The Speak & Spell line is a series of electronic hand-held child computers by Texas Instruments that consisted of a TMC0280 linear predictive coding speech synthesizer, a keyboard, and a receptor slot to receive one of a collection of ROM game library modules. The first Speak & Spell was introduced at the summer Consumer Electronics Show in , making it one of the earliest handheld electronic devices with a visual display to use interchangeable game cartridges. The company Basic Fun brought back the classic Speak & Spell in 2019 with some minor changes.

The Speak & Spell was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009.

Background
The Speak & Spell was created by a small team of engineers led by Paul Breedlove, himself an engineer, with Texas Instruments (TI) during the late 1970s. Development began in 1976 with an initial budget of $25,000, as an outgrowth of TI's research into speech synthesis. The completed proof version of the first console utilized TI's trademarked Solid State Speech technology to store full words in a solid state format similar to the manner in which calculators of the time stored numbers. Additional purchased cartridges (called expansion modules) could be inserted through the battery receptacle to provide new solid-state libraries and new games. This represented the first time an educational toy utilized speech that was not recorded on tape or phonograph record (as with Mattel's See 'n Say line or the earlier Chatty Cathy dolls).

The Speak & Spell console

The original Speak & Spell
The original Speak & Spell was the first of a three-part talking educational toy series that also included Speak & Read and Speak & Math. This series was a subset of TI's Learning Center product group and the Speak & Spell was released simultaneously with the Spelling B (a non-speech product designed to help children learn to spell), and the First Watch (designed to teach children to read digital and analog timepieces). The Speak & Spell was sold, with regional variations, in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan.

The toy was originally advertised as a tool for helping children ages 7 and up to learn to spell and pronounce over 200 commonly misspelled words. It shipped without a cartridge, in this configuration called simply the Basic Unit (containing the minigames Mystery Word, Secret Code, and Letter).

Later Speak & Spell models

Between its release and 1983, the Speak & Spell was redesigned twice under the name Speak & Spell. It was completely recreated in 1982 as the Speak & Spell Compact (a version lacking a visual display), and in 1989 the Super Speak & Spell was released to replace the original vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) with a liquid crystal display (LCD). Between 1989 and 1992 the Super Speak & Spell saw three redesigns as well. The 1992 Super Speak & Spell marked the last release of the series.

Regional variations with different speech libraries and different games were released in at least 9 countries with seven language variations. Because the linguistic aspect of the games played on the Speak & Spell are of central importance to Speak & Spell titles, separate cartridge libraries were developed for English (including American and British), Japanese, German, French, Italian, and Spanish markets. Beyond the natural disinclination of consumers to purchase games in foreign languages, however, regional lockout does not prevent the use of expansion module cartridges in consoles for which they were not designed. Since the layout of foreign editions is nearly identical (the only major differences being graphics, color, and placement of power/headset jacks), and the cartridges lacked a lockout, cartridges often bore instructions in multiple languages despite their designation for consumer groups that might not understand the language.

In 1980, the original Speak & Spell was redesigned to give it a membrane keyboard in place of raised buttons. This version was nearly identical to the first release and with backward compatible cartridge recognition common to all Speak & Spells except the first version of the Super Speak & Spell, the entire library of cartridges from the original release were available to the 1980 release. Outside of the United States, the 1980 release was marketed in the United Kingdom under the same name, in German as the Buddy (employing an umlaut in place of the Speak & Spell's apostrophe), and in French as La Dictée Magique ("The Magical Dictation").

In 1982, the Speak & Spell Compact was released at about half the size of the Speak & Spell and lacking the VFD screen. The Speak & Spell Compact was a dedicated console and only one other version, the Speak & Write, was released for English markets. Speak & Spell Compact sales were very poor in the United States, causing TI to send much of its excess stock abroad. UK Marketing Manager Martin Finn had the product retitled for the UK, and all existing units were recolored blue and repackaged.

In 1983, the Speak & Spell was again redesigned. The change was even more minute, however, representing nothing more substantial than a redesign of the faceplate graphics. This version was marketed first in Italian as Grillo Parlante ("The Talking Cricket" as the character of the book for children The Adventures of Pinocchio), and then later in the United States and the United Kingdom as the Speak & Spell, and in France as the Dictée Magique again.

The Super Speak & Spell was released in 1989 with a number of major changes. The display screen was changed to an LCD screen instead of the former VFD screen. The keyboard layout was also altered to match the standard QWERTY keyboard rather than the ABC keyboard. The general structure of the console was also altered so that the handle which had come at the top of the screen in prior Speak & Spells was now found on the bottom of the toy and ergonomic features were added to the shape. Furthermore, game cartridges for the Super Speak & Spell were changed so that they were incompatible with prior Speak & Spells and the cartridge slot was similarly altered to prevent backward compatibility.

The following year the Super Speak & Spell was again majorly redesigned to return to a considerable degree to its prior Speak & Spell form. This version re-adopted the handle-on-top look of the previous models and resumed the use of the original cartridges. The use of the LCD screen and the QWERTY keyboard were retained; however, the keyboard gained an additional 5 letters (6 in some regions) to correspond with letters requiring diacritics. It was marketed first in Spanish as El Loro Parlanchín (The Chatty Parrot), and then later in the United States as the Super Speak & Spell, in French as La Super Dictée Magique, and in Italian as Grillo Parlante Più ("Speaking Cricket Plus").

In 1992, a third redesign of the Super Speak & Spell was made for the Spanish market only. The new version was nearly identical to the prior El Loro Parlanchín save for the name which became El Loro  (Professor Parrot).

2019 Speak & Spell
In 2019, Basic Fun acquired rights to manufacture the Speak & Spell; however, the updated version introduced a number of changes. Primary among these is the replacement of the classic synthesized voice chip (TMS1000) with recorded dialog that is processed to sound as if it's synthesized. It also offers on-device instructions that weren't available on previous versions. The 2019 model Speak & Spell also replaces the VFD screen with a segmented LCD screen. The use of removable cartridges has also been eliminated.

Electronics
The Speak & Spell used the first single-chip voice synthesizer, the TMC0280, later called the TI TMS5100, which utilized a 10th-order linear predictive coding (LPC) model by using pipelined electronic DSP logic.  A variant of this chip with a very similar voice was eventually used in certain Chrysler vehicles in the 1980s as the Electronic Voice Alert.

Speech synthesis data (phoneme data) for the spoken words were stored on a pair of 128 Kbit metal gate PMOS ROMs. 128 Kbit was at the time the largest capacity ROM in use. Additional memory module cartridges could be interchangeably plugged into a slot in the battery compartment and selected via a button on the keyboard.  The technique used to create the words was to have a professional speaker speak the words.  The utterances were captured and processed. Originally all of the recording and processing was completed in Dallas. By 1982 when the British, French, Italian and German versions were being developed, the original voices were recorded in the TI facility near Nice in France and these full bit rate digital recordings were sent to Dallas for processing using a minicomputer. Some weeks later the processed data was returned and required significant hand editing to fix the voicing errors which had occurred during the process. The data rate was so radically cut that all of the words needed some editing. In some cases, this was fairly simple, but some words were unintelligible and required days of work and others had to be completely scrapped. The stored data were for the specific words and phrases used in the Speak & Spell.  The data rate was about 1,000 bits per second.

The video display employed in the Speak & Spell was a vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) that was only capable of displaying 8 text characters at a time. The later Super Speak & Spell model had a slimmer case and an LCD screen which could display 16 characters.

The unit could use either 4 "C" batteries or 6-volt DC power adapter with positive tip polarity.

Cartridges
Cartridges (also known as expansion modules) are freely exchangeable ROM libraries that provide additional content without providing additional functionality. These cartridges are plugged into a slot near the battery compartment in order to introduce new software libraries. Word and game lists are of different lengths depending upon the cartridge and the word lists in models marketed for different languages reflect the language marketed for. Separate word lists also exist for regional variants such as the American and British English versions.
The word list used in each of the regional models reflects the recommendations of educators in each country. The English, French, German and Italian versions were all created by a team of non-specialists, in TI's plant near Antibes, France, under the watchful eye of Larry Brantingham who had patented the underlying technology.

Examples of educational games that could be played using Speak & Spell cartridges include:
Say It – A word-spelling game where the player must spell ten words after hearing them "spoken" by the unit. The E.T. Fantasy Module tie-in (based on the toy's appearance in the movie E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial) asked players to spell such words as "geranium", "universe", and "creature".
Mystery Word – An electronic version of hangman
Secret Code – A code-generating program in which the player enters a word on the Speak & Spell and the console returns the word in code.
Letter – Another algorithm that allows the player to change a word that has been entered by shifting its letters several spaces down the alphabet.
Drop It – A Super Speak & Spell game in which the player will see how new words are made by adding prefixes and suffixes.
Memory – A Super Speak & Spell game in which letter recognition and visual memory skills are tested.
Mystery – A Super Speak & Spell game in which letter patterns in words and visual memory are developed.
Mix Up – A Super Speak & Spell game in which word patterns and the relationships between letter sounds and spelling are tested.
Same As – A Super Speak & Spell game in which homophones are tested.
A.C.E. – A Super Speak & Spell game in which abbreviations, contractions, and word endings are tested.
Race – A Super Speak & Spell game in which fast recall, accurate spelling, and touch-typing skills are tested with time limits.

The "Secret Code" mini-game encrypted or decrypted "words" (really, any string of up to 8 letters) by matching up two sets of the alphabet, slightly askew, in the form of a Caesar cipher. In the game, both C and D and P and Q match up and run in opposite directions:

 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
 F E D C B A Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G

Home computer adaptations
Several commercial retailers offered hardware and software which allowed home computers to interface with the Speak & Spell's hardware and access its capabilities, and Larry Dighera was first to reveal how that might be accomplished.

Percom Data Company offered a PC Card called "Speak-2-Me-2" which was installed into the battery compartment of the Speak & Spell and connected via cable to a TRS-80.

East Coast Micro Products offered hardware to interface 6502-based computers such as the Commodore 64 and Apple IIe with the Speak & Spell. A program called "S.peek.uP" was marketed which could control this hardware.

The February 1983 issue of Computers & Electronics contained instructions for interfacing a Speak & Spell with a Sinclair ZX-80 a Sinclair ZX-81, or a Timex 1000.

Texas Instruments itself later adapted the Speak & Spell's technology into a speech synthesizer accessory for its popular TI-99/4A computer.

Emulation
The Speak & Spell (as well as the "Speak & Math" and "Speak & Read") are emulated, running the original code, by MESS.

A number of simulations of the Speak & Spell (not emulations, as they don't run the original code) have shown up online in recent years with varying degrees of functionality. Often programmed for Flash, these are often the result of nostalgic sentiment for the 1980s.

Examples of simulators generally available online include:
SASS – A fully functional non-Flash executable simulator created by Mike Green in 1999
Speak & Spell Online – a Flash-based web application with partial functionality created by Jake Smith in 2002
Speak & Spell Emulator – a Flash-based web application with full functionality created by Kevin St.Onge in 2006
Speak & Spell JS – a Javascript-based web application with partial functionality created by Shannon Carey in 2008

Legacy

In commercial music

The Speak & Spell has been employed in recent years in commercial music as an instrument either in its original form or as a modified "bent" circuit instrument (see below). Artists like Kraftwerk have used the musical samples from the Speak & Spell's opening sequence in their songs, whereas most employed the non-musical vocal portions of the Speak & Spell to create vocal parts in their songs. Speak & Spell speech synthesis has featured in genres such as alternative rock (Beck, Coldplay and Limp Bizkit), electronic music (with such artists as Jean Michel Jarre, Röyksopp, and Robyn), synthpop (with such groups as Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, Freezepop, and Erasure), trance music (e.g. Sōta Fujimori), electropop (e.g. TLC), Christian rock (e.g. Resurrection Band, Family Force 5), pop (e.g. Cheetah Girls), and hip hop (e.g. Naya Rivera).

The English synthpop band Depeche Mode's 1981 debut album, Speak & Spell, is named after the Speak & Spell.

Circuit bending

Some musicians have also used modified "circuit bent" (where electronic circuits are customised to create new effects) Speak & Spell units in their compositions. By opening the Speak & Spell's case, cross-wiring terminals, and installing electronic components such as switches and potentiometers, amateur hobbyists purposely disrupt the normal functioning of the Speak & Spell's membrane keyboard matrix circuit in order to create new sounds. These modifications act to overwhelm the unit's keyboard switch matrix to produce an effect known in the field of electronics as key jamming or ghosting. This effect can be triggered in the Speak & Spell without making modifications if more than 3 keys in the same row are depressed simultaneously; however, within the circuit bending culture, emphasis is given to the fact that these units are being used as instruments and thus externally manipulable components are often accentuated. Great attention may be given to enhancing the visual aesthetics of the units by adding decorations and repainting "bent" Speak & Spells, and these units have been traded and sold online and within the circuit bender community.

