الوديع بتقدير شديد في كلية الطب بجامعة هانوفر الألمانية، فهناك معهد متخصص بدراسة مزاياه يُدعى «مركز التجديد الحيوي». من هذه المزايا معاودة أطرافه النمو في حال قطعها وسرعة اِلتِئام جراحه وتعافيها. كما يتوقف الجرح عن النزف خلال ثوان قليلة، وحتى الجرح الكبير يلتئم خلال ساعات قليلة. وهذه مزايا يسعى أطباء جراحة الحوادث إلى فك لغزها والتعرف على أسرارها.

لا تتعدى الحرارة في المختبرات 16° درجة مئوية، لأن درجة الحرارة المرتفعة تصيب هذه الحيوانات بالأمراض. وتقول الباحثة كريستيانه ألميلينغ التي تسهر على توفير البيئة المناسبة لهذه الحيوانات: «لا يقتصر العمل في مركز التجديد الحيوي على البحث العلمي فقط، وإنما يقوم بالحفاظ على هذه الأنواع وتربيتها. وينصب اهتمامنا على الأكسولوتل، وهو قنفذ البحر من المكسيك. والعناية بهذا الحيوان سهلة لأنه يقضي حياته في الماء ولا يغادره رغم كونه حيوانا برمائيا. أما الأبحاث المتعلقة بتربيته فقد قطعت شوطا ممتازا».

الاستعمال الطبي

أجرى بيورن مينغر حوالي 300 عملية بتر كجزء من أبحاث شهادة الدكتوراه، وتفاجأ في كل مرة من توقف النزيف خلال جزء من الثانية. إذ يتكون خلال ساعات «نسيج طلائي» جديد في الموضع الذي تم بتره. والنسيج الطلائي هو الاسم الذي يطلق على الخلايا الموجودة في الطبقة العليا من الجلد. وعن ذلك تقول مديرة المختبر كيرستن رايمرز فضلاوي: «يختلف هذا النسيج الطلائي عن الأنسجة المماثلة في الحيوانات الثديية لأنه يؤثر على الأنسجة الموجودة أسفل منه وبذلك يتم تسريع شفاء الجرح. وخلال أسابيع قليلة يتشكل مكان البتر ما يشبه البرعم وتنمو القدم من جديد».

يهتم العلماء بفهم ما يحدث خلال هذه الفترة، أي من لحظة بتر القدم حتى ظهور قدم جديدة ويراقبون ما يحدث في خلايا حيوان الأكسولوتل، وعن ذلك تقول كيرستن فضلاوي: «نقوم بدراسة المواد التي تتحكم بهذه العملية ونفحص جهاز المناعة الذي يلعب دورا هاما في عملية الشفاء. كما ندرس عوامل النمو أو العوامل الجينية. نأخذ عينة من خلايا الحيوان ونفحص الجينات الفاعلة والنشيطة في النسيج الخلوي».

هناك أنواع من الأسماك قادرة على تجديد ما يُبتر منها، كما تندمل جروحها بسرعة، إلا أن حيوان الأكسولوتل أقرب جينيا من هذه الأسماك إلى الإنسان. لذلك يأمل الباحثون في حل لغز شفائه السريع والاستفادة من ذلك في الطب البشري. ويأمل الدكتور بيورن مينغر في أن يتمكن الأطباء مستقبلا من مساعدة المرضى الذين تصاب مساحات واسعة من جلودهم بأضرار جسيمة، والمرضى الذين يصابون بضمور حاد في العضلات ومشاكل في العظام يعجز الطب حتى اليوم عن شفائها.

ويأمل العلماء في تطوير عقاقير طبية قادرة على فعل ما يفعله قنفذ البحر، وتعجيل شفاء البشر خاصة ضحايا حوادث السير التي تؤدي أحيانا إلى بتر أطراف الشخص المصاب، وتأمل الدكتورة كيرستن فضلاوي تحقيق حلم يبدو اليوم صعب المنال وتقول: «حلمنا هو زيادة قدرة التجدّد والإستشفاء لدى الإنسان، وربما حتى القدرة على تجديد الأطراف المبتورة».

التكاثر

تُرَبْىَ كأي سمكة عادية في أحواض مائية. حوض 60 × 40 × 40 سم كافي لتربية زوج بالغ منها، ويجب توفر مرشِّح وإضاءة وجهاز تسخين (ولو أنه يتحمل حرارة منخفضة إلى 10م) ولكن من المفضل أن يحفظ الحيوان في 20 إلى 23م، الماء نظيف خفيف وحامضي (Ph: 6 إلى 7، Gh : 10 درجات).

من الأمور المثيرة الأخرى إضافة إلى حكاية تعويض الأنسجة المفقودة بسرعة عجيبة، هو أنه يعيش حياة حيوان مائي على الرغم من أنه حيوان برمائي. فهو مثل السلمندر يطرح البيض في الماء ويفقس على شكل فراخ صغيرة تمر بمرحلة تطور مثل الضفدع ولكن الحيوان يبقى في الماء ولا يخرج منه كأي حيوان برمائي.

المراجع

أصنوفات سماها جورج شو
أنواع القائمة الحمراء ذات التهديد الأقصى
اختبارات على الحيوانات
برمائيات المكسيك
برمائيات وصفت في القرن 18
تاريخ ولاية مكسيكو الطبيعي
حيوانات أمريكا الوسطى
حيوانات متوطنة في المكسيك
سلمندر الخلد
طب التجديد
نماذج حيوانات
وادي المكسيك
وراثيات سكانية

عفريت الماء


Dokuzlar, İzmir'in Kiraz ilçesine bağlı bir mahalle. İlçe merkezine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Kiraz'ın mahalleleri

Dokuzlar, Kiraz


Şükriye Tutkun (19 Eylül 1965, Kocaeli), Türk halk müziği sanatçısı.

Hayatı
19 Eylül 1965 tarihinde Gürcü kökenli Artvinli bir ailede Kocaeli'nde doğan Tutkun, Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı Opera Şan bölümü mezunudur. Sanatçı, Afşar Timuçin'den estetik ve felsefe, Filiz Ali'den Opera Tarihi, Cenan Akın'dan armoni, İlteriş Sun'dan solfej, Yekta Kara'dan sahne dersleri aldı. Etnomüzikolog Tugay Başar ile çocuk yuvalarında müzik öğretmenliği ile ilgili çalışmalar yapmıştır. Konservatuvarda okuduğu yıllarda değişik zamanlarda TRT Gençlik Korosu, İstanbul Operası Gençlik Korosu, St. Antuan Katolik KilisesiKorosu'nda soprano olarak görev alan Tutkun, Muammer Ketencoğlu, Zülfü Livaneli, İlhan Usmanbaş, Fahir Atakoğlu, Atilla Özdemiroğlu, Ali Osman Erbaşı gibi sanatçılarla çalışmıştır. Pilastip Show'da eski başbakanlardan Tansu Çiller karakterini seslendiren sanatçı çizgi ve dizi filmde, ayrıca reklam filmlerinde seslendirmeler yapmıştır. İlk sahne teklifini vokalist olarak Gökhan Kırdar'dan almıştır. Sanatçı,İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Şehir Tiyatroları'nda sahnelenen Sultan Gelin Müzikali'nde başrolde oynamıştır. Şimdilerde TRT Okul'da Hayata Tutunanlar isimli programın sunuculuğunu yapmaktadır.

Diskografi
1996: Sevin Gayrı
1998: Çiğdem Der Ki
2002: Kumru
2004: Gücüm Yetene Kadar
2006: Salıncak
2010: Ay Karanlık
2019: Ave Maria
2020: Hold Time

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yaşayan insanlar
Şükriye Tutkun
1965 doğumlular
Kocaeli doğumlu müzisyenler
Gürcü asıllı Türkler
Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarında öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyılda Türk kadın şarkıcılar
21. yüzyılda Türk kadın şarkıcılar
Türk halk müziği ses sanatçıları
EMI Records sanatçıları

Şükriye Tutkun


Absalon Taranger (født 10. august 1858 i Sund i Hordaland, død 20. november 1930) var en norsk retshistoriker.

Priser
Taranger var medlem af Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania fra 1902 og Hon. Life Member of the Viking Club i London fra 1906 . Samme år blev han udnævnt til æresdoktor ved universitetet i Aberdeen.

Værker
 Om Betydningen av Herad og Herads-Kirkja i de ældre Kristenretter (1887)
 De Norske Perlefiskerier i Ældre Tid (1889)
 Den angelsaksiske kirkes indflydelse paa den norske (1890)
 Fremstilling af de Haalogalandske almenningers retslige stilling (1892)
 Udsigt over den norske rets historie (1898–1907)
 Norsk samfundslære til skolebrug (1902–03)
 Lærebok i norsk familieret (1911)
 Norges historie fremstillet for det norske folk
 Tidsrummet 1309–1442 (1915)
 Tidsrummet 1443–1537 (1917)
 Norwegische Bürgerkunde: Verfassung und Verwaltung (1925)
 Norsk familierett (1926)
 Inntrykk fra America (1927)
 Trondheimens forfatningshistorie (1929)

Litteratur
 , bind XXIII, s. 91; København: J. H. Schultz

Kilder
Artiklen er helt eller delvis oversat fra Wikipedia på norsk

Eksterne henvisninger
 Publikationer af Absalon Taranger i BIBSYS
 Digitalt tilgængeligt indhold hos Nasjonalbiblioteket: Taranger, Absalon

Retshistorikere
Historikere fra Norge

Absalon Taranger


فوسي (Восе) هي مدينة في مقاطعة كاتلون في طاجكستان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 24,575 نسمة.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لفوسي:

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في طاجيكستان
ولاية خاتلون
مدن آسيا الوسطى
مدن طاجيكستان

فوسي (كاتلون)


Constantin Tabarcea (Târgoviște, 8 de fevereiro de 1937 – Ploiești, 14 de julho de 1963) foi um futebolista romeno que atuava como meio-campista.

Carreira
Revelado pelo Metalul Târgoviște, onde atuou nas categorias de base entre 1951 e 1955, Tabarcea jogou apenas 8 anos como profissional defendendo o Petrolul Ploiești, conquistando 2 títulos do Campeonato Romeno e uma Copa da Romênia, em 1962–63 - esta última em caráter póstumo.

Ele não chegou a defender a seleção principal da Romênia, tendo atuado pelas seleções Sub-23 (4 jogos entre 1958 e 1959) e B (2 partidas entre 1959 e 1961).

Morte
Durante uma partida de seu clube contra o Dinamo Bacău (atual FCM Bacău), Tabarcea desmaiou no gramado e faleceu, aos 26 anos. A causa de sua morte foi atribuída a estranhos problemas de funcionamento do timo.

Títulos
Petrolul Ploiești
 Campeonato Romeno: 1957–58, 1958–59
 Copa da Romênia: 1962–63 (póstumo)

Futebolistas da Roménia
Futebolistas mortos em campo

Constantin Tabarcea


Raymond and Ray é um futuro filme americano do gênero comédia dramática escrito e dirigido por Rodrigo García e estrelado por Ewan McGregor e Ethan Hawke.

Sinopse
Dois meio-irmãos se reencontram no funeral de seu pai, com quem ambos tinham um relacionamento ruim.

Elenco

 Ewan McGregor como Raymond
 Ethan Hawke como Ray
 Maribel Verdú como Lúcia
 Sophie Okonedo como Kiera
 Maxim Swinton como Simon
 Vondie Curtis-Hall
 Chris Grabher como Vincent

Produção
Foi anunciado em agosto de 2021 que Ewan McGregor e Ethan Hawke foram escalados para estrelar o filme Raymond and Ray, que seria escrito e dirigido por Rodrigo García. Em outubro, Maribel Verdú e Sophie Okonedo foram adicionadas ao elenco, com Maxim Swinton se juntando no mês seguinte.

O governador da Virgínia, Ralph Northam, anunciou em setembro de 2021 que o filme seria filmado na Virgínia Central a partir do outono. As filmagens começaram em Richmond no mês seguinte. As filmagens ocorreram em Hopewell de 18 a 21 de outubro. As filmagens também ocorreram no Cemitério de Oakwood, em Richmond, em novembro.

Lançamento
Raymond and Ray será lançado em 2022, no Apple TV+.

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2022
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de comédia dramática dos Estados Unidos
Filmes sobre irmãos
Filmes de comédia dramática da década de 2020
Filmes gravados na Virgínia
Filmes dirigidos por Rodrigo García
Filmes originais da AppleTV+

Raymond and Ray


Down to Earth is a 2001 American fantasy comedy film directed by Chris and Paul Weitz and written by Chris Rock, Lance Crouther, Ali LeRoi and Louis C.K. It is a remake of the 1978 film Heaven Can Wait, which is based on the 1938 stage play of the same name by Harry Segall. The film stars Chris Rock as Lance Barton, a comedian who is killed before his time on Earth is through. He is given another chance to continue his life, but in the body of a rich middle-aged white man.

