Peter Malcolm Colman (né en 1944 à Adélaïde) est un biologiste australien, à la tête de la division de biologie structurale du Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research à Melbourne, en Australie.

Éducation
Colman a fait ses études à l'université d'Adélaïde, où il a obtenu un baccalauréat ès sciences en physique en 1966 et un doctorat en 1969 pour des recherches sur la structure chimique des complexes d'acide parabanique sous la direction de , avec une thèse intitulée « The physical structure of two parabanic acid complexes and an investigation of short intermolecular carbon-oxygen contacts ».

Recherche et carrière
Les intérêts de recherche de Colman portent sur la biologie structurale, en particulier du lymphome humain à cellules B 2 (BCL-2). Colman a déterminé la structure tridimensionnelle de la neuraminidase du virus de la grippe et, dans l'un des premiers cas de conception de médicaments basés sur la structure, a découvert le zanamivir, le premier inhibiteur de la neuraminidase de la grippe. Ses études structurelles ultérieures sur la résistance à cette classe de médicaments ont suggéré comment concevoir des médicaments contre des cibles mobiles. Ses découvertes sous-tendent le . Il a apporté des contributions fondamentales aux études structurales des anticorps et des complexes anticorps-antigène . Ses récents travaux sur l'apoptose résolvent le problème de longue date de la façon dont Bax pro-apoptotique change de conformation pour se dimériser, puis oligomériser et perméabiliser la membrane mitochondriale, une étape essentielle dans la voie intrinsèque de la mort cellulaire. Il a eu également un rôle prépondérant dans la conception du Oseltamivir (Tamiflu).
Il a collaboré notamment avec  sur la plastocyanine

Son travail a été publié dans les principales revues scientifiques évaluées par des pairs, dont Nature, le Journal of Molecular Biology et .

Colman a travaillé à l'Université de l'Orégon, l'Université de Sydney, l'Université de Melbourne, l'Université de La Trobe, le Walter and Eliza Hall Institute et le CSIRO.

Prix et distinctions

Lors des , Colman a été nommé Companion de l'Ordre d'Australie (AC), la plus haute distinction civile d'Australie, « pour services éminents rendus à la recherche médicale, en particulier dans les domaines de la biologie structurelle et de la chimie médicinale, en tant que leader dans le domaine commercial, traduction des découvertes scientifiques, aux organisations professionnelles, et en tant que mentor de jeunes scientifiques ».

Colman a été élu membre de la Royal Society (FRS) en 2014. En 2001, il a reçu une médaille du Centenaire « Pour service rendu à la société australienne et à la science en biologie structurelle ». Colman a également été élu membre de l'Académie australienne des sciences en 1989 et membre de l' en 1997. Il est lauréat de la  en 1995, la  (1999) et le  (1996). En 2004 il est lauréat de la médaille Florey pour la recherche en biologie structurale.

Références

Liens externes

Membre de l'Académie australienne des sciences
Compagnon de l'ordre d'Australie
Membre de la Royal Society
Naissance en avril 1944
Biologiste australien du XXe siècle
Biologiste australien du XXIe siècle

Peter Colman


Cooperativity is a phenomenon displayed by systems involving identical or near-identical elements, which act dependently of each other, relative to a hypothetical standard non-interacting system in which the individual elements are acting independently. One manifestation of this is enzymes or receptors that have multiple binding sites where the affinity of the binding sites for a ligand is apparently increased, positive cooperativity, or decreased, negative cooperativity, upon the binding of a ligand to a binding site. For example, when an oxygen atom binds to one of hemoglobin's four binding sites, the affinity to oxygen of the three remaining available binding sites increases; i.e. oxygen is more likely to bind to a hemoglobin bound to one oxygen than to an unbound hemoglobin. This is referred to as cooperative binding.

We also see cooperativity in large chain molecules made of many identical (or nearly identical) subunits (such as DNA, proteins, and phospholipids), when such molecules undergo phase transitions such as melting, unfolding or unwinding.  This is referred to as subunit cooperativity. However, the definition of cooperativity based on apparent increase or decrease in affinity to successive ligand binding steps is problematic, as the concept of "energy" must always be defined relative to a standard state. When we say that the affinity is increased upon binding of one ligand, it is empirically unclear what we mean since a non-cooperative binding curve is required to rigorously define binding energy and hence also affinity. A much more general and useful definition of positive cooperativity is: A process involving multiple identical incremental steps, in which intermediate states are statistically underrepresented relative to a hypothetical standard system (null hypothesis) where the steps occur independently of each other.

Likewise, a definition of negative cooperativity  would be a process involving multiple identical incremental steps, in which the intermediate states are overrepresented relative to a hypothetical standard state in which individual steps occur independently. These latter definitions for positive and negative cooperativity easily encompass all processes which we call "cooperative", including conformational transitions in large molecules (such as proteins) and even psychological phenomena of large numbers of people (which can act independently of each other, or in a co-operative fashion).

Cooperative binding
When a substrate binds to one enzymatic subunit, the rest of the subunits are stimulated and become active.
Ligands can either have positive cooperativity, negative cooperativity, or non-cooperativity.

An example of positive cooperativity is the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. One oxygen molecule can bind to the ferrous iron of a heme molecule in each of the four chains of a hemoglobin molecule. Deoxy-hemoglobin has a relatively low affinity for oxygen, but when one molecule binds to a single heme, the oxygen affinity increases, allowing the second molecule to bind more easily, and the third and fourth even more easily. The oxygen affinity of 3-oxy-hemoglobin is ~300 times greater than that of deoxy-hemoglobin. This behavior leads the affinity curve of hemoglobin to be sigmoidal, rather than hyperbolic as with the monomeric myoglobin. By the same process, the ability for hemoglobin to lose oxygen increases as fewer oxygen molecules are bound. ''See also Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

Negative cooperativity means that the opposite will be true; as ligands bind to the protein, the protein's affinity for the ligand will decrease, i.e. it becomes less likely for the ligand to bind to the protein. An example of this occurring is the relationship between glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Homotropic cooperativity refers to the fact that the molecule causing the cooperativity is the one that will be affected by it. Heterotropic cooperativity is where a third party substance causes the change in affinity. Homotropic or heterotropic cooperativity could be of both positives as well as negative types depend upon whether it support or oppose further binding of the ligand molecules to the enzymes.

Subunit cooperativity
Cooperativity is not only a phenomenon of ligand binding, but also applies anytime energetic interactions make it easier or more difficult for something to happen involving multiple units as opposed to with single units.  (That is, easier or more difficult compared with what is expected when only accounting for the addition of multiple units).  For example, unwinding of DNA involves cooperativity:  Portions of DNA must unwind in order for DNA to carry out replication, transcription and recombination. Positive cooperativity among adjacent DNA nucleotides makes it easier to unwind a whole group of adjacent nucleotides than it is to unwind the same number of nucleotides spread out along the DNA chain.  The cooperative unit size is the number of adjacent bases that tend to unwind as a single unit due to the effects of positive cooperativity.  This phenomenon applies to other types of chain molecules as well, such as the folding and unfolding of proteins and in the "melting" of phospholipid chains that make up the membranes of cells.  Subunit cooperativity is measured on the relative scale known as Hill's Constant.

Hill equation
A simple and widely used model for molecular interactions is the Hill equation, which provides a way to quantify cooperative binding by describing the fraction of saturated ligand binding sites as a function of the ligand concentration.

Hill coefficient
The Hill coefficient is a measure of ultrasensitivity (i.e. how steep is the response curve).

From an operational point of view the Hill coefficient can be estimated as:

.

where EC90 and EC10 are the input values needed to produce the 10% and 90% of the maximal response, respectively.

Response coefficient
Global sensitivity measures such as the Hill coefficient do not characterise the local behaviours of the s-shaped curves. Instead, these features are well captured by the response coefficient measure  defined as:

In systems biology, such responses are referred to as elasticities.

Link between Hill coefficient and response coefficient
Altszyler et al. (2017) have shown that these ultrasensitivity measures can be linked by the following equation:

where  denoted the mean value of the variable x over the range [a,b].

Ultrasensitivity in function composition
Consider two coupled ultrasensitive modules, disregarding effects of sequestration of molecular components between layers. In this case, the expression for the system's dose-response curve, , results from the mathematical composition of the functions, , which describe the input/output relationship of isolated modules :

Brown et al. (1997)  have shown that the local ultrasensitivity of the different layers combines multiplicatively:

.

In connection with this result, Ferrell et al. (1997)  showed, for Hill-type modules, that the overall cascade global ultrasensitivity had to be less than or equal to the product of the global ultrasensitivity estimations of each cascade's layer,

,

where  and  are the Hill coefficient of modules 1 and 2 respectively.

Altszyler et al. (2017)  have shown that the cascade's global ultrasensitivity can be analytically calculated:

where  and  delimited the Hill input's working range of the composite system, i.e. the input values for the i-layer so that the last layer (corresponding to  in this case) reached the 10% and 90% of it maximal output level. It followed this equation that the system's Hill coefficient  could be written as the product of two factors,   and , which characterized local average sensitivities over the relevant input region for each layer: , with  in this case.

For the more general case of a cascade of  modules, the Hill coefficient can be expressed as:

,

Supramultiplicativity
Several authors have reported the existence of supramultiplicative behavior in signaling cascades (i.e. the ultrasensitivity of the combination of layers is higher than the product of individual ultrasensitivities), but in many cases the ultimate origin of supramultiplicativity remained elusive. Altszyler et al. (2017) framework naturally suggested a general scenario where supramultiplicative behavior could take place. This could occur when, for a given module, the corresponding Hill's input working range was located in an input region with local ultrasensitivities higher than the global ultrasensitivity of the respective dose-response curve.

