The Rockefeller family ( ) is an American industrial, political, and banking family that owns one of the world's largest fortunes. The fortune was made in the American petroleum industry during the late 19th and early 20th centuries by brothers John D. Rockefeller and William A. Rockefeller Jr., primarily through Standard Oil (the predecessor of ExxonMobil and Chevron Corporation). The family had a long association with, and control of, Chase Manhattan Bank. By 1977, the Rockefellers were considered one of the most powerful families in American history. The Rockefeller family originated in Rhineland in Germany and family members moved to the Americas in the early 18th century, while through Eliza Davison, with family roots in Middlesex County, New Jersey, John D. Rockefeller and William A. Rockefeller Jr. and their descendants are also of Scotch-Irish ancestry.

Background
The Rockefeller family originated in the Rhineland region in Germany and can be traced to the town Neuwied in the early 17th century. The American family branch is descended from Johann Peter Rockefeller (1681-1763), who migrated from the Rhineland to Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania  around 1723. In the US, he became a plantation owner and landholder in Somerville, and Amwell, New Jersey.

One of the first members of the Rockefeller family in New York was businessman William A. Rockefeller Sr., who was born to a Protestant family in Granger, New York. He had six children with his first wife Eliza Davison, a daughter of a Scots-Irish farmer, the most prominent of which were oil tycoons John D. Rockefeller and William A. Rockefeller Jr., the co-founders of Standard Oil. John D. Rockefeller (known as "Senior", as opposed to his son John D. Rockefeller Jr., known as "Junior") was a devout Northern Baptist, and he supported many church-based institutions.  While the Rockefeller family are mostly Baptists, some of the Rockefellers were Episcopalians.

Wealth

The combined wealth of the family—their total assets and investments plus the individual wealth of its members—has never been known with any precision. The records of the family archives relating to both the family and individual members' net worth are closed to researchers.

From the outset, the family's wealth has been under the complete control of the male members of the dynasty, through the family office. Despite strong-willed wives who had influence over their husbands' decisions—such as the pivotal female figure Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr.—in all cases they received allowances only and were never given even partial responsibility for the family fortune.

Much of the wealth has been locked up in the family trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the death of the fourth generation) and the trust of 1952, both administered by Chase Bank, the corporate successor to Chase Manhattan Bank. These trusts have consisted of shares in the successor companies to Standard Oil and other diversified investments, as well as the family's considerable real estate holdings. They are administered by a trust committee that oversees the fortune.

Management of this fortune today also rests with professional money managers who oversee the principal holding company, Rockefeller Financial Services, which controls all the family's investments. The Rockefeller Center is no longer owned by the family. Its present chairman and patriarch is David Rockefeller Jr.

In 1992, it had five main arms:
Rockefeller & Co. (Money management: Universities have invested some of their endowments in this company);
 Venrock Associates (Venture Capital: an early investment in Apple Computer was one of many it made in Silicon Valley entrepreneurial start-ups);
Rockefeller Trust Company (Manages hundreds of family trusts);
Rockefeller Insurance Company (Manages liability insurance for family members);
Acadia Risk Management (Insurance Broker: Contracts out policies for the family's vast art collections, real estate and private planes.)

Real estate and institutions

The family was heavily involved in numerous real estate construction projects in the U.S. during the 20th century.  Chief among them:
 Rockefeller Center, a multi-building complex built at the start of the Depression in Midtown Manhattan. The construction of Rockefeller Center was financed solely by the family
 International House of New York, New York City, 1924 (John Jr.) {Involvement: John III, Abby Aldrich, David & Peggy, David Jr., Abby O'Neill}
 Wren Building, College of William and Mary, Virginia, from 1927 (Renovation funded by Junior)
 Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, from 1927 onwards (Junior), Abby Aldrich, John III and Winthrop, historical restoration
 Museum of Modern Art, New York City, from 1929 (Abby Aldrich, John Jr., Blanchette, Nelson, David, David Jr., Sharon Percy Rockefeller)
 Riverside Church, New York City, 1930 (John Jr.)
 The Cloisters, New York City, from 1934 (John Jr.)
 Rockefeller Apartments, New York City, 1936 (John Jr., Nelson)
 The Interchurch Center, New York City, 1948 (John Jr.)
 Asia Society (Asia House), New York City, 1956 (John III)
 One Chase Manhattan Plaza, New York City, 1961 (David)
 Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, 1962 (Nelson)
 Lincoln Center, New York City, 1962 (John III)
 World Trade Center Twin Towers, New York City, 1973–2001 (David and Nelson)
 Embarcadero Center, San Francisco, 1974 (David)
 Council of the Americas/Americas Society, New York City, 1985 (David)
In addition to this is Senior and Junior's involvement in seven major housing developments:
 Forest Hill Estates, Cleveland, Ohio
 City Housing Corporation'''s efforts, Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, New York City
 Thomas Garden Apartments, The Bronx, New York City
 Paul Laurence Dunbar Housing, Harlem, New York City
 Lavoisier Apartments, Manhattan, New York City
 Van Tassel Apartments, Sleepy Hollow, New York (formerly North Tarrytown)
 A development in Radburn, New Jersey
 A further project involved David Rockefeller in a major middle-income housing development when he was elected in 1947 as chairman of Morningside Heights, Inc., in Manhattan by fourteen major institutions that were based in the area, including Columbia University. The result, in 1951, was the six-building apartment complex known as Morningside Gardens.
 Senior's donations led to the formation of the University of Chicago in 1889; the Central Philippine University in the Philippines (The first Baptist university and second American university in Asia); and the Chicago School of Economics. This was one instance of a long family and Rockefeller Foundation tradition of financially supporting Ivy League and other major colleges and universities over the generations—seventy-five in total. These include:
 Harvard University
 Dartmouth College
 Princeton University
 University of California, Berkeley
 Stanford University
 Yale University
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Brown University
 Tufts University
 Columbia University
 Cornell University
 University of Pennsylvania
 Case Western Reserve University
 Institutions overseas such as London School of Economics and University College London, among many others.
 Senior (and Junior) also created
 Rockefeller University in 1901
 General Education Board in 1902, which later (1923) evolved into the International Education Board Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1910
 Bureau of Social Hygiene in 1913 (Junior)
 International Health Division in 1913
 China Medical Board in 1915.
 Rockefeller Museum, British Mandate of Palestine, 1925–30
 In the 1920s, the International Education Board granted important fellowships to pathbreakers in modern mathematics, such as Stefan Banach, Bartel Leendert van der Waerden, and André Weil, which was a formative part of the gradual shift of world mathematics to the US over this period.
 To help promote cooperation between physics and mathematics Rockefeller funds also supported the erection of the new Mathematical Institute at the University of Göttingen between 1926 and 1929
 The rise of probability and mathematical statistics owes much to the creation of the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris, partly by the Rockefellers' finances, also around this time.
 John D Jr. established International House at Berkeley.
 Junior was responsible for the creation and endowment of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, which operates the restored historical town at Williamsburg, Virginia, one of the most extensive historic restorations ever undertaken.

Residences
Over the generations, the family members have resided in some historic homes. A total of 81 Rockefeller residences are on the National Register of Historic Places. Not including all homes owned by the five brothers, some of the more prominent of these residences are:

 One Beekman Place - The residence of Laurance in New York City.
 10 West 54th Street - A nine-story single-family home, the former residence of Junior before he shifted to 740 Park Avenue, and the largest residence in New York City at the time, it was the home for the five young brothers; it was later given by Junior to the Museum of Modern Art.
 13 West 54th Street - A four-story townhouse used by Junior and Abby between 1901 and 1913.
 740 Park Avenue - Junior and Abby's famed 40-room triplex apartment in the luxury New York City apartment building, which was later sold for a record price.
 Bassett Hall - The house at Colonial Williamsburg bought by Junior in 1927 and renovated by 1936, it was the favourite residence of both Junior and Abby and is now a house museum at the family-restored Colonial Revival town.
 The Casements - A three-story house at Ormond Beach in Florida, where Senior spent his last winters, from 1919 until his death.
 The Eyrie - A sprawling 100-room summer holiday home on Mount Desert Island in Maine, demolished by family members in 1962.
 Forest Hill - The family's country estate and a summer home in Cleveland, Ohio, for four decades; built and occupied by Senior, it burned down in 1917.
 Golf House at Lakewood, New Jersey - The former three-story clubhouse for the elite Ocean County Hunt and Country Club, which Senior bought in 1902 to play golf on its golf course.
 Kykuit, also known as the John D. Rockefeller Estate - The landmark six-story, 40-room home on the vast Westchester County family estate, home to four generations of the family.
 The JY Ranch - The landmark ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, the holiday resort home built by Junior and later owned by Laurance, which was used by all members of the family and had many prominent visitors, including presidents until Laurance donated it to the federal government in 2001.
 The Rocks - 1940 Shepard Street NW and 2121 Park Road NW, Washington, DC - The 12,000 square foot house sits on 15.9 acres bordering Rock Creek Park; and is the largest residential property in the District of Columbia. Built by Daisy Blodgett for her daughter Mona in 1927, the name refers to its location, not the current owner. The property was purchased by Jay Rockefeller in 1984 when he became US Senator for West Virginia. He and his wife, Sharon Percy Rockefeller continue to live there.
 Rockwood Hall - The former home of William Rockefeller Jr. (demolished in the 1940s).
 Rockefeller Guest House - The guest house of Blanchette Ferry Rockefeller.

Politics
Prominent banker David Rockefeller Sr. was the family patriarch until his death in 2017. In 1960, when his brother Nelson Rockefeller was governor of New York, David Sr. successfully pressed for a repeal of a New York state law that restricted Chase Manhattan Bank from operating outside the city. David Sr. was twice offered the post of Treasury secretary by President Richard M. Nixon, but declined on both occasions. In 1979, he used his high-level contacts to bring Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran, who had been overthrown in the Iranian Revolution and was in poor health, for medical treatment in the United States. In 1998, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton for his work on International Executive Service Corps.

Political offices held

 Nelson Rockefeller (1908–1979)
 1st Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs, 1944–1945
 1st Under Secretary Health, Education and Welfare, 1953–1954
 Governor of New York, 1959–1973
 U.S. Vice President, 1974–1977
 Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973)
 Governor of Arkansas, 1967–1971
 John Davison Rockefeller IV (b. 1937)
 Member of West Virginia House of Delegates, 1966–1968
 Secretary of State of West Virginia, 1969–1973
 Governor of West Virginia, 1977–1985
 U.S. Senator from West Virginia, 1985–2015
 Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (1948–2006)
 Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas, 1996–2006

Legacy
A trademark of the dynasty over its 140-plus years has been the remarkable unity it has maintained, despite major divisions that developed in the late 1970s, and unlike other wealthy families such as the Du Ponts and the Mellons. A primary reason has been the lifelong efforts of "Junior" to not only cleanse the name from the opprobrium stemming from the ruthless practices of Standard Oil but his tireless efforts to forge family unity even as he allowed his five sons to operate independently. This was partly achieved by regular brothers and family meetings, but it was also because of the high value placed on family unity by first Nelson and John III, and later especially with David.