The film was released on February 16, 2001, and grossed $71 million against its $30 million budget.

Plot
Lance Barton is a struggling comedian who is quite funny and confident in his personality, but is unable to bring his talent across in front of an audience. After being booed off stage one night, he hears about an opportunity from his manager, Whitney Daniels at the Apollo Theater, which is having a farewell show due to its imminent closing. He is hoping to get a chance to prove himself in front of a real audience, when on his way home riding a bike, Lance is distracted by Sontee Jenkins. He is hit by a truck and is instantly killed.

Lance is brought up to Heaven, where he meets the angels, King and Keyes, who reveal that Lance has been taken before his time, and  though his body had been destroyed by the truck, they can help Lance return to Earth. After sorting through many bodies, they find Charles Wellington III, an extremely rich businessman freshly drowned in his tub by his wife and assistant, Winston Sklar. Lance is reluctant until he discovers that Sontee, the woman he saw before his death, is protesting Charles by handcuffing herself to a coffee table in his penthouse, demanding Charles' presence. Seeing this as a chance to get to know her, Lance makes a deal with King to temporarily lend Charles' body until a more suitable body is found. Soon after, Charles returns from death, but with the witty soul of Lance inside him. Everyone except for the angels and him sees him as the middle-aged, rich, white Charles.

Although Charles was unpopular in the past, the public and those closest to Charles start to notice a change in his personality. He transforms from a snobbish billionaire to a philanthropist, including giving the maid Wanda a raise. Despite recent events, Lance continues to follow his comedy dreams through Charles, contacting his old manager Whitney and convincing him that he is Lance reincarnated. Through many humorous moments and issues, he gets Sontee to fall in love with him.

All too soon, Charles is murdered by a hired assassin. Fulfilling the deal Lance and King set up earlier, King and Keyes then send Lance to return yet again to Earth as Joe Guy, a great comedian and more acceptable candidate, who will die in a car accident. Joe returns from this accident unscathed, now with Lance's soul.

After pulling off a successful performance at the Apollo and reconnecting with Whitney, King and Keyes inform Lance that after their current conversation, he will not remember them or his past lives, but his personality will remain. After they leave, he reconnects with Whitney again, and proceeds to get Sontee to fall in love with him again, after meeting her in the theater for the first time as Joe Guy.

Cast
 Chris Rock as Lance Barton
 Regina King as Sontee Jenkins
 Mark Addy as Cisco
 Eugene Levy as Keyes
 Frankie Faison as Whitney Daniels
 Greg Germann as Winston Sklar
 Jennifer Coolidge as Mrs. Wellington
 Chazz Palminteri as King
 Wanda Sykes as Wanda
 John Cho as Phil Quon
 Mario Joyner as Apollo M.C.
 Arnold Pinnock as Joe Guy
 Brian Rhodes as Charles Wellington III
 Saul Medina as Background Extra
 Telma Hopkins as Woman in Audience (uncredited)
 Mustafa Shakir as Doorman (uncredited)

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 20% based on reviews from 96 critics, with the consensus: "A toned down Chris Rock fails to bring a limp script to life as the movie moves from one gag to the next." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 34 based on 28 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

Box office
The film grossed $64.2 million in the United States, plus $7 million outside the US, for a combined gross of $71.2 million.

Soundtrack

A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on 20 February 2001 by Sony Music Entertainment. It peaked at 71 on the Billboard 200 and 64 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

See also
 List of films about angels

References

External links

2001 films
2000s fantasy comedy films
2001 romantic comedy films
African-American comedy films
American fantasy comedy films
Films about Christianity
Remakes of American films
American romantic comedy films
American romantic fantasy films
Body swapping in films
2000s English-language films
Films about the afterlife
Films about reincarnation
Films based on adaptations
Religious comedy films
Films directed by Chris Weitz
Films directed by Paul Weitz
Films produced by James Jacks
Films produced by Sean Daniel
Films scored by Jamshied Sharifi
Films set in New York City
Films with screenplays by Chris Rock
Films with screenplays by Louis C.K.
Village Roadshow Pictures films
Paramount Pictures films
Films set in heaven
Films with screenplays by Ali LeRoi
2000s American films

Down to Earth (2001 film)


HMCS Riviere du Loup was a modified  that served with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She fought primarily in the Battle of the Atlantic as a convoy escort. She was named for Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec.

Background

Flower-class corvettes like Riviere du Loup serving with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were different from earlier and more traditional sail-driven corvettes.  The "corvette" designation was created by the French as a class of small warships; the Royal Navy borrowed the term for a period but discontinued its use in 1877. During the hurried preparations for war in the late 1930s, Winston Churchill reactivated the corvette class, needing a name for smaller ships used in an escort capacity, in this case based on a whaling ship design. The generic name "flower" was used to designate the class of these ships, which – in the Royal Navy – were named after flowering plants.

Corvettes commissioned by the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were named after communities for the most part, to better represent the people who took part in building them. This idea was put forth by Admiral Percy W. Nelles. Sponsors were commonly associated with the community for which the ship was named. Royal Navy corvettes were designed as open sea escorts, while Canadian corvettes were developed for coastal auxiliary roles which was exemplified by their minesweeping gear. Eventually the Canadian corvettes would be modified to allow them to perform better on the open seas.

Construction
Riviere du Loup was ordered 2 January 1942 as part of the 1942-43 modified Flower-class building programme. This programme was known as the Increased Endurance. Many changes were made, all from lessons that had been learned in previous versions of the Flower-class. The bridge was made a full deck higher and built to naval standards instead of the more civilian-like bridges of previous versions. The platform for the 4-inch main gun was raised to minimize the amount of spray over it and to provide a better field of fire. It was also connected to the wheelhouse by a wide platform that was now the base for the Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar that this version was armed with. Along with the new Hedgehog, this version got the new QF 4-inch Mk XIX main gun, which was semi-automatic, used fixed ammunition and had the ability to elevate higher giving it an anti-aircraft ability.

Other superficial changes to this version include an upright funnel and pressurized boiler rooms which eliminated the need for hooded ventilators around the base of the funnel. This changes the silhouette of the corvette and made it more difficult for submariners to tell which way the corvette was laying.

Riviere du Loup was laid down by Morton Engineering & Dry Dock Co. at Quebec City, Quebec 5 January 1943 and was launched 2 July 1943. She was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy 21 November 1943 at Quebec City. After arriving at Halifax she needed a months repairs after developing issues en route. After working up she had continuing engine mechanical problems and required further repairs. During her repairs she lost most of her original crew which were reassigned and once the repairs were completed, she received almost an entirely new crew that needed to workup in Bermuda.

Service history

Riviere de Loup joined the Western Escort Force in September 1944. She was initially assigned to escort group W-3 for a brief period before reassignment. She joined the Mid-Ocean Escort Force (MOEF) in October 1944 as part of escort group C-3. She escorted her first convoy as a trans-Atlantic convoy escort in November but developed mechanical issues again and underwent repairs at Belfast upon arrival. She returned to active service as a MOEF escort in May 1945 and remained as such until the end of the war.

Riviere de Loup was paid off 2 July 1945 at Sorel, Quebec and placed in reserve. She was transferred to the War Assets Corporation and sold to the Dominican Navy in 1947. She was renamed Juan Bautista Maggiolo. She was broken up in 1972.

Notes

External links

Flower-class corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy
1943 ships
Ships built in Quebec City
Corvettes of the Cold War

HMCS Riviere du Loup


Sir Samuel Roy Meadow (born 9 June 1933) is a British retired paediatrician infamous for facilitating several wrongful convictions of mothers for murdering their babies. He was awarded the Donald Paterson prize of the British Paediatric Association in 1968 for a study of the effects on parents of having a child in hospital. In 1977, he published an academic paper describing a phenomenon dubbed Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSbP). In 1980 he was awarded a professorial chair in paediatrics at St James's University Hospital, Leeds, and in 1998, he was knighted for services to child health.

His work became controversial, particularly arising from the consequences of a belief he stated in a book, ABC of Child Abuse, that, in a single family, "one sudden infant death is a tragedy, two is suspicious and three is murder, until proved otherwise". This became known as "Meadow's Law" and was influential in the thinking of UK social workers and child protection agencies, such as the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

Meadow's reputation was severely damaged after his appearances as an expert witness for the prosecution in several trials played a crucial part in wrongful convictions for murder. Despite having fundamental misunderstandings of statistics he presented himself as an expert in the field. The British General Medical Council (GMC) struck him from the British Medical Register after he was found to have offered erroneous and misleading evidence in the 1999 trial of Sally Clark, who was wrongly convicted of the murder of her two baby sons. Clark's conviction was overturned in 2003 but she never recovered from the experience, and died in 2007 from acute alcohol poisoning.

Clark's father, Frank Lockyer, complained to the GMC, alleging serious professional misconduct on the part of Meadow. The GMC concluded in July 2005 that Meadow was guilty, but he appealed to the High Court, which in February 2006 ruled in his favour. The GMC appealed to the Court of Appeal, but in October 2006, by a majority decision, the court upheld the ruling that Meadow was not guilty of the GMC's charge. The reason was that his behaviour in court did not impact his care for his own patients.

Early career
Meadow was born in Wigan, Lancashire, the son of Samuel and Doris Meadow. He studied medicine at Worcester College, Oxford, and later practised as a GP in Banbury, Oxfordshire. Throughout his early years in medicine, Meadow was a devoted admirer of Anna Freud (daughter of Sigmund Freud), whose lectures he would often attend. Speaking in later life, he said: "I was, as a junior, brought up by Anna Freud, who was a great figure in child psychology, and I used to sit at her feet at Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead. She used to teach us that a child needs mothering and not a mother." There is some controversy over these claims. According to the London Evening Standard, representatives of the Anna Freud Centre claimed to have no record of him completing a formal training there and repudiated his description of her philosophy.

Meadow was appointed professor of paediatrics and child health at the University of Leeds in 1980, based at St James's University Hospital, having previously been a Senior Lecturer in the same department. He retired with the title Emeritus Professor in 1998.

In 1961, Meadow married Gillian Maclennan, daughter of Sir Ian Maclennan, the British ambassador to Ireland. The couple had two children, Julian and Anna, before divorcing in 1974. Four years later he married his second wife, Marianne Jane Harvey.

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

In 1977, in The Lancet medical journal, Meadow published the theory which was to make him famous.
Sufferers of his postulated Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy or MSbP (a name coined by Meadow himself) harm or fake symptoms of illness in persons under their care (usually their own children) in order to gain the attention and sympathy of medical personnel. This claim was based upon the extraordinary behaviour of two mothers: one had (Meadow claimed) poisoned her toddler with excessive quantities of salt. The other had introduced her own blood into her baby's urine sample. Although it was initially regarded with scepticism, MSbP soon gained a following amongst doctors and social workers.

Expert testimony
In 1993, Meadow gave expert testimony at the trial of Beverley Allitt, a paediatric nurse accused (and later found guilty) of murdering several of her patients.

Meadow went on to testify in many other trials, many of which concerned cases previously diagnosed as cot death or sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Meadow was convinced that many apparent cot deaths were the result of physical abuse.
Families that had suffered more than one cot death were to attract particular attention: "There is no evidence that cot deaths runs in families", said Meadow, "but there is plenty of evidence that child abuse does". His rule of thumb was that "unless proven otherwise, one cot death is tragic, two is suspicious and three is murder".

Although this dictum is believed not to have originated from Meadow's own lips, it has become almost universally known as Meadow's law.

Cot death trial controversies
This trend was to reach its apogee in 1999 when solicitor Sally Clark was tried for allegedly murdering her two babies. Her elder son Christopher had died at the age of 11 weeks, and her younger son Harry at 8 weeks. Medical opinion was divided on the cause of death, and several leading paediatricians testified that the deaths were probably natural. Experts acting for the prosecution initially diagnosed that the babies had been shaken to death, but three days before the trial began several of them changed their collective opinion to smothering.

By the time he gave evidence at Sally Clark's trial, Meadow claimed to have found 81 cot deaths which were in fact murder, but he had destroyed the data. Amongst the prosecution team was Meadow, whose evidence included a soundbite which was to provoke much argument: he testified that the odds against two cot deaths occurring in the same family was 73,000,000:1, a figure which he erroneously obtained by squaring the observed ratio of live-births to cot deaths in affluent non-smoking families (approximately 8,500:1). In addition he extrapolated his erroneous figures stating that the 1 in 73,000,000 incidence was only likely to occur once every hundred years in England, Scotland and Wales. He further illustrated his miscalculation by stating that the very unlikely odds were the same as successfully backing to win an 80 to 1 outsider in The Grand National for four successive years. The jury returned a 10/2 majority verdict of "guilty".

