Klang or Kelang, officially Royal City of Klang (), is a royal city and former capital of the state of Selangor, Malaysia. It is located within the Klang District. It was the civil capital of Selangor in an earlier era prior to the emergence of Kuala Lumpur and the current capital, Shah Alam. Port Klang, which is located in the Klang District, is the 12th busiest transshipment port and the 12th busiest container port in the world.

The Klang Municipal Council or  exercises jurisdiction for a majority of the Klang District while the Shah Alam City Council exercises some jurisdiction over the east of Klang District, north of Petaling District and the other parts of Selangor State including Shah Alam itself.

As of 2010, the Klang City has a total population of 240,016 (10,445 in the city centre), while the population of Klang District is 842,146, and the population of all towns managed by Klang Municipal Council is 744,062, making it Selangor's second largest city.

History

The royal town of Klang has been a site of human settlement since prehistoric times. Bronze Age drums, axes and other artefacts have been found in the vicinity of the town and within the town itself. A bronze bell dating from the 2nd century BC was found in Klang and is now in the British Museum. Also found in or near Klang are iron tools called "tulang mawas" ("ape bones") and a bronze drum. Commanding the approaches to the tin rich Klang Valley, Klang has always been of key strategic importance. It was mentioned as a dependency of other states as early as the 11th century. Klang was also mentioned in the 14th century literary work Nagarakretagama dated to the Majapahit Empire, and the Klang River was marked and named on the earliest maritime charts of Chinese Admiral Cheng Ho who visited Malacca from 1409 to 1433.

Klang was under the control of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century. The celebrated Tun Perak, the Malacca's greatest Bendahara, came from Klang and became its territorial chief. According to the Malay Annals, the people of Klang overthrew the local chief or penghulu and asked the Sultan of Malacca Muzaffar Shah to appoint another, and Tun Perak was then appointed the leader. Klang was known as a producer of tin; according to Manuel Godinho de Erédia, it produced one hundred bares of tin a year when the Portuguese occupied Malacca.  Klang however remained in Malay hands after the fall of Melaka to the Portuguese in 1511, and was controlled by the Sultan of Johor-Riau. In the 17th century, the Bugis began to settle in the coastal region of Selangor including Klang, and the Selangor sultanate was created in the 1766, which then controlled Klang.

In the 19th century the importance of Klang greatly increased by the rapid expansion of tin mining as a result of the increased demand for tin from the West. The desire to control the Klang Valley led directly to the Klang War (also called the Selangor Civil War) of 1867–1874 when Raja Mahdi fought to regain what he considered his birthright as territorial chief against Raja Abdullah. During the Klang War, in 1868, the seat of power was moved to Bandar Temasya, Kuala Langat, and then to Jugra which became the royal capital of Selangor.

Klang however did not lose its importance. In 1874, Selangor accepted a British Resident who would "advise" the Sultan, and Klang became the capital of British colonial administration for Selangor from 1875 until 1880 when the capital city was moved to Kuala Lumpur due to the growth of Kuala Lumpur from tin-mining. Today Klang is no longer State capital or the main seat of the ruler, but it remains the headquarters of the District to which it gives it name.

Until the construction of Port Swettenham (now known as Port Klang) in 1901, Klang remained the chief outlet for Selangor's tin, and its position was enhanced by the completion of the Klang Valley railway to Bukit Kuda in 1886, which was then connected to Klang itself via a rail bridge, the Connaught Bridge, completed in 1890.  In the 1890s its growth was further stimulated by the development of the district into the State' leading producer of coffee, and later rubber.  In 1903, the royal seat was moved back to Klang when it became the official seat of Sultan Sulaiman (Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah).

In May 1890, a local authority, known as Klang Health Board, was established to administer Klang town. The official boundary of Klang was first defined in 1895. The first road bridge over the Klang River connecting the two parts of the town, the Belfield Bridge, was constructed in 1908. In 1926 the health boards of Klang and Port Swettenham were merged, and in 1945 the local authority was renamed Klang Town Board. In 1954, the Town Board became the Klang Town Council after a local election was set up to select its members in accordance with the Local Government Election Ordinance of 1950.  In 1963, the Port Klang Authority was created and it now administers three Port Klang areas: Northport, Southpoint, and West Port.

In 1971, the Klang District Council, which incorporated the nearby townships of Kapar and Meru as well as Port Klang, was formed. After undergoing a further reorganisation according to the Local Government Act of 1976 (Act 171), Klang District Council was upgraded to Klang Municipal Council (KMC) on 1 January 1977. From 1974 to 1977, Klang was the state capital of Selangor before the seat of government shifted to Shah Alam in 1977.

Etymology
Klang may have taken its name from the Klang River which runs through the town. The entire geographical area in the immediate vicinity of the river, which begins at Kuala Lumpur and runs west all the way to Port Klang, is known as the Klang Valley.

One popular theory on the origin of the name is that it is derived from the Mon–Khmer word Klong, which may mean a canal or waterway. Alternatively it has also been argued that it means "warehouses", from the Malay word Kilang –  in the old days, it was full of warehouses (kilang currently means "factory").

Klang was also once known as Pengkalan Batu meaning "stone jetty".

Unlike most other place names in Malaysia, the Chinese name for Klang (), is neither a direct transcription nor translation, but likely a transcription of another Malay word Pasang, referring to the rising tides around the Klang Valley.

Districts

Klang is divided into North Klang and South Klang, which are separated by the Klang River. North Klang is divided into three sub-districts which are Kapar (Located at the north of North Klang), Rantau Panjang (situated at the west of North Klang) and Meru (at the east of North Klang).

Klang North used to be the main commercial centre of Klang, but since 2008, more residential and commercial areas as well as government offices are being developed in Klang South. Most major government and private health care facilities are also located at Klang South. Hence, this area tends to be busier and becomes the centre of social and recreational activities after office hours and during the weekends. This is triggered by the rapid growth of new and modern townships such as Bandar Botanic, Bandar Bukit Tinggi, Taman Sentosa Perdana, Taman Sri Andalas, Taman Bayu Perdana, Taman Sentosa, Glenmarie Cove, Kota Bayuemas etc. all located within Klang South.

At the Klang North side, some of the older and established residential areas include Berkeley Garden, Taman Eng Ann, Taman Klang Utama, Bandar Baru Klang and so forth. Newer townships include Bandar Bukit Raja, Aman Perdana and Klang Sentral.

Malaysia's busiest port, Port Klang was previously named Port Swettenham until 1972 when it was renamed Port Klang. Port Klang is located at Klang South.

Economy
Initially, Bukit Kuda port (located at 12.5 miles away from Klang river mouth) was established as a port that connect to mining areas within Kuala Lumpur. Later, a railway line was built connecting Bukit Kuda with Kuala Lumpur. However, the Bukit Kuda port was found to be unsuitable. Therefore, the town of Klang which is located at three miles nearer to the river mouth than Bukti Kuda, was chosen become the major port. A bridge was constructed across the Klang river and railway was connected to Klang in August 1890. Klang port received huge amount of traffic in the following years, which later the authorities decided to extend the railway line to the mouth of the river where new port named "Port Swettenham" would be constructed in 1901. However, Port Swettenham was plaqued with malaria infections which affected coolies and port staff greatly, causing a delay in unloading cargoes from the ships. Sir Malcom Watson, a district surgeon in Klang solved the malaria problem in 1903 by clearing the forests and undergrowth and construct a drainage system at the same time.

Klang gradually became the main manufacturing centre for Malaya after the end of World War I. The first person who set up a factory in Klang was a millionaire from Singapore named Tan Kah Kee. His factory produced canned pineapples. The setting up of his factory stimulated the pineapple plantations around Klang. After Tan went bankrupt in 1934, Goh Hock Huat, one of the pineapple producers, decided to set up his own pineapple canning factory. More factories opened in Klang due to its proximity to Port Swettenham. In the following years, factories producing rubber products and oil factory producing products from groundnuts were set up with skills and machineries imported from Singapore.

The economy of Klang is closely linked with that the greater Klang Valley conurbation which is the most densely populated, urbanised and industrialised region of Malaysia. There is a wide range of industries within the Klang municipality, major industrial areas may be found in Bukit Raja, Kapar, Meru, Taman Klang Utama and Sungai Buloh, Pulau Indah, Teluk Gong and others. Rubber used to be an important part of the economy of the region, but from the 1970s onwards, many rubber plantations have switched to palm oil, and were then converted again for urban development and infrastructure use.

Port Klang forms an important part of the economy of Klang.  It is home to about 95 shipping companies and agents, 300 custom brokers, 25 container storage centres, as well as more than 70 freight and transport companies. It handled almost 50% of Malaysia's sea-borne container trade in 2013. The Port Klang Free Zone was established in 2004 to transform Port Klang into a regional distribution hub as well as a trade and logistics centre.

The port is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to Singapore, towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.

Politics
Klang encompasses three parliamentary seats held by the Pakatan Harapan coalition. These constituencies are subdivided into state seats.