References

Biomolecules
Cell signaling
Chemical bonding
Enzyme kinetics
Receptors

Cooperativity


Tantal, Atom numarası 73, atom ağırlığı 180,88, yoğunluğu 16,6 olan, 3017 °C'de eriyen ve siyah bir toz durumunda elde edilen bir element. Simgesi Ta. 1802'de İsveç'te keşfedilmiştir. Yunan mitolojisindeki Tantalus'tan ismini almıştır. Serttir, nadir bulunur ve korozyona karşı çok dayanıklıdır.

Elementler
Soy metaller
Geçiş metalleri

Tantal


Hermann Hämmerle (* 10. Dezember 1897 in Kufstein, Österreich-Ungarn; † 28. März 1981 in Innsbruck) war ein österreichischer Richter und Hochschullehrer.

Leben
Als Sohn eines Rechtsanwalts zog Hämmerle nach der Matura als Kriegsfreiwilliger in den Ersten Weltkrieg. Daneben studierte er ab 1916 Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Innsbruck. Dort wurde er Mitglied des Corps Rhaetia. Im Oktober 1920 zum Dr. iur. promoviert, trat er 1921 nach kurzer Rechtsanwaltstätigkeit in den Justizdienst. Nachdem er 1924 die Richteramtsprüfung bestanden hatte, war er von 1926 bis 1929 Richter in Innsbruck. 1927 habilitierte er sich bei Paul Gustav Kretschmar für österreichisches und deutsches Handelsrecht. Über zwei Jahre vertrat er dann an der Universität Graz den Lehrstuhl. Seit 1929 Privatdozent in Innsbruck, folgte er am 1. November 1930 dem Ruf der Handelshochschule Königsberg. Zum 1. Mai 1933 trat er der NSDAP bei (Mitgliedsnummer 2.306.583). 1933/34 war er Rektor der Handelshochschule. Zum 9. November 1933 berief ihn die Albertus-Universität Königsberg als o. Professor. Nach dem Anschluss Österreichs kehrte er im April 1938 als Nachfolger von Karl Wolff nach Innsbruck zurück. Nachdem er von 1940 bis 1945 Dekan und 1942/43 Oberlandesgerichtsrat gewesen war, wurde er am 3. April 1946 entlassen. Eduard Reut-Nicolussi hielt ihn 1947 für untragbar. Deshalb beantragte Hämmerle 1950 die Neuhabilitation, die ihm am 31. Oktober 1950 für Bürgerliches, Handels-, Arbeits- und Wirtschaftsrecht gelang. Obwohl er in Innsbruck blieb, berief ihn die Universität Graz im September 1952 als a.o. Professor und 1959 als o. Professor. Nach einem Schlaganfall im August 1967 rechtsseitig gelähmt, wurde er 1968 im Alter von 71 Jahren emeritiert.

Ehrungen
 Honorarprofessor der Universität Innsbruck (1953)
 Honorarprofessor der Universität Salzburg (1966)

Werke
 Die Haftpflicht aus Kraftfahrzeugbetrieben. Wien 1928.
 Zur wirtschaftlichen und rechtlichen Organisation der deutschen Seehäfen. Jena 1936.
 Grundriss des Handelsrechts, 2. Auflage. Wien 1948.

Siehe auch
 Handelsrecht (Österreich)
 Handelsrecht (Deutschland)

Literatur
 Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender 1928/29, 1931, 1935, 1940/41, 1950, 1954, 1961, 1966 und 1970.
 Horst Wünsch: Festschrift für Hermann Hämmerle (mit Schriftenverzeichnis). Graz 1972.
 Susanne Lichtmannegger: Die rechts- und staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität Innsbruck 1945–1955. 1999, S. 137.

Weblinks

 WorldCat
 Johannes Bähr: Wirtschaftssteuerung durch Recht im Nationalsozialismus

Einzelnachweise

Privatrechtler (20. Jahrhundert)
Wirtschaftsrechtler (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Albertus-Universität Königsberg)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Graz)
Hochschullehrer (Handelshochschule Königsberg)
Person (Innsbruck)
Richter (Oberlandesgericht)
NSDAP-Mitglied
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Österreich-Ungarn)
Corpsstudent (20. Jahrhundert)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Österreicher
Geboren 1897
Gestorben 1981
Mann

Hermann Hämmerle


Mahjong tiles () are tiles of Chinese origin that are used to play mahjong as well as mahjong solitaire and other games.  Although they are most commonly tiles, they may refer to playing cards with similar contents as well.

Development

The earliest surviving mahjong sets date to the 1870s when the game was largely confined to Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu. They already exhibited various traits found in modern sets. The core of the set is the 108 suited tiles which were inherited from Chinese money-suited playing cards. The Wind honor tiles and the Four Seasons tiles were also found in the earliest sets. The honor tiles known as Arrows (Dragons in English) developed to their current form by 1890 concurrent with a new style of play called Zhōngfā (中發). Flower tiles, once known as Outer Flowers (), were not universally accepted until the 1920s. In contrast, many early sets contained wild cards with specific powers known as Inner Flowers () which disappeared from most of China but are still found in Vietnam and Thailand.

Contents

Full set

A set of Mahjong tiles will usually differ from place to place. It usually has at least 136 tiles (four copies of each of the Suit and Honor Tiles), most commonly 144, although sets originating from the United States or Southeast Asia will usually feature more tiles in the form of flowers or Jokers. Some sets also contain blank tiles which owners can use to replace damaged or missing tiles.

Mahjong tiles can be organized into several categories:

Suited tiles
Suited tiles (; also ; also ) have a suit and a rank. There are three money-based suits with ranks ranging from one to nine. There are four tiles of each rank and suit combination, thus there are 36 tiles in a suit, and 108 suited tiles in total.  To refer to a suited tile, the rank is named, followed by the suit. The ones and nines of each suit () are collectively referred to as the terminal tiles. Suited tiles may be used to form melds.

Circles
The circle (dot, coin, wheel, stone) suit (; also ) is represented by a series of circles.

The 1 Circle is generally a large circle of multiple colors, while the rest of the circle tiles consist of smaller circles, each circle being of one color.  The 2 Circle consists of a green and a blue circle, the 3 consisting of one green, one red, and one blue circle arranged diagonally (the order the circles appear in, as well as the orientation, differs between sets).  The 4 Circle has two blue circles and two green circles, arranged in a rectangle with circles of like color in opposite corners.  The 5 Circle is similar to the 4 Circle, with another circle (its color depending on the set) in the middle.  The 6 Circle consists of two green circles at the top and four red circles in the bottom (with a space between the green and red circles). The 7 Circle is similar to the 6 Circle, but has 3 green circles arranged diagonally from top-left to bottom-right.  The 8 Circle has eight blue circles arranged in a 2x4 rectangle.  The 9 Circle has three each of green, red, and blue circles, with each color occupying a row. There is some space between each row, and the middle row is always of the red circles (the blue and green, of course, depends on the orientation of the tile).

Because of the large size of the circle in the 1 Circle, it is commonly nicknamed da bing (大餅 pinyin dàbǐng, literally: "big pancake").

From the monetary origin of this suit, the circles represent the copper coins known in English as "cash". (1銅=one copper coin).

Bamboo

The bamboo (stick, string, bam) suit (; also ), with the exception of the 1 Bamboo, which is commonly represented by a bird (like ,  or ), is represented by outlines of sticks.

 or

The 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 Bamboo are represented entirely out of green sticks only or blue and green sticks, while the middle stick in the 5 Bamboo, the top stick of the 7 Bamboo, and the sticks along the center column of the 9 Bamboo are red. Some sets may also have the sticks along the bottom row or center column of the 7 Bamboo in blue. The 8 Bamboo has its sticks forming an M-shape and its mirror image.

From the monetary origin of this suit, the sticks are actually rope strings (索) that tie 100 Chinese copper coins together by the square holes in the middle. (1索=100銅) The repeated bumps in the sticks depict the individual coins in the strings, but they were mistaken by Joseph Park Babcock as the knots on the bamboo plants, hence the English name of the suit. The 1 Bamboo, as it commonly depicts a bird, is often referred as the sparrow (麻雀 - má què); in Japan it is most commonly a peacock. In early sets, there was no bird but a single bent string of cash capped with a red knot ().

Characters

The character (myriad, number, crack) suit () is represented by Chinese characters.

The rank of the tile is represented at the top, in blue, with Chinese numerals, while the character below (萬 wàn, meaning myriad) is in red. Older sets used the cursive character 万 when tiles were still hand-carved. Fujianese sets use 品 (pǐn, rank). Most sets use the character 伍 () for five instead of 五 ().

From the monetary origin of this suit, the myriads (10,000) are actually 100 strings of coins described in the bamboo suit section above.  One myriad equals ten thousand coins or 100 strings of 100 coins. (1萬=100索×100銅)

Red tiles
Red tiles () are unique to the Japanese set. They appear as a red version of tiles from each suit and are not quadruplicated. They first appeared in the 1970s with the Red 5 Circle which were followed with red 5 tiles for the other suits. Red 3s and 7s later appeared and were followed by red 1s and 9s although they are much less commonly found in sets than red 5s. There is also a rare red white dragon (白ポッチ, shiro pocchi) which can act as a wild card if tsumo conditions are met.

 These tiles are entirely optional. When inserted into play, one copy of its regular non-red counterpart is removed. They increase the score when melded. Japanese sets typically do not include the Four Gentlemen flower tiles to make room for the red tiles as flower tiles are rarely used in Japanese Mahjong anyway. Some mahjong parlours will have their own house tiles which may be red tiles for even ranks, even higher-scoring green tiles or gold tiles (), or colored wind tiles.

