Batman vs. Superman: Zorii dreptății (titlu original: Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice) este un film american cu supereroi din 2016 regizat de Zack Snyder. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Jesse Eisenberg, Diane Lane, Laurence Fishburne, Jeremy Irons, Holly Hunter și Gal Gadot.

Filmul este al doilea din Universul Extins DC (DCEU), după cel din 2013  Man of Steel.

Prezentare
La optsprezece luni după bătălia dintre Superman și Generalul Zod în Metropolis, Superman a devenit un personaj controversat. Miliardarul Bruce Wayne, care operează de 20 de ani în Gotham City în calitate de justițiarul Batman, consideră că Superman este o amenințare pentru omenire. După ce află de modul de aplicare de justiție a lui Batman, Clark Kent (identitatea secretă a lui Superman) încearcă să-l expună prin intermediul articolelor publicate de Daily Planet.

Wayne află că traficantul rus de arme Anatoli Knyazev cooperează cu Lex Luthor, mogulul companiei LexCorp. Între timp, Luthor încearcă fără succes să-l convingă pe senatorul June Finch să-i permită să importe kryptonită extrasă din Oceanul Indian după încercarea de terraformare a lui Zod, susținând că vrea s-o mențină ca un "descurajator" pentru viitoarelor amenințări kryptoniene și metaumane. Astfel, el face în schimb planuri alternative cu subordonații lui Finch și câștigă acces către corpul fără viață a lui Zod, precum și la nava de cercetare kryptoniană.

Bruce participă la o gală la LexCorp pentru a fura niște date criptate de la mainframe-ul companiei, unde se întâlnește și cu Clark. El se întoarc la mainframe, dar descoperă că datele au fost luate între timp de către un dealer de antichități numită Diana Prince. Totuși, ea le înapoiază în cele din urmă lui Bruce, după ce nu a putut accesa informațiile.

În timp ce decriptează unitatea, Bruce are un vis despre o lume post-apocaliptică unde conduce un grup de rebeli împotriva forțelor lui Superman, care a devenit malefic și a cucerit planeta. El este trezit din vis de către o persoană necunoscută, care apare printr-un portal și îl avertizează asupra rolului crucial al lui Lois Lane în viitor și îl îndeamnă să-i găsească pe "ceilalți" înainte de a de a dispărea. După ce decriptează datele, Bruce descoperă mai multe persoane cu abilități metaumane din întreaga lume. Una dintre ele este chiar Diana Prince, pe care o vede într-o poză făcută în timpul Primului Război Mondial. Wayne recunoaște în fața valetului său Alfred Pennyworth că intenționează să fure kryptonita pentru a construi arme împotriva lui Superman, dacă va deveni necesar să-l confrunte.

La o audiere a Congresului, în timp ce Finch îl interoghează pe Superman cu privire la validitatea acțiunilor sale, o bombă deținută de Luthor explodează și îi ucide pe toți cei prezenți, cu excepția Superman. Crezând că ar fi trebuit să detecteze bomba, și frustrat că nu i-a putut salva, Superman se auto-exilează. Între timp, Batman se infiltrează în LexCorp și fură kryptonita, pe care o folosește pentru a crea un exoschelet puternic, un lansator de grenade de kryptonită și o suliță cu vârful de kryptonită, pe care le va folosi în lupta cu Superman. Între timp, Luthor intră în nava kryptoniană și accesează o vastă bază de date tehnologică acumulate din peste 100.000 de lumi.

Pentru a-l readuce din exil pe Superman, Luthor le răpește pe Lois și pe Martha Kent, mama adoptivă a lui Clark. Superman o salvează pe Lois, dar Luthor îi dezvăluie că el i-a manipulat pe el și pe Batman, alimentându-le disprețul unuia față de celălalt. Luthor îl obligă pe Superman să-l omoare pe Batman în schimbul vieții lui Martha.

Superman încearcă să explice situația lui Batman, dar acesta îl atacă și îl învinge în cele din urmă. Înainte ca Batman să-l omoare pe Superman cu sulița, Superman îl roagă s-o "salveze pe Martha", care este de asemenea numele mamei lui Batman, al cărui tată a avut un sentiment asemănător înainte de a muri. Realizând cât de mult s-a înjosit, Batman o salvează pe Martha, în timp ce Superman îl confruntă pe Luthor pe navă.

Luthor își activează planul de rezervă, dezlănțuind un monstru fabricat genetic cu ADN din corpul lui Zod și din propriul său sânge. În timp ce Batman și Superman se luptă cu acest monstru, Diana Prince sosește neașteptat și își dezvăluie puterile metaumane, ajutându-i pe cei doi în luptă. Când cu toții sunt depășiți, Superman își dă seama de vulnerabilitatea monstrului la kryptonită și îl înjunghie cu lancea. Totuși, monstrul reușește să-l înjunghie de asemenea pe Superman, omorându-l.

Luthor este arestat și Batman îl confruntă în închisoare, avertizându-l că îl va urmări mereu. Luthor se mândrește că moartea lui Superman a făcut lumea vulnerabilă la amenințările extraterestre. O ceremonie de înmormântare este ținută pentru Superman în Metropolis, la fel și pentru Clark, la care participă diverși prieteni și membri ai familiei, inclusiv Bruce și Diana. Martha îi dă un plic lui Lois, care conține un inel de logodnă de la Clark.

După înmormântare, Bruce își exprimă regretul Dianei că l-a dezamăgit pe Superman. El îi dezvăluie apoi că intenționează să formeze o echipă de oameni cu puteri metaumane ca ale ei, începând cu cei din dosarele de la Luthor, pentru a ajuta la protejarea lumii în absența lui Superman. După plecarea lor, praful de pe coșciugul lui Clark se ridică, sugerând că acesta ar putea fi încă în viață.

Distribuție

|-
| Ben Affleck || Bruce Wayne / Batman
|-
| Henry Cavill || Clark Kent / Superman
|-
| Amy Adams || Lois Lane
|-
| Gal Gadot || Diana Prince / Femeia Fantastică
|-
| Jesse Eisenberg || Lex Luthor
|-
| Diane Lane || Martha Kent
|-
| Jeremy Irons || Alfred Pennyworth
|-
| Laurence Fishburne || Perry White
|-
| Holly Hunter || U.S. Senator Finch
|-
| Scoot McNairy || Wallace Keefe
|-
| Jeffrey Dean Morgan || Thomas Wayne
|-
| Lauren Cohan || Martha Wayne
|-
| Michael Shannon || General Zod
|-
| Michael Cassidy || Jimmy Olsen
|-
| Harry Lennix || General Swarnick
|-
| Kevin Costner || Jonathan Kent
|-
| Ezra Miller || Barry Allen / The Flash
|-
| Jason Momoa || Arthur Curry / Aquaman
|}

Note

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Batman vs. Superman: Zorii dreptății


Operation Battleaxe (15–17 June 1941) was a British Army offensive during the Second World War to raise the Siege of Tobruk and re-capture eastern Cyrenaica from German and Italian forces. It was the first time during the war that a significant German force fought on the defensive. The British lost over half of their tanks on the first day and only one of three attacks succeeded.

The British achieved mixed results on the second day, being pushed back on their western flank and repulsing a big German counter-attack in the centre. On the third day, the British narrowly avoided disaster by withdrawing just ahead of a German encircling movement. The failure of Battleaxe led to the replacement of British General Sir Archibald Wavell, Commander-in-Chief Middle East, by Claude Auchinleck; Wavell took Auchinleck's position as Commander-in-Chief, India.

Background

/Operation Sunflower

In late March 1941, soon after the arrival of the  in Tripoli, Libya to reinforce the Italians, the Axis forces quickly captured the British front line position at El Agheila and by mid-April, had reached as far as Sallum, Egypt. The British held the fortified port of Tobruk, which was besieged by the Axis. Having been informed by General Wavell that the Western Desert Force was vastly inferior to the Axis forces now in Africa, Churchill ordered that a convoy of tanks and Hawker Hurricanes, Operation Tiger (Convoy WS 58), be sailed through the Mediterranean instead of around the Cape of Good Hope to cut forty days off the journey.

Tobruk

The German Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht) sent General Friedrich Paulus to Africa to investigate the situation. On 12 May, Paulus, after witnessing one of Rommel's failed attempts to assault Tobruk, sent a report to OKW describing Rommel's position as weak, with critical shortages of both fuel and ammunition. With Operation Barbarossa imminent, Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch, Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, ordered Rommel not to advance further or attack Tobruk again.

Operation Brevity

Through Ultra intercepts, the British also received the report by Paulus. Churchill, believing that one strong push would dislodge German forces, began to increase the pressure on Wavell to attack. Operation Brevity was quickly planned as a limited operation to seize Sollum, Halfaya Pass and Fort Capuzzo, then advance on Sidi Aziz and Tobruk. The operation was to continue as far as supply would allow but not risk the forces committed; the objective was to destroy as much Axis equipment as possible and secure a foothold for the larger Operation Battleaxe, once the new tanks were made available. Brevity began on 15 May and Fort Capuzzo and Halfaya Pass were captured but next day William Gott, concerned that his 22nd Guards Brigade would be destroyed if caught in the open by Germans tanks, decided to pull almost the entire force back to Halfaya Pass. The operation ended on 17 May, with only the Halfaya Pass captured. The pass was retaken by a small German force on 27 May, in Operation Skorpion.

Greece and Crete
By the end of May, the Greek island of Crete had been captured in the Battle of Crete, providing the Luftwaffe with more airfields from which to attack Allied shipping and protect their supply convoys and troops in Cyrenaica; delaying Battleaxe could mean stronger Axis opposition. The British Chiefs of Staff stated that it was imperative that control be wrested in the area between Sollum and Derna and British air power be re-established there.

Prelude

Tiger Convoy
On 12 May, the Tiger convoy arrived in Alexandria with  and  consisting of   tanks (including fifty of the new Crusader tanks) and  There were delays in unloading the tanks, which also had to be adapted for desert use, so Battleaxe was postponed until 10 June. The tanks were intended for the 7th Armoured Division, which had been out of action since February, after most of its tanks had worn out during Operation Compass.

British plan

On 28 May, Wavell gave his orders for Operation Battleaxe, an operation in three stages; the Axis forces were to be defeated on the frontier and the area of Halfaya, Sollum, Capuzzo and Sidi Aziez was to be secured. In the second phase, XIII Corps was to secure the area around Tobruk and El Adem, then the areas of Derna and Mechili were to be captured. The plan was based on intelligence information, which incorrectly indicated that  of the German tank strength was at Tobruk, which would put the British at a decisive material advantage on the frontier. The attack was originally scheduled for 7 June, but was pushed back at the insistence of General O'Moore Creagh, whose squadrons did not receive their tanks until 9 June. The new date was 15 June, giving Creagh five days for additional training.

In the first stage, the British would advance in a three-prong assault to clear the frontier region. Along the coast was Coast Force and inland was Escarpment Force. The former was responsible for capturing Halfaya Pass, while the latter was to capture the remainder of the frontier at Fort Capuzzo, Musaid and Sollum. The 7th Armoured Brigade Group and the artillery of the Support Group were to engage and destroy the German tanks, which were thought to be at Hafid Ridge. This would also trap Axis units on the frontier between themselves and the remainder of the British forces. After capturing the frontier, the brigades of the 7th Armoured Division would reform and continue north to relieve Tobruk. Once joined by the Tobruk garrison, the combined forces would press on to the west, driving the Germans as far back as possible.

Three days prior to the start of Battleaxe, to help soften the Axis forces, the Royal Air Force was to bomb Benghazi while all aircraft capable of ground attack were to bomb Axis movement on the frontier. Once the battle began, fighters were to patrol defensively over Allied ground forces, while medium bombers were to stand by to engage Axis columns. Such was the priority on Battleaxe that Arthur Tedder (Air Officer Commander-in-Chief, Middle East) was instructed by the Chiefs of Staff to accept significant risks in other theatres by diverting all possible air support for it. Beresford-Peirse and Tedder established headquarters well to the rear, at Sidi Barrani and Maaten Baggush. Beresford-Peirse chose Sidi Barrani as, even though it was more than a five-hour drive from the battlefield, it was equipped with the most advanced airfield for reconnaissance aircraft and was also the most forward position from which communications could be maintained with Maaten Baggush.