Demographics

The following are the census figures for the population of Klang.  The 1957 and 1970 figures are for the Klang district and were collected before the reorganisation of Klang and the Bumiputra status being used as a category. The 2010 figures are for MP Klang.  The figure for Klang city is not given as what constitutes Bandar Klang appears to be inconsistent with considerable fluctuation in population figures over the years.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Ethnic Group
!colspan="8"|Population
|-
!colspan="2"|1957
!colspan="2"|1970
!colspan="2"|2010
!colspan="2"|2020
|-
|style="text-align:left" | Malay || 37,003 || 24.68% || 72,734 || 31.13%||  234,293 || 41.18% || ||
|-
|style="text-align:left" | Other Bumiputras || || || || || 9,107 || 1.60% || ||
|- style="background: #eaf3ff"
|style="text-align:left" | Bumiputra total || || || || || 243,400 || 42.78% || 541,913 || 49,76%
|-
|style="text-align:left" | Chinese || 65,454|| 43.65% ||100,524 || 43.02% || 152,582 || 26.83% || 251,530 || 23.01%
|-
|style="text-align:left" | Indian ||44,393 || 29.60% ||59,333 ||25.39% || 121,533 || 21.37% || 189,552 || 17.41%
|-
|style="text-align:left" | Others || 3,105 || 2.07%|| 1,079 || 0.46% || 2,994 || 0.53% || 7,701 || 0.71%
|- style="background: #eaf3ff"
|style="text-align:left" | Malaysian total || ||  || || || 520,509 || 91.53% || 990,696 || 90.98%
|-
|style="text-align:left" | Non-Malaysian || || || || || 98,246 || 8.47% || 98,246 || 9.02%
|- style="background: #c6e2ff"
|style="text-align:left"| Total|| 149,955|| 100.00%|| 233,670 || 100.00%  || 568,707 || 100.00% || 1,088,942 ||100.00%'|}

 Crime
There are a number of criminal gangs operating in Klang, and gang violence is not uncommon. Among the Chinese community, there are the Ang Bin Hoey triad gangs such as Gang 21 which operates in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley. There are also Gang 24, Gang 36 and others, and their members are often Indians. Due to economic development and changes in the industry, many rubber estates where Indian plantation workers used to live and work were closed, and this is thought to have contributed to a rise of gangsterism amongst the displaced and economically-deprived Indians. It is thought that the Indians originally worked for Chinese gang leaders but they now dominate many of these criminal organisations.

Transportation
Klang is served by five commuter stations that constitute the  Port Klang Line of the KTM Komuter system, namely Bukit Badak, Kampung Raja Uda, Klang, Teluk Pulai and the Teluk Gadong stations. By November 2023, Klang will also be connected to the RM 9 billion   LRT Shah Alam transit line.

Klang is connected to the rest of the Klang Valley via the Federal Highway, the New Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE), South Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE), the North Klang Straits Bypass (New North Klang Straits Bypass) as well as the KESAS Highway. The West Coast Expressway (WCE) currently under construction, will run between Changkat Jering, Perak and Klang-Banting, Selangor. The construction is expected to be fully completed by early 2025.

Klang is also served by the RapidKL bus route. Klang Sentral acts as a terminal for long-distance buses and taxis in northern Klang. There is a non-stop hourly bus service every day from and to KLIA2 to Klang, and the embarkation point is located at the AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre. Smart Selangor Bus Programme was established by the Selangor State Government to provide an efficient and high quality free public transportation service to its citizens. This program was launched in July 2015 starting with 3 local authorities but it was later expanded to all 12 local authorities in 2020 due to overwhelming response from the public. The Selangor Intelligent Transport Systems Application (SITS) enables the Smart Selangor Bus users to plan their journey effectively and intelligently through the bus services available.

The double-decked Kota Bridge was first built in late 1950s as a replacement for the Belfield Bridge. The double-decked bridge now closed to car traffic after a new Kota Bridge was built alongside it in the 1992, although the lower deck is still used by pedestrians, bicycles and motorcycles. A second bridge in Klang, the Musaeddin (Tengku Kelana) Bridge, was built in the 1980s near the Kota Bridge. The RM199 million Klang Third Bridge was opened for traffic in May 2017, complementing the existing two other road bridges in the city that connect Klang North and Klang South.

Infrastructure and developments

 Shopping complexes

There are several shopping complexes and hypermarkets in Klang, primarily in Klang South, namely:
 ÆON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre (Bandar Bukit Tinggi)
 ÆON Bukit Raja Shopping Centre (Bandar Baru Klang)
 ÆON Big Hypermarket (Kapar Road)
 Big Mall (Persiaran Raja Muda Musa) - formerly known as Harbour Place Shopping Mall, now a member of the Tune Group
 Centro Mall (Jalan Batu Tiga Lama)
 Central I-City Shopping Centre - with SOGO store, situated at the border of Klang-Shah Alam
 Giant Hypermarket (Bandar Bukit Tinggi)
 GM Klang Wholesale City (Bandar Botanic)
 Klang Parade (Meru Road) - with Parkson store
 KSL Esplanade City Mall @ Klang (Bandar Bestari) – the largest shopping mall in Klang which is already opened.
 Lotus's Klang (Bandar Bukit Tinggi) - formerly known as Tesco Extra
Mydin Wholesale Emporium @ Plaza MPK (Klang Town)
 NSK Trade City (Taman Sentosa Perdana & Klang Sentral)

 Private hospitals and medical centres
 Columbia Asia Hospital, Bandar Bukit Raja
 Hospital Bersalin Razif, Taman Sri Andalas
 JMC Specialist Medical Centre, Lorong Dato Amar
 KO Specialist Center Klang, Jalan Goh Hock Huat
 KPJ Klang Specialist Hospital, Bandar Baru Klang
 Bukit Tinggi Medical Centre, Bandar Bukit Tinggi (formally known as Manipal Hospitals Klang and Arunamari Specialist Medical Centre)
 Metro Maternity Hospital (Hospital Wanita Metro), Jalan Pasar
 Pantai Hospital Klang, Persiaran Raja Muda Musa, Port Klang
 Sentosa Specialist Hospital
 Sri Kota Medical Centre, Jalan Mohet

 Government hospital and health clinics
Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah (Klang General Hospital), Jalan Langat
 Klinik Kesihatan Anika Klang
 Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Botanic
 Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Kuda
 Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Naga
 Klinik Kesihatan Kapar
 Klinik Kesihatan Meru
 Klinik Kesihatan Pandamaran
 Klinik Kesihatan Pelabuhan Klang
 Klinik Kesihatan Pulau Indah
 Klinik Kesihatan Pulau Ketam
 Klinik Kesihatan Rantau Panjang
 Klinik Kesihatan Sungai Bertik

Local landmarks and attractions

 Istana Alam Shah
 The royal residence of the Sultan of Selangor was built in 1950 in south Klang to replace the old Mahkota Puri Palace. Parts of the Palace are accessible to the public but only on a few days of the week.
 Near the Palace is the Klang Royal City Park (Taman Bandar Diraja Klang), and located in front of the Palace is a sports stadium (Stadium Padang Sultan Sulaiman) and the Royal Klang Club.
 Sultan Sulaiman Royal Mosque
 The royal Mosque that was built in 1932 and features an eclectic architecture that combines Moorish, Western Art Deco and Neoclassical styles.
 Kuan Im Teng Klang (巴生观音亭, Goddess of Mercy Temple)
 Kuan Im Teng (as pronounced in the Hokkien dialect) was established in 1892 and is over 100 years old. This Goddess of Mercy Temple is located at the Jalan Barat Daya, near Simpang Lima. Bustling with devotees during the first day and the fifteenth day of lunar calendar. It is one of the oldest temple in Malaya since colonial period, built by the Hokkien community.
 The temple is also involved in charity work, contributing to several health and educational organisations.  On the eve of Chinese New Year, the temple is opened all night and the street is often packed with devotees queuing shoulder to shoulder to enter the temple hall to offer their incense to the Kwan Yin in hope for an auspicious start to the New Year.