Honor tiles
Honor tiles (字牌, pinyin: zìpái, Japanese romaji: jihai, meaning 'word tiles'; or  番子, jyutping: faan1zi2, 'exponentials') have neither rank nor suit but like suited tiles they are also formed into melds. They are divided into two categories: four Wind tiles (風牌/风牌, pinyin: fēngpái, jyutping: fung1paai2, Japanese romaji: fompai or kazehai) and three Dragon tiles (三元牌, pinyin: sānyuánpái, jyutping: saam1jyun4paai2, Japanese romaji: sangempai), each of which is quadruplicated. Thus, there are 16 wind tiles and 12 Dragon tiles for 28 honor tiles.

Winds
The four types of Wind tiles are:

 East (),
 South (),
 West (), and
 North ().

Their Chinese characters are usually in blue, like 東, 南, 西 and 北.

Each type of Wind tiles corresponds to a point along the compass, written in blue traditional Chinese characters (even for sets where the Character tiles are written in simplified Chinese). Bonus points are scored if melds match the seat wind or prevailing wind or both. They are also known as the Four Joyous Tiles ().

Dragons
The three types of Dragon tiles are:

 or
 or

 Red (; also ) - a tile with a red traditional Chinese character (中) meaning center or middle. Sets for English speakers may also have a black letter C in a corner of the tile, denoting the first letter of the Wade-Giles romanization of 中 (chung). One of the earliest sets did not include these tiles. Some tiles have the traditional Chinese character "龍" () or a red dragon icon.
 Green (; also ; also ) - a tile with a green traditional Chinese character (發), even for sets where the Character tiles are written in simplified Chinese. Often the variant character U+24F35 𤼵 (癶 over 弓矢 instead of 弓殳) is used. It is a contraction of 發財/发财 (pinyin: fā cái) which loosely means "to strike it rich"). Some sets, notably American, use a green dragon in place of the character or may also have a black letter F in a corner of the tile, denoting the first letter from its transliteration. This tile was absent in the earliest sets. Some tiles have the traditional Chinese character "鳳" () or a green dragon icon.
 White (; also ) - a tile which can be without any markings like , although most modern sets employ tiles with a blue border (like  or ) to distinguish them from replacement tiles. Anglophone sets may also have a black letter B in the center of the tile, denoting the first letter of the Wade-Giles romanization of 白 (bai). Japanese tiles of this kind have no mark on them, and are occasionally dubbed tofu (bean curd) in some Japanese mahjong clubs. As noted above, there is a Japanese red tile version ().

The Chinese name for the Dragon tiles means "three fundamental tiles" (三元牌). They are also known as the arrow tiles (箭牌). The English name ("Dragons") was an invention by Babcock. They are like wind tiles except melding them will always score bonus points regardless of the prevailing or seat wind. These tiles were invented after the wind tiles beginning with the whites which were developed from replacement tiles, followed by the reds circa 1870, and finally the greens which entered the set by 1890.

Chinese characters occur in the design of the Characters, the Winds and the Dragons. Regular script (楷書) is usually used in the areas of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Canton, China and Southeast Asia, while Semi-cursive script (行書) is usually used in Japan.

Flower tiles
Flower tiles () are not used in melds. When drawn, they are set aside and the player gets to draw again but from the dead wall. These tiles usually depict stylized representations of flowers in many colors (hence the name). Nevertheless, other non-floral themes also exist, which vary from set to set. In American Mahjong, they are treated as honor tiles but from the 1930s to 1960 they were considered jokers. Some Japanese players treat them as higher scoring honors that cannot be used to form 'eyes' (pairs). Generally, however, they are not used in Japanese mahjong.

Quartets
The average set, if it contains flower tiles, will have two quartets of flower tiles, differentiating the color and/or style of the labels. Each quartet contains four unique tiles, which are numbered from 1 to 4 or otherwise distinctly labelled (common Chinese sets will have one quartet with blue Arabic numerals and the other group having red Chinese numerals). Each number matches a seat (1=East, 2=South, 3=West, 4=North).  Winners can double their score if the number on their flowers matches their seat number. There are also bonuses from collecting an entire quartet and in some variations, immediately winning from collecting all the flowers. As they reward points for pure luck, many games do not include them or are considered optional.

The four tiles in the Four Seasons () quartet are:

 or  or
 Spring ()
 Summer ()
 Autumn ()
 Winter ()

The representative patterns of the four seasons tiles are not fixed. The more common ones are "spring" with various spring flowers, such as peonies, or multiple blooming flowers; "summer" with lotus; "autumn" with autumn fruits; and "winter" with daffodils.

The four tiles in the Four Gentlemen () quartet are:

 or  or
 Plum ()
 Orchid ()
 Chrysanthemum ()
 Bamboo ()

Thai, Vietnamese, and Malaysian mahjong sets contain two more quartets of flower tiles in addition to the Four Seasons and Four Gentlemen. These are the usual subjects:

Four Arts ():

 Guqin ()
 Go ()
 Calligraphy ()
 Painting ()

Four Noble Professions ():

 Fisherman (): a fishing pole behind a fishing basket
 Woodcutter (): a tied up bundle of wood
 Farmer (): a rake behind a hat
 Scholar (): a book or scroll

While some Vietnamese sets use the Four Arts and the Four Noble Professions, most of them use emperors () and empresses (). They are not decorated with pictures but just the number and character (e.g. Third Emperor 三皇, Fourth Empress 四后).

The earliest known Chinese sets contained twelve flowers but no Four Gentlemen tiles and the Four Seasons were unadorned. Sets with large numbers of flowers were once popular in Northern China to play the game of "Flower Mahjong" (花麻雀). They typically had 20 or more flowers with some described as having up to 44.

American sets are based off an earlier Chinese set, before the Four Gentlemen became standardized. The "Three Stars" () and "Nobility" are typically used in its place, with the usual tiles being:

 Fortune (): a boat at the mercy of the sea
 Prosperity (): a nicely dressed man next to a multi-story building with what appears to be oil fields
 Longevity (): the Old Man of the South Pole holding a Peach of Immortality
 Nobility (): what appears to be a tree

Animal tiles
Animal tiles () are unnumbered flowers that automatically match the player's seat. These tiles are found in pairs with their subjects usually based on popular Chinese fables. Immediate payment occurs if both tiles in a pair or all the animals are collected. Singaporean sets contain two pairs of animal tiles while Thai and four-player Malaysian sets have four pairs. Some examples of tile pairs include:

 Cat () & Mouse ()
 Rooster () & Centipede ()
 Caishen (the god of wealth in Chinese folk religion and Taoism) & Sycee (an ancient, custom-made gold or silver ingot)
 Jiang Ziya (an 11th-century BC military strategist who, according to legend, fished without bait, believing the fish would come on their own) & Fish
 Liu Haichan (a legendary Taoist immortal) & Jin Chan (a mythical three-legged toad that attracts wealth)
 Dragon & Flaming pearl (a legendary treasure said to grant wishes)

Three-player Malaysian sets have two pairs of animals accompanied with a quartet of identical animal tiles decorated with a face, usually that of a clown. These are known as heads (人头), faces (人臉), clowns (小丑) or snowmen (雪人).  Sometimes, these four heads will be replaced with two pairs of male heads (male clowns, male faces) and female heads (female clowns, female faces).

 or

Joker tiles

Joker tiles (百搭牌, pinyin bǎidāpái) can be used to replace any suited or honor tile in putting together a hand subject to local restrictions. Four jokers are sometimes used in certain variants of Southeast Asian and Chinese mahjong, including Shanghainese mahjong. American mahjong uses eight jokers.

General-purpose
All-purpose jokers may have these inscriptions: 百搭 (bǎidā, 'hundred uses'), 聽用 (tīngyòng, 'many uses'), 飛 (fēi, 'flying'), or simply "Joker" in American sets.

 or  or  or

Suit-restricted
Vietnamese and Thai mahjong are related to extinct Chinese variants which used specialized jokers such as "King Mahjong" (王麻雀). Vietnamese mahjong sets commonly contain eight unique jokers:
Blue/green jokers (khung xanh):
Circle joker (筒, thùng)
Bamboo joker (索, soọc)
Character joker (萬, màn)
Universal joker (縂, tổng) : In King Mahjong it is a Suit and Honor joker, in Vietnamese mahjong it can also be used like the flower joker. Hong Kongers may use the 皇 character but this is not found in Vietnam because a flower quartet also uses it (see above). or
Red jokers (khung đỏ):
Suit joker (合, hợp)
Dragon joker (元, nguyên)
Wind joker (喜, hỷ)
Flower joker (花, hoa) : Like an animal tile but scores two doubles; it replaced the King Mahjong joker that functioned as a second Suit and Honor joker (陞王).
Honor joker (番 or 字 or 元喜, nhị khẩu) : A newer Vietnamese tile, it is an alternative to the dragon or wind joker. In Hong Kong, it is an alternative to the flower joker.

The first four jokers have a long lineage. They are found in the earliest sets and were inspired by the suit-restricted jokers in older Chinese card games. After 1975, modern Vietnamese sets triplicated or quadruplicated all eight jokers but each copy will have a different frame (rectangle, circle, lozenge, and hexagon) which allows them to be melded with each other. This means a total of 32 jokers, 36 if the alternate honor jokers are also included.

Rank-restricted

In Hong Kong, Vietnamese style sets may also contain rank-restricted jokers, either as alternatives to the flower joker, or in addition to the usual eight:
Terminal joker (么, jyutping: jiu1, 'ace') : Replaces one or nine of any suit
147 joker (仕, si6) : Replaces one, four, or seven of any suit
258 joker (將, zoeng3) : Replaces two, five, or eight of any suit
369 joker (兵, bing1 or 卒, zeot1) : Replaces three, six, or nine of any suit or

The Chinese characters from the latter three comes from Xiangqi pieces. These sets may have suit, dragon, wind, and rank-restricted jokers adorned with multiple characters representing the tiles they can replace, instead of a single Chinese character.