Axis preparations

Though Brevity had failed to yield any territory to the British, it showed Rommel that his front line defences were quite easy to breach. Anticipating further British attacks, the Axis forces created a line of fortified positions from Halfaya to Sidi Aziz, placing a number of anti-tank guns and anti-tank mines on the Halfaya Pass, Point 206 (south of Forth Capuzzo) and on Point 208 (west of Fort Capuzzo on the Hafid Ridge). The primary responsibility of the frontier defence was charged to the 15th Panzer Division, which had received a new commander, General Walter Neumann-Silkow, on 8 June. Poor signals security in the 7th Armoured Division gave Rommel nine hours notice of the operation. Rommel sent the 5th Light Division to the south of Tobruk, ready to use it against either the Sollum area or on Tobruk and ordered a big artillery bombardment of Tobruk the night before the operation, to prevent the Allied garrison from breaking out.

Battle

15 June

For the RAF, everything went according to plan on the first day. Axis supply columns and airfields had been hit repeatedly up to the start of the attack and once the operation began, and British columns were able to move unmolested from their starting points at Sofafi and Buq-Buq to their destinations covered by RAF fighters. Axis aircraft managed only six attacks that day. On the eastern side, at 05:15, Coast Force—commanded by Brigadier Reginald Savory and charged with capturing Halfaya Pass, started to move on to their objective. On the escarpment was the Halfaya Group, composed of the 2nd Battalion Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders, the 13 tanks (twelve Matildas and one light tank) of C Squadron, 4th Royal Tank Regiment (which had captured Halfaya Pass during Operation Brevity) and an artillery battery from the 31st Field Regiment. To their east and below the lip of the escarpment were the 1st Battalion 6th Rajputana Rifles and 2nd Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry, two troops of A Squadron, 4th Royal Tank Regiment and a few 25-pounder guns.

At 05:40, British artillery for the Halfaya Group was scheduled to open fire on the German and Italian forces in Halfaya, to cover the tanks and infantry but the battery had become bogged down by soft sand. After waiting until 06:00, 15 minutes after the fighting began to the west below the escarpment, the commander of C Squadron ordered his tanks to attack at the top of the pass; soon after, the anti-tank guns of the defenders opened fire and within a few hours all but one light tank and one of the Matildas had been destroyed, including Miles' own. The Cameron Highlanders were soon driven back by a detachment of German armoured cars and motorised infantry. Below the escarpment four of the Matildas were disabled by anti-tank mines which were supposed to have been cleared; this blocked the path of the remaining two and reduced the small tank force to acting in a pillbox capacity. The Rajputana Rifles and Mahrattas made several attempts to reach the pass but were repelled each time; the former lost their commanding officer in the final attack.

In the centre, the 7th Royal Tank Regiment reached Fort Capuzzo by noon and scattered the defenders, who retreated north to join the 15th Panzer Division, between them and Bardia. Soon afterwards, they faced several counter-attacks by a battalion from the 8th Panzer Regiment of the 15th Panzer Division. After being joined by the 22nd Guards Brigade, they faced the final and largest counter-attack at 18:30 but managed to repulse it. These were not serious assaults, as Rommel would not commit the 15th Panzer Division to battle without more information on the situation. The 8th Panzer Regiment skirmished briefly and then feigned a disorderly retreat to lure Matilda tanks into a chase into range of concealed anti-tank guns. Neither side took much damage from these actions. In response to the British capture of Capuzzo and concerned with a possible attack on Sollum and Bardia, Rommel ordered the 5th Light Division to Sidi Azeiz ready for a possible counter-attack.

The rest of the 4th Royal Tank Regiment had been used as a flank guard for the 7th Royal Tank Regiment. While B Squadron was kept in reserve, the three remaining troops of A Squadron (12 tanks) had initial success against Battle Position (B.P.) 38, capturing 200 Axis prisoners and eight field guns with virtually no loss. These gains were lost when A Squadron were repelled at Point 206 and German forces counter-attacked at B.P. 38. In the evening, after A Squadron was down to only one remaining tank, the sixteen tanks of B Squadron were brought into action and Point 206 was captured. In capturing these objectives, the British also took over 500 German and Italian prisoners. That night, the 2nd Scots Guards—a battalion of the 22nd Guards Brigade—were able to advance further eastward and capture an outpost at Musaid.

On the western side, the 7th Armoured Brigade had placed the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment, equipped with older cruiser tanks, in front of the 6th Royal Tank Regiment to use their new Crusader tanks as a surprise. The force reached Hafid Ridge (which actually consisted of three ridges) by about 09:00. After 2nd Royal Tank Regiment had crossed over the first ridge, they were attacked at near point-blank range by dug in anti-tank guns, destroying two A9 cruiser tanks before the rest could retreat. This development posed a serious problem for the brigade, as the cruiser tanks were armed with 2-pounder anti-tank guns which lacked the High Explosive (HE) rounds needed to engage infantry and artillery. Artillery support was not available as it was attached to the Support Group in the south-west, was covering the 7th Armoured Brigade's flank.

It was decided to attempt a flanking attack while waiting for the artillery to arrive. A small force of tanks from the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment was sent to the western part of the Hafid Ridge, with orders to turn into the first valley. The attack went well at first, as the tanks caught the Axis forces unaware and were able to strafe along their trenches with their machine guns, losing only one tank in the process. As they approached point 208 on their way eastwards, the commander became aware of its fortifications and ordered his units to disengage; due to an equipment shortage, only one tank per troop was equipped with a radio and five of his tanks, not receiving the order, continued towards Point 208 and were destroyed by its 88 mm guns.

Soon, reports came in from Allied aircraft that German tanks were approaching and the order was given to clear the ridges to use the advantageous terrain for the upcoming tank battle. At 17:30 reports came in from forward observers that the defenders were withdrawing from Hafid Ridge. After clearing the first ridge, it looked as though the reports were accurate, as German trucks and towed guns were seen moving away over the second crest. Pursuit began but upon the British forces clearing the second ridge, the Axis forces sprung their trap and fired on the Crusader tanks at near point-blank range; within minutes, 11 of the Crusaders were destroyed and six more heavily damaged. The Axis infantry and anti-tank guns, bereft of entrenchments, also took significant casualties. Over thirty German tanks from a battalion of the 5th Panzer Regiment, part of the 5th Light Division which had earlier been stationed north at Sidi Azeiz, were seen arriving from the west.

By the end of the first day, Fort Capuzzo had been captured but not Halfaya Pass and Hafid Ridge and the British had lost a significant number of tanks. In the 7th Armoured Brigade, the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment was down to 28 cruiser tanks and the 6th Royal Tank Regiment to only 20 of their 50 Crusaders; many of the tanks which had been damaged, were abandoned in the field as the 7th Armoured Brigade withdrew from Hafid Ridge, leaving them for seizure by German tank recovery teams. The 4th Armoured Brigade, from its original strength of roughly 100 Matildas, was down to 37 (though 11 more were repaired by the following morning). German panzer losses were trifling, though there had been many casualties among the garrisons at Hafid Ridge, Point 206 and Fort Capuzzo. Beresford-Peirse planned to have the 11th Infantry Brigade continue its attack next day on Halfaya Pass, the 22nd Guards Brigade to hold their position and for the 4th Armoured Brigade to reinforce the 7th Armoured Brigade for a combined attack on the outnumbered 5th Light Division.

Through the wireless intelligence service, Rommel had a fairly clear picture of the British situation, including their losses, problems and the new orders issued by Beresford-Peirse. Rommel was concerned for the forces at Halfaya Pass, which were trapped by the 22nd Guards Brigade on one side and the 11th Infantry Brigade on the other and running low on supplies. His plan was to have the 5th Light Division, which by midnight had almost fully reached Sidi Azeiz, drive south towards Sidi Omar and then east towards Sidi Suleiman and then north-east to Halfaya Pass, approaching the 11th Infantry Brigade from the rear. To prevent the re-deployment of Matildas, either to reinforce the 7th Armoured Brigade as Beresford-Peirse planned or to assist the British forces at Halfaya, Neumann-Silkow was ordered to attack Capuzzo. He ordered the attacks to begin while still dark, as the British intended to start their operations shortly after dawn.

16 June

The 11th Infantry Brigade renewed their attack on Halfaya Pass, but met with same failure as the day prior. Bach's forces—though outnumbered and running low on supplies—were now totally surrounded, and thus could not retreat even if they were inclined to do so. Messervy saw this lack of progress and disregarded Beresford-Peirse's orders to release his tanks and decided to retain the few remaining Matildas he had until some breach of the Axis defences could be made. Neumann-Silkow began his attack on British held Fort Capuzzo at 06:00. He organised the 80 tanks under his command into two columns and attacked Capuzzo from either side. The attack went poorly from the onset, as the 15th Panzer Division ran directly into heavy artillery from 25-pounders which had been brought up during the night and Matilda tanks in entrenched positions. By 10:00, the 15th Panzer Division had lost fifty of its tanks, and by 12:00, they were forced to withdraw. Soon after the German forces withdrew the Scots Guards advanced further west, capturing the Sollum barracks to prevent Axis forces from either flanking on the east or linking up with the Halfaya garrison.

Starting at dawn, the 5th Light Division began to advance southwards past the western edge of Hafid Ridge. The 7th Armoured Brigade kept pace with them to the east, joined by the 7th Support Group as the two forces approached Sidi Omar. During the running skirmish, the British tanks had a few successful attacks against unarmoured German transport vehicles, but they found themselves at a significant disadvantage when they engaged the panzers, who utilised an extremely effective tactic against them. The Panzer IVs, armed with high-explosive  guns with an effective range of ~2750 m, would open fire while still well out of the roughly  range of the 2-pounder guns found on British tanks. While this would do minimal damage to the British tanks, it decimated their towed 25-pounder artillery, which would be forced to withdraw. Without British artillery to concern them, the Panzer IV and  gun armed Panzer IIIs could then safely close range with their British counterparts and pick off the thinly armed cruiser tanks while still remaining beyond the range of the British tank guns. If the British tanks attempted to move forward to engage the panzers, the latter would quickly retreat behind a screen of anti-tank guns while lighter armoured elements would begin to move around the British flanks. To make matters worse for the 7th Armoured Brigade, they suffered numerous breakdowns. By evening, both regiments of the 7th Armoured Brigade had retreated east of the Frontier Wire and the 7th Support Group and withdrawn even further.  At 19:00, just as dusk fell, the 5th Light Division further weakened the 7th Armoured Brigade with an attack which only ended when night fell.

Rommel—who had seen several of the engagements between the 7th Armoured Brigade and 5th Light Division—decided to attempt a full thrust against the 7th Armoured Brigade. At 16:00, he ordered the 15th Panzer Division to leave only minimal elements at its position north of Fort Capuzzo and make all haste to the northern flank of the 5th Light Division, which was pressing eastward to Sidi Suleiman. He hoped to cut off the majority of the British forces, encircling and then eliminating them. During the afternoon, Wavell had flown to Beresford-Peirse, to simplify the making of decisions. When he arrived, Beresford-Peirse was away, meeting with Messervy and Creagh, where he reconfirmed his orders for the infantry to maintain its attack on Halfaya and hold Capuzzo, while the 4th Armoured Brigade was to join the 7th Armoured Brigade, to confront the 5th Light Division to the west. That night, on learning of the 5th Light Division advance, Messervy took the initiative and ordered his forces to withdraw and ordered the remaining Matildas of the 4th Armoured Brigade to form a screen, to protect the retreating infantry from the advance of the panzers to the west. The 7th Armoured Brigade had lost more than half of the cruiser tanks operational in the morning and was down to 21 runners. The 4th Armoured Brigade had been reduced to 17 Matildas.

17 June
At 04:30, Rommel's panzers began their advance. The 5th Light Division encountered the 7th Armoured Brigade at 06:00 and began pushing them back. By 08:00 that morning, they had reached Sidi Suleiman. At Capuzzo, the early morning movements of the 15th Panzer Division led Messervy to believe another attack was imminent, and he thus cancelled Beresford-Peirse's orders for the 4th Armoured Brigade to reinforce the 7th so that they could be retained. The combination of the two events caused serious alarm to Creagh, who then sent a message to Beresford-Peirse, requesting his presence for instruction; Wavell, who was with Beresford-Peirse, took command of the operation and boarded a plane to Creagh's command post at Halfway House. This message was also intercepted by the Germans, as Rommel later wrote,

The 5th Light Division and the 15th Panzer Division, attacking from the south-west and north-west respectively, were only  from Halfaya. At 10:00, as the Panzer divisions pushed eastward, they ran into the remaining Matildas of the 4th Armoured Brigade, joined on the flank by the remaining cruisers and artillery of the 7th Armoured Brigade and 7th Support Group. The tanks formed a screen to protect the 22nd Guards Brigade and 11th Indian Infantry Brigade as they retreated toward Halfway House. At 10:45, Messervy contacted Creagh over the radio and, speaking Hindustani for security, informed him that he had ordered a retreat of his infantry from Capuzzo and Halfaya, to begin at 11:00. At noon, Wavell and Beresford-Peirse arrived at Halfway House and learned of the retreat, to which Wavell then gave his approval. The British armour stalled the panzer advance to Halfaya until 16:00, by which time the 22nd Guards had escaped.