Regarding achievements, in 1972, on the 100th anniversary of the founding of Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy, the Carnegie Corporation, which has had a long association with the family and its institutions, released a public statement on the influence of the family on not just philanthropy but encompassing a much wider field. Summing up a predominant view among the international philanthropic world, albeit one poorly grasped by the public, one sentence of this statement read: "The contributions of the Rockefeller family are staggering in their extraordinary range and in the scope of their contribution to humankind."

John D. Rockefeller gave away US$540 million over his lifetime (in dollar terms of that time), and became the greatest lay benefactor of medicine in history. His son, Junior, also gave away over $537 million over his lifetime, bringing the total philanthropy of just two generations of the family to over $1 billion from 1860 to 1960. Added to this, The New York Times declared in a report in November 2006 that David Rockefeller's total charitable benefactions amount to about $900 million over his lifetime.

The combined personal and social connections of the various family members are vast, both in the United States and throughout the world, including the most powerful politicians, royalty, public figures, and chief businessmen. Figures through Standard Oil alone have included Henry Flagler and Henry H. Rogers. Contemporary figures include Henry Kissinger, Richard Parsons (Chairman and CEO of Time Warner), C. Fred Bergsten, Peter G. Peterson (Senior Chairman of the Blackstone Group), and Paul Volcker.

In 1991, the family was presented with the Honor Award from the National Building Museum for four generations worth of preserving and creating some of the U.S.'s most important buildings and places. David accepted the award on the family's behalf. The ceremony coincided with an exhibition on the family's contributions to the built environment, including John Sr.'s preservation efforts for the Hudson River Palisades, the restoration of Williamsburg, Virginia, construction of Rockefeller Center, and Governor Nelson's efforts to construct low- and middle-income housing in New York state.

The Rockefeller name is imprinted in numerous places throughout the United States, including within New York City, but also in Cleveland, where the family originates:

 Rockefeller Center - A landmark 19-building  complex in Midtown Manhattan established by Junior: Older section constructed from 1930–1939; Newer section constructed during the 1960s-1970s;
 Rockefeller Apartments - An apartment building in Midtown Manhattan
 Rockefeller University - Renamed in 1965, this is the distinguished Nobel prize-winning graduate/postgraduate medical school (formerly the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, established by Senior in 1901);
 Rockefeller Foundation - Founded in 1913, this is the famous philanthropic organization set up by Senior and Junior;
 Rockefeller Brothers Fund - Founded in 1940 by the third-generation's five sons and one daughter of Junior;
 Rockefeller Family Fund - Founded in 1967 by members of the family's fourth-generation;
 Rockefeller Group - A private family-run real estate development company based in New York that originally owned, constructed and managed Rockefeller Center, it is now wholly owned by Mitsubishi Estate Co. Ltd;
 Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors - is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that advises donors in their philanthropic endeavours throughout the world;
 Rockefeller Research Laboratories Building - A major research centre into cancer that was established in 1986 and named after Laurance, this is located at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center;
 Rockefeller Center - Home of the International Student Services office and department of philosophy, politics and law at the State University of New York at Binghamton;
 Rockefeller Chapel - Completed in 1928, this is the tallest building on the campus of the University of Chicago, established by Senior in 1889;
 Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior in 1906, this building houses the Case Western Reserve University Physics Department;
 Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior and completed in 1906, this building houses the Cornell University Physics Department;
 Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior in 1887, who granted Vassar College a $100,000 ($2.34 million in 2006 dollars) allowance to build additional, much needed lecture space. The final cost of the facility was $99,998.75. It now houses multi-purpose classrooms and departmental offices for political science, philosophy and math;
 Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior and completed in 1886, this is the oldest building on the campus of Spelman College;
 Rockefeller College - Named after John D. Rockefeller III, this is a residential college at Princeton University;
 Michael C. Rockefeller Arts Center - Completed in 1969 in memory of Nelson Rockefeller's son, this is a cultural centre at the State University of New York at Fredonia;
 The Michael C. Rockefeller Collection and the Department of Primitive Art - Completed in 1982 after being initiated by Nelson, this is a wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art;
 David and Peggy Rockefeller Building - A tribute to David's wife, Peggy Rockefeller, this is a new (completed in 2004) six-story building housing the main collection and temporary exhibition galleries of the family's Museum of Modern Art;
 Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden - Completed in 1949 by David, this is a major outdoor feature of the Museum of Modern Art;
 Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum - Opened in 1957 by Junior, this is a leading folk art museum just outside the historic district of Junior's Colonial Williamsburg;
 Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Hall - The freshman residence hall on the campus of Spelman College;
 Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Building - Completed in 1918, it is among other things a student residence hall at Spelman College, after the wife of Senior and after whom the College was named;
 Rockefeller State Park Preserve - Part of the  family estate in Westchester County, this  preserve was officially handed over to New York State in 1983, although it had previously always been open to the public;
 Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park - Established as a historical museum of conservation by Laurance during the 1990s.
 John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway - Established in 1972 through Congressional authorization, connecting Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks;
 Rockefeller Forest - Funded by Junior, this is located within Humboldt Redwoods State Park, California's largest redwood state park;
 Either of two US congressional committees {in 1972 - John D. III and 1975 - Nelson dubbed the Rockefeller Commission}.
 Rockefeller Park, a scenic park featuring gardens dedicated to several world nations along Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. between University Circle and Lake Erie in Cleveland.
 Winthrop Rockefeller Institute of the University of Arkansas System was established in 2005 with a grant from the Winthrop Rockefeller Charitable Trust. The educational center with conference and lodging facilities is located on Petit Jean Mountain near Morrilton, Arkansas, on the original grounds of Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller's model cattle farm.
 David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University.
 Rockefeller Quad at the Loomis Chaffee School
 Rockefeller Complex library at Niels Bohr Institute, Nørrebro, Copenhagen Municipality in Denmark
John Jr., through his son Nelson, purchased and then donated the land upon which sits the United Nations headquarters, in New York, in 1946. Earlier, in the 1920s, he had also donated a substantial amount towards the restoration and rehabilitation of major buildings in France after World War I, such as the Rheims Cathedral, the Fontainebleau Palace and the Palace of Versailles, for which he was later (1936) awarded France's highest decoration, the Grand Croix of the Legion d'Honneur (subsequently also awarded decades later to his son, David Rockefeller).

He also funded the excavations at Luxor in Egypt, as well as establishing a Classical Studies School in Athens. In addition, he provided the funding for the construction of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in East Jerusalem - the Rockefeller Museum.

Conservation
Beginning with John D. Rockefeller Sr., the family has been a major force in land conservation. Over the generations, it has created more than 20 national parks and open spaces, including the Cloisters, Acadia National Park, Forest Hill Park, the Nature Conservancy, the Rockefeller Forest in California's Humboldt Redwoods State Park (the largest stand of old-growth redwoods), and Grand Teton National Park, among many others. John Jr., and his son Laurance (and his son Laurance Jr. aka Larry) were particularly prominent in this area.

The family was honoured for its conservation efforts in November 2005, by the National Audubon Society, one of the United States' largest and oldest conservation organizations, at which over 30 family members attended. At the event, the society's president, John Flicker, stated: "Cumulatively, no other family in America has made the contribution to conservation that the Rockefeller family has made".

In 2016 fifth-generation descendants of John Sr. criticized ExxonMobil, one of the successors to his company Standard Oil, for their record on climate change.  The Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Rockefeller Family Fund both backed reports suggesting that ExxonMobil knew more about the threat of global warming than it had disclosed. David Kaiser, grandson of David Rockefeller Sr. and president of the Rockefeller Family Fund, said that the "...company seems to be morally bankrupt."  Valerie Rockefeller Wayne, daughter of former Senator Jay Rockefeller, said, "Because the source of the family wealth is fossil fuels, we feel an enormous moral responsibility for our children, for everyone -- to move forward."  The Rockefeller Brothers Fund announced it was divesting from fossil fuels in September 2014, the Rockefeller Family Fund announced plans to divest in March 2016, and the Rockefeller Foundation pledged to dump their fossil fuel holdings in December 2020.  With a $5 billion endowment, the Rockefeller Foundation was "the largest US foundation to embrace the rapidly growing divestment movement."  CNN writer Matt Egan noted, "This divestment is especially symbolic because the Rockefeller Foundation was founded by oil money."  In May 2021 Rockefeller descendants Rebecca Rockefeller Lambert and Peter Gill Case announced a ten-year funding initiative, the Equation Campaign, to fight new fossil fuel development.

The archives
The Rockefeller family archives are held at the Rockefeller Archive Center in Pocantico Hills, North Tarrytown, New York. At present, the archives of John D. Rockefeller Sr. William Rockefeller, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, Abby Rockefeller Mauzé, John D. Rockefeller III, Blanchette Rockefeller, and Nelson Rockefeller are processed and open by appointment to readers in the Archive Center's reading room. Processed portions of the papers of Laurance Rockefeller are also open. In addition, the Archive Center has a microfilm copy of the Winthrop Rockefeller papers, the originals of which are held at the University of Arkansas, Little Rock. The papers of the family office, known as the Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, are also open for research, although those portions that relate to living family members are closed.

Members

Ancestors
 Godfrey Lewis Rockefeller (1783–1857) (m. 1806) Lucy Avery (1786–1867) (ten children)
 William Avery Rockefeller Sr. (1810–1906) (m. 1837) Eliza Davison (1813–1889) (eight children)
 Lucy Rockefeller (1838–1878) (m. 1856) Pierson D. Briggs
 Clorinda Rockefeller (c. 1838–?, died young) (daughter from Nancy Brown)
 John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (1839–1937) (m. 1864) Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (1839–1915)
 Cornelia Rockefeller (c. 1840–?) (daughter from Nancy Brown)
 William Avery Rockefeller Jr. (1841–1922) (m. 1864) Almira Geraldine Goodsell
 Mary Ann Rockefeller (1843–1925) (m. 1872) William Cullen Rudd
 Franklin "Frank" Rockefeller (1845–1917) (m. 1870) Helen Elizabeth Scofield
 Frances Rockefeller (1845–1847)
 William W. Rockefeller (1788–1851) (m. early 19th century) Eleanor Kisselbrack (1784–1859)