 Church of Our Lady of Lourdes (巴生露德圣母堂)
 A Catholic church built in 1928, the church celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2008 after the church building had undergone restoration. Father Souhait played a large part in the design of the church building, modelling it on the pilgrimage church in Lourdes, France.
 The design of the church follows the style of a Gothic architecture.
 Kota Raja Mahadi
 This historic fort was actually an arch of the fort. In the old days, there was a struggle between Raja Mahadi and Raja Abdullah for the control of the Klang district.
 Tugu Keris (Keris Monument)
 A memorial erected to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of the Sultan of Selangor's installation in 1985. The monument is specially designed to depict the Keris Semenanjung that symbolises power, strength and unity.
 Kai Hong Hoo Temple (开封府)
 The only temple in Malaysia dedicated to the worship of Bao Zheng (包公), who was a government officer in ancient China's Song Dynasty. Justice Bao consistently demonstrated extreme honesty and uprightness and is today respected as the cultural symbol of justice in the Chinese community worldwide.
 Tanjung Harapan (The Esplanade)
 Fronting the Straits of Malacca, the Esplanade is a sea-side family recreation spot near to North port that houses several seafood restaurants. Nice setup for sunset-gazing and also for anglers to fish.
 Little India (Klang)
 Colourful street from the striking saris hanging from shops to the snacks and sweetmeats on sale from shops and roadside stalls. During Deepavali, the Indian festival of lights, the street is astoundingly transformed into a colourful spectacle of lights and booming sound of music.
 Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple
 Built in 1896, it is one of the oldest and the largest of the Vaishnavite temples in Malaysia. The temple is often referred to as the "Thirupathi of South East Asia" after its namesake in India.
 Sri Subramania Swamy Temple, Klang
 A Hindu temple devoted to the worship of Lord Murugan in Teluk Pulai, Klang that was established on 14 February 1914. It holds a unique distinction among the Hindu temples in Klang as it was founded and managed by the Ceylonese/Sri Lankan community who lived around the vicinity of the temple. Prayer rituals are done like those in Sri Lanka and certain festivals specific to the Ceylonese/Jaffnese community are celebrated here. The arasamaram or sacred fig tree which is in the temple was there since 1914 and is possibly one of the oldest living tree in Klang.
 Connaught Bridge
 One of the oldest bridges in Malaysia's Klang Valley region. It was built in 1948 by the British. The bridge is located in Jalan Dato' Mohd Sidin (Federal route) near Connaught Bridge Power Station in Klang Selangor.
 At one time, Connaught bridge can only be crossed one vehicle at a time. No lorry could pass it because it was limited to car, van and small vehicle only. The wooden bridge closed in 1993–1994. In 1995 the wooden bridge was replaced by a concrete box girder bridge.
 Kota Bridge
 The first and only double-decker bridge in Malaysia and South East Asia. The bottom deck is a pedestrian walkway bridge while the top deck is a motorist bridge. The bridge was closed to car traffic in the 1990s due to high demand that necessitated the construction of a new bridge.
 The new Jambatan Kota is located beside of the old bridge. The old bridge was constructed between 1957 and 1960, and was officially opened in 1961 by the late Sultan of Selangor, Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah as part of the celebration of his coronation as the ninth Sultan of Selangor.
 Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery
 Is the royal gallery located at Bangunan Sultan Suleiman, Klang. Various collections depicting the reign of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah; from his early childhood through his appointment as the eighth Sultan Selangor in 1960 and as the eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 1999.
 Klang Selatan Fire Station
 Is a Victorian-style structure that was built in 1890s. Today, the building still serves as a fire station.
 Local firemen have taken the initiative to set up a mini gallery at the fire station in support of the Klang Heritage Walk.

Cuisine

 Malay food
The most significant food spot in Klang is at "Emporium Makan", this old spot situated in the heart the city, opposite of Pasar Jawa and next to Jambatan Kota. One of the stalls is "Lontong Klang" and it serves dishes such as, lontong and nasi lemak sambal sotong. This spot is visited by all races, Malay, Chinese and Indian. As of now, the place has since been demolished to make way for the LRT 3 project. The vendors have relocated to various places around town.

 Chinese food
Klang is known for its Bak Kut Teh (), a non-halal herbal soup that uses pork ribs and tenderloins.  The dish is popularly thought to have originated in Klang. Bak Kut Teh is available in various locations including Taman Intan (previously called Taman Rashna), Teluk Pulai, Jalan Kereta Api and Pandamaran. The locals normally eat this food in the morning or afternoon, and you will hardly find this in the evening time.

There are a number of food courts in Klang which served local cuisine.  Located in Taman Eng Ann is a large food court serving many daytime snacks ranging from the well-known Chee Cheong Fun, Yong Tau Foo, Popia (Chinese springrolls), the medicinal herb Lin Zhi Kang'' drink, to Rojak and Cendol. Other stalls found also serving Chee Cheong Fun in Klang are located around the Meru Berjaya area. The Yong Tau Foo, a Malaysian Hakka Chinese delicacy, is a common meal for lunch and dinner as well.

Seafood
The coastal regions and islands near Port Klang are also known for their seafood, such as Pulau Ketam, Bagan Hailam, Teluk Gong, Pandamaran and Tanjung Harapan.

Climate
Klang has a tropical monsoon climate with heavy rainfall year-round.

Education
Klang is also known as education hub where hundreds of national schools, private schools and colleges were built.

National Schools

Private Schools & Colleges
 Acmar International & Private Schools
 Beaconhouse Sri Lethia Private School
 Regent International School
 Sanctus International School
 Sri KDU International School Klang
 Wesley Methodist School
 Zenith Private Schools
 Chung Hua Independent High School 中华独中
 Hin Hua High School 兴华独中
 Kwang Hua (Private) High School 光华独中
 Pin Hwa High School 滨华独中
 Klang Community College (Kolej Komuniti Klang)
 WIT College (Kolej WIT)
 Peninsula College (formerly known as ALC College)

Rehabilitation & Development
Selangor Maritime Gateway's (SMG) master plan covers  of land along  of Klang River. This initiative ascertains the quality and opportunity of potential developments along the river. The project, undertaken by Landasan Lumayan Sdn. Bhd. (a subsidiary of MBI Selangor) will be highly beneficial to the economy of the state. The master plan set-up reserves Klang as an Eco Smart City to spur on new sustainable social and economic growth along Klang River that includes elements of river cleaning, rehabilitation & development. Sungai Klang will be turned into a new source of economy for the state through the Selangor Maritime Gateway (SMG) project. SMG includes several development components including commerce, hospitality, tourism, housing and service industry.

River Cleaning

Landasan Lumayan Sdn Bhd (LLSB) has been given the mandate to clean the Klang River since 2016 crossing four municipalities namely MBPJ, MBSJ, MBSA and MPK. Due to the efforts given, a vast amount of total waste collected until July 2019 is around 50,000 MT. The debris has been reduced from average of 1,446 MT per month in 2016 to 1,094 MT per month in 2019. This enormous improvement is due to public awareness among the residents through various programs and activities organised under Selangor Maritime Gateway. Projects includes :

 Log Boom Installation
 Water Quality Live Monitoring Systems
 Interceptor

Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation ensures the sustainability of the surrounding population and environment in a changing climate. The objectives are to restore ecological balance, to improve water quality to avoid flood mitigation as well as to preserve the environment for a better transformation of Klang River. The primary purpose of rehabilitation of Telok Kapas with 98 acres of land in Pasir Panjang, Klang which had been officially stopped in operation in 2007 is to improve water quality as well as restoring the site with a proper safe closure. The comprehensive rehabilitation of Klang River involves creation of new land and utility services with estimated cost of RM 3 billion that involve the Design Concept, Construction and Operation and Maintenance. The objectives are to increase the water quality and economic activities.

Development
The framework sets to re-establish the urban developments along the river from one zone to the other. The plans set the development of six (6) zones in Selangor Maritime Gateway (SMG) through consolidation of Urban Design, Landscape, Transportation, Environmental and Economic Consideration of the existing condition and cultural context. Six zones are proposed as a basis for creating community identity and place-making along the river stretch. Together, the intention brings the true potential of what Klang River can be as well as gives a new pulse to the river. The catalyst projects includes :

 Pengkalan Batu Urban Park
 Mangrove Point
 Grand Bazaar
 Cultural Village & Retreat Resort
 Community River Park

Services

River Patrol Unit (PRU) was established to monitor any illegal activities that may risk water quality and it has been commenced at certain routes along Klang River. Apart from the physical impact project, we have acted proactively by conducting continuous monitoring along the river reserves to ensure that no activity is at risk of polluting the Klang River. Therefore, the formation of the Motorcycle River Patrol Unit is required at this point with the assistance of existing government agencies such as LUAS, JPS, etc.

Looking at the rich historical value of the Klang River, providing connectivity via water for tourist destinations along the river which brought a huge impact to the earlier population in terms of economic activities and growth of the Klang Valley. The River Taxi will also help to attract the local and even international tourists to embrace the natural beauty of the Klang River and historic Klang town. The introduction of new tourist attractions such as Pangkalan Batu Urban Park and Biophilia concept at Mangrove Point in addition to the existing spots, will serve to complement the tourism industry in Klang which will attract locals, Klang Valley population and international tourists.

International relations

Sister cities

 Urumqi, Xinjiang,  China
 Yongzhou, Hunan, China

References

External links

 Klang Online Magazine,Guide & Map
 Official portal of Klang Municipal Council (MPK)

Klang (city)


An Enteropogon longiaristatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Diana Margaret Napper, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Clayton. An Enteropogon longiaristatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Enteropogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Tanzania. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Enteropogon

Enteropogon longiaristatus


An Carex bradei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gross. An Carex bradei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex bradei


بلدية كاستيلريلو دي لا فيجا , هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برغش, التي تقع في منطقة قشتالة وليون, والتي تقع في شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 595 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة برغش
بلديات برغش

كاستيلريلو دي لا فيجا


Heilshoop, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaleti Stormarn iline bağlı bölge. 8,5 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu 30 Eylül 2005 itibarıyla 614 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Nüfus yoğunluğu ise 72 seviyesindedir. Belediye başkanlığı Wendelin Herbrand tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi site

Stormarn iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Heilshoop


Marianne Hütel, geborene Graichen, geschiedene Heinrich, (* 10. März 1911 in Zwickau; † 25. Juni 1983 ebenda) war eine erzgebirgische Heimatdichterin und Mundartsprecherin.

Leben
Ihr Vater war Bahnbeamter und sang im Zwickauer Eisenbahnerchor. Im Alter von dreißig Jahren trat sie öffentlich in Krankenhäusern und Lazaretten in Zwickau und Umgebung mit Mundartbeiträgen auf. In zweiter Ehe heiratete sie den Lehrer Walter Hütel aus Wildbach, der am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges sein Leben verlor.