Aftermath

Analysis
Churchill was displeased with the results of Operation Battleaxe. He had been expecting nothing less than complete success and had instead received news that the operation had failed and the tanks sent for it had been lost. Churchill sacked Wavell but could not have it look as though he was being punished or have Wavell return to England, as embarrassing questions could be raised. Churchill had Wavell exchange duties with General Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief, India. Along with Wavell went Michael O'Moore Creagh, who was replaced by Gott.

Beresford-Peirse was criticised for both his plan and control of the operation and on 4 October was sent to Sudan with the position of General Officer Commanding, Sudan. Beresford-Peirse took the place of William Platt, who had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the newly created East Africa Command. Beresford-Peirse was replaced as commander of XIII Corps by Lieutenant-General Reade Godwin-Austen, who had been promoted from command of the 12th (African) Division in the East African Campaign.

Casualties
The Allies had 969 casualties, with 122 killed, 588 wounded and 259 missing. The Germans had 678 casualties, with 93 killed, 350 wounded and 235 missing and the Italians suffered 592 casualties. The British lost 98 tanks (3 light, 30 cruisers and 65 Matildas) and the Axis had roughly 50 disabled, excluding tanks which had been knocked out and repaired during the battle. The Axis held the battlefield and recovered disabled vehicles; only 12 tanks were written off. The British lost 33 fighters and three bombers against 10 German aircraft. RAF fighter losses were caused by lack of pilot training and the need for continuous air cover; standing patrols could only be maintained by a few aircraft while the bulk were in transit to the battlefield, being repaired, rearmed and refuelled.

Orders of battle

Allied forces
 XIII Corps (Lieutenant-General Noel Beresford-Peirse)
 4th Indian Infantry Division (Major-General Frank Messervy)
 22nd Guards Brigade
 7th Armoured Division (Major-General Sir Michael O'Moore Creagh)

Coast Force
 7th Armoured Brigade Group
 7th Armoured Brigade (4 × A10 Cruiser tanks with brigade HQ)
 2nd Royal Tank Regiment (10 × A9, 11 × A10, 21 × A13 Mk II Cruiser tanks)
 6th Royal Tank Regiment (53 × Crusader I)
 3rd Hussars (16 × Mk VIb light tanks)
 7th Support Group
 1st The King's Royal Rifle Corps
 2nd The Rifle Brigade
 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery
 4th Regiment Royal Horse Artillery
 1st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery

Escarpment Force
 22nd Guards Brigade
 2nd Scots Guards
 3rd Coldstream Guards
 1st The Buffs
 4th Armoured Brigade (2 × A10 Cruiser tanks with brigade HQ )
 4th Royal Tank Regiment (44 × Matilda II Infantry tanks, 6 × Mk VIb light tanks)
 7th Royal Tank Regiment (48 × Matilda II Infantry tanks, 6 × Mk VIb light tanks)

Coast Force
 Halfaya Group
 2nd Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders
 C Squadron, 4th RTR (12 × Matilda II Infantry tanks)
 11th Indian Infantry Brigade Group
 1st/6th Rajputana Rifles
 2nd/5th Mahratta Light Infantry
 Two troops from A Squadron, 4RTR (6 × Matilda II Infantry tanks)

RAF
 98 fighters in six squadrons
 105 bombers in eight squadrons (204 Group).

Total British strength for the operation came to 25,000 men,  (28 × Light, 100 × Cruiser and 92 × Infantry). Of the cruiser tanks, 38 were older cruiser models (Mk I, II and III/IV) and 53 were the new Crusader. The Crusader and Matilda tanks were fitted with a Rotatrailer, an un-armoured trailer with  of water and 12-man/days of rations, 100 rounds of 2-pounder ammunition and  of lubricating oil, with  of fuel carried in the wheels.

Axis forces
  Italo Gariboldi

 (DAK) under  Erwin Rommel
 5th Light Division ( Johann von Ravenstein) was in reserve with 57 × Panzer III and Panzer IV, 39 × Panzer I and Pz II. 5th Panzer Regiment of the 5th Light Division, which had 96 tanks of which 57 were medium tanks.
 15th Panzer Division ( Walter Neumann-Silkow) was on the frontier. The 8th Panzer Regiment of the 15th Panzer Division had 36 × Panzer II and about 62 × Panzer III and IV. Most of the remaining units of the division were dispersed to various strong points along Rommel's defensive line.
 The Italian 102nd Motorised Division "Trento"; most of the division was at Bardia but three infantry battalions and an artillery regiment were in the Sollum–Musaid–Capuzzo area.
Total Axis strength was 13,200 men (5,700 German, 7,500 Italian), ~194 tanks (75 × Panzer II, 119 × Panzer III and Panzer IV), 130 × fighters (60 × German and 70 × Italian) and 84 × bombers (59 × German, 25 × Italian).

See also

 List of World War II Battles
 North African campaign timeline
List of British military equipment of World War II
List of German military equipment of World War II
List of Italian military equipment in World War II

Notes

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

 Lone Sentry: The Development of German Defensive Tactics in Cyrenaica 1941, Military Intelligence Service, Special Series No. 5, 16 October 1942
 6th Royal Tank Regiment war diaries
 The History of the British 7th Armoured Division "The Desert Rats" – Engagements – 1941#Battleaxe
 15 June 1941 On War
 Animated Map of Operation Battleaxe

Conflicts in 1941
1941 in Libya
Western Desert campaign
Libya in World War II
Battles and operations of World War II involving India
Battleaxe
Battles of World War II involving Germany
Battles of World War II involving Italy
Erwin Rommel
June 1941 events

Operation Battleaxe


An Gastrodia zeylanica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Gastrodia zeylanica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gastrodia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gastrodia

Gastrodia zeylanica


An Eriocaulon magnificum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wilhelm Willy Otto Eugen Ruhland. An Eriocaulon magnificum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 E. m. goyazense
 E. m. magnificum

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon magnificum


Gara Doicești este o stație de cale ferată care deservește comuna Doicești, județul Dâmbovița, România.

Doicești

Gara Doicești


O Ministério das Finanças (MINFIN) é um órgão do Governo da República de Angola que, em sua estrutura administrativa, cuida da formulação e execução da política financeira do Estado, da administração fazendária do Estado, da contabilidade pública e da fiscalização, controle e administração superior da estrutura fiscal nacional. Sua autoridade superior é o Ministro das Finanças.

Histórico
A estrutura-base do MINFIN vêm da "Direcção dos Serviços de Fazenda e Contabilidade", criada em 3 de outubro de 1901, sediada em Luanda, e vinculada aos ministérios das Finanças e do Ultramar.

No Acordo do Alvor foi estabelecido o Conselho Presidencial do Governo de Transição. Foi criada a pasta do Ministério do Planeamento e Finanças em 15 de janeiro de 1975, liderada pelo ministro Saíde Mingas. Em agosto do mesmo ano as funções ministeriais foram suspensas e retornaram para a estrutura da Direcção dos Serviços de Fazenda e Contabilidade. A independência de Angola, em novembro do mesmo ano, expôs a fragilidade económico-financeira a qual passava o novo país. Após um curto e cauteloso período de transição, a Direcção dos Serviços de Fazenda e Contabilidade foi convertida em Ministério das Finanças em março de 1976.

Em 1995 o Ministério das Finanças foi transformado em Ministério da Economia e Finanças, absorvendo algumas funções que até então estavam sob alçada do Ministério do Planeamento. No ano seguinte retornou a sua antiga designação, com as funções de formulação econômica retornando ao seu ministério original.

A atual Ministra das Finanças é Vera Daves.

Lista de ministros

Finanças

Ministério das Finanças (Angola)


Tylos () was the Greek exonym of ancient Bahrain in the classical era, during which the island was a center of maritime trade and pearling in the Erythraean Sea. The name Tylos is thought to be a Hellenisation of the Semitic Tilmun (from Dilmun). From the 6th to 3rd century BC Bahrain was part of the Persian Empire. After the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great, his admiral Nearchus led an expedition which discovered the island, and serving under Nearchus was Androsthenes of Thasos, who left an extensive account of the island in Periplus of India, the source of many subsequent writers, including the contemporary botanist Theophrastus, who states that the island was a rich source of cotton and timber.

History
The Greek geographer Strabo mentions islands in Persian Gulf named Tyre and Arad (Muharraq) and the local legend that they are the metropoleis of Phoenicians. Herodotus also reports the Tyrian tradition that Phoenicians originated in the Persian Gulf, and theory that the same pair of cities Tyros/Tylos and Arad in both Phoenicia and Persian Gulf may suggest colonization from one way or another has been much discussed.   However, there is little evidence of occupation at all in Bahrain during the time when such migration had supposedly taken place.

It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire, although the archaeological site at Qalat Al Bahrain has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. During this period, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: while Aramaic was in everyday use, the language of the upper classes was Greek. Local coinage shows a seated Zeus, who may have been worshiped there as a syncretised form of the Arabian sun-god Shams.   Tylos also held Greek athletic contests.

With the waning of Seleucid power, Tylos passed under the control of Mesene, the kingdom founded in what today is Kuwait by Hyspaosines in 129BC, which ruled the island until second century AD. A building inscription found in Bahrain indicates that Hyspoasines appointed a strategos to rule the islands. Another king of Mesene Meredates (r. 130-151 AD) from the Parthian dynasty is also mentioned by an inscription to have Tylos governed by a satrap.

In the third century AD, the Sassanids succeeded the Parthians as the suzerain of Mesene. Ardashir, the first ruler of the Sassanian dynasty conquered the area and give the kingdom to his son. Likewise, the son of Shapur I was crowned the king of Mesene. At some point Mesene ceased to be a sub-kingdom, and Bahrain was incorporated into the Sassanid province of Mazon covering the Persian Gulf's southern shore.

By the fifth century Bahrain was a centre for Nestorian Christianity, with Samahij having an episcopal see. In 410, according to the Oriental Syriac Church synodal records, a bishop named Batai was excommunicated from the church in Bahrain. It was also the site of worship of a shark deity called Awal. Worshipers reputedly built a large statue to Awal in Muharraq, although it has now been lost, and for many centuries after Tylos, the islands of Bahrain were known as Awal.

References

History of Bahrain
Ancient Greek geography of Arabia

Tylos


ක්‍යුන්කි සාස් භි කභි බාහු ති (සිංහල: නැන්දණියක ද වරෙක ලේලියකව සිටි නිසා) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ 2000 ජූලි 3 දින ස්ටාර් ප්ලස් නාළිකාව ඔස්සේ විකාශය ඇරඹි ඉන්දියානු සෝප් ඔපෙරාවකි. මෙම සම්පූර්ණ කතාමාලාවම හොට්ස්ටාර් වෙතින් ලබාගත හැක. මෙම කථාව ගෙතී ඇත්තේ පරමාදර්ශී ලේලියක වන තුල්සි විරානිගේ දිවියයි. පණ්ඩිත්වරයකුගේ දියණිය වන ඇයව ධනවත් ව්‍යාපාරිකයකු වන ගෝවර්ධන් විරානිගේ මුණුපරාහට විවාහ කරදෙනු ලැබේ. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන චරිතය වන තුල්සි විරානිගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කරන්නේ ස්මෘති ඉරානි විසිනි. මෙම වැඩසටහන සම-නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ ශෝභා කපූර් සහ ඒක්තා කපූර් විසින් බාලාජි ටෙලිෆිල්ම්ස් නාමය යටතේ ය.

මුම්බායි පසුබිමෙහි දර්ශීය ගුජරාති විස්තෘත පවුලක් නිරූපිත මෙම කතාමාලාව ඒක්තා කපූර් සහ ස්ටාර් ප්ලස් ජාලයට ඉහළ සාර්ථකත්වයක් හිමි කරදුන්නේ ය. එය ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනියේ අංක 1 වැඩසටහන වූවා පමණක් නොව අනුයාත වර්ෂ අටක් පුරාවට එය ඉහළම TRP අගයයන් හිමි කරගත්තේ ය. මෙම වැඩසටහන සම්මාන ගණනාවක් හිමි කරගත් අතර, ඉන් බොහෝමයක් තුල්සිගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය වෙනුවෙන් ස්මෘති ඉරානි හට හිමි විය. අනුයාත වසර හයක් පුරාවට (2002-2007) මෙම වැඩසටහන ඉන්දියානු ටෙල්ලි සම්මාන උළෙලේ දී හොඳම අඛණ්ඩ කතාමාලාව සම්මානයත්, ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී ඇකඩමි සම්මාන උළෙලේ අනුයාත වසර පහක් පුරා (2001-2005) හොඳම කතාමාලාව (ජනප්‍රිය) සම්මානය ද හිමි කරගත්තේ ය.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිරස ටීවී නාළිකාව විසින් ක්‍යුන්කි සාස් භි කභි බාහු ති කතාමාලාව සිංහල බසින් හඬකවා මහ ගෙදර යන නාමයෙන් විකාශය කරන ලදී. ඩරි භාෂාවට හඬකැවුණු මෙය ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයේ ටොලෝ ටීවී නාළිකාවෙන් ද විකාශය විය.

