Newell Convers Wyeth (October 22, 1882 – October 19, 1945), known as N. C. Wyeth, was an American painter and illustrator. He was a student of Howard Pyle and became one of America's most well-known illustrators. Wyeth created more than 3,000 paintings and illustrated 112 books — 25 of them for Scribner's, the Scribner Classics, which is the body of work for which he is best known. The first of these, Treasure Island, was one of his masterpieces and the proceeds paid for his studio. Wyeth was a realist painter at a time when the camera and photography began to compete with his craft. Sometimes seen as melodramatic, his illustrations were designed to be understood quickly. Wyeth, who was both a painter and an illustrator, understood the difference, and said in 1908, "Painting and illustration cannot be mixed—one cannot merge from one into the other."

He is the father of Andrew Wyeth and the grandfather of Jamie Wyeth, both also well-known American painters.

Early life

Wyeth was born in 1882, in Massachusetts to parents Andrew Newell Wyeth II and Henriette Zirngiebel Wyeth. An ancestor, Nicholas Wyeth, a stonemason, came to Massachusetts from England in 1645. Later ancestors were prominent participants in the French and Indian Wars, the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the American Civil War, passing down rich oral histories and tradition to Wyeth and his family and providing subject matter for his art, which was deeply felt. His maternal ancestors came from Switzerland, and during her childhood, his mother was acquainted with literary giants Henry David Thoreau and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. His literary appreciation and artistic talents appear to have come from her.

He was the oldest of four brothers who spent much time hunting, fishing, and enjoying other outdoor pursuits, and doing chores on their farm. His varied youthful activities and his naturally astute sense of observation later aided the authenticity of his illustrations and obviated the need for models: "When I paint a figure on horseback, a man plowing, or a woman buffeted by the wind, I have an acute sense of the muscle strain."

His mother encouraged his early inclination toward art. Wyeth was doing excellent watercolor paintings by the age of twelve. He went to Mechanics Arts School to learn drafting, and then Massachusetts Normal Art School, now Massachusetts College of Art and Design, where painting instructor Richard Andrew advised him to become an illustrator,  and then the Eric Pape School of Art to learn illustration, under George Loftus Noyes and Charles W. Reed.

Career

Wyeth traveled to the Brandywine Valley to study with Howard Pyle, eventually settling in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania.  A bucking bronco for the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on February 21, 1903, was Wyeth's first commission as an illustrator. That year he described his work as "true, solid American subjects—nothing foreign about them".

It was a spectacular accomplishment for the twenty-year-old Wyeth, after just a few months under Pyle's tutelage. In 1904, the same magazine commissioned him to illustrate a Western story, and Pyle urged Wyeth to go West to acquire direct knowledge, much as Zane Grey had done for his Western novels. In Colorado, he worked as a cowboy alongside the professional "punchers", moving cattle and doing ranch chores. He visited the Navajo in Arizona and New Mexico and gained an understanding of aboriginal American culture. When his money was stolen, he worked as a mail carrier, riding between the Two Grey Hills, New Mexico trading post and Fort Defiance, Arizona, to earn enough to get back home. He wrote home, "The life is wonderful, strange—the fascination of it clutches me like some unseen animal—it seems to whisper, 'Come back, you belong here, this is your real home.'"

On a second trip two years later, he collected information on mining and brought home costumes and artifacts, including cowboy and aboriginal American clothing. His early trips to the western United States inspired a period of images of cowboys and aboriginal Americans that dramatized the Old West.

Upon returning to Chadds Ford, he painted a series of farm scenes for Scribner's, finding the landscape less dramatic than that of the West but nonetheless a rich environment for his art: "Everything lies in its subtleties, everything is so gentle and simple, so unaffected." His painting Mowing (1907), not done for illustration, was among his most successful images of rural life.

In 1906, Wyeth had married Carolyn Brenneman Bockius of Wilmington. In 1908 they moved to Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, along the Brandywine Creek. The Wyeths created a stimulating household for their talented children Andrew Wyeth, Henriette Wyeth Hurd, Carolyn Wyeth, Ann Wyeth McCoy, and Nathaniel C. Wyeth. In 1937, Nathaniel would marry Howard Pyle's niece. Wyeth was very sociable, and frequent visitors included F. Scott Fitzgerald, Joseph Hergesheimer, Hugh Walpole, Lillian Gish, and John Gilbert.

According to Andrew, who spent the most time with his father due to his sickly childhood, Wyeth was a strict but patient father who did not talk down to his children. His hard work as an illustrator gave his family the financial freedom to follow their own artistic and scientific pursuits.

Andrew went on to become one of the foremost American painters of the second half of the 20th century, and both Henriette and Carolyn became painters also; Ann became a painter and composer. Nathaniel became an engineer for DuPont and worked on the team that invented the plastic soda bottle. Henriette and Ann married two of Wyeth's protégés, Peter Hurd and John W. McCoy. Wyeth is the grandfather of painters Jamie Wyeth and Michael Hurd, and the musician Howard Wyeth.

By 1911, Wyeth began to move away from Western subjects and on to illustrating classic literature. He painted a series for an edition of Treasure Island (1911), by Robert Louis Stevenson, thought by many to be his finest group of illustrations. The set made him famous, and the proceeds from this great success paid for his house and studio. He also illustrated editions of Kidnapped (1913), Robin Hood (1917), The Last of the Mohicans (1919), Robinson Crusoe (1920), Rip Van Winkle (1921), The White Company (1922), and The Yearling (1939). He did work for prominent periodicals, including Century, Harper's Monthly, Ladies' Home Journal, McClure's, Outing, The Popular Magazine, and Scribner's.

By 1914, Wyeth loathed the commercialism upon which he became dependent, and for the rest of his life he battled internally over his capitulation, accusing himself of having "bitched myself with the accursed success in skin-deep pictures and illustrations".  He complained of money men "who want to buy me piecemeal" and that "an illustration must be made practical, not only in its dramatic statement, but it must be a thing that will adapt itself to the engravers' and printers' limitations. This fact alone kills that underlying inspiration to create thought. Instead of expressing that inner feeling, you express the outward thought… or imitation of that feeling."

Wyeth also did posters, calendars, and advertisements for clients such as Lucky Strike, Cream of Wheat, and Coca-Cola, as well as paintings of Beethoven, Wagner, and Liszt for Steinway & Sons. He painted murals of historical and allegorical subjects for the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, the Westtown School, the First National Bank of Boston, the Hotel Roosevelt, the Franklin Savings Bank, the National Geographic Society, the Wilmington Savings Fund Society, and other public and private buildings. During both World Wars, he contributed patriotic images to government and private agencies. Wyeth was a member of  The Franklin Inn Club in Philadelphia.

His nonillustrative portrait and landscape paintings changed dramatically in style throughout his life as he experimented first with impressionism in the 1910s (feeling an affinity with the nearby "New Hope Group"), the principles of the divisionist painter Giovanni Segantini, then by the 1930s veering to the realistic American regionalism of Thomas Hart Benton and Grant Wood, painting with thin oils and, occasionally, egg tempera. That was the medium favored by his son Andrew, and introduced to both of them by his son-in-law Peter Hurd. Wyeth worked rapidly and experimented constantly, often working on a larger scale than necessary, befitting his energetic and grand vision which often harked back to his ancestral past. He could conceive, sketch and paint a large painting in as little as three hours.

Wyeth made four illustrations for a 1939 edition of Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona, a novel about a Scottish-Native American orphan living in Southern California after the Mexican-American War. The second illustration out of the four, depicting the tension between Ramona and her mother Señora Moreno, was found 80 years later in a thrift store and sold for $191,000 at auction in 2023.

Death and legacy
In June 1945, he had received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from Bowdoin College. Wyeth was a member of the National Academy, the Society of Illustrators, the Philadelphia Water Color Club, the Fellowship of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Philadelphia Art Alliance, the Chester County Art Association, and the Wilmington Society of the Fine Arts.

In October 1945, Wyeth and his grandson (Nathaniel C. Wyeth's son) were killed when the automobile they were riding in was struck by a freight train at a railway crossing (39.870747°, -75.576979°) near his Chadds Ford home. At the time, Wyeth had been working on an ambitious series of murals for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company depicting the Pilgrims at Plymouth, a series completed by Andrew Wyeth and John McCoy.

Significant public collections of Wyeth's work are on display at the Brandywine River Museum in Chadds Ford, in Maine at the Portland Museum of Art, and at the Farnsworth Art Museum in Rockland, Maine. The Brandywine River Museum offers tours of the N. C. Wyeth House and Studio in Chadds Ford. His home and studio were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997, and are open to the public. His studio is set up just as he left it — the palette he used on the day of his death sits by his last canvas.

Bibliography

 Stevenson, R. L. - Treasure Island (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1911)
 Stevenson, R. L. - Kidnapped (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1913)
 Clemens, S. - The Mysterious Stranger (Harper, 1916)
 Stevenson, R. L. - The Black Arrow (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1916)
 Creswick, P. - Robin Hood (David McKay, Philadelphia, 1917)
 Verne, J. - The Mysterious Island (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1918)
 Cooper, J. F. - The Last of the Mohicans (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1919)
 Malory, T. - The Boy's King Arthur (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1920)
 Kingsley, C. - Westward Ho! (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1920)
 Defoe, D. - Robinson Crusoe (Cosmopolitan Book Corp., 1920)
 Irving, W. - Rip Van Winkle (David McKay, Philadelphia, 1921)
 Longfellow, H. W. - The Courtship of Miles Standish (Harrap, 1921)
 MacSpadden, J.W. & Wilson, C. - Robin Hood (Harrap, 1921)
 Porter, J. - The Scottish Chiefs (Hodder, 1921)
 Doyle, A. C. - The White Company (Cosmopolitan Book Corp. 1922)
 Matthews, J. B. - Poems of American Patriotism (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1922)
 Bullfinch, T. - Legends of Charlemagne (David McKay, Philadelphia, 1924)
 Stevenson, R. L. - David Balfour (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1924)
 Cooper, J. F. - The Deerslayer (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1925)
 Parkman, F. - The Oregon Trial (Little Brown, 1925)
 Verne, J. - Michael Strogoff (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1927)
 Boyd, J. - Drums (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1928)
 Homer - The Odyssey (Houghton, 1929)
 Rollins, P. A. - Jinglebob (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1930)
  The Parables of Jesus (David McKay, Philadelphia, 1931)
 Fox, J. W. - The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1931)
 Thoreau, H. D. - Men of Concord (Houghton Mifflin, 1936)
 Jackson, H. M. H. - Ramona (Little Brown, 1939)
 Rawlings, M. K. - The Yearling (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1939)

Other works

Mowing (1907)
Long John Silver and Hawkins (1911)
The Long Roll (1911)
The Great Train Robbery (1912)
Cease Firing (1912)
The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the North (1912)
The Fence Builders (1915)
The Mysterious Stranger (1916)
The Scottish Chiefs (1921) by Jane Porter (originally published 1809)
Stand and Deliver (1921)
Rip Van Winkle (1921)
The Giant (1922)
Drums (1925, reissued in 1928 and 1953) a book by James Boyd with illustrations by N. C. Wyeth  and
The Deerslayer (Scribners, 1925, reissued in 1929) by James Fenimore Cooper (originally published 1841)
Reception to Washington on April 21, 1789, at Trenton on his way to New York to Assume the Duties of the Presidency of the United States (1930), a 17-foot by 12-foot painting
Apotheosis of the Family (1932): a 60-foot-by-19-foot mural including likenesses of members of the Wyeth family, located in a building in downtown Wilmington, Delaware
Dying Winter (1934)
Men of Concord and some others as portrayed in the Journal of Henry David Thoreau (1936), a book edited by Francis H. Allen, with illustrations by N.C. Wyeth
The Alchemist (1937)
 They Took Their Wives with Them on Their Cruises (1938)
Deep Cove Lobsterman (1939)
The War Letter (1944)
Nightfall (1945)

Gallery

See also

Brandywine School
National Museum of American Illustration
Wyeth

Notes

Further reading
Marietta/Cobb Museum of Art. The Wyeths: N. C., Andrew and Jamie. Marietta, Ga: Marietta/Cobb Museum of Art, 1998.
Michaelis, David, and N. C. Wyeth. N. C. Wyeth: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1998.
Wyeth, N. C., Douglas Allen, and Douglas Allen. N. C. Wyeth: The Collected Paintings, Illustrations, and Murals. New York: Crown Publishers, 1972.
Wyeth, N. C., and Kate F. Jennings. N. C. Wyeth. New York: Crescent Books, 1992.