Examples of artists who have used circuit-bent Speak & Spells in their compositions include Beck, CocoRosie, Eisbrecher, Experimental Audio Research, Fantômas, Scrabbel, Venetian Snares, and Claude Woodward The Sonic Manipulator.

In popular culture
The Speak & Spell features in various electronics museums such as the Computer History Museum and the Smithsonian National Museum of American History due to its seminal influence in the field of modern speech synthesis. The Speak & Spell is also featured in the Game On exhibition as an example of a handheld video game.

The Speak & Spell has shown up in various television shows, films, and game shows. A Speak & Spell has a prominent role as a key component of the alien creature's homebuilt interstellar communicator in the Steven Spielberg motion picture E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Speak & Spells also make appearances in movies such as Pixar's Toy Story and Toy Story 2 (where the game device is a character named "Mr. Spell"), Bride of Chucky (where the possessed doll, Chucky plays with one), in Poltergeist III (used by the character Carol Anne Freeling),  and in the music videos for the songs "Playgirl" by the synthpop music group Ladytron, "Fireflies" by Owl City and "Dare" by Gorillaz.

Variants

Speak & Read line

The Speak & Read was released in 1980 with a shape identical to the Speak & Spell but with different game features and a different color scheme. Where the American Speak & Spell had been colored red with yellow and orange accents, the American Speak & Read was yellow with blue and green accents. Game cartridges for the Speak & Read were identical in shape to those of the main Speak & Spell line, and they could be physically inserted into units from the wrong line; however, they did not function except in members of their own line. The Speak & Read was designed to focus on reading comprehension in children of ages 4–8 with a library of over 250 basic words.

The Speak & Read was very minutely redesigned in 1986, under the same name, with the new version representing nothing more substantial than a redesign of the faceplate graphics. In 1988 the Super Speak & Read was released as a major redesign to feature a suitcase-like flip-open appearance. Cartridges were redesigned to be thinner and of a different shape, bearing some resemblance to the cartridges of TI's Touch & Discover line. Additionally, the keyboard was removed completely and a matrix of membrane buttons took its place similarly to the position-sensitive "keyboard" of the Touch & Discover consoles. Each cartridge came with a work-booklet that was laid out in an open position in the center of the Super Speak & Read. As questions were asked, the player pressed the appropriate portion of the work-booklet to depress the membrane button beneath. This was the last member of the Speak & Read line under this name; however, the Ready... Set... Read! (sharing a highly similar design layout) and later Magic Reading Desk (featuring a modified Ready... Set... Read! layout) are considered the Speak & Read's spiritual successors. Both Ready... Set... Read! and Magic Reading Desk cartridges are identical in design to the Super Speak & Read's cartridges.

Speak & Math line

The Speak & Math (sold as "Speak & Maths" in some countries) was released in 1980 with a shape identical to both the Speak & Spell and the Speak & Read but with a completely different keyboard layout, different game features, and a different color scheme. Where the American Speak & Spell had been colored red with yellow and orange accents, the American Speak & Math was gray with blue and orange highlights. The Speak & Math was designed to focus on mathematics in children of ages 6–12 with a library of over 100,000 random and preprogrammed problems. It was regarded as the spiritual successor to TI's earlier DataMan series, with the difference mainly relating to the addition of speech synthesizing software and the visual display. The Speak & Math was only released to American and British markets.

In 1982, a compact version of the Speak & Math was developed contemporaneously with the Speak & Spell Compact. This version was only released in France as Les Maths Magique (lit. The Magical Math). A redesigned version was developed in 1985 for British markets under the name of Maths marvel. This was later released in Italian as Dotto Conta-Parla, in French as le Calcul magique (lit. Magical Calculator), and in German as Mathe-Fix.

The Speak & Math was very minutely redesigned in 1986, under the same name, with the new version representing nothing more substantial than a redesign of the faceplate graphics. In 1990 the Super Speak & Math was released as a major redesign similar to the first version of the Super Speak & Spell. As with the Super Speak & Spell, the display screen of the Super Speak & Math was changed to an LCD screen instead of the former VFD screen. The keyboard was also expanded and given more functions. The general structure of the console was also altered similarly to the Super Speak & Spell such that the handle which had come at the top of the screen in prior Speak & Math units was now found on the bottom of the toy and ergonomic features were added to the shape.

Other Solid State Speech products
Texas Instruments' Solid State Speech technology found its way into a number of other titles also related to the Speak & Spell line. Examples include:
 Speak & Learn Magic Wand – A work-booklet-based electronic game featuring the use of infra-red barcode reader technology.
 Speak & Music – A musical audio game allowing free-form and memory-based (rhythm memory, eidetic musical memory, etc.) gameplay.
 Ready... Set... Read! – Considered the spiritual successor to the Speak & Read line.
 Magic Reading Desk – Considered the spiritual successor to the Ready... Set... Read! and Speak & Read lines.
 Little Maestro – A musical audio game aimed at younger children than the Speak & Music.

Other games
A number of TI's other game lines produced during the period when it was producing Speak & Spell games bore similar logically conjunctive titles and employed similar technology although they did not involve the use of Solid State Speech technology. Such games included:

 Touch & Tell – A 1978 educational game aimed at children of ages 2 to 5 employing a position-sensitive keyboard. A synthesized voice asked children questions and kids touch the answers on the keyboard.
 Teddy Touch & Tell – The next generation of the Touch & Tell game, Teddy Touch & Tell is shaped like a bear and educates children on the topics of the alphabet, numbers, colors, animals, and music.
 Touch & Discover – An educational game employing a position-sensitive membrane matrix keyboard. The Touch & Discover is considered the precursor to the Super Speak & Read. Disney licensed their characters to Texas Instruments for this toy, and Touch & Discover employed the "first-ever" synthesized voices of Disney characters.
 Touch & Discover School Edition – The next generation of the Touch & Discover console, the Touch & Discover School Edition is aimed at a slightly older audience.
 Touch & Talkies – A dedicated handheld series, there were four versions of Touch & Talkies all aimed at very young players.
 Listen & Learn – The first electronic, educational toys to be marketed to infants, the Listen & Learn toys were a series of three themed, electronic toys aimed at children of between 6 and 36 months. These toys were dodecahedron (12-sided) ball-shaped, were motion and directionally sensitive. The toy reacted to which side landed on top when rolled and produced a sound corresponding to the picture on top.

See also
 Educational software
 Educational toy

References

External links

Interview with Speak & Spell Co-Creator Richard Wiggins (Benj Edwards, Vintage Computing and Gaming, 2008)
A Speak & Spell fan-created information page
Speak & Spell 1978 Simulator for Windows/X680x0 (Japanese Site)
Web-based Speak & Spell simulator
The Chip Collection at the Smithsonian – TI Speak & Spell Learning Aid
Datamath – Speak & Spell information page
HawkVoice – Windows-based audio encoder, includes LPC capability
The story of the making of the British Speak & Spell

Products introduced in 1978
1970s toys
1980s toys
1990s toys
Educational toys
Handheld electronic games
Regionless game consoles
Texas Instruments hardware
Electronic toys
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial

Speak & Spell (toy)


"Rogue Element" é o décimo primeiro episódio da décima primeira temporada da série de televisão de terror pós-apocalíptico The Walking Dead. O episódio foi escrito por David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick e dirigido por Michael Cudlitz.

No episódio, Eugene (Josh McDermitt) procura Stephanie (Chelle Ramos) depois que ela desaparece misteriosamente. Connie (Lauren Ridloff) investiga uma história sobre o soldado Davis (Cameron Roberts). Carol (Melissa McBride) ajuda Hornsby (Josh Hamilton) com uma disputa trabalhista em uma fazenda de drogas.

O episódio recebeu críticas mistas da crítica.

Enredo
Eugene (Josh McDermitt) entrou em um relacionamento com Stephanie (Chelle Ramos) e diz a ela que a ama; logo depois que ela diz que o ama também, ela desaparece misteriosamente. Eugene fica obcecado em encontrar Stephanie e invade a casa de um homem à procura de provas, mas falha e Princesa (Paola Lázaro) insiste que ela deve tê-lo rompido e abandonado. Eugene logo encontra Stephanie novamente conspirando com Lance (Josh Hamilton) para uma tarefa desconhecida, e faz Lance confessar que "Stephanie" era uma mulher disfarçada chamada Shira que foi usada para fazer Eugene confessar a localização de Alexandria devido a muitas inconsistências durante a audição do grupo. Lance diz a Eugene que o grupo está melhor agora, apesar de seu coração estar partido por Shira.

Enquanto isso, Connie (Lauren Ridloff) e Kelly (Angel Theory) investigam os militares da Commonwealth e seu tratamento de Tyler Davis (Cameron Roberts), e Carol (Melissa McBride) ajuda Lance a lidar com uma comunidade vizinha cujo líder está extorquindo a Commonwealth por dinheiro. Eugene é mais tarde abordado por "Max", que se revela ser a mulher com quem ele estava em contato pelo rádio.

Recepção

Crítica
Rogue Element recebeu críticas mistas. No Rotten Tomatoes, o episódio teve uma taxa de aprovação de 71%, com uma pontuação média de 7.20 de 10, com base em 7 avaliações.

Audiência
O episódio teve um total de 1.67 milhões de espectadores em sua exibição original na AMC na faixa de 18-49 anos de idade. Apresenta aumento de 0.07 pontos de audiência em relação ao episódio anterior.

Ligações externas
«Rogue Element» (em inglês). na AMC

Episódios de The Walking Dead (série de televisão)
Episódios de 2022

Rogue Element


Norrporten var et svensk ejendomsselskab med hovedsæde i Sundsvall, Sverige. Norrporten ejede cirka 140 ejendomme i Sundsvall, Luleå, Umeå, Gävle, Uppsala, Örebro, Linköping, Jönköping, Växjö, Helsingborg, Stockholm, København og Hamborg med en total værdi omkring 20 mia. kr.

Selskabet kom i stand under 90'ernes bankkrise som et datterselskab af Securum AB. Norrporten blev grundlagt i 1994 for at forvalte en ejendomsportefølje i Norrland, som den daværende Nordbanken overtog efter en konkurs. Samme år blev virksomheden noteret på børsen i Stockholm.

Virksomheden var etableret i det sydlige og centrale Sverige samt i København og Hamborg. I København, ejede selskabet ejendomme i indre by, Kalvebod Brygge og Ørestad til en samlet værdi på ca. 3,2 mia. kr. I Hamburg byggede selskabet kontor i HafenCity.

Den 30. juni 2016 blev Norrporten overtaget af det svenske ejendomsselskab Castellum for 8,4 milliarder kr.

Miljøbevidsthed
Norrporten er ISO 14001 certificeret og den årlige sammenlignende undersøgelse om bæredygtighed blandt ejendomsselskaber i verden, GRESB – Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark, placerer i 2015 Norrporten blandt de virksomheder, der har gjort størst fremskridt i deres arbejde med bæredygtighed.

I 2014 blev Norrporten præmieret af HOFOR for at undgå energispild og reducere CO2 udledning.

Referencer

Noter

Ejendomsselskaber i Danmark

Norrporten


Die britische Unterhauswahl 1964 fand am 15. Oktober 1964 statt. Bei der Wahl wurden die Abgeordneten für das Unterhaus (House of Commons) neu bestimmt.

Wahlsystem
Gewählt wurde nach dem einfachen Mehrheitswahlsystem.

Wichtige Parteiführer

Wahlergebnis
Die Labour Party wurde mit leichten Gewinnen Wahlsieger. Sie erreichte mit 317 von 630 Sitzen ein knappe absolute Mehrheit. Die bisher regierende Conservative Party erlitt hohe Verluste bei den Wahlen und verlor dadurch ihre absolute Mehrheit.

Alec Douglas-Home (1903–1995, Tories), der seit Oktober 1963 Premierminister war, verlor dadurch sein Amt; der Führer der Labour Party Harold Wilson (1916–1995) wurde neuer Premierminister.

Sonstiges
Damit endete eine 13-jährige Regierungsära der Tories; sie hatte im Oktober 1951 mit einem knappen Wahlsieg der Tories unter Führung von Winston Churchill begonnen. Im Mai 1955 gewann sein Nachfolger Anthony Eden; Eden wurde im Januar 1957 von Harold Macmillan abgelöst; Macmillan und die Tories gewannen die Unterhauswahl im Oktober 1959.