Misuse of statistics
Meadow's 73,000,000:1 statistic was paraded in the popular press and received criticism from professional statisticians over its calculation. The Royal Statistical Society issued a press release stating that the figure had "no statistical basis", and that the case was "one example of a medical expert witness making a serious statistical error." The Society's president, Professor Peter Green, later wrote an open letter of complaint to the Lord Chancellor about these concerns.

The statistical criticisms were threefold: firstly, Meadow was accused of applying the so-called prosecutor's fallacy in which the probability of "cause given effect" (i.e. the true likelihood of a suspect's innocence) is confused with that of "effect given cause" (the probability that an innocent person would lose two children in this manner). In reality, these quantities can only be equated when the a priori likelihood of the alternative hypothesis, in this case murder, is close to certainty. Murder (especially double murder) is itself a rare event, whose probability must be weighed against that of the null hypothesis (natural death).

The second criticism concerned the ecological fallacy: Meadow's calculation had assumed that the cot death probability within any single family was the same as the aggregate ratio of cot deaths to births for the entire affluent-non-smoking population. No account had been taken of conditions specific to individual families (such as the hypothesised cot death gene) which might make some more vulnerable than others. Finally, Meadow assumed that SIDS cases within families were statistically independent. The occurrence of one cot death makes it likely that the family in question has such conditions, and the probability of subsequent deaths is therefore greater than the group average. (Estimates are mostly in the region of 1:100.)

Some mathematicians have estimated that taking all these factors into account, the true odds may have been greater than 2:1 in favour of the death not being murder, and hence demonstrating Clark's innocence.

The perils of allowing non-statisticians to present unsound statistical arguments were expressed in a British Medical Journal (BMJ) editorial by Stephen Watkins, Director of Public Health for Stockport, claiming that "defendants deserve the same protection as patients."

Sally Clark appeals

Meadow's statistical figure was amongst the five grounds for appeal submitted to the Court of Appeal in the autumn of 2000. The judges claimed that the figure was a "sideshow", which would have had no significant effect on the jury's decision. The overall evidence was judged to be "overwhelming" and Clark's appeal against conviction was dismissed. This opinion, minimising the effect of Meadow's evidence, was described by a leading QC not involved in the case as "a breathtakingly intellectually dishonest judgement". Frank Ward, writing for MOJUK, preferred the term "intellectually incompetent".

Clark's supporters rejected this decision. Meadow considered that he had been fully vindicated. He responded to Watkins in a BMJ paper of his own, accusing him of being both irresponsible and misinformed. He reiterated his erroneous claim that "both children showed signs of both recent and past abuse" (injuries which the defence claimed were either misidentified in a badly-performed post-mortem, or caused by the mother's attempts at resuscitation) and underlined the judges' controversial ruling that Clark and her husband had given "untrue evidence". He went on to bemoan the time likely to be "wasted" on any further investigation of the case: "In today's world," he wrote, "it is inevitable that....formal letters of complaint from the family to the Police Complaints Authority, the General Medical Council, the royal colleges, or other statutory bodies will be treated with respect and will consume considerable resources."

Meadow's vindication was to be short-lived: after the campaigning lawyer Marilyn Stowe obtained new evidence from Macclesfield Hospital, it emerged that another expert witness, Home Office Pathologist Dr Alan Williams, had failed to disclose exculpatory evidence in the form of results of medical tests which showed that her second child had died from the bacterial infection Staphylococcus aureus, and not from smothering as the prosecution had claimed. A second appeal was launched and in allowing Clark's appeal to proceed Lord Justice Kay stated in open court that Meadow's statistics were 'grossly misleading' and 'manifestly wrong'.

Although the central reasons for the Clark appeal's success were separate from Meadow's evidence, the discredited statistics were revisited in the hearing. In their ruling, in marked contrast to the opinions at the first appeal, the judges stated that:-

Sally Clark's conviction was overturned in January 2003.

Death of Sally Clark
Sally Clark died unintentionally on 16 March 2007 from acute alcohol intoxication.

She never recovered from the severe psychological trauma resulting from the experience of the deaths of two children, then being unjustly convicted of their murder with subsequent imprisonment leading to her being separated from her third baby.

Trupti Patel
In June 2003, the CPS used Meadow's expert testimony against Trupti Patel, a pharmacist accused of killing three of her babies. After a highly publicised trial lasting several weeks, the jury took less than 90 minutes to return a unanimous verdict of "not guilty". Even then, a spokesperson for the prosecution stated that the crown would still be "very happy" to use Meadow's evidence in future trials. However, the Solicitor General for England and Wales, Harriet Harman (whose sister is Sarah Harman, a lawyer involved in another subsequent high-profile case where the parents had been accused of harming their children) effectively barred Meadow from court work; she warned prosecution lawyers that the defence should be informed of court criticisms of Meadow's evidence.

Angela Cannings
The following December Angela Cannings, a mother convicted on Meadow's evidence, was freed on appeal. She had been wrongly convicted of murdering two of her three babies, both of whom had died in their first few weeks of life. Following the quashing of her convictions, Meadow found himself under investigation by the British General Medical Council for alleged professional misconduct.

Cannings' case differed from Clark's in that there was no physical evidence. The prosecution rested upon what was perceived to be "suspicious behaviour" on the part of the mother (telephoning her husband instead of emergency services when one of the deaths occurred) and upon Meadow's opinion that she was an MSbP sufferer. He had told the jury that the boys could not have been genuine cot death victims because they were fit and healthy right up until the time of death (contradicting other experts who claim this is typical of SIDS cases). The prosecution had also rejected any genetic explanation, stating that there was no family history of cot death. Although no enumerated statistics had been presented, Meadow had told the jury that double cot death was extremely unlikely. The jurors took nine hours to return a guilty verdict.

Cannings had already lost one appeal but, in the wake of the Clark and Patel acquittals, the case was "fast tracked" for a second appeal. In the weeks that followed, an investigation by the BBC showed that the prosecution's "no family history" argument had been incorrect: at least two of Cannings' paternal ancestors had lost an abnormally large number of infants to unexplained causes, making a genetic predisposition to cot death highly plausible.

The appeal was heard in December 2003 and the Court of Appeal declared the original conviction unsafe and allowed Cannings' appeal.

Aftermath

In January 2004, the Deputy Chief Justice, Lord Justice Judge, gave the full reasons for allowing Cannings' appeal. His comments included criticism of Meadow's evidence, of his standing as an expert witness and of 'experts' adopting an over-dogmatic stance :

Only a relatively small number of appeals were actually launched, though most of these were successful (including that of Donna Anthony, who served six years after being wrongly convicted of killing her son and daughter). In addition to this, the law was changed such that no person can be convicted on the basis of expert testimony alone.

On 21 June 2005, Meadow appeared before a GMC fitness to practise tribunal. On the first day of Meadow's defence, Dr Richard Horton, Editor of The Lancet, published an article in defence of Meadow. This controversial interference in the GMC process 'incensed' Sally Clark. Her husband, Stephen, later wrote to the Lancet to highlight Horton's "many inaccuracies and one-sided opinions" in order to prevent them prejudicing independent observers.

On 13 July, the tribunal ruled that his evidence in the Clark case was indeed misleading and incorrect and on 15 July decided he was guilty of "serious professional misconduct".

It was during the hearing that, when questioned directly on the matter, Meadow made his first public apology for the effect of his 'misleading' evidence. He cited the reasons for the delay as being 'legal advice' and 'professional etiquette'. The failure to apologise, and not admitting that he was wrong, was the reason why Sally Clark's father, Frank Lockyer, had raised his concerns about Meadow with the GMC.

His failure to apologise spontaneously was not his first departure from good ethical conduct in this case; during a break at Clark's committal hearing at Macclesfield Magistrates' Court Meadow had approached the defence team and addressed Sally Clark saying, 'this is terrible for me, it must be awful for you.' He was instructed by Clark's barrister Michael Mackey to 'go away'.

The decision was made that his name should be struck from the medical register. The Society of Expert Witnesses commented that the severity of this punishment would cause many professionals to reconsider whether to stand as expert witnesses.

The following month, Meadow launched an appeal against this ruling. On 17 February 2006, High Court judge Mr Justice Collins found in his favour, ruling against the decision to strike him from the medical register. The judge stated that although the GMC had been right to criticize him, his actions could not properly be regarded as "serious professional misconduct".

On 26 October 2006, the Appeal Court overturned the High Court's earlier ruling, allowing expert witnesses to be disciplined once again but ruled that the High Court decision that Meadow was not guilty of serious professional misconduct should stand. However, on the issue of serious professional misconduct, the Appeal Court panel was split 2:1 with the dissenting senior judge, Sir Anthony Clarke, concluding Meadow was "guilty of serious professional misconduct" and provided detailed reasons for his conclusion. One of the other two judges, Lord Justice Auld, said Meadow "was undoubtedly guilty of some professional misconduct" but that it "fell far short of serious professional misconduct" (see Richard Webster's article discussing the judgment.)

In 2004, Meadow's ex-wife, Gillian Paterson, accused Meadow of seeing "mothers with Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy wherever he looked," and implied that he was a misogynist: "I don't think he likes women... although I can't go into details, I'm sure he has a serious problem with women".

In 2009, Meadow relinquished his registration with the GMC and thus became unlicensed to practice medicine. In addition this voluntary erasure from the list of registered medical practitioners meant that he would no longer be answerable to the GMC should any further concerns be raised regarding any previous professional activity.

Ian and Angela Gay
In the 2005 trial of Ian and Angela Gay over the death of their adopted son Christian, the prosecution relied heavily upon Meadow's 1993 paper "Non-accidental salt poisoning", citing it many times throughout the trial. The judge also referred to the paper citing it five times during his summing up. Ian and Angela Gay were found guilty of manslaughter and spent 15 months in prison before their convictions were quashed.

In interviews for BBC Radio 4's File on 4 programme, Professor Jean Golding and Professor Ashley Grossman both questioned the reliability of the Meadow paper. The naturally occurring condition diabetes insipidus was suggested as a more likely cause of an elevated salt level than deliberate salt poisoning.

See also
 Expert witness
 Miscarriage of justice
 Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom

References

Bibliography

External links
 Judgment of the Court of Appeal in the case of Regina vs. Cannings, Jan 2004.
 Meadow faces GMC misconduct hearing from The Guardian.
 'Disappointed and disheartened' BBC News report on the reactions of the women who were jailed.
 GMC Fitness to Practice Panel finding of serious professional misconduct against Meadow, July 2005.
 Judgement in High Court appeal in case brought by Meadow against GMC finding of serious professional misconduct, Feb 2006.
 Court of Appeal judgement restoring the ability of the GMC to discipline misconduct by expert witnesses, Oct 2006.
 AsherMeadow, a web-based information resource devoted to Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy.
 Information on Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy, a website devoted to Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy by expert Dr. Marc Feldman.

1933 births
Knights Bachelor
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
20th-century English medical doctors
British forensic scientists
Forensic statistics
British paediatricians
People from Wigan
Medical doctors struck off by the General Medical Council
Academics of the University of Leeds
Wrongful convictions
Living people
Recipients of the James Spence Medal

Roy Meadow


Måling af planktonproduktion er en dokumentarfilm fra 1952 instrueret af Hakon Mielche.

Handling
Medens man har haft nogenlunde kendskab til , hvor stor produktionen af organisk stof er på landjorden, har man hidtil kun kunnet gætte på, hvor stor produktionen var i havet, som dog dækker størstedelen af jordens overflade. En af Galatheas opgaver var at skaffe klarhed om dette problem, og filmen viser, hvorledes disse undersøgelser foregår.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1952
Film fra Galathea 2

Måling af planktonproduktion


An Agrostis gracililaxa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni João Manuel Antonio do Amaral Franco. An Agrostis gracililaxa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Nag-uusahan nga subspecies: A. g. mutica.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis gracililaxa


Tamanrasset or Tamanghasset ( Wilāya Tamanrāssat, Berber languages) is the largest province (wilaya) in Algeria. It was named after its province seat, Tamanrasset. The province has two national parks, more than any other in Algeria. They are Tassili n'Ajjer National Park and Ahaggar National Park. The province is the largest in Algeria as it is 557,906 km² large.