Descendants of John Davison Rockefeller Sr.
The total number of blood relative descendants as of 2006 was about 150.
 Elizabeth "Bessie" Rockefeller (1866–1906) (m.1889) Charles Augustus Strong (1862–1940)
 Margaret Rockefeller Strong (1897–1985) (m.1st.1927) George de Cuevas (1885–1961), (m. 2nd 1977) Raimundo de Larrain
 Alice Rockefeller (1869–1870)
 Alta Rockefeller (1871–1962) (m.1901) Ezra Parmelee Prentice (1863–1955)
 John Rockefeller Prentice (1902–1972) (m.1941) Abra Cantrill (1912–1972)
 Abra Prentice Wilkin (born 1942)
 Mary Adeline Prentice Gilbert (1907–1981) (m.1937) Benjamin Davis Gilbert (1907–1992)
 Spelman Prentice (1911–2000) (m.3rd.1972) Mimi Walters (four children)
 Peter Spelman Prentice (born 1940)
 Alexandra Sartell Prentice (born 1962)
 Michael Andrew Prentice (born 1964)
 Edith Rockefeller (1872–1932) (m. 1895) Harold Fowler McCormick
 John Rockefeller McCormick (1896–1901)
 Editha McCormick (1897–1898)
 Harold Fowler McCormick Jr. (1898–1973) (m.1931) Anne "Fifi" Potter (1879–1969)
 Muriel McCormick (1902–1959) (m.1931) Elisha Dyer Hubbard (1906)
 Mathilde McCormick (1905–1947) (m.1923) Max Oser (1877–1942) (one child)
 John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (1874–1960) (m. 1st 1901) Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich (1874–1948)
 Abigail Aldrich "Babs" Rockefeller (1903–1976) (m. 1st 1925, div. 1954) David M. Milton (1900–1976) (m. 2nd 1946, d. 1949) Irving H. Pardee (1892–1949) (m. 3rd 1953, d. 1974) Jean Mauzé (1903–1974) (two children)
 Abigail Rockefeller "Abby" "Mitzi" Milton O'Neill (1928-2017) m. George Dorr O'Neill Sr. (six children; eighteen grandchildren)
 Marilyn Ellen Milton (1931–1980) (two children)
 John Davison Rockefeller III (1906–1978) (m.1932) Blanchette Ferry Hooker (four children)
 John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born 1937) (m. 1967) Sharon Percy (four children)
 John Davidson Rockefeller V (born 1969) m. Emily Tagliabue
 John Davidson Rockefeller VI (born 2007)
 Justin Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1979) m. Indré Vengris
 Valerie Rockefeller Wayne
 Hope Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1938) (three children)
 Alida Ferry Rockefeller Messinger (born 1949) (m. 1st 1978–1986) Mark Dayton (m. 2nd) William Messinger (three children)
 Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908–1979) (m. 1st 1930–1962) Mary Todhunter Clark (m. 2nd 1963) Margaretta Large "Happy" Fitler (1926–2015) (seven children)
 Rodman Clark Rockefeller (1932–2000) (m. 1st 1953–1979) Barbara Ann Olsen (m. 2nd 1980) Alexandra von Metzler (four children)
 Meile Rockefeller (born 1955)
 Peter C. Rockefeller (m. 1987) Allison Whipple Rockefeller
 Steven Clark Rockefeller (born 1936)
 Mary Clark Rockefeller (born 1938) m.1st (1961-1974) William J. Strawbridge (three children)
 Michael Clark Rockefeller (1938–1961)
 Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller Jr. (born 1964)
 Mark Fitler Rockefeller (born 1967)
 Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (1910–2004) (m.1934) Mary French
 Laura Spelman Rockefeller Chasin (1936–2015)
 Marion French Rockefeller (born 1938)
 Dr. Lucy Rockefeller Waletzky (born 1941)
 Laurance Rockefeller Jr. (born 1944) (m. 1982) Wendy Gordon (two children)
 Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973) (m. 1st 1948, div. 1954) Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (1916–2008) (m. 2nd 1956, div. 1971) Jeannette Edris (1918–1997)
 Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (1948–2006) (m. 1st 1971, div. 1979) Deborah Cluett Sage (m. 2nd 1983) Lisenne Dudderar (seven children)
 Andrea Davidson Rockefeller (b. 1972)
 Katherine Cluett Rockefeller (b. 1974)
 Winthrop Paul Rockefeller Jr. (b. 1976)
 William Gordon Rockefeller
 Colin Kendrick Rockefeller (b. 1990)
 John Alexander Camp Rockefeller
 Louis Henry Rockefeller
 David Rockefeller (1915–2017) (m. 1940) Margaret McGrath (1915–1996)
 David Rockefeller Jr. (born 1941) (m. 1st divorced) Diana Newell-Rowan (m. 2nd 2008) Susan Cohn (two children)
 Ariana Rockefeller (born 1982) (m. 1st 2010, div. 2019) Matthew Bucklin>
 Camilla Rockefeller (born 1984)
 Abigail Rockefeller (born 1943)
 Neva Goodwin Rockefeller (born 1944) (m. 1st divorced) Walter J. Kaiser (m.2nd) Bruce Mazlish (1923-2016)
 David Kaiser (1969–2020)
 Margaret Dulany "Peggy" Rockefeller (born 1947)
 Richard Gilder Rockefeller (1949–2014);Fallows, James, "Richard Rockefeller, MD What would you do, if you could do anything? An inspiring answer to that question.", June 14, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014. married to Nancy King (two children, two step-children)
Clayton Rockefeller
 Rebecca Rockefeller
 Eileen Rockefeller (born 1952) m. Paul Growald (two children)

Descendants of William Avery Rockefeller Jr.
An article in The New York Times in 1937 stated that William Rockefeller had, at that time, 28 great-grandchildren.

 Lewis Edward Rockefeller (1865–1866)
 Emma Rockefeller McAlpin (1868–1934)
 William Goodsell Rockefeller (1870–1922) (five children)
 William Avery Rockefeller III (1896–1973) (three children)
 Elsie Rockefeller m. William Proxmire
 Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller (1899–1983) (seven children)
 Godfrey Anderson Rockefeller (1924–2010)
 James Stillman Rockefeller (1902–2004) (four children)
 Georgia Rockefeller Rose
 Andrew Carnegie Rose
 Louisa d'Andelot du Pont Rose
 John Davison Rockefeller II (1872–1877)
 Percy Avery Rockefeller (1878–1934) m. Isabel Goodrich Stillman (five children)
 Isabel Stillman Rockefeller (1902–1980) m. Frederic Walker Lincoln IV
 Isabel Lincoln (1927-2016) m. Basil Beebe (Stephen Basil) Elmer Jr. (1924-2007)
 David Basil Elmer
 Lucy Lincoln Elmer
 Monica Elmer
 Veronica Hoyt Elmer m. Clinton Richard Kanaga
 Anthony Kanaga
 Joshua Kanaga
 Lindsey Kanaga
 Calista Lincoln (1930-2012) m. Henry Upham Harder (1925-2004)
 Frederic Walker Lincoln Harder (b. 1953) m. Karin J. E. Bolang (b. 1954)
 Frederic Harder
 Calista Harder
 Gertrude Upham Lincoln Harder (b. 1955) m. James Briggs
 Alexander Briggs
 George Briggs
 Holly Briggs
 Katherine Briggs
 Calista Harder (b. 1957) m. Jan Hollyer
 Elsa Hollyer
 Ian Hollyer
 Holly Harris Harder (b. 1961) m. Bruce Kenneth Catlin (b. 1956)
 Augustus Attilio Catlin (b. 1997)
 Nickolas Charles Catlin (b. 2000)
 Caroline Catlin
 Henry Upham Harder Jr. (b. 1965) m. Natalie Rae Borrok (b. 1965)
 Haley Rae Harder (b. 1997)
 Henry Rolston Harder (b. 1999)
 Charles Lincoln Harder (b. 2003)
 Percilla Avery Lincoln (1937-2019) m. William Blackstone Chappell Jr. (1935-2017)
 Richard Blackstone Chappell (1964-2014)
 Avery Lincoln Chappell (1966-2005) m. J. Kevin Smith
 Ellery Smith
 Emeline Smith
 Stillman Smith
 Florence Philena Lincoln (b. 1940) m. Thomas Lloyd Short
 Avery Rockefeller (1903–1986) m. 1923 Anna Griffith Mark (three children)
 Faith Rockefeller Model (1909–1960)
 Robert Model (born 1942)
 Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge (1882–1973) m. Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr.
 Marcellus Hartley Dodge Jr. (1908–1930)

Spouses
 Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (1839–1915) – John D. Rockefeller Sr.
 Abby Greene Aldrich (1874–1948) – John D. Rockefeller Jr.
 Martha Baird Allen (1895–1971) – John D. Rockefeller Jr.
 Mary Todhunter Clark "Tod" (1907–1999) – Nelson Rockefeller
 Margaretta "Happy" Fitler (1926–2015) – Nelson Rockefeller
 Anne Marie Rasmussen – Steven Clark Rockefeller
 Blanchette Ferry Hooker (1909–1992) – John D. Rockefeller III
 Sharon Lee Percy – John D. Rockefeller IV
 Mary French (1910–1997) – Laurance Rockefeller
 Wendy Gordon – Laurance "Larry" Rockefeller Jr.
 Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (1916–2008) – Winthrop Rockefeller
 Jeannette Edris (1918–1997) – Winthrop Rockefeller
 Deborah Cluett Sage – Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
 Lisenne Dudderar – Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
 Margaret "Peggy" McGrath (1915–1996) – David Rockefeller
 Diana Newell Rowan – David Rockefeller Jr.
 Nancy King – Richard Gilder Rockefeller.
 Sarah Elizabeth "Elsie" Stillman (1872–1935) – William Goodsell Rockefeller
 Isabel Goodrich Stillman (1876–1935) – Percy Avery Rockefeller

Network

Associates

 Gianni Agnelli
 Aldrich family
 John Dustin Archbold
 Jabez A. Bostwick
 Benjamin Brewster
 Zbigniew Brzezinski
 Samuel P. Bush
 Duncan Candler
 Daniel O'Day
 C. Douglas Dillon
 J. Richardson Dilworth
 Samuel Calvin Tate Dodd
 Henry Morrison Flagler
 Simon Flexner
 Henry Clay Folger
 Raymond B. Fosdick
 Frederick Taylor Gates
 George Jay Gould
 Jerome Davis Greene
 Harkness family
 Mark Hanna
 William Rainey Harper
 E.H. Harriman
 Wallace Harrison
 Oliver Burr Jennings
 William Lyon Mackenzie King
 Henry Kissinger
 Ivy Lee
 John J. McCloy
 McCormick family
 Charles Edward Merriam
 William S. Paley
 Richard Parsons
 Oliver H. Payne
 Charles H. Percy
 Peter G. Peterson
 Pratt family
 Eddie Rickenbacker
 Henry H. Rogers
 Beardsley Ruml
 John D. Ryan
 Jacob Schiff
 Louis Severance
 James Stillman
 Feargus B. Squire
 Henry Morgan Tilford
 Paul Volcker
 John C. Whitehead

Businesses

Allegheny Transportation Company
Amoco
Anaconda Copper
Atlantic Petroleum
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
Buckeye Steel Castings
Chase Manhattan Bank
Chevron
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad
Chrysler CorporationClivus Multrum, Inc.Colorado, Fuel & Iron Co.
Conoco
Consolidation Coal CompanyCranston Print Works
Eastern Air Lines
ExxonIntercontinental Rubber Company of New YorkInternational Basic Economy Corporation
Kyso
Marathon Oil
Marquardt Corporation
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation
Mobil
National City Bank of New York
Piasecki Helicopter
Rockefeller Apartments
Rockefeller Capital Management
Rockefeller Group
RockResorts
Santa Fe ReporterSchroder, Rockefeller & Company
Sohio
Standard Oil
Union Sulphur Company
Venrock Associates

Charities, colleges, and nonprofit organizations

Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum
Asia Society
Central Philippine University
China Medical Board
Council of the Americas
Council on Foreign Relations
David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies
General Education Board
Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Group of 30
Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.
Historic Hudson Valley
Institute for Pacific Relations
International House of New York
Jackson Hole Preserve, Inc.
John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Michael Rockefeller Wing of the Met
Museum of Automobiles
Museum of Modern Art
National Institute of Social Sciences
Nelson A. Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy
New York Cancer Hospital
Population Council
Rockefeller Archeological Museum
Rockefeller Archive Center
Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Rockefeller College
Rockefeller Foundation
Rockefeller Institute of Government
Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors
Rockefeller University
Social Science Research Council
Spelman College
Trilateral Commission
United Nations Association
University of Chicago
Winrock International
Winthrop Rockefeller Institute