Nach dem Krieg war Hütel Gründerin der "Zwickauer Kohlmeisen" und seit 1950 Mitglied bzw. Sprecherin der "Willy-Kaltofen-Gruppe" aus Sehma. Bei ihren Auftritten brachte sie auch eigene Gedichte und Lieder zu Gehör und wurde deshalb auch als Künderin des Erzgebirges in Wort und Lied bezeichnet.

Werke
Mehrere Publikationen in den "Erzgebirgischen Weihnachtsbüchlein" und in der Zeitschrift des Erzgebirgsvereins "Glückauf".

Ihr Beerliedel erschien als Liedpostkarte.

Weblinks
 Lebenslauf beim Erzgebirgsverein
 Eintrag bei sachsen.digital

Volkssänger
Künstler (Zwickau)
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1911
Gestorben 1983
Frau

Marianne Hütel


Vyšný Tvarožec este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Bardejov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 124 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu Nižný Tvarožec și Cigeľka.

Istoric
Localitatea Vyšný Tvarožec este atestată documentar din 1414.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Vyšný Tvarožec


În Tratatul de la Montevideo, semnat la 27 august 1828, după medierea britanică, Brazilia și Argentina au recunoscut independența Uruguayului.

A fost numită Convenția preliminară de pace ca urmare a întâlnirilor între reprezentanții Imperiului Braziliei și Provinciile Unite ale Río de la Plata - statul predecesor Argentinei - între 11 și 27 august 1828, în Rio de Janeiro, Brazilia. Această convenție sau tratat a acordat independența Uruguayului în ceea ce privește Brazilia și Argentina. Independența Uruguayului va fi definitiv stabilită pe 4 octombrie în același an, când, la Montevideo, țările semnatare au ratificat tratatul.

Scop
În 1828, Războiul Cisplatina a ajuns la un impas forțele terestre ale Argentinei aflându-se în imposibilitatea de a ocupa orașele mari [1], iar forțele braziliene au fost constrânse să rămână pe loc și au suferit de o lipsă severă de forță de muncă pentru o ofensivă împotriva armatelor argentiniene. Povara grea a războiului și improbabilitatea apariției unui rezultat pozitiv au dus la o presiune publică puternică în Brazilia pentru a pune capăt războiului prin canale diplomatice.

În acest context, pe data de 20 februarie 1828, Brazilia și Argentina au decis să înceapă negocierile de pace cu medierea din partea Marii Britanii, care și-a manifestat interesul pentru soluționarea pașnică a războiului din cauza obstacolelor grave în calea comerțului pe care blocada Buenos Airesului le-a adus Regiunii Plata.

Lordul John Ponsonby a fost ales ca mediator al discuțiilor și s-a confruntat imediat cu refuzul Argentinei de a permite Braziliei să-și păstreze suveranitatea asupra Uruguayului și de cererile Braziliei de a-și păstra suveranitatea asupra Missões Orientales, pentru a naviga liber pe râul Plata și de a refuza Argentinei să anexeze orice zonă din provincia Cisplatină.

Având în vedere aceste considerente, Posonby a făcut o propunere pentru un Uruguay independent care să satisfacă atât Brazilia, cât și Argentina pentru a restabili pacea în La Plata și a acceptat cererile braziliene cu privire la suveranitatea sa asupra Missões Orientales și dreptul de navigare liberă pe râul Plata.

Deși s-a confruntat cu opoziția inițială a Argentinei, diplomatul a reușit să o convingă că nu mai era viabil să cheltuie bani pentru un război pentru provincia estică și a reușit să încheie o înțelegere la 27 august 1828.

Interesele britanice

Interesele adevărate ale Imperiului Britanic sunt clarificate într-o scrisoare trimisă de Lord Ponsonby la Londra:
Interesele și securitatea comerțului britanic vor fi promovate foarte mult într-un stat în care guvernatorii vor dezvoltă o prietenie cu Anglia. Fâșia de est conține cheia pentru La Plata și pentru America de Sud; trebuie să perpetuăm o diviziune geografică a statelor de care va beneficia Anglia. Pentru o lungă perioadă de timp, cei din est nu vor avea un port și nu vor avea ocazia să împiedice comerțul cu Anglia.
Din acest motiv, britanicii credeau că independența uruguayană ar consolida comerțul englez și ar mulțumi atât Brazilia, cât și Argentina.

Forma Declarației de Independență
Primul și al doilea articol din tratat declară independența Provinciei Răsăritene față de Regatul Unit al Portugaliei, Braziliei și Algarve sau succesorul imediat al acestuia, Imperiul Braziliei și de Provinciile Unite ale Río de la Plata.

Caracterul Independenței: definitiv sau temporar
Cel de-al zecelea articol al convenției a stabilit că, dacă în cinci ani după aprobarea constituției liniștea și securitatea internă erau perturbate de un război civil, aceștia (semnatarii) ar oferi guvernului legal asistența necesară pentru a se menține și a se întreține. După aceea, toată protecția ar înceta, iar provincia va fi considerată a fi într-o stare de independență perfectă și absolută. Dreptul de a interveni în ajutorul "guvernului legal" a fost stabilit de părțile contractante fără a fi nevoie de o cerere expresă din partea noului stat.

Controlul constituției
Al șaptelea articol a stabilit că reprezentanții vor fi ocupați cu alcătuirea constituției politice a provinciei și înainte de a fi judecată (aprobată), constituția va fi examinată de împuterniciții guvernelor semnatare, cu unicul scop de a vedea dacă conține articole în opoziție cu securitatea statelor lor.

Navigația liberă
Un articol suplimentar, a garantat celor două națiuni (Argentina și Brazilia), navigația liberă pe Río de la Plata și pe toate celelalte râuri care se varsă în el, pe o perioadă de cincisprezece ani.

Istoriografie
Istoricii uruguayeni au două viziuni principale despre tratatul și nașterea Uruguayului ca națiune independentă. Primul grup consideră că a existat o idee a națiunii uruguayene înainte de tratat și citează rivalitatea dintre Montevideo și Buenos Aires, legăturile slabe care au unit Viceregalitatea Río de la Plata și respingerea puternică din partea lui José Gervasio Artigas față de centralizarea Buenos Airesului. Această viziune este susținută de Francisco Bauzá, Juan Zorrilla de San Martín, Pablo Blanco Acevedo, Mario Falcao Espalter și Juan Pivel Devoto. Cel de-al doilea grup consideră în schimb că uruguayenii încă mai doreau să facă parte din Provinciile Unite ale Río de la Plata, accentuând că Artigas era împotriva centralismului, dar nu a avut niciodată idei separatiste reale. Ei atribuie independența uruguayană factorilor străini, în principal influenței britanice. Această viziune este susținută de Eduardo Acevedo Vasquez, Ariosto González, Eugenio Petit Muñoz, Washington Reyes Abadie, Alberto Methol Ferré și Oscar Bruschera.

Referințe

Istoria Uruguayului
1828 în Uruguay

Tratatul de la Montevideo (1828)


0-9 A B C D E F

0-9
 2-step garage – a chaotic style of UK garage.
 20th-century classical music – a loose term for orchestral music made during or after the 20th century.
 4-beat – a breakbeat hardcore style played between 150 and 170 BPM consisting of a fast looped breakbeat and a drum at every 4 beats.

A
Aa-Ak – Al-An – Ap-Ax

 A cappella – a style of music performed without any background music/instruments and just voices doing the instrumentation.
 Absolute music – music that is not explicitly "about" anything.
 Acid house – a psychedelic style of house music, defined primarily by the deep basslines and "squelching" sounds of the Roland TB-303 electronic synthesizer-sequencer.
 Acid jazz –  a psychedelic music genre that combines elements of jazz, soul music, funk, and disco.
 Acid rock – a harder style of psychedelic rock, characterized by long instrumental solos, few (if any) lyrics and musical improvisation.
 Acid techno – a style of techno that developed out of acid house.
 Acid trance – a psychedelic style of trance music.
 Acousmatic music – a style of electroacoustic music that is specifically composed for presentation using speakers as opposed to a live performance.
 Acoustic music – a music that solely or primarily uses instruments which produce sound through entirely acoustic means, as opposed to electric or electronic means.
 Adult contemporary music – any music with lush and soothing qualities that focuses on melody and harmony.
 African-American music – any music made by African-Americans.
 African heavy metal – heavy metal music performed by African musicians.
 African hip hop – hip hop music performed by African musicians.
 Afrobeat – a large-scaled and energetic combination of funk and jazz.
Afrobeats – umbrella term for West African pop styles.
 Afro-Cuban jazz – style of jazz influenced by traditional Afro-Cuban music.
Afroswing – a genre of music that developed in the UK during the mid-2010s, a derivative of dancehall and afrobeats, with influences from trap, hip hop, R&B, and grime.
 African popular music – pop music informed by traditional African styles.
 Aguinaldo – traditional Latin American Christmas music.