Geography
It is located in the deep southern region of Algeria and is 2000 km south of Algiers (capital of Algeria). On the north it is bordered by In Salah Province, on the north-east by Illizi Province, on the east by Djanet Province, on the south by In Guezzam Province, and on the west by Adrar Province, the second largest province by area, and Bordj Badji Mokhtar Province. Tamanrasset also has an international border with Niger. The province is the largest Algerian province with area of 336,854 km2 (130,060 sq mi) although it is located in the heart of the desert. The Province of Tamanrasset has a moderate climate because of its mountainous terrain. The province has an elevation of 1,400 meters. The highest point of Tamanrasset Province is Mount Tahat, which is also the highest point of Algeria with 3,303 meters. The most well known tourist destination is the Tomb of Tinhan.

History
The province was created from Oasis department in 1974.

Administrative divisions
The province is divided into 3 districts (daïras), which are further divided into 5 communes or municipalities.

See also

 Tadjellet
 In Guezzam Province
 In Salah Province

References

Tuareg
Provinces of Algeria
States and territories established in 1974

Tamanrasset Province


ලයනල් වෙන්ඩ්ට් කලා කේන්ද්‍ර යනු ලයනල් වෙන්ඩ්ට් නමැති ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයා සිහි කරනු වස් සමර්පිත කලා කේන්ද්‍රයකි . එහිදී සජීවී රංගනයන් සහ කලා ප්‍රදර්ශන සමගාමීව පවත්වා ගෙන යන්නේ,  ප්‍රදර්ශන ගැලරි දෙකක් සහ ආසන 600 කට වැඩි ගණනක් සහිත රංග ශාලාවක් මගිනි.

ඉතිහාසය
මුල් කලා ප්‍රදර්ශන පැවැත්වුනේ වෙන්ඩ්ට්ගේ නිවසෙහිදී වූ අතර, දෙවන හා තෙවැන්න පැවැත්වුනේ 1944 දී සිදුවූ ඔහුගේ මරණයට අනතුරුවය. වෙන්ඩ්ට්ගේ මරණයෙන් පසුව, ඔහු සිහි වනු වස් කේන්ද්‍රය විවෘත කිරීමට ඔහුගේ සොහොයුරු හැරී වෙන්ඩ්ට් තීරණය කල මුත් ඔහුගේ සොහායුරාට වඩා හේ ජීවත් වූයේ එක් වසරක් පමණි. මෙම කෘත්‍යය හමාර කලේ ඔවුන්ගේ අන්‍යෝන්‍ය මිතුරු හැරල්ඩ් පීරිස් විසින් වන අතර කේන්ද්‍රයෙහි දෙවන ගැලරි අතුරින් එකක් ඔහු සිහිවීමට නම් කර ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත

ලයනල් වෙන්ඩ්ට් කලා කේන්ද්‍ර


Steven Gerald Clifford (Island Falls, 17 de setembro de 1961) é um treinador norte-americano de basquete que é o atual treinador principal do Charlotte Hornets da National Basketball Association (NBA).

Primeiros anos
Nascido em Island Falls, Maine, Clifford cresceu em Mattawamkeag, Maine, até a terceira série, quando se mudou para Vermont. Ele jogou basquete universitário sob o comando de Gerald Clifford, seu pai e treinador da North Country Union High School em Newport, Vermont.

Clifford frequentou a Universidade do Maine, onde jogou basquete universitário por quatro anos. Em suas duas últimas temporadas, ele foi capitão da equipe e foi nomeado Melhor Jogador Defensivo. Graduou-se com uma licenciatura em educação especial.

Carreira de treinador
Depois de se formar na universidade, Clifford tornou-se professor na Woodland High School no Maine. Ele também ganhou sua primeira experiência como treinador na escola, servindo como treinador principal por duas temporadas. Após isso, ele atuou como assistente técnico no Saint Anselm College, Fairfield University, Boston University e Siena College. Em 1995, ele assumiu as funções de treinador principal na Adelphi University e treinou por quatro temporadas, levando sua equipe a quatro aparições no Torneio da Divisão II da NCAA, um recorde de 86-36 e quatro temporadas consecutivas de 20 vitórias. Ele foi o primeiro treinador na história da universidade com mais de 20 vitórias consecutivas.

Clifford tornou-se assistente técnico da NBA no New York Knicks e no Houston Rockets sob o comando de Jeff Van Gundy e rapidamente desenvolveu uma reputação como especialista em defesa. Ele então foi assistente de Stan Van Gundy no Orlando Magic. Ele considera os dois irmãos Van Gundy como mentores. Ele chegou aos playoffs da NBA em cada uma de suas cinco temporadas com Orlando, aparecendo nas finais da NBA em 2009.

Na temporada de 2012-13, Clifford se juntou ao Los Angeles Lakers como assistente.

Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets
Em 29 de maio de 2013, Clifford foi contratado pelo Charlotte Bobcats para ser seu treinador principal.

Clifford implementou uma mentalidade defensiva em Charlotte durante seu primeiro ano como treinador principal, transformando a equipe em uma das cinco melhores equipes defensivas. Em seu primeiro ano, ele foi nomeado o Treinador do Mês da Conferência Leste em abril de 2014 e terminou em quarto lugar na votação de Treinador do Ano.

Em 6 de dezembro de 2017, foi anunciado que Clifford não treinaria indefinidamente para lidar com seu problema de saúde. Em 11 de janeiro de 2018, os Hornets anunciaram que Clifford estava medicamente liberado para voltar a treinar após uma ausência de 21 jogos depois de lidar com a privação de sono.

Em 13 de abril de 2018, ele foi demitido depois de cinco temporadas treinando a equipe para um total recorde de 196-214.

Orlando Magic
Em 30 de maio de 2018, Clifford foi nomeado treinador principal do Orlando Magic.

Em 7 de abril de 2019, Orlando derrotou o Boston Celtics por 116-108 para conquistar sua primeira vaga nos playoffs desde a temporada de 2011-12. A vitória também garantiu o primeiro título da Divisão Sudeste desde a temporada de 2009-10.

Em 5 de junho de 2021, Clifford e o Magic decidiram se separar.

Charlotte Hornets (segunda passagem)
Após a conclusão da temporada de 2021-22, os Hornets recontrataram Clifford como treinador principal em 24 de junho de 2022.

Recorde de treinador principal

Universidade

NBA

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1961
Treinadores de basquetebol dos Estados Unidos

Steve Clifford


පරිගණක විද්‍යාවේදී  දත්ත ව්‍යුහයක්  යනු දත්ත පරිගණක තුල ගබඩා කිරීමේ ක්‍රමවේදයක් වේ. මෙමගින් එම දත්ත වලට
ප්‍රවේශ වීම හා එම දත්ත සංස්කරණය කාර්යක්‍ෂම ලෙස සිදුකල හැකිය.
ඉතා නිවැරදි ලෙස ගතහොත් , දත්ත වලින් සමන්විත දත්ත එකතුවක් දත්ත ව්‍යුහයක් ලෙස හඳුන්වයි එසේම ඒවා අතර   සබැඳියාවක්  මෙන්ම විවිධාකාරයෙන්
එම දත්ත මෙහෙයවුම් මගින් හැසිරවීම් ද ඒවා සමග කළ හැකිය..

භාවිතාව
දත්ත ව්‍යුහ තුල තනි හෝ  එකකට වැඩි දත්ත ප්‍රවර්ග  තිබිය හැකිය.  එමගින් දත්ත ව්‍යුහ මත කළහැකි මෙහෙයවුම් සහ  එමගින් ඉටු කළහැකි
ගණිත කර්මවල සංකීර්ණත්වය විශේශිකරණය කළ හැකිය.විවිධාකාර දත්ත ව්‍යුහ විවිධාකාර යෙදුම් වලට යෝග්‍ය වේ. ඒවා අතරින් සමහරක් ඉතා විෂේශිත කර්තව්‍යන් සඳහා වේ.

උදාහරණයක් ලෙස පරිගණක භාෂා සම්පාදක යෙදුම් සාමාන්යෙන් හෑෂ් ටේබල් විචල්‍යයන් තෝරාබේරා ගන්නා අතරේ   දත්ත සමුදා  සාමාන්‍යන් B-Tree indexes දත්ත නැවත ලබාගැනීමේදී  යොදාගනී
ඉහත උදාහරණයේ  හෑෂ් ටේබල් , B-Tree වැනි විවිධ දත්ත ව්‍යුහ විවිධ දත්ත ව්‍යුහ විවිධ කාර්යයන් සඳහා යොදාගනී.

 විශාල දත්ත සමුදා පාදක සහ අන්තර්ජාල සුචිකරණ සේවා  වැනි  විශාල ප්‍රමාණයේ දත්ත කාර්යක්‍ෂම ලෙස කළමනාකරණයේදී  ඒ සඳහා දත්ත ව්‍යුහ මගින් ක්‍රමවේද සපයයි.
සාමාන්‍යයෙන්  කාර්යක්‍ෂම දත්ත ව්‍යුහ භාවිතය කාර්යක්‍ෂම ඇල්ගොරිතම නිර්මාණයට  ඉතා වැදගත්  සාධකයකි.

ඇතැම් විධිමත් නිර්මාණ ක්‍රමවේද සහ පරිගණක භාෂා අවධාරණය කොටම කියා සිටිනවා, ඇල්ගොරිතම වලටත් වඩා දත්ත ව්‍යුහ යනු මෘදුකාංග නිර්මාණයේ ප්‍රධාන සංවිධාන සාධකයක් ලෙස.ප්‍රධාන මතකයේත් , ද්විතීයක මතකයේත් දත්ත තැන්පත් කිරීමටත් නැවත ලබාගැනීමටත් දත්ත ව්‍යුහ යොදාගත හැකිය.

ක්‍රියාවට නැංවීම
 දත්ත ව්‍යුහ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දත්ත ගෙනහැර ගැනීමටත්  දත්ත ගබඩා කිරීමටත්  හැකියාවෙන් යුක්තය මේ සඳහා පොයින්ටර් යොදාගනු ලබනවා මෙහිදී යොදාගනු ලබන්නේ
අදාළ දත්තය ගබඩාවී ඇති භෞතික මතක කෝටසට අදාළ මතක ලිපිනයයි.

නිදසුන්
විවිධාකාරයේ දත්ත ව්‍යුහ පවතී මේවා බොහෝ විට "මූලික දත්ත ප්‍රරුප" (primitive data types)  හා බැඳී පවතී.

 අරාව,අරාවක් යනු විෂේශිත පිළිවලකට පෙළගස්වන ලද  දත්ත  පෙළකි. මෙහි දත්ත වලට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට 0 සිට n ගණනක් ලෙස ගැනෙන සුචියක් භාවිත කරයි. මෙහි දත්තයන්ගේ   දත්ත ප්‍රවර්ගය එකම  වර්ගයක් හෝ  වෙනත් වෙනත් දත්ත ප්‍රවර්ග එකම අරාවක තිබිය හැකිය මෙය පරිගණක භාෂාව අනුව වෙනස් වෙයි. අරාවන්  හි  ප්‍රමාණය  වෙනස්කල හැකි හෝ   කළ නොහැකි විය හැකිය.
 සම්බන්ධ ලැයිස්තුව මේවා ලැයිස්තු යනුවෙන්ද හඳුන්වයි. මෙහි රේඛිය දත්ත එකතුවක්  අඩංගුය  මෙම දත්ත නෝඩ්  යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වයි. මෙම එක්  එක් නෝඩ්   එක සඳහා අගයක් සහ මේවා එකිනෙකට සම්බන්ධව පවතී. මෙම දත්ත ව්‍යුහයේ  ප්‍රධාන වාසියනම්  මෙහි දත්ත ඉතා පහසුවෙන් ඇතුලත් කිරීම සහ   ඉවත් කිරීම අනෙක් දත්ත ස්ථාන වෙනස් නොකර ඇතුලත් කිරීමට හැකි වීමයි. කෙසේවෙතත් මේ හා සම්බන්ධ ඇතැම් මෙහෙයුම් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේදී අරාවන්   සම්බන්ධක ලැයිස්තු වලට වඩා ඉදිරියෙන් සිටී . "සසම්භාවී ප්‍රවේශය " එවැනි එක් මෙහෙයුමකි.
 රෙකෝඩ, මේවාට ටපල් (Tuple) යැයිද කියනු ලැබේ. මේවායේ  දත්ත විවිධ දත්ත ප්‍රරුප වලින් යුතු වේ. මේවායේ පවතිනුයේ ස්ථිර දත්ත  ක්ෂේත්‍ර ප්‍රමාණයකි   ටපල් වල මුලිකාංග ක්ෂේත්‍ර හෝ සාමාජිකයන් ලෙස හඳුන්වයි.
 සමූහ ,රෙකෝඩ මෙන් නොව මෙහි පවතුනුයේ ස්ථිර එක් දත්ත ප්‍රවර්ගයක් පමණි (උදා: පුර්ණ සංඛ්‍යා )
 සරණිය(Class) , වස්තු සම්බන්ධිත වැඩසටහන්කරණයේ දී යොදාගන්නා ප්‍රධාන දත්ත වයුහයකි මෙහි දත්ත ක්ෂේත්‍ර ලෙස මෙතඩ්ස් පවතී.