Comparison

footnotes

Regional design
Designs of mahjong tiles are different between regions. Here are some examples.

Construction
Traditionally, Mahjong tiles were made of bone, often backed with bamboo.  Bone tiles are still available but most modern sets are constructed from various plastics such as bakelite, celluloid, nylon and PET (often, recycled PET).  There are a small number of sets that have been made with ivory or jade, but these are exceedingly rare: most sets sold as ivory are in fact made from bone. Regardless of the material used to construct the tiles, the symbols on them are almost always engraved or pressed into the material. Some expert players can determine the face value of their tiles without actually looking at them by feeling these engravings with their fingers.

There are generally two size categories available, the larger mainland-China size and the smaller Taiwanese/Japanese/American size. However, within the former category (Mainland Chinese), 4 sizes have been roughly standardized:

Size 8:
Size 7.5:
Size 7:
Size 6:

The length to thickness ratio in all of these must be above 1:1.5, so that the tiles can steadily stand upright, since Chinese players use no racks to support their tiles in hand during play.

The sizes within the second category (Taiwanese/Japanese/American tiles) have lengths that vary roughly between . However, the Japanese tiles set themselves apart within this class by virtue of their thickness, which allows them to stand upright—despite their diminutive overall size. This enables Japanese mahjong players also to dispense with the use of racks (these are pervasive in the American game, in combination with slimmer tiles).

Unicode

Mahjong tiles were added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1.

The Unicode block for mahjong tiles is U+1F000–U+1F02B:

The Red Dragon tile also exists as in a non-emoji form as 🀄.

See also
 Mahjong mat

References

External links
 The Mahjong Tile Set

Mahjong
Game equipment

Mahjong tiles


Comunidade terapêutica (CT) é uma abordagem clínica de caráter coletivo, predominantemente utilizada no tratamento da drogadição.

No Brasil, tem sido proeminente o modelo espiritual-religioso, principalmente de orientação evangélica. O estatuto institucional das comunidades no sistema de saúde brasileiro é objeto de polêmicas frequentes. Denúncias de abusos e exploração do trabalho no interior das comunidades são recorrentes na mídia.

História

Origem
As comunidades terapêuticas se originam no contexto anglofóno durante a década de 1950, visando tratamento de neuroses nos ingleses que serviram na Segunda Guerra Mundial. A metolodogia foi significativamente elaborada pelo psiquiatra do exécrito inglês Maxwell Jones. O tratamento envolveria atividades educativas, teatrais e de discussão, desenvolvidas num ambiente coletivo e colaborativo. Posteriormente, a abordagem foi sendo expandida para o tratamento de outras patologias, especialmente a drogadição.

Expansão
A partir da consolidação e expansão da abordagem, a defesa de seu valor se centrou na ideia de que constituia uma alternativa ao confinamento manicomial. No entando, desde o momento inicial, já haviam criticas quanto ao seu caráter alternativo, com psicólogos apontando que tal metolodogia facilmente se confundia com o manicômio, adotando inúmeras práticas similares.

Na década de 1980, desenvolveram-se dois modelos de CT - Modelo de Minnesota e o Modelo Synanon.

No Brasil
Destaca-se no país o foco no tratamento da drogadição, estabelecendo comunidades principalmente em propriedades de zonas rurais, onde ficam confinados os pacientes. São utilizados diversos modelos de organização das comunidades, prevalecendo, por vezes, o caráter religioso-espiritual, e, em outros, cotidianos voltados ao trabalho.

Referências

Bibliografia

Comunidades terapêuticas

Comunidade terapêutica


La rue Eugène-Wiet est une voie de la commune de Reims, située au sein du département de la Marne, en région Grand Est.

Situation et accès
La rue Eugène-Wiet appartient administrativement au Quartier Barbâtre - Saint-Remi - Verrerie.
Elle commence rue Gambetta et aboutie rue du Barbâtre.
La voie est à sens unique avec un contre-sens cyclable.

Origine du nom
Elle porte ce nom pour commémorer Eugène Wiet, conseiller municipal de Reims.

Historique
Auparavant ruelle du Point-du-Jour, du nom d'une maison à cette enseigne, elle s'est appelée rue de Normandie. La rue a été rebaptisée rue Eugène Wiet en 1903.

Eugène Wiet
Edmond Eugène Wiet est né à Reims, le 15 mars 1828.
Il épousa Elisabeth Bouquet (1834-1889) avec qui il eut un fils Edmond Wiet.
Il était maître d'une pension de garçons à Reims.
Il céda son pensionnat vers 1864.
Il a été membre fondateur de la Société de la Libre-pensée à Reims.
Il a été Conseiller municipal de Reims en 1882, conseiller d'arrondissement en 1888 et conseiller général en 1890 pour le même troisième canton de Reims.
Il décède le 16 décembre 1897 à Reims et repose au Cimetière du Sud de Reims.

Edmond Wiet
Edmond Wiet est né à Reims, le 16 juin 1856.
Il est le fils de Eugène Wiet (1828-1897) et de d'Elisabeth Bouquet (1834-1889).
Il fut médecin et enseigna à l'École de médecine de Reims.
Il fut Conseiller municipal, adjoint au maire de Reims, conseiller général du 3e canton.
Il fut également consul de France au Tonkin, résident-maire de la ville de Haïphong en 1907.
Il est décédé en 1921 à Sillery et repose au Cimetière du Nord de Reims.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
Maison de la vie associative de Reims, ancienne extension de l'Hôpital général.

Notes, sources et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Liste des voies de Reims.

Eugène-Wiet
Odonyme se référant à un homme

Rue Eugène-Wiet


هيديكي توجو  ولد في 1884 وتوفي في 1948 جنرال ياباني، كان رئيس وزراء اليابان السابع والعشرين خلال فترة الحرب العالمية الثانية من 17 أكتوبر 1941 إلى 22 يوليو 1944، كان مسؤولاً بصفته رئيساً لوزراء اليابان عن الأمر بالهجوم على ميناء بيرل هاربر والذي أشعل الحرب بين اليابان و الولايات المتحدة عام 1941 رغم أن التخطيط له قد بدأ في أبريل 1941 قبل توليه منصبه. وقد حقق تأثيرًا على النطاق القومي بعد عام 1937م، كرئيس لأركان حرب جيش كوانتونغ القوة التي حمت ممتلكات اليابان في جنوبي منشوريا. عندما حاصرت الشرطة العسكرية الأمريكية منزله في 8 سبتمبر، سمعوا صوت إطلاق نار. حاول رئيس الوزراء السابق الانتحار بإطلاق النار على نفسه [في القلب] ، لكنه أخطأ في إطلاق النار وعلى الرغم من إطلاق النار على نفسه في المعدة لم يمت، كما عولج من قبل الأطباء الأمريكيين على وجه السرعة. بعد فترة نقاهة في المستشفى، تم نقله إلى سجن سوجامو. وعلى الرغم من الإصابات الخطيرة، فإن جهود الأطباء الأمريكيين لإنقاذه سمحت له بالحضور خلال ما يسمى محاكمات طوكيو، حيث قامت محكمة عسكرية دولية بمحاكمة القادة اليابانيين الرئيسيين خلال الحرب.

أثناء نزيفه، بدأ توجو في الكلام، وسجّل مراسلين يابانيين كلماته: "أنا آسف جدًا لأن ذلك يستغرق وقتًا طويلاً." كانت الحرب العظيمة في شرق آسيا مبررة وعادلة، وأنا آسف جدًا على الأمة وجميع أعراق القوى العظمى. الآسيويون، أنا في انتظار المحاكمة العادلة للتاريخ، أردت أن أقتل نفسي، لكن في بعض الأحيان يفشل ذلك "

اضطر للاستقالة من منصبه كرئيس للوزراء عام 1944م بعد سقوط سيبان. أُدين كمجرم حرب بعد استسلام اليابان،

صدور الحكم بالإعدام
بعد استسلام اليابان، دخلت قوات التحالف الأراضي اليابانية لأول مرة في التاريخ الياباني، حينها تمكنت من اعتقال جميع المسؤوليين العسكريين، وكان هيديكي توجو واحداً منهم، باستثناء الأطباء اليابانيين الذين قتلوا الصينيين بعد احتلال اليابان للصين عام 1937م، وأفراد العائلة المالكة وفي مقدمتهم الإمبراطور هيروهيتو ، إلا أن رئيس الوزراء الياباني السابق أدين كمجرم حرب ووصف بالمتشدد وقامت البحرية الأمريكية بإعدامه بتاريخ 23 ديسمبر عام 1948م، وكان ذلك قبل بداية الحرب الباردة بشهور .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 WW2DB: Hideki Tōjō
 Hideki Tōjō Quotes
 Address by Tojo Hideki, Premier of Japan
 Hideki Tōjō's grave at Findagrave