Al-An
 Aleatoric music – music the composition of which is partially left to chance.
 Alternative country – any style of country music that deviates from the normal, usually by incorporating elements found in alternative rock (particularly its personal lyrics).
 Alternative dance – a fusion of alternative rock and post-disco; usually contains alternative rock song structures and post-disco beats.
 Alternative hip hop – any style of hip hop music that deviates from the norm, usually by possessing lyrics not usually found in mainstream hip hop as well as musically combining it with other genres; despite its popularity among alternative rock fans, only some alternative rappers actually fuse hip hop with that genre.
 Alternative metal – any style of heavy metal music that deviates from the norm, usually by incorporating elements found in alternative rock (particularly its melodic vocals). Many alternative metal bands also tend to either have funk or hip hop music influences.
 Alternative R&B – any style of contemporary R&B that deviates from the norm, usually by having a more electronic influence. Originally a synonymous term for neo soul, alternative R&B (which now only refers to styles originating from the 2000s), alternative R&B tries to expand beyond the conventions of genres altogether.
 Alternative reggaeton – any style of reggaeton that deviates from the norm.
 Alternative rock – any style of rock music that deviates from the norm, usually by having melodic vocals and personal lyrics; often applied to styles that sprang out following the initial punk rock music scene.
 Ambient music – a style of incredibly slow electronic music that uses long repetitive sounds to generate a sense of calm and atmosphere.
 Ambient house – a style of house music that contains the atmospheric musical textures of ambient music.
 Ambient pop – a style of dream pop with heavy ambient influence that developed in the 1980s.
 Ambient techno – a fusion of techno and ambient music.
 Ambrosian chant – plainsong used during the Ambrosian rite.
 American folk music – folk music developed in the United States.
 American folk-music revival – a musical revival of American folk music that occurred from the 1940s through the 1960s, resulting in contemporary folk music.
 Americana – music that invokes the musical ethos of the United States (i.e.  roots rock).
 Anarcho-punk – punk rock with anarchist themes.
 Ancient music – music created in the early stages of literate cultures.
 Anglican chant – plainsong used by the Anglican church.
 Anatolian rock – a style of folk rock that fuses Turkish folk music with rock music.
 Anti-folk – a mocking style of folk that subverts the earnest, politically-informed lyrics of folk-revivalists.

Ap-Ax
 Apala – Nigerian music originally used by the Yoruba people to wake worshippers after fasting during Ramadan.
 Appalachian music – American folk music originated from the Appalachia region that later became the basis for old-time music and country music.
 Arabesque – an Arabic style of music created in Turkey.
 Arabic pop music – pop music informed by traditional Arabic styles.
 Arena rock – any style of rock music inherently designed for large audiences (i.e. an arena); largely used as a pejorative label rather than as a description for an actual genre of rock.
 Argentine rock – rock music performed by Argentinian musicians.
 Armenian chant – chants used in the liturgy of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
 Ars antiqua – European music from the Late Middle Ages, which advanced concepts of rhythm.
 Ars nova – a style of French music from the Late Middle Ages, rejected fiercely by the Catholic Church.
 Ars subtilior – a style of French music from the Late Middle Ages.
 Art pop – pop music made purposefully to bring the genre to artistic heights.
 Art punk – punk rock made purposefully to bring the genre to artistic heights; sometimes considered a style of post-punk.
 Art rock – rock music made purposefully to bring the genre to artistic heights.
 Ashik – music performed by mystic or traveling Turkish, Azerbaijan, Georgian, Armenian, and Iranian bands, using vocals and the saz, performed since ancient times.
 Assyrian folk/pop music – pop, folk and dance music informed by traditional Assyrian styles.
 Australian country music – country music performed by Australian musicians.
 Australian hip hop – hip hop music performed by Australian musicians.
 Avant-funk – an avant-garde style of funk made purposefully to challenge the conventions of the genre.
 Avant-garde music – music considered to be ahead of its time, often using new, unusual, or experimental elements, or fusing pre-existing genres.
 Avant-garde jazz – an avant-garde style of jazz made purposefully to challenge the conventions of the genre; related and originally synonymous with free jazz, avant-garde jazz still maintains some form of structure and uses composed melodies.
 Avant-garde metal – an avant-garde style of heavy metal music made purposefully to challenge the conventions of the genre.
 Avant-pop – any avant-garde form of popular music that is experimental, new, and distinct from previous styles while retaining an immediate accessibility for the listener.
 Avant-prog – a style that appeared in the late 1970s as the extension of progressive rock, chiefly by being a fusion of its two subgenres: Rock in Opposition and the Canterbury scene.
 Avant-punk – punk rock made purposefully to challenge the conventions of the genre.
 Axé – a style of Salvadorian, Bahian, and Brazilian music informed by Afro-Cuban and Afro-Brazilian styles.
 Azonto – a dance and music genre from Ghana.

B
Bac-Bal – Bam-Bay – Be-Bh – Bi-Bl – Br-Bu

Bac-Bal
 Bachata – an Afro-Dominican style waltz, consisting of despairing and romantic ballads, popular among Dominican artists.
 Baggy – the main music style of the Madchester scene that incorporates the psychedelic elements of acid house (particularly its deep bassline) into alternative rock.
 Baião – a Brazilian rhythmic formula built around the zabumba drum that later combined itself with elements of mestizo, European, and African styles.
 Bakersfield sound – a raw and gritty country music style significantly influenced by rock and roll that acted as a reaction against the slick, overproduced Nashville sound.
 Baila – a Sri Lankan style that began among the Afro-Sinhalese (or Kariff) community.
 Baisha xiyue – an orchestral Chinese style used by the Naxi people that is often found in Taoist or Confucian ceremonies.
 Bajourou – initially an acoustic style of Malian pop music played at gatherings (particularly weddings), which has since become mostly electronic.
 Bal-musette – 19th century style of French accordion-based dance music.
 Balakadri – Guadeloupean music made from the quadrille, usually performed at balls.
 Balinese Gamelan – Javanese and Balinese style made from xylophones, drums, and plucked strings.
 Balearic beat – a style of house music that originated from the Balearic Islands.
 Balkan brass – a Serbian music style made by soldiers that combined military brass with folk music.
 Ballad – usually slow, romantic, despairing and catastrophic songs.
 Ballata – 13th–15th century Italian musical and poetic form based on an AbbaA structure that acted as a form of dance music.
 Ballet – a specific style of French classical music created to accompany the ballet dance.
 Baltimore club – a music style originated from Baltimore that combines hip hop music, breakbeat, and house music.

Bam-Bay
 Bambuco – a Colombian music style based on waltz and polska.
 Banda music – brass-based Mexican music.
 Bangsawan – a style of Malay opera based on Indian styles introduced by immigrants.
 Bantowbol – a Cameroonian style of accordion music.
 Barbershop music – a style of a capella close harmony vocal music that is generally performed in quartets.
 Barcarolle – a traditional music style from Italy sung by Venetian gondoliers.
 Bard (Soviet Union) – a style of Russian music made by singer-songwriters during the latter half of the Soviet era.
 Barn dance – folk music played in a barnhouse.
 Baroque music – a style of Western art music made between the 17th and 18th centuries characterized by its usage of the harpsichord and contrapuntal melodies.
 Baroque pop – a style of rock music originating from the 1960s that contains elements of Baroque music (particularly its instrumentation and contrapuntal melodies). As Baroque pop is usually not seen as being a pop music genre, it is sometimes referred to as baroque rock.
 Barynya – Russian folk music style.
 Bassline – a style of speed garage that combines elements of dubstep, particularly its emphasis on bass.
 Batá-rumba – Cuban rumba music that incorporates bata and guaguanco.
 Batucada – an African-influenced style of Brazilian samba.
 Baul – a style of folk music, specially in the Bengali region.

Bc-Bh
 Beach music – Californian genre from the 1950s that combined elements of all popular genres at the time, particularly big band and shag jazz.
 Beat music – a style of rock and roll developed in the United Kingdom characterized by its strong, driving beat that emphasizes all the beats of a 4/4 bar; unlike British rock and roll, beat music was seen as being musically on par with American rock and roll and was able to found success in the United States following the British Invasion.
 Beatboxing – a capella music created to emulate hip hop beats.
 Beatlesque – artists who musically resemble the Beatles, such as Electric Light Orchestra, Oasis, and many power pop bands.
 Beautiful music – term of endearment for various easy listening genres.
 Bebop – a fast-paced style of jazz popular in the 1940s and 1950s that replaced the dance-oriented swing music; known for its complex chord progressions, instrumental virtuosity, and the predominant role of the rhythm section.
 Beguine/Biguine – a style from French territory in the Caribbean, Martinique island and precursor of jazz.
 Beiguan music – a style of Chinese traditional music popular in Taiwan and the province of Zhangzhou.
 Bel canto – a light, sophisticated style of Italian opera singing.
 Bend-skin – urban Cameroonian music.
 Beneventan chant – plainsong originated from Benevento.
 Benga music – Kenyan popular music based on Luo and Kikuyu folk music.
 Bent edge
 Berlin School of electronic music – heavily experimental electronic music that acted as a more avant-garde style of Krautrock and inspired ambient and New Age music.
 Bhajan – Hindu religious music.
 Bhangra – a popular style of Punjabi dance music that uses western instruments along with traditional Punjabi instruments; named after the dance of the same name.
 Bhangragga – a fusion of bhangra, reggae and dancehall.