පරිගණක භාෂා සහාය
ඇසෙම්බ්ලි භාෂා සහ  BCPL වැනි පහල මට්ටමේ  භෂාවන් නිතැතින්ම දත්ත ව්‍යුහ සඳහා සහාය දක්වයි.
එසේම උසස් මට්ටමේ පරිගණක භාෂා විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සහ MASM වැනි උසස් මට්ටමේ ඇසෙම්බ්ලි භාෂාවන්
සතුව දත්ත ව්‍යුහ සම්බන්ද විශේෂ පහසුකම් අන්තර්ගත වේ. රෙකොඩ සහ අරාවන් මෙයට උදාහරණ වේ.

බොහෝ පරිගණක භාෂාවල යම් ආකාරයක "ලයිබ්රි යාන්ත්‍රණයක් " අන්තර්ගත වේ මේ හරහා විවිධ වැඩසටහන්
වලට පරිහරණයට ගත හැකි දත්ත ව්‍යුහ නිර්මාණය කළ හැකිය.

සමුද්දේශ

වැඩිදුර කියවුමට
 Alfred Aho, John Hopcroft, and Jeffrey Ullman, Data Structures and Algorithms, Addison-Wesley, 1983,
 G. H. Gonnet and R. Baeza-Yates, Handbook of Algorithms and Data Structures - in Pascal and C, second edition, Addison-Wesley, 1991,  Book
 Ellis Horowitz and Sartaj Sahni, Fundamentals of Data Structures in Pascal, Computer Science Press, 1984,

දත්ත ව්‍යුහ


بلدية ليتي أو ليتة  بلدية تقع بمقاطعة ليتة، وسط الفلبين. بلغ عدد سكانها 35.241 عام 2000.

مراجع

بلديات مقاطعة ليتة
قوالب الفلبين

ليتي (بلدية)


Operation Market Time was the United States Navy, Republic of Vietnam Navy and Royal Australian Navy operation begun in 1965 to stop the flow of troops, war material, and supplies by sea, coast, and rivers, from North Vietnam into parts of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Also participating in Operation Market Time were United States Coast Guard's Squadron One and Squadron Three. The U.S. Coast Guard operated under U.S. Navy command heavily armed  patrol boats and large cutters that included 5-inch naval guns used in battle and gunfire support.

Radar picket escort ships, based in Guam or Pearl Harbor, provided long-term presence at sea offshore to guard against trawler infiltration. Originally built for World War II convoy duty, and then modified for distant early warning ("DEW") duty in the North Atlantic, their sea keeping capability made them ideal for long-term presence offshore where they provided support for Patrol Craft Fast (PCF) boats, pilot rescue and sampan inspection. There were two or three on station at all times. Deployments were seven-months duration, with a four- or five-month turn-around in Pearl. When off station, they alternated duty as Taiwan Defense Patrol, with stops in Subic and Sasebo for refit mid-deployment.

Operation Market Time was one of six Navy duties begun after the Tonkin Gulf Incident, along with Operation Sea Dragon, Operation Sealords, Yankee Station, PIRAZ, and naval gunfire support.

Background
When a trawler was intercepted landing arms and ammunition at Vung Ro Bay in northern Khánh Hòa Province on 16 February 1965, it provided the first tangible evidence of the North Vietnamese supply operation. This became known as the Vung Ro Bay Incident. Operation Market Time was established by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff at the request of General William C. Westmoreland, commanding general of Military Assistance Command Vietnam. He requested that the U.S. Navy establish a naval blockade of the vast South Vietnam coastline against North Vietnamese gun-running trawlers. The trawlers, usually  long Chinese-built steel-hulled coastal freighters, could carry several tons of arms and ammunition in their hulls. Not flying a national ensign that would identify them, the ships would maneuver "innocently" out in the South China Sea, waiting for the cover of darkness to make high-speed runs to the South Vietnam coastline. If successful, the ships would off load their cargoes to waiting Việt Cộng (VC) or People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces.

At the time of inception, the Coast Guard contributed seventeen  Point-class cutters while the Navy added approximately fifty ships known as Patrol Craft Fast (PCFs or Swifts) that could reach a maximum speed of 28 knots. In detail, on 16 April 1965 United States Secretary of the Navy Paul Nitze requested Coast Guard assistance with Market Time. On 6 May 1965, the seventeen Point-class cutters were loaded as deck cargo on merchant ships in New York City, Norfolk, New Orleans, Galveston, San Pedro, San Francisco and Seattle for transport to U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. At Subic Bay each of the cutters was armed with an 81 mm mortar and five .50 caliber machine guns. Coast Guard Squadron One was organized into Division Eleven with eight of the cutters and Division Twelve with nine of the cutters. Division Twelve sailed on 15 July 1965 and arrived at Đà Nẵng on 20 July. Division Eleven sailed on 20 July and arrived at An Thoi on 31 July. An additional nine cutters were provided to form Division Thirteen at Vũng Tàu in early 1966. Each cutter with an eleven-man crew would spend four days on patrol followed by two days alongside a support ship. All 26 cutters were turned over to South Vietnamese crews between 16 May 1969 and 15 August 1970.

Operations

Coastal surveillance centers
In an effort to coordinate all coastal interdiction activities, coastal surveillance centers (CSC) were established at Da Nang, Qui Nhon, Nha Trang, Vung Tau and An Thoi and were manned by Republic of Vietnam Navy (RVNN) and U.S. Navy watchstanders. Reports of possible sightings of suspect vessels from aircraft and watercraft were reported to the CSC's and the appropriate response vessels and aircraft were dispatched to the scene by CSC personnel.

Watercraft

The objective of Operation Market Time focused on preventing communist ships from infiltrating the South Vietnamese coast to resupply PAVN/VC forces. Beginning officially on 11 March 1965, Market Time featured a picket line of ships along over  of South Vietnamese coast including forces from the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Navy and the RVNN. The operation was originally placed under the control of the Vietnam Patrol Force (Task Force 71). Command shifted to the Commander, Naval Forces Vietnam on 31 July 1965 and designated as Task Force 115. Operation Market Time was originally planned to acquire 54 Swift boats, but that number increased to a total of 84 in September 1965 to thoroughly guard the coast of South Vietnam. These Swift boats were further separated into five groups and assigned to different areas of operation including Division 101 located at An Thoi (working alongside Coast Guard Division 11), Division 102 at Da Nang (with Coast Guard Division 12), Division 103 at Cat Lo (with Coast Guard Division 13), Division 104 based at Cam Ranh Bay and Division 105 at Qui Nhon.

Seaplane tenders ,  and  served as flagships for Market Time.

U.S. Navy Martin P-5 Marlin seaplane patrol squadrons, destroyers, ocean minesweepers, PCFs and United States Coast Guard cutters performed the operation. Also playing a key role in the interdictions were the Navy's patrol gunboats (PGs). The PG was uniquely suited for the job because of its ability to go from standard diesel propulsion to gas turbine (turboshaft) propulsion in a matter of a few minutes. The lightweight aluminum and fiberglass ships were fast and highly maneuverable because of their variable-pitch propellers. Most of the ships operated in the coastal waters from the Cambodian border around the south tip of Vietnam up north to Đà Nẵng. Supply ships from the Service Force, such as oilers, would bring mail, movies and fuel.

A significant action of Market Time occurred on 1 March 1968, when the North Vietnamese attempted a coordinated infiltration of four gun-running trawlers. Two of the four trawlers were destroyed by allied ships in gun battles, one trawler crew detonated charges on board their vessel to avoid capture, and the fourth trawler turned tail and retreated at high speed into the South China Sea. LT Norm Cook, the patrol plane commander of a VP-17 P-2H Neptune patrol aircraft operating from Cam Ranh Bay, was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross for discovering and following two of the four trawlers in the action.

Of the many vessels involved in Operation Market Time, one of the more notable was the  which, on 11 August 1966, was brought under fire by a number of United States Air Force aircraft. This incident of a "blue-on-blue" engagement killed two members of the cutter's crew (one of whom was the commanding officer) and wounded nearly everyone on board.

Aircraft

To stop these infiltrations, Market Time was established as a coordinated effort of long range patrol aircraft for broad reconnaissance and tracking. These aircraft, initially SP-5B seaplanes, later P-2 Neptunes and Lockheed P-3 Orions, were armed with Bullpup air-to-surface missiles were capable of engaging these craft directly. Under normal conditions, U.S. and allied surface forces intercepted suspect ships that crossed inside South Vietnam's 12-mile coastal boundary. On the aviation side, some of the patrol squadrons that were involved and flying from South Vietnam, Thailand, or Philippine bases were: VP-1, VP-2, VP-4, VP-6, VP-8, VP-9, VP-16, VP-17, VP-19 VP-22, VP-26, VP-28, VP-40, VP-42, VP-45, VP-46, VP-47, VP-48, VP-49 and VP-50.

Aircraft flew constant and monotonous patrols along  of coast during Operation Market Time departing from bases ranging from Vietnam (Tan Son Nhut Airbase and Cam Ranh Bay) to the Philippines (Sangley Point) and Thailand (Utapao Airbase). Although the air support missions received little press coverage, their importance to the overall operation cannot be denied. Planes had the ability to cover large expanses of water in a relatively short time and could monitor suspicious vessels lingering in international waters waiting to make a dash for the coast. By October 1967 air surveillance expanded to monitor traffic bound to and from Cambodia as at this point it had become apparent that communist supplies were being shipped to Sihanoukville which were then transported over to the South Vietnamese border in large convoy trucks.

Aftermath
Market Time, which operated day and night, fair weather and foul, for eight and a half years, denied the North Vietnamese a means of delivering tons of war materials into South Vietnam by sea. Nonetheless, assessing the overall effectiveness of Operation Market Time is problematic for several reasons. The operation cannot be considered a failure in any sense, but debate over its success continues. The Navy's Operations Evaluation Group stated that in the case of trawler infiltration after the implementation of Operation Market Time just one out of every twenty trawlers were able to reach the South Vietnamese coast undetected.

This number is certainly encouraging, yet it does not fully reflect all possible cases in which craft reached shore unbeknownst to American intelligence. Similar to the high body count numbers in accordance with the doctrine of attrition, scholars fear that boarding and inspection numbers were also inflated by soldiers and commanders. Even considering all of these factors, Market Time had an undeniable effect on infiltration into South Vietnam. Throughout the course of 1966 alone allied forces detected 807,946 watercraft, visually inspected 223,482 of them, and boarded 181,482. Forces also engaged in a total of 482 firefights, killed 161 VC soldiers, and captured 177 while experiencing 21 friendly deaths and 97 other casualties.

A study by the BDM Corporation concluded that at the very least the operation forced the VC to drastically alter its logistic operations. The company also stated that at the beginning of 1966 almost 75% of enemy resupply came from the sea along the South Vietnamese coast. By early 1967 this number had been reduced to just 10%.

Notes

Citations

References used

Other references not cited in article
 Steffes, James ENC Retired, "Swift Boat Down, The Real Story of the Sinking of PCF-19", Xlibris, 2006,
 Steffes, James ENC Retired, "Operation Market Time, The Early Years 1965-66", Xlibris, 2009,

Market Time
Market Time
1965 in Vietnam
1966 in Vietnam

Operation Market Time


Le TS Maxim Gorkiy est, jusqu'au 30 novembre 2008, un navire de croisière appartenant à l'entreprise Sovcomflot, en Russie, sous affrètement à long terme à la , en Allemagne. Il est construit en 1969 par le chantier Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft de Hambourg, en Allemagne de l'Ouest pour la  sous le nom de TS Hambourg. Fin 1973, il est très brièvement rebaptisé TS Hanseatic. L'année suivante, le navire est vendu à la , société en Union soviétique et reçoit le nom de Maksim Gorkiy en l'honneur de l'écrivain Maxime Gorki, rebaptisé Maxim Gorkiy après l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique en 1991. Le 20 août 2008, le Maxim Gorkiy est vendu à l'. Il devait entrer en service au sein de cette nouvelle compagnie le 15 avril 2009 sous le nom de TS Marco Polo II, mais en novembre 2008, la relance de la marque Orient Lines est annulée. Le 8 janvier 2009, le navire est vendu pour démolition et échoué volontairement à Alang, en Inde, le 26 février 2009.

Bien que n'ayant jamais été utilisé en tant que tel, le navire était à l'origine prévu comme un navire à double fonction paquebot / navire de croisière, pour servir entre Hambourg et New York tout en effectuant des croisières. Il est le premier grand paquebot construit en Allemagne depuis 1938. En entrant en service pour la Black Sea Shipping Company, il devient le premier navire de croisière quatre étoiles exploité sous pavillon soviétique.