Siehe auch
 Politisches System des Vereinigten Königreichs
 Geschichte des Vereinigten Königreichs#Seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg

Einzelnachweise

1964
Vereinigtes Konigreich #Unterhaus

Britische Unterhauswahl 1964


Ağaköy, Çanakkale ilinin Biga ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1902 yılı kayıtlarında da Ağaköy, 1946 yılı kayıtlarında ise Hamidiye olarak geçmektedir. Ağaköy bir göçmen köyüdür. 17.yüzyıl başında Karesi yöresi Balya Kazâsı Arabacı, Değirmenci, Mancılık ve Deller Yörükleri padişah iskan fermanıyla Bulgaristan Razgrad Umurfakıh Köyü'ne uç olarak yerleştirilmiştir. Soyları Kayı boyu Karakeçeli oymağına dayanmaktadır. 93 Harbi'nden sonra Balkanlardan bu yöreye yoğun bir geri dönüş yaşanmıştır. Ağaköylüler, Rumî 1293'te göç edildiği için benzerleri gibi doksanüç muhaciri olarak anılır. Umurfakıh'tan ilk olarak altmış hane konmuş, izleyen göç dalgasıyla köyün nüfusu artmıştır. Hamidiye'ye ilk yerleşenlerin Eskicuma'ya bağlı Umurköy'den iki aile olduğu ardından Ayazlar, Gagova ve Gerenli'den gelenlerin de bulunduğu bildirilmiştir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çanakkale il merkezine 81 km, Biga ilçe merkezine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
YerelNET

Biga belde ve köyleri

Ağaköy, Biga


Gabriel Bourque (* 23. September 1990 in Rimouski, Québec) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Juni 2021 bei den Rocket de Laval in der American Hockey League unter Vertrag steht.

Karriere
Gabriel Bourque begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in der kanadischen Juniorenliga Ligue de hockey junior majeur du Québec, in der er von 2007 bis 2010 für Drakkar de Baie-Comeau und die Moncton Wildcats aktiv war. In der Saison 2009/10 gewann der Flügelspieler mit den Moncton Wildcats die Coupe du Président, den Meistertitel der LHJMQ. Er selbst hatte maßgeblichen Anteil an dem Erfolg, indem er bester Torschütze der Playoffs war und mit der Trophée Guy Lafleur als wertvollster Spieler der LHJMQ-Playoffs ausgezeichnet wurde. Während seiner Juniorenzeit wurde er im NHL Entry Draft 2009 in der fünften Runde als insgesamt 132. Spieler von den Nashville Predators ausgewählt. Für deren Farmteam Milwaukee Admirals lief er während der gesamten Saison 2010/11 in der American Hockey League auf. Die folgende Spielzeit begann er ebenfalls bei den Admirals in der AHL, wurde jedoch im Laufe der Spielzeit von den Nashville Predators befördert und während der gesamten restlichen Saison in der National Hockey League eingesetzt.

Dennoch erhielt Bourque keinen weiterführenden Vertrag in Nashville, sodass er sich probeweise der Colorado Avalanche anschloss, die ihn dann im Oktober 2016 mit einem Einjahresvertrag ausstatteten, der anschließend zweimal um die gleiche Dauer verlängert wurde. Im August 2019 schließlich wechselte Bourque als Free Agent zu den Winnipeg Jets. Dieser wurde im Oktober 2020 nicht verlängert, bevor er in der Saison 2020/21 ohne Team blieb und sich erst im Juni 2021 den Rocket de Laval mit einem auf die AHL beschränkten Vertrag anschloss.

International
Für Kanada nahm Bourque an der U20-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft 2010 teil, bei der er mit seiner Mannschaft die Silbermedaille gewann.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 2010 Coupe-du-Président-Gewinn mit den Moncton Wildcats
 2010 Bester Torschütze der LHJMQ-Playoffs
 2010 Trophée Guy Lafleur

International
 2010 Silbermedaille bei der U20-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft

Karrierestatistik
Stand: Ende der Saison 2021/22

International
Vertrat Kanada bei:
 U20-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft 2010

Weblinks

Eishockeyspieler (Drakkar de Baie-Comeau)
Eishockeyspieler (Moncton Wildcats)
Eishockeyspieler (Milwaukee Admirals, AHL)
Eishockeyspieler (Nashville Predators)
Eishockeyspieler (San Antonio Rampage)
Eishockeyspieler (Colorado Avalanche)
Eishockeyspieler (Winnipeg Jets)
Eishockeyspieler (Rocket de Laval)
Kanadier
Geboren 1990
Mann

Gabriel Bourque


Joik eller jojk er samisk for sang og samernes traditionelle folkesang, som også har haft plads i samisk religion.

Sangene handler ofte om kærlighed og relationer. En jojk kan beskrive en lækker pige eller en kæk fyr, som man synes om, eller for den sags skyld en rival som man ikke synes så godt om. Det er masser af følelser, glæde og sorg i jojk. Jojken kan også udøves i et religiøst formål.

Sprogligt set er verbet "jojke" transitivt. Man taler fx om at joike en pige snarere end at synge en joik om en pige.

Teknikmæssigt ligner jojk sang fra andre kulturer, som hos visse oprindelige nordamerikanske folk. Det bredere fænomen med ikke-verbal sang findes mange steder i verden i vidt forskellige genrer og i vidt forskellige historiske tilfælde.

Joik er den ene af de to kategorier i musikkonkurrencen Sámi Grand Prix, der har været afholdet årligt siden 1990.

Variationer
Der findes flere forskellige jojkstile.

Vuollie
Den sydsamiske jojken kaldes vuollie og har i dag et gammeldags præg pga. afmatning med mødet med kristendommen. At jojke blev betragtet som hedensk og ukultiveret så samerne stoppede med at jojke for at at undgå afskærmning fra samfundet.

Luohti
Luohti er den nordsamiske variant og i dag den mest udviklede og kendte jojkstil.

Leu'dd
Den østsamiske jojken benævnes leu'dd.

Talang Sverige
I Talang Sverige (samme koncept som Danmark har talent) oplevede man hvordan Jon Henrik fortolkede en jojk på sin egen måde efter hans bedste vens død. Man kan finde flere klip på youtube af dette. Han vandt senere for år 2014 med sine sange.

Kunstnere
 Jörgen Stenberg
 Mari Boine
 Ulla Pirttijärvi
 Wimme Saari
 Victoria Harnesk
 Sofia Jannok
 Girls of Angeli
 Johan Märak
 Almetjh Tjööngkeme
 Berit Alette Mienna
 Nils-Aslak Valkeapää
 Ánde Somby
 Adjágas
 Angelit
 Niko Valkeapää
 Simon Marainen
 Ola Stinnerbom
 Jon Henrik Fjällgren
 Maxida Märak
 Máddji

Kirken
Kirken har traditionelt forbundet joik med den før kristne religion. Den samiska jojk er i dag ikke nødvendigvis forbundet med den før kristne religion og man joiker i dag i kirken.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Nils Mattias Andersson i Tärnaby jojkar renarna på Oulavuolie, del 1
 Nils Mattias Andersson, del 2
 www.samer.se - Jojken
 Jojk.se
 Västerbottens Folkblad | Hundra år av jojk

Folkemusik
Samer
Sang

Joik


Die Società Automobili e Motori war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Unternehmen aus Legnano begann 1924 mit der Produktion von Automobilen. Der Markenname lautete SAM. 1928 endete die Produktion.

Fahrzeuge
Die Fahrzeuge waren die Nachfolger der Modelle von Motovetturette Vaghi S.A., verfügten im Gegensatz zu diesen aber über vier Räder. Die Motoren mit wahlweise 740 cm³, 882 cm³, 1000 cm³ oder 1100 cm³ Hubraum kamen von S.C.A.T. Im Angebot waren Zweisitzer, Dreisitzer, Viersitzer und Sportwagen. Ein Sportwagen hatte einen Motor mit OHC-Ventilsteuerung, ein anderer einen Vierzylindermotor von Chapuis-Dornier mit 1095 cm³ Hubraum.

Renneinsätze
Gino Crespi, Viktor Jockl und Ernst Uebensee fuhren Rennen für SAM. Ein Rennwagen gewann 1926 in seiner Klasse beim 24-Stunden-Rennen von Monza.

Teilelieferungen
An die Fonderie Officine Debenedetti wurden Fahrgestelle und Karosserien geliefert.

Literatur

 Nick Georgano: The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Volume 3: P–Z. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago IL 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1 (englisch).
 Autorenkollektiv: Enzyklopädie des Automobils. Marken · Modelle · Technik. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, 1989

Weblinks
 Allcarindex (englisch, abgerufen am 6. Februar 2016)

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Lombardei)
Legnano
Unternehmen (Metropolitanstadt Mailand)

Società Automobili e Motori


الشيخ سالم عبد العزيز الصباح (1 نوفمبر 1951 -)، محافظ بنك الكويت المركزي بالفترة من 1 أكتوبر 1986 حتى فبراير 2012.

حياته العلمية والعملية
 حاصل على بكلريوس علم الاقتصاد من الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت عام 1977.

في بنك الكويت المركزي
 محلل اقتصادي في قسم الدراسات - إدارة العمليات الأجنبية 1 أكتوبر 1977 إلى 28 مايو 1978.
 رئيس قسم الدراسات - إدارة العمليات الأجنبية 29 مايو 1978 إلى 17 فبراير 1980.
 رئيس قسمي الاستثمار والدراسات ونائب مدير إدارة العمليات الأجنبية 18 فبراير 1980 إلى 16 مارس 1984.
 رئيس قسم التفتيش ونائب مدير إدارة الرقابة المصرفية 17 مارس إلى 7 أغسطس 1984.
 مدير إدارة الرقابة المصرفية في بنك الكويت المركزي من 8 أغسطس 1984 إلى 14 يوليو 1985.
 المدير التنفيذي للرقابة المصرفية والسياسية النقدية في بنك الكويت المركزي من 15 يوليو 1985 إلى 8 مارس 1986.
 نائب محافظ بنك الكويت المركزي من 29 فبراير إلى 30 سبتمبر 1986.
 محافظ بنك الكويت المركزي من 1 أكتوبر 1986 حتى فبراير 2012.

مناصب أخرى
 عضو مجلس إدارة الهيئة العامة للاستثمار.
 عضو المجلس الأعلى للتخطيط والتنمية.
 عضو المجلس الأعلى للبترول.
 المحافظ المناوب لدولة الكويت لدى صندوق النقد العربي.
 المحافظ المناوب لدولة الكويت لدى صندوق النقد الدولي.
 رئيس مجلس الإدارة لمعهد الدراسات المصرفية.

حياته الأسرية
متزوج من لولوة الحميضي، ولديهم من الأبناء:
 فهد.
 خالد.
 سعود.
 سعد.

المراجع

 ذكرى انشاء بنك الكويت المركزي. جريدة الأنباء الكويتية

آل صباح
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أصحاب أعمال كويتيون في القرن 20
أصحاب أعمال كويتيون في القرن 21
اقتصاديون كويتيون
خريجو الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت
رؤساء منظمات
سياسيون كويتيون
محافظو بنك الكويت المركزي
مواليد 1951
وزراء مالية كويتيون

سالم عبد العزيز الصباح


Unchangeable er en kortfilm instrueret af James Barclay efter manuskript af James Barclay.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2004

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Unchangeable


Dörtyol - Hatay ili ilçesi
 Dörtyol, Besni - Adıyaman ili Besni ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dörtyol, Taşova - Amasya ili Taşova ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dörtyol, Balya - Balıkesir ili Balya ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dörtyol, Karlıova - Bingöl ili Karlıova ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dörtyol, Şenkaya - Erzurum ili Şenkaya ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dörtyol, Kızıltepe - Mardin ili Kızıltepe ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dörtyol, Kozaklı - Nevşehir ili Kozaklı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dörtyol, Rize - Rize ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy

Dörtyol (anlam ayrımı)


Eudes d'Orleans-Bragance, né à Mandelieu, France, le  et mort à Rio de Janeiro, Brésil, le  est un prince du Brésil, membre de la maison d'Orléans-Bragance.

Biographie

Famille
Né en 1939 à Mandelieu en France, où sa famille est exilée, Eudes d'Orleans-Bragance est le second fils et le deuxième des douze enfants de Pedro Henrique d'Orléans-Bragance, prétendant au trône du Brésil sous le nom de Pedro III et de la princesse Marie-Élisabeth de Bavière (1914-2011). Il est issu de la branche de Vassouras de la maison Impériale du Brésil dont il est prince.