Bi-Bo
 Big band music – large orchestras which play a style of swing music.
 Big beat – a 1990s style of breakbeat that incorporates elements found in acid house (specifically its synthesizer basslines).
 Big room house
 Biguine – Guadeloupean folk music.
 Bihu – a popular folk music of Assam, India.
 Biker metal
 Biomusic – a style of experimental music which deals with sounds created or performed by living things.
 Bitpop – electronic music, where at least part of the music is made using old 8-bit computers, game consoles and little toy instruments. Popular choices are the Commodore 64, Game Boy, Atari 2600 and Nintendo Entertainment System.
 Blackened death metal – a fusion between death and black metal.
 Black metal – an extreme metal style known for its lo-fi recording, shrieking vocals, unconventional song structures and dark or supernatural lyrics.
 Blackgaze – a fusion style between black metal and shoegaze.
 Black MIDI – sheet music consisting of huge amounts of notes per instrument, generally written in digital MIDI format.
 Bluegrass music – a style of country music mixed with Irish/Scottish (via old-time music), and African-American (via blues and jazz) influences.
 Blue-eyed soul – soul music performed by white musicians.
 Blues – a style from the Mississippi Delta area known for its usually depressing lyrics and its unique song structure, using playing techniques such as blue notes, blues scales, and the twelve-bar chord progression.
 Blues ballad – a fusion of blues and folk.
 Blues rock – a fusion of blues (specifically electric blues) and rock music; usually contains blues song structures and rock instrumentation.
 Bongo Flava – East African Hip-Hop.
 Boogie – 1. a repetitive form of rhythm found in boogie-woogie. 2. a style of funk characterized by a mid-tempo post-disco rhythm, prominent use of slap bass, loud clapping sound, and its new wave melodic chords and synthesizers.
 Boogie rock – a style of blues rock that fuses rock music with boogie-woogie.
 Boogie-woogie – a danceable style of the blues centered on a specific form of rhythm called boogie.
 Boogaloo – a fusion of soul music and mambo.
 Boi – Amazonian folk music.
 Bollywood songs
 Bosnian root music – Bosnian rural roots music.
 Bossa Nova – a well-known style of Brazilian music, a lyrical fusion of samba and jazz.
 Bothy Ballad – folk songs, sung and popularised by the farm workers in the Northeast of Scotland.
 Bounce music – energetic hip-hop music, native to New Orleans, frequently characterized by chromatic tics and "call and response" lyrics.
 Bouncy techno – an upbeat style of electronic dance music.

Br-Bu
 Brass – music performed with brass instruments, prior to the advent of jazz.
 Breakbeat – a style of electronic dance music built on previously recorded breaks.
 Breakbeat hardcore – a fusion of breakbeat and acid house.
 Breakcore – a fast and frantic style of breakbeat influenced by hardcore and industrial music that is known for its intentionally diverse range of samples.
 Breakstep
 Brega – a genre of Brazilian popular music.
 Breton – folk music of Brittany, France, known for its use of woodwind.
 Brill Building Sound – a distinct style of pop music developed in the Brill Building using Tin Pan Alley songwriting.
 Brit funk – funk performed by British musicians, often influenced by soul, jazz, and Caribbean music.
 Britpop – British alternative rock from the 1990s that subverted the depressing themes of the then-popular grunge movement in favor of jangly, optimistic music with lyrics often touching on the themes of partying and working class life. Despite its name, it is rarely viewed as a style of pop music.
 British blues – a style of electric blues developed by British musicians.
 British folk rock – associated with the folk revival of the 1960s, British folk rock tends to use modern, often electric, instruments alongside or in place of traditional and acoustic folk instruments.
 British Invasion – refers to a period where British musicians, primarily of the beat music movement along with some pop acts, became popular in America during the 1960s.
 British hip hop – hip hop music originating from the United Kingdom.
 British rhythm and blues – rhythm and blues (as in the blues style) originating from the United Kingdom; usually more guitar driven than its original form.
 British rock music – rock music originating from the United Kingdom.
 British rock and roll – rock and roll originating from the United Kingdom; commonly viewed as being an inferior version of its original counterpart, its popularity was almost completely replaced by the much more lively beat music.
 Broken beat – a style of breakbeat played in a syncopated 4/4 rhythm with punctuated snare beats.
 Brostep – an aggressive and metal-influenced style of dubstep popular in America.
 Brown-eyed soul – soul music performed by Latinos.
 Brukdown – Belizean music inspired by European harmonies, African rhythms, and the call-and-response format.
 Bubblegum pop – pop music known for its simplicity, happy and cute lyrics, and emphasis on image rather than substance.
 Buddhist music
 Bullerengue – a style of Colombian music with African rhythms and chants.
 Bikutsi – Cameroonian EDM, originating in the Beti community.
 Bulerías – fast-paced flamenco music.
 Bunraku – Japanese folk music often played at puppet theaters.
 Burger-highlife – a style of highlife played by Ghanaian-Germans.
 Burgundian School – a group of French, Belgian, and Dutch composers active in the 15th century, known for their secular forms.
 Bush ballad – Australian folk music often dealing with themes of Australian spirit and rebellion.
 Byzantine music – Greek music performed during the age of the Byzantine Empire; known for its ecclesiastical form (i.e. chants).

C
Ca – Ce – Cha – Che-Chi – Cho-Chr – Chu – Ci-Cl – Col-Cor – Cou-Cow – Cr-Cu

Ca
 Ca din tulnic – Romanian folk music played with the alpenhorn.
 Ca trù – a style of Vietnamese chamber music performed by one lute player and a geisha-esque female singer, used to entertain wealthy audiences, who would be included in the performances, and to perform in religious ceremonies.
 Cabaret – an often jazz-informed style of music played at upbeat stageplays or burlesque shows.
 Cadence-lypso – a fusion of kadans and calypso.
 Cadence rampa – an upbeat style of kadans.
 Cải lương – modern Vietnamese folk opera.
 Cajun music – a style of American folk music developed by the Cajun people of Louisiana.
 Cakewalk
 Calinda – Trinidadian folk music played during practices of the martial art of the same name.
 Čalgija – Macedonian folk style.
 Calypso music – a Trinidadian popular music genre inspired by both African (via Kaiso) and French styles and is known for its lyrics dealing with the racist oppression of native Trinidadians at the time.
 Calypso-style baila – a fusion of baila and calypso.
 Campursari – Indonesian fusion genre, combining several folk styles with pop music.
 Can Can
 Canadian blues – blues performed by Canadians.
 Candombe – a fusion of African and Uruguayan styles developed by African-Uruguayan slaves in the 19th century.
 Canon – any music that combines a melody with copies of itself.
 Cantata – any music sung by a choir with instrumental backing.
 Cante chico – the vocal component to flamenco music.
 Cante jondo – flamenco music that incorporates deep vocals.
 Canterbury scene – a group of British avant-garde, progressive rock, and jazz fusion musicians based in the English city of Canterbury, Kent.
 Cantiñas – an upbeat style of Andalusian flamenco music.
 Cantiga – Portuguese ballad style from the Middle Ages.
 Canto livre – Portuguese folk music known for its far-left political messages.
 Cantopop – any Chinese pop music sung in Cantonese.
 Cantu a tenore – Sardinian style of polyphonic folk singing.
 Canzone Napoletana – Italian music sung in Neapolitan.
 Cape Breton fiddling – a Celtic style of fiddle playing.
 Capoeira music – Brazilian music played during performances of the martial art of the same name.
 Carimbó – music and dance from the northeast of Brazil.
 Cariso – Trinidadian folk music, often considered an early form of calypso.
 Carnatic music – Southern Indian classical music.
 Carol – a festive song, often sung on Christmas or, rarely, Easter.
 Cartageneras – a style of flamenco known for its focus on folklore.
 Carnavalito
 Cavacha – a style of rhythm popular in Kenyan and Zairean music.

Ce
 Celempungan – Sudanese folk music.
 Cello rock – rock music that incorporates cellos.
 Celtic chant – a style of Christian liturgy chant developed in Britain, Ireland and Brittany.
 Celtic fusion – any fusion that includes a Celtic music influence.
 Celtic metal – a style of folk metal/Celtic fusion that fuses Celtic music and heavy metal music.
 Celtic music – any music (usually folk music) of the Celts.
 Celtic punk – a Celtic fusion of Celtic music and punk rock.
 Celtic reggae – a fusion of Celtic and reggae music.
 Celtic rock – a Celtic fusion of Celtic music and folk rock.

Cha
 Cha-cha-cha – Cuban folk music.
 Chacarera – Argentinian folk and dance music.
 Chakacha – music of the Swahili people of Kenya and Tanzania.
 Chalga – a fusion of Bulgarian etno-pop and dance music with Eastern and Arab elements, popular in Southern Bulgaria.
 Chamamé – a style of Argentinian, Paraguayan, Mesopotamian, and Brazilian folk music.
 Chamarrita – a style of Argentinian and Uruguayan folk music.
 Chamber music – classical music performed for a small audience by a small orchestra.
 Chamber jazz – a fusion of chamber and jazz music.
 Chamber pop – a style of indie pop that incorporates elements of orchestral pop (particularly its usage of an orchestra) in order to recreate the sounds of baroque pop.
 Champeta – African-Colombian folk music.
 Changüí – Cuban music that fused African and Spanish styles.
 Chanson – French vocal-driven music.
 Chant – singing or speaking rhythmically to a very small number of pitches.
 Chap hop – a variety of music originating from England that mixes the hip hop genre with elements from the Chappist or steampunk subcultures.
 Charanga – traditional Cuban dance music.
 Charanga-vallenata – a fusion of charanga, vallenata, and salsa.
 Charikawi – music accompanying the dance of the same name of the Garifuna people.
 Charleston (dance)
 Chastushka – humorous and fast-paced Russian and Ukrainian folk music.
 Chầu văn – a downtempo, trance-inducing style of Vietnamese folk music.