Plusieurs variantes du nom du navire ont été utilisées tout au long de sa carrière. Certaines sources se réfèrent à elle avec le préfixe TS (bateau à turbine) au lieu de SS (bateau à vapeur), tandis que son nom officiel Maxim Gorkiy peut être également orthographié  ou .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de paquebots
 Maxime Gorki

Liens externes
 Phoenix Reisen official website
 Orient Lines official website
 Maxim Gorkiy at ShipParade.com (archived link)

Nom de bateau
Paquebot de croisière
Transatlantique
Bateau russe
Maxime Gorki
Bateau lancé en 1968
1989 en Union soviétique
Navire construit à Hambourg
Navire démoli en 2009

TS Maxim Gorkiy


Vital Chitolina SCI (* 3. Januar 1954 in Tuparendi) ist ein brasilianischer Ordensgeistlicher und römisch-katholischer Bischof von Diamantino.

Leben
Vital Chitolina trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Dehonianer bei, legte am 25. Februar 1984 die Profess ab und empfing am 16. Dezember 1984 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 23. Dezember 1997 zum ersten Prälaten der mit gleichem Datum errichteten Territorialprälatur Paranatinga. Der Bischof von Santo Ângelo, Estanislau Amadeu Kreutz, spendete ihm am 19. April des nächsten Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Bonifácio Piccinini SDB, Erzbischof von Cuiabá, und Murilo Sebastião Ramos Krieger SCI, Erzbischof von Florianópolis. Als Wahlspruch wählte er PREPARAI O CAMINHO DO SENHOR.

Am 28. Dezember 2011 wurde er zum Bischof von Diamantino ernannt.

Weblinks

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Dehonianer
Brasilianer
Geboren 1954
Mann

Vital Chitolina


ألزَس أو ألزاس  ، هي منطقة ثقافية، ولغوية، وتاريخية، وإدارية في شرقي فرنسا وعاصمتها هي ستراسبورغ. كانت تاريخيا محل نزاع مع ألمانيا.

تقسم الألزس من الناحية الإدارية إلى إقليمين، باس ريين في الشمال وهوت ريين في الجنوب. تدار المنطقة من خلال مجلس المنطقة كما في المناطق الأخرى في فرنسا، رغم أن العديد من الأمور تخضع للقانون المحلي ألزس - موسيلان (أنظر في الأدنى) تكون لها الأسبقية على القوانين الفرنسية العامة. مقر مجلس المنطقة في ستراسبورغ، التي هي أيضًا أكبر مدينة في هذه المنطقة (710,000 نسمة)، تليها مولوز (270,000 نسمة)، ثم كولمار (115,000 نسمة).

الألزس ذات كثافة سكانية عالية حوالي 219.4 نسمة لكل كيلو متر مربع، مقابل 93.59 نسمة لكل كيلومتر مربع في المتوسط في فرنسا و 116 نسمة لكل كيلو متر مربع، بالنسبة للإتحاد الأوروبي. وهي بذلك تكون ثالث منطقة الأكثر كثافة سكانية في فرنسا بعد إيل دي فرانس ونور با دو كاليه. وفي الوقت نفسه، أصغر منطقة في فرنسا من حيث المساحة. والألزس هي المنطقة الفرنسية الأولى في التصدير، والثالثة من حيث الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.

ستراسبورغ هي مقر المحافظة في إقليم باس ريين، وكولمار هي مقر المحافظة في إقليم هوت ريين. مدينة ستراسبورغ هي مقر للعديد من المؤسسات الأوروبية.

تعود أصول المنطقة الثقافية واللغوية إلى الشعب الجرماني (Alamans)، والتي أتت منها كلمة «الألمانية». في بداية العصر المسيحي، كان الألمان مجموعة من القبائل الجرمانية المتحالفة، ومن هنا أتى أصل كلمة ألمان: (All) بمعنى جميع و (mann) بمعنى الرجال.

وكانت المنطقة مأهولة أولاً لفترة طويلة من جانب الكلت، ثم سقطت تحت سيطرة روما، التي بنت العديد من المخيمات (التي تشكل معا حاجزًا لحماية الإمبراطورية من الغزو)، وبعد عدة محاولات للاختراق، طرد الألمان الرومان في العام 378 وأعطوا المنطقة اسمها نسبة إلى لغتهم: الألمانية، التي تنحدر منها اللهجة الألزسية. واللهجة الألزسية هي لغة ألمانية قياسية ("Hochdeutsch") تنتمي إلى نفس المجموعة الفرعية للغة الجرمانية. وكلمة هوت (Haut) في الألمانية بمعنى عالي تشير إلى مفهوم جغرافي وليس تقييمًا للقيمة، على عكس اللغات واللهجات المحلية الجرمانية في هولندا والفلاندرز في بلجيكا وفي شمال ألمانيا («منخفضة» قريبة من البحر وارتفاع منخفض). وتشمل منطقة اللغة الألمانية، بالإضافة إلى الألزس، بادن (ألمانيا)، ولوكسمبورغ، وليشتنشتاين، وسويسرا الألمانية، وجزءا من فورتمبيرغ (ألمانيا)، وفورارلبيرج (النمسا).

المنطقة تاريخيًا تشمل أيضا بلفور الحالية. وكانت مقسمة إلى هوت ألزس (ألزس العليا) وباس ألزس (ألزس السفلى).

إن القادم من المناطق الأخرى في فرنسا، يلاحظ علامات بداية أوروبا الوسطى، هذا الفضاء الثقافي الواسع للامبراطورية الألمانية السابقة والامبراطورية النمساوية الهنغارية التي تغطي ألمانيا، والنمسا،          والمجر، وبولندا، وسلوفينيا، وجمهورية التشيك، وسلوفاكيا.

أهم المدن الرئيسية

 ستراسبورغ
 سيليستات
 مولوز
 ألتكيرش
 تان

مراجع

ألزاس
الوحدات الإقليمية الإحصائية من المستوى الثاني في الاتحاد الأوروبي
تاريخ الشعوب الجرمانية
مناطق فرنسا

ألزس


«Paloma blanca» es la tercera canción del álbum Cometas por el cielo. Fue la cuarta en ser emitida después del sencillo de «La niña que llora en tus fiestas» a través del programa de radio Del 40 al 1 de Los 40 Principales siendo posterior a «Día cero», «Las noches que no mueren» y «Mi calle es Nueva York».

Acerca de la canción
La canción relata la historia acerca de un recién nacido que a las pocas horas de nacer, muere.

Uno de los detalles más interesantes de la canción es que es tocada con un ukelele, un instrumento inédito en La Oreja de Van Gogh.

De palabras del grupo: "Hay historias que nos las podemos imaginar, podemos intentar acercarnos al sentimiento vivido o hacer un gran ejercicio de empatía. Pero hay otras historias que nunca llegaremos a comprender profundamente si no es viviéndolas en primera persona. El dolor de una madre embarazada que pierde su bebé es único e intransferible. No se cura ni se olvida, se aprende a vivir con él.
Hemos querido acercarnos a ese sentimiento de la manera más delicada posible. Por eso nos gustaba cómo sonaba el ukelele para acompañar esta historia, para acercar a la gente las sensaciones y emociones que hemos intentado recrear. Si os emocionáis escuchándola, nos emocionáis a nosotros".

Canciones de La Oreja de Van Gogh
Canciones de España de 2011
Canciones sobre pájaros

Paloma blanca (canción de La Oreja de Van Gogh)


Eyfel Kulesi (Fransızca: La tour Eiffel ), Paris'teki demir kule. Kule, aynı zamanda tüm dünyada Fransa'nın sembolü halini almıştır. İsmini, inşa ettiren Fransız mimar Gustave Eiffel'den alır. En büyük turizm cazibelerinden biri olan Eyfel Kulesi, yılda 6 milyon turist çeker. 2002 yılında toplam ziyaretçi sayısı  200 milyona ulaşmıştır.

Eyfel Kulesi 1887 ile 1889 yılları arasında Gustave Eiffel'in firması tarafından, Fransız Devrimi'nin 100. yıl kutlamaları çerçevesinde düzenlenen Expo 1889 Paris fuarının giriş kapısı olarak inşa edilmiştir. Aslında kulenin mimarı Gustave Eiffel değil, İsviçreli Maurice Koechlin 'in siparişi üzerine tasarlayan Stephen Sauvestredir. Meslektaşı Emile Nouguier ile beraber ilk tasarımları yapmıştır. Kulenin, 7.739.401 Frank 31 Sent tutan inşaat masrafları, Gustave Eiffel'in tahminlerinin 1 milyon frank üstündedir. 1889 yılındaki açılış tarihinden önceki 5 ayda 1,9 milyon kişi ziyaret edince, yıl sonuna kadar toplam masrafın 3/4'ü çıkartılmıştır.

3.000 işçi 26 ay boyunca 18.038 adet demir parçayı 2,5 milyon perçinle bir araya getirdi. Hiç ölüm vakası yaşanmamış olması, o günün şartlarında şaşırtıcı bir durumdur.

Ancak kule, onu bir utanç lekesi olarak gören Paris halkının tepkisini de çekmiştir. Bazı sanatçılar devasa bir sokak lambasına benzetirken, bir fabrika bacası gibi Paris'in görsel itibarını zedeleyeceğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Böylelikle devrin sanatçı ve edebiyatçı çevresinde bir kampanya başlatılmış, bu kampanya süresince ünlü sanatçıların imzaladığı bildiriler dağıtılmıştır. Bugün ise Eyfel Kulesi, Dünya'nın en güzel mimari yapılarından biri olarak kabul edilir. Parisliler onu Demir Bayan olarak adlandırırlar.
İlk başlarda Eiffel, Kule'ye sadece 20 yıl için müsaade almıştı. Dolayısıyla, 1909 yılında kulenin sökülmesi gerekiyordu. Ancak kule, iletişim  için çok uygun yüksekliğe ulaştığından ve yeni yüzyılda Atlantik ötesi haberleşmeye imkân tanıdığından, kalmasına izin verildi. Bu bağlamda Eyfel Kulesi radyo yayıncılığının gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Eyfel Kulesi, radyo dalgalarını çok uzun mesafelere yayabilmesi avantajıyla, l. Dünya Savaşı'nda sinyal kesici ve bozucu olarak da kullanılmıştır. Eyfel Kulesi, günümüzde Paris'in en çok ziyaret edilen noktası olsa da, en tepedeki 27 metrelik radyo vericisiyle halen bir verici istasyonu olarak kullanılmaktadır.

 Teknik özellikler

Eyfel Kulesi 300 m yüksekliktedir. Zirvesindeki televizyon vericileri 27 m daha yükseklik kazandırır. Günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan çelik yerine demirden inşa edilmiş, özel teknikler sayesinde günümüze kadar sağlam olarak gelmiştir.

200.000 metrekare alanda bulunan Eyfel Kulesi her 7 yılda bir, 60 ton boya ile boyanır. Bu çalışmada 25 boyacı görev yaparken, çalışma 15 ay sürer. Bu işlem sırasında 1.500 fırça, 5.000 zımpara kağıdı ve 1.500 iş tulumu tüketilir. Ayrıca güvenlik maksadıyla toplam 50 km güvenlik halatı, 20.000 metrekare koruyucu ağ kullanılır. Boyama maliyeti yaklaşık 3 milyon Euro tutar. Zaman içinde kulenin rengi kırmızımsı kahveden, sarımsı kahveye, daha sonra kestane kahvesinden bugünkü bronz tonuna dönüşmüştür. Kule 3 renk tonunda boyanır. En açık renk zirvede kullanılırken, en koyusu zeminde kullanılır.

Kulede intihar olayları da yaşanmaktadır. Şu ana kadar 400 kişi bunu gerçekleştirmiştir. Zamanla, intiharların önüne geçmek maksadıyla platformların çıkış noktalarına demir parmaklıklar yerleştirilmiştir.

22 Temmuz 2003 tarihinde, kısa devre sonucu, kulenin zirvesinde, hemen en üst ziyaretçi platformunun üstünde yangın çıkmıştır. Yangın bir saat gibi bir sürede kimse yaralanmadan söndürülmüştür.Manzara platformları'''

Kamuya açık platformlar 57 m, 115 m ve 276 m yükseklikte bulunur.

Ziyaretçiler, üç asansörle kuzey, batı ve doğu kanatlarından ilk iki platforma ulaşır. İlk ve ikinci katlarda lokantalar mevcuttur. Ayrıca ilk katta, Eyfel Kulesinin tarihinin anlatıldığı bir sergi bulunur. En üst platforma ulaşmak isteyen bir ziyaretçi, ikinci katta aktarma yapar ve başka bir asansöre geçer. En üst platform hem çatılı hem de üstü açık bir alana sahiptir.