2000-2008 දක්වා කාලය තුළ කථාංග 1833කින් යුතුව විකාශය වූ මෙම වැඩසටහන ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනියේ දීර්ඝතම දිනපතා සෝප් ඔපෙරාවන්ගෙන් එකක් ලෙස සැලකිණි.  මෙහි අටවන වර්ෂය, එනම් 2008 වන විට, මෙම කතාමාලාව ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනියේ ඉහළම වැඩසටහන බවට පත්වූයේ 5.4ක මධ්‍යන්‍ය TRP අගයයක් හිමි කරගනිමිනි.

2001දී මෙහි මිහිර් විරානි නම් චරිතය මරණයට පත් වීම ප්‍රේක්ෂකයක්ගේ විරෝධයට හේතු වූ අතර, ඒ නිසා එම චරිතය යළි ගෙන්වීමට සිදු විය. මිහිර් විරානිගේ යලි පැමිණීම හේතුවෙන් මෙම වැඩසටහනට 22.4ක උච්චතම TRP අගයයක් හිමිවූයේ ඉන්දියානු කතාමාලාවක් මෙතෙක් ලබාගෙන ඇති ඉහළම TRP අගය තමන් සතු කරගනිමිනි.

මෙය රූගත කිරීමේන පසුව චිත්‍රාගාරය විසින් නාළිකාවට එ‍රෙහිව නඩුවක් ගොනු කරන ලද්දේ 2009 මාර්තු වන තෙක් තමන් සතුව ගිවිසුමක් පැවති බවත්, ආයතනය විසින් තමන්ට සුදුසු ප්‍රවර්ධනයක් ලබානොදුන් බවත් පවසමිනි. මෙම ප්‍රකාශ 2008 නොවැම්බර් මස නිෂ්ප්‍රභ කෙරිණි.

කථා සාරංශය
තුල්සි විරානි (ස්මෘති ඉරානි) ව්‍යාපාරික ගෝවර්ධන් විරානිගේ මුණුපුරා වන මිහිර් විරානි සමග ප්‍රේමයෙන් බැ‍ඳෙයි. ඔවුහු විවාහ වෙති. ඔහුගේ පවුල විසින් මිහිර්ට පායල්ව විවාහ කරදීමට තෝරාගෙන තිබුණත්, තුල්සි පවුලේ ලේලිය ලෙස පිළිගැනේ.

ඇය ගෞතම් නම් පුතකුට උපත ලබා දෙයි. ඇගේ දෙවන ගර්භනී සමයේ දී සිය නෑනණ්ඩිය (ආර්ති) හට දරුවන් ලැබිය නොහැකි බව ඇය දැනගනියි. තුල්සි ඔවුනට ගෞතම්ව හදාවඩා ගනීමට ලබාදෙන්නට තීරණය කළ ද, ආර්තී සහ ඇගේ සැමියා වන කිරාන් දරුවාව පැහැර ගනියි. තුල්සිට විලි රුදා පහළ වන අතර, ඇය ශෝභා නම් දියණියක බිහි කරයි.

මිහිර්ට මස්සිනාවරුන් සිව්දෙනකු වේ. චිරාග් (රූපවාහිනී කර්මාන්තයේ නියැළෙන) සිය මව වන දක්ෂාගේ විරෝධතා මධ්‍යයේ ප්‍රජක්තා විවාහ කරගනියි. සේජල් සහ සුහානි ද විවාහ වන අතර, හේමන්ත් විවාහ කරගන්නේ සිය සහායිකාව වන පූජා ය.

වසර විස්සකට පසු, තුල්සි සහ මිහිර් දියණිය ශෝභා සහ හර්ෂ් නම් පුත්‍රයකුට දෙමාපියන්ව සිටියි. සාහිල් සහ තරුන් හේමන්ත් සහ පූජාගේ දරුවන් ය. සිය සැමියාව දික්කසාද කරන සේජල් විරානි නිවසේ සිය දියණිය වන ඉන්දු සමග දිවි ගෙවයි. චිරාග් හට නිවුන් දියණියන් දෙදෙනකු සිටියි. තුල්සි හට ගෞතම් මගහැරේ. හේමන්ත්, පූජා සහ තරුන් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව බලා යති. මුම්බායේම දිවිගෙවන සාහිල් පවුලේ ව්‍යාපාරය මෙහෙයවයි. රැකියාව පිණිස චිරාග් එක්ස්ත ජනපදය බලා පිටත්වන අතර, සුහානි නිවසේ ප්‍රීතියෙන් පසුවෙයි. ගෞතම් යළි පැමිණෙන අතර, කිරාන් හට කරිෂ්මා නම් දියණියක වේ. සිය සැබෑ දෙමාපියන් පිළිබඳ දැනගන්නා ගෞතම් විරානි මැඳුර වෙත යළි පැමිණෙයි. ඔහු ව්‍යාපාර කටයුතු සම්බන්ධයෙන් සාහිල් සමග ආරවුල් ඇති කරගනියි. තුල්සි ඔහු‍ගේ විවාහ ගිවිස ගැනීම ගංගා සමග සිදුකරයි. ගෞතම් ටීෂාට පෙම් කරන අතර, සාහිල් පෙම් කරන්නේ ගංගාටයි. නමුත් සාහිල් සහ ගංගා සිය ප්‍රේමය අත්හැර දමන අතර, ගෞතම් සිය මවට අමනාපය දක්වයි. ගංගාව දික්කසාද කරන ඔහු ටීෂා සමග විවාහ වේ. ගංගා සාහිල් සමග විවාහ වේ. ශෝභා ද විවාහ වී සිටියි. ටීෂා සහ ගෞතම් රිය අනතුරකට මුහුණ පාන අතර, එහි දී ටීෂා මියයයි. ගෞතම් දාමිනී සමග විවාහ වේ; දාමිනී සහ ගංගා යන දෙදෙනාම මේ වනවිට ගැබිනියන්ව සිටියි. ගංගාගේ දරුවා උපන් විගස මියයන අතර, දාමිනී ඇයට සිය නිවුන් පුතුන් දෙදෙනාගෙන් අයකු ලබා දෙයි. ගැබිනියකව සිටින ශෝභා මේ වනවිට වැන්දඹුවක බවට පත්ව සිටියි. තුල්සිගේ සොයුරිය වන කේසර් තුල්සි පවසන්නේ හර්ෂ් යනු තුල්සිගේ පුත්‍රයා බවයි. කේසර් තුල්සිගේ දරුවාව වඩාගෙන සිටින විට, ඇගේ සරුවාගේ පියා විසින් දරුවාව පැහැරගෙන තිබිණි. තුල්සිහට හර්ෂ්ව ලබාදෙන කේසර් පවසන්නේ තමන්ගේ දරුවා මියගිය බවයි. තුල්සිගේ පුත්‍රයා වන අංශ් ගුජරාල් අපරාධ ව්‍යාපාරිකයකු වන ආදිත්‍ය ගුජරාල්ගේ (රාජ් මල්හෝත්‍රාගේ අපරාධ සහායකයායි. කේසර්ගේ දරුවාගේ පියායි.) පුත්‍රයා ලෙස හැදී වැඩෙයි. සිය මරණයට පෙර ඔහු සිය පුත්‍රයාව ගුජරාල්ට ලබාදී තිබූ අතර, ඔහු දරුවාව හදාගත්තේ ය. ආදිත්‍ය ගුජරාල් සහ අංශ් එක්ව විරානි පවුලේ දේපළ පැහැර ගැනීමට කුමන්ත්‍රණය කරයි. කරන්ගේ (මන්දිරා කපාඩියා සමග මිහිර්ගේ පුත්‍රයා) මිතුරියක වන නන්දිනීව දැක අංශ් ඇය වෙත ආකර්ෂණය වෙයි. වසර 20කට පසු, සිය සුළු පුත්‍රයා පිළිබඳ දැනගන්නා තුල්සි ඔහුව භාරගනියි. කරන් සිය සැබෑ මවටත් වඩා, තුල්සිට සෙනෙහස දක්වයි. න්නදිනී සහ කරන් පෙම් කළ ද, කරන් ඇයව තුල්සිගේ සැබෑ පුත්‍රයා හට ලබා දෙයි. නන්දිනී නීතියේන බැහැරව අංශ් සමග විවාහ වන අතර, ඔහු ඇයව දූෂණය කරයි. වෛවාහික දූෂණයක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් අංශ්හට චෝදනා නැගේ. නීතීඥ මීරා සිංහානියා තුල්සිගේ මිතරියක බවට පත්වන අතර, ඇය මිහිර්ට ද ප්‍රිය කරයි. පලායන අංශ් නන්දිනීව මරාදැමීමට තැත් කරයි. තුල්සි ඔහුට වෙඩ්තබා මරාදමන අතර, තුල්සිව සිරභාරයට ගැනෙයි. අංශ්ගේ දරුවා දරාසිටින අතරතුර න්නදිනී අනතුරකට මුහුණ දෙයි. එහි දී ඇයව භූමි නම් දියණියක උපත ලබන නමුත්, නන්දිනී කෝමා තත්ත්වයට පත්වේ. භූමි පිළිබඳ බලාගැනීමට සිතා කරන් නන්දිනීගේ සිතුරිය වන ටානියා සමග විවාහ වේ. ගංගාහට ලක්ෂ්‍ය නම් බිළිඳු පුත්‍රයකු සිටියි. වසර තුනකට පසු, ටානියා ගැබ්ගෙන සිටින විට නන්දිනී කෝමා තත්ත්වයෙන් සුවය ලබයි. කරන් සහ නන්දිනී එක්ව ජීවත්වෙති. ඔහු සහ ටානියා විවාහ වී සිටින බව දැනගැනීමෙන් පසු, ඇය ටානියා සහ ඇගේ දරුවාව පිළිගනියි. අද්භූත අයුරින් ආදිත්‍ය ගුජරාල් මියයන අතර, එහි වරද කරන් මත පැටවේ. නන්දිනී මිනීමැරුම පිළිබඳ පාපොච්චාරණය කරයි. ඔහු භූමිව පැහැර ගන්නට උත්සාහ දරා තිබිණි. අංශ්හට බිරිඳක (ශ්‍රද්ධා ) සහ පුත්‍රයකු (ඒක්ලව්‍ය) සිට ඇත. ශ්‍රද්ධා මියගොස් ඇති හෙයින් ගෞතම් ඒක්ලව්‍ය හදා ගනියි. සාහිල් සිය විද්‍යාල මිතුරියක වන ත්‍රිප්ති සමග සම්බන්ධයක් ඇති කරගෙන ඇයව විවාහ කරගන්නා නිසා ගංගාට නිවෙසන් පිටව යාමට සිදුවේ. මිහිර්ට පෙම් කරන මීරා මන්දිරා සමග එක්ව තුල්සිට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණය කරයි. මිහිර්ගේ මව වන සවිතා මෙම කුමන්ත්‍රණය හෙළි කිරීමට ඉටා ගනියි. මීරා සහ මන්දිරා එක්ව සවිතාව මරණයට පත් කරයි. මීරා තුල්සිට දෝෂාරෝපණය කරන අතර ඇයව නිවසෙන් පලවා හැරෙයි.

තවත් වසර විස්සකට පසුව, තුල්සිගේ මුණුපුරු මිණිපිරියෝ වැඩී සිටිති. සිරභාරයෙන් අතුරුදන්ව සිටින නන්දිනී මියගොස් ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ගංගා පුවලේ අය අතර ආරවුල් ඇති කරවයි. හරිද්වාර්හි සිය හදාගත් දියණිය වන ක්‍රිෂ්ණ තුල්සි සමග සිටින තුල්සි නැවත මුම්බායි වෙත පැමිණෙයි. මීරාගේ වැරදි වැටහීම පහව යන අතර, තුල්සි සිය පවුල සමග නැවත එක්වෙයි. සවිතාව ඝාතනය කිරීම වෙනුවේන මීරාව සිරභාරයට ගැනෙයි. අවසන් කථාංගයෙහි, කහානි ඝාර් ඝාර් කී කතාමාලාවේ පාර්වතී (සාක්ෂි තන්වාර්) පවසන්නේ තුල්සිගේ මුණුපුරා වන පර්ත් (කරන් සහ නන්දිනීගේ දිගු කාලයක් අතුරුදන්ව සිටි පුත්‍රයා) සිටින්නේ තමන් සමග බවයි.