Buildings, estates and historic sites

Bassett Hall
Colonial Williamsburg
The Casements
The Cloisters
Eliza Davison HouseElm Tree HouseEmbarcadero Center
The Eyrie Summer Home
First Baptist Church of Tarrytown
Forest Hill Park (Ohio)
Giralda Farms
Grand Teton National Park
Greenacre Park
Headquarters of the United Nations
The Interchurch Center
JY Ranch
Kykuit
Lincoln Center
Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical ParkMount Hope Farm
Ocean County Park
One Chase Manhattan PlazaOverhills
Riverside Church
Rockefeller Center
Rockefeller Golf House
Rockefeller Guest House
Rockefeller State Park PreserveThe Rocks
Rockwood Hall
Strong House (Vassar College)
Standard Oil Building
Villa Le Balze
Virgin Islands National Park
William Murray Residences
World Trade Center (1973–2001)

References

Citations

Other sources

Rose, Kenneth W., Select Rockefeller Philanthropies, Booklet (pdf, 23 pages) of the Rockefeller Archive Center, 2004.
Origin of Rockenfeld, in German
Descendants of Goddard Rockenfeller
Listing of University of Chicago Nobel Laureates, News Office, University of Chicago website, undated.
Depalma, Anthony, They Saved Land Like Rockefellers, The New York Times Archive, November 15, 2005.
Carnegie Corporation of New York, Celebrating 100 years of Andrew Carnegie's Philanthropy - awarding the inaugural Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy to David and Laurance Rockefeller, 2001.
The Rockefeller Archive Center, John D. Rockefeller, Junior, 1874–1960, Overview of his life and philanthropy, 1997.
Strom, Stephanie, Manhattan: A Rockefeller Plans a Huge Bequest, The New York Times Archive, November 21, 2006.
O'Connell, Dennis, Top 10 Richest Men Of All Time, AskMen.com, undated.

Further reading

Abels, Jules. The Rockefeller Billions: The Story of the World's Most Stupendous Fortune. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965.
Aldrich, Nelson W. Jr. Old Money: The Mythology of America's Upper Class. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
Allen, Gary. The Rockefeller File. Seal Beach, California: 1976 Press, 1976.
Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The Democratic Experience. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.
Brown, E. Richard. Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. London: Warner Books, 1998.
Collier, Peter, and David Horowitz. The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.
Elmer, Isabel Lincoln. Cinderella Rockefeller: A Life of Wealth Beyond All-Knowing. New York: Freundlich Books, 1987.
Ernst, Joseph W., editor. "Dear Father"/"Dear Son:" Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller Jr. New York: Fordham University Press, with the Rockefeller Archive Center, 1994.
Flynn, John T. God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1932.
Fosdick, Raymond B. John D. Rockefeller Jr.: A Portrait. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
Fosdick, Raymond B. The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Transaction Publishers, Reprint, 1989.
Gates, Frederick Taylor. Chapters in My Life. New York: The Free Press, 1977.
Gitelman, Howard M. Legacy of the Ludlow Massacre: A Chapter in American Industrial Relations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988.
Gonzales, Donald J., Chronicled by. The Rockefellers at Williamsburg: Backstage with the Founders, Restorers and World-Renowned Guests. McLean, Virginia: EPM Publications, Inc., 1991.
Hanson, Elizabeth. The Rockefeller University Achievements: A Century of Science for the Benefit of Humankind, 1901-2001. New York: The Rockefeller University Press, 2000.
Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991.
Hawke, David Freeman. John D.: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.
Hidy, Ralph W. and Muriel E. Hidy. Pioneering in Big Business: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), 1882-1911. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955.
Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science. New York: W.W.Norton and Co., 1989.
Josephson, Emanuel M. The Federal Reserve Conspiracy and the Rockefellers: Their Gold Corner. New York: Chedney Press, 1968.
Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons. London: Harcourt, 1962.
Kert, Bernice. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 2003.
Klein, Henry H. Dynastic America and Those Who Own It. New York: Kessinger Publishing, [1921] Reprint, 2003.
Kutz, Myer. Rockefeller Power: America's Chosen Family. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974.
Lundberg, Ferdinand. America's Sixty Families. New York: Vanguard Press, 1937.
Lundberg, Ferdinand. The Rich and the Super-Rich: A Study in the Power of Money Today. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1968.
Lundberg, Ferdinand. The Rockefeller Syndrome. Secaucus, New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1975.
Manchester, William R. A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1959.
Moscow, Alvin. The Rockefeller Inheritance. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1977.
Nevins, Allan. John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.
Nevins, Allan. Study In Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953.
Okrent, Daniel. Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center. New York: Viking Press, 2003.
Ratto, Pietro. Rockefeller e Warburg. Le famiglie più potenti della terra. Bologna: Arianna Editrice [it], 2019. .
Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908-1958. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
Roberts, Ann Rockefeller. The Rockefeller Family Home: Kykuit. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group, 1998.
Rockefeller, David. Memoirs. New York: Random House, 2002.
Rockefeller, Henry Oscar, ed. Rockefeller Genealogy. 4 vols. 1910 - ca.1950.
Rockefeller, John D. Random Reminiscences of Men and Events. New York: Doubleday, 1908; London: W. Heinemann. 1909; Sleepy Hollow Press and Rockefeller Archive Center, (Reprint) 1984.
Roussel, Christine. The Art of Rockefeller Center. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2006.
Scheiffarth, Engelbert. Der New Yorker Gouverneur Nelson A. Rockefeller und die Rockenfeller im Neuwieder Raum Genealogisches Jahrbuch, Vol 9, 1969, p16-41.
Sealander, Judith. Private Wealth and Public Life: Foundation Philanthropy and the Reshaping of American Social Policy, from the Progressive Era to the New Deal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Siegmund-Schultze, Reinhard. Rockefeller and the Internationalization of Mathematics Between the Two World Wars: Documents and Studies for the Social History of Mathematics in the 20th Century. Boston: Birkhauser Verlag, 2001.
Stasz, Clarice. The Rockefeller Women: Dynasty of Piety, Privacy, and Service. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.
Tarbell, Ida M. The History of the Standard Oil Company. New York: Phillips & Company, 1904.
Winks, Robin W. Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst for Conservation, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997.
Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Young, Edgar B. Lincoln Center: The Building of an Institution''. New York: New York University Press, 1980.

See also
 Gilded Age

External links

Rockefeller Financial
The Rockefeller Group
The Rockefeller Foundation
The Rockefellers – An American Experience Documentary

American families of German ancestry
American families of Scotch-Irish ancestry
Business families of the United States
German-American history
Political families of the United States
Rockefeller Foundation
People from Neuwied
Christian families

Rockefeller family


Kosmos 2520, ruski komunikacijski satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Blagovijest (br. 11 L).

Lansiran je 17. kolovoza 2017. godine s kozmodroma Bajkonura, s mjesta 81/24. Lansiran je u geostarcionarnu orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Proton-M/Briz-M. Orbita mu je 35788 km u perigeju i 35864 km u apogeju. Orbitni nagib mu je 0,03°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 42907. COSPARova oznaka je 2017-046-A. Zemlju obilazi u 1438,11 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase kg.

Razgonski blok i njegov torusni tank ostali su u orbiti, blok u geostacionarnoj, tank u geotransfernoj.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)
N2YO Satellite Database - Tehnical Details - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions (engl.)
Gunter's Space Page Blagovest 1, 2, 3, 4 (14F149) (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database (engl.)
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2520


Kısaltma, herhangi bir sözcük veya sözcük grubunu oluşturan harflerin bir kısmı kullanılarak oluşturulmuş kısa sözcük. Kısaltmalar tek bir harften oluşabildiği gibi, harf ve noktalama işaretlerinden veya noktalama işareti olmaksızın yan yana dizilmiş harflerden de meydana gelebilir.

Kısaltmaların başlıca iki tür kullanımı vardır:

 Metinlerde sık kullanılan bazı terimler kısaltılır (vb. bkz. MÖ gibi).
 Uzun ifadeler, kurum/kuruluş adları ve standartlaşmış bazı bilimsel kavramlar zaman ve yerden tasarruf etmek için kısaltma hâline getirilirler (AIDS, TBMM, RAM gibi).

Kısaltmalar okuma ve yazmayı hızlandırır. Günümüzde bilgisayar, akıllı telefon gibi cihazların kullanımının yaygınlaşması sonucu kısaltma kullanımında artış görülmüştür. Ancak kısaltmalar çok eski zamanlardan kalma metinlerde, mesela Antik Yunanca veya Latince metinlerde de yaygın bir şekilde görülmektedir.

Kısaltmalar genel olarak iki şekilde yapılır:

 Kelimelerin ilk veya ilk birkaç harfiyle oluşturulanlar: s. (sayfa), haz. (hazırlayan), gön. (gönderen) gibi.
 Kelimelerin ilk harf veya harflerinin yanında sonraki harflerin de alınmasıyla oluşturulanlar: drl. (derleyen), Bçvş. (başçavuş), Dr. (doktor gibi) gibi.

Kurallar

Aşağıda kısaltmalar ile ilgili bazı kurallar listelenmiştir. Bu kuralların bir kısmı Türkçeye iyice yerleşmiş ve kısaltmanın kaynağı olan açık kavramdan daha çok kullanılır hâle gelmiş pek çok kısaltma için geçerli değildir.

Genel usulde birden fazla kelimenin kısaltılmasında bunların baş harfleri alınır, araya nokta konulmaz.
Kısaltmaya ek geldiğinde okunuş, kısaltma kelime gibi okunuyorsa kelimeye göre, okunamıyorsa son harfe göredir (İSO'nun, TBMM'nin gibi).
Bilimsel çalışmalarda özet bölümünde kısaltma kullanılmaz.
Kısaltmalar metinden önce veya sonra bir tabloda verilir.
Metinde bir kısaltma ilk kez geçtiği yerde açık yazılır.
Tablolarda kullanılan kısaltmalar tablo altında açıklanır.
Şekillerdeki kısaltmalar metin içinde açık verilir.
Terim olmayan kısaltmaların sonuna genel olarak nokta konur, bunlara kesme işareti konulmaz (vb., bk. gibi).
Yabancı kısaltmalar aynen kullanılır (IMF, ILO, WHO).
Ölçü birimleri uluslararası sistemlere göredir.
Dipnot ve sonnotlarda Latince ibid, op cit, loc cit, passim kullanılmaz; bunların Türkçeleri kullanılır (a.e., a.g.e.).

İsimleri yazarken soyaddan önceki bir veya iki adın kısaltmasında iç noktalar arasında boşluk bırakılmaz, ikinci noktadan sonra bırakılır ("Ş.S. Aydemir", "M.K. Atatürk" gibi). Sayfa, cilt kısaltmasından sonra bir boşluk bırakılır ("s. 100", "c. 1" gibi). Kurum kısaltmalarında noktadan sonra bir boşluk bulunur ("Gen. Kur. Bak." gibi).