Par son père, Dom Eudes, comme il est d'usage de l'appeler dans les sphères monarchistes au Brésil, est l'arrière-petit-fils de la princesse Isabelle du Brésil (1846-1921) et un descendant direct des empereurs Pedro I et Pedro II, mais aussi du roi João VI du Portugal.

Par sa mère, Eudes d'Orléans-Bragance est un arrière petit-fils du roi Louis III de Bavière (1845-1921). Son frère aîné Luiz d'Orléans-Bragance (1938-2022) est l'un des prétendants au trône du Brésil.

Mariages
Le , il renonce à ses droits dynastiques pour épouser Ana Maria Cesar de Moraes e Barros, (née à São Paulo  le ). En effet, les lois de succession de la branche de Vassouras de la famille impériale brésilienne à laquelle Eudes appartient l'empêche de prétendre à la couronne en cas de mariage avec une personne n'étant pas issue au préalable d'une famille régnante ou ayant régner. Cependant il divorce d'Ana Maria de Moraes Barros en 1976.

En secondes noces, Eudes d'Orléans-Bragance se remarie civilement à São Paulo, en 1976, avec Mercedes Neves da Rocha (née à Petrópolis le ) avec qui il a quatre enfants. Lors de leur lune de miel en Jamaïque, Eudes et sa jeune épouse Mercedes voyageaient dans un avion qui s'est écrasé. Pendant quatre jours, les passagers de l'avion sont restés introuvables, jusqu'à ce que Eudes, son épouse et le pilote soient retrouvés vivants.

Descendance
Le Prince Eudes est le père de six enfants. Les deux premiers sont issus de sa première épouse, Ana de Moraes, et les quatre suivants de sa seconde épouse Mercedes da Rocha :

 Luiz Filipe d'Orléans-Bragance (né à Rio de Janeiro le ), homme politique, élu député fédéral lors de la campagne présidentielle de Jair Bolsonaro en 2018, épouse en 2008 Fernanda Miguita (née en 1978), dont un fils : Maximilian (né en 2012) ;
 Ana d'Orléans-Bragance (née à Rio de Janeiro le ), épouse en 1996 Paulo Ibrahim Mansour (né en 1962), dont deux fils : 1) Rodrigo (né en 1997) et 2) Guilherme (né en 2002) ;
 Eudes d'Orléans-Bragance (né à Rio de Janeiro le ), épouse en 2008 Patricia Annechino Landau (née en 1984), dont deux enfants jumeaux : 1) Eudes (né en 2011) et 2) Valentina (née en 2011)  ;
 Antônia d'Orléans-Bragance (née à Rio de Janeiro le ), épouse en 2007 Eduardo de Carvalho Moreira (né en 1978), dont un fils : Eduardo (né en 2010) ;
 Maria Francisca d'Orléans-Bragance, jumelle de la précédente, (née à Rio de Janeiro le ), épouse en premières noces, en 2005, Bernardo Almeida Braga Ratto (né en 1977), dont deux enfants : 1) Lucas (né en 2007) et 2) Maria (née en 2010), divorce en 2013, puis elle épouse en secondes noces en 2017 Michael Anthony Whyte (né en 1978), dont une fille : Lia (née en 2018) ;
 Guy d'Orléans-Bragance (né à Rio de Janeiro le ), épouse en 2017 Amanda Gabriel São Clemente de Azevedo, dont un fils : Francisco (né en 2019).

Carrière
Eudes d'Orléans-Bragance, rentre avec sa famille au Brésil en 1951. Il étudie successivement au Colégio Santo Inácio à Rio de Janeiro, à l' Escola Naval Brasileira et à l' Escola de Submarinos da Marinha do Brasil. Il est officier de marine de réserve de l'Université de Cambridge (1964), puis il s'établit aux États-Unis, où il travaille pour différentes firmes en Pennsylvanie jusqu'en 1970. Il retourne au Brésil où il est négociant courtier de 1970 à 1975, puis s'établit durant deux ans en Europe où il est directeur chez Volkswagen. Il s'installe ensuite définitivement au Brésil, à Rio de Janeiro, et devient directeur général d'une société vinicole.

Mort
Le prince Eudes meurt le  à Rio de Janeiro, à l'âge de . Selon les informations de la famille, le prince a été hospitalisé, sans suspicion de Covid-19, des suites de calculs rénaux.

Il laisse derrière lui sa femme, Mercedes Neves da Rocha, six enfants et dix petits-enfants. Le prince Eudes est le deuxième enfant de Pedro Henrique à mourir, la princesse Isabel étant décédée en 2017. La fratrie compte alors encore sept princes et trois princesses.

Honneurs
Eudes d'Orléans-Bragance est :
  Grand-croixde l'ordre impérial de  (Brésil) (maison d'Orléans et Bragance)
  Grand-croix de l'ordre de la Rose (maison d'Orléans et Bragance)
  Chevalier grand-croix de l'ordre des Saints-Georges-et-Constantin (royaume de Grèce)
  Bailli Grand-croix d'honneur et de dévotion de l'ordre souverain de Malte (1974)

Ascendance

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Liens externes

Eudes
Ordre sacré et militaire constantinien de Saint-Georges
Naissance en juin 1939
Naissance à Mandelieu-la-Napoule
Décès en août 2020
Décès à Rio de Janeiro
Décès à 81 ans

Eudes d'Orléans-Bragance


Wishmaster is the third studio album by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish. It was released on 8 May 2000 through Spinefarm Records in Finland. The album was released in the rest of Europe by Drakkar Entertainment on 29 May, and in Japan by Toy's Factory on 19 July. In the US, it was released by Century Media on 6 February 2001.

Wishmaster peaked at No. 1 in the official Finnish charts; the album also debuted in the European charts at No. 21 in Germany and No. 66 in France. Wishmaster has sold more than 79,447 copies in Finland alone. In 2019, Metal Hammer ranked it as the 18th best power metal album of all time.

Most reissues of the album contain the song "Sleepwalker", which was released in July 2000 to compete in the Finnish national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2000.

Background and release
The writing and recording of Wishmaster was very fast and devoid of complications, in contrast with what had happened for Oceanborn. The main composer Tuomas Holopainen considers the album "the most distant and least personal (...) in the Nightwish catalogue", despite containing the "mother of all Nightwish songs - Dead Boys' Poem." The image of the dead boy would reappear in several songs of the following albums. Wishmaster was issued on 8 May 2000, a few days earlier than its scheduled release, because the music had leaked onto the Internet.

Music style
Wishmasters sound continues the bombastic symphonic power metal approach originally featured on Oceanborn, albeit with more emphasis on atmosphere and melody versus speed and heaviness. Perhaps even more so than its predecessor, Wishmaster has a very clear fantasy theme. While commonly considered to be closer to conventional power metal, there is still a great variety with slower songs like "Two for Tragedy" and "Dead Boy's Poem", and more epic pieces like  "FantasMic". "The Kinslayer" is written about the victims of the Columbine High School massacre. "Wishmaster" was inspired by the fantasy novel series The Lord of the Rings and Dragonlance, mentioning Elbereth, Lórien, and the Grey Havens from the former; and Dalamar, Raistlin Majere (Dalamar's shalafi, or "master"), Gilthanas, the Sla-Mori, Silvara and the Inn of the Last Home from the latter. "FantasMic" is a song about the Disney animated movies, particularly their fantasy and fable elements, taking its title from the Disneyland show Fantasmic!.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits for Wishmaster adapted from liner notes.NightwishTarja Turunen – vocals
Tuomas Holopainen – keyboards, lyrics, songwriting
Emppu Vuorinen – guitars, songwriting
Sami Vänskä – bass
Jukka Nevalainen – drums, percussionAdditional musiciansIke Vil – spoken words in "The Kinslayer"
Sam Hardwick – spoken words in "Dead Boy's Poem"
Esa Lehtinen – flute
Matias Kaila – tenor vocals
Kimmo Kallio – baritone vocals
Riku Salminen – bass vocals
Anssi Honkanen – bass vocals
Ville Laaksonen – tenor vocals, choir arrangementsProduction'
Tero Kinnunen – producer, engineering, recording
Mikko Karmila – engineer, mixing, recording
Mika Jussila – mastering
Toni Härkönen – photography
Maria Sandell – artwork
Peter Dell – artwork, layout
Markus Mayer – cover art

Charts

Album

Singles

Certifications

References

Bibliography

External links
Nightwish's official website

2000 albums
Albums recorded at Finnvox Studios
Century Media Records albums
Nightwish albums
Power metal albums by Finnish artists
Spinefarm Records albums
Symphonic metal albums by Finnish artists

Wishmaster (album)


József Vágó () a fost un arhitect maghiar, figură proeminentă, împreună cu fratele său László, a arhitecturii Art Nouveau. Fiul său, Pierre Vago, a fost de asemenea arhitect.

Biografie

Primii ani
S-a născut într-o familie cu nouă copii din Oradea. Părinții au fost asimilați cetățeni evrei și, în cele din urmă, s-au mutat la Budapesta. József și-a dorit de mic să devină arhitect, pasiune pe care i-a transmis-o și fratelui său, László.

Biroul comun al fraților Vágó

În 1902, după ce șeful său a stârnit o dispută profesională cu Ödön Lechner, care era deosebit de respectat de József Vágó, acesta din urmă a părăsit firma la care lucra și a deschis un birou comun cu fratele său, László. Asta a fost până în 1911 și, întrucât toate planurile făcute până la acel moment au fost semnate în comun, nu este clar care era rolul fiecăruia în parte.

Cea mai mare parte a lucrărilor lor comune sunt clădiri de locuințe în Budapesta: prima din Strada Síp nr. 16, din Erzsébetváros (rom: Cartierul Elisabeta),1902. În timp ce marile lor proiecte (de exemplu, Muzeul Memorial Vértanú din Arad, 1901-1902, Primăria din Szabadka, 1905, Baia Publică Rudas și Sáros din Budapesta, 1905) arată în mod expres influența lui Lechner, casele construite de ei se îndepărtează din ce în ce mai mult de stilu Secession maghiar, în direcția geometrizantă reprezentată de Otto Wagner. Acest lucru este ilustrat de străzile din Vișegrad (Ungaria, 1903) și de casele din Piața Boráros din strada Mester, construite în 1905-1906, și Casa Gutenberg, care a fost de asemenea finalizată în acea perioadă. Cei doi arhitecți au devenit repede faimoși în întreaga Europă.

Clădiri proiectate
 1902. Casă, Budapest VII., strada Síp 16. – strada Wesselényi 14. (cu László Vágó )
 1903. Lakóház, Budapest XI., Calea Bartók Béla14. (cu László Vágó)
 1905. Lakóház, Budapest IX., Boráros tér 3. (cu László Vágó)
 1905. Lakóház, Budapest IX., Mester utca 3. (cu László Vágó)
 1905. Casa Vágó, Oradea, fosta stradă Kapucinus (azi gen. Traian Mosoiu) 14. (cu László Vágó)
 1906. Blocul de locuințe Dömötör Miksa, Szabadka, Bulevardul Sinagogii 3. (cu László Vágó)
 1905-1908. Palatul Gresham, Budapest V., Bulevardul István Széchenyi  5. (cu Quittner Zsigmond)
 1907. Lakóház, Budapest XIII, strada Visegrád 17 (cu László Vágó)
 1906. Salonul Național (Hauszmann Alajos kioszkjának átépítésével), Budapest V., Erzsébet tér (Vágó Lászlóval; elpusztult)
 1906-1907. Gutenberg-otthon, Budapest VIII., Gutenberg tér 4. (Vágó Lászlóval)
 1908. Városligeti Színkör, Budapest XIV., Aréna út és Ajtósi Dürer sor kereszteződése (Vágó Lászlóval; elpusztult)
 1908. Petőfi Múzeum (a Jókai-ház átalakítása), Budapest VI., Bajza u. 39. (Vágó Lászlóval; elpusztult)
 1908-1909. Árkád Bazár, Budapest VII., Dohány utca 22-24. (Vágó Lászlóval)
 1908-1909. Lakóház, Budapest VIII., Népszínház utca 25. – Fecske utca 1. (Vágó Lászlóval)
 1909. Casa Darvas-La Roche, Oradea Mare, în colaborare cu Kálmán Rimanóczy (fiul) (Áldás, Iosif Vulcan) utca 11. (Vágó Lászlóval)
 1909 k. Kislakásos bérházak, Budapest VIII., Százados út (Vágó Lászlóval; elpusztultak)
 1910. Bérház átalakításának terve, Budapest V., Magyar utca 52. (csak József)
 1910-1911. Moskovits-palota, Nagyvárad, Zöldfa (Vasile Alexandri) utca 1. (Vágó Lászlóval)
 1911. Alföldi Takarékpénztár, Debrecen (Vágó Lászlóval; elpusztult)
 1911. Lakóház, Budapest II., Maros utca 44/A–B. (átalakítva)
 1910-1912. Schiffer-villa, berendezéssel, Budapest VI., Munkácsy Mihály u. 19/a (részben megsemmisült)
 1912. A Lipótvárosi Kaszinó nyári helyisége (átalakítás), berendezéssel, Budapest VI., Városligeti fasor 46-48. (elpusztult)
 1912-1913. Școala de Jandarmi din Oradea, Str. Universității (fostă Armatei Roșii) nr. 1
 1913. Magyar Unió Klub (átalakítás, berendezés), Budapest V., Vörösmarty u. 4.
 1914-1915. Szent László Gimnázium, Kőbánya, Kőrösi Csoma Sándor út 28-34. (Lechner Ödönnel)
 1914-1916. Grünwald-villa, Budapest I., Ostrom u. 1. (elpusztult)
 1922-1925. Hôtel de la ville (átalakítás), Róma, Via Sistina
 1927. Vágó Győző bérháza, Budapest I., Lovas u. 6/a (elpusztult)
 1927–1928. Magyarországi Mintakészítő Munkások Szövetségének székháza, Budapest XIII., Ipoly utca 16. (átalakítva)
 1928-1929. László Ferenc háza, Budapest VI., Szegfű utca
 1934. Dr. Basch Lóránt háza, Budapest XII., Városmajor u. 48/b (később Nyugat Emlékmúzeum)