External links

 Victoria Browning Wyeth discusses her family's art on Conversations from Penn State
 Wyeth Collection at The National Museum of American Illustration
 N. C. Wyeth Biography
 Bronco Buster, Cream of Wheat advertisement 1906 or 1907, courtesy Minneapolis Institute of Arts
 N C Wyeth / Newell Convers Wyeth artwork can be viewed at American Art Archives web site
 N. C. Wyeth, Legend of Charlemagne, 1924, oil on canvas, from Bryn Mawr College Art and Artifact Collections
 N. C. Wyeth Catalogue Raisonné An online catalogue raisonné from the Brandywine River Museum
 Illustration Thor's Journey with the Giant Skrymir c. 1920
 N. C. Wyeth, The Alchemist, oil on canvas, 1937, photograph of painting from the Science History Institute

 N. C. Wyeth Book Illustrations at Golden Age Book Illustrations Archive

The King's Henchman (1927), Steinway & Sons ad. ("The painting depicts a scene from the opera "The King's Henchman," which, with music by Deems Taylor and libretto by Edna St. Vincent Millay, had its premier in 1927.")

1882 births
1945 deaths
Wyeth family
People from Needham, Massachusetts
American people of English descent
American illustrators
20th-century American painters
20th-century male artists
American male painters
Artists of the American West
Painters from Pennsylvania
Road incident deaths in Pennsylvania
Treasure Island
People from Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania
Artists from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Members of the Salmagundi Club
Artists from Massachusetts
Burials at Birmingham-Lafayette Cemetery
Railway accident deaths in the United States

N. C. Wyeth


Kamehameha II  (November 1797 – July 14, 1824) was the second king of the Kingdom of Hawaii. His birth name was Liholiho and full name was Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu ʻIolani. It was lengthened to Kalani Kaleiʻaimoku o Kaiwikapu o Laʻamea i Kauikawekiu Ahilapalapa Kealiʻi Kauinamoku o Kahekili Kalaninui i Mamao ʻIolani i Ka Liholiho when he took the throne.

Early life
Kamehameha II was born in the month of Hanaiaʻeleʻele (corresponding to November) 1797 in Hilo, on the island of Hawaiʻi, the first born son of Kamehameha I with his highest-ranking wife Keōpuolani. It was originally planned that he would be born at the Kūkaniloko birth site on the island of Oʻahu but the Queen's sickness prevented travel.

Given in care to his father's trusted servant Hanapi, who took the child to the lands of Kalaoa in Hilo Paliku, he was taken back, after five or six months, by his maternal grandmother Kekuʻiapoiwa Liliha because she felt he was not getting the right diet. Kamehameha I, then, put him in the care of Queen Kaʻahumanu (another wife of Kamehameha I), who was appointed as Liholiho's official guardian.

Jean Baptiste Rives, a Frenchman about his age, arrived on the islands in the early 19th century. Rives taught the royal princes some English and French, becoming a close friend (ʻaikāne). Other companions included Charles Kanaʻina, Kekūanaōʻa and Laʻanui.

He was named Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu ʻIolani. Liholiho (meaning glowing), a contraction of Kalaninuiliholiho or Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu meant "the great chief with the burning back kapu". ʻIolani meant "royal hawk" after the Hawaiian hawk (ʻio) whose high flight signified royalty.

Ascension
Liholiho officially inherited the throne upon Kamehameha I's death in May 1819. However, Queen Kaʻahumanu had no intention to give him actual leadership. When Liholiho sailed toward the shores of Kailua-Kona (the capital at the time), she greeted him wearing Kamehameha's royal red cape, and she announced to the people on shore and to the surprised Liholiho, "We two shall rule the land." Liholiho, young and inexperienced, had no other choice. Kaʻahumanu became the first Kuhina Nui (co-regent) of Hawaii. He was forced to take on merely a ceremonial role; administrative power was to be vested in Kaʻahumanu. He took the title "King Kamehameha II", but preferred to be called ʻIolani, which means "heavenly (or royal) hawk".

Reign
Kamehameha II is best remembered for the 'Ai Noa, the breaking of the ancient kapu (taboo) system of religious laws six months into his reign when he sat down with Kaʻahumanu and his mother Keopuolani and ate a meal together. What followed was the disbanding of the social class of priest and the destruction of temples and images.

Kamehameha I had bequeathed his war god Kūkaʻilimoku and his temples to his cousin Kekuaokalani. Kekuaokalani demanded that Liholiho withdraw his edicts against the Hawaiian priesthood, permit rebuilding of the temples, and dismiss both Kalanimōkū and Kaʻahumanu. Kamehameha II refused. At the battle of Kuamoʻo on the island of Hawaiʻi, the king's better-armed forces, led by Kalanimōkū, defeated the last defenders of the Hawaiian gods, temples, and priesthoods of the ancient organized religion. The first Christian missionaries arrived only a few months later in the Hawaiian Islands.

He never officially converted to Christianity because he refused to give up four of his five wives and his love of alcohol. He (like his father) married several relatives of high rank, but he was the last Hawaiian king to practice polygamy. His favorite wife was his sister Kamāmalu. Kīnaʻu (Kamāmalu's full-blood sister) was his second wife who would later remarry and become Kuhina Nui. Princess Kalani Pauahi was his niece by his half-brother Pauli Kaōleiokū. She later remarried and gave birth to Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani. Kekāuluohi was half-sister of Kamāmalu and Kīnaʻu through their mother Kaheiheimālie who was another of his father's wives.  Princess Kekauʻōnohi was Liholiho's niece and granddaughter of Kamehameha I, and would later become royal governor of the islands of Maui and Kauaʻi.

He was known to be impulsive. For example, on November 16, 1820 he bought a Royal Yacht known as Cleopatra's Barge for 8000 piculs of sandalwood (over a million pounds), estimated to be worth about US$80,000 at the time. It had been sold a few years before for $15,400 by the Crowninshield family of Salem, Massachusetts. Kamehameha II was quite proud of his ship; in the words of Charles Bullard, the agent for the shipowner:

If you want to know how Religion stands at the Islands I can tell you — All sects are tolerated but the King worships the Barge.

He tried to gain favor with missionaries by offering free passage on the opulent ship, and regularly entertained foreign visitors with their choice of alcoholic beverages. On April 18, 1822 it required a major overhaul because most of the wood had rotted. He paid to have wood shipped in from the Pacific Northwest for repairs, and then renamed his ship Haʻaheo o Hawaiʻi ("Pride of Hawaii"). After re-launching May 10, 1823 it was wrecked less than a year later.

In the summer of 1821, he was in a small boat intended for the ʻEwa beach, just west of Honolulu. A few nobles such as Chiefess Kapiʻolani and Governor Boki were aboard, with about 30 men. He ordered the ship to instead cross a dangerous channel all the way to the island of Kauaʻi, despite having no compass, charts, nor provisions on board. They somehow made it to Kauaʻi. When they arrived, the local Chief Kaumualiʻi did not fire his cannons on the unarmed ship but welcomed the young king. The Royal Yacht was sent for, and the royal party entertained themselves for over a month. Then one night after he invited Kaumualiʻi on board, Kamehameha II abruptly ordered the yacht to sail in the night. Upon returning to Honolulu, he had Kaumualiʻi "marry" Kaʻahumanu and kept him under house arrest in exile until his death.

Fatal visit to Great Britain

Another of his voyages would prove fatal. On April 16, 1822 English missionary William Ellis arrived with a schooner Prince Regent of six guns to add to his growing collection of ships. It was a gift from George IV the King of Great Britain, and Kamehameha II wrote to thank him, requesting closer diplomatic ties. He wanted to travel to London, but all his advisors including Keōpūolani and Kaʻahumanu were opposed to the idea. After his mother Keōpūolani's death on September 16, 1823, he made up his mind to go.

In November 1823 Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu commissioned the British whaling ship  (French for "the Eagle") under Captain Valentine Starbuck to carry them to London. Going along were High Chief Boki and wife High Chiefess Kuini Liliha, and other chiefs and retainers including Manuia, Naihekukui, James Young Kānehoa, Kekūanaōʻa, Kauluhaimalama, Naʻaiweuweu, and Naukane who had already been to America (where he picked up the name John Coxe) and then England.

Since Ellis wanted to travel back to England anyway, he offered to be translator and guide, but Starbuck refused. Somehow Rives talked his way on board instead as translator.

In February 1824 they arrived at Rio de Janeiro in the newly independent Empire of Brazil.  Emperor Pedro I received the visitors, presenting Kamehameha II with a ceremonial diamond-encrusted sword with a gold sheath, and in return accepting an ʻahu ʻula, a traditional feather cloak associated with high rank, which was lost in the 2018 fire at the National Museum of Brazil. Queen Kamāmalu received a diamond ring; in return, she offered a yellow feather necklace.

They arrived on May 17, 1824 in Portsmouth, and the next day moved into the Caledonian Hotel in London. Foreign Secretary George Canning appointed Frederick Gerald Byng (1784–1871) to supervise their visit. Byng was a Gentleman Usher, fifth son of John Byng, 5th Viscount Torrington and friend of Beau Brummell, known more for his gaudy fashions than diplomacy. Byng made sure they would have appropriate attire for all their public appearances.

Their arrival was met by the local press with a mixture of curiosity and derision. They were not sure what to call the king, spelling his "Liholiho" name various ways such as "Rheo Rhio". Some made puns on the fact that Byng's nickname was "Poodle" and in Hawaiian ʻīlio ʻīlio would mean "dog of dogs" and that the British name of the kingdom was "Sandwich Islands".

On May 28 a reception with 200 guests including several dukes was held in their honor. They toured London, visiting Westminster Abbey, but the king refused to enter because he did not want to desecrate the British royal burial place "with his presence or his feet stepping in that area."  They attended opera and ballet at Royal Opera House in Covent Garden on May 31, and the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane on June 4 in the Royal Box.
He and Kamāmalu were an unusual sight to the British people who had seen few Native Hawaiians, moreover, Kamāmalu was over six-feet tall. Several members of the court had portraits painted by the Hayter family.

King George IV finally scheduled a meeting for June 21, but it had to be delayed as Kamāmalu became ill. The Hawaiian court had caught measles, to which they had no immunity. They probably contracted the disease on their June 5 visit to the Royal Military Asylum (now the Duke of York's Royal Military School).  Kamāmalu died on July 8, 1824. The grief-stricken Kamehameha II died six days later on July 14, 1824.

Vast crowds lined up when he was laid in state at the Caledonian Hotel on July 17.
On July 18 the bodies were stored in the crypt of St Martin-in-the-Fields church where they awaited transportation back home. Boki took over lead of the delegation and finally did have an audience with King George IV. Kānehoa (James Young), with superior English language skills conferred by his English father John Young, was entrusted with the official letters of introduction and served as new translator. Rives and Starbuck were accused of misspending the royal treasury and departed.

In August 1824 the bodies returned to Hawaii on the enormous Royal Navy frigate  under the command of Captain George Anson Byron.

The Blonde arrived back in Honolulu on May 6, 1825. Kalanimōkū had been notified of the deaths in a letter from Rives, so Hawaiian royalty gathered at his house where the bodies were moved for the funeral. The marines and crew from the ship made a formal procession, the ship's chaplain read an Anglican prayer, and an American missionary was allowed to make a prayer in the Hawaiian language.
They were buried on the grounds of the ʻIolani Palace in a coral house meant to be the Hawaiian version of the tombs Liholiho had seen in London. They were eventually moved to the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii known as Mauna ʻAla. Kamehameha II was succeeded by his younger brother Kauikeaouli, who became King Kamehameha III.

Family tree

Ancestry

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

Kamehameha II (Liholiho) 1797–1824 on HawaiiHistory.com web site

1797 births
1824 deaths
Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
House of Kamehameha
House of Līloa
Burials at the Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla)
Monarchs of the Hawaiian Islands
Hawaiian adoptees (hānai)

Kamehameha II


Iuliu Winkler, ungarisch: Gyula Winkler (* 14. März 1964 in Hunedoara) ist ein rumänischer Politiker der ungarischen Minderheit (UDMR).

Winkler arbeitete als Diplomingenieur für Elektronik und Telekommunikation am polytechnischen Institut Traian Vuia in Timișoara und der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Telekommunikation. Später arbeitete er für das US-amerikanische International Republican Institute im Büro Timişoara für das Programm für Bürgerinitiative und politische Initiative. Nach einem Weiterbildungsprogramm in Unternehmertum am Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers Belfort und einem postuniversitären Kurs für Management und Marketing in Internationalen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen an der Universität Deva besuchte er die Sommerschule und die Versammlung der Regionen Europas in Erfurt. sowie einen postuniversitären Kurs für regionales Marketing am Handelszentrum Szombathely in Ungarn und schloss sein Studium im Finanz- und Versicherungswesen an der Universität Petroșani ab und war Absolvent der Nationalen Verteidigungsakademie im Verteidigungsministerium.