Kaynakça

 Hüner Şencan, Bilimsel Yazım, İÜ İşletme Fakültesi Y. İstanbul 2002.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Latince kısaltmalar listesi
 Bilişim terimlerinin kısaltmaları listesi

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Dil Kurumu "Kısaltmalar Dizini"
Türk Dil Kurumu Yazım Kılavuzu'nda "Kısaltmalar"
 Uluslararası Ticari Terim ve Kısaltmalar
 Kısaltma-Vikisölük

Kısaltmalar

Kısaltma


Salamanca es una estación ferroviaria española situada en la ciudad homónima, en la comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Constituye la principal estación ferroviaria de la provincia de Salamanca. Dispone de servicios de viajeros de Media y Larga Distancia. También cumple funciones logísticas.

Históricamente, la capital charra ha constituido un importante nudo ferroviario donde confluían varias líneas férreas: Medina del Campo-Salamanca, Salamanca-Vilar Formoso, Ávila-Salamanca y Plasencia-Astorga. Debido a ello, la estación de Salamanca ha contado con importantes instalaciones ferroviarias, así como con un intenso tráfico de pasajeros y mercancías. Desde finales de la década de 1980 el histórico nudo ferroviario perdió parte de su anterior importancia a raíz del cierre de varias líneas, aunque a día de hoy sigue siendo una estación de primer orden.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación forma parte de los trazados de las siguientes líneas férreas:

 Línea férrea de ancho ibérico Medina del Campo-Vilar Formoso, punto kilométrico 76,447 (tramo Medina del Campo-Salamanca) y 0,000 (tramo Salamanca-Fuente de San Estéban).
 Línea férrea de ancho ibérico Ávila-Salamanca, punto kilométrico 111,055.
 Línea férrea de ancho ibérico Salamanca-Valdunciel, punto kilométrico 162,527.

Esta última línea antiguamente formaba parte del denominado ferrocarril Vía de la Plata, actualmente clausurado en su mayor parte. El tramo Salamanca-Valdunciel se mantiene operativo, si bien en la práctica se encuentra abandonado y fuera de servicio.

Historia

Primeros tiempos

El ferrocarril llegó a Salamanca el 26 de agosto de 1877 con la apertura del último tramo de la línea Medina del Campo-Salamanca entre El Pedroso de la Armuña y la ciudad charra aunque la inauguración oficial, realizada por Alfonso XII no se produjo hasta el 1 de septiembre de ese mismo año. La explotación de la línea quedó en manos de la Compañía del Ferrocarril de Medina del Campo a Salamanca. En 1886 entraría en servicio una segunda línea que enlazaba Salamanca con Portugal a través de Fuentes de Oñoro. Asimismo, en 1896 entró en servicio la línea Plasencia-Astorga, que tenía parada en Salamanca. Esta línea acabaría permitiendo, décadas después, un novedoso servicio que recorrería el país de norte a sur sin pasar por Madrid, conectando así Sevilla con Gijón vía Mérida, Plasencia, Salamanca, Zamora, Benavente o Astorga.

Con motivo de la llegada del ferrocarril de Medina del Campo se construyó la estación en un solar que había sido cedido por el ayuntamiento. En base a un proyecto de 1876, se levantó un edificio de viajeros que disponía de un vestíbulo y sala de espera, una fonda, despacho de billetes, etc. Años más tarde, debido al aumento de viajeros y mercancías, este edificio original sería ampliado en los laterales a partir de un proyecto de la compañía propietaria de la línea Plasencia-Astorga. Además, a comienzos del siglo XX se añadieron unas marquesinas metálicas en la zona de los andenes. Al margen del edificio de viajeros, el complejo ferroviario contaba con más instalaciones, como talleres, depósitos de agua, muelles de mercancías, etc. También dispuso de un depósito de locomotoras de vapor.

En 1926 entró en servicio la línea Ávila-Salamanca, que llevaba más de 30 años en obras y que fue inaugurada por el dictador Miguel Primo de Rivera.

En 1928 el Estado se incautó de varias de las líneas que operaban en el noroeste de España y las integró en la Compañía Nacional de los Ferrocarriles del Oeste, lo que incluyó a la estación de Salamanca —unificándose así todas sus líneas bajo una misma administración—. Bajo gestión de la compañía «Oeste», se mejoró la coordinación de los horarios de las distintas líneas recalaban en la ciudad charra, circunstancia que hasta entonces no se había producido por parte de las antiguas compañías privadas.

Época de RENFE

En 1941, con la nacionalización de la totalidad de la red ferroviaria española de ancho ibérico, la estación pasó a manos de la recién creada RENFE. En 1959 se planteó renovar la estación original, debido a las carencias técnicas que para entonces presentaba y el tráfico de viajeros que soportaba. Sin embargo, debieron pasar todavía varios años hasta que se puso en marcha el proyecto, siendo derribado el edificio histórico en 1970. La nueva estación, de carácter acristalado, fue inaugurada el 19 de noviembre de 1973 en presencia del ministro de Obras Públicas, Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora, y de las autoridades municipales.

En 1985, al igual que ocurrió con otras líneas ferroviarias, la línea Plasencia-Astorga fue clausurada debido a su baja rentabilidad económica aunque el resto del trazado del Vía de la Plata permaneció operativo. El tramo Salamanca-Valdunciel, no obstante, se mantuvo operativo para el tráfico ferroviario de mercancías. Igualmente, ese mismo año se clausuró al tráfico la línea La Fuente de San Esteban-Barca de Alba, con lo que Salamanca también perdió su histórica conexión con la ciudad de Oporto.

Época reciente
En 1999 se derribó el edificio inaugurado en 1973 y sobre su solar se puso en marcha la construcción de una nueva, que incluiría un centro comercial «Vialia». Las obras duraron varios años y la nueva estación sería inauguarada el 17 de marzo de 2002. Desde enero de 2005 el organismo Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

En 2014 se iniciaron las obras de la electrificación de parte de las vías que atraviesan estación, las cuales terminaron en 2015, estando estas operativas para finales de aquel año.

La estación

La moderna estación de Salamanca, inaugurada en el 2002, se encuentra cerca de las afueras de la ciudad, a unos 15 minutos del centro donde se sitúa el apeadero de La Alamedilla. Es obra de los arquitectos Antonio Fernández Alba y Oscar Palazón.

Cuenta con tres largos andenes, uno lateral y dos centrales al que acceden cinco vías. Otras siete vías son utilizadas como vías de servicio. Los cambios de andén se realizan gracias a un paso subterráneo. Cuenta con venta de billetes, atención al cliente, aseos y cafetería. Todo el recinto está equipado con servicios adaptados para las personas con discapacidad. En el exterior existe un aparcamiento situado en uno de los laterales del edificio, una parada de taxi y varias de autobuses urbanos.

Además de todos los servicios prestados por Adif, el recinto cuenta con un centro comercial denominado «Vialia», en el que se pueden encontrar tiendas de regalos, de servicios, de restauración o de ocio.

Servicios ferroviarios

Larga Distancia
Desde la supresión del Diurno que unía Salamanca con Bilbao en junio de 2012, y los Trenhotel que realizaban hasta 2020 rutas internacionales entre Lisboa y París y Lisboa y Madrid, quedan únicamente los trenes Alvia que realizan el recorrido entre Madrid y Salamanca a través de la conexión por alta velocidad entre Madrid y Medina del Campo y de allí a Salamanca por la vía convencional electrificada, desde diciembre de 2015.

Desde el 25 de marzo de 2019, y hasta marzo de 2020 se prestó el servicio de Intercity hasta la estación de Barcelona-Sants con una frecuencia diaria.
Se retoma el servicio, pero pasa a circular como Alvia, con cambio de material a 130 y de recorrido, que pasa a ser vía Miranda-Pamplona.

Media Distancia
Los trenes de Media Distancia con parada en la estación tienen como destinos principales Ávila, Palencia, Valladolid y Madrid.

Servicios de Media Distancia

Horarios
Horarios de los servicios prestados en la estación

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Larga Distancia en la web de Renfe.
 Media Distancia Castilla y León en la web de Renfe.
 Ruta del AVE Madrid-Salamanca

Salamanca
Salamanca
Salamanca
Salamanca
Salamanca
Salamanca
Arquitectura civil de Salamanca
Arquitectura de España de 2001

Estación de Salamanca


Aston Martin, İngiliz otomobil üreticisi firma.

1913 yılında Londra'da küçük bir atölyede Lionel Martin ve Robert Bamford tarafından kurulmuştur. İlk otomobillerini 1914 yılında piyasaya sürmüşlerdir. Aston Martin otomobilleri tamamen el yapımı olup üzerlerine, en son parçayı monte eden işçinin adı yazılır. Araçta plastik madde kullanılmadığından küllük, düğmeler ve havalandırma ızgaraları alüminyumdan imal edilir.

.1947'de şirket David Brown Engineering Limited tarafından satın alındı.
Firmayı 2007 yılında Ford firması 924 milyon dolara motor sporları girişimcisi David Richards'ın önderlik ettiği bir yatırım grubuna satmıştır.

Tarihi

Kuruluşu
Aston Martin, 1913 yılında Lionel Martin ve Robert Bamford tarafından kuruldu. Bu iki kişi güçlerini birleştirdiler ve sonraki yıllarda Callow Street, Londra'daki tesislerden Singer tarafından yapılan arabalar satın aldılar. Martin Aston Clinton yakınlarındaki Aston Tepesinde yarışırdı, daha sonra çift kendi arabalarını yapmaya karar verdiler. Aston Martin olarak adlandırılan bu araba; 4 silindirli, 1908 model bir şaseye Coventry Climax motor takılmış bir şekilde tasarlandı.

İlk arabalarını Mart 1915'te Kensingon'da ki Henniker Placa adlı tesiste ürettiler. Ancak üretim I. Dünya Savaşı başlaması dolasıyla başlayamadı ve Martin de savaşa katılmak üzere deniz kuvvetlerine katıldı. Bütün ekipmanlar da Avition Şirketine satıldı.

Savaş Yıllarından Sonra
Savaştan sonra, şirket Aston-Martin adı ve yeni araba modelleri ile Abingdon Road, Kensington'da yeniden kuruldu. 1920 yılında Bamford şirketten ayrıldı ve Court Louis Zborowski şirketi ile çalışmaya başladı. 1922 yılında, Bamford & Martin, daha sonra da dünya rekorunu kıracakları Brooklands'da ki Fransa Grand Prix'ine katıldılar. Üç araba takımı ve 16 motor, yarışmak ve rekor kırmak üzere dizayn edildi.

Yaklaşık 55 araç kısa ve uzun versiyon şeklinde olmak üzere satış için üretildi. Şirketleri 1924 yılında iflas etti ve Lady Charnwood'a satıldı. Şirket 1925 senesinde tekrar başarısızlığa uğradı ve 1926 senesinde Lionel Martin'in ayrılması ile fabrika kapandı.

Sonraki yıllarda, yatırımcı Bill Renwick Lady Charnwood'dan fabrikanın kontrolünü aldı. Aston Martin olarak yeniden adlandırdı ve Feltham'da bulunan Whitehead Hava Yolları şirketinin eski çalışma alanına taşıdı. Renwick ve Bartelli birkaç sene ortaklaşa çalıştılar ve Ranwick'in patenti ile 4 silindirli motor dizaynı geliştirdiler. Sadece "Renwick ve Bertelli" motoru yapıldı ve "Buzzbox" adı ile adlandırıldı. Günümüzde hala sürmektedir.