Note

Nașteri în 1877
Decese în 1947
Arhitecți maghiari
Orădeni

József Vágó


ثمن الحرية هو فيلم مصري عرض عام 1967، محمود مرسي وعبد الله غيث وصلاح منصور وكريمة مختار وفايزة فؤاد وكمال ياسين ومحمد توفيق.

الفيلم مأخوذ عن مسرحية مونتسيرات للكاتب الفرنسي إيمانويل روبلز وأعدها للسينما نجيب محفوظ، كتب السيناريو طلبة رضوان والحوار لطفي الخولي ومن إخراج نور الدمرداش.

قصة الفيلم
فدائي مصري ينفذ عملية ضد الاحتلال الإنجليزي ويتمكن من الفرار من سلطة الاحتلال ويكتشف الحاكم العسكري الإنجليزي (محمود مرسي) تعاون ضابط جيش مصري مع الفدائي فيحقق معه لمعرفة مكان اختباء الفدائي ويرفض الضابط الإجابة فيقبض الحاكم على مجموعة مواطنين مصريين ويهدد بقتلهم على التوالى إن لم يدلي الضابط بمكان الفدائي.

طاقم التمثيل
 محمود مرسي: (بيكر - الحكمدار البريطاني)
 عبد الله غيث: (الضابط محمد درويش المصري)
 كريمة مختار: (الأم)
 صلاح منصور: (الجنرال حسن)
 فايزة فؤاد: (تيريز)
 كمال ياسين: (أحمد عبد الحفيظ - من الثوار)
 محمد توفيق: (العربجي)
 محمود الحديني: (الطالب الجامعي)
 ناهد سمير: (الجارة)
 أحمد الجزيري: (الجار)
 صبري عبد العزيز: (ميجور جونسون - ضابط بريطاني)
 حامد مرسي: (إبراهيم السكري - مطرب)
 محمد أباظة: (إسماعيل بدوي - تاجر)
 جميل عز الدين: (كابتن وليامز - ضابط بريطاني)
 سيد الريس
 محمد يحيى سليمان

فريق العمل
 إخراج: نور الدمرداش
 إعداد سينمائي: نجيب محفوظ
 سيناريو: طلبة رضوان
 حوار: لطفي الخولي
 مدير التصوير: مسعود عيسى
 مونتاج: رشيدة عبد السلام
 موسيقى تصويرية: سليمان جميل
 إنتاج: الشركة العامة للإنتاج السينمائي العربي
 توزيع: الشركة العامة لتوزيع وعرض الأفلام السينمائية

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1967
أفلام عبد الله غيث
أفلام كريمة مختار
أفلام نجيب محفوظ
أفلام دراما مصرية
أفلام تشويق وإثارة مصرية
أفلام مصرية مبنية على مسرحيات
أفلام محمود مرسي

ثمن الحرية (فيلم)


Les élections générales bosniennes de 2022 se tiennent le . Elles comprennent :
 Au niveau national :
 les élections présidentielles pour élire les trois membres de la présidence collégiale, un pour chaque communauté (Croates, Bosniaques et Serbes).
 les élections législatives pour élire 42 représentants à la Chambre des représentants.
 Au niveau local :
 les élections législatives de la Fédération de Bosnie-et-Herzégovine et les législatives en République serbe de Bosnie.
 l'élection présidentielle en République serbe de Bosnie. Le président de la Fédération de Bosnie-et-Herzégovine est quant à lui nommé par le parlement de l'entité.
 les élections des assemblées des dix cantons de la Fédération de Bosnie-et-Herzégovine. La République serbe de Bosnie n'est pour sa part pas divisée en cantons.

Bosnie-Herzégovine
2022
2022 en Bosnie-Herzégovine
Politique en octobre 2022

Élections générales bosniennes de 2022


Ruben John Efford  (January 6, 1944 – January 2, 2022) was a Canadian politician. He first served as a member of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (MHA) from 1985 to 2001, representing Port de Grave electoral district and also serving as cabinet minister of various portfolios.  After losing the 2001 leadership convention of the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador, he went into federal politics and served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 2002 until 2006 for the Liberal Party of Canada.  He initially represented Bonavista—Trinity—Conception, before switching to Avalon after electoral redistribution prior to the 2004 federal election.

Early life
Ruben John Efford was born on January 6, 1944, in Port de Grave, Newfoundland and Labrador, the son of Reuben John and Diana Efford.  He completed high school in his hometown, before doing a business administration program.  He went on to become the owner and operator of Efford's Wholesale, Snow's Plumbing Ltd and the Della Lee retail clothing store.  He joined and actively participated in the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador during the early 1960s.  He was elected to the District Liberal Association in 1969 and eventually became its vice-president.

Provincial politics
Efford entered provincial politics in 1985, running in the election that year for the provincial Liberals.  He was elected to the House of Assembly, representing the riding of Port de Grave.  He was initially Opposition critic for consumer affairs, public works, fisheries, health and social services.  He later served as minister of social services, minister of works, services and transportation, and minister of fisheries and aquaculture after the Liberals won the 1989 provincial election.

A founding member and chairperson of the United Fisherpersons of Newfoundland and Labrador, Efford opposed the federal cod moratorium that impacted the province's economy.  He accompanied Newfoundlander fish harvesters to Nathan Phillips Square in Toronto to protest the measure and argued for their rights to fish.  In his capacity as fisheries minister from 1996 to 2000, Efford was a strong proponent of seal hunting, which was given conditional support from the federal government's fishery advisory committee – consisting of representatives from the industry and academia – as well as the House of Commons' fisheries committee.  He was perturbed by some students and scientists at Memorial University of Newfoundland who wrote to the federal fisheries minister requesting that the latter delay increasing the seal quota until a complete scientific review was conducted.  Efford was of the opinion that they were undermining his efforts.

Efford ultimately served as a MHA from 1985 to 2001.  He lost the 2001 leadership convention to become Liberal party leader to Roger Grimes by 14 votes in a divisive contest.  Despite Grimes offering him a senior cabinet position, both Efford and fellow leadership contestant Paul Dicks subsequently left provincial politics, maintaining that they could not work with Grimes.

Federal politics
Efford was elected to the House of Commons in a by-election in May 2002 and was re-elected in the 2004 general election.  He was appointed Minister of Natural Resources in December 2003 and served in that role until February 2006.  During his tenure, the federal government came to a new agreement on the Atlantic Accord with the provincial government of Newfoundland and Labrador.  He also served as a member of the standing committees on Canadian Heritage, Fisheries and Oceans, on the standing committees of Human Resources Development, Status of Persons with Disabilities, Aboriginal Affairs, and Northern Development and Natural Resources.

Retirement
After considerable speculation that he intended to resign his federal cabinet position due to ill-health, Efford announced on September 1, 2005, to much surprise, that he had no intention to resign.  He later stated on NTV that he would not run again in the 2006 federal election or run for the leadership of the Newfoundland Liberal Party. In November 2005, it was reported that Efford was retiring from politics due to poor health from diabetes.

In February 2011, Efford criticized the leadership of provincial Liberal Leader Yvonne Jones and called for her to consider resigning. Efford stated that her low poll numbers were the main reason for his request. He referenced a Telelink poll released that week by NTV, in which 11 percent of respondents said they would prefer Jones to lead the province. Jones responded by saying Efford was an absolute nuisance to the Newfoundland and Labrador Liberal party, and another poll done in March showed that Jones' popularity was now up to 18% from the 11% that the February poll showed.

Personal life
Efford was married to Madonna until his death.  Together, they had three children: Jacqueline Ann, John III and Joseph Lee.

Efford revealed in 2019 that he had been battling Alzheimer's disease for two years.  He died on January 2, 2022, at a hospital in Carbonear, four days shy of his 78th birthday.

Electoral history

Source:

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References

External links

How'd They Vote?: John Efford's voting history and quotes

1944 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Canadian politicians
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Members of the Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Newfoundland and Labrador
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Mining ministers of Canada
Members of the 27th Canadian Ministry

John Efford


1133 Lugduna este un asteroid din centura principală, descoperit la data de 13 septembrie 1929 de astronomul neerlandez Hendrik van Gent de la Observatorul Uniunii din Johannesburg.

Denumirea asteroidului
Denumirea provizorie a asteroidului era 1929 RC1.

Asteroidul a primit numele de la Lugdunum Batavorum, numele latin al castellum-ului și vicus-ului roman Brittenburg de la Katwijk în Țările de Jos.

Note

Legături externe
  Elemente orbitale pe pagina Small-Body Database a JPL

Asteroizi de tip S
Familia Flora
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1929
Asteroizi cu nume de locuri

1133 Lugduna


Abdüluzza bin Abdülmuttalib (; d. 549 – ö. 624) veya bilinen adıyla Ebû Leheb (), Abdülmuttalib bin Haşim'in oğlu ve İslam peygamberi Muhammed'in on iki amcasından biridir. Yaşamında İslam dinine ve Muhammed'e çok şiddetli muhalif bir tavır almıştır. Kur'an'da, peygamberler dışında adı geçen nadir kişilerden biridir.

Kendisine, öfkelendiğinde yanakları kızardığı veya ateş gibi parladığı için babası tarafından Ebû Leheb (ateşin babası) lakabı verilmiştir. Asıl künyesi Ebû Utbe'dir. Kıvılcım gibi parlak olduğu rivayet edilir.

Mekke'nin ileri gelenleri arasında yer alan Ebu Leheb, İslam'dan önce Muhammed ile pek iyi anlaşır ve onu pek severdi. Hatta Muhammed'in doğumundan sonra, annesinin sütü yetmediği için, bir süreliğine kendisini Ebu Leheb'in cariyesi olan Süveybe emzirmişti. Ayrıca Ebu Leheb'in oğulları Utbe ve Uteybe, Muhammed'in kızları Rukiyye ve Ümmü Gülsüm ile evlendirilmişti. Ancak Ebu Leheb, İslam geldikten sonra Muhammed'e şiddetle karşı çıktı.

İslam geldikten sonra Muhammed'e ve İslam dinine kin beslemeye başlayan Ebu Leheb, dine açık davet döneminde hep engel olmuştur. Rivayetlere göre Muhammed, Safâ tepesine çıkıp İslam'ı tüm Mekkelilere açıkça tebliğ ettiği zaman onun karşısında durmuş, ona kötü sözler söylemiş, taş fırlatmış ve "Kahrolası! Bizi bunun için mi buraya çağırdın?" diyerek uzaklaşmıştır. Evi Muhammed'in evine yakın olduğundan, yine rivayetlere göre onun evini sık sık taşa tutar veya başkalarına taşlatır, kapısı önüne her çeşit pisliği atar, karısı Ümmü Cemil ile birlikte onun geçeceği yollara dikenler atarlardı.