Kulenin açılışından sonra, ilk platforma kadar 50 yolcu taşıyan iki hidrolik asansör kullanıma girmişti. Bunlar için gerekli hidrolik presler 16 sütuna monte edilmişti. Kuzey kanadından başka bir asansörle  ikinci kata ulaşılıyordu. 2. Dünya savaşı sırasında, işletim sistemindeki hasarlar sebebiyle bunlar devre dışı kalınca, Adolf Hitler kuleye yaya olarak çıkmak zorunda kalmıştı.

 Taklitleri
Dünyanın en çok tanınan ve ziyaret edilen turistik noktalardan birisi olan Eyfel Kulesi, inşa edildiği günden beri farklı ülkelerdeki pek çok yapıya doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Kuleden esinlenerek inşa edilen ilk yapı örneklerinden biri, günümüzde Birleşik Krallık sınırları içerisinde bulunan Blackpool Kulesi'dir. Dönemin Blackpool belediye başkanı John Bickerstaffe, 1889 yılında Paris'e yaptığı bir gezi sırasında Eyfel Kulesi'nin heybetinden oldukça etkilenmiş ve bunun bir benzerini de kendi kasabasına inşa ettirmek istemiştir. Günümüzde halen ayakta olan bu kule, yaklaşık 158 metre uzunluğuyla tamamlandığı dönemde Birleşik Krallık'ta insan eliyle inşa edilmiş olan en uzun yapı unvanını sahipti. Ayrıca; 1891 yılında Londra'da da benzer bir kule inşa etmek amacıyla bir proje başlatılmış, fakat Watkin's Tower adı verilen yapı çeşitli sebeplerden ötürü 1907'de yıkılmıştır.

Öte yandan Eyfel Kulesi'nin en ünlü kopyalarından birisi de Japonlar tarafından 1958 yılında inşa edilen Tokyo Kulesi'dir. Yaklaşık 4000 ton ağırlığında olan ve 333 metre yüksekliğindeki bu kule, dünyanın en yüksek kendinden destekli çelik kulesi ve Japonya'nın en uzun insan ürünü yapısıdır. Bunun dışında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne bağlı bir eyalet olan Nevada'da da Eyfel Kulesi'nin yarı ölçeğinde bir kopyası inşa edilmiş ve Paris Las Vegas adıyla 1993 yılında ziyarete açılmıştır. Eyfel Kulesi'nin Mason, Virginia ve Durango gibi diğer Amerika şehirlerinin yanı sıra Asya ve Avrupa'daki çeşitli ülkelerde 50'den fazla gerçek, yarı veya farklı ölçeklerde kopyaları bulunur. 2011 yılında National Geographic tarafından yayımlanan bir televizyon serisi olan Pricing the Priceless'' programında yapılan bir araştırmaya göre günümüzde Eyfel Kulesi'nin birebir benzerinin inşa edilebilmesi için 480 milyon Amerikan dolarından daha fazla bir bütçeye sahip olunması gerekmektedir ve bu rakam orijinal kulenin inşa edildiği dönemde yapılan masrafın (yaklaşık 8 milyon Frank) 12 katına eşittir.

Resim galerisi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
* Resmi Eyfel Kulesi sitesi http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/teiffel/fr/  ya da

Gustave Eiffel
Paris'teki görülecek yerler
Paris'teki yapılar
Fransa'daki kuleler
Fransa'daki merkezî yerler
Avrupa'da gökdelenler
Dünyanın eski en yüksek yapıları
Gözlem kuleleri
7. arrondissement (Paris)
2024 Yaz Olimpiyatları
1889'da tamamlanan yapılar
19. yüzyılda tamamlanan kuleler

Eyfel Kulesi


Duval County may refer to:

 Duval County, Florida
 Duval County, Texas

Duval County


Mientras quede por decir una palabra es la décima canción de la banda española La Oreja de Van Gogh, perteneciente a su sexto álbum de estudio titulado Cometas por el cielo.

Acerca de la canción
El grupo: "Esta canción la comenzamos a grabar un día después de cenar. Fue una de esas noches que, por la razón que fuera, había un ambiente especial en el estudio. La voz de Leire y el piano de Xabi se habían citado esa noche para declararse el amor incondicional del que habla la canción. Se encontraron, se miraron, se acercaron, se besaron y todos fuimos testigos de la historia de amor entre una voz y un piano una noche de verano del 2011, que siempre recordaremos mientras nos quede por decir una palabra".

Canciones de La Oreja de Van Gogh
Canciones de España de 2011

Mientras quede por decir una palabra


ميرزا كوجك خان (1880-1921) عالم مسلم شيعي إيراني قام ضد الحكومة القاجارية وملكها أحمد ميرزا شاه قاجار آخر ملوك الدولة القاجارية.وقد ثار أيضاً ضد الحكومة بسبب عمالتها للقوى الاجنبية روسيا (شمالا) وإنجلترا(جنوبا) وقيامه يعتبر أول قيام مسلح في إيران.
وكون جيشاً في غابات جيلان (محافظة شمال إيران) وقد قاوم لعدة سنين في الغابات وقد تلاشا جيشه في مرور الزمان حتى بقي وحيداً، وقد انهزم في الجبال في وسط الشتاء القارس، وقد مات من البرد سنة 1921 في وسط جبال البرز ووجدوا جثته مجمدة. في وسط الثلج وقطع رأسه أحداصدقائه ومناصريه القدامى ليحصل على جائزة عدة لمن يأتي برأسه.

حياته
ميرزا يونس المعروف بميرزا كوجك خان جنكلي فولد عام 1878م في حي «استاد سرا» بمدينة رشت مركز محافظة جيلان. فنشأ في اسرة مسلمة صالحة وتعمقت هذه النشأة عندما بدأ يونس بدراسة العلوم الدينية في مدرسة «حاجي حسن» برشت ومدرسة «محمودية» بطهران، حيث تتلمذ على يد كبار علماء عصره حتى وصل إلى درجة عالية في العلوم الدينية تمكنه من أن يصبح امام جماعة أو مجتهداً بارعاً، غير أن الاحداث والهجمات والتدخلات الاستعمارية في إيران، جعلته يغير مسيرة حياته بترك الدراسة الدينية والتوجه لحمل البندقية ولبس الزي العسكري في ساحات الجهاد ضد المستعمر الاجنبي.

نشاطاته السياسية والحربية
كان ميرزا كوجك خان كغيره من الشباب الإيرانيين الأحرار تؤلمه رياح التيارات السياسية التي أخذت تهبّ على كل شبر من اراضي إيران وتحمل معها سموم التغريب وتنذر بالخطر الثقافي العظيم فضلاً عما ينطوي عليه المناخ السياسي آنذاك من تمهيد الارضية للهيمنة الاستعمارية في شتى المجالات.
وفي غمرة هذه الهجمة الثقافية والسياسية، وجد ميرزا كوجك خان انه لابد له من التصدي لهذا الخطر الداهم الزاحف، فراح يساهم في انتشار الوعي الإسلامي بين صفوف الشباب عبر المحاضرات التي كان يلقيها لهم.
وإذا كانت هناك محطة سياسية قد تركت أثرها الكبير في نفس ميرزا كوجك خان، فهي الثورة الدستورية والتي أجبرت الملك القاجاري مظفر الدين شاه على قبول الدستور بضغط المعارضة الشعبية الدينية، الا أن هذه الفترة الزمنية للدستور لم تدم طويلاً فقد توفي مظفر الدين شاه سنة 1907 وخلفه محمد علي شاه الذي دخل معركة مكشوفة مع المعارضة الشعبية. وفي مثل هذه الظروف الحساسة، انخرط ميرزا كوجك خان مع الثوار والمطالبين بالحكومة الدستورية الذين كانوا يعارضون الاستبداد والاستعمار، وتوجه معهم إلى طهران لإسقاط حكومة محمد علي شاه. فاشتبك الثوار والجماهير مع القوات الحكومية انهزم فيها الملك القاجاري وتنازل عن العرش ومن ثم هروبه إلى روسيا في تموز – يوليو عام 1911. وفي 24 من كانون الأول- ديسمبر من السنة نفسها، دخلت جيوش القيصر الروسي طهران وقصفت البرلمان الإيراني بالمدفعية وعطلته وأرجعت الملك المخلوع بدعم مباشر منها، وقتل في هذه المواجهات العنيفة العديد من أبناء الشعب الإيراني كما أصيب المئات منهم بجروح وكان ميرزا كوجك خان واحداً من الجرحى.

نهضة الغابة
بعد أن احتل الجيش الروسي المناطق الشمالية في إيران، توجه ميرزا كوجك خان إلى غابات جيلان وأسس فيها تنظيماً مسلحاً باسم (قوات الغابة) للتصدي للقوات الاجنبية الغازية، فأعلنت هذه القوات بقيادة ميرزا كوجك خان أنها تعمل لاستقلال إيران وسيادتها الكاملة والوقوف بوجه كافة القوى الاجنبية الغازية وطردها من البلاد ومكافحة الاستبداد والفساد الحكومي في إيران.
توسع نطاق قوات الغابة وازداد شيئاً فشيئاً. فقام ميرزا وانصاره بتغييرات تنظيمية وقيادية في قوات الغابة، وذلك من خلال وضع إستراتيجيات خاصة لها سميت فيما بعد بنهضة الغابة.

اقدامات نهضة الغابة ضد الاستعمار
واثر سقوط الحكومة القيصرية وقيام الحكومة البلشفية في روسيا عام 1917، استدعت الحكومة الجديدة بموسكو قواتها الموجودة في إيران للعودة إلى بلادها، وفي طريق عودتها قامت بنهب اموال الناس وانتهاك الأعراض واضرام النيران في البيوت، فما كان من ميرزا كوجك خان إلا أن وقف بوجه هذه القوات وتصدى لها عند الحدود الإيرانية الروسية واشتبك معها فأنزل بها خسائر فادحة، حيث قتل العشرات من القوات الروسية الغازية، ما أرغمها على التفاوض معه للتخلص من المأزق الذي وقعت فيه. فاسفرت المفاوضات عن موافقة الروس على تعويض الخسائر الناشئة من اعتدائهم على الناس العزل وعدم التعرض لأي مواطن إيراني عند الانسحاب من الأراضي الإيرانية.
من جهتها، حاولت قوات الاستعمار البريطاني في نفس العام أي عام 1917م بسط نفوذها في كل أرجاء إيران وكانت بصدد احتلال منطقة «القوقاز» ومدينة باكو التي كانت تعدّ مصدراً نفطياً هائلاً، بيد أن البريطانيين كانوا يرون في نهضة الغابة بشمال إيران مانعاً أساسياً بوجه مطامعهم الاستعمارية، فقررت الحكومة البريطانية التفاوض مع قائدها ميرزا كوجك خان فحاولت إغراءه مقابل السماح بمرورهم لكنه رفض، فوقعت معركة دامية في منطقة «منجيل» بين قوات ميرزا من جانب والقوات البريطانية والقوات الروسية المتحالفة معها من جانب آخر.
استخدمت القوات الروسية في هذه المعركة، المدفعية الثقيلة باسناد جوي شديد من قبل الطائرات البريطانية حتى يفتحوا طريق «منجيل- ميناء أنزلي» للتوجه نحو القوقاز، فتكبدت قوات نهضة الغابة خسائر جسيمة خلال هذه المواجهات لأن الهجوم جاء مفاجئاً وكان العدو متفوقاً في مختلف النواحي.

شهادته واتمام النهضة
هذا ولم تكتف القوات الروسية والبريطانية بالاشتباكات المسلحة فحسب بل قامت باثارة الفتن وبث الفرقة والخلافات داخل صفوف قوات ميرزا ولكن ورغم ذلك، ظل ميرزا كوجك خان وانصاره يواصلون جهادهم المرير ضد الاستعمار والحكومة العميلة له، وفي عام 1919 شنت القوات الحكومية وبدعم من الإنجليز هجوماً مكثفاً على معاقل ثوار الغابة والذي أسفر عن قتل وجرح عدد كبير منهم، كما تم الإعلان عن الاحكام العرفية في مدينة رشت وبعض مدن جيلان واغلقت جميع الطرق بوجه نشاطات الثوار، غير أن ميرزا كوجك خان الذي لم يبق معه سوى ثمانية اشخاص، لم يستسلم بل قام باعادة تنظيم قواته وواصل النضال لمواجهة الحكومة العميلة لبريطانيا.
هذا وأخذ الشيوعيون الروس يلعبون دوراً بالغاً في إفشال النهضة التي ضعفت بفعل الضربات التي تلقتها من الشيوعيين من جهة والهجمات التي كانت تشنها القوات الحكومية المدعومة من المستعمر البريطاني من جهة أخرى.
ولكن ميرزا بالرغم من ذلك وحتى بعد استشهاد كثير من أنصاره، بقي يقاوم العدو فقرر أن يتوجه إلى منطقة «خلخال» بمدينة اردبيل المجاورة لجيلان، إلا أنه قضى شهيداً في الطريق في اليوم الأول من كانون الأول – ديسمبر لعام 1921، وذلك جراء تعرضه للبرد القارس في المنطقة، وظل جسده بين الثلوج لعدة أيام حتى عثر عليه عددٌ من عملاء الحكومة فقاموا بقطع رأسه وسلموه إلى رضا خان في طهران.
تقع مقبرة ميرزا كوجك خان في حي «سليمان داراب» بمدينة رشت، حيث يقصدها الزوار والسياح وتقام هناك سنوياً مراسم خاصة في ذكرى استشهاده.