Winkler koordinierte die Zweigstelle Hunedoara der IAMSAT. Er war Vertreter von Vorstands- und Verwaltungsgremien von Privatunternehmen des Kreises Hunedoara, Direktor für Entwicklung bei der Firma REMONTIN Construcții-Montaj und Vizepräsident des Interministeriellen Ausschusses für Finanzierungen, Garantien und Versicherungen bei der Eximbank Rumänien.

Winkler ist Mitglied des Rates der Unionsrepräsentanten der Demokratischen Union der Ungarn in Rumänien und Vorsitzender der UDMR-Kreisorganisation Hunedoara. Er gehörte von 1996 bis 1999 dem Rat des Kreises Hunedoara an und war dort danach Unterpräfekt. Von 2000 bis 2004 war er Mitglied der Rumänischen Abgeordnetenkammer. Danach war er beigeordneter Minister für Handel, Handels- und Wirtschaftsministerium, Staatssekretär für Handel im Ministerium für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen, Handel, Tourismus und freie Berufe sowie Minister für Kommunikation und Informationstechnologie. Seit dem 10. Dezember 2007 gehört er dem Europäischen Parlament an.

2008 erhielt Winkler das Komturkreuz des Verdienstordens der Republik Ungarn.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für Rumänien
Minister (Rumänien)
Mitglied der Abgeordnetenkammer (Rumänien)
Träger des Verdienstordens der Republik Ungarn (Komtur)
Staatssekretär (Rumänien)
Mitglied der Demokratischen Union der Ungarn in Rumänien
Geboren 1964
Mann

Iuliu Winkler


Zielo Shopping Pozuelo es un centro comercial situado en la localidad madrileña de Pozuelo de Alarcón. Cuenta con 66 locales comerciales en una superficie de 25.000 metros cuadrados, 16.000 de los cuales están dedicados a espacio comercial. Dispone, asimismo, de tres plantas subterráneas de aparcamiento. Es un centro comercial dirigido a un público de poder adquisitivo alto.

Eficiencia energética
Zielo Shopping Pozuelo es el primer centro comercial de Europa en obtener la certificación LEED (líder en eficiencia energética y diseño) oro. La cubierta textil contribuye a generar energía y resguarda de la radiación solar al tiempo que permite el paso de la luz natural. El consumo medio de agua se ha reducido un 30%, y en el interior se evitan niveles nocivos de concentración de CO2, preservando la calidad del aire.

Cómo llegar
Se encuentra en la Avenida de Europa de Pozuelo de Alarcón junto a la carretera M-503. La estación de Metro más cercana es la de Avenida de Europa, perteneciente a la línea ML-2 del Metro Ligero Oeste de Madrid. Las líneas de autobús interurbano 213 y 657 tienen parada junto al centro comercial.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Zielo

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Eugen Naumann (* 2. Januar 1874 in Mikuszewo, Kreis Wreschen, Provinz Posen; † 7. September 1939 bei Kruschwitz ermordet) war ein deutscher Politiker, Landrat und Mitglied des polnischen Sejm (1922–1930).

Leben
Eugen Naumann studierte Jura und Staatswissenschaften an den Universitäten in Lausanne, Freiburg i. Br. und Berlin. Der promovierte Jurist diente seit 1908 als Landrat von Znin (1908–1917) und als Landrat in Neuhaus an der Oste (1917–1918). Nach Kriegsende ging er zurück in die Provinz Posen auf sein Rittergut in Suchorencz, Kreis Schubin. Hier wurde er 1919 für sechs Monate im polnischen Internierungslager/ Gefangenenlager in Szczypiorno bei Kalisch festgehalten. 1919 wählte man Naumann zum Vorsitzenden des deutschen Volksrates in Posen. Nach dem Zusammenschluss mit dem deutschen Volksrat in Bromberg und der Umbenennung zu Deutschtumsbund zur Wahrung der Minderheitenrechte war Naumann ebenfalls dessen Vorsitzender (1921–1923) bis zu dessen Verbot.

Seit 1922 gehörte er als Vorsitzender der deutschen Fraktion und Mitglied dem polnischen Sejm bis 1930 an.

Nach Kriegsbeginn 1939 verhafteten die polnischen Behörden Naumann. Er wurde auf einem Verschleppungsmarsch als Geisel kurz darauf bei Kruschwitz unweit Pakosch am Goplosee erschossen.

Familie
Sein gleichnamiger Großvater Eugen Naumann (1803–1880) war von 1835 bis 1871 Oberbürgermeister von Posen. 1841 gehörte er als Vertreter der Städte dem 5. Provinziallandtag der Provinz Posen an.

Literatur

 Fritz Wertheimer: Von deutschen Parteien und Parteiführern im Ausland. 2. Auflage. Zentral-Verlag, Berlin 1930, S. 125f.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Sejm-Abgeordneter (Zweite Republik)
Landrat (Provinz Hannover)
Landrat (Provinz Posen)
Verwaltungsjurist
Deutscher
Mann
Geboren 1874
Gestorben 1939

Eugen Naumann (Politiker, 1874)


Sym-fo-19 er et studiealbum udgivet af Hardinger Band først på cd d. 3. november 2017 og siden på LP i december samme år. Albummet består af numre med melodier af Shu-bi-dua-demoer fra 1970'erne, 1980'erne og 1990'erne, tilsat nyere sangtekster. Ifølge bandets hovedmand Michael Hardinger er Sym-fo-19 ment som en afrunding af og et endegyldigt farvel til Shu-bi-dua-epoken.

I januar 2018 havde albummet solgt guld.

Spor

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Hardinger Band – Sym•fo•19

Album fra 2017
Rockalbum fra Danmark
Shu-bi-dua

Sym-fo-19


Edward "Ed" Wilson, más conocido como Edward MacLiam, es un actor irlandés. Entre sus trabajos destaca el papel de Greg Douglas en la serie Holby City.

Biografía
En el 2001 se graduó de la prestigiosa escuela Royal Academy of Dramatic Art "RADA".

Carrera
Edward ha aparecido como invitado en series como Above Suspicion 2: The Red Dahlia''', , Love Soup, The Last Detective, Waking the Dead, entre otros...

En el 2007 apareció en la serie The Bill donde interpretó a Robert Harvey durante el episodio "A Model Murder: Part 1", anteriormente apareció por primera vez en la serie en el 2004 donde interpretó a Howard Morgan en el episodio "223". Ese mismo año apareció como personaje recurrente en la exitosa serie británica EastEnders donde interpretó al doctor Jamie Stewart hasta el 2009.

En el 2010 se unió al elenco principal de la serie Holby City donde interpretó al Doctor Greg Douglas, hasta ahora. En el 2011 se anunció que Edward dejaría la serie en el 2012, su último episodio fue el 1 de mayo de 2012.Edward MacLiam quits 'Holby City'

En el 2012 apareció como invitado en la serie médica Doctors donde interpretó a Carl Gardiner durante el episodio "Never Found". Anteriormente apareció por primera vez en la serie en el 2010 cuando interpretó a Michael Roth en el episodio "Shadow".

En marzo del 2013 se anunció que se había unido al elenco de la serie Big Thunder'' donde interpretaría al doctor Grant Carson, un brillante médico de finales del siglo diecinueve, sin embargo el episodio piloto no fue escogido.

En el 2014 apareció en varios episodios de la serie DCI Banks donde interpretó a David Hornby, el abogado de Martin Soames (Wayne Foskett), hasta el 2015.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy > Celebrity News > Edward MacLiam
 Edward MacLiam on TV.com

Actores de televisión de Irlanda

Edward MacLiam


Prizivanje 2 (eng. The Conjuring 2, u Velikoj Britaniji i Irskoj poznat kao The Conjuring 2: Enfield Case), američki horor film iz 2016. godine redatelja Jamesa Wana. Scenarij su napisali autor prvog scenarija Chad Hayes i Carey W. Hayes te redatelj james Wan i David Leslie Johnson. Ovo je nastavak filma Prizivanje iz 2013. te je ujedno i drugio dio serije Prizivanje i treći dio u franšizi Prizivanje univerzum.

Patrick Wilson i Vera Farmiga ponavljaju svoje uloge paranormalnih istražitelja i autora Eda i Lorraine Warren iz prvog filma. Film prati Warreneove dok putuju u Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo kako bi pomogli obitelji Hodgson, koja proživljava poltergeističku aktivnost u svojoj kući u Enfielda 1977. godine, koja je kasnije postala poznata kao Enfield poltergeist.

U srpnju 2013., prije puštanja prvog filma, objavljeno je da New Line Cinema već razvija nastavak s Farmigom i Wilsonom koji su potpisali da ponavljaju svoje uloge. Do listopada 2014. najavljeno je da će se Wan vratiti da režira nastavak i dati svoj prvi doprinos kao pisac u franšizi. Glavna snimanje započelo je u rujnu 2015. u Los Angelesu, a završena u prosincu 2015. u Londonu.

Svjetska premijera filma održana je u kineskom kazalištu TCL 7. lipnja 2016., a u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama kazališno su ga objavili 10. lipnja 2016. u izdanju Warner Bros. Pictures i New Line Cinema. Film je dobio generalno pozitivne kritike kritičara i zaradio preko 320 milijuna dolara širom svijeta. Spin-off prequel, Časna, objavljen je u rujnu 2018., a nastavak, Prizivanje 3: Kriv je sotona, objavljen je u lipnju 2021. godine.

Radnja filma

Godine 1977. Ed i Lorraine Warren, paranormalni istražitelji iz SAD-a, odlaze u Enfield, dio sjevernog Londona kako bi istražili neobične događaje u obitelji samohrane majke Peggy Hodgson koja se brine o djeci Margaret, Janet, Johnnyju i Billyju. Slučaj pokazuje odlike poltergeista te se naziva engleskim Amityvilleom, ali se pokazuje kontroverznim, jer se s vremenom pojavljuju sumnje da bi se moglo raditi o prijevari. Problemi počinju nakon što Peggyna kćer Janet počinje mjesečariti i tvrdi kako je uspostavila komunikaciju s duhom nekog starijeg muškarca. Uskoro i ostala djeca počinju noću osjećati napade nepoznate sile i situacija se pogoršava do te mjere da Peggy poziva policiju i nalazi s djecom privremeni smještaj kod susjeda. Osim Eda i Lorraine, u slučaj su uključeni i lokalni istraživači paranormalnog te televizijska reporterka s ekipom.

S vremenom se pokazuje kako je Janet opsjednuta duhom bivšeg vlasnika kuće, čiji je duh zarobljen od strane zlokobnog demona, koji se namjerava osloboditi i prijeći u ljudski svijet. Naposljetku, Lorraine uspjeva doznati ime zloduha (radi se o Valaku) te u posljednji tren uspjeva spasiti supruga Eda i Janet te prognati demona natrag u pakao.

Glumci i uloge

 Patrick Wilson - Ed Warren, istraživač paranormalnih pojava i egzorcist
 Vera Farmiga - Lorraine Warren, Edova supruga, istraživačica paranormalnih pojava i medij
 Madison Wolfe - Janet Hodgson
 Frances O'Connor - Peggy Hodgson
 Lauren Esposito - Margaret Hodgson
 Benjamin Haigh - Billy Hodgson
 Patrick McAuley - Johnny Hodgson
 Simon McBurney - Maurice Grosse
 Maria Doyle Kennedy - Peggy Nottingham
 Simon Delaney - Vic Nottingham
 Franka Potente - Anita Gregory
 Bob Adrian - Bill Wilkins
 Joseph Bishara - demon Valak
 Robin Atkin Downes - glas demona
 Bonnie Aarons - Valak / Časna
 Javier Botet - Crooked Man
 Steve Coulter - svećenik Gordon
 Abhi Sinha - Harry Whitmark
 Chris Royds - Graham Morris
 Sterling Jerins - Judy Warren
 Daniel Wolfe - Kent Allen
 Annie Young - pozornik Heeps
 Elliot Joseph - pozornik Peterson
 Cory English - skeptični kaplan
 Shannon Kook - Drew Thomas

Produkcija

Već je 2013. godine, poslije pozitivnog odjeka testnog prikazivanja, odlučeno kako će se ići s planom snimanja nastavka filma Prizivanje. Za sljedeću priču odabran je slučaj Enfieldskog poltergeista iz Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva koji se odvijao između 1977. i 1979. godine, a odvijao se u obitelji Hodgins. Snimanje je počelo 2015. godine u Los Angelesu, a krajem iste godine filmska ekipa se preselila u London.