Amcası Ebu Talib'in ölümünden sonra Mekke'de kendisini himaye eden biri kalmayan Muhammed, bunun üzerine Taif şehrine gitti. Ancak Ebu Leheb, her yerde onu takip ederek sözlerini yalanlamaya ve ona muhalif olmaya devam etti. Kendisinin ve karısının Muhammed'i aşırı rahatsız eden ve ona zorluk çıkaran bu tutumları nedeniyle, bu sıralarda Kur'an'ın 111. suresi olan Tebbet Suresi'nin inişiyle Ebu Leheb ve karısının cehennemlik olduklarını belirten ayetlerin geldiğine inanılır.

Tebbet Suresi, Kur'an'da ''yaşayan bir insan'' hakkında inmiş tek suredir. 5 ayetlik surede Ebu Leheb'e beddua edilmiş ve karısı Ümmü Cemil ile birlikte cehenneme gideceği söylenmiştir. Sure indiğinde hayatta olan Ebu Leheb'in, bu sözleri duymuş olmasına rağmen ölümüne değin iman etmediği ve surenin inişinden yaklaşık 4-5 yıl sonra öldüğü, dolayısıyla Kur'an'ın sözünün doğrulayıcı olduğuna inanılmaktadır.

Ebu Leheb, 624'de gerçekleşen Bedir Muharebesi'ne hasta olduğundan dolayı katılamamış, savaştan sonra çok ağır bir hastalıktan dolayı ölmüş, cesedi bir süre bekletilmiş ve kokuşmaya başlayınca da oğulları tarafından merasim yapılmadan, alelacele Kalib Kuyusu adında bir yere gömülmüştür.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Tebbet Suresi
 Ümmü Cemil

Kaynakça

624 yılında ölenler
Kur'an'daki kişiler
Muhammed
563 doğumlular

Ebu Leheb


L'Homme dit fou et la Mauvaise Foi des hommes est un recueil de nouvelles de Florent Couao-Zotti, écrivain, auteur de romans, de nouvelles, de pièces de théâtre et de bandes dessinées béninois. Le recueil est sorti en 2000 à Paris aux éditions Le Serpent à Plumes.

Résumé et liste des nouvelles
Le livre relate à travers ses nouvelles des histoires liées au Bénin et plus précisément à sa capitale. Entre violence, magie, vaudou, viole et inceste, L'Homme dit fou et la Mauvaise Foi des hommes plonge le lecteur dans ce qu'il y a de pire chez l'être humain. Il est constitué de 9 nouvelles :

 L'Homme dit fou et la Mauvaise Foi des hommes (pp. 9 à 39)
 Le Monstre (pp. 41 à 52)
 L'Avant-jour du paradis (pp. 53 à 83)
 Petits Enfers de coins de rues (pp. 85 à 117)
 Présumé sorcière (pp. 119 à 138)
 Le Rire nombril (pp. 139 à 166)
 Délalie (pp. 167 à 177)
 Jonquet blues (pp. 179 à 191)
 Tant qu'il y aura des anges (pp. 193 à 214)

Références

Articles connexes
 Les Fantômes du Brésil
 Olympe Bhêly-Quenum
 Littérature béninoise
 La Diseuse de mal-espérance
 Notre pain de chaque nuit
 Charly en guerre
 Le Collectionneur de vierges

Roman béninois
Roman de langue française
Roman paru en 2000
Œuvre littéraire se déroulant au Bénin


Manel Gibert Vallès (Reus, 16 de enero de 1966) es un poeta andorrano de origen español en lengua catalana, además de ser autor de cuentos y ensayos sobre literatura catalana.

Biografía
Nace en Reus, provincia de Tarragona, España y se licencia en filosofía en la Universidad de Barcelona.

Gibert Vallès ha trabajado como profesor de lengua y literatura catalana en diversos centros hasta que se traslada a Andorra donde enseña en un instituto de enseñanza secundaria. Además, ha realizado trabajos fotográficos y ha sido colaborador habitual durante el periodo 2002-2005 del periódico Diario de Andorra.

Se dio a conocer en 1998 cuando ganó el premio de poesía de la biblioteca pública del Gobierno de Andorra, por su poemario Pluja; este premio volvería a ganarlo cuatro años más tarde con Cuadern d'Arans (una suite de tankes i haikus. En 2005, gana el prestigioso Premio Miquel Martí i Pol por Avida Dollars.

Manel Gibert es un participante activo de la vida literaria andorrana y catalana, habitual de recitales y coloquios literarios, además de pertenecer en el consejo de la revista artística y literaria Portella, donde también publica su obra.

Obras
 Pluja (2000)
 Cuadern d'Arans (2003)
 Blaus a la deriva (2010)
 A l'ombra del solstici (2017)

Referencias

 http://www.frankfurt2007.cat/cat/escriptors/gibert.shtml
 http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000094/00000012.pdf

Emigrantes españoles hacia Andorra
Escritores de Andorra
Poetas de Andorra
Escritores en catalán del siglo XX
Escritores en catalán del siglo XXI
Andorranos del siglo XX
Andorranos del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Reus
Profesores de catalán

Manel Gibert Vallès


A ideologia da Revolução Iraniana foi denominada de "combinação complexa" de pan-islamismo, populismo político e "radicalismo religioso" islâmico xiita.A revolução iraniana se expressa na linguagem do Islã, ou seja, como um movimento democrático com uma liderança religiosa, uma crítica religiosamente formulada da velha ordem e planos religiosamente expressos para a nova. Os revolucionários muçulmanos olham para o nascimento do Islã como seu modelo e se veem engajados em uma luta contra o paganismo, a opressão e o império. Bernard Lewis
Talvez a mais importante das muitas interpretações ideológicas do Islã dentro da grande aliança que levou à revolução de 1979 fosse o chamado "quietismo" clerical tradicional, o Khomeinismo, a ideologia de esquerda islâmica de Ali Shariati e o Islã liberal-democrático de Mehdi Bazargan. Menos poderosos eram os grupos guerrilheiros socialistas de variantes islâmicas e seculares, e o constitucionalismo secular em formas socialistas e nacionalistas.

O slogan entoado pelos manifestantes:  "Independência, Liberdade e República Islâmica" (Estiqlal, Azadi, Jomhuri-ye Eslami!)  - foi chamado de "demanda fundamental, mas ampla" dos revolucionários. Os revolucionários protestaram contra a corrupção, extravagância e natureza autocrática do então de governo Pahlavi; políticas que ajudaram os ricos em detrimento dos pobres; e a dominação/exploração econômica e cultural do Irã por estrangeiros não-muçulmanos—particularmente americanos.

Os contribuintes para a ideologia incluíram Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, que formulou a ideia de Gharbzadegi – que a cultura ocidental deve ser rejeitada e combatida como uma praga ou uma intoxicação que alienou os muçulmanos de suas raízes e de suas identidades. Ali Shariati influenciou muitos jovens iranianos com sua interpretação do Islã como a única maneira verdadeira de despertar os oprimidos e libertar o Terceiro Mundo do colonialismo e do neocolonialismo .

Khomeini
O autor que finalmente formulou a ideologia da revolução, porém, foi o homem que dominou a própria revolução, o aiatolá Khomeini . Ele pregou que a revolta, e especialmente o martírio, contra a injustiça e a tirania fazia parte do islamismo xiita, que os clérigos deveriam mobilizar e liderar seus rebanhos em ação, não apenas aconselhá-los. Ele introduziu termos corânicos — mustazafin ('fraco')  e mustakbirin ('orgulhoso e poderoso')  — para a terminologia marxista da distinção entre opressores e oprimidos . Ele rejeitou a influência das superpotências soviéticas e americanas no Irã com o slogan "não oriental, nem ocidental - republicano islâmico" (em    ).

Velayat-e faqih
Mas ainda mais importante, ele desenvolveu a ideologia de quem governaria a República Islâmica, que forma de governo seria necessária. Khomeini acreditava fortemente que o Islã exigia que o princípio de velayat-e faqih fosse aplicado ao governo, ou seja, que os muçulmanos, na verdade todos, exigiam "tutela", na forma de governo ou supervisão pelos principais juristas islâmicos ou juristas - como Khomeini ele mesmo o faria. Isso foi necessário porque o Islã exige obediência apenas à lei islâmica tradicional (sharia). Seguir essa lei não era apenas a coisa islamicamente correta a se fazer, mas também evitaria a pobreza, a injustiça e a pilhagem de terras muçulmanas por descrentes estrangeiros. Mas para que tudo isso acontecesse, a sharia tinha que ser protegida da inovação e do desvio, e isso exigia colocar juristas islâmicos no controle do governo.

Estabelecer e obedecer a esse governo islâmico era tão importante que era "na verdade uma expressão de obediência a Deus", e, também, "mais necessário até do que oração e jejum" para o Islã, porque sem isso o verdadeiro Islã não sobreviverá. Era um princípio universal, não restrito ao Irã. Todo o mundo precisava e merecia um governo justo, isto é, um verdadeiro governo islâmico, e Khomeini "considerava imperativa a exportação da revolução islâmica". No entanto, em relação à " exportação da revolução ", ele afirmou: "não significa interferir nos assuntos de outra nação", mas "responder às suas perguntas sobre conhecer a Deus"

Essa visão revolucionária do governo teocrático contrastava fortemente com o xiismo quietista que pedia a retirada da vida política, ou pelo menos do governo, até o retorno do Mahdi . E desnecessário dizer que estava em conflito com as esperanças e planos dos secularistas democráticos do Irã e dos esquerdistas de origem islâmica. Ao mesmo tempo, Khomeini sabia que uma ampla base revolucionária era necessária e não hesitou em encorajar essas forças a se unirem a seus apoiadores para derrubar o xá. Consequentemente, a ideologia da revolução era conhecida por sua "imprecisão" ou "caráter vago" antes de sua vitória, com o caráter específico de velayat-e faqih/teocrático esperando para ser tornado público quando chegasse o momento. direito. Khomeini acreditava que a oposição ao velayat-e faqih/governo teocrático pelos outros revolucionários era o resultado de uma campanha de propaganda de imperialistas estrangeiros ansiosos para impedir que o Islã acabasse com sua pilhagem. Essa propaganda foi tão insidiosa que penetrou até nos seminários islâmicos e tornou necessário "observar os princípios da taqiyya " (ou seja, dissimulação da verdade em defesa do Islã), quando se fala (ou não) do governo islâmico.

Essa divisão entre os elementos gerais e específicos da ideologia da revolução inevitavelmente quebraram a unidade da revolução, pois Khomeini abandonou a taqiyya e trabalhou com determinação para estabelecer um governo liderado por clérigos islâmicos, enquanto os oponentes da teocracia resistiam. No final, a ruptura não foi fatal. A oposição foi derrotada e a ideologia revolucionária prevaleceu.

Ideologia na prática
Após a revolução, sua ideologia tornou-se evidente nas políticas sociais, econômicas e culturais do Irã.

Em termos de vestimenta, gravatas de estilo ocidental para homens e cabelos descobertos, braços, etc. para mulheres foram proibidos. Mas,  também houve mudanças não-religiosas, como a ênfase no vestuário, modos e costumes proletários, em oposição à elegância e extravagância aristocrática ou burguesa ocidental da era do xá. Por exemplo, observadores notaram nos primeiros dias da revolução a natureza "cantina" das refeições em restaurantes, destinadas a "ressaltar o triunfo do proletariado muçulmano". Em trajes masculinos, um juiz descreveu a "transformação da noite para o dia" em fevereiro de 1979 do Ministério da Justiça em Teerã:Os homens não usavam mais terno e gravata, mas calças simples e camisas sem gola, muitas delas bastante amassadas, algumas até manchadas. Até meu nariz sentiu o cheiro da mudança. O leve cheiro de colônia ou perfume que permanecia nos corredores, especialmente pela manhã, estava ausente.

Referências

Bibliografia

Islão no Irão
Revolução Iraniana

Ideologia da Revolução Iraniana


Landesliga er i Østrig den fjerdebedste fodboldrække. Ligaen er fordelt i ni ligaer.

 Landesliga Burgenland
 1. Niederösterreichische Landesliga
 Wiener Stadtliga
Vinderne af hver liga rykker op i Regionalliga Øst

 Kärntner Liga
 OÖ Liga
 Landesliga Steiermark
Vinderne af hver liga rykker op i Regionalliga Central

 Salzburger Liga
 Tiroler Liga
 Vorarlbergliga
Vinderne af hver liga rykker op i Regionalliga Vest

Fodbold i Østrig
Fodboldligaer
Etableret i 1995

Landesliga (Østrig)


Vakio est le premier album du groupe finlandais de musique électronique Pan Sonic. L'album est publié par le label anglais Blast First, un sous-label de Mute Records. Le titre finnois signifie "norme".