الرد الدولي خلال الهولوكوست
أشخاص أعدموا بتهمة جرائم حرب
أشخاص أعدموا بتهمة جرائم ضد الإنسانية
أشخاص أعدموا من قبل المحكمة العسكرية الدولية للشرق الأقصى
أشخاص متهمون بارتكاب جرائم ضد الإنسانية
أشخاص من طوكيو
أعضاء جيش كوانتونغ
جنرالات يابانيون
حكام فاشيون
رؤساء حكومات سجنوا لاحقا
رؤساء حكومات أدينوا بجرائم حرب
رؤساء وزراء اليابان
رؤساء وزراء اليابان القرن 20
رؤساء وزراء معدومون
زعماء الحرب العالمية الثانية
سياسيون معدومون
سياسيون من طوكيو
سياسيون يابانيون أدينوا بجرائم
سياسيون يابانيون في القرن 20
عسكريون يابانيون في الحرب العالمية الثانية
فاشيون يابانيون
قادة عسكريون معدومون
قتلة جماعيون معدومون
قوميون يابانيون
مجرمو القرن 20
مدفونون في البحار
مرتكبو جرائم الإبادة الجماعية
مشاعر معادية للصين
معاداة الأمريكيين
معدومون شنقا
مواليد 1884
مواليد في تشيودا (طوكيو)
وزراء تعليم اليابان
وزراء جيش اليابان الإمبراطوري
وزراء خارجية اليابان
وفيات 1948
وفيات في توشيما (طوكيو)
يابانيون أدينوا بجرائم ضد الإنسانية
يابانيون أدينوا بجريمة العدوان الدولية
يابانيون في الحرب العالمية الثانية
يابانيون مدانون بجرائم حرب
يابانيون معادون للشيوعية

هيديكي توجو


Çin piramitleri, Çin'de bulunan Han Çinlileri tarafından inşa edilmiş piramit şeklindeki yapılara verilen, erken Çin İmparatorluğu'nun yöneticilerini ve akrabalarını barındıran höyük, mozale ve tümülüs benzeri anıt mezarlardır. Bu anıt mezarların yaklaşık 38 tanesi Shaanxi bölgesinde bulunan Xi'an kentinin 25–35 km kuzeybatısında yer almaktadır. Bu piramitlerin en bilineni ilk Qin imparatoru olan Qin Shi Huang'ın mozalesidir. Bu mozole Toprak askerleri de içermektedir.

Piramitlerin bulunduğu yerler

 Maoling Anıtı 1: 34.3380854K 108.569684D
 Piramit 6: 34.363135K 108.63053834D
 Piramit 7: 34.3617534K 108.6401081D
 Piramit 11: 34.3748955K 108.6980009D
 Piramit: 34.3798011K 108.7044919D
 Piramit 15: 34.3977741K 108.7124205D
 Biri daha: 34.4008548K 108.7646055D
 Piramit 31: 34.2358251K 109.1186142D
 Biri daha: 34.2209934K 109.0963411D
 Piramitler 33,34,35: 34.1810627K 109.0223122D
 Piramitler 34°21'44.48"N 108°37'50.88"E
 Huang-ti Anıtı 37: 34.3812356K 109.2540121D

Batıda bilinirlik

Piramitlerin batı toplumunun ilgisine mazhar olması iki aşamada gerçekleşmiştir. İlk hikâyeler "Büyük Beyaz Piramit" hakkındadır. ABD Hava kuvvetleri pilotu James Gaussman'ın II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Hindistan'dan Çin'e olan uçuşu sırasında beyaz bir piramit gördüğüne dair hikâyeler vardır, ancak bu hikâyeyi doğrulayacak kaynak yoktur.

Bugün artık Gaussman hikâyesinin aslında binbaşı Maurice Sheahan'a, Trans World Havayollarının uzak doğu yöneticisine, ait olduğu düşünülmektedir. 28 Mart, 1947 tarihli The New York Times gazetesinde piramidi gördüğünü açıklamıştır. Sheahan'ın bahsettiği piramit daha sonra The New York Sunday News'''ın 30 Mart, 1947 sayısında fotoğrafıyla göründü.

Bu fotoğrafın daha sonra James Gaussman tarafından çekildiği söylendi. Chris Maier'in çabaları sayesinde daha sonra bu fotoğraftaki piramidin aslında Han İmparatoru Wu'nun anıtmezarı olduğuna dair iddialar ortaya atıldı. Aksine iddialara karşın bu piramitlerin varlığı batılı bilim insanları tarafından 1947'den önce de biliniyordu.

New York Times'ın haberinden kısa bir süre sonra, Science News Letter (artık Science News) şu kısa yazıyı bastı:

Victor Segalen Çin'i 1913'te ziyaret etmiş ve İlk imparatorun Mezarı (ve bölgedeki diğer höyükler) hakkında Mission Archeologique en Chine (1914): L'art funeraire a l'epoque des Han.''da bahsetmiştir.

Han Yang Ling Mozalesi gibi bölgedeki bazı piramitler günümüzde turizme açıktır ve içlerinde müzeler barındırmaktadırlar.

Çin'de höyük mezarın gelişimi
Çin'de uzun bir höyük geleneği vardır. Ve tarihi en azından Shang-Zhou dönemine kadar gider.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Niuheliang Archaeological Site
 Center for the Art of East Asia article discussing Western Han pyramidal mounds and Tang Dynasty tombs
 People's Daily - Inner Mongolian pyramid
       Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. 1993. The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan. In Muqarnas X: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Margaret B. Sevcenko, ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
 Google Map - Mount Li Mausoleum (Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum)
 Google Map - Maoling Mausoleum (Great White Pyramid)

Piramit
Piramit
Ülkelerine göre piramitler
Han Hanedanı

Çin piramitleri


Giuseppe Giulietti, dit Beppe (Rome, 19 octobre 1953), est un journaliste, syndicaliste et homme politique italien.

Biographie
Né à Rome, il a fréquenté l'école primaire à Naples, le collège et le lycée classique à Venise, et s'est diplômé en littérature dans la capitale, avec une thèse sur l'histoire des religions consacrée aux anabaptistes

Il est entré à la RAI par le biais d'un concours pour stagiaires en 1979, et est devenu professionnel en janvier 1982 ; il est inscrit à l'Ordre des journalistes de la Vénétie.

Il a également été correspondant de La Domenica Sportiva, et après un congé pour des mandats parlementaires, il a repris son service au sein de l'entreprise publique de radio et de télévision en 2013, affecté à Testata Giornalistica Regionale di Venezia, où il avait passé une décennie au début de sa carrière, et où il a travaillé comme rédacteur ordinaire jusqu'à sa retraite (2017).

Il tient un blog sur le site "Il Fatto Quotidiano".

Activité syndicale
Il a débuté comme conseiller du syndicat des journalistes de Vénétie, et comme conseiller de la Fédération nationale de la presse italienne (Federazione Nazionale Stampa Italiana - FNSI), le syndicat de la catégorie, dont il a été vice-secrétaire ; de 1989 à 1992, il a été secrétaire d'Usigrai, le syndicat de base des journalistes de la RAI.

Toujours engagé dans la défense d'une communication libre et transparente, il a été l'un des fondateurs, en 1986, du Gruppo di Fiesole, un laboratoire d'idées qui a ensuite inspiré le mouvement syndical Autonomie et Solidarité, et en 2002 de l'association Articolo 21, liberi di..., dont il a également été le porte-parole.

Élu le 16 décembre 2015 président de la FNSI, il a été réélu le 15 février 2019 pour la période de quatre ans 2019-2023.

Activité politique
Député de la douzième à la seizième législature, il est devenu député pour la première fois en 1994 (indépendamment des Progressisti) et a été réélu pour quatre autres mandats, toujours à la Chambre, sur les listes du Parti démocrate de la gauche (Partito Democratico della Sinistra - PDS), puis des Démocrates de gauche (Democratici di sinistra - DS) et enfin d'Italie des valeurs (Italia dei Valori - IDV), en rejoignant leurs groupes parlementaires respectifs ; le 29 juillet 2009, il a quitté le groupe parlementaire d'Italia dei Valori pour rejoindre le groupe Misto.

Il faisait partie des partisans du référendum abrogatif de 1995 à la télévision.

Au cours de ses dix-neuf années de mandat parlementaire, il a été membre de nombreux organes de la Chambre, et notamment des commissions suivantes : Affaires constitutionnelles ; Culture (plus tard "Culture, Science et Education") ; Justice ; Education ; Commission spéciale pour la réorganisation du secteur de la radio-télévision ; Commission parlementaire pour la direction générale et la supervision des services de radio-télévision (la "Commission de supervision de la RAI").

Notes et références

Source

Liens externes

  Giuseppe Giulietti, sur le site storia.camera.it, Chambre des Députés.
  Giuseppe Giulietti, sur le site Openpolis, Associazione Openpolis.
  Enregistrements de Giuseppe Giulietti, sur le site RadioRadicale.it, Radio Radicale.

Naissance en octobre 1953
Naissance à Rome
Syndicaliste italien
Personnalité politique italienne du XXe siècle
Personnalité politique italienne du XXIe siècle
Député de la douzième législature de la République italienne
Député de la treizième législature de la République italienne
Député de la quatorzième législature de la République italienne
Député de la quinzième législature de la République italienne
Député de la seizième législature de la République italienne
Personnalité des Démocrates de gauche
Personnalité du Parti démocrate de la gauche
Personnalité du Parti démocrate (Italie)

Giuseppe Giulietti (homme politique)


George Roger Waters (d. 6 Eylül 1943, Great Bookham, Surrey), İngiliz müzisyen ve besteci. Pink Floyd grubunun solisti ve basgitaristi olarak tanınmaktadır.

Hayatı
Daha çocuk yaşta babası Eric Fletcher Waters'ı savaşta kaybetti. Bu onun tüm hayatını etkiledi. The Final Cut albümünü babasına adadı.

Askeri okuldan kovuldu ve nükleer silahsızlanma konusunda mücadele veren bir gençlik kolunun (:en:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) lideri konumuna geldi.

Daha sonra mimarlık eğitimi için Cambridge'den ayrılarak Londra'daki The Regent Street Polytechnic'e girdi. Nick Mason ve Richard Wright ile burada tanıştı. The T-Set ve The Screaming Abdabs gibi ünlü topluluklarla çalıştılar.