Zarada

Film Prizivanje 2 ostvario je zaradu od 102.5 milijuna USD u SAD-u i Kanadi te 217.9 milijuna USD širom svijeta, čime je ostvario ukupnu zaradu od 320,4 milijuna USD. Kritike su bile većinom pozitivne te je film hvaljen kao uspješan nastavak prvijenca.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica
 Prizivanje 2 - imdb.com
 Prizivanje 2 - boxofficemojo.com
 Prizivanje 2 - rottentomatoes.com

Horori
Američki filmovi 2010-ih
Prizivanje univerzum

Prizivanje 2


ලිලී මොනිකා ඩොනල්ඩ්සන් (27 ජනවාරි 1987) යනු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික විලාසිතා නිරූපිකාවක වේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1987 උපත්

ලිලී ඩොනල්ඩ්සන්


Alien je četvrti studijski album kanadskog metal-sastava Strapping Young Lad. Diskografska kuća Century Media Records objavila ga je 22. ožujka 2005. Pjesme na albumu uglavnom su skladali Devin Townsend i Gene Hoglan u 6 mjeseci.

Album se pojavio na 32. mjestu Billboardove ljestvice "Heatseekers" i 35. mjestu "Top nezavisnih albuma". Pjesma "Love?" objavljena je kao singl, a objavljen je i popratni glazbeni spot koji je prikazan u emisiji Headbanger's Ball. Spot (snimljen u počast filmu Zla smrt) prikazuje sastav kako svira u opsjednutoj šumskoj kolibi.

O albumu
Townsendu je 1998. godine dijagnosticiran bipolarni poremećaj, bolest koju je nesvjesno pogoršalo njegovo tadašnje konzumiranje alkoholnih pića i droga. Bili su mu propisani antipsihotici, ali u vrijeme skladanja i snimanja Aliena počeo je sumnjati u izvornu dijagnozu i odlučio je prestati uzimati lijekove., Međutim, nastavio je zloupotrebljavati opojna sredstva i tijekom procesa je "izgubio kontrolu nad sobom"; taj je album nazvao "toksičnim" i "vrlo nezdravim u psihološkom smislu".

Budući da su Jed Simon i Byron Stroud bili zauzeti drugim obvezama, Townsend i Hoglan glavni su skladatelji pjesama na albumu. Townsend je objasnio da posljednja pjesma, "Info Dump", odražava uspaničeno stanje uma do kojeg je došlo nakon što je prestao uzimati lijekove. Townsend je izjavio da mu je najlakše bilo snimiti pjesmu "Zen", a da mu je "Skeksis", pjesma koja mu je bila najzahtjevnija za snimanje, bila najdraža. Od veljače 2005. na službenim se stranicama Century Medije nalazio dokumentarni pregled snimanja tog albuma, a objavljen je i na DVD-u uz posebno ograničeno prvo izdanje albuma. Sastav je odlučio snimiti i obradu pjesme "What's New Pussycat?" Toma Jonesa, no na kraju je nije snimio do kraja jer "nije pristajala toku" albuma. Pjesma vjerojatno neće biti objavljena iako je Blabbermouth.net izvijestio da hoće.

Zbog pogreške je nemasterirana promotivna inačica Aliena (kao i naknadno rano procurivanje albuma na internetu) sadržavala dulju inačicu skladbe "Love?" i inačicu "We Ride" kojoj su nedostajale gotovo sve gitarske solističke dionice. Na toj je istoj promotivnoj inačici skladba "Thalamus" nosila ime "Landscape". Prije nego što je promotivna inačica bila objavljena, izjave za tisak navodile su "Thalamus" pod imenom "Mega Bulldozer".

Glas koji se čuje na početku pjesme "Two Weeks" pripada britanskom matematičaru Andrewu Wilesu. Wiles je sudjelovao u intervjuu za epizodu BBC-jeve dokumentarne serije Horizon čija je glavna tema bila Fermatov posljednji teorem.

O pjesmama

"Love?"
"Love?" je izabrana za jedini singl s albuma. Townsend je izjavio da je refren "ukrao" iz skladbe "City of Love" sastava Yes. Dodao je: "Jednom sam prilikom upoznao Jona Andersona i rekao mu. Čini se da mu je to bilo smiješno." AllMusic je opisao harmonije refrena kao "King's X iz pakla".

Popratni je glazbeni spot, nadahnut kultnim hororfilmom Zla smrt, režirao Joe Lynch. Jed Simon priznao je da je odlučio snimiti video upravo za tu pjesmu jer je imala "najveći komercijalni potencijal". "Love?" je izvorno bila jedna od dvije potvrđene pjesme za EP koji je trebao sadržavati četiri nove pjesme i četiri obrade. Iako je trebao biti objavljen 2003., EP je naposljetku otkazan.

Drugi je glazbeni spot objavljen za pjesmu "Zen" i poslije se pojavio u filmu Samo pucaj, gdje lik Clivea Owena primjećuje da spot za "Zen" umiruje uplakanu bebu.

"Info Dump"
Townsend je objasnio da je konačna skladba, noise-instrumentalna skladba "Info Dump", odraz uspaničenog stanja uma do kojeg je došlo kad je prestao uzimati lijekove kojima je liječio svoj bipolarni poremećaj. Djetetov vrisak na kraju simbolizira njegovo shvaćanje.

U sredini skladbe pojavljuju se pulsovi zvuka koji se u morseovom kodu prevode kao riječ "om". Ritam tih pulsova zvuka poslije je iskorišten za ritam na kraju pjesme "Color Your World" na Townsendovu albumu Ziltoid the Omniscient.

Townsend je naknadno izjavio da je skladba "uglavnom strukturirana buka koja sadrži Morseov kod za matematičku jednadžbu" te da je tijekom snimanja albuma gledao televizijsku emisiju o matematičaru Andrewu Wilesu i njegovu rješavanju posljednjeg Fermatovog teorema. "[Bio je to] problem koji se prije smatrao nerješivim, a čije je rješenje bilo vrlo elegantno: X2 + Y2 = Z². Iako sam daleko od matematičara, svidjela mi se ideja da se dva različita načina razmišljanja mogu ujediniti jednostavnom jednadžbom. Jednostavno me to pogodilo u vrijeme Aliena i ispada da je 'Ziltoid 2', 'Z²', odgovor za mene – kako nastaviti dalje. Čini se kako to povezuje sve, kao i Strapping, na zadovoljavajući način."

Popis pjesama

Objava
Alien je objavljen 22. ožujka 2005. godine, a u prvom tjednu objave prodan je u 3697 primjeraka. Popeo se na 32. mjesto  Billboardove ljestvice "Top Heatseekers" i 35. mjesto ljestvice "Top nezavisnih albuma".

Recenzije
Kritičari su pohvalili Townsendovu inovativnost i dinamičnost pjesama u kojima se "melodija i disonancija susreću na pola puta"; Adrien Begrand sa stranice PopMatters izjavio je kako je "Strapping Young Lad [tim albumom] ponovo podigao ljestvicu", dok ga je Blabbermouth.net nazvao jednim od najboljih albuma godine. Sam je Townsend jednom prilikom izjavio da je Alien album Strapping Young Lada kojim se "najviše ponosi".

Osoblje

Strapping Young Lad
Devin Townsend – vokali, gitara, klavijature, glazbeni uzorci, produkcija
Byron Stroud – bas-gitara, produkcija
Jed Simon – gitara
Gene Hoglan – bubnjevi
Ostalo osoblje
Shaun Thingvold – inženjer zvuka, miksanje
Kristina Ardron – inženjer zvuka, uređivanje
Rob Stefanson – inženjer zvuka (asistent)
Bryan Seely – inženjer zvuka (asistent), uređivanje
Alan Wong Moon – inženjer zvuka (asistent)
Alex Aligizakis – uređivanje
Scott Cooke – uređivanje
Dave Young – klavijature, snimanje vokala
Greg Reely – mastering
Omer "Impson" Cordell – fotografija
Travis Smith – umjetnički direktor ilustracija
Pär Johansson – ilustracije

Dodatni glazbenici
Magdalena Bulak – zborski vokali
Shay Ward – zborski vokali
Steph Reid – zborski vokali
Michele Madden – zborski vokali
Joanna Ussner – zborski vokali
Shane Clark – zborski vokali
Chris "The Heathen" Valagao – zborski vokali
Rossy Living – zborski vokali
Cam Krotche – zborski vokali
Will Campagna – zborski vokali
Ross Gale – zborski vokali
Christ Stanley – zborski vokali
Will Cochrane – zborski vokali
Ash Manning – zborski vokali
Ross Empson – zborski vokali
Mike Quigley – zborski vokali
Billy Marquardt – zborski vokali
Jeff Cook – zborski vokali
Deborah Rodrigo-Tyzio – zborski vokali
Dorian Glaude-Living – zborski vokali
Damian Moore – zborski vokali
Ethan Belcourt-Lowe – zborski vokali
Jayden Gignac – zborski vokali
Laurielynn Bridger – zborski vokali
Marnie Mains – zborski vokali
Ani Kyd – zborski vokali
Tammy "Tamz" Theis – zborski vokali

Izvori

Albumi iz 2005.
Albumi Strapping Young Lada

Alien (album)


Dorpenomloop Rucphen 2017 var den 41. udgave af cykelløbet Dorpenomloop Rucphen. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 12. marts 2017. Løbet blev vundet af hollandske Maarten van Trijp fra Metec-TKH Continental Cyclingteam.

Hold og ryttere

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2017
UCI Europe Tour 2017

Dorpenomloop Rucphen 2017


Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates. It was named by the monk Charles Plumier after the ancient Greek physician and botanist Dioscorides.

Description
Wild Yam (Dioscorea) is a vine that is invasive, deciduous, and herbaceous. This species is native to Asia, though, in the U.S., it is commonly found in Florida. They can grow over  in length. Wild yams are an important crop, as they have been used to prevent menstrual cramps, stomach cramps, and general pain for centuries. During the 1950s scientists found that the roots of wild yams contained diosgenin which is a plant-based estrogen; diosgenin is hypothesized to aid in chemical defense against herbivores. This was used to create the first birth control pills during the 60s. In addition, some Dioscorea species are rich in nutrients and antioxidants. This is beneficial in rural areas where the plant is native because it enriches the diets of individuals who live in the area. These plants grow best near canopy gaps in woodlands and rainforests. Dioscorea uses vining behavior which is useful in tropical habitats because Dioscorea grow under canopies and need to latch onto different surfaces in order to grow upwards and acquire resources.

Cultivation and uses
Several species, known as yams, are important agricultural crops in tropical regions, grown for their large tubers. Many of these are toxic when fresh, but can be detoxified and eaten, and are particularly important in parts of Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

One class of toxins found in many species is steroidal saponins, which can be converted through a series of chemical reactions into steroid hormones for use in medicine and as contraceptives.

The 1889 book "The Useful Native Plants of Australia" records that Dioscorea hastifolia is "One of the hardiest of the yams. The tubers are largely consumed by the local aborigines for food. (Mueller)."

Mechanism
Although the mechanism of Dioscorea vine behavior is unknown, it is likely that Dioscorea acts similarly to vines in terms of growth and movement behavior. Vines have a touch-sensitive component that allows them to locate and latch onto a supporting base. They use nearby plants, rocks, trees, and structures for physical support. Their touch receptors allow them to reach out and sense objects. Vines seek out these surfaces by sending out shoots to assess the area. This behavior is dependent on the species, but these shoots typically move in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, induced by circadian rhythms (Digital time-lapse video). When the vine makes contact with an object, the tendril shoot will coil around the object; this is a reaction called thigmotropism.  This tendril can control the amount of tension and squeeze the object to stay attached to it and prevent falling. Leaf growth is typically postponed until the relative stem has secured support. When leaf growth is delayed, shoot growth is hastened. Some vines produce an adhesive on their stems that contain calcium to better latch onto structures. A gradient is produced and the calcium exits cells to spread over stems. Furthermore, Dioscorea is a twiner, this means that the plant undergoes circumnutation which is a helical movement that allows stems to wrap around objects. In order for this mechanism to take place, endodermal cells, plasmodesmata, the plasma membrane, epidermal cells, calcium, potassium, chloride, and proton pumps are required. The SCR gene is also crucial for twining to occur. To better understand the physiology of Dioscorea further research must be conducted as much has still not been discovered.