Production
Les quinze pistes de cet album, selon la notice accompagnant le CD, ont été enregistrées en live sur de l'équipement analogique. Le groupe utilise des instruments originaux conçus par Jari Lehtinen.

Un clip vidéo pour le morceau Urania est réalisé par Brian Griffin.

Références

Liens externes

Premier album musical sorti en 1995

Vakio


بلوشستان قد تعني:

  محافظة بلوشستان الباكستانية.
  محافظة سيستان وبلوشستان الإيرانية.
صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

بلوشستان (توضيح)


An Ctenium concissum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jason Richard Swallen. An Ctenium concissum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ctenium, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ctenium

Ctenium concissum


La mejorana o socavón es un género poético-musical autóctono de Panamá. Esta manifestación consiste en versos cantados en décimas con el acompañamiento musical de la guitarra mejoranera o del socavón, rabel o violín y excepcionalmente en la actualidad de la guáchara.

La mejorana corresponde a una familia de ritmos musicales y cantos, posiblemente de origen español y basados en la décima cantada, extendida por la cuenca del caribe hispano.  A esta familia también pertenecen el galerón oriental venezolano y colombiano, el joropo colombiano y venezolano, el punto cubano, la trova puertorriqueña y el son jarocho mexicano. Estas expresiones musicales se desarrollaron durante la Colonia con influencias de la música barroca y el comercio interoceánico.

Cada temática de los versos va acompañada de sus respectivos torrentes (aires musicales), de los cuales los poetas se valen para acompañar melódica y rítmicamente sus composiciones e improvisaciones, las cuales se canta principalmente en las "cantaderas", eventos que se llevan a cabo en los "jardines" o "jorones".

Es la forma en que el hombre campesino expresa sus cuitas o su saber en forma de poesía, generalmente cantada, es un estilo poético muy popular en América Latina desde el siglo XVI.

En Panamá, la mejorana generalmente está compuesta de diez versos, cada uno con ocho sílabas, con rima en la siguiente forma: A-B-B-A-A-C-C-D-D-C. Una de las maneras en que se escribe la décima en Panamá es empezando con cuatro versos con rima X-Y-Y-X. A esto le siguen cuatro grupos de diez versos cada uno. El último verso de cada uno de estos grupos de diez es uno de los versos del primer grupo de cuatro. A este género se le conoce con el nombre de "redondilla".

Usos del término

El término mejorana, además de referirse al canto, puede ser utilizado indistintamente para las siguientes manifestaciones:

Mejoranera

La mejorana o mejoranera es un instrumento musical de cuerda muy popular en Panamá. Es usado en el folclore panameño.

Bailes de mejorana

Conjunto de bailes realizados siguiendo la música producida por la mejoranera.

Origen

La décima tiene como fuente principal a España, lugar donde nació este estilo poético durante los siglos XV y XVI, la misma tiene antecedentes latinos, árabes, galaico-portugueses y provenzales, aunque no se sabe a ciencia cierta en que periodo de la  época colonial llegó este estilo poético al Istmo de Panamá, se puede afirmar que es una costumbre bastante antigua arraigada en el campesino del interior del país, pasada de generación en generación de forma oral. Como en el resto de Latinoamérica este estilo poético ha traspasado el papel y ha llegado a ser interpretado en forma de canción, contando la panameña con la particularidad de utilizar dos de clases de guitarras autóctonas denominadas mejorana, la de cinco cuerdas; y socavón la de cuatro cuerdas.

Respecto al canto, la mejorana implementa la emisión vocal o gutural de faena campesina denominado saloma.

Una observación que ya puede adelantarse es la de que la distribución geográfica de la décima no es homogénea, cosa fácil de prever, puesto que no lo es ni la densidad de la población, ni la naturaleza étnica de la misma. Por las referencias que se tienen del Darién, Bocas del Toro y Colón, que en esas provincias no se conoce la tradición de componer y cantar décimas. En Chiriquí existe, pero circunscrita a ciertos sectores de población; abunda un poco más en Veraguas y Coclé, pero también delimitada a regiones y a grupos particulares. Sólo en las provincias de Los Santos y Herrera puede decirse se enseñorea el cultivo de la décima sobre toda la superficie y sobre toda la población, desde los centros más urbanizados hasta las aldeas más dispersas. Esto da como conclusión que sólo los grupos de población en donde predomina fuertemente el elemento hispánico, o por lo menos su influencia espiritual, se hallan identificados con el amor a la décima.

Formación instrumental

En las cantaderas en la actualidad, se utilizan diversos instrumentos de cuerda entre los que destaca la guitarra española. También en algunas ocasiones se utiliza el violín como acompañante con el fin de brindar al público un evento más dinámico y vistoso.

La mejoranera, socavón, rabel y la guáchara eran los instrumentos primitivos utilizados para acompañar el canto de la décima, pero a medida que las cantaderas fueron evolucionando estos instrumentos fueron dejados atrás.

Mejorana

Conocida también como mejoranera o bocona.

La tapa y el fondo de la caja "resonadora" son planos y paralelos. El portacuerdas, mango o cuello es tan corto que casi parece ser hecho a la medida de la mano. El cuerpo resonador tiene forma de ocho alargado. Esta guitarra mide de 55 a 60 cm de largo. Existen dos variedades determinadas por el cordaje y la afinación; la "mejorana", de cinco y la bocona, de cuatro cuerdas.

Rabel o violín criollo

Descendiente de su antepasado árabe rabeb, que conserva, como el rabel pastoril de España, sus tres cuerdas y la función de intérprete de la melodía. La tapa suele fabricarse de balsa y todo el resto del instrumento de árbol de cedro o de jamaico. Para fabricar el arco, al cual se le da forma curva y tendida análoga se usa el matillo. Las cuerdas salen de la crín del caballo.

Guitarra española

Instrumento musical de uso universal, debido a que tiene múltiples usos de tradición en la música del folclor panameño, comúnmente acompaña al violín en reemplazo de la mejorana.

Modalidades temáticas

Este conjunto de modalidades temáticas, es una clasificación científica creada por el folclorista panameño, Manuel Zárate, sobre la base de sus observaciones del contenido de las décimas cantadas por los campesinos panameños.

 A lo divino: Comprende este grupo todo el decimero que tiene como tema o motivos los asuntos de orden religioso y los referentes a la historia sagrada. Entre los primeros se encuentran cantos y verdaderas oraciones, alabanzas o loas a Dios y a Jesús, a la Virgen y a los santos. Los que se nutren de la historia sagrada versan muy particularmente sobre la vida y más que todo, sobre la pasión del Salvador y las penas o dolores de la Virgen María. Abundan dentro del mismo género las composiciones que hacen fantásticos inventarios de las reliquias, amuletos y prendas sagradas que dice poseer el cantor. Que a veces la piedad manifiesta en tales décimas no sea tanta como la vanidad, no quita méritos a estas creaciones.

 De argumento: Es éste un género de décimas cuyos temas y contenidos expresan "saber", ya sea éste adquirido por trasmisión o producto de la reflexión propia. En el saber adquirido figuran los conocimientos que dan la geografía, las ciencias naturales, las matemáticas, la gramática, la historia, la medicina y numerosas artes prácticas. El saber producto de la propia reflexión y experiencias del poeta, incurre de lleno en lo que es la crítica social y política, en la moral, y en suma, recoge todos los aspectos de la filosofía popular. Indicaremos más adelante los procedimientos mediante los cuales adquieren los poetas sus conocimientos por trasmisión.

 Chistoso: Los cantantes y compositores reúnen bajo este rubro, todas las décimas que cultivan "la chistería", como ellos dicen. Como bien puede sospecharse, se trata en ellas de motivos jocosos o picarescos y la principal intención de ellas es hacer reír. Sin embargo, contienen esas décimas las variantes y elementos más inesperados, como veremos al hacer la disección de ellas.

 DE AMORES: Inspiran o dan vida a las décimas de este grupo los motivos que nacen de la pasión amorosa y peripecias anejas, las reflexiones que el amor y sus vaivenes sugieren, las andanzas que conducen al despertar, curso y fin de la experiencia amorosa. Como se verá, es este grupo de lo más variado y extenso, como corresponde al vital motivo que lo alimenta. Esta sencilla clasificación, lo repetimos, es la que el pueblo amante de esta poesía ha elaborado sin premeditación alguna. Nosotros la consideramos acertada y propia para enmarcar un estudio analítico folklórico, ya que este ha de incluir también cualquier esfuerzo intelectual relacionado con las mismas creaciones.

 Controversia: Es la modalidad favorita del público, conocida popularmente como el "mano a mano", esta temática es dejada para el final de la noche de cantadera, consiste en un encuentro entre dos o más cantantes de décimas para probar la superioridad improvisadora de uno frente al otro, generalmente los poetas toman como recursos para sus versos defectos físicos, gestuales entre otros temas para desprestigiar a su contendor con su rima, convirtiéndose en una verdadera batalla poética.

Torrentes

La mejorana es fruto de la cultura popular interiorana sin embargo existen ciertos patrones, usos y costumbres invariables que deben seguirse. Estas normas tradicionales se ven reflejadas en los "torrentes", que en el argot popular interiorano, es el nombre como se denominan a los acompañamientos melódicos y rítmicos de la guitarra mejorana que se interpretan mientras se canta la décima. Estos torrentes generalmente reciben sus nombres dependiendo de la población del interior de donde provienen o de su autor.
Los torrentes son ejecutados según el contenido o temática de los versos que se vayan a cantar. Así es consignando en la obra "La décima y la Copla en Panamá"  de Manuel F. Zárate, en donde sobre la base de sus estudios de campo pudo notar dicha particularidad. Así mismo se encuentra reglamentado en la tradición oral en la mejorana "Cómo se canta la Mejorana" de autoría de Benjamín Domínguez.

Al respecto su utilización sería de la siguiente manera:
 Décimas con temas amorosos y religiosos: se cantan generalmente en el torrente "Gallino", desarrollándose en un tono menor , con inflexiones suaves y con tiempo lento.
 Décimas con temas tétricos o dolorosos: Se canta mayoritariamente con el torrente "Llanto" o "Lamento", el cual  denota tristeza o lamentación.
 Décimas de saber y argumento: Se canta con el torrente "mesano", con notas graves y una melodía en tiempo moderado, porque facilita la dicción y la demostración dogmática que pretende hacerle a sus espectadores.
 Décimas con motivos jocosos o picarescos: Se canta siempre con el torrente "zapatero" o con el "poncho" o con cualquier "socavón", teniendo un aire festivo, bastante rápido.
 Controversias: Se canta reglamentariamente con el "gallino picao", que es un torrente extremadamente rápido en donde el poeta popular tiene que destacarse en la improvisación presta para enfrentar su contrincante.

Al respecto Narciso Garay describe los torrentes de la mejorana de la siguiente manera: "el gallino" es una mejorana en modo menor. El "zapatero" comienza y termina en la tónica; y el "mesano" comienza y termina en la dominante o en la armonía de dominante. No hay mejorana vocal que no sea gallino, mesano o zapatero, sobre todo mesano, que es la forma más usual. A esto nos permitimos agregar nosotros que, del "mesano" se deriva una serie de modalidades, ya sea transportándolo a distintos tonos, ya variando los afinamientos, el ritmo y los tiempos. También partiendo del "zapatero" se tejen y destejen numerosas variaciones, usando determinados recursos. Todas esas modalidades reciben nombres específicos, por lo general indicativos de lugares en donde se han originado o de las personas que las han compuesto.

Existe un número plural de torrentes utilizados en las tardes de cantadera entre los que destacan:

 Mesano
 Gallino
 Zapatero
 Gallino Lamento
 Mesano Montijano
 Mesano Transportado
 Gallino América
 Gallino Zárate
 Gallino Chitré
 Gallino Picao
Zapatero Toletón
 Zapatero Campesino
 Valdivieso
 Socabón Llanero
 Socabón de la Cruz
 Socabón Interiorano
 Son María
 Zeballo Montañero
 Pasitrote
 Llanto

Panamá al ser un país de tránsito y cosmopolita, ha incorporado a la tradición de la mejorana cantada, géneros musicales de otros países del Caribe, denominándolos también "torrente" acompañado del gentilicio del país del que conocieron la música.