Che-Chi
 Chèo – a style of musical theater performed by Vietnamese peasants.
 Chicano rock – rock music (often either a form of rock and roll or a style of Latin rock) performed by Mexican-Americans. May or not be considered a form of rock en español, depending on whether the lyrics are sung in English or Spanish.
 Children's music – any music (mostly folk music) marketed towards children.
 Chicago blues – blues performed by Chicago inhabitants; considered the first form of electric blues.
 Chicago house – house music performed by Chicago inhabitants; considered the first form of house music.
 Chicago soul – soul music performed by Chicago inhabitants.
 Chicken scratch – a fusion of Native American, White American, Mexican, and European styles, performed by the Native American Tohono O'odham people.
 Chill-out music – any music with a slow tempo designed to calm people after raves; originally a synonymous term for ambient house.
 Chillwave – indie pop style known for its looped synths and calming effects.
 Chinese music – any music performed by Chinese people.
 Chinese rock – rock music performed by Chinese people, often fused with traditional styles.
 Chiptune – electronic music that is made on vintage computers/game systems or emulations thereof. May also refer to electronic music that uses samples from video games or vintage computers.

Cho-Chr
 Chouval bwa – Martinican folk music.
 Chowtal – North Indian folk music performed during the Phagwa or Holi festival.
 Choro – fast-paced Brazilian pop music.
 Christmas carol – carols performed during the Christmas season.
 Christmas music – any music tied to the Christmas season.
 Christian alternative rock – alternative rock with Christian themes.
 Christian country music – a fusion of Christian and country music.
 Christian hardcore – a fusion of Christian and hardcore punk rock.
 Christian hip hop – hip hop with Christian themes.
 Christian metal – a fusion of Christian and heavy metal rock.
 Christian music – music with overt Christian themes.
 Christian punk – a fusion of Christian and punk rock.
 Christian rock – rock music with Christian themes.
 Christian ska – ska music with Christian themes.
 Chylandyk – a style of throat singing performed by the Tuva people of Siberia, created to mimic the chirps of crickets.

Chu
 Chula – dance and music genre which originated in Portugal.
 Chumba – a folk and dance style of the Garifuna people of West Africa.
 Church music
 Chut-kai-pang – a fusion of chutney, calypso, and parang.
 Chutney music – Caribbean pop music that fuses calypso and cadence with several Indian styles.
 Chutney Soca – a fusion of chutney and soca music.

Ci-Cl
 Cifra
 Circus music – music made to accompany a circus.
 Classic country – mainstream country and western music hits from past decades.
 Classic rock – rock music that begins in the 1950s and ends in the 2000s.
 Classic female blues – an early, vaudeville style of blues performed by female vocalists.
 Classical music – Western art music known for its use of large orchestras and staff notation.
 Classical period – a clearer, slicker style of Western art music performed in the 18th and 19th centuries, known for its emphasis on homophones and melody.
 Close harmony – any music with notes performed in a close range.

Col-Cor
 Coladeira – Cape Verdean folk music.
 Coldwave – French post-punk.
 College rock – a radio format made by and made for college students that centers on alternative rock.
 Combined rhythm – Dutch Antillean folk music inspired by zouk, merengue, and soca.
 Comedy music – any music that incorporates heavy themes of humor and comedy.
 Comedy rap – a fusion of comedy and hip hop music.
 Comedy rock – a comedic form of rock music.
 Comic opera – a fusion of comedy and opera music.
 Compas – a modernized style of Haitian meringue music.
 Concerto – a three-part classical piece in which one instrument takes lead and is backed by an orchestra.
 Concerto grosso – a style of baroque concerto in which the soloists and orchestra alternate playing.
 Conga – Cuban music played to accompany the dance of the same name.
 Conjunto – a fusion of Mexican and German styles developed by Mexican-Americans who had bought German instruments in Texas.
 Contemporary Christian music – pop music with overt Christian themes.
 Conscious hip hop – a style of hip hop music that's, while not directly political like its successor genre political hip hop, still talks about the struggles within the African-American community.
 Contemporary folk music – a modern style of Western folk music that sprang out of the American folk-music revival.
 Contemporary laïka – modernized and pop-informed style of laïka.
 Contemporary R&B – a modern style of rhythm and blues (as in the catch-all term for African-American popular music) that usually has an overall hip hop/pop production style, electronic-backed rhythms, pitch-corrected vocals, and a smooth, lush style of vocal arrangement that heavily uses the melisma singing technique.
 Contradanza – 19th century Cuban dance music.
 Cool jazz – a relaxed, downtempo style of jazz heavily inspired by classical music, that existed as a reaction to the fast-paced bebop.
 Coon song – music about black stereotypes.
 Coptic music – music (usually chants) performed within the Coptic Orthodox Church; usually contains elements of local Egyptian music.
 Corrido – Mexican storytelling ballad.

Cou-Cow
 Country music – an American popular music genre originating from rural America with lyrics about the hardships of that culture that is played with acoustic guitars, steel guitars, banjos, fiddles, and harmonicas.
 Country blues – a rural, acoustic version of blues. As this style predates the existence of country music and only has lyrical similarities to that genre, it was renamed folk blues during the American folk-music revival.
 Country folk – a fusion of country and folk music.
 Country pop – a fusion of country and pop music.
 Country rap – a fusion of country and hip hop music.
 Country rock – a style of roots rock that incorporates elements of country music, particularly its lyrics and usage of the steel guitar.
 Coupé-Décalé – Ivorian-French EDM drawing on zouk and African influences.
 Cowpunk – a fusion of country and punk rock music.

Cr-Cu
 Crabcore
 Creole music – folk music developed by the Louisiana Creole people.
 Cretan – Greek folk music performed by inhabitants of the island of Crete.
 Crossover thrash – a fusion of thrash metal and hardcore punk.
 Crunk – known for its heavy basslines and shouted, call-and-response vocals.
 Crunkcore – a fusion of crunk and screamo.
 Crust punk – a fusion of anarcho- and hardcore punk and extreme metal.
 Csárdás – Hungarian folk music.
 Cuarteto – Argentinian merengue music, originating in the city of Cordoba, and influenced also by Spanish and Italian styles.
 Cueca – Argentinian, Chilean, and Bolivian styles.
 Cumbia – a fusion of Colombian folk music and African and Spanish styles bought from slaves and colonists, respectively.
 Cumbia villera – cumbia performed by inhabitants of the shantytowns of Buenos Aires.
 Currulao
 Cyber Metal
 Czech bluegrass – Bluegrass music performed by Czech musicians.

D
Da – De-Dh – Di-Dr – Du

Da
 Dabke – Arabic folk dance music, often played at weddings.
 Dadra – light vocal style of Hindustani classical music, originating from the Bundelkhand region.
 Daina – Latvian folk music.
 Daina – Lithuanian folk music.
 Dance music – any music designed to make the listener dance.
 Dance-pop – a danceable style of pop music that contains post-disco rhythms.
 Dance-punk – a danceable style of post-punk and a form of electronic rock that contains disco rhythms.
 Dance-rock – a fusion of post-disco and post-punk; usually contains post-punk instrumentation and post-disco rhythms.
 Dancehall – Jamaican pop music that abandons reggae's roots influences for a slicker, EDM-inspired production.
 Dangdut – melodic and heavily optimistic style of Indonesian pop.
 Danger music – any music that will, somehow, potentially harm either the performers or the audience, linked heavily to noise rock.
 Dansband – Swedish folk music.
 Danza – Puerto Rican style of music that accompanies the ballroom-influenced dance of the same name.
 Danzón – Cuban dance music.
 Dappankuthu – Indian folk dance music, popular in the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, often used as filmi music in the movies produced in those states.
 Dark ambient – a style of industrial music that takes elements from ambient music to create a feeling of dread and foreboding, rather than the relaxation given off by most ambient music.
 Dark cabaret – a fusion of cabaret and gothic rock.
 Darkcore – a chaotic and sinister style of jungle, which relied on pitch-shifting and horror movie audio samples.
 Darkstep – a style of darkcore jungle that takes its signature sinister feel and fuses it with upbeat breakbeats and ambient noises, creating an excessively chaotic tone.
 Dark wave – an excessively pessimistic style of post-punk, which relied on tales of realistic sorrow, rather than the fantasy elements of the then-popular gothic rock.