مراجع

إيران في 1920
إيران في 1921
أشخاص من إيران القاجارية
أشخاص من رشت
أشخاص من محافظة غيلان
أكراد
تاريخ الطالشية
تاريخ إيران
ثوريون
ثوريون إيرانيون
سياسيون إيرانيون
شيوعيون إيرانيون
إيران في عقد 1910
مواليد 1297 هـ
مواليد 1880
مواليد في رشت
وفيات 1340 هـ
وفيات 1921
وفيات في أردبيل (محافظة)

ميرزا كوجك خان


Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2016 var den 14. udgave af Junior Eurovision Song Contest, og fandt sted på Mediterranean Conference Centre i Valletta, Malta. Det var anden gang, at Malta er vært for Junior Eurovision Song Contest, første gang var i 2014.

Sytten lande deltager i konkurrencen hvor både Montenegro og Slovenien trækker sig ud af konkurrencen efter to år, og San Marino trækker sig tilbage efter tre, mens Cypern er på vej tilbage efter et års pause, Israel vender tilbage efter en treårig pause og Polen vender tilbage til konkurrencen efter en elleveårig pause. Ingen nye lande vil debutere i konkurrencen. For første gang siden begyndelsen af konkurrencen vil afstemningsproceduren ikke omfatte en offentlig televote. Det samlede resultat vil blive bestemt af kombination af en professionel jury og af en børnejury.

Format
En repræsentant fra EBU udtalte under et pressemøde d. 21. november 2015, at de allerede var begyndt at tale med flere tv-stationer i forhold til at være værtsland for 2016-konkurrence. 13. april 2016, bekræftedes det, at Malta vil være vært for konkurrencen, for anden gange.

EBU har annonceret flere større ændringer til Junior Eurovision-format. For det første er aldersgrænsen for konkurrencen blevet sænket. Tidligere var børn i alderen 10 til 15 berettiget til at deltage; men nu er denne grænse blevet sænket til alderen 9 til 14. Desuden, er tidspunktet for showet også blevet rykket frem, og konkurrencen vil nu blive udsendt fra 16:00-18:00 CET. Disse ændringer følger den nyligt indtrufne beslutning om at konkurrencen vil blive afholdt på en søndag eftermiddag i stedet for det traditionelle tidspunkt på en lørdag aften.

Deltagende lande
17 lande vil deltage i dette års konkurrence, som året før i Bulgarien. de lande er:

Andre lande
Denne lande bekræftede, at de ikke vil deltage/retur i 2016:

Se også
 Eurovision Song Contest 2016
 Eurovision Young Musicians 2016
 Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

2016
Musik i 2016

Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2016


The UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship) is an American mixed martial arts promotion company.

UFC may also refer to:

Businesses and organisations
 United Fruit Company, an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas)
 UFC Group, a Mongolian food and beverage company
 University of Franche-Comté (Université de Franche-Comté), in Besançon, France
 Federal University of Ceará (Universidade Federal do Ceará), in Ceará, Brazil
 Universities Funding Council, a defunct British funding body
 Union of Forces for Change (Union des Forces du Changement), a Togolese political party
 United Farmers of Canada (1926–1949), a radical farmers organization
 United Free Church of Scotland, a Scottish Presbyterian denomination
 Uniting for Consensus (UfC), multinational opposition to permanent seats at the UN Security Council
 UFC-Que Choisir, a French consumers group

Gaming
Ultimate Fighting Championship (video game), for the Dreamcast, PlayStation and Game Boy Color
EA Sports UFC, a video game for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One

Other uses
UFC (brand), a brand of banana ketchup owned by Nutri-Asia, Inc.
Urinary free cortisol, in medical testing
Urea Formaldehyde Concentrate, a chemical produced by TogliattiAzot

See also

UFC (disambiguation)


Joseph Leonard Kiser (born August 20, 1933) is a former Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly, who represented the State of North Carolina's mountainous ninety-seventh House district, which mostly included Lincoln County. Mr. Kiser served in the State House from the late 1980s until 2009.

Joe Kiser served a term as Sheriff of Lincoln County before being elected to the State legislature. Mr. Kiser served seven terms in the North Carolina State House and is the former House Republican Leader. After 2008, Mr. Kiser did not run for re-election. He was succeeded by Jonathan Rhyne Jr.

Mr. Kiser is retired, and lives in Vale, North Carolina.

Electoral history

2006

2004

2002

2000

References

News & Observer blog: Kiser won't run again

External links

|-

|-

Living people
1933 births
People from Vale, Lincoln County, North Carolina
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Republican Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives

Joe L. Kiser


The magic constant or magic sum of a magic square is the sum of numbers in any row, column, or diagonal of the magic square. For example, the magic square shown below has a magic constant of 15. For a normal magic square of order n – that is, a magic square which contains the numbers 1, 2, ..., n2 – the magic constant is .

For normal magic squares of orders n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, the magic constants are, respectively: 15, 34, 65, 111, 175, and 260 (sequence A006003 in the OEIS).
For example, a normal 8 × 8 square will always equate to 260 for each row, column, or diagonal.
The normal magic constant of order n is .
The largest magic constant of normal magic square which is also a:
triangular number is 15 (solve the Diophantine equation  where y is divisible by 4);
square number is 1 (solve the Diophantine equation  where y is even);
generalized pentagonal number is 171535 (solve the Diophantine equation  where y is divisible by 12);
tetrahedral number is 2925.

Note that 0 and 1 are the only normal magic constants of rational order which are also rational squares.

However, there are infinitely many rational triangular numbers, rational generalized pentagonal numbers and rational tetrahedral numbers which are also magic constants of rational order.

The term magic constant or magic sum is similarly applied to other "magic" figures such as magic stars and magic cubes. Number shapes on a triangular grid divided into equal polyiamond areas containing equal sums give polyiamond magic constant.

Magic stars
The magic constant of an n-pointed normal magic star is .

Magic series
In 2013 Dirk Kinnaes found the magic series polytope. The number of unique sequences that form the magic constant is now known up to .

Moment of inertia
In the mass model, the value in each cell specifies the mass for that cell.  This model has two notable properties.  First it demonstrates the balanced nature of all magic squares.  If such a model is suspended from the central cell the structure balances.  (consider the magic sums of the rows/columns .. equal mass at an equal distance balance).  The second property that can be calculated is the moment of inertia. Summing the individual moments of inertia (distance squared from the center × the cell value) gives the moment of inertia for the magic square, which depends solely on the order of the square.

See also
 Magic number (physics)

References

External links
 260 as a magic constant for the 8-queens problem and 8x8 magic square
  Hypercube Math formulae

 Magic squares
Integer sequences

Magic constant


Den Borgerlige Velgørenheds Stiftelse er en fredet bygning i Præstø på det sydøstlige Sjælland. Den blev opført i 1869 for at være et hjem for ældre enker fra middelklassen. Den har været fredet siden 1982.

Historie
Den Borgerlige Velgørenhedsselskab blev grundlagt i Præstø de 7. maj 1852 med det formål at give økonomisk støtte og husly til ældre, respektable enker fra middelklassen. Byen Præstø tildelte en grund til at opføre en bygning, der stod færdig i 1869. Den indeholdt otte små lejligheder.
Beboerne skulle være mindst 50 år gamle og enker, og deres afdøde mænd eller dem selv skulle have været en del af borgerstanden. I 1899 modtog hver beboer et beløb på 50 kr samt en mængde brænde.

Stiftelsen solgte bygningen til Præstø Kommune i midten af 1980'erne. I 2009 blev den solgt igen og blev renoveret. Den indeholder i dag seks lejligheder.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fredede bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Vordingborg Kommune
Etableret i 1869

Den Borgerlige Velgørenheds Stiftelse


Francisco de Tóxar, también escrito como Francisco de Tójar, fue un traductor, editor e impresor ilustrado español de fines del  y comienzos del XIX.

Biografía

De origen incierto, posiblemente salmantino, ya que en Salamanca tuvo su negocio de librería, fue cuñado del poeta de la Escuela literaria salmantina del siglo XVIII José Iglesias de la Casa, cuyas  Poesías póstumas (Salamanca, 1798) prologó y editó en varios volúmenes y algunas otras obras suyas. Durante un año imprimió el Semanario de Salamanca. Según algunos escribió La Filósofa por amor o Cartas de dos amantes apasionados y virtuosos (Salamanca, 1799; hay edición moderna de Joaquín Álvarez Barrientos para la Universidad de Cádiz, 1995) pero lo que hizo en realidad fue traducir y refundir con este título una novela del escritor libertino francés Restif de la Bretonne y parte de La nouvelle Heloïse de Jean-Jacques Rousseau sin mencionarlo en el título; antepuso, sí, a esta obra un prólogo sobre la novela como género. Esta obra alcanzó tres ediciones entre 1799 y 1814. Tójar era muy aficionado a leer, traducir e imprimir novelas francesas y tradujo también, de Jean-François de Saint-Lambert, una Colección de cuentos morales (Salamanca, Imprenta del editor, 1796); por varias de estas aventuras editoriales tuvo tropiezos con la Inquisición, que no comulgaba con sus ideales ilustrados y ya casi liberales.

Bibliografía
 Francisco de Tójar, La Filósofa por amor o Cartas de dos amantes apasionados y virtuosos. Edición de Joaquín Álvarez Barrientos, Cádiz: Universidad de Cádiz, 1995.

Editores de España
Traductores de España del siglo XVIII
Traductores de España del siglo XIX
Escritores de España del siglo XVIII
Traductores del francés al español
Novelistas de España del siglo XVIII

Francisco de Tójar


Aesculus wangii, es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las sapindáceas. Se encuentra en China en Yunnan y Vietnam en Lao Cai. Está considerada en peligro de extinción por la pérdida de hábitat. Algunos editores la consideran una sinonimia de Aesculus assamica.

Descripción
Son árboles solitarios o en los bosques en las zonas del bosque semi-perenne de hoja ancha en las montañas de piedra caliza.  Una disminución significativa del hábitat se está produciendo en las áreas donde se sabe que se encuentran las especies, en gran parte debido al ser invadido por la agricultura, y también la tala de madera.

Taxonomía
Aesculus wangii fue descrita por Hsen Hsu Hu y publicado en Journal of Sichuan University: Natural Science Edition 1960(3): 99–100, pl. 9–10, en el año 1960.
Etimología
Aesculus: nombre genérico latino dado por Linneo en 1753 y 1754, a partir del Latín antiguo aesculus, -i, el roble, lo que es sorprendente, aunque en los numerosos autores de la antigüedad que lo usaron, Plinio el Viejo precisa en su Historia naturalis (16, 11) que es uno de los árboles que producen bellotas ("Glandem, quae proprie intellegitur, ferunt robur, quercus, aesculus, ..."  -La bellota propiamente dicha viene del roble, del aesculus, ...) y, quizás de allí proviene la confusión, pues las castañas de india tienen un lejano y superficial parecido con la bellotas por su piel dura y su carne firme y amarillenta.

wangii: epíteto
Variedades aceptadas
 Aesculus wangii var. rupicola (Hu & W.P.Fang) W.P.Fang

Referencias

Enlaces externos

wangii
Flora de Asia oriental
Plantas descritas en 1960
Plantas descritas por Hu

Aesculus wangii


Maggie je žensko ime.

Osobe s imenom Maggie
 Maggie Gyllenhaal (rođena 1977.), američka glumica
 Maggie Hamilton (1867. – 1952.), škotska slikarica
 Maggie Siff (rođena 1974.), američka glumica
 Maggie Smith (rođena 1934.), engleska glumica

Izmišljeni likovi
 Maggie O'Connell, lik iz televizijske serije Život na sjeveru
 Maggie Simpson, lik iz crtane televizijske serije Simpsoni

Vidi također
 Margaret
 Margareta

Imena

Maggie