Roger Waters, Syd Barret'in gruptan ayrılmasıyla birlikte, grup liderliğini üstlenmiştir. Bunu, kendisinin bir adım ilerleyerek değil de, diğer grup elemanlarının neredeyse geriye çekilmeleriyle gerçekleştiğini söylemiştir. The Wall albümü sırasında grup üyeleriyle birçok tartışma yaşar.Bazı şarkılarda Richard Wright'ın çalmamasını istemiştir ve Nick Mason'u da sıkça nasıl çalması gerektiği konusunda yönlendirmiştir. Bu tartışmalar The Final Cut'ın yapımı sırasında Richard Wright'ın gruptan ayrılmasına neden olmuş, bu yüzden albümün "sound"u diğer Pink Floyd albümlerine göre sönük kalmıştır. Gruptan ayrılmadan önce Pink Floyd The Wall filminin yapımında çalışır, fakat onun da her ne kadar başarılı bir yönetmen tarafından yönetilmiş de olsa, başarılı bir filmden ziyade, bir "video klip" gibi olduğunu düşünür.

1985'te Pink Floyd'dan ayrıldı ancak parlak lirik zekası ile gruba damgasını vurdu. Bugün bile birçok kişi için Pink Floyd denilince akla gelenler Roger Waters ve grubun Dark Side of the Moon'da birçok şarkıdaki vokalleri ve müthiş gitarıyla David Gilmour'dur.

Roger Waters 1983'te " The Pros and Cons of Hitchhiking" isimli bir albüm çıkardı. Bu albüm The Wall'ın ve The Final Cut'ın bir devamı olarak görülür. Albümdeki şarkılar bir rüya gibi anlatılmıştır. Bu albümde Eric Clapton, Roger Waters'a grubun solo gitaristi olarak eşlik eder.

Yıllar 1987'i gösterdiğinde ise Roger Waters Radio K.A.O.S isimli albümünü çıkarır. Bu albüm diğer albümleri kadar ilgi çekmez; fakat "The Tide is Turning" isimli şarkı albümün geneline damgasını vurur ve hayranlar tarafından çok sevilir.

Roger Waters 1988'de ise Etienne Roda-Gil ile Fransız Devrimini anlatan bir opera olan Ca Ira üzerinde çalışmaya başlar. Bu opera son halini 2005'te alacaktır. 1990'da ise Berlin Duvarı'nın yıkılmasını takiben Roger Waters Berlin'de The Wall'ın tamamını büyük bir orkestra eşliğinde icra eder.

1992'de ise uzun süredir beklenen Amused to Death isimli albümünü piyasaya sürer. Bu albüm birçok eleştirmen ve hayran tarafından Roger Waters'ın en iyi solo albümü kabul edilir. Bu albümde Roger Waters'a Jeff Beck, John Patituci, Andy Fairwather-Low, Michael Kamen gibi ünlü müzisyenler eşlik eder.

Yıllar 2003'ü gösterdiğinde Roger Waters İnternet üzerinden To Kill The Child ve Leaving Beirut isimli iki parça yayınlar. Bu parçalar George Bush ve Tony Blair hükûmetini ciddi bir biçimde eleştirmektedir. 2005'te ise Ca Ira tamamlanarak piyasaya sürülür ve Roma'da sahnelenir.

20 Haziran 2006'da ise Kuruçeşme Arena, İstanbul'da bir konser vermiş ve Dark Side of The Moon albümünün tamamını canlı çalmıştır.

Roger Waters 4 Ağustos 2013'te İstanbul İTÜ Stadyumunda bir konser vermiş ve "The Wall" albümünün tamamını canlı çalmıştır.

Solo çalışmaları
 The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking (1984)
 Radio K.A.O.S. (1987)
 Amused to Death (1992)
  (2005)
 Is This the Life We Really Want? (2017)
 The Dark Side Of The Moon Redux (2023)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1943 doğumlular
Güney Doğu İngiltere doğumlular
İngiliz erkek şarkıcılar
İngiliz klasik müzik bestecileri
İngiliz ateistler
Pink Floyd üyeleri
Capitol Records sanatçıları
Yaşayan insanlar
BAFTA Ödülü sahipleri
Columbia Records sanatçıları
İngiliz deneysel müzisyenler
İngiliz müzik yapımcıları
İngiliz rock bas gitaristleri
İngiliz rock şarkıcıları
İngiliz şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları
İngiliz sosyalistler
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Harvest Records sanatçıları
Ritim gitaristleri
Westminster Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Britanyalı savaş karşıtı aktivistler
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Roger Waters


صلاح رشوان (ولد 31 ديسمبر 1950 - توفي 20 فبراير 2017) ممثل مصري، عمل في المسرح والتلفزيون وحاصل على بكالوريوس المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية.

أدواره
من علاماته في التمثيل دوره الكبير في مسلسل (المال والبنون) عندما أدى دور شخصية رجل بسيط باسم «عباده العقاد» الذي يحاول تربية أولاده بعيداً عن المال الحرام.
ومن أبرز أدواره الأُخرى شخصية «رفقي عزيز» في مسلسل الدالي الذي قام ببطولته مع الفنان نور الشريف
وفيه يقوم بدور رجل مسيحي مساعد والصديق الوفي لسعد الدالي.

بالإضافة إلى دور والد أحمد في فيلم الحكاية دول حكاية للفنان راغب علامة عام 1999.

أعماله

أفلام

مسلسلات

أخرى
 خالتي صفية والدير:2010 - مسرحية
 الناس اللي في التالت:2001 - مسرحية
 عجايب صندوق الدنيا:1991 - فوازير- ضيف شرف
 البهلوان:1988 - مسرحية
 حلم ليلة صيف:1982 - مسرحية
 اليتيم: تمثيلية
 وغربت الشمس: مسلسل اذاعي

وفاته
توفي في يوم 20 فبراير 2017 في أحد مستشفيات فرنسا بعد صراع طويل مع مرض السرطان عن عمر يناهز 67 عاما ودُفن في مقبرة عائلته في القاهرة.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

صلاح رشوان
ممثلو أفلام مصريون
ممثلو تلفزيون مصريون
ممثلو مسرح مصريون
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 20
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 21
مواليد 1369 هـ
مواليد 1370 هـ
مواليد 1950
وفيات 1438 هـ
وفيات 2017
وفيات السرطان في مصر
وفيات بعمر 66
وفيات في فرنسا

صلاح رشوان


The skeletal muscle pump or musculovenous pump is a collection of skeletal muscles that aid the heart in the circulation of blood. It is especially important in increasing venous return to the heart, but may also play a role in arterial blood flow.

General
The skeletal muscle pump is vital in negating orthostatic intolerance when standing. When moving upright, the blood volume moves to the peripheral parts of the body. To combat this, the muscles involved in standing contract and help to bring venous blood volume to the heart. The pump is important in affecting the central and local supply of blood output. Venous return, cardiac output, and stroke volume were all increased during exercise experiments, as well as affecting the local muscle being used, blood volume.

Arterial blood pumping
Between muscle relaxations, intramuscular pressure transiently returns to a level below the venous blood pressure. This allows blood from the capillary system to refill the veins until the next contraction. It is postulated that this change in pressure may be great enough to draw blood from the arterial side to the venous side. It is hypothesized that this pressure drop during rhythmic contraction actually increases blood flow through the muscle, and may be responsible for a portion of the increase in muscle blood flow immediately at the onset of activity. This explanation is attractive, because it would explain the readily observable tight coupling between muscle contraction and a rapid increase in muscle blood flow. However, recent evidence has emerged that cast doubts on this theory. Experiments have shown that a strong muscle contraction can occur without a corresponding increase in skeletal muscle blood flow. Given the proposed manner of action of the muscle pump to increase arterial blood flow, it would seem impossible for a muscle contraction and skeletal muscle hyperemia to be uncoupled. Another experiment recently was only able to find evidence that vasodilation, not the skeletal muscle pump, was responsible for maintaining proper pressure and blood return. This might have to do with the lack of rigorous physiological tests thus far used to be able to prove the pump.

Experiments have shown the use of passive leg exercises, where only vasodilation was used, was responsible for increased blood return.

See also
Tilt table test

References

External links
 Medical College of Georgia article on the Skeletal-muscle pump

Muscular system
Veins

Skeletal muscle pump


Le Col. James M. Schoonmaker, anciennement Willis B. Boyer, est un cargo lacustre qui a servi de navire commercial sur les Grands Lacs pendant une grande partie du . Nommé en l'honneur du récipiendaire de la Medal of Honor , il est actuellement un navire-musée à Toledo dans l'Ohio, exposé au Musée national des Grands Lacs.

Historique

Le bateau à vapeur Col. James M. Schoonmaker a vu le jour le  juillet 1911 aux  à Ecorse dans le Michigan. Au moment de sa mise à l'eau il prit le titre de  qui est donné au plus gros navire sur les Grands Lacs. Il est d'abord devenu le fleuron de la Shenango Furnace Company . il a battu de nombreux records de fret pour le minerai de fer, les céréales et le charbon au cours de sa première année. Il était propulsé par une machine à vapeur à triple expansion qui a été remplacée par une turbine à vapeur en 1955. Il a navigué dans le cadre de la flotte Shenango jusqu'en 1969, date à laquelle il a été vendu à l' Interlake Steamship Company qui a affrété le Col James M. Schoonmaker à la Republic Steel Corporation. Après une charte de trois ans à cette société, Interlake a décidé de la vendre à la Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co, qui a renommé le navire Willis B. Boyer en l'honneur du président de la société. Ils ont exploité le vraquier pendant 7 ans dans le commerce du fer jusqu'à ce qu'il soit désarmé en 1980 en raison d'un ralentissement de l'industrie sidérurgique.