1926 1937 yılları arası Bartelli hem teknik yönetici hem de Aston Martin arabalarının bütün yeni dizaynlarını yapan kişi oldu ve o tarihten sonra " Bertelli Arabaları" olarak adlandırıldı. Bu arabalar; the 1½-litre "T-type", "International", "Le Mans", "MKII" yarış için, the "Ulster", yarış için 2-litre 15/98'dan oluşuyordu.

Modeller
 V8 Vantage, V8 Vantage Roadster & V12 Vantage
 DB9 & DB9 Volante
 Vanquish
 Rapide
 Aston Martin V12 Zagato
 Cygnet, based on the Toyota iQ.
 Aston Martin CC100 Speedster (concept)
 Aston Martin One-77

Dünya Formula 1 Yarışması Sonuçları

(key)

24 Hours of Le Mans finishes

Sponsorlar
Aston Martin'in sponsorluğunu 2. Bundesliga takımlarından TSV 1860 München yapmaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar
Aston Martin resmi web sitesi

Kaynakça

Formula 1 markaları
Otomobil üreticileri
İngiltere merkezli otomotiv şirketleri
Otomobil markaları

Lüks markalar

Aston Martin


جوزيف فويتا ، من مواليد 19 أبريل 1935، لاعب كرة قدم تشيكوسلوفاكي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب تشيكوسلوفاكيا لكرة القدم.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية تشيكيون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1964
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
لاعبو سبارتا براغ
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1960
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكوسلوفاكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1964
لاعبو منتخب تشيكوسلوفاكيا لكرة القدم
مواليد 1935
مواليد في بلزن
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون من تشيكوسلوفاكيا
فائزون بميداليات فضية أولمبية من تشيكوسلوفاكيا
رياضيون من بلزن
لاعبو كرة قدم من بلزن

جوزيف فويتا


الرافع الموازن (Stabilator بالإنكليزية، ويجمع ما بين كلمتي stabilizer-elevator) -وهما الرافع والموازن الخلفي للطائرة- وهو تحكم الطيران سطحي ويجمع عمل كلا من الرافع والموازن الأفقي. معظم الطائرات ذات الجناح الثابت تستخدم الرافع للتحكم بتموج الطائرة ويكون مرتبط بفصالات في مؤخرة الموازن الأفقي الثابت. لكن هناك بعض الطائرات التي تستخدم الموازن بأكمله كرافع وهو ما يسمى بالرافع الموازن.

الطيران العام
بما أن الرافع الموازن يستخدم سطح متحرك كبير نوعا ما مما يمكن الطيار من عمل عزم تموج واسع للطائرة وبجهد قليل. ونظرا للقوة الشديدة التي تؤثر على موازنة حمل الذيل، فتصميم رافع الموازن يدور على المركز الإيروديناميكي عند ربع وتر الذيل. وهي النقطة يكون عزم التموج ثابتا مهما كانت قيمة زاوية المواجهة (Angle Of Attack)، لذلك يمكن تحريك رافع الموازن بدون جهد للطيار. وعند عمل فحص الصلاحية لأي هيئة طيران كوكالة الطيران الفدرالية FAA يجب ملاحظة المقاومة المتزايدة عند سحب الطيار للذراع، ولعمل تلك المقاومة يوجد مع رافع الموازن في الطائرات الصغيرة مايسمى سطيح توجيه مؤازر anti-servo tab، وهو يساعد رافع الموازن بمقاومة حركة الطيار للرجوع لحالة الصفر الايروديناميكي.

مصادر خارجية
 روافع الموازن ناسا

مراجع

تصميم جناح الطائرة
توجيه الطائرة
ديناميكا هوائية

رافع موازن


Os eventos da natação artística no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022 ocorreram entre 17 a 25 de junho de 2022, em Budapeste, na Hungria.

Calendário

Eventos
Dez eventos com atribuição de medalhas foram realizados.

Horário local (UTC+2).

Medalhistas

Feminino

Misto (Masculino e Feminino)

Quadro de medalhas

Ver também
Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022
Natação no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022
Maratona aquática no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022
Polo aquático no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022
Saltos ornamentais no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022

Ligações externas
 Site da FINA

!Natação artística

Natação artística no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022


Barry Wayne Haase (born 19 November 1945) is a former Australian politician who served as a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from October 1998 to August 2013.  He initially represented the Western Australian Division of Kalgoorlie, the largest parliamentary constituency by area in the world.  In 2010, Kalgoorlie was abolished, and Haase transferred to the newly created Division of Durack, essentially the northern half of his old electorate.

Haase was born in Southern Cross, Western Australia, and was a company director before entering politics.

He announced his retirement on 15 June 2013.

In 2014 he was appointed to be the Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories for Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. He served in this capacity from 5 October 2014 to 4 October 2017.

References

1945 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kalgoorlie
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Durack
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Christmas Island administrators
People from Southern Cross, Western Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians

Barry Haase


El cuellopelado (Gymnoderus foetidus), también denominado cuervo-frutero de cuello pelado (en Perú), pavita pescuecipelada (en Bolivia y Venezuela), frutero vulturino o toropisco hediondo (en Colombia),  o anambé paloma, es una especie de ave paseriforme en la familia Cotingidae, el único miembro del género Gymnoderus. Es nativo de la cuenca amazónica y del escudo guayanés en América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye en las selvas de tierras bajas de la Amazonia y cuenca del alto río Orinoco, desde el sureste de Colombia (también se extiende hacia el norte a lo largo de la base de los Andes hasta el oeste de Meta), sur de Venezuela (Amazonas), Guyana, Surinam y Guayana francesa, y hacia el sur hasta el este de Ecuador, este del Perú, Brasil (al este hasta la cuenca del río Tocantins y hacia el sur hasta el sur de Mato Grosso, incluyendo la cuenca del alto río Paraguay) y centro de Bolivia; en la región norte, aparentemente está ausente de la mayor parte de la cuenca del río Negro.

Se encuentra en la selva amazónica, especialmente cerca de los ríos y várzeas. Es relativamente común y conspícuo en los bordes de la selva, pero también en el dosel de terra firme. Por lo general es menos frecuente y más local al norte del río Amazonas. Hasta altitudes de 500 m.

Descripción

El macho mide 38 cm y  la hembra 33 cm de longitud. El pico es azulado pálido, negro en la punta. Ambos sexos son, en general, principalmente negruzcos, pero el macho tiene las alas en contrastante color gris plateado (obvias, tanto en vuelo como en percha); las plumas de la cabeza son cortas y felpudas; los lados de la cabeza y del cuello son desplumados y de color azul pálido, con la piel cayendo en dobleces. La hembra, menor, es más pizarrosa, las alas del mismo color del resto, más pálida en el vientre y en la parte inferior de la cola; la piel desnuda en el pescuezo es menos extensa. Los juveniles son como las hembras pero escamados de blanco por abajo.

Comportamiento
La hembra recuerda vagamente a la del paragüero ornado (Cephalopterus ornatus), especialmente en un vuelo distante y ambas pueden ser encontradas juntas. A menudo es visto volando alto sobre el dosel con batidas profundas de las alas, como remadas, las alas del macho con destellos plateados. Aves encaramadas saltan de rama en rama como tucanes. A pesar de su nombre científico, no huelen mal.

Alimentación
Su dieta consiste tanto de frutas como de grandes insectos.

Vocalización
Usualmente son silenciosos, pero machos en exhibición saben dar un «buum».

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie G. foetidus fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista sueco Carolus Linnaeus en 1758 bajo el nombre científico Gracula foetida; la localidad tipo es «Surinam».

El género Gymnoderus fue descrito por el naturalista francés Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire en 1809.

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Gymnoderus» se compone de las palabras del griego «gumnos»: pelado, desnudo, y «dera»: cuello, pescuezo; significando «de cuello pelado»; y el nombre de la especie «foetidus», proviene del latín: que huele mal.

Taxonomía
Berv & Prum (2014) produjeron una extensa filogenia para la familia Cotingidae reflejando muchas de las divisiones anteriores e incluyendo nuevas relaciones entre los taxones, donde se propone el reconocimiento de cinco subfamilias. De acuerdo a esta clasificación, Gymnoderus pertenece a una subfamilia Cotinginae , 1849, junto a Lipaugus (incluyendo Tijuca), Procnias, Cotinga, Porphyrolaema, Conioptilon, Xipholena y Carpodectes. El Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica (SACC) aguarda propuestas para modificar la secuencia linear de los géneros y reconocer las subfamilias. El Comité Brasileño de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO), en la Lista de las aves de Brasil - 2015 ya adopta esta clasificación.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Gymnoderus foetidus en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Gymnoderus foetidus en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de Gymnoderus foetidus en Wikiaves.

Cotingidae
Aves del Amazonas
Taxones descritos por Carlos Linneo
Animales descritos en 1758
Géneros monotípicos de aves

Gymnoderus foetidus


As Lactobacillaceae são uma família de bactérias do ácido lático. É a única família de bactérias lácticas que inclui organismos homofermentativos e heterofermentativos; nas Lactobacillaceae, a via utilizada para a fermentação da hexose é uma característica específica do gênero. Lactobacillaceae incluem os lactobacilos homofermentativos Lactobacillus, Holzapfelia, Amylolactobacillus, Bombilactobacillus, Companilactobacillus, Lapidilactobacillus, Agrilactobacillus, Schleiferilactobacillus, Loigolactobacillus, Lacticaseibacillus, Latilactobacillus, Dellaglioa, Liquorilactobacillus, Ligilactobacillus ; os lactobacilos heterofermentativos Furfurilactobacillus, Paucilactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Fructilactobacillus, Acetilactobacillus, Apilactobacillus, Levilactobacillus, Secundilactobacillus e Lentilactobacillus, que foram anteriormente classificados no gênero Lactobacillus; e os gêneros heterofermentativos Convivina, Fructobacillus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus e Weissella que foram anteriormente classificados em Leuconostocaceae.

As Lactobacillaceae são também a única família das bactérias do ácido lático que não inclui organismos patogênicos ou oportunistas, embora algumas espécies, particularmente Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus e Weissella spp. pode causar infecções raras em pacientes críticos.

Com exceção de Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus e Tetragenococcus halophilus, a maioria das bactérias lácticas fermentadoras de alimentos são agora classificadas em Lactobacillaceae.

O termo adquirido lactobacilos refere-se a todas as bactérias classificadas em Lactobacillaceae antes de 2020, ou seja, Lactobacillus sensu lato (pré-split), Pediococcus e Sharpea. Alguns autores usam lactobacilos para se referir apenas a Lactobacillus sensu lato.

Leuconostocaceae
A certa altura, cinco gêneros (Convivina, Fructobacillus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus e Weissella) foram considerados uma família separada chamada Leuconostocaceae. Esses três gêneros são não formadores de esporos, redondos ou alongados e anaeróbicos ou aerotolerantes. Costumam habitar ambientes ricos em nutrientes, como leite, carne, produtos vegetais e bebidas fermentadas. O ácido lático é o principal produto final de seu metabolismo heterofermentativo característico de carboidratos. Em 2020 Leuconostocaceae foi sinonimizada com Lactobacillaceae.

Filogenia
A taxonomia atualmente aceita é baseada na Lista de nomes de procariontes com Standing in Nomenclature e a filogenia é baseada em sequências de genoma completo.