චරිත නිරූපණය

සම්මාන

ඉන්දියානු ටෙල්ලි සම්මාන

ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී ඇකඩමි සම්මාන

ස්ටාර් පරිවාර් සම්මාන

වෙනත්

මේවාත් බලන්න
 Star India v Leo Burnett: වානිජමය අනුකරණය තුළින් වැඩසටහන ප්‍රකාශන හිමිකම උල්ලංඝනය කොට ඇති බව පැවසෙන අධිකරණ නඩුව

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
 ක්‍යුන්කි සාස් භි කභි බාහු ති සඳහා හොට්ස්ටාර්හි ඇති ගිණුම

ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී සෝප් ඔපෙරා
ස්ටාර් ප්ලස් රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
2000 ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා ඇරඹීම්
2008 ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා අවසන් වීම්

ක්‍යුන්කි සාස් භි කභි බාහු ති


Yi (Ї ї; italik: Ї ї), Kiril alfabesinin bir harfidir. Bu harf Ukraynacada bulunur.

Ї

Ї


Crkva sv. Roka u gradiću Hvaru, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Renesansna crkva s kvadratičnom apsidom sagrađena krajem 15. stoljeća. Ističe se reljefom ova dva sveca istaknutom iznad ulaznih vrata. Smještena je na samom rubu grada, prekoputa glavnog pročelja dominikanske crkve sv. Marka. Tijekom stoljeća bila je matična crkva sela Brusje u Hvaru. U 20. stoljeću adaptirana je za stanovanje.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5817 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Roko
Hvar

Crkva sv. Roka u Hvaru


Mačevanje na OI 2016. u Rio de Janeiru održalo se od 6. do 14. kolovoza u Carioca Areni 3. Natjecalo se 212 mačevalaca u 10 kategorija.

Slično kao i na igrama 2008. i 2012. godine, Međunarodna mačevalačka organizacija održava format od deset događaja i rotacijski sustav, tako na ovim igrama nije bilo ekipnih natjecanja u muškoj sablji i ženskom floretu.

Osvajači odličja

Muškarci

Žene

Izvor

Vidi još
 Mačevanje na OI 2012.

Vanjske poveznice
Međunarodna mačevalačka organizacija

Mačevanje
Mačevanje na Olimpijskim igrama

Mačevanje na OI 2016.


Pink Moon, Britanyalı müzisyen Nick Drake'nin üçüncü ve son albümüdür. Ekim 1971 tarihinde sadece Nick Drake'nin vokali ve gitarı eşliğinde iki günde ikişer saatlik seansla kaydedilmiştir. Daha sonra Pink Moon parçasına gene Nick Drake'in çaldığı piyano bölümü eklenmiştir.

Çıktığı dönemde ilgi görmemiştir. Ancak Drake'in ölümünden sonra insanların dikkatini çekmiş ve geç de olsa takdirle karşılanmıştır. Kimilerine göre Nick Drake'in en iyi albümüdür.

Rolling Stone dergisinin 2003 yılında belirlediği "Tüm zamanların en iyi 500 albümü" listesinde 320. sırada yer alır.

Parça listesi
Bütün parçaları Nick Drake yazmış ve icra etmiştir.

 "Pink Moon" - 2:06
 "Place to Be" - 2:43
 "Road" - 2:02
 "Which Will" - 2:58
 "Horn" - 1:23
 "Things Behind the Sun" - 3:57
 "Know" - 2:26
 "Parasite" - 3:36
 "Free Ride" - 3:06
 "Harvest Breed" - 1:37
 "From the Morning" - 2:30

İngilizce albümler
1972 albümleri

Pink Moon


Ryu Okada (født 10. april 1984) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Júbilo Iwata og Avispa Fukuoka.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Ryu Okada


آنيت أولزون (Anette Olzon؛ ولدت في 21 يونيو 1971) هي مغنية سويدية. في فبراير 2007، أصبحت المغنية الرئيسية في فرقة الباور ميتال السيمفونية الفنلندية نايتويش. وقد كانت تغني سابقاً مع فرقة أليسون أفينيو السويدية.

الأعمال الموسيقية

مع فرقة أليسون أفينيو
 2000: Presence of Mind
 2003: Omega

مع فرقة نايتويش
 2007: Dark Passion Play
 2009: Made in Hong Kong

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

الموقع الرسمي *

مواضيع متعلقة
 أغنيس كارلسون

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
سويديون مغتربون في فنلندا
مغنو هيفي ميتال سويديون
مغنون أوروبيون
مغنون سويديون باللغة الإنجليزية
مغنون وكتاب أغان سويديون
مغنيات سويديات
مغنيات هيفي ميتال
مغنيات وكاتبات أغان سويديات
ممرضون سويديون
مواليد 1971

آنيت أولزون


Margaret Hayes (5 de diciembre de 1916 – 26 de enero de 1977) fue una actriz cinematográfica y televisiva de nacionalidad estadounidense.

Biografía
Su verdadero nombre era Florette Regina Ottenheimer, y nació en Baltimore, Maryland. A menudo aparecía en los títulos de crédito con el nombre de Maggie Hayes, y su trabajo más conocido quizás fue su papel como Lois Judby Hammond en el film Semilla de maldad (1955). Hayes también actuó en el papel de Dorothy Maguire Grevemberg junto a Keith Andes y Gene Evans en la película Damn Citizen (1958).

Estuvo casada con un hombre apellidado Debusky en Baltimore, y tuvo un hijo, Nan, en 1937. Posteriormente se casó con el actor Leif Erickson en 1942, aunque se divorció al cabo de un mes. Se casó una tercera vez, en esta ocasión con el productor Herbert B. Swope Jr., en 1947, teniendo la pareja una hija, Tracy Brooks Swope, que también fue actriz. Ella y Swope se divorciaron en 1973.

Margaret Hayes falleció en 1977 en Miami Beach, Florida, a causa de un hepatocarcinoma y una hepatitis. Tenía 60 años de edad.

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Baltimore
Fallecidos en Miami Beach
Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Maryland
Fallecidos por cáncer de hígado en Florida

Margaret Hayes


An elongated coin (also known as a pressed penny or smashed penny) is a coin that has been flattened or stretched, and embossed with a new design. Such coins are often used as commemorative or souvenir tokens, and it is common to find coin elongation machines in tourism hubs, such as museums, amusement parks, and natural or man-made landmarks.

The collecting of elongated coins is a branch of numismatics. Elongated coins are also categorized as exonumia.

History

The first elongated coins in the United States were created at the World's Columbian Exposition, held in 1893 in Chicago, Illinois. Several designs were issued to commemorate the fair, and are available in the elongated coin collecting community today.

The earliest elongated coin designer on record is Charles Damm, who created the design for the elongated coins available at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.

The production of elongated coins can be divided into three general classes, each of which covers a distinct period from 1893 to the present. The first of the three classes are referred to colloquially as "oldies", and were produced mainly for issuance at nationwide fairs like the 1893 Chicago Columbian Exhibition and the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. This period started with the issuance of the first elongateds in 1893, and ended with an influx of private rollers around 1965. The second class of elongated coins, the "Modern Elongateds", cover the years c. 1965 to c. 1985.

Around 1965, the major source of elongated coins became private rollers, individuals who designed and rolled elongated coins for sale. The major rollers of this period include Dottie Dow, the "House of Elongateds" (Lee Martin/Warren Bunge), Ralph Jones, Ralph W. Jobe, Elmer Anderson, Don Adams, Cee Ceven, and Angelo A. Rosato. While many private rollers still operate (notables include Raymond W. Dillard, Tyler D. Tyson, Brad Ream, and Don Adams), the vast introduction of commercial stand alone elongated machines came into the marketplace in 1988, following the introduction of the coin-operated penny press machine 1971, decreased the demand for private issues.

This event marks the beginning of the third class of elongated coins, the "Contemporary Elongateds" (c. 1988 – present). This class of elongated coin machines were designed and built by Randy and Earl Vaughn from Dayton, Ohio, in 1988.  These mechanical coin-operated machines are still prominent in amusement parks such as Disney resorts and attractions throughout the United States, and the world.

The first known coin-operated stand-alone automated coin rolling vendor was designed by Vance Fowler and his Cimeter Group offering a "I Love Oregon" pressed penny which was placed in the Meier & Frank Company department store, a branch of The May Company Stores, in 1979. Vance Fowler's Cimeter Group also proposed the DN0001 prototype pressed coin as the first Disneyland Resort pressed coin in 1986. However, ultimately Centex Inc. was the first company to place a coin press machine at the Disneyland Resort, offering the DL0001 Mickey Mouse Rays pressed coin in 1987.

The hobby of collecting elongated coins has expanded throughout the United States and the world. Most modern coin elongating machines can be found in museums or landmark gift shops, souvenir stores, zoos, amusement parks and other locations of this kind. Private engravers make special-issue elongated coins to commemorate historical events, personal landmarks (such as marriage or birth of a child), or other events warranting celebration. They also design elongated coins for private clubs and organizations.  The Elongated Collector is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1966. The group's official mission is to "educate, encourage and promote the study, acquisition and exhibition of elongated coins." Several websites  and online groups exist to support collectors offering locations and articles covering topics such as rolling, preserving, cleaning, and other related topics.

Locales
It is common to find "pressed penny" machines in tourism hubs, such as museums, amusement parks, and natural or man-made landmarks. The website PennyPresses.net has a map of over 3300 "pressed penny" machines.

Process
An early and common method of coin elongation was smashing pennies by leaving them on a railroad track. When a train rolls over a penny, the force is sufficient to cause plastic deformation that flattens and stretches it into an oval, showing only the faintest trace of the original design.  Some early railroad flattened cents were then hand engraved with the date and location.

Modern elongated coins are created by inserting a standard, small denomination coin into a small rolling mill consisting of two steel rollers pressed against each other with sufficient force to deform the coin. One of the rollers (called the "die") is engraved with a design that imprints a new image into the metal as the coin passes through it. The resulting coin is oval-shaped and shows a design corresponding to the design on the die in the mill. Some machines are hand operated, whereas others are fully automatic.

Throughout the history of the production of elongated coins, various methods have been used to engrave the design into the roller. Early elongateds were hand engraved with burin gravers, and some are still engraved using this method. More popular modern and contemporary methods include etching, pantograph engraving, and engraving using electric or air-powered rotary tools.

In the USA, one-cent coins are most commonly used in these vending machines, as they are thin, easy to emboss, and are the smallest denomination of US money (most machines charge US$1.00 in addition to the cent rolled). All US cents produced after 1982 have a zinc core, and using them produces elongated coins with zinc streaks. This zinc streaking can be avoided by using coins produced before 1982. (The United States Mint produced both compositions during 1982.) Less common are machines that press designs into quarters, dimes, and nickels.

Legality

The process of creating elongated coins is legal in the United States, South Africa and parts of Europe. In the United States, U.S. Code Title 18, Chapter 17, Section 331 prohibits "the mutilation, diminution and falsification of United States coinage." The foregoing statute, however, does not prohibit the mutilation of coins, if the mutilated coins are not used fraudulently, i.e., with the intention of creating counterfeit coinage or profiting from the base metal (the pre-1982 copper U.S. cent which, as of 2010, is worth more than one cent in the United States). Because elongated coins are made mainly as souvenirs, mutilation for this purpose is legal.

In the UK, the Coinage Act of 1971, Section 10 states: "No person shall, except under the authority of a licence granted by the Treasury, melt down or break up any metal coin which is for the time being current in the United Kingdom or which, having been current there, has at any time after 16th May 1969 ceased to be so." As the process of creating elongated coins does not require them to be melted nor broken up, Section 10 does not apply and coin elongation is legal within the UK with penny press machines a common sight at tourist attractions across the nation.

In countries where such mutilation is illegal, such as Canada, planchets, slugs, or U.S. cents are occasionally used, though this law is often ignored both by the users of the machine and law enforcement.

See also
 Wooden nickel

Notes

References

External links

 The Elongated Collectors - international collectors club

 PennyPresses.net - a map of over 3300 "pressed penny" machines
 Penny Collector

Coin collecting
Exonumia
Memorabilia

Elongated coin


Águas da Prata es un municipio brasileño situado en el estado de São Paulo. Tiene una población estimada, a fines de 2022, de 7075 habitantes.