Experiment
In 2009, an experiment was conducted to address the mechanism of force generation in the twining plant, Dioscorea bulbifera. To do this, the authors used a mechanical pole that measured the squeezing force of the twining vine. Plants were grown in a greenhouse setting, and once the shoots of the plants started "circumnutating," a pole was introduced to allow for twining around the object. Authors found that the amount of force being applied to the pole when the vine is twining is due to the stretching of the stipule. The forces of the bending and twisting motion of D. bulbifera did not generate a measurable force.  In addition, this experiment indicates that stipules are not the only driving force for tension in vines and that they contribute to increased squeezing force later in development.

Overall, Dioscorea has a vining mechanism that allows it to obtain nutrients while living under a canopy; it has evolved to do this by seeking out surfaces to climb and latch onto. Vines, like Dioscorea, have touch-sensitive components that allow them to specialize in this behavior.

Cuisine

The Alangan Tribe of Mangyan in the Island of Mindoro in the Philippines, locally known as Karot/Nami; Uses this type of tuber as an alternative of rice. Mangyan people typically soak it for 3 days, wash it in the running streams, dried for 2 days, and soak for 2 hours before cooking like a typical rice.

Accepted species (613), subspecies, and varieties

The genus includes the following species and subspecies:

A
 Dioscorea abysmophila Maguire & Steyerm.
 Dioscorea abyssinica Hochst. ex Kunth
 Dioscorea acanthogene Rusby
 Dioscorea acerifolia Phil.
 Dioscorea acuminata Baker
 Dioscorea adenantha Uline
 Dioscorea aesculifolia R.Knuth
 Dioscorea aguilarii Standl. & Steyerm.
 Dioscorea alata L.
 Dioscorea alatipes Burkill & H.Perrier
 Dioscorea althaeoides R.Knuth
 Dioscorea altissima Lam.
 Dioscorea amaranthoides C.Presl
 Dioscorea amazonum Mart. ex Griseb.
 Dioscorea amazonum var. klugii (R.Knuth) Ayala
 Dioscorea amoena R.Knuth
 Dioscorea analalavensis Jum. & H.Perrier
 Dioscorea ancachsensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea andina Phil.
 Dioscorea andromedusae O.Téllez
 Dioscorea angustifolia Rusby
 Dioscorea anomala Griseb.
 Dioscorea antaly Jum. & H.Perrier
 Dioscorea antucoana Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea arachidna Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea araucana Phil.
 Dioscorea arcuatinervis Hochr.
 Dioscorea argyrogyna Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea arifolia C.Presl
 Dioscorea aristolochiifolia Poepp.
 Dioscorea arnensis R. Knuth
 Dioscorea asclepiadea Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea aspera Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
 Dioscorea aspersa Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea asperula Pedralli
 Dioscorea asteriscus Burkill
 Dioscorea atrescens R.Knuth
 Dioscorea auriculata Poepp.

B
 Dioscorea bahiensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea bako Wilkin
 Dioscorea balcanica Košanin
 Dioscorea bancana Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea banzhuana S.J.Pei & C.T.Ting
 Dioscorea bartlettii C.V.Morton
 Dioscorea basiclavicaulis Rizzini & A.Mattos
 Dioscorea baya De Wild.
 Dioscorea beecheyi R.Knuth
 Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex Haines
 Dioscorea bemandry Jum. & H.Perrier
 Dioscorea bemarivensis Jum. & H.Perrier
 Dioscorea benthamii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea berenicea McVaugh
 Dioscorea bermejensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea bernoulliana Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea besseriana Kunth
 Dioscorea beyrichii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea bicolor Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea biformifolia S.J.Pei & C.T.Ting
 Dioscorea biloba (Phil.) Caddick & Wilkin
 Dioscorea biplicata R.Knuth
 Dioscorea birmanica Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea birschelii Harms ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea blumei Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea bolivarensis Steyerm.
 Dioscorea bonii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea bosseri Haigh & Wilkin
 Dioscorea brachybotrya Poepp.
 Dioscorea brachystachya Phil.
 Dioscorea bradei R.Knuth
 Dioscorea brandisii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea brevipetiolata Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea bridgesii Griseb. ex Kunth
 Dioscorea brownii Schinz
 Dioscorea bryoniifolia Poepp.
 Dioscorea buchananii Benth.
 Dioscorea buckleyana Wilkin
 Dioscorea bulbifera L.
 Dioscorea bulbotricha Hand.-Mazz.
 Dioscorea burchellii Baker
 Dioscorea burkilliana J.Miège

C
 Dioscorea cachipuertensis Ayala
 Dioscorea calcicola Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea caldasensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea calderillensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea callacatensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea cambodiana Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea campanulata Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea campestris Griseb.
 Dioscorea campos-portoi R.Knuth
 Dioscorea carionis Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea carpomaculata O.Téllez & B.G.Schub.
 Dioscorea carpomaculata var. cinerea (Uline ex R.Knuth) O.Téllez & B.G.Schub.
 Dioscorea castilloniana Hauman
 Dioscorea catharinensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky
 Dioscorea cavenensis Lam.
 Dioscorea cayennensis Lam.
 Dioscorea cayennensis subsp. rotundata (Poir.) J.Miège; syn.: D. rotundata Poir.
 Dioscorea ceratandra Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea chacoensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea chagllaensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea chancayensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea chaponensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea chiapasensis Matuda
 Dioscorea chimborazensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea chingii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea choriandra Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea chouardii Gaussen
 Dioscorea cienegensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea cinnamomifolia Hook.
 Dioscorea cirrhosa  Lour.
 Dioscorea cissophylla Phil.
 Dioscorea claessensii De Wild.
 Dioscorea claussenii Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea claytonii Ayala
 Dioscorea cochleariapiculata De Wild.
 Dioscorea collettii Hook.f.
 Dioscorea collettii var. hypoglauca (Palib.) S.J.Pei & C.T.Ting
 Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin
 Dioscorea commutata R.Knuth
 Dioscorea comorensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea composita Hemsl.
 Dioscorea contracta R.Knuth
 Dioscorea convolvulacea Cham. & Schltdl.
 Dioscorea convolvulacea subsp. grandifolia (Schltdl.) Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea conzattii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea cordifolia Laness.
 Dioscorea coreana (Prain & Burkill) R.Knuth
 Dioscorea coriacea Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
 Dioscorea coripatenis J.F.Macbr.
 Dioscorea coronata Hauman
 Dioscorea cotinifolia Kunth
 Dioscorea craibiana Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea crateriflora R.Knuth
 Dioscorea crotalariifolia Uline
 Dioscorea cruzensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea cubensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea cumingii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea curitybensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea cuspidata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
 Dioscorea cuyabensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea cyanisticta J.D.Sm.
 Dioscorea cymosula Hemsl.
 Dioscorea cyphocarpa C.B.Rob. ex Knuth

D
 Dioscorea daunea Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea davidsei O.Téllez
 Dioscorea de-mourae Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea debilis Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea decaryana H.Perrier
 Dioscorea decipiens Hook.f.
 Dioscorea decorticans C.Presl
 Dioscorea deflexa Griseb.
 Dioscorea delavayi Franch.
 Dioscorea delicata R.Knuth
 Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb.
 Dioscorea dendrotricha Uline
 Dioscorea densiflora Hemsl.
 Dioscorea depauperata Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea diamantinensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea dicranandra Donn.Sm.
 Dioscorea dielsii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea dissimulans Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea divaricata Blanco
 Dioscorea diversifolia Griseb.
 Dioscorea dodecaneura Vell.
 Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T.Durand & Schinz
 Dioscorea duchassaingii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea dugesii C.B.Rob.
 Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax
 Dioscorea dumetosa Uline ex R.Knuth

E
 Dioscorea ekmanii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea elegans Ridl. ex Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea elephantipes (L'Hér.) Engl.
 Dioscorea entomophila Hauman
 Dioscorea epistephioides Taub.
 Dioscorea escuintlensis Matuda
 Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill
 Dioscorea esquirolii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea exalata C.T.Ting & M.C.Chang

F
 Dioscorea fandra H.Perrier
 Dioscorea fasciculocongesta (Sosa & B.G.Schub.) O.Téllez
 Dioscorea fastigiata Gay
 Dioscorea fendleri R.Knuth
 Dioscorea ferreyrae Ayala
 Dioscorea filiformis Blume
 Dioscorea flabellifolia Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea flaccida R.Knuth
 Dioscorea floribunda M.Martens & Galeotti
 Dioscorea floridana Bartlett
 Dioscorea fodinarum Kunth
 Dioscorea fordii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea formosana R.Knuth
 Dioscorea fractiflexa R.Knuth
 Dioscorea fuliginosa R.Knuth
 Dioscorea furcata Griseb.
 Dioscorea futschauensis Uline ex R.Knuth

G
 Dioscorea galeottiana Kunth
 Dioscorea galiiflora R.Knuth
 Dioscorea gallegosi Matuda
 Dioscorea garrettii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea gaumeri R.Knuth
 Dioscorea gentryi O.Téllez
 Dioscorea gillettii Milne-Redh.
 Dioscorea glabra Roxb.
 Dioscorea glandulosa (Griseb.) Klotzsch ex Kunth
 Dioscorea glandulosa var. calcensis (R.Knuth) Ayala
 Dioscorea glomerulata Hauman
 Dioscorea gomez-pompae O.Téllez
 Dioscorea gracilicaulis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea gracilipes Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea gracilis Hook. ex Poepp.
 Dioscorea gracillima Miq.
 Dioscorea grandiflora Mart. ex Griseb.
 Dioscorea grandis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea grata Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea gribinguiensis Baudon
 Dioscorea grisebachii Kunth
 Dioscorea guerrerensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea guianensis R.Knuth

H
 Dioscorea haenkeana C.Presl
 Dioscorea hamiltonii Hook.f.
 Dioscorea hassleriana Chodat
 Dioscorea hastata Mill.
 Dioscorea hastatissima Rusby
 Dioscorea hastifolia Nees
 Dioscorea hastiformis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea haumanii Xifreda
 Dioscorea havilandii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea hebridensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea hemicrypta Burkill
 Dioscorea hemsleyi Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea heptaneura Vell.
 Dioscorea herbert-smithii Rusby
 Dioscorea herzogii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea heteropoda Baker
 Dioscorea hexagona Baker
 Dioscorea hieronymi Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea hintonii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea hirtiflora Benth.
 Dioscorea hirtiflora subsp. orientalis Milne-Redh.
 Dioscorea hispida Dennst.
 Dioscorea holmioidea Maury
 Dioscorea hombuka H.Perrier
 Dioscorea hondurensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea howardiana O.Téllez, B.G.Schub. & Geeta
 Dioscorea humifusa Poepp.
 Dioscorea humilis Bertero ex Colla
 Dioscorea humilis subsp. polyanthes (F.Phil.) Viruel, Segarra & Villar
 Dioscorea hunzikeri Xifreda

I
 Dioscorea igualamontana Matuda
 Dioscorea incayensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea inopinata Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea insignis C.V.Morton & B.G.Schub.
 Dioscorea intermedia Thwaites
 Dioscorea ionophylla Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea iquitosensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea irupanensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea itapirensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea itatiensis R.Knuth

J
 Dioscorea jaliscana S.Watson
 Dioscorea jamesonii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea japonica Thunb. - Shan yao in Chinese ()
 Dioscorea javariensis Ayala
 Dioscorea juxtlahuacensis (O.Téllez & Dávila) Caddick & Wilkin

K
 Dioscorea kalkapershadii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea kamoonensis Kunth
 Dioscorea keduensis Burkill ex Backer
 Dioscorea kerrii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea killipii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea kimiae Wilkin
 Dioscorea kingii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea kituiensis Wilkin & Muasya
 Dioscorea kjellbergii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea knuthiana De Wild.
 Dioscorea koepperi Standl.
 Dioscorea koyamae Jayas.
 Dioscorea kratica Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea kunthiana Uline
 Dioscorea kuntzei Uline ex Kuntze

L
 Dioscorea lacerdaei Griseb.
 Dioscorea laevis Uline
 Dioscorea lamprocaula Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea lanata Bail
 Dioscorea larecajensis Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea laurifolia Wall. ex Hook.f.
 Dioscorea lawrancei R.Knuth
 Dioscorea laxiflora Mart. ex Griseb.
 Dioscorea lehmannii Uline
 Dioscorea lepcharum Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea lepida C.V.Morton
 Dioscorea leptobotrys Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea liebmannii Uline
 Dioscorea lijiangensis C.L.Long & H.Li
 Dioscorea linearicordata Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea lisae Dorr & Stergios
 Dioscorea listeri Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea litoralis Phil.
 Dioscorea loefgrenii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea loheri Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea longicuspis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea longipes Phil.
 Dioscorea longirhiza Caddick & Wilkin
 Dioscorea longituba Uline
 Dioscorea lundii Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea luzonensis Schauer