Producto de estas incorporaciones se han concebido estas modalidades bajo las siguientes denominaciones:

Guajiro cubano (refiriéndose a la guajira de aquel país)
Jibarito puertorriqueño (refiriéndose al seis, género perteneciente a la música jíbara de aquel país)
 Joropo

Referencias

Música de Panamá
Géneros de música latina
Música folclórica de Panamá

Mejorana (canto)


عبد الله بن بخيت روائي وناقد أدبي وكاتب اجتماعي وسيناريست سعودي. يكتب مقالاً أسبوعياً في صحيفة عكاظ السعودية، وكان قبل ذلك يكتب في جريدة الرياض السعودية تحت عامود يسمى يارا. ابن بخيت صاحب رواية (شارع العطايف)، ومؤلف مسلسل هوامير الصحراء. نشأ عبد الله بن بخيت نشأة عادية في وسط الرياض ثم عمل كاتباً صحفياً امتدت خبرته بالكتابة الصحفية أكثر من 20 سنة.

التعليم
حصل على درجة البكالوريوس في اللغة العربية من جامعة الملك سعود عام 1978م.

العمل

 عمل صحافياً في مجلة اليمامة.
 عمل محرّراً  في القسم الأدبي في جريدة الرياض.
 شغل منصب مدير العلاقات العامة في النادي الأدبي في الرياض.
 كتب زاوية (يارا) في جريدة الرياض.
 يكتب مقالاً أسبوعياً في جريدة عكاظ.

إصدارات

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الرياض
خريجو جامعة الملك سعود
روائيون سعوديون
صحفيون سعوديون
مواليد 1952
كتاب قصة قصيرة سعوديون
كتاب بالعربية في القرن 20
كتاب بالعربية في القرن 21

عبد الله بخيت


Andrei Grigor, pseudonimul literar al lui Nicolae Ioana, () a fost un prozator și critic literar român, care s-a remarcat prin monografiile dedicate lui Marin Preda, Fănuș Neagu și Eugen Lovinescu și prin coordonarea amplei lucrări Cronologia vieții literare românești. Perioada postbelică (10 vol., 2010-2012). A fost distins cu două premii pentru critică literară ale Academiei Române.

Biografie
S-a născut la Moreni în familia muncitorilor Ileana și Vasile Ioana. A urmat școala elementară și liceul în orașul natal, apoi a absolvit Facultatea de Limba și Literatura Română a Universității din București în 1978. A obținut în 1995 titlul de doctor în filologie la Universitatea din București cu teza Căruța lui Moromete, pe care acad. Eugen Simion o considera "o carte polemică, inspirată, bine scrisă, stil ironic, remarci fine despre ironia epică și tipologia predistă".

După absolvirea facultății a lucrat ca profesor de limba română la mai multe școli din județul Dâmbovița (1978–1990), redactor la Caiete critice (1990–1997), secretar general de redacție la Literatorul (1995-1997). În anul 1996 a ocupat prin concurs postul de conferențiar universitar de literatura română la Universitatea "Valahia" din Târgoviște; s-a transferat în 1998 pe același post la Universitatea "Dunărea de Jos" din Galați, fiind promovat în 2002 la gradul de profesor universitar. A îndeplinit, de asemenea, funcțiile de decan al Facultății de Litere din cadrul Universității "Dunărea de Jos" din Galați (2004-2012), director al Școlii Doctorale a Facultății de Litere din cadrul Universității "Dunărea de Jos" din Galați (2008-2012), director al Centrului de Cercetări al Institutului de Istorie și Teorie literară "George Călinescu" al Academiei Române și expert evaluator pentru Centre de Excelență (din 2005), expert evaluator în Consiliul Național de Atestare a Titlurilor, Diplomelor și Certificatelor Universitare (Comisia filologică) și conducător de doctorat în domeniul Filologie (Literatură română, Literatură comparată, Teoria literaturii).

Activitatea publicistică
A colaborat din anii 1980 cu articole, recenzii și studii literare la revistele Vatra, Viața românească, Limba și literatura română, Interval, Contrapunct, Adevărul literar și artistic, Fețele culturii (supliment literar-artistic al ziarului Azi), Antares și Porto-Franco. A publicat peste 250 de studii și articole despre literatura română interbelică și postbelică în reviste de specialitate din țară și din străinătate. La începutul anilor 1990 s-a alăturat colectivului care a editat revista culturală Avanpost, condusă de Eugen Simion și Mircea Nedelciu și scrisă de tineri scriitori optzeciști. După ce revista Avanpost și-a încetat apariția după 3-4 numere din lipsă de fonduri, Andrei Grigor a devenit redactor la revistele Caiete critice și Literatorul, unde a colaborat cu Gheorghe Tomozei, Lucian Chișu, Nicolae Iliescu, Marin Sorescu și Fănuș Neagu, remarcându-se prin calitățile sale de eseist și polemist. Criticul Eugen Simion, care l-a cunoscut în acea perioadă, îl descria astfel: "un tânăr subțiratic, tăcut, cu spiritul – mi s-a părut – mereu la pândă. Când se decidea să vorbească, comunica scurt, coerent, decis, ceea ce gândea și voia să spună. Avea umor, un umor de bună calitate, în stilul, mai de grabă, al umorului sec, englezesc, decât în stilul Creangă (sfătos și împăciuitorist)".

A debutat cu proză scurtă în 1983 în revista Vatra, fiind inclus în volumul colectiv Debut '86. În 1993 a publicat un volum de proză scurtă intitulat Cazarma cu ficțiuni. S-a remarcat în special prin activitatea de critic literar, publicând monografii despre Marin Preda, Fănuș Neagu și Eugen Lovinescu. După opinia acad. Eugen Simion, studiile critice despre Marin Preda, elaborate de Andrei Grigor, erau "printre cele mai bune din ultima vreme", fiind scrise "cu o cordială exigență critică".

În calitate de director al Centrului de Cercetări al Institutului de Istorie și Teorie literară "George Călinescu" al Academiei Române cerectătorul Andrei Grigor a făcut parte din colectivul de elaborare al Dicționarului General al Literaturii Române (2004-2009) și a fost coautor și coordonator redacțional al lucrării Cronologia vieții literare românești. Perioada postbelică (10 vol., 2010-2012). Acest proiect editorial, care a cuprins perioada 1944-1964, a necesitat o muncă asiduă.

Publicistul Andrei Grigor a fost distins cu mai multe premii importante pentru critică literară: Premiul Național "Marin Sorescu" al Academiei Române (2002), Premiul "Titu Maiorescu" al Academiei Române, Premiul "Dan Alexandru Condeescu" pentru critică literară și ediții critice acordat de Asociația Publicațiilor Literare și Editurilor din România (APLER) (2012) pentru Cronologia vieții literare românești. 1944-1964, Premiul Special acordat de Muzeul Național al Literaturii Române (MNLR) (2014) pentru coordonarea lucrării Cronologia vieții literare românești. A obținut, de asemenea, titlul de Cetățean de Onoare al municipiului Galați, în 2011.

Opera
 Cazarma cu ficțiuni, proză scurtă, Ed. Eminescu, București, 1993;
 Marin Preda - incomodul, Ed. Porto-Franco, Galați, 1996;
 Căruța lui Moromete, Ed. Eminescu, București, 2001;
 Fănuș Neagu : monografie, antologie comentată, receptare critică, Ed. Aula, Brașov, 2001;
 Eugen Simion : monografie, antologie comentată, receptare critică, Ed. Aula, Brașov, 2001;
 Eugen Lovinescu : breviar, Ed. Aula, Brașov, 2002;
 Romanele lui Marin Preda, Ed. Aula, Brașov, 2003;
 Eugen Simion. În ariergarda avangardei : Convorbiri cu Andrei Grigor, 2004; ediția a II-a adăugită, Ed. Curtea Veche, București, 2012.

Note

Nașteri în 1953
Decese în 2014
Critici literari români

Andrei Grigor


Rock FM, merkezi İstanbul'da olan ve Rock Müzik yayınlayan bir radyo kanalıdır.

"Radyo Matrix" ismi ile rock müzik yayınlayarak yayına başlayan radyo istasyonu, 2003 yılı Mayıs ayında ismini "Rock FM" olarak değiştirmiştir. Radyo grup şirketlerine TMSF tarafından el konulmasıyla devletin eline geçmiştir.

2004 Nisan ayında düzenlenen ihale ile 350.000 USD bedelle "Karma Radyo ve Tv Yayıncılık" isimli şirkete satılmıştır. Radyo adını 2006 yılında "K-Rock FM" olarak değiştirmiştir.

2006 Ağustos ayında programlı yayınlarına başlayan K-Rock, İstanbul'da FM 94.5 frekansından 'şehrin en iyi rock müziği' sloganıyla yayın yapıyor ve tüm gün boyunca mainstream, alternative, metal, punk türlerinde yayın yapmaktadır.

2007'nin ilk çeyreğinde KGM Araştırma Raporları'na göre İstanbul'un en çok dinlenilen 6. radyosu olmuştur. Üstelik kendisinden önceki 5 radyonun dört tanesi ulusal radyolardan oluşmaktadır. K-Rock N.A.R. Group'a aittir.

22 Eylül 2008 yılında ise yayın hayatına tekrar "Rock FM" ismiyle devam etmiştir.

1 Aralık 2016 yılında el değiştiren radyo kanalı Misk FM adıyla yayınlarına devam etmektedir.

Rock FM ise günümüzde sadece internet yayınıyla devam etmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar

İstanbul merkezli kuruluşlar
Türkiye radyo kanalları
1998'de kurulan radyo kanalları
1998'de Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar

Rock FM


En elitesoldat er en særlig kampdygtig soldat, der bruges i international krig. Elitesoldater fra nutiden, har som standardudstyr en maskinpistol, en 9 millimeter håndpistol, en kniv og som beskyttelse en heldragt med skudsikker vest indbygget, en hjelm og særlig stærke sko. En elitesoldat fra fortiden (primært middelalderen) havde meget forskelligt udstyr efter nationalitet og rang, men som oftest et sværd eller en sabel, og som sekundært våben en dolk.

Krigertyper

Elitesoldat


317 (CCCXVII í rómverskum tölum) var 17. ár 4. aldar sem hófst á þriðjudegi samkvæmt júlíanska tímatalinu. Innan Rómaveldis var það þekkt sem ræðismannsár Gallicanusar og Bassusar eða sem árið 1070 ab urbe condita. Það hefur verið þekkt sem árið 317 frá því snemma á miðöldum þegar Anno Domini-tímatalið, hið Kristna tímatal, var tekið upp.

Atburðir
 1. mars - Konstantínus mikli og meðkeisari hans Licinus gerðu syni sína, Crispus, Konstantínus 2. og Licinus 2., að keisurum. Eftir það flutti Konstantínus til Sirmium í Pannóníu þar sem hann undirbjó herför gegn Gotum og Sarmötum.
 Licinus viðurkenndi Konstantínus sem yfirkeisara og lét taka Valerius Valens af lífi.
 Sextán konungsríki: Jin Yuandi flúði með hirðina í suður. Hann tók við sem konungur Jin-veldisins og setti upp nýja höfuðborg í Jiankang (nú Nanjing).
 Elstu staðfestu ritheimildir um te eru frá þessu ári, þótt Kínverjar hefðu þegar drukkið það öldum saman.

Fædd
 7. ágúst - Konstantíus 2. Rómarkeisari (d. 361).
 Fú Jiàn, konungur Fyrrum Qin (d. 355).
 Marteinn frá Tours, biskup og dýrlingur (d. 397).
 Þemistíos, grískur stjórnmálamaður (d. um 390).

Dáin
 Valerius Valens Rómarkeisari.

317
311-320

317


Šumska potočnica (šumski nezaboravak, potočnica pozemljuša, lat. Myosotis sylvatica), biljna vrsta iz roda potočnica ili plavomilja, porodica boražinovki.

Rasprostranjena je po Europi (uljučujući i Hrvatsku), Aziji i istočnoj Africi.

To je dvogodišnja biljka koja naraste do 30cm, plavih sitnih cvjetića, ponekd ružičasti ili bijeli. Stabljika je uspravna, razgranata i prekrivena dlačicama. Ploda je sičušan, od 1.5 do 2mm, sjajan i crnosmeđ. Podanak je horizontalan i vitak. Raste po listopasdnim mješovitim šumama, rijetko u crnogoričnim.

Stariji nazivi za nju su malovieke i kratkovieke.

Podvrste
 Myosotis sylvatica subsp. cyanea (Boiss. & Heldr.) Vestergren
 Myosotis sylvatica subsp. elongata (Strobl) Grau
 Myosotis sylvatica subsp. pseudovariabilis (M. Pop.) Petrovsky
 Myosotis sylvatica subsp. subarvensis Grau
 Myosotis sylvatica subsp. sylvatica

Izvori

Cynoglossoideae

Šumska potočnica