La SP-342, que une São Paulo con Minas Gerais, pasa por el municipio.

Toponimia
El nombre "Aguas" deriva del hecho de que la ciudad tiene muchas fuentes termales. El origen del nombre "Prata" proviene de una corrupción del tupí-guaraní "Pay tâ", que al ser pronunciado por los portugueses se convirtió en "Prata". En tupí-guaraní, "Pay tâ" significa "agua colgante". El nombre obedece a la alta mineralización del agua que fluye cerca de las minas y que forma estalactitas.

Geografía
Su temperatura media es de 19.3 °C, con veranos lluviosos y cálidos e inviernos secos y fríos.

En su topografía cuenta con dos picos:

 Mirante da Laginha, que, además de ofrecer una vista panorámica, tiene en su cima varias torres retransmisoras de televisión.
 Pico do Gavião, que es utilizado para la práctica del ala delta y del parapente.

Demografía
Datos del censo de 2000

Población total: 7.131
 Urbana: 6.075
 Rural: 1.056
 Hombres: 3.591
 Mujeres: 3.540
Densidad demográfica: 50,01 hab./km²

Mortalidad infantil hasta un año: 12,52 por mil

Expectativa de vida: 73,11 años

Tasa de fertilidad: 2,11 hijos por mujer

Tasa de alfabetización: 91,41%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,810
 IDH-M Salario: 0,745
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,802
 IDH-M Educación: 0,884
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Hidrografía
El río Cuartel y el río de la Plata son enriquecidos por nacientes de agua mineral, destacándose las radioactivas, bicarbonatadas y magnesianas.

Carreteras
 SP-342

Administración
 Alcalde: Regina Janizelo (2021-2024)
 Viceprefecto: Ângelo Roberto de Oliveira (2021-2024)
 Presidente de la cámara: Cristina Lerosa (2023)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Municipios de São Paulo

Águas da Prata


Valorant Game Changers de 2022, oficialmente VCT 2022: Game Changers Championship, foi a primeira edição do torneio do jogo Valorant voltado para as mulheres e pessoas de gêneros socialmente marginalizados. A série Game Changers ocorreu durante todo o ano, sendo realizado diversos torneios qualificatórios regionais para definir as equipes que disputariam o evento internacional e se consagraria a campeã do mundo daquele ano.

O torneio final foi realizado de 15 a 20 de novembro em Berlim, Alemanha, com a presença de público. A competição contou com oito equipes classificadas de seis regiões diferentes.

G2 Gozen venceu o campeonato depois de derrotar a Shopify Rebellion GC na final por um placar de 3–2.

Equipes classificadas
Ao todo, 8 equipes se classificaram para o Game Changers Championship. As regiões da América do Norte e da EMEA (Europa, Oriente Médio e África) tiveram a oportunidade de levar duas equipes, enquanto as restantes, América Latina, Ásia-Pacífico, Brasil e Sudeste Asiático levaram somente uma equipe.

Confrontos
O torneio inteiro contou com um modelo de eliminação dupla, com todas as oito equipes sendo sorteadas nas chaves, onde duas equipes de mesma região, no caso América do Norte e EMEA, não poderiam se enfrentar logo de início. Todas as partidas foram em melhor de três, exceto a final, que foi em melhor de cinco.

Esquema

Classificação final

Competições de Valorant

Valorant Game Changers de 2022


USS Grunion (SS-216) was a Gato-class submarine that sank at Kiska, Alaska, during World War II. She was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the grunion.

Construction and commissioning
Grunion′s keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company in Groton, Connecticut, on 1 March 1941. She was launched on 22 December 1941, sponsored by Mrs. Stanford C. Hooper, wife of Rear Admiral Stanford Caldwell Hooper, and commissioned on 11 April 1942 with Lieutenant Commander Mannert L. Abele, USNA class of 1926, in command.

Service history
After shakedown from New London, Connecticut, Grunion sailed for the Pacific on 24 May. A week later, as she transited the Caribbean Sea for Panama, she rescued 16 survivors of the USAT Jack, which had been torpedoed by the German U-boat , and conducted a fruitless search for 13 other survivors presumed to be in the vicinity. Arriving at Coco Solo on 3 June, Grunion landed the survivors and continued on to Pearl Harbor, arriving on 20 June.

Departing Hawaii on 30 June after ten days of intensive training, Grunion touched Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands before heading toward the Aleutian Islands for her first war patrol. Her first report, made as she patrolled north of Kiska Island, stated she had been attacked by a Japanese destroyer and had fired Mark 14 torpedoes at her with inconclusive results. She operated off Kiska throughout July and sank two Japanese sub-chasers (CH-25 and CH-27) as she waited for enemy shipping. On 30 July, the submarine reported intensive antisubmarine activity and was ordered back to Dutch Harbor.

Grunion was never heard from again. Air searches off Kiska were fruitless, and on 5 October Grunion was reported overdue from patrol and assumed lost with all hands. Her name was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 2 November 1942. Captured Japanese records show no antisubmarine attacks in the Kiska area, and the fate of Grunion remained a mystery for 65 years, until the discovery in the Bering Sea in August 2007 of a wreck believed to be her. In October 2008, the U.S. Navy verified that the wreck is Grunion.

Honors and awards
  Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one battle star for World War II service.

Finding Grunion
In 1998 Lieutenant Colonel Richard Lane purchased for $1 a wiring diagram from a Japanese cargo ship, Kano Maru, which had been active during World War II. Hoping to authenticate the document, Lane posted it on a Japanese naval historical website, asking if anyone could help. He was contacted by Yutaka Iwasaki, a Japanese naval historian, who not only authenticated it, but suggested he knew what happened to Grunion. Lane contacted ComSubPac, and their public affairs officer, Darrel Ames, posted the information on ComSubPac's Grunion Web site.

When Grunion disappeared in 1942, her captain, Lieutenant Commander Abele, left behind three sons — Bruce, Brad, and John. For nearly 65 years, they had been searching for information about the loss of their father's boat.

When the Abele brothers encountered the post, they contacted Yutaka Iwasaki. He sent them a translation of an article written by the officer who had commanded the merchant ship Kano Maru. The article described an encounter with a submarine near Kiska Island in the Aleutians about the time Grunion was reported missing.

Several years later, John Abele, cofounder of Boston Scientific, met Dr. Robert Ballard, famous for discovering the wreck of the RMS Titanic. Ballard gave him advice on how to locate a shipwreck, and Abele decided to fund an expedition to find the lost submarine Grunion.

In 2006, Williamson Associates, using side-scan sonar, located a promising target almost at the exact location indicated by the commander of Kano Maru. The sunken object had many characteristics typical of a submarine. In 2007, using a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV), DSSI/Oceaneering, returned to the site and took video recordings of the imploded remains of a submarine, which had markings in English, and propeller guards and limber holes identical to those of Grunion. The following year, the U.S. Navy confirmed that the find was Grunion.

Although it is not absolutely certain, the evidence strongly suggests that Grunion was lost as a result of multiple torpedo failures during her encounter with Kano Maru. Her first torpedo ran low, but despite its magnetic pistol it failed to detonate. Two more bounced harmlessly off Kano Maru without exploding. However, the remaining torpedo missed its target and circled back, striking the periscope supports on the submerged submarine without exploding. The damage the torpedo inflicted, combined with a jammed rear dive plane, triggered a sequence of events that caused the loss of depth control. Grunion lunged below her maximum operational depth, and at about  would have imploded. What remained of the ship struck the seabed, breaking off about  of her bow. The wreckage then slid  down the side of an extinct volcano, coming to rest on a notch in the underwater mountain.

In 2019, the missing bow section was located a  from the rest of the submarine on a slope of an underwater volcano at a depth of over .

References

External links

 navsource.org: USS Grunion
 hazegray.org: USS Grunion
On Eternal Patrol: USS Grunion
The USS Grunion may have been Found — a story at NPR.org
 ABCNews.com, 3 October 2006."Object Off Alaska Coast May Be WWII Sub"  viewed 3 October 2006.
After 64 years, relatives may have answers in sub sinking viewed 5 October 2006 Defunct site prior to January 2011
Detroit sailor only one of WWII crew whose relatives can't be located The Detroit News from 24 August 2007
Wreckage of WWII submarine found off Aleutian Islands dated 24 August 2007

1941 ships
1942 in Alaska
2007 in Alaska
Gato-class submarines
Lost submarines of the United States
Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign
Shipwrecks of the Alaska coast
World War II submarines of the United States
World War II shipwrecks in the Bering Sea
Submarines lost with all hands
Submarine accidents caused by torpedoes
Maritime incidents in July 1942

USS Grunion


Sebastian Dierkes ist ein deutscher Tonmeister und Komponist.

Karriere
Sebastian Dierkes studierte in Berlin und Mittweida Film und Fernsehen in der Fachrichtung Audiotechnik. Zahlreiche Film- und Rundfunkproduktionen sowie Tätigkeiten in renommierten Konzerthäusern wie der Berliner Philharmonie prägten den Tonmeister. Derzeit konzentriert sich seine Tätigkeit auf Sounddesign, Komposition und Musikproduktion in unterschiedlichen Bereichen.

Neben zahlreichen CD-Produktionen, Filmmusik, Werbevertonungen und unterschiedlichen Arrangements ist er auch im Musiktheater aktiv. 2012 wurde das Musical "Die Schneekönigin" uraufgeführt.

Veröffentlichungen
 In der Rundfunk-Berichterstattung verwendete Tontechnik: von den Anfängen bis heute. VDM Verlag Saarbrücken, Dr. Müller, 2010, ISBN 978-3639271898

Weblinks

 Website

Tonmeister
Komponist (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Sebastian Dierkes


යක්ඛ ගෝත්‍රිකයන් යනු විජය කුමරු රජ වීමට පෙර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාලන බලය තහවුරු කරගෙන සිටි අයයි. ඔවුන්ට අයත් ප්‍රධාන නගර දෙකක් වූ අතර ඒ සිරීසවත්ථු හා ලංකාපුර යන නගරයන් ය. යක්ඛ ගෝත්‍රිකයන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන සංකේත දෙකක් ඇති අතර ඒ කෙටේරිය හා පද්මයයි. මෙම ගෝත්‍රිකයන්ට මාතෘ මූලික සමාජයක් තිබී ඇත. මහා රාවණා රජතුමාට පෙර රජවූ අවසන් යක්ඛ ගෝත්‍රිකයා නම් එතුමාගේ මුත්තණුවන් වන සුමාලි රජතුමාය. මෙරට රජකම් කළ අවසන් යක්ඛ ගෝත්‍රික පාලකයා වන්නේ බම්බා රාජවංශයේ තෙවැන්නා වූ  කාලසේන රජතුමාය. කුවේණිය එතුමාගේ දියණියයි.

යක්කයින්


Fleabag je britanska tragikomična televizijska serija koju je stvorila i napisala Phoebe Waller-Bridge, a temelji se na njezinoj monodrami premijerno izvedenoj 2013. godine. Izvorno su je producirali Two Brothers Pictures za digitalni kanal BBC Three u sporazumu o koprodukciji s Amazon Studios. Waller-Bridge glumi naslovnu Fleabag, slobodoumnu i seksualno aktivnu, ali bijesnu i zbunjenu mladu ženu u Londonu. Glavni lik često razbija četvrti zid kako bi publici pružio objašnjenja, iznio unutarnje monologe i komentirao ono što joj se upravo događa.

Serija je premijerno prikazana 21. srpnja 2016., a drugu i posljednju sezonu zaključila je 8. travnja 2019. Kritičari su je naširoko ishvalili, posebno zbog scenarija, glume i jedinstvenosti i osobnosti naslovnog lika. Waller-Bridge osvojila je nagradu Britanske akademije za najbolju žensku komediju za prvu sezonu. Druga sezona dobila je 11 nominacija za Primetime Emmy i osvojila šest, a Waller-Bridge je osvojila za najbolju humorističnu seriju, najbolju glavnu glumicu i najbolji scenarij za humorističnu seriju; dodatne glumačke nominacije primili su Clifford, Colman i gostujuće zvijezde Fiona Shaw i Kristin Scott Thomas. Serija je dobila nagradu Zlatni globus za najbolju televizijsku seriju i najbolju glumicu za Waller-Bridge, te nominaciju za Scotta.