Préservation

7 ans plus tard, la ville de Toledo a décidé d'acheter  Willis B. Boyer pour l'utiliser comme musée. Le navire a été la pièce maîtresse du Parc International de la ville pendant plusieurs décennies avant d'être rebaptisé sous son nom d'origine, Col. James M. Schoonmaker et d'être déplacé une dernière fois sur le site du Musée national des Grands Lacs sur les rives du la rivière Maumee à Toledo.

Le 17 décembre 2009, le conseil d'administration de l'autorité portuaire du comté de Lucas a autorisé un protocole d'accord avec la Great Lakes Historical Society de Vermilion, pour la création du Musée national des Grands Lacs au Toledo Maritime Center.

Willis B. Boyer a été repeint aux couleurs de la flotte Shenango Furnace et, le  juillet 2011, rebaptisé sous son nom d'origine. En octobre 2012, le Col. James M. Schoonmaker a été remorqué en aval jusqu'à son nouveau poste d'amarrage à côté du musée. Le musée a ouvert ses portes au printemps 2014<ref>[https://nmgl.org/ Site officiel du National Museum of the Great Lakes]</ref>.

 Voir aussi

Notes et références

 Liens internes
 SS Edmund Fitzgerald
 Vraquier des Grands Lacs
 SS William G. Mather

 Liens externes
Schoonmaker, Col. James M. - Site Great Lakes Vessel History
Col. Schoonmaker James M. - Site MuseumShips
 Bibliographie
 Mark L. Thompson (1994). Queen of the Lakes''. Wayne State University Press. pp. 121–127. .

Bateau des Grands Lacs (Amérique du Nord)
Bateau lancé en 1911
Navire construit au Michigan
Navire musée dans l'Ohio
Toledo (Ohio)
Queen of the Lakes

SS Col. James M. Schoonmaker


Rainer Baron Kensy von Echlin (* 25. Juli 1961 in Speyer) ist ein deutscher Agrarökonom und Unternehmer in der Finanzwirtschaft.

Familie

Kensy von Echlins Vorfahren wurden zum ersten Mal 1296 mit den Ländereien "derer von Echline" in der Gemeinde Dalmeny, West Lothian im Edinburghshire, Schottland erwähnt. Sie wanderten in der Folge nach Irland ("irische Linie") und nach Litauen (sog. "schottische Linie") ein und betrieben im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert Land- und Forstwirtschaft in Ostpreußen. Durch die Ostpreußische Operation (1945) verloren seine Eltern alle Ländereien sowie Hab und Gut und flohen nach Westdeutschland. Kensy ist der 13. Baron von Echlin und ist mit der Norwegerin Anne Elisabeth geb. Patterson verheiratet.

Werdegang
Echlin besuchte das Gymnasium am Kaiserdom. Nach dem Abitur studierte er an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel und der Technischen Universität Berlin Agrarwissenschaften und Ökonometrie. 1983 wurde er im Kieler Corps Palaiomarchia-Masovia aktiv. 1988 war er für den Berliner Senioren-Convent (KSCV) stellvertretender Vorortsprecher des KSCV. Später nahm er noch die Bänder der Corps Lusatia Leipzig (1985) und des Corps Masovia Königsberg zu Potsdam auf. Er beendete das Studium als Dipl.-Ing. agr. und Master of Science.

An der Isenberg School of Management der University of Massachusetts absolvierte er ein Zweitstudium in Finanzwissenschaft, das er mit Auszeichnung mit dem Master of Business Administration abschloss. Mit einer Dissertation über japanische Konzernstrukturen wurde er 1994 an der Hochschule St. Gallen zum Dr. oec. (HSG) promoviert. Anschließend arbeitete er im Projektmanagement bzw. Portfoliomanagement der Caribbean Development Bank und der Crédit Suisse in Barbados und Tokio. Danach übernahm er Aufgaben im Bereich Derivative Structuring bei Merrill Lynch Deutschland und Salomon Brothers in London. Nachdem er für die Rothschild Bank (Zürich) gearbeitet hatte, leitete er Tochterfirmen der RMF-MAN Investment Group. Die UBS berief ihn als Global Head Alternative Investments. Als European Co Head führte er in London das Asset Management von Bear Stearns. Eine Tochterfirma von Hottinger & Compagnie wählte ihn in den Verwaltungsrat (Schweiz). Seit 2005 ist er Curriculum Board Member der Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst Association. Seit 2009 im Verwaltungsrat der Echlin AG, einem Single-Family-Office, welches früher eine Beteiligung an Echlin Inc. (NYSE: ECH) hielt, und inzwischen im Ruhestand, engagiert Kensy von Echlin sich – in der Schweiz und im Vereinigten Königreich – nur noch in Beiräten mehrerer Hedgefonds (Secquaero, Bainbridge), einem Multi Family Office und einem IT-Unternehmen, welches sich mit IT-Sicherheit, Prävention, Erkennung und Aufarbeitung von Wirtschaftsdelikten und Anti-Fraud-Management beschäftigt. 2018 absolvierte er das Senior Executive Programme der University of Oxford.

Soziales Engagement
Bei Mensa International setzt sich Echlin für die Erforschung der Intelligenz und die Erkennung und Förderung hochbegabter Kinder ein. Er sitzt im Beirat von philanthropischen Stiftungen in der Schweiz und in den USA. Seit 2007 Ehrenritter (seit 2018 Rechtsritter) in der französischen Genossenschaft des Johanniterordens, koordiniert er die gemeinsamen französischen-schweizer-deutschen Aktivitäten (z. Zt. hauptsächlich in Madagaskar). Er unterstützt den Aufbau der medizinischen Versorgung in ländlichen Gebieten Haitis und berät das Wirtschafts- und Finanzministerium und die staatliche Pensionskasse des Landes.

Weiterhin ist Kensy von Echlin als Vorsitzender des Verwaltungsgremiums der Save-The-Lake-Stiftung in Ostafrika aktiv. Seit 2012 arbeiten sie an einem Impact-Projekt, welches den Victoriasee effizient von der Pflanzenwucherung befreit, damit der See den Anwohnern 'zurück gibt', so dass diese wieder fischen können und die Landwirtschaft unterstützt wird, indem der Fermentierungsprozess der Wucherpflanzen modifiziert und kontrolliert wird, so dass aus dem Pflanzenmüll Dünger für die heimische Landwirtschaft entsteht, der für die lokale Bevölkerung und Kleinindustrie zur Verfügung steht. Ziel ist es, der lokalen Bevölkerung dauerhaft in diesem Sinne eine wirtschaftliche Autonomie zu ermöglichen. Seit 2015 ist die Save The Lake Foundation mandatiert, in Nairobi den Nairobi Dam umfassend biologisch und ingenieurtechnisch zu restaurieren, welcher ein zentrales Problem für die Kibera-Siedlung, den grössten Slum Ostafrikas, darstellt.

Werke
 Marketing of anaerobically digested manure as fertilizer. Barbados 1986.
 mit S. Beck, M. Schwind, M. und anderen: Grain storage as an instrument for economic stability for Africa. TU Berlin 1987.
 Japanische Wirtschaftsstrukturen und multinationale Unternehmungen aus der Sicht der Postmoderne. St. Gallen 1995.
 Japans postmoderne Konzerne. Trendsetter für die Jahrtausendwende. München 1996.
 Keirezu Economy  –  New Economy? New York und London 2000.
 Hedge Funds verstehen. Grundlagen und neueste Entwicklungen. München 2008.
 mit B. Poitevien: La stabilité du système bancaire. Analyse et recommandation.  Université d'État d'Haïti 2011.

Einzelnachweise

Agrarökonom
Person (Schweiz)
Person (Haiti)
Corpsstudent (20. Jahrhundert)
Ehrenritter (Johanniterorden)
Deutscher
Geboren 1961
Mann

Rainer Kensy von Echlin


Ion Păduraru (n. 18 ianuarie 1961, Țipletești, Sîngerei) este un jurist din Republica Moldova, fost secretar general al Aparatului Președintelui Republicii Moldova (aprilie 2012-?). În perioada 22 mai 1998 - 12 noiembrie 1999 a fost Ministru al Justiției al Republicii Moldova în cabinetele Ciubuc II și Sturza.

Anterior, Păduraru a activat în calitate de procuror, judecător, șef al Secției juridice a Cancelariei de stat, viceministru al Justiției. De asemenea, a fost avocat și decan al Baroului de Avocați Chișinău. În anul 2000 a fost ofițer civil al ONU în Departamentul Judiciar al Administrației ONU pentru Timorul de Est (de fapt o funcție echivalentă cu cea de viceministru al Justiției în guvernul temporar al Timorului de Est sub administrația de tranziție ONU).

Pe 14 ianuarie 2016, după ce a respins candidatura lui Vlad Plahotniuc (din partea PDM) la funcția de prim-ministru al Republicii Moldova, președintele Nicolae Timofti l-a desemnat pe Ion Păduraru drept candidat la funcția de prim-ministru, acesta având un termen de 15 zile la dispoziție să întocmească programul de activitate și componența nominală a noului cabinet de miniștri și să le prezinte parlamentului spre examinare. Imediat, o parte din presă a scris despre faptul că numele lui Păduraru figurează în dosarul lui Vlad Filat, mai exact în autodenunțul lui Ilan Shor. A doua zi, la mai puțin de 12 ore după ce președintele Nicolae Timofti l-a desemnat pe Păduraru la funcția de premier, președintele PDM, Marian Lupu, a prezentat o solicitare prin care comunica că partidul nu este de acord cu desemnarea lui Păduraru și cere revocarea decretului prezidențial cu promisiunea că în timpul apropiat va fi prezentată o listă de susținere a unui alt candidat, iar la scurt timp a înaintat și un candidat propriu la funcția de prim-ministru: Pavel Filip, vicepreședinte al PDM și Ministru în exercițiu al Tehnologiei Informației și Comunicațiilor. Peste puțin timp, Ion Păduraru a anunțat că-și retrage candidatura de la funcția de prim-ministru în favoarea lui Pavel Filip, iar conform altor surse, Președintele Nicolae Timofti a anulat decretul de numire a consilierului său Ion Păduraru drept candidat pentru funcția de prim-ministru. După care, șeful statului l-a desemnat pe Pavel Filip în calitate de candidat la funcția de prim-ministru, motivând că a luat această decizie "ca urmare a propunerii care i-a fost făcută de majoritatea parlamentară constituită dintr-un număr de 55 de deputați".