Lactobacillales
Lactobacillaceae

Lactobacillaceae


Monsenhor Miguel Antonio Salas Salas CJM (Jauregui,  — San Cristóbal, ) foi prelado venezuelano da Igreja Católica Romana e religioso professo da Congregação de Jesus e Maria, o primeiro da Venezuela. Foi bispo da então Diocese de Calabozo, entre 1961 e 1979, e arcebispo de Mérida, de 1979 até sua morte.

Biografia
Nasceu na aldeia Sabana Grande, então pertencente à povoação de La Grita, estado de Táchira. Seus pais eram primos-irmãos e originários da mesma aldeia: Juana Salas Contreras de Salas (1883-1952) e Francisco Antonio Salas González (†1949), agricultor e comerciante. Teve cinco irmãos: Alejandrina, Severiano, José Domingo, Horacio e Cármen.

Foi batizado três dias após seu nascimento, em 2 de outubro de 1915, na Igreja Paroquial Nossa Senhora dos Anjos, pelo pároco Pe. Acacio Chacón Guerra. Curiosamente, este, que viria ser o segundo arcebispo da Arquidiocese de Mérida, batizou aquele que seria o quinto.

Aos sete anos, iniciou o curso primário na Escola Pública de Sabana Grande. Aos domingos, acompanhava os pais à missa em La Grita e angariou a simpatia do Pe. José Antonio Sánchez, que admirava sua dedicação aos estudos. Em 1931, num momento em que Salas não tinha condições financeiras para dar prosseguimento aos seus estudos, Pe. Sánchez convidou-o a morar consigo em Ejido, Mérida, de cuja igreja matriz fora designado cura, para que pudesse ajudá-lo a estudar. Salas viveu com o Pe. Sánchez durante dois anos.

Em 4 de fevereiro de 1934, aos 18 anos, Salas ingressou no juniorado de Kermaría, da Congregação de Jesus e Maria, onde estudou humanidades e a espiritualidade de São João Eudes. Em 1936, transferiu-se para o Seminário de Valmaría, dos Padres Eudistas, no bairro de Usaquén, em Bogotá, Colômbia, onde cumpriu o noviciado e estudou filosofia. Professou oficialmente na Congregação de Jesus e Maria em 8 de março de 1940, tornando-se o primeiro eudista venezuelano. Cursou teologia na Pontifícia Universidade Javeriana, onde também obteve licenciatura em Teologia Sagrada.

Presbiterado

Recebeu a ordenação presbiteral na capela do Seminário de Valmaría em 24 de março de 1943, das mãos do Monsenhor Frei Luis Andrade Valderrama, OFM, bispo-auxiliar de Bogotá. Foi então enviado como parte da equipe de formadores e professor ao Seminário de Santa Rosa de Osos, Antiquia, Colômbia, onde esteve entre 1944 e 1945.

A partir de 1946, retornou à Venezuela, enviado como parte da equipe sacerdotal ao Seminário de San Cristóbal. Ali viveu um período de turbulência, entre 1945 e 1948, na qual a Igreja entrou em oposição à política de cerceamento do governo à educação privada. Tanto o bispo, Monsenhor Rafael Ignacio Arias Blanco, como o reitor do seminário, Pe. Lorenzo Yvon, CJM, viram-se na obrigação de levar os seminaristas às ruas para protestar contra o decreto que afetava as escolas católicas. Em 1948 e por um sexênio, Pe. Salas substituiu ao Pe. Yvon na reitoria do seminário. Consolidou-se então uma amizade com o bispo Arias, a quem apoiou no projeto de abrir um seminário maior. Até então o único existente no país era o de Caracas. Os seminaristas maiores de San Cristóbal distribuíam-se entre Pamplona, Santiago do Chile e Caracas. A partir de 1950, coincidindo com o Ano Santo, o Seminário de San Cristóbal converteu-se no segundo seminário maior da Venezuela. Às aulas de história nacional e de literatura, somaram-se as de teologia dogmática, nas quais se distinguia o novo reitor.

Em 1952, Dom Rafael Arias foi transferido para Caracas como arcebispo coadjutor. Diversas circunstâncias, entre as quais a de que os padres jesuítas tinham a seu cargo a nascente universidade católica e o seminário, levaram-no a considerar que era melhor que a Companhia de Jesus se dedicassem mais à universidade nascente e que outros assumissem o seminário, voltando-se para os Padres Eudistas, a quem conhecia e admirava desde seu bispado em San Cristóbal. E convidou ao Pe. Salas a assumir a reitoria daquela casa de formação. De 1954 a 1960, Salas esteve à frente do Seminário Interdiocesano de Caracas com uma equipe de sacerdotes eudistas colombianos, franceses, canadenses e venezuelanos, além dele, os padres Helímenas de Jesús Rojo Paredes e Antonio Monsalve. Ali conservou sua cadeira de teologia dogmática.

Nos anos de 1959 e 1960, surgiu em Caracas a guerrilha urbana promovida por grupos extremistas marxistas motivados pelo êxito da Revolução Cubana. Vários golpes de Estado tentaram derrubar o governo de Rómulo Betancout (1958-1963). Eram frequentes o confronto entre os insurretos e as forças policiais nas vizinhanças do seminário. Salas aproveitou a ocasião para organizar uma série de palestas e de cursos intensivos sobre doutrina social da Igreja, marxismo, espiritualidade sacerdotal, catequese e práticas de serviço social nos bairros próximos ao seminário.

Episcopado

Ao fim de seu mandato reitoral, em julho de 1960, Salas teve soube de sua provável nomeação episcopal. Era vigente o patronato eclesiástico herdado do período colonial e os candidatos eram discutidos publicamente no Congresso Nacional. Os bispos nomeados eram obrigados a jurar fidelidade à constituição e às leis, assunto polêmico que criou muitos problemas ao longo da história republicana da Venezuela. Para não ter que fazê-lo ante o Executivo, Salas decidiu ir à França, pois os eudistas de sua geração dominavam o idioma francês, para estudar no Instituto Católico de Paris. Assim, podia fazer o juramento na Embaixada, de foram privada e com restrição mental, como ensinavam os estudiosos do tema.

Em dezembro de 1960, fez-se pública sua nomeação oficial e canônica. O Papa João XXIII designou-o sexto bispo de Calabozo. De Paris, Salas locomoveu-se para Roma, onde se encontrava o recém-nomeado primeiro cardeal venezuelano, José Humberto Quintero Parra, que conferiu-lhe a ordenação episcopal em 2 de fevereiro de 1961, em sua igreja titular de São Gregório Magno no Monte Celio, muito perto da casa geral dos padres eudistas. Serviram como co-consagrantes os bispos Giuseppe Misuraca, núncio-emérito da Venezuela, e Ramón Isidro Lizardi, bispo-auxiliar de Arquidiocese de Caracas. Tomou como lema: Imple Superna Gratia, retirada do hino Veni Creator Spiritus.

Retornou à Venezuela alguns dias depois, em companhia do cardeal Quintero, e tomou posse de sua diocese em 21 de março. Sua primeira preocupação foi conhecer a extensa diocese que abrangia todo o Estado do Guárico e algumas cidades barinesas. Visitou todas as paróquias, instituições públicas e privadas, em particular, liceus e escolas e campos remotos.

Em dezoito anos de intenso trabalho episcopal, conquistou o coração dos guariquenhos por sua dedicação intensa à obra de evangelização. Primeiramente, colocou em prática as decisões do Concílio Vaticano II, cujas sessões participou de quase todas. Promoveu palestras e encontros para padres, religiosos e leigos, para que se conhecesse o espírito das reformas conciliares. Criou paróquias na medida em que alcançou obter padres da OCSHA e da obra Fidei Donum na Itália, mas especialmente no promoção das vocações sacerdotais nativas. Tentou fornecer párocos para todas as cidades de sua diocese. Daí sua preocupação com o desenvolvimento do Seminário que passou dos Padres Paulinos, que o dirigiram desde os anos 30 do século XX, ao clero diocesano, sendo ele, nos primeiros momentos, quem atuou como reitor máximo para orientar o padres que ele colocou à frente do mesmo. Por vários anos, este seminário menor abrigou estudantes das dioceses de Maracay, San Fernando, Vicariato de Caroní e Calabozo.

O apoio às comunidades religiosas existentes na diocese, tanto aquelas dedicadas à educação quanto à pastoral direta, e a busca de novas fundações para servir comunidades remotas é outro traço característico de seu zelo pastoral. Também deu suporte ao apostolado secular: os Cursilhos de Cristandade, a Legião de Maria e as irmandades tradicionais tiveram nele um promotor permanente. Na ordem dos bens materiais, o cuidado e valorização do patrimônio edificado artístico religioso é evidente nas igrejas restauradas, nos novos edifícios de templos e casas paroquiais dado o crescimento populacional, as capelas em centros povoados menores e a oferta ao Seminário de ampliações e recursos próprios com aquisição de parcela para o cultivo de arroz e o plantio de árvores frutíferas.

Em 20 de agosto de 1979, o Papa João Paulo II nomeou-o quinto arcebispo de Mérida, tomando posse em 15 de setembro seguinte, festa de Nossa Senhora das Dores, devoção a qual tinha um carinho particular por ser a padroeira de sua igreja nativa.

A Arquidiocese de Mérida tem relevância particular no campo civil e eclesiástico. No primeiro, pela presença na cidade
capital da Universidade dos Andes, um dos centros de ensino superior de qualidade no país, e por ser uma região muito produtiva no setor agropecuário. No segundo, além de ser chefe de uma província eclesiástica, Mérida tinha um importante seminário menor e maior, numerosas vocações sacerdotais e religiosas, e por uma série de obras, especialmente no campo da educação e assistencial, que lhe conferem renome e prestígio.

Salas ocupou-se imediatamente com a reorganização do seminário menor com perspectiva de reabrir o maior em alguns anos. Procurou sua congregação para que lhe enviasse padres para completar a equipe de formadores. Em 1983, reabriu o seminário maior, o qual havia fechado fazia mais de vinte anos. Em 1985, a visita do Papa João Paulo II impulsionou seus trabalhos. O seminário cresceu em número e qualidade. Abriram-se várias casas de formação de religiosos e criou o Centro de Formação Juan Pablo II para religiosos e leigos, na modalidade dupla presencial e à distância.

Fez visitas pastorais a todas as regiões de sua arquidiocese, esforçando-se para chegar às localidades mais remotas de toda as formas possíveis, inclusive no lombo de mulas. Nas terras ao sul do Lago de Maracaibo criou novas paróquias e preparou o
caminho para a criação da futura Diocese de El Vigía-San Carlos del Zulia.

Em 1982, fundou a Televisora Andina de Mérida (TAM), para evangelização e catequese, sendo a primeira emissora regional de televisão do país. Promoveu a renovação da imprensa católica com a aquisição de maquinários modernos para o jornal El Vigilante, em 1985. Criou a cátedra livre João Paulo II no Universidade dos Andes para o diálogo entre fé e ciência.