Pozadina
Serija je adaptacija istoimene monodrame Waller-Bridgea s edinburškog festivala Fringe iz 2013. godine koja je osvojila Fringe First Award. Početna ideja o liku Fleabag potekla je od izazova prijatelja, kad je Waller-Bridge dobila zadatak osmisliti skeč za desetominutni nastup u sklopu noći stand-up pripovijedanja.

Uloge i likovi

Glavni

 Phoebe Waller-Bridge kao Fleabag (iako nikad nije navedena u scenariju)
 Sian Clifford kao Claire, Fleabagina sestra
 Andrew Scott kao svećenik, u kojeg se Fleabag zaljubljuje (sezona 2)

Sporedni

 Olivia Colman kao kuma Fleabag i Claire, koja je vezu s ocem započela nedugo nakon majčine smrti, a na kraju postala i pomajka
 Bill Paterson kao otac Fleabag i Claire
 Brett Gelman kao Martin, Clairein suprug
 Hugh Skinner kao Harry, Fleabagin bivši dečko
 Hugh Dennis kao direktor banke, Fleabag mu se obrati za posudbu
 Ben Aldridge kao Arsehole Guy, jedan od ljubavnih interesa Fleabag
 Jenny Rainsford kao Boo, Fleabagina pokojna najbolja prijateljica i poslovna partnerica
 Angus Imrie kao Jake, Martinov tinejdžerski sin i Clairein posinak

Recepcija

Obje sezone Fleabag dobile su široko priznanje televizijskih kritičara. Na internetskoj stranici za prikupljanje recenzija Rotten Tomatoes obje su sezone dobile 100% odobrenja kritičara. Prva sezona dobila je prosječnu ocjenu 8,5/10, na temelju 40 recenzija, uz kritički konsenzus: "Pametna i bolno smiješna, Fleabag je dirljiva, divlje inventivna komedija o složenoj mladoj ženi koja se provlači kroz posljedice traume." Druga sezona dobila je prosječnu ocjenu 9,32/10, temeljenu na 95 recenzija, uz kritički konsenzus: "Fleabag skače u živahnu drugu sezonu koja zadržava mahnitu pamet i nježno srce prethodne sezone, prepune neumorne karizme Phoebe Waller-Bridge". Na Metacriticu, prva sezona dobila je ponderiranu prosječnu ocjenu 88 od 100, temeljenu na 19 kritičara, dok je druga sezona dobila ocjenu 96, temeljenu na 21 kritičaru, što znači "univerzalno priznanje".

Emily Nussbaum iz časopisa The New Yorker opisala je prvu sezonu kao "precizan crnohumorni mehanizam, uvrnutu i dirljivu priču o postojanju jedne singl žene." Maureen Ryan iz Varietyja nazvala je seriju "jezivo smiješnom", zaključivši da "dugo nakon što vas je privukla svojom nepristojnošću i šalama o seksu i zavela vas oštrom duhovitošću i neuredno ljudskim likovima, otkriva da je zapravo tragedija". Hank Stuever iz The Washington Posta okarakterizirao ju je kao "smiješnu, vrlo profanu, ali iznenađujuće potresnu dramu". Mike Hale u The New York Timesu pohvalio je emisiju zbog "nemirne, gotovo divlje energije i stava "šamar u lice". Mary McNamara iz Los Angeles Timesa pohvalila je njezinu nepredvidljivost, glumu i "bistro oko istine koja često, poput svake dobre komedije, postane prilično poražavajuća".

Serena Davies iz The Daily Telegrapha pohvalila je drugu sezonu kao "gotovo savršeno umjetničko djelo". Mary Elizabeth Williams iz Salona pohvalila je njezinu "briljantnu labuđu pjesmu", smatrajući zaključak serije zadovoljavajućim i "zarađenim". Za Rolling Stone Alan Sepinwall napisao je da "tragikomično remek-djelo doseže nove visine u svom drugom izdanju". James Poniewozik iz The New York Timesa napisao je da se "nova sezona osjeća odmah samouvjereno". Hannah Jane Parkinson iz The Guardiana zaključak je opisala kao "najefikasniji i najrazorniji TV u godinama".

Prema Metacriticovom skupnom popisu s kraja desetljeća, Fleabag je bila drugoplasirana emisija 2010.-ih. 2019. godine zauzela je 8. mjesto na listi Guardianovih 100 najboljih TV emisija 21. stoljeća.

Bivši američki predsjednik Barack Obama drugu je sezonu Fleabag imenovao među svoje omiljene filmove i televizijske serije iz 2019. U svoj godišnji popis, koji je objavio na Twitteru 29. prosinca 2019., dodao je mali dodatak s naslovom, "i brzi popis TV emisija koje sam smatrao snažnim poput filmova: Fleabag: Season 2, Unbelievable i Watchmen" .

Izvori

Fleabag


An Oeceoclades maculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Lindley. An Oeceoclades maculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oeceoclades, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Oeceoclades

Oeceoclades maculata


Areiópolis es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 22º40'05" sur y a una longitud 48º39'54" oeste, estando a una altitud de 635 metros. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 10.452 habitantes.

Posee un área de 85,9 km².

Demografía

Datos del Censo - 2000

Población total: 10.296
 Urbana: 8.560
 Rural: 1.736
 Hombres: 5.295
 Mujeres: 5.001
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 119,86

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 18,78

Expectativa de vida (años): 69,74

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 3,15

Tasa de alfabetización: 85,60%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,745
 IDH-M Salario: 0,660
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,746
 IDH-M Educación: 0,830
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura
 Areiópolis en el WikiMapia

Localidades de São Paulo

Areiópolis


Marko Vujin (serbio cirílico: Марко Вујин; 7 de diciembre de 1984, Bačka Palanka, Serbia) es un jugador de balonmano serbio que juega de lateral derecho.

Es uno de los máximos goleadores de la historia de la selección de balonmano de Serbia, con la que ha anotado 273 goles en 64 partidos.

Carrera
Comenzó a jugador en el equipo de su ciudad natal, el RK Sintelon, junto a Žarko Šešum y Danijel Šarić entre otros. En julio de 2003 fichó por el Dunaferr SE, donde estuvo tres años. En estos tres años su equipo finalizó todas las veces tercero en liga por detrás de las potencias húngaras, el SC Pick Szeged y el Veszprém KC. En el 2006, el Veszprém, le ficharía consiguiendo la Recopa de Europa como título más destacado en el 2008, aparte de lograr varias ligas y copas. En otoño de 2010, se pondría líder de la clasificación de los máximos goleadores de la Liga de Campeones de la EHF, aunque finalmente quedaría segundo por detrás de Uwe Gensheimer, con 98 goles, 20 goles menos que Gensheimer.

Equipos
  RK Sintelon (-2003)
  Dunaferr SE (2003-2006)
  Veszprém KC (2006-2012)
  THW Kiel (2012-2019)
  Sporting de Portugal (2019-2020)
  RK Vardar (2020-2021)
  SC Pick Szeged (2021)

Palmarés

Veszprém KC
 Recopa de Europa (2008)
 Liga de Hungría (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 y 2012)
 Copa de Hungría (2007, 2009, 2010, 2011 y 2012)

Kiel

 Liga de Alemania de balonmano (3): 2013, 2014, 2015
 Copa de Alemania de balonmano (3): 2013, 2017, 2019
 Supercopa de Alemania de balonmano (2): 2014, 2015
 Copa EHF (1): 2019

Vardar

 Liga de Macedonia del Norte de balonmano (1): 2021
 Copa de Macedonia del Norte de balonmano (1): 2021

Selección nacional

Campeonato de Europa
  Medalla de Plata en el Campeonato Europeo de Balonmano Masculino de 2012.

Campeonato del Mundo Junior
  Medalla de Plata en el Campeonato Mundial de Balonmano Masculino Junior de 2005.

Consideraciones personales
 Máximo goleador de la Liga de Hungría (2006 y 2012)
 Segundo máximo goleador de la Liga de Campeones (2011)

Enlaces externos

 Perfil en World Handball
 Perfil en Vezsprém KC

Balonmanistas de Serbia
Balonmanistas del Veszprém KC
Balonmanistas del THW Kiel

Marko Vujin


Teoria bissexual é um campo da teoria crítica, inspirada na teoria queer e nas políticas bissexuais, que fundamenta a bissexualidade a partir de uma perspectiva teórica e epistemológica. A teoria bissexual ganha força na década de 1990, em resposta ao vasto e emergente campo da teoria queer, ou dos estudos queer, que se utiliza de aproximações pós-estruturalistas e busca reparar a tendência da teoria queer ao apagamento bissexual.

Referências

Teoria crítica
Filosofia da sexualidade
LGBTQIA+
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Diversidade)

Teoria bissexual


Gioacchino da Fiore () a fost unul din cei mai influenți teologi și filosofi ai Evului Mediu, inițial călugăr cistercian și apoi fondatorul propriului ordin monastic: Ordinul Florensian. Plasat de Dante în Paradis (Cântul XII), Gioacchino a fost inițial considerat profet, ulterior eretic, scrierile sale influențând Ordinul Franciscan, mișcările escatologice medievale, respectiv filosofia istoriei.

Idei și influențe

Ordinul Florensian a fost întemeiat de Gioacchino da Fiore în anul 1189 la abația San Giovanni in Fiore din munții Calabriei, unde Gioacchino susținea că va fi un "nou Nazaret al Spiritului Sfânt". Ordinul a fost aprobat printr-o bulă papală la data de 25 august 1196 de papa Celestin al III-lea și fost răspândit în Italia până la jumătatea secolului al XVI-lea, când în 1570 a fost integrat în Ordinul Cistercian.

Gioacchino din Fiore este cunoscut în primul rând pentru împărțirea istoriei în trei epoci sau stadii: a Tatălui, a Fiului și a Spiritului/Duhului Sfânt, în care Trinitatea se revelează progresiv și pedagogic umanității: 1. Prima epocă istorică este a Tatălui, sau a Legii, în care oamenii au trăit sub semnul fricii și al servitudinii; 2. A doua epocă este a Fiului, sau a Evangheliei, în care oamenii trăiesc în credință și supunere filială; 3. A treia epocă va fi a Duhului Sfânt, care va sta sub semnul iubirii și al libertății, în care Dumnezeu se va revela direct în inimile tuturor oamenilor. Astfel, conform lui Gioacchino din Fiore, ideea de "împlinire a timpurilor" nu trebuie înțeleasă ca fiind ceva care va surveni la sfârșitul lumii, în afara timpului istoric, ci ca un eveniment viitor care se va realiza în cadrul istoriei. Ideile sale au fost ulterior radicalizate de către adepții săi, pregătind astfel apariția atât a mișcărilor reformatoare, cât și a milenarismelor politice din Europa. Pe de altă parte, Joseph Ratzinger (Papa Benedict al XVI-lea), în cartea sa despre Teologia istoriei la sfântul Bonaventura a subliniat impulsul pozitiv adus de Gioacchino din Fiore în Biserică și influența sa majoră asupra teologiei și filosofiei lui Bonaventura.

Operele principale ale lui Gioacchino din Fiore sunt Concordia novi et veteris Testamenti, Expositio in Apocalypsim, Psalterium decem chordarum și Liber figurarum.

Receptarea și influența gioacchimismului se întinde dincolo de teologie, filosofia istoriei și cea politică, despre ideile abatelui calabrez întâlnindu-se referințe și în opere literare precum Ulise de James Joyce, Liturghia neagră de Joris-Karl Huysmans, Tablele Legilor de William Butler Yeats sau Numele trandafirului de Umberto Eco. De asemenea, Barack Obama s-ar fi referit în discursurile sale la figura lui Gioacchino din Fiore. Conform încetățenirii în literatura de specialitate de limbă română, adepții teoriilor sale despre desăvârșirea umanității într-o epocă istorică viitoare se numesc gioacchimiți.

În anul 2023, la Editura Galaxia Gutenberg a apărut prima monografie în limba română dedicată teologiei istoriei la Gioacchino din Fiore, scrisă de Dan Siserman.

În prezent se află în pregătire publicarea traducerii în limba română a tratatului Manual pentru lectura Apocalipsei.

Pentru mai multe informații a se consulta site-ul oficial dedicat gândirii lui Gioacchino din Fiore în limba română.