Ion Păduraru este căsătorit și are doi copii. În afară de limba maternă, mai cunoaște engleza, franceza, italiana și rusa.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1961
Nașteri pe 18 ianuarie
Avocați moldoveni
Judecători moldoveni
Juriști moldoveni
Moldoveni în viață
Oameni din raionul Sîngerei
Procurori moldoveni
Decorați cu Ordinul Republicii al Republicii Moldova
Miniștri ai justiției ai Republicii Moldova
Decorați cu Ordinul Gloria Muncii al Republicii Moldova

Ion Păduraru


Irideae, biljni tribus trajnica iz porodice perunikoivki, dio potporodice Iridoideae.

Ime tribusa dolazi po rodu Iris, a raširen je po Euroaziji, Africi i Sjevernoj Americi.

Rodovi
 Tribus Irideae Kitt.
 Subtribus Iridineae
 Dietes Salisb. (6 spp.), dietes
 Iris L. (313 spp.), perunika.
 Subtribus Ferrariineae
 Ferraria Burm. ex Mill. (18 spp.), ferarija
 Bobartia L. (17 spp.)
 Moraea Mill. (231 spp.), moreja

Izvori

Iridoideae

Irideae


Impératrice allemande peut faire référence à:
 voir Liste_des_épouses_des_souverains_de_Prusse#Impératrices_allemandes_et_reines_de_Prusse_(1871-1918)
 Disocactus phyllanthoides, une espèce de cactus

+
Espèce de Cactaceae (nom vernaculaire)

Impératrice allemande


An Agrostis calderoniae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Acosta. An Agrostis calderoniae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis calderoniae


Svijet

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 6. srpnja  Josip Bach, hrvatski glumac i redatelj (* 1874.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kazalište u 1935.


Louis Bendixen (født 23. juni 1995 i København) er en dansk cykelrytter, der kører for .

Meritter
2013
 1. Junior DM i MTB XCO 2013.(U19)
 2. Junior DM i cykelcross 2013.(U19)
 4. Junior UCI XCO World Cup Val Di Sole 2013.(U19)

2016
 7. Tour of China I, Stage 2
 5. Tour of China II, Stage 5.

2018
 3. stage (Prologue) Volta a Portugal em Bicicleta Santander Totta

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Danmark

Louis Bendixen


Sheila Williams, née le  à Springfield dans le Massachusetts, est la rédactrice en chef du magazine Asimov's Science Fiction.

Biographie
Sheila Williams a grandi dans une famille de cinq personnes dans l'ouest du Massachusetts. Sa mère a une maîtrise en microbiologie. Son intérêt pour la science-fiction lui vient de son père, qui lui lit les livres d'Edgar Rice Burroughs lorsqu'elle est enfant. Plus tard, Sheila Williams obtient un diplôme de l'Elmira College à Elmira, New York, après avoir étudié une première année à la London School of Economics. Lors de sa formation à Elmira, elle reçoit le titre honorifique de « maxime deformis » par ses pairs. Elle obtient sa maîtrise de l'Université de Washington de St. Louis. Elle est mariée à David Bruce et a deux filles.

Rédactrice en chef
Sheila Williams commence à s'intéresser au Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine (comme il s'intitulait à l'époque) alors qu'elle étude la philosophie à l'Université de Washington. En 1982, elle est embauchée au magazine et travaille avec Isaac Asimov pendant dix ans. Durant cette période, elle co-fonde le Dell Magazines Award for Undergraduate Excellence in Science Fiction and Fantasy Writing (appelé à un moment le Isaac Asimov Award for Undergraduate Excellence in Science Fiction and Fantasy Writing). En 2004, elle devient rédactrice en chef du magazine avec le départ à la retraite de Gardner Dozois.

Avec Gardner Dozois, elle édite la série d'anthologies Isaac Asimov's. Elle co-édite également A Woman's Liberation: A Choice of Futures by and About Women (2001) avec Connie Willis. Elle édite une anthologie rétrospective de fiction publiée par Asimov's : Asimov's Science Fiction: 30th Anniversary Anthology. Booklist salue le livre comme « un joyau, à mettre au crédit de Williams comme éditrice ». Plus récemment, elle édite Enter a Future: Fantastic Tales from Asimov's Science Fiction.

Elle remporte le prix Hugo de la meilleure éditrice pour le format court (Best Short Form Editor) en 2011 et 2012.

Bibliographie

Anthologies

Éditoriaux pour Asimov's Science Fiction

Essais et reportages

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1956
Naissance à Springfield (Massachusetts)
Étudiant de l'université Washington de Saint-Louis
Éditeur d'œuvres de science-fiction
Étudiant de la London School of Economics
Rédactrice en chef

Sheila Williams


Live at the Palace es el primer lanzamiento en DVD de la banda de metal alternativo, Three Days Grace. La banda dedicó este DVD en memoria de su mánager y amigo, Stuart Sobol. El DVD fue lanzado originalmente como un Best Buy en exclusiva en agosto de 2008, pero ahora está disponible en otras tiendas. Tiene una duración de 1:19:42.

Contenido
 "Animal I Have Become" - 6:38
 "Pain" - 4:12
 "Just Like You" - 5:00
 "Let It Die" - 5:06
 "Wake Up" - 4:38
 "I Hate Everything About You" - 5:53
 "Rooster" (cover acústico de Alice in Chains) - 5:15
 "Riot" - 7:15
 "Get Out Alive" - 5:56
 "Never Too Late" - 4:33
 "Scared" - 5:51
 "Gone Forever" - 3:30
 "Home" (incluye un verso de la canción "Hey Man, Nice Shot" del grupo Filter) - 15:51
 "It's All Over" (versión de estudio, durante los créditos)
El DVD incluye en exclusiva detrás de escenas con imágenes de los miembros de la banda.

Créditos
 Adam Gontier: voz, guitarra rítmica
 Neil Sanderson: batería, coros
 Brad Walst: bajo, coros
 Barry Stock: guitarra líder
 Michael Drumm: director, productor, editor
 Stuart Sobol, Nicki Loranger: productores ejecutivos, manejo
 Stacy Kanter, Dan Mackta: coproductores ejecutivos
 Michael Tabasco: A&R
 Michael Spencer: editor
 Jay Chapman: productor
 Howard Benson: productor de audio
 Mike Plotnikoff: mezclador
 Harsukazu Inagaki, Brendan Dekora: asistente de ingenieros
 Paul Decarli: edición digital

Referencias

Álbumes de 2008

Live at the Palace


Alessandro Bandiera (Sienne,  - Osimo, ) est un religieux et litterateur italien.

Biographie
Né à Sienne en 1699, il fut d'abord jésuite, depuis vingt jusqu'à quarante ans, et, selon l'institution de cet ordre, il professa les belles-lettres dans plusieurs villes d'Italie ; mais ayant embrassé des opinions littéraires et une méthode d'enseignement différentes de celles que la compagnie avait généralement adoptées, il en résulta pour lui quelques désagréments qui l'engagèrent à passer, avec toutes les permissions nécessaires, dans l'Ordre des Servites de Marie. Il s'y consacra, pendant le reste de sa vie, aux travaux de l'enseignement public, et jouit de la considération due à son savoir et à son zèle. Il publia plusieurs traductions italiennes d'auteurs latins, avec des notes et des observations grammaticales, qui les rendent utiles pour les études de la jeunesse italienne, quand elle veut apprendre sa propre langue en même temps que la langue latine : ce sont, entre autres, les traductions de Cornélius Népos, des Oraisons de Cicéron, de ses Épîtres familières, de ses traités des Offices, de la Vieillesse et de l'Amitié, du Songe de Scipion, et des Paradoxes. Il composa aussi plusieurs ouvrages de son propre fonds, tels que :1° Gerotricamerone, ovvero tre sacre Giornate, etc., Venise, 1745, in-8°. Le titre et la forme de cet ouvrage sont imités du Décaméron de Boccace, mais le caractère en est très-différent. Les interlocuteurs sont dix jeunes gens pieux et de bonnes mœurs, qui racontent chacun à leur tour des traits de l'histoire sainte. On en critiqua le titre, qui devait être Gierotrimerone, et non pas Gerotricamerone ; l'auteur défendit son titre, mais ne le justifia pas. 2° I Pregiudizj delle umane lettere, etc., Venise, 1755, in-8°. 3° Componimenti di varie maniere, etc., Venise, 1755, in-8°. Ce volume de mélanges contient des panégyriques, des discours de piété, des morceaux de littérature et quelques poésies. Le P. Bandiera a aussi publié, en 2 parties in-8°, Venise, 1754, une édition du Décaméron de Boccace, purgée de tout ce qui est contraire aux bonnes mœurs, et accompagnée d'une préface et d'un grand nombre de notes, sur les expressions de Boccace qui ont vieilli, et sur d'autres objets de philologie et de grammaire.

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Écrivain italien du XVIIIe siècle
Naissance en 1699
Naissance à Sienne
Décès en 1770
Décès à Osimo

Alessandro Bandiera