Ao completar 75 anos de idade, em 1990, segundo a disposição canônica, Mons. Salas apresentou seu pedido de renúncia ao governo arquidiocesano à Santa Sé. Em seu último ano, visitou cada uma de suas comunidades para despedir-se e animá-las a dar continuidade ao seus trabalhos. Entregou o cargo em 5 de dezembro de 1991 ao sucessor nomeado, seu bispo-auxiliar e grande amigo Baltazar Enrique Porras Cardozo, a quem conheceu seminarista em Caracas, ordenou presbítero e foi co-consagrante em sua ordenação episcopal.

Emérito

Decidiu voltar à casa de seus pais, vivendo em companhia de sua irmã Cármen e os filhos desta, na pequena praça que se estende em frente à Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Dores em Sabana Grande. Como cura de aldeia, dedicou-se a atender as três capelas do vale: Sabana Grande, Venegara e Llano Largo; a comunidade das Irmãs Dominicanas do Colégio Santa Rosa de Lima e o Ancianato São José das Irmãs Carmelitas de La Grita; as Irmãs Adoradoras; e os alunos da Instituição localizada no páramo de Los Mirtos e em El Zumbador. Visitava semanalmente a Escola de La Pradera e de Sabana Grande para dar pessoalmente o catecismo às crianças e animar as catequistas.

Além do trabalho pastoral, ele queria reformar a igreja de sua aldeia. Sua sobrinha Aura María Omaña de Méndez, arquiteta, dirigiu as obras. Colocou seus rendimentos escassos para pagar materiais e trabalhadores, recebendo também contribuições de conterrâneos e de amigos. A primeira capela que existiu em Sabana Grande foi construída em 1848, de madeira rústica, sem polimento, com púlpito e coro. Estava localizada entre a casa paroquial e a igreja atual, dedicada a Nossa Senhora das Dores. Segundo os dados das pessoas mais antigas, sua construção teve início em 1921 e foi concluída em 1930.

Em julho de 1994, como um reconhecimento por sua dedicação, vocação de serviço e vida exemplar, o autoridades do Estado de Táchira elevaram a paróquia civil Monsenhor Miguel Antonio Salas, os territórios de Sabana Grande, Venegara e Llano Largo. Em 1995, em comemoração aos seus 52 anos de sacerdócio e 80 de vida, a Prefeitura do Município de Jáuregui colocou um busto de sua pessoa na Praça Bolívar de Sabana Grande.

Morte

Viajava ocasionalmente a Mérida, para pregar exercícios espirituais aos seminaristas, presidir celebrações, confirmações, ordenações, visitas pastorais em algumas cidades, ou para visitar velhos amigos ou ver médicos. Por ocasião de seus sessenta anos de sacerdócio, em 2003, esteve pela última vez em várias freguesias meridenhas. Os Padres Eudistas queriam partilhar com ele esta efeméride, uma vez que Salas foi o primeiro eudista venezuelano. Em 21 de outubro, quando viajava de volta à sua casa, a poucos minutos de San Cristóbal, em San Rafael del Piñal, foi vítima de um acidente de trânsito. Numa virada brusca de seu motorista, como ia dormindo, foi disparado pela janela do veículo, sofrendo grave concussão no crânio. Levado imediatamente ao Hospital Central de San Cristóbal, foi socorrido pelos médicos, cujos esforços, no entanto foram inúteis. Em seus últimos dias, murmurava orações e delirava sobre os compromissos pendentes em sua aldeia. Enfim, faleceu em 30 de outubro de 2003.

Suas exéquias foram concorridas, e seu cortejo fúnebre percorreu 300 km, desde San Cristóbal, La Grita, Venegara, Sabana Grande, Llano Largo, Pueblo Encima, Bailadores, La Playa, Tovar, Santa Cruz de Mora, Chiguará, Lagunillas, San Juan de Lagunillas, Ejido e Mérida. Atualmente, seus restos mortais repousam na cripta da Catedral de Mérida. Ao tempo de sua morte, seus conterrâneos pediram permissão para guardar seu coração, o qual, por quase vinte anos, repousava numa pequena capela na ala lateral esquerda da Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Dores em Sabana Grande. Em 2021, no entanto, ao ser constatado que estava se deteriorando, ele foi levado para Mérida, a fim de ser preservado. Sua entronização na cripta da catedral meridenha ocorreu numa missa solene em ação de graças pelo 106 anos de seu nascimento, cerimônia esta presidida pelos bispos cardeal Baltazar Porras e Mons. Luis Enrique Rojas Ruiz.

Servo de Deus
Em 29 de outubro de 2014, Monsenhor Baltazar Porras decretou o a celebração do centenário de nascimento de Monsenhor Salas, ação esta que serviu de preâmbulo para a abertura da causa que busca provar as virtudes heróicas e assim alcançar que seja proclamado beato e posteriormente santo pela Congregação para a Causa dos Santos da Santa Sé. A abertura do processo se deu em 30 de outubro do ano seguinte, com missa solene na Catedral de Mérida, em comemoração aos 12 anos de sua páscoa.

Foi designada como postuladora da causa em Roma a Dra. Silvia Correale e como vice-postulador em Mérida o Pe. Javier Muñoz.

Naturais de Táchira
Eudistas
Arcebispos católicos da Venezuela
Educadores
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Javeriana
Alunos do Instituto Católico de Paris
Mortes em acidentes de trânsito
Servos de Deus

Miguel Antonio Salas Salas


Zborul este procesul prin care un obiect se deplasează într-un mediu gazos, precum atmosfera, sau în afara acesteia, în spațiul cosmic, folosind drept sustentație și propulsie unul sau mai multe din procedeele următoare, suspensie fluido-dinamică, portanță, reacție sau deplasarea unei anumite mase gazoase.

Zborul se poate referi și la:
 Zborul (roman), roman din 2006 de Angie Sage. Titlul original: Flyte
 Zborul (film), film din 2012 regizat de Robert Zemeckis. Titlul original: Flight

Vezi și
Zbor (dezambiguizare)
Zborul navigatorului

Zborul


Furkan Akar est un patineur de vitesse sur piste courte turc.

Biographie
Au cours de la saison de Coupe du monde de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte 2021-2022, il se place dix-septième du classement général du 1000 mètres.

Il participe aux épreuves de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques de 2022 sur le 1000 mètres. Il est le premier Turc à participer à ce sport au niveau olympique.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Patineur de vitesse sur piste courte turc
Patineur de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Porte-drapeau olympique
Naissance en mars 2002
Naissance à Erzurum

Furkan Akar


La saison 2022-2023 est la  édition du championnat d'Allemagne de football. Elle oppose les dix-huit meilleurs clubs d'Allemagne en une série de trente-quatre journées.

Six places qualificatives pour les compétitions européennes seront attribuées par le biais du championnat ( directes en Ligue des champions, 1 place directe en Ligue Europa et 1 place en barrages de la Ligue Europa Conférence). Une autre place directe pour la Ligue Europa sera garantie au vainqueur de la DFB Pokal. Les 2 derniers du championnat sont relégués en deuxième division, le  dispute les barrages contre le  de la deuxième division.

Participants

Légende des couleurs

Compétition

Règlement
Le classement est établi sur le barème de points classique (victoire à 3 points, match nul à 1, défaite à 0).

Pour départager les égalités, on tient d'abord compte de la différence de buts générale, puis du nombre de buts marqués, puis des confrontations directes et enfin si la qualification ou la relégation est en jeu, les deux équipes jouent une rencontre d'appui sur terrain neutre.

Classement
Au terme d'un final haletant, le titre se joue à la dernière journée, Dortmund ne parvenant pas à battre Mayence se fait dépasser par Munich à la différence de buts.

Leader par journée

Dernier par journée

Matchs

Résultats par match

Séries de victoires : 8
 Borussia Dortmund (de la  à la  journée)

Séries de matchs sans défaite : 13
 Bayern Munich (de la  à la  journée)

Séries de défaites : 7
 Hoffenheim (de la  à la  journée)
 Schalke 04 (de la  à la  journée)

Série de matchs sans victoire : 14
 Hoffenheim (de la  à la  journée)

Domicile et extérieur

Évolution du classement

Barrages
À la fin de la saison, le  de Bundesliga affronte le troisième de 2. Bundesliga pour une double confrontation aller/retour.

Le VfB Stuttgart vainqueur sur l'ensemble des 2 matchs reste en Bundesliga, Hambourg reste en 2.Bundesliga.

Statistiques

Buts marqués par journée
Ce graphique représente le nombre de buts marqués lors de chaque journée.

Meilleurs buteurs

Parcours en Coupe d'Europe

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Championnat d'Allemagne de football
 Ligue des champions de l'UEFA 2022-2023
 Ligue Europa 2022-2023
 Championnat d'Allemagne de football de deuxième division 2022-2023
 Coupe d'Allemagne de football 2022-2023

Lien externe
  Site officiel de la Bundesliga

2022-2023
Allemagne M1
Championnat M1
Football M1

Championnat d'Allemagne de football 2022-2023


În literatură, o compilație este fuziunea într-un singur text a unor texte de origini diferite.

Tehnici literare

Compilație (literatură)


An Aponogeton womersleyi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni H.Bruggen. An Aponogeton womersleyi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aponogeton, ngan familia nga Aponogetonaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aponogeton

Aponogeton womersleyi


Arthur Bento Buczmiejuk (São Paulo, 8 de junho de 2004) é um jogador de voleibol indoor brasileiro atuante na posição de ponteiro, com marca de alcance de 359 cm no ataque e 338 cm no bloqueio.

Carreira

Clube
Arthur é filho da treinadora e ex-voleibolista de praia Adriana Bento Buczmiejuk. Na temporada 2016-17 atuava no voleibol indoor no Canadá pelo Aurora Storm na categoria sub-13, no período de 2017-18 na categoria sub-15 e na categoria sub-18 jogou a temporada 2018-19.

Transferiu-se em 2019 para categorias de base do Minas Tênis Clube, sendo integrado ao elenco profissional na temporada 2021-22, conquistando o título da Copa Brasil de 2022 e o vice-campeonato no Campeonato Sul-Americano de Clubes, sediado em Contagem. Na série final da Superliga Série A de 2021-22 substituiu o central titular e foi um dos destaques do time no certame.

Seleção
Em 2021 serviu a seleção brasileira na edição do Campeonato Mundial Sub-19 em Teerã e finalizou no sétimo lugar. No mesmo ano disputou o Campeonato Mundial Sub-21 sediado na Bulgária e Itália, finalizando na sétima posição.

Em 2022 disputou a Copa Pan-Americana, terminando o torneio na última colocação. Um mês após, conquistou o título do Campeonato Sul-Americano Sub-21, sendo eleito um dos melhores ponteiros e melhor jogador da competição.

Voleibol de praia
Em 2017 competiu no voleibol de praia aos 12 anos na edição do Campeonato OVA de Vôlei de Praia Sub-13 ao lado de Matthew Rugosi e conquistaram o título do campeonato, ambos treinavam no Mississauga Pakmen, sendo que em 2016 foram vice-campeões, também disputou o campeonato provincial na categoria sub-14 e foi campeão na categoria sub-13.

Títulos
Minas Tênis Clube
 Copa Brasil: 2022

Premiações individuais
2022: Campeonato Sul-Americano Sub-21 – Melhor ponteiro e MVP

Ligações externas

Naturais do estado de São Paulo
Voleibolistas do estado de São Paulo
Voleibolistas do Brasil
Pontas de voleibol
Voleibolistas do Minas Tênis Clube

Arthur Bento