M
 Dioscorea macbrideana R.Knuth
 Dioscorea maciba Jum. & H.Perrier
 Dioscorea macrantha Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea macrothyrsa Uline
 Dioscorea macvaughii B.G.Schub.
 Dioscorea madecassa H.Perrier
 Dioscorea madiunensis Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea maianthemoides Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea mamillata Jum. & H.Perrier
 Dioscorea mandonii Rusby
 Dioscorea mangenotiana J.Miège
 Dioscorea mantigueirensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea margarethia G.M.Barroso, E.F.Guim. & Sucre
 Dioscorea marginata Griseb.
 Dioscorea martensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea martiana Griseb.
 Dioscorea martini Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea matagalpensis Uline
 Dioscorea matudae O.Téllez & B.G.Schub.
 Dioscorea mayottensis Wilkin
 Dioscorea megacarpa Gleason
 Dioscorea megalantha Griseb.
 Dioscorea melanophyma Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea melastomatifolia Uline ex Prain
 Dioscorea membranacea Pierre ex Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea menglaensis H.Li
 Dioscorea meridensis Kunth
 Dioscorea merrillii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea mesoamericana O.Téllez & Mart.-Rodr.
 Dioscorea mexicana Scheidw.
 Dioscorea microbotrya Griseb.
 Dioscorea microcephala Uline
 Dioscorea microura R.Knuth
 Dioscorea mindanaensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea minima C.B.Rob. & Seaton
 Dioscorea minutiflora Engl.
 Dioscorea mitis C.V.Morton
 Dioscorea mitoensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea modesta Phil.
 Dioscorea mollis Kunth
 Dioscorea monadelpha (Kunth) Griseb.
 Dioscorea × monandra Hauman
 Dioscorea morelosana (Uline) Matuda
 Dioscorea moritziana (Kunth) R.Knuth
 Dioscorea mosqueirensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea moultonii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea moyobambensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea mucronata Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea multiflora Mart. ex Griseb.
 Dioscorea multiloba Kunth
 Dioscorea multinervis Benth.
 Dioscorea mundii Baker

N
 Dioscorea nako H.Perrier
 Dioscorea namorokensis Wilkin
 Dioscorea nana Poepp.
 Dioscorea nanlaensis H.Li
 Dioscorea natalensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea natalia Hammel
 Dioscorea neblinensis Maguire & Steyerm.
 Dioscorea nelsonii Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea nematodes Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea nervata R.Knuth
 Dioscorea nervosa Phil.
 Dioscorea nicolasensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea nieuwenhuisii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea nipensis R.A.Howard
 Dioscorea nipponica Makino
 Dioscorea nitens Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea nuda R.Knuth
 Dioscorea nummularia Lam.
 Dioscorea nutans R.Knuth

O
 Dioscorea oaxacensis Uline
 Dioscorea obcuneata Hook.f.
 Dioscorea oblonga Gleason
 Dioscorea oblongifolia Rusby
 Dioscorea obtusifolia Hook. & Arn.
 Dioscorea olfersiana Klotzsch ex Griseb.
 Dioscorea oligophylla Phil.
 Dioscorea omiltemensis O.Téllez
 Dioscorea opaca R.Knuth
 Dioscorea oppositiflora Griseb.
 Dioscorea oppositifolia  L. - Shan yao in Chinese ()
 Dioscorea orangeana  Wilkin
 Dioscorea orbiculata Hook.f.
 Dioscorea orbiculata var. tenuifolia (Ridl.) Thapyai
 Dioscorea oreodoxa B.G.Schub.
 Dioscorea organensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea orientalis (J.Thiébaut) Caddick & Wilkin
 Dioscorea orizabensis Uline
 Dioscorea orthogoneura Uline ex Hochr.
 Dioscorea oryzetorum Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea ovalifolia R.Knuth
 Dioscorea ovata Vell.
 Dioscorea ovinala Baker

P
 Dioscorea palawana Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea paleata Burkill
 Dioscorea pallens Schltdl.
 Dioscorea pallidinervia R.Knuth
 Dioscorea palmeri R.Knuth
 Dioscorea panamensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea panthaica Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea pantojensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea paradoxa Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea pavonii Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea pedicellata Phil.
 Dioscorea pencana Phil.
 Dioscorea pendula Poepp. ex Kunth
 Dioscorea pentaphylla L.
 Dioscorea peperoides Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea perdicum Taub.
 Dioscorea perenensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea perpilosa H.Perrier
 Dioscorea petelotii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea philippiana Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea piauhyensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea pierrei Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea pilcomayensis Hauman
 Dioscorea pilgeriana R.Knuth
 Dioscorea pilosiuscula Bertero ex Spreng.
 Dioscorea pinedensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea piperifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
 Dioscorea piscatorum Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea pittieri R.Knuth
 Dioscorea planistipulosa Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea plantaginifolia R.Knuth
 Dioscorea platycarpa Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea platycolpota Uline ex B.L.Rob.
 Dioscorea plumifera C.B.Rob.
 Dioscorea pohlii Griseb.
 Dioscorea pohlii var. luschnathiana (Kunth) Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea poilanei Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea polyclados Hook.f.
 Dioscorea polygonoides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
 Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. (also: Dioscorea batatas Decne)
 Dioscorea pomeroonensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea potarensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea praehensilis Benth.
 Dioscorea prainiana R.Knuth
 Dioscorea prazeri Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea preslii Steud.
 Dioscorea preussii Pax
 Dioscorea preussii subsp. hylophila (Harms) Wilkin
 Dioscorea pringlei C.B.Rob.
 Dioscorea proteiformis H.Perrier
 Dioscorea psammophila R.Knuth
 Dioscorea pseudomacrocapsa G.M.Barroso, E.F.Guim. & Sucre
 Dioscorea pseudorajanioides R.Knuth
 Dioscorea pseudotomentosa Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea pteropoda Boivin ex H.Perrier
 Dioscorea pubera Blume
 Dioscorea pubescens Poir.
 Dioscorea pumicicola Uline
 Dioscorea pumilio Griseb.
 Dioscorea puncticulata R.Knuth
 Dioscorea purdiei R.Knuth
 Dioscorea putisensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea putumayensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea pynaertii De Wild.
 Dioscorea pyrenaica Bubani & Bordère ex Gren.
 Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth

Q
 Dioscorea quartiniana A.Rich.
 Dioscorea quaternata J.F. Gmel.
 Dioscorea quinquelobata Thunb.
 Dioscorea quispicanchensis R.Knuth

R
 Dioscorea racemosa (Klotzsch) Uline
 Dioscorea regnellii Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea remota C.V.Morton
 Dioscorea remotiflora Kunth
 Dioscorea reticulata Gay
 Dioscorea retusa Mast.
 Dioscorea reversiflora Uline
 Dioscorea ridleyi Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea riedelii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea rigida R.Knuth
 Dioscorea rimbachii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea rockii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea rosei R.Knuth
 Dioscorea rumicoides Griseb.
 Dioscorea rupicola Kunth
 Dioscorea rusbyi Uline

S
 Dioscorea sabarensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea sagittata Poir.
 Dioscorea sagittifolia Pax
 Dioscorea sagittifolia var. lecardii (De Wild.) Nkounkou
 Dioscorea salicifolia Blume
 Dioscorea salvadorensis Standl.
 Dioscorea sambiranensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea sanchez-colini Matuda
 Dioscorea sandiensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea sandwithii B.G.Schub.
 Dioscorea sanpaulensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax
 Dioscorea santanderensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea santosensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea sarasinii Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea saxatilis Poepp.
 Dioscorea scabra Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
 Dioscorea schimperiana Hochst. ex Kunth
 Dioscorea schubertiae Ayala
 Dioscorea schunkei Ayala & T.Clayton
 Dioscorea schwackei Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea scortechinii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea secunda R.Knuth
 Dioscorea sellowiana Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea semperflorens Uline
 Dioscorea septemloba Thunb.
 Dioscorea septemnervis Vell.
 Dioscorea sericea R.Knuth
 Dioscorea seriflora Jum. & H.Perrier
 Dioscorea serpenticola Hoque & P.K.Mukh.
 Dioscorea sessiliflora McVaugh
 Dioscorea sexrimata Burkill
 Dioscorea simulans Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea sincorensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea sinoparviflora C.T.Ting, M.G.Gilbert & Turland
 Dioscorea sinuata Vell.
 Dioscorea sitamiana Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea skottsbergii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea smilacifolia De Wild. & T.Durand
 Dioscorea sonlaensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea sororopana Steyerm.
 Dioscorea soso Jum. & H.Perrier
 Dioscorea soso var. trichopoda (Jum. & H.Perrier) Burkill & H.Perrier
 Dioscorea spectabilis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea spicata Roth
 Dioscorea spiculiflora Hemsl.
 Dioscorea spiculoides Matuda
 Dioscorea spongiosa J.Q.Xi, M.Mizuno & W.L.Zhao
 Dioscorea sprucei Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea standleyi C.V.Morton
 Dioscorea stegelmanniana R.Knuth
 Dioscorea stellaris R.Knuth
 Dioscorea stemonoides Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea stenocolpus Phil.
 Dioscorea stenomeriflora Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea stenopetala Hauman
 Dioscorea stenophylla Uline
 Dioscorea sterilis O.Weber & Wilkin
 Dioscorea stipulosa Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea subcalva Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea subhastata Vell.
 Dioscorea sublignosa R.Knuth
 Dioscorea submigra R.Knuth
 Dioscorea subtomentosa Miranda
 Dioscorea sumatrana Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea sumiderensis B.G.Schub. & O.Téllez
 Dioscorea suratensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea sylvatica Eckl.
 Dioscorea synandra Uline
 Dioscorea syringifolia (Kunth) Kunth & R.H.Schomb. ex R.Knuth

T
 Dioscorea tabatae Hatus. ex Yamashita & M.N.Tamura
 Dioscorea tacanensis Lundell
 Dioscorea tamarisciflora Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea tamoidea Griseb.
 Dioscorea tamshiyacuensis Ayala
 Dioscorea tancitarensis Matuda
 Dioscorea tarijensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea tarmensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea tauriglossum R.Knuth
 Dioscorea tayacajensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea temascaltepecensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea tenebrosa C.V.Morton
 Dioscorea tenella Phil.
 Dioscorea tentaculigera Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea tenuipes Franch. & Sav.
 Dioscorea tenuiphyllum R.Knuth
 Dioscorea tenuis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea tequendamensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea ternata Griseb.
 Dioscorea therezopolensis Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea togoensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea tokoro Makino ex Miyabe
 Dioscorea toldosensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea tomentosa J.Koenig ex Spreng.
 Dioscorea torticaulis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea trachyandra Griseb.
 Dioscorea trachycarpa Kunth
 Dioscorea traillii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea transversa R.Br.
 Dioscorea triandria Sessé & Moc.
 Dioscorea trichantha Baker
 Dioscorea trichanthera Gleason
 Dioscorea trifida L.f.
 Dioscorea trifoliata Kunth
 Dioscorea trifurcata Hauman
 Dioscorea trilinguis Griseb.
 Dioscorea trimenii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea trinervia Roxb. ex Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea trisecta Griseb.
 Dioscorea trollii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea truncata Miq.
 Dioscorea tsaratananensis H.Perrier
 Dioscorea tubiperianthia Matuda
 Dioscorea tubuliflora Uline ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea tubulosa Griseb.

U
 Dioscorea uliginosa Phil.
 Dioscorea ulinei Greenm. ex R.Knuth
 Dioscorea undatiloba Baker
 Dioscorea urceolata Uline
 Dioscorea urophylla Hemsl.
 Dioscorea uruapanensis Matuda

V
 Dioscorea valdiviensis R.Knuth
 Dioscorea vanvuurenii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea variifolia Bertero
 Dioscorea velutipes Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea vexans Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea vilis Kunth
 Dioscorea villosa L.
 Dioscorea volckmannii Phil.

W
 Dioscorea wallichii Hook.f.
 Dioscorea warburgiana Uline ex Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea warmingii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea wattii Prain & Burkill
 Dioscorea weberbaueri R.Knuth
 Dioscorea widgrenii R.Knuth
 Dioscorea wightii Hook.f.
 Dioscorea wittiana R.Knuth
 Dioscorea wrightii Uline ex R.Knuth

X
 Dioscorea xizangensis C.T.Ting

Y
 Dioscorea yunnanensis Prain & Burkill

Z
 Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright

The closely related genus Tamus is included in Dioscorea by some sources, but is maintained as distinct by others. For Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin, see Tamus communis.