Bibliografie în limba română

 Mircea Eliade, "Catolicismul apusean de la Carol cel Mare la Gioacchino din Fiore", în Istoria credințelor și ideilor religioase, traducere și postfață de Cezar Baltag, Editura Univers Enciclopedic, București, 2000, pp. 525-541. (text online)
 Mircea Eliade, "Gioacchino din Fiore", în Insula lui Euthanasius, Editura Humanitas, București, 2008, pp. 322-329. (text online)
 Mircea Eliade, "Notă despre patriotism: Gioacchino din Fiore", în Fragmentarium, Editura Humanitas, București, 1994, pp. 30-35. (text online)
 Jacques Le Goff, Jean-Claude Schmitt, "Escatologie și milenarism", în Dicționar tematic al Evului Mediu occidental, traducere de Nadia Fărcaș, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2002, pp. 238-247. (text online)
 Jacob Taubes, Teologia după revoluția copernicană, traducere de Andrei State și George State, Editura Tact, Cluj-Napoca, 2009. (text online)
 Karl Lowith, Istorie și mântuire. Implicațiile teologice ale filosofiei istoriei, traducere de Alex Moldovan și George State, Editura Tact, Cluj-Napoca, 2010. (text online)
 Dan Siserman, "Viața și opera lui Gioacchino din Fiore", în: Revista Verso, nr.10-11 (117-118) / 2017, pp. 37-45. (text online)
Joseph Ratzinger (Papa Benedict XVI), Teologia istoriei la Bonaventura, trad. de Dan Siserman, Editura Sapientia, Iași, 2019.
Dan Siserman, Teologia istoriei la Gioacchino din Fiore, Editura Galaxia Gutenberg, Târgu Lăpuș, 2023.

Note

Vezi și
Gioacchimism
Ordinul Florensian
Abația San Giovanni in Fiore
Luca Campano
Raniero de Ponza
Ubertino de Casale
Teologia istoriei la sfântul Bonaventura
 Ordinul Cistercian
 Filosofie medievală
 Filosofia istoriei

Nașteri în 1135
Decese în 1202
Personaje citate în Divina Comedie (Paradisul)
Teologi creștini din secolul al XII-lea
Ordinul cistercian
Filozofi din secolul al XII-lea
Filozofi medievali
Teologi italieni
Teologi catolici
Scriitori de limbă latină din secolul al XII-lea
Gioacchimism

Gioacchino da Fiore


La Caja de Crédito de los Ingenieros, S.C.C. (marca comercial en español: Caja de Ingenieros; marca en catalán: Caixa d'Enginyers ) es una sociedad cooperativa de ahorro y crédito española.

Su origen se remonta a 1967, cuando fue fundada en Barcelona por un grupo de ingenieros. Pese a su nombre no se exige ser ingeniero para ser cliente, sino socio de una de las dos cooperativas de la entidad.

Adquirió notoriedad pública al decidir no sacar la sede social de Cataluña en la llamada fuga de empresas acontecida a raíz de la declaración unilateral de independencia de octubre de 2017.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web de Caja de Ingenieros
 Fundación Caja de Ingenieros
 Facebook en español de Caja de Ingenieros
 Twitter en español de Caja de Ingenieros

Cooperativas de ahorro y crédito de España

Caja de Crédito de los Ingenieros


Lille land - hvad nu? er en film instrueret af Bent Christensen.

Handling
Debatoplæg til Socialdemokratiets program Solidaritet og trivsel. Problemerne fra 1945 og til i dag ridses op: Vi skal producere os ud af problemerne, den offentlige sektor vokser, ungdomsoprøret, forskellige demonstrationer i 60'erne, forurening og farlige materialer. Der argumenteres for indførelse af ØD – økonomisk demokrati.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1970
Socialdemokraterne
Debatfilm fra Danmark

Lille land - hvad nu?


A doença de Galli-Galli é uma condição hereditária rara que tem grande semelhança clínica com a doença de Dowling-Degos, mas é histologicamente distinta, caracterizada por lesões cutâneas que são pápulas ligeiramente ceratóticas de 1 a 2 mm de coloração vermelha a marrom-escura, e que são focalmente confluentes em um padrão reticulado. A doença também é caracterizada por hiperpigmentação reticulada lentamente progressiva e desfigurante das flexuras, que são clínica e histopatologicamente diagnósticos para a doença de Dowling-Degos, também associados à acantólise suprabasal não disceratótica.

Veja também

 Lista de condições de pele
 Lesão na pele

Referências

Distúrbios da pigmentação humana
Doenças da pele

Doença de Galli-Galli


Tyrus (Arabisk: صور, Ṣūr, fransk: Tyr) er en by i Sydguvernementet i Libanon. Byen havde cirka 117.000 indbyggere i 2003. Myndighederne i Libanon har dog kun frigivet grove overslag over befolkningen siden 1932, så et præcist tal kan ikke angives. Tyrus ligger ud for kystlinjen til Middelhavet ca. 80 km syd for Beirut og ca. 30 km syd for Sidon. Byens navn betyder klippe efter den klippeformation i Middelhavet, byen oprindeligt blev grundlagt på.

I dag er den Libanons fjerdestørste by og huser en af landets vigtigste havne. Turisme udgør byens hovederhverv. I byen findes et antal antikke områder, herunder en romersk hippodrom, som kom på UNESCOs liste over verdensarv i 1979.

Historie
Tyrus blev grundlagt af fønikerne, og er i græsk mytologi fødested for Europa og Karthagos grundlægger, Dido. Byen blev senere kendt under navnene Tyrus (latin) og Tyros (græsk). Syrien blev en romersk provins i 64 f.Kr. Området overgik efterfølgende til det Byzantinske Rige og blev i 638 erobret af Rashidun-kalifatet. Under 1. korstog var byen del af Kongeriget Jerusalem.

Tyrus bestod oprindeligt af to adskilte bycentre; selve Tyrus, som lå på en ø udenfor kysten, og Ushu på fastlandet overfor denne. Alexander den Store forbandt øen med fastlandet ved at bygge en dæmning i forbindelse med belejringen af byen; Ushu blev i den forbindelse nedrevet og byggematerialerne anvendt til dæmningen.

Byen havde oprindeligt to havne; en på øens nordside og en på øens sydside. De to havne skabte forudsætning for byens fremtrædende maritime stilling; den nordlige var en af de bedste havne i det østlige Middelhav. Den sydlige havn er efterfølgende sandet til, men den nordlige er stadig i brug.

Det tidlige Tyrus var stærkt befæstet med forsvarsmure, mens Ushu på kysten nærmere var en række kystbyer, som forsynede Tyrus med vand og tømmer. Josephus beretter om lejlighedsvise kampe mellem de to byer, men for det meste samarbejdede og drog nytte af Tyrus' maritime handel og fastlandets muligheder for vand- og tømmerforsyninger samt begravelsesplads.

Noter og henvisninger

Byer i Libanon
Tidligere øer

Tyrus


A Batalha de Soledar foi uma batalha que consistiu em uma série de confrontos militares dentro e ao redor do assentamento ucraniano de Soledar, na região de Donbas, no contexto da Invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia em 2022.

No segundo semestre de 2022, a Rússia havia focado na conquista do Oblast de Donetsk, que seria completada com a tomada das cidades chave de Sloviansk e Kramatorsk. Para isso, como preparação, era necessário avançar sobre os assentamentos urbanos de Bakhmut, Siversk e Soledar. Em agosto, Bakhmut e Soledar são atacadas, mas o exército ucraniano reforça suas linhas e resiste. A Rússia envia então seus próprios reforços e o combate na região se arrasta numa batalha de atrito, com ambos os lados sofrendo enorme desgaste. Em Soledar, em particular, guerreiros mercenários do Grupo Wagner, liderados por Yevgeny Prigozhin, assumem o protagonismo e a vanguarda das operações russas. Prigozhin, que vinha buscando mais poder político e econômico dentro da Rússia, queria mostrar uma vitória militar frente aos fracassos russos dos últimos meses.

Entre outubro e dezembro, a batalha por Soledar se arrastou num impasse. Mas em janeiro de 2023, a situação mudou, com os russos fazendo progressos. Combates intensos entre militares ucranianos e soldados do Grupo Wagner foram reportados em toda a região. Em 10 de janeiro, Prigozhin anunciou que Soledar havia caído, informação esta que foi contestada na época. Seis dias mais tarde, em 16 de janeiro, foi confirmado que as tropas ucranianas haviam se retirado da região e Soledar estaria de fato sob controle total russo.

Em janeiro de 2023, analistas internacionais já haviam descartado o valor estratégico de Soledar, avaliando que um triunfo russo ali seria uma "vitória de pirro" na melhor das hipóteses, devido as pesadas baixas necessárias para conquistar a região. John Kirby, o coordenador do Conselho de Segurança Nacional para Comunicações Estratégicas, disse em 12 de janeiro que "mesmo que Bakhmut e Soledar caiam nas mãos dos russos, isso não terá um impacto estratégico na guerra em si". Ainda assim, a conquista de Soledar foi saudada como uma vitória de propaganda, pois foi, efetivamente, o primeiro grande sucesso militar russo dos últimos seis meses.

Ver também
 Batalha de Bakhmut

2022 na Ucrânia
2023 na Ucrânia
Batalhas envolvendo a Ucrânia
Batalhas envolvendo a Rússia
Ofensiva do leste da Ucrânia
Grupo Wagner

Batalha de Soledar


علم أرض الصومال هو العلم الذي يستخدم في منطقة صوماليلاند ذاتية الحكم الصومالية. والتي اعلنت استقلالًا من جهة واحدة عام 1991. وهو يحتوي على ألوان أغلبية أعلام الدول العربية من الأخضر والأسود والأبيض والأحمر. وهناك لفظ الشهادتين بالخط الأبيض على شريط أخضر، مماثلة للشهادتين في العلم السعودي.

وينص دستور أرض الصومال، والذي اعتمد في استفتاء 31 مايو 2001. على:

المادة 7: العلم، والشعار والنشيد الوطني

1. يتكون علم جمهورية أرض الصومال من ثلاثة أقسام أفقية متوازية ومتساوية، ولون القسم العلوي الأخضر ومدرج في وسطه باللون الأبيض باللغة العربية لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله، لا إله إلا لله، وأن محمدا رسول الله؛ القسم الأوسط هو الأبيض وفي وسطه نجمة سوداء. ولون القسم السفلي الأحمر.

الاستخدام
يتعامل مع العلم باحترام وبعناية لورود لفظ الشهادتين فيها. فيحظر لذلك تنكيس العلم في الحداد. ويعدّ تنكيسها جريمة يعاقب علها القانون. وتنطبق هذه القاعدة على علمي السعودية وإيران. وعلم العراق لوجود عبارة التكبير فيه.

أعلام بديلة

على الرغم من أن المادة 7 من الدستور ينص بوضوح على أن الجزء السفلي من العلم يكون باللون الأحمر، إلا أنه قد ظهر العديد من النسخ مع اللون البرتقالي بدلا من الأحمر. وكذلك النجمة، يتم استخدام نجمة مقلوبة على نطاق واسع جدا.

بعض الأعلام لا يحتوي القسم العلوي على الشهادتين، وهناك أعلام أخرى تكون لفظ الشهادتين مكتوبة على كامل الشريط الأخضر.

التاريخ

1903 - 1950
عندما احتلت بريطانيا الجزء الشمالي الغربي من الصومال الحالي، قامت بتأسيس محمية أسمتها (أرض الصومال البريطاني). ومثل العديد من دول الكومنولث كان العلم أزرقا، مع وجود العلم البريطاني في الجزء العلوي ناحية السارية، مع صورة للظبي المحلي على دائرة بيضاء. وكان العم يرفع على السفن المحلية المباني الحكومية في الإقليم.

1950 - 1960
تم إضافة التاج الملكي بين قرون الظبي، للإشارة إلى العائلة الملكية ولإمبراطورية البريطانية. كما أصبح وجهة الظبي أمامية، وأضيف شعار يتكون من الدرع الصومالي في الأعلى مع رمحين متقاطعين، أسفل منه منارة صفراء بخلفية حمراء، وبجانبه توجد مركب شراعي على أمواج البحر، أسفل منه توجد مرساة زرقاء.

1960 - 1991
باستقلال أرض الصومال عام 1960، اعتمد علم جديد يتكون من خلفية زرقاء تتوسطها نجمة خماسية بيضاء. وبعد اتحادها مع الجنوب اعتمد العلم الجديد رسميا.

1991 - 1996
بعد إعلان إعادة استقلال الصومال من جهة واحدة عام 1991، اعتمد علم مؤقت تكوّن من خلفية بيضاء تتوسطها دائرة خضراء كُتِب حولها لفظ الشهادتين على شكل مداري.

أعلام تاريخية

أعلام عسكرية

أعلام مشابهة

مراجع

أرض الصومال
أعلام اخترعت في 1993
أعلام الصومال
أعلام تتضمن الشهادتان
أرض الصومال
أعلام شعوب أصلية
أعلام صوماليلاند
تأسيسات سنة 1993 في الصومال
ثقافة صوماليلاند

علم أرض الصومال