See also
 Yams
 Mexican barbasco trade

References

Bibliography

 Flora Europaea: Dioscorea
 Flora of Pakistan: Dioscorea
 Schols, P. 2004. Contributions to the palynology and phylogeny of Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae). PhD thesis KU Leuven.

Dioscoreales genera
Tubers
Dioecious plants

Dioscorea


ولد أبو بكر محمد بن الحساب الكرخي في جانب كرج (إيران)، ولكن المؤرخين متفقون على تلقيبه بالكرخي نسبة الى الكرخ وهي ضاحية من ضواحي بغداد  ولا يُعرف تاريخ ولادته. وقضى حياته في بغداد وأعطى إنتاجه في تلك المدينة الزاهرة (في أواخر القرن العاشر وبداية القرن الحادي عشر الميلادي)، وتوفي هناك في عام 429 هـ/1020م، وقد قضى جزءاً كبيرا من حياته في المناطق الجبلية حيث اشتغل بأعمال الهندسة.

اسمه ومولده
هو أبو بكر محمد بن الحسن الكرجي العالم الرياضي والمهندس، المولود في جانب كرج (إيران). المجهول سنة المولد والمتوفى سنة 410 هـ/ 1020م. برع في الأنماط الرياضية وابتكر مثلثه المشهور الذي يعرف اليوم بمثلث باسكال.

أعماله
اهتم الكرجي اهتماماً كبيراً بعلمي الحساب والجبر فكان نتاجه عظيماً في هذين الحقلين، وبقيت أوروبا تستخدم نتاجه مدة طويلة من الزمن. كذلك قام بابتكار بعض الأفكار الرياضية واستخدمها في مؤلفاته الرياضية ومن هذه الأفكار ما يلي :
 العدد الذي لوأضيف إليه مربعه لكان الناتج مربعاً• ولو طرح منه مربعه لكان الناتج مربعاً.
أي أن : س + س == ص، س - س == ع وقد حل هذه المسألة بطريقة مطوّلة جداً تدل على العمق في البحث.
النظريات التي تتعلق• بإيجاد مجموع مربعات ومكعبات الأعداد التي عددها ن.
عددان مجموع مكعبيهما• يساوي العدد الثالث. أي أن س + س = ص. حل الكرجي هذه المسألة مستعملاً الأعداد الجذرية.
دراسة منظمة للمقادير الجبرية المرفوعة لأسس مختلفة مستخدماً• العمليات الحسابية على هذه المقادير، وكذلك دراسته للمتتاليات مثل : س، س ،….، س ،…. وـ، ـ، …،ـ وبالتالي استنتج مايلي : 1) ــ × ــ == ــ 2) ــ × ــ == ــ
3) ــ × س == ــ 4) ــ × س == ــ
5) ــ × س = س حيث م، ن في جميع الحالات السابقة عددان صحيحان
تطوير القانون العام المعروف لحل المعادلات من الدرجة الثانية•.
ابتكار طريقة لجمع وطرح الأعداد الصم واستنتج القانون التالي :•
أ + ب = (أ + ب) + 2 أ ب وغير ذلك من الأفكار الرياضية التي ابتكرها ويرجع الفضل له في الابتكار.

مؤلفاته
من أهم مؤلفاته: كتاب الفخري وكتاب البديع.

المراجع
 معجم الأعلام: معجم تراجم لأشهر الرجال والنساء من العرب والمستعربين والمستشرقين- بسام عبد الوهّاب الجابي- دار الجفان والجابي للطباعة والنشر- الطبعة الأولى- سنة 1987م

مؤلفاته :-
عكف الكرجي على التصنيف فألف الكثير ولكن مع شديد الأسف ضاع معظم إنتاجه العلمي ولم يُعثر إلا على القليل، ولقد اتفق علماء المشرق والمغرب على أن الكرجي يُعد من عباقرة علماء الرياضيات في العالم لما في إنتاجه من الأصالة والابتكار، ومن مؤلفاته الآتي :
1) كتاب حول حفر الآبار. 2) كتاب الفخري في الحسـاب.
3) كتاب البديع 4) رسالة في النسبة.
5) رسالة في استخراج الجذور الصماء وضربها وقسمتها 6) رسالة حسب فيها مساحات بعض السطوح.
7)رسالة في برهان النظريات التي تتعلق بإيجاد مجموع مربعات ومكعبات الأعداد الطبيعية.
8)رسالة تشمل على ما يزيد على 250 مسألة متنوعة من معادلات الدرجة الأولى والدرجة الثانية وذات درجات أعلى. 9) رسالة في علاقة الرياضيات في الحياة العلمية.
وأخيراً :-
فإن العالم المسلم المخلص لعمله (الكرجي) لم يترك موضوعاً في علمي الحساب والجبر إلا تطرق له وطوّره فكان عالماً محنكاً وموسوعة منظمة.

يعتبر الكرجي من أشهر علماء الرياضيات ببغداد، ولقد تأثر كثيرا بالعالم الجبري أبو كامل المصري (850 ـ 930م). ولقد تقدم كثيرا في علم الهندسة نظرا للجزء الكبير الذي قضاه من حياته في المناطق الجبلية. هذا بالإضافة إلى اهتمامه بعلمي الجبر والحساب. يقول عنه المؤرخ George Sarton في كتابه: "تاريخ العلوم الإنسانية" "إن أوروبا مدينة للكرجي الذي قدم للرياضيات أهم وأكمل نظرية في علم الجبر عرفتها".
أعماله: من بين أعماله الأصيلة والجديدة:
ـ مثلث المعاملات لنظرية ذات الحدين، والمعروف في عصرنا الحاضر باسم مثلث Pascal(فرنسي 1623ـ 1662م) حيث قام بحساب33…(x+y)2(x+y)(x+y)
فكان الأول (x+y) يحمل اسم شيء، وكان الثاني: 2(x+y)يحمل اسم المال وكان الثالث3(x+y) يحمل اسم الكعب. كما أنه قام بعملية حساب مجموع مربعات الأعداد الطبيعية إلى n عدد وكذلك مكعباتها.
استخرج قانون العمليات الحسابية من جمع وطرح للأعداد الصماء.
من مؤلفاته الشهيرة:
ترك لنا هذا العالم الجليل مجموعة من رسائل وكتب فاقت العشرة، نذكر منها:
- رسالة في علاقة الرياضيات بالحياة العملية.
- رسالة في استخراج الجذور الصماء وضربها وقسمتها.
- رسالة في الحساب والجبر.
-رسالة حسب فيها مساحات بعض السطوح.
- رسالة علّق فيها على بعض الحالات في الجبر، والتي وردت في كتاب الجبر والمقابلة للخوارزمي.

مراجع

رياضياتيون فرس في القرن 10
رياضياتيون فرس في القرن 11
أشخاص من بغداد
أشخاص من كرج
إيرانيون في القرن 10
رياضياتيو القرن 10
رياضياتيو القرن 11
رياضياتيون فرس من العصور الوسطى
رياضياتيون من العصر الذهبي للإسلام
علماء إيرانيون
مسلمون في القرن 10
مسلمون في القرن 11
مواليد 341 هـ
مواليد 953
مواليد عقد 950
مواليد في كرج (إيران)
وفيات 1020
وفيات 1029
وفيات 410 هـ
رياضياتيون إيرانيون في القرن 11

أبو بكر الكرجي


Franz Stock fue un sacerdote católico conocido por ayudar a los prisioneros franceses en la represión nazi en París. Nació el 21 de septiembre de 1904 en Neheim-Hüsten, Renania del Norte-Westfalia y murió el 24 de febrero de 1948 en París.

Trayectoria
Nacido en una familia de clase trabajadora, estudió filosofía y teología en Paderborn. En 1926 participó en el Congreso democrático internacional por la Paz, en un contexto de belicismo y de ascenso de los regímenes autoritarios. En 1932 fue ordenado sacerdote.

En 1934 es nombrado rector de la misión católica alemana en París, pero con el estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial debe volver a Alemania.

Después de la ocupación alemana de Francia regresa a París. Preocupado por la represión nazi, comenzó a visitar las cárceles de Fresnes, La Santé y Cherche Midi. Se le encomienda la misión de atender a los condenados a muerte por lo que es de los pocos que no están integrados en el aparato militar nazi que se mueve con cierta libertad en las cárceles donde se congregaban los represaliados por la ocupación. Comienzan así una labor de asistencia clandestina a los presos y de puesta en contacto con sus familiares y amigos arriesgando su propia vida; filtra información, incluso memorizando mensajes, que impiden nuevos actos de represión y evita nuevas detenciones y torturas. Prepara los testimonios en los juicios que consiguen atenuar las penas.

Cuando las fuerzas estadounidenses liberan París en 1944, es detenido en el hospital de la Pieté y hecho prisionero de guerra. De esta forma, comienza un labor de atención a los prisioneros alemanes. Llega a organizar un seminario en el campo de prisioneros cerca de Orleans.

En 1947 es nombrado doctor honoris causa por la Universidad de Friburgo. Muere de improviso en 1948. Debido a que, técnicamente, aún era un prisionero de guerra, su muerte pasó desapercibida. El oficiante de su funeral fue el Nuncio en París, Angelo Roncalli, más tarde Papa Juan XXIII. Solo unas 12 personas acompañaron su cuerpo hasta el cementerio de Thiais en París.

El 14 de noviembre de 2009 se abrió el proceso de beatificación de Stock en la iglesia de San Juan Bautista en Arnsberg-Neheim, su lugar de nacimiento. Fue bautizado en esta iglesia y allí celebró su primera Misa. Muchos miembros de la congregación y muchos de sus antiguos compañeros participaron en el servicio. La ceremonia estuvo presidida por el actual arzobispo de Paderborn, Hans-Joseph Becker. Con este paso, Stock podría ser referido como un Siervo de Dios dentro de la Iglesia Católica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Comité-Franz-Stock

Referencias

Iglesia católica en Francia
Sacerdotes católicos de Alemania del siglo XX
Nazismo
Prisioneros de guerra
Siervos de Dios de Alemania
Religiosos de Alemania del siglo XX
Personas de la Provincia de Westfalia

Franz Stock


L'église Saint-Étienne est une église située à Pommiers-Moulons, dans le département français de la Charente-Maritime en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Historique

Vers 1574, les Calvinistes saccagent les voûtes de la nef.

Elle abrite deux peintures monumentales (carrées de  de côté), situées de part et d'autre de la fenêtre centrale du chœur, représentant saint Michel et le dragon, saint Crépin et saint Crépinien, le Christ en majesté et les évangélistes. Classées au registre des Monuments historiques en tant qu'objets depuis le , elles datent du  mais ont été refixées et consolidées en 1993 par Florence Crémer. Cette même église abrite une cloche en bronze de 1690 et classée aussi au registre des Mobiliers historiques depuis le .

L'église est inscrite au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Architecture

Intérieur

Extérieur

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Charente-Maritime
 Églises de la Charente-Maritime

Liens externes

Moulons
Monument historique inscrit en 2000
Moulons
Moulons

Église Saint-Étienne de Moulons


L'église Saint-Cyr est une église située à Saint-Ciers-Champagne, dans le département français de la Charente-Maritime en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Historique

L'église est inscrite au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Architecture

Intérieur

Extérieur

Galerie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Charente-Maritime
 Églises de la Charente-Maritime

Liens externes

Église gothique en Charente-Maritime
Monument historique inscrit en 1935
Saint-Ciers-Champagne
Saint-Ciers-Champagne

Église Saint-Cyr de Saint-Ciers-Champagne


Olaylar
 Bulgaristan, Osmanlı Devleti tarafından alındı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 6 Haziran - Go-En'yū, Japonya'da Nanboku-chō dönemi sırasında beşinci Kuzey Talibi (d. 1359)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 V. Bagrat, Gürcü Kralı

1393


السيد مصطفى بن السيد أمين بن السيد سلمان بن السيد محمد جلبي الأعظمي، وهو من أعيان العراق في الأعظمية في بغداد، ولد في محلة السفينة في عام 1302هـ/1884م، ونشأ فيها وتعلم القرآن في الكتاتيب ثم أنتسب لكلية الإمام الأعظم، ولم يكمل الدراسة فيها فأنصرف إلى مهنة الزراعة مع والدهِ، ولديه ثلاثة اخوة واخت واحدة هم السيد إبراهيم والسيدة امينة والسيد حمدي والسيد احمد أبناء السيد امين بن السيد سلمان الاعظمي. السيد إبراهيم والد الدكتور عبد الجبار (والد السيد ياسين) الذي كان طبيبا معروفا في النمسا وسويسرا والمملكة العربية السعودية والعراق. اما السيد حمدي والد السيد بشير الاعظمي كان حاكماً ومعروف بأسم بشير الحاكم في منطقة السفينة في الأعظمية.

كان مصطفى أمين الاعظمي رجلاً ذكياً حازماً مبدعاً، لقد أسس مع أخيهِ السيد حمدي أمين الاعظمي مشروع إسالة الماء في منطقة الأعظمية في عام 1922م، ثم أنتخب رئيساً لبلدية الأعظمية عام 1923م، وبعد ذلك قام بإنشاء مشروع كهرباء الأعظمية عام 1925م وتم إصدار تشريع من ملك العراق حينها بموافقة مجلسي الاعيان والنواب لتصديق مقاولة امتياز كهرباء الاعظمية بتاريخ 1933/6/19 وهذا منشور في قاعدة التشريعات العراقية. وقد تم هذا بمساعدة أخوته السيد إبراهيم والسيد حمدي والسيد احمد.

السيد مصطفى بن السيد امين كان رجلاً مثقفاً وأديباً مسموع الكلمة ولهُ مجلساً حافلاً بالفضلاء من رجال الأعمال والمصالح ويحضرهُ رجال الصحافة والأدب.

وفاته
توفي مصطفى أمين في عام 1354هـ/1935م، وشيع في موكب كبير ودفن في مقبرة الخيزران.

مصادر

أشخاص من الأعظمية
كتاب وكاتبات عراقيون
مدفونون في مقبرة الخيزران
مواليد 1302 هـ
مواليد 1884
وفيات 1354 هـ
وفيات 1935

مصطفى أمين الأعظمي


100 års barndom: 1990 - De begravede burhøns er en dokumentarfilm fra 1997 instrueret af Marianne Kemp efter manuskript af Johannes Møllehave.

Handling
Børnene er i fokus i denne beretning om et århundrede, der for første gang i historien kan skildres i levende billeder. En filmmosaik bestående af private og professionelle filmoptagelser. Århundredets sidste årti er i vores del af verden præget af velstand og fordragelighed. Familielivet er grundlagt på aftaler, og alle styrter rundt til diverse aktiviteter. Middagsmåltidet i familien er erstattet af fast food. Børnene er ikke længere på gaden - de er på institution. Børn er målbevidste individer, og de ved ofte nøjagtigt hvad de vil. Om barndommen i 90'erne er bedre end ved starten af århundredet ved vi ikke. Men vi ved at børn gennem de sidste 100 år er blevet langt mere synlige, og at de her, tæt på årtusindskiftet, endelig accepteres som selvstændige individer med krav på samme menneskerettigheder som voksne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danmark i 1990'erne
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1997


كان أحمد بن عبد الله البغدادي عالماً وفقيهاً وخطاطاً، ويعتبر من مشاهير الخطاطين في بغداد، وكان حسن الخط يجيده بضروبهِ النسخ الرفيع والثلث، وقد كتب كثيراً من المؤلفات والكتب، وفي خطهِ روعة وجمال تشهد بها مخطوطاته، ومن آثارهِ الخطية كتاب صفوة الزبد للشيخ أحمد بن رسلان من مكتبة الشيخ كمال الدين الطائي رقم 28، ولقد كتب في آخره: (فرغت من نسخ هذا الكتاب في أواسط شوال سنة 1128هـ، وأنا الفقير أحمد عبد الله البغدادي).

وفاته
توفي أحمد البغدادي في عام 1157هـ/1744م.

مصادر

أشخاص من بغداد
خطاطو الخط العربي في القرن 12 هـ
خطاطون عراقيون
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
وفيات 1175 هـ
وفيات 1744

أحمد بن عبد الله البغدادي


Steve Bell (* 26. Februar 1951 in Walthamstow, London) ist ein englischer Zeichner und Cartoonist, der sich vorrangig der politischen Karikatur verschrieben hat. Von 1981 bis 2021 erschien sein Comicstrip If... bei The Guardian.

Leben und Wirken

Steve Bell wurde am 26. Februar 1951 in Walthamstow als Sohn eines Ingenieurs geboren. Er wuchs in Slough auf und besuchte die örtliche Grammar School. Bereits in seiner Kindheit begann er sich für Comics zu interessieren. Zu seinen Vorbildern gehörten unter anderem Ronald Searle und Wally Fawkes.

1968 zog Bells Familie nach North Yorkshire und er begann eine Ausbildung zum Künstler am Teesside College of Art in Middlesbrough, die er jedoch wieder abbrach. Nach einem kurzen Aufenthalt in Canterbury studierte er Kunst und Film an der University of Leeds. Dort freundete er sich mit Kipper Williams an, einem freischaffenden Cartoonisten. Bell fing ebenfalls an, Comics zu zeichnen. Er fertigte Poster für die Film Society und entwarf sein Alter Ego Monsieur L'Artiste. 1974 schloss Bell das Kunststudium erfolgreich ab.

Am St. Luke's College in Exeter absolvierte Bell darüber hinaus eine Ausbildung zum Kunsterzieher, die er mit dem englischen Lehrerdiplom 1975 abschloss. Doch er unterrichtete anschließend nur ein Jahr lang Kunst an einer weiterführenden Schule in Birmingham. Diese Zeit beschrieb Bell später als die schlimmste seines Lebens. Die Rolle des Lehrers als Autoritätsperson widersprach seiner persönlichen Abneigung gegen Autoritäten im Allgemeinen. Neben seiner pädagogischen Tätigkeit beschäftigte sich Bell weiterhin mit der Comiczeichnerei. So veröffentlichte er 1976 unentgeltlich einen Comicstrip mit dem Titel Maxwell the Mutant: Marauding the Midlands in der alternativen Zeitschrift Birmingham Broadside, den er mit S. Bell signierte. Er bewarb sich bei The Beano, wurde jedoch abgelehnt.

1977 kündigte Bell seine Lehrerstelle und wurde freischaffender Karikaturist. Außer seinem Freund Williams hatte er jedoch noch keinerlei Kontakte in der Branche. Im Jahr darauf erhielt er den ersten bezahlten Auftrag, eine Reihe für das Kinder-Comicmagazin Whoopee!. Davon erschienen  aber nur zwanzig Folgen. Bell übernahm danach häufig Aufträge für Kindercomics. So veröffentlichte unter anderem die Zeitschrift Jackpot seinen Comicstrip Gremlins im Mai 1979 in ihrer ersten Ausgabe. Er handelte von einer Bande sich daneben benehmender Tintenkleckse. Im gleichen Jahr zeichnete Bell den politischen Fantasy-Comic Maggie's Farm, der die konservative Regierung und Margaret Thatcher karikierte, welche gerade Premierministerin geworden war. Seine überaus kritische Einstellung gegenüber Thatcher kam darin zum Ausdruck. Dieser Comic war sehr erfolgreich und wurde von 1979 bis 1987 im Time Out und City Limits veröffentlicht. Es folgten weitere politische Comics in linksgerichteten Zeitschriften.

Bell, der inzwischen eine Familie gegründet hatte und eine Hypothek abzahlen musste, bewarb sich 1981 bei The Guardian, obwohl er dort bereits einmal abgelehnt worden war. Da dem Redakteur Maggie's Farm gefiel, engagierte er Bell für einen täglichen Comicstrip namens If.... Der Titel bezieht sich auf ein bekanntes Gedicht von Rudyard Kipling, das britische Eigenschaften wie Courage und Entschlossenheit preist. Im November 1981 erschien die erste Folge des Comics. If... etablierte sich mit der Zeit zu einer festen Größe bei The Guardian und wurde trotz gelegentlicher Probleme durch Bells Scharfzüngigkeit so erfolgreich, dass er jahrzehntelang regelmäßig gedruckt wurde (zunächst an sechs, später an vier Tagen die Woche).

Ab 1990 begann Bell zusätzliche Aufgaben beim Guardian zu übernehmen und wurde für den gesamten Bereich politischer Cartoons verantwortlich. Unter anderem zeichnete er vier großflächige Einzelbilder, die auf der Hauptseite erschienen. Dazu gehörte ein Bild des neuen Premierministers John Major, das ihn als nutzlosen Superhelden darstellt, der seine Unterhose über der Hose trägt. Bell karikierte viele weitere britische Politiker in seinen Cartoons, so war unter anderem Tony Blair ein beliebtes Motiv von ihm.

Bell veröffentlichte seine Comics auch in zahlreichen anderen Zeitschriften wie zum Beispiel Private Eye, Cheeky, Social Work Today, Leveller, New Musical Express, Journalist, New Society und New Statesman. Seine Arbeit bei New Statesman endete jedoch 1999, als die Redakteurin fröhlichere Coverbilder forderte. Aus Bells Sicht machte es keinen Sinn, in seinen Comics etwas Positives über Politiker auszudrücken, er wollte sie mit seinen Bildern demaskieren und angreifen.

Bell zeichnet seine Cartoons in Reproduktionsgröße mit einem "John Heath's Telephone Pen" und mit Pinsel und Tusche entweder auf kleine Kartons oder auf Aquarellpapier.

Neben den in Zeitschriften veröffentlichten Comicstrips publizierte Bell mehr als 20 Comic-Bücher und schuf gemeinsam mit Bob Godfrey einige animierte Kurzfilme für BBC und Channel 4.

Mehrfach wurde Bell zum besten englischen Cartoonisten des Jahres gewählt, so 1984, 1985 (vom Cartoonists' Club of Great Britain), 1993, 1995–1998 (vom Cartoon Trust), 2002, 2005 und 2007 (von der Political Cartoon Society).

Im April 2021 wurde der Comicstrip If... nach fast 40 Jahren und rund 8300 Ausgaben eingestellt. Laut Bell traf The Guardian diese Entscheidung aus Kostengründen, er werde aber in geringerem Umfang weiter für die Zeitung arbeiten. Gleichzeitig äußerte er jedoch auch die Vermutung, "wahrscheinlich zu vulgär für das gegenwärtige Regime" zu sein. Zuletzt hätte The Guardian seine Strip-Entwürfe zunehmend aus verschiedenen Gründen zurückgewiesen. Im Oktober 2023 kündigte ihm der Guardian, nachdem er eine Karikatur des israelischen Ministerpräsidenten Benjamin Netanjahu eingereicht hatte, die aus Sicht der Redaktion als antisemitisch aufgefasst werden kann.

Bell ist verheiratet, hat vier erwachsene Kinder und lebt in Brighton.

Publikationen (Auswahl)

 Maggie's farm.  Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth 1981, ISBN 978-0-14-006078-2.
 The Steve Bell album. Methuen Publishing Ltd, London 1998, ISBN 978-0-413-72540-0.
 Apes of wrath. Methuen Publishing Ltd, London 2005, ISBN 978-0-413-77450-7.
 If - marches on. Methuen Publishing Ltd, London 2006, ISBN 978-0-413-77571-9.
 My vision for a new you. Methuen Publishing Ltd, London 2006, ISBN 978-0-413-77593-1.

Ausstellungen (Auswahl)
 2001 Sir John Soane's Museum in London
 2005 Kunstverein Hannover
 2005 Kunsthalle Düsseldorf
 2006 The Cartoon Museum in London
 2007 Norwich Arts Centre
 2010 Nasher Art Gallery an der Duke University
 2011 Wilhelm-Busch-Museum in Hannover

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)
 1993 Cartoonist of the Year des BBC-Radioprogramms What the Papers Say
 1993 XXI Premio Satira Politica (Grafica estera) Forte Dei Marmi
 2001 Cartoon of the Year Award der Political Cartoon Society
 2002 British Press Awards, Cartoonist of the Year
 2005 Cartoonist of the Year der Political Cartoon Society
 2005 Best Political Satire Award der Political Studies Association
 2005 Political Humour Award des Channel 4
 2007 Cartoonist of the Year der Political Cartoon Society
 2008 Cartoon of the Year Award der Political Cartoon Society
 Ehrenabschlüsse der Universitäten von Sussex, Teesside, Loughborough, Leeds and Brighton.

Weblinks

 Steve Bell Cartoon Webseite
 Biografie im British Cartoon Archive
 Biografie mit Fotos, Bildern und Liste der Auszeichnungen auf der Webseite der BBC
 Steve Bells If ... und Liste aller seiner Karikaturen bei The Guardian

Einzelnachweise

Karikaturist (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Person (The Guardian)
Brite
Geboren 1951
Mann

Steve Bell (Karikaturist)