De-Dh
 De dragoste – Romanian love music.
 Deathcore – a fusion of death metal and metalcore.
 Deathgrind – a fusion of death metal and grindcore.
 Death industrial – a fusion of death and industrial metal, linked heavily to the power electronics scene.
 Death metal – extreme metal known for its distorted guitar structure, growling vocals, blast beat drumming and dark or violent lyrics.
 Death-doom – a fusion of death and doom metal.
 Death rock – a style of gothic rock known for its scratchy guitars, and lyrics focusing on supernatural and pessimistic themes, sometimes delving into intentionally campy horror themes.
 Décima – Hispanic genre of sung poetry.
 Delta blues – blues performed by inhabitants of the Mississippi Delta; considered the first form of blues.
 Deep funk
 Deep house – a style of Chicago house, inspired by jazz and soul music.
 Descarga – a genre of improvised Afro-Cuban music.
 Desi – a style of Hindustani classical raga, associated with the Asavari and Kafi thaat.
 Detroit blues – blues music performed by inhabitants of Detroit, Michigan.
 Detroit techno – techno performed by inhabitants of Detroit, Michigan, USA.
 Dhamar – a tala used in Hindustani classical music, associated with the dhrupad style, and played on a pakhawaj.
 Dhrupad – a vocal style of Hindustani classical music, considered the oldest still being performed today.
 Dhun – a light instrumental style of Hindustani classical music.

Di-Dr
 Diablada – Telluric Bolivian folk music style.
 Digital hardcore – a fusion of hardcore punk and hardcore techno, known for its far-left lyrics.
 Dirge – a song of mourning, often played at a funeral.
 Dirty rap – hip hop with sexual and pornographic themes.
 Disco – a style of dance music with elements of soul music, pop music and salsa music that originated from music venues that were popular with African Americans, Latino Americans, Italian Americans, LGBT people, and psychedelic hippies.
 Disco polo – Polish disco music.
 Diva house – a style of house popular in LGBT nightclubs.
 Dixieland – an early, possibly the first, style of jazz developed in New Orleans.
 Djent – a style of progressive metal known for its elastic power chords.
 Doina – Romanian folk music, informed by Middle Eastern styles.
 Dolewave – a style of alternative rock developed in Melbourne, Australia during the 2010s.
 Dondang Sayang – love ballads from the Malaysian state of Malacca, influenced by Portuguese styles.
 Donegal fiddle tradition – an Irish style of fiddle-playing from the Donegal county.
 Dongjing – Chinese traditional music of the Nakhi people of the Yunnan province.
 Doo-wop – a simplistic style of music known for its vocal harmonies and usually slow and smooth upbeat instrumentation.
 Doom metal – a style of heavy metal known for its low-tuned sound, slow tempos, clean and non-growled vocals and pessimistic lyrics.
 Downtempo – a slow-paced style of electronic music that differs from ambient music in that it also has a beat and rhythm. Sometimes treated as a synonym for trip hop, it differs from that genre by having a less "earthy" sound.
 Dream pop – an atmospheric and melodic style of neo-psychedelia designed to make the audience feel dreamy; despite its name, it is usually not considered a form of pop music.
 Drone metal – a fusion of drone and heavy metal music.
 Drill music – Chicago rap, see Drill (music genre) for more.
 Drone music – an experimental, minimalist style of ambient music, known for drawn-out and repetitive tones, giving it a droning feel.
 Drum and bass – a jungle-derived style of electronic dance music known for rapid-fire breakbeats and heavy basslines.
 Drumstep – a fusion of drum and bass and dubstep.

Du
 Dub music – an electronic offshoot of reggae in which pre-existing recordings (usually the instrumental track of said recordings called riddim) are heavily remixed, resulting in an echoey, reverberating sound.
 Dub techno – a fusion of dub and techno.
 Dubtronica – a fusion of dub and EDM.
 Dubstep – a style of music that is known for its sparse, heavy basslines and dub-inspired reverberating drums.
 Dubstyle – a fusion of dubstep and hardstyle.
 Dungeon synth – an electronic genre fusing black metal and dark ambient.
 Dunun – family of West African drums.
 Dunedin Sound – a style of indie pop based in Dunedin, New Zealand.
 Dutch jazz – jazz performed by Dutch musicians.

E
Ea-En – Er-Ex

Ea-Ep
 Early music – any music made from the prehistoric era until the advent of baroque music.
 East Coast hip hop – hip hop music originating from the American East Coast (largely New York City); considered the first form of hip hop music.
 Easy listening – a popular music genre and radio format known for its slower tempo and the large prominence of strings.
 Electric blues – any style of blues played with electric instruments, most notably the electric guitar.
 Electro – a style of boogie which intentionally sounds robotic and computer-like that later incorporated the rhythms of hip hop music.
 Electro backbeat – any EDM which utilizes a 4/4 drum pattern.
 Electrogrind – a fusion of grindcore and industrial.
 Electro house
 Electro-industrial – a style of post-industrial which used heavily produced and layered synths.
 Electro swing – a fusion of EDM and swing-jazz.
 Electroacoustic music
 Electroclash – a fusion of 1980s synthpop and 1990s techno.
 Electronic body music – EDM-informed style of post-industrial.
 Electronic dance music – EDM; any style of electronic music that is largely designed to be dance to.
 Electronic music – music that utilizes electronic instruments, such as the synthesizer, Theremin, and computer.
 Electronic rock – refers to any style of rock music that contains elements of electronic music (usually its usage of the synthesizer), although the term is largely limited to certain styles.
 Electronica –  a type of music that is produced using electrical instruments such as synthesizers, electronic percussion.
 Electronicore – a fusion of electronic and post-hardcore/metalcore music.
 Electropop – a style of synth-pop that leans more towards the electronic music side than the pop music side.
 Electropunk – a fusion of electronic and punk music.
 Emo – heavily emotional and pessimistic style of post-hardcore, as well as indie rock in its subsequent form.
 Emo hip hop – a fusion of emo and indie rock qualities with hip hop.
 Emo pop – a fusion of emo and pop punk.
 English folk music – folk music of England.
 Enka – a popular, modern adaptation of traditional Japanese music.
 Epic Metal – a variety of heavy metal.

Er-Ex
 Eremwu eu – work songs of the female bakers of the Garifuna people of West Africa.
 Ethereal wave – atmospheric style of dark wave.
 Ethiopian chant – liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.
 Eurobeat – antecedent to Italo disco.
 Eurodance – European dance music and evolution of Euro disco that adapted elements of house and hi-NRG.
 Euro disco – disco originating from Europe.
 Euro house – European house music, usually a house-based style of Eurodance or Euro disco.
 Europop – pop music originating from Europe.
 Eurotrance – European trance music, usually a fusion of Eurodance with uplifting trance and/or hard trance.
 Exotica – a style of easy listening that is meant to invoke the sounds of exotic locations (mostly Oceania) using non-Western instruments such as the Congo drum.
 Experimental music – any music that breaches contemporary standards of music.
 Experimental pop – an experimental style of pop music which attempts to push elements of existing popular forms into new areas.
 Experimental rock – rock music that experiments with the basic elements of the genre.
 Expressionist music
 Extempo – a lyrically improvised style of calypso music.
 Extreme metal – any aggressive, non-commercial style of heavy metal music.

F
Fa-Fo – Fr – Fu

Fa-Fo
 Fado – Portuguese folk music, often touching on the themes of melancholia and working class struggles.
 Falak music – Afghan, Tajik, and Pakistani religious folk music.
 Fandango – Spanish music made to accompany the upbeat dance of the same name.
 Farruca – a light style of flamenco.
 Festejo – a style of Afro-Peruvian music.
 Fife and drum blues – a fusion of Hill country blues and martial music that is performed typically with one lead fife player and a troop of drummers.
 Filk music – style of folk (sometimes expanding to other genres) with heavy science-fiction or fantasy themes.
 Film score – any music written to act as a soundtrack to a motion picture.
 Filmi – Indian film scores.
 Filmi-ghazal – a fusion of filmi and ghazal poetry.
 Fingerstyle – the act of plucking guitar strings with the fingertips.
 Flamenco – a popular style of Spanish folk dance music developed in Andalusia by Romani-Spanish (or Gitanos), but later expanding to the general Spanish populace.
 Florida breaks – a regional style of breakbeat developed in Florida that is centered on rhythms usually found in hip-hop music.
 Folk jazz – a style of folk music (as in contemporary folk music) that contains elements of jazz, particularly its emphasis on musical solos.
 Folk metal – a fusion of folk music and heavy metal.
 Folk – music which usually has a bouncy and western-like feel to it.
 Folk pop – a fusion of folk and pop music.
 Folk punk – a fusion of folk and punk rock.
 Folk rock – a fusion of folk music (as in contemporary folk music) and rock music; usually contains folk song structures and rock instrumentation.
 Folktronica – a fusion of folk music and electronic music.
 Forró – popular Brazilian folk dance music.
 Foxtrot

Fr
 Freakbeat – a frantic, raw style of beat and British Invasion music.
 Freak folk – experimental style of folk, often folk-rock.
 Free improvisation – 1. completely uncontrolled musical improvisation; 2. an offshoot of free jazz.
 Free jazz – a style of jazz that takes the genre's usage of musical improvisation to the extreme, almost to the point of eliminating jazz's other elements. Related and originally synonymous with avant-garde jazz, free jazz is completely improvisational.
 Free tekno – a style of techno developed by anarchists.
 French house – house music originating from France that usually tries to emulate the genre that house music sprang out of: disco.
 Frevo – Brazilian dance styles associated with the Brazilian Carnivale.

Fu
 Fuji music – Nigerian folk music.
 Full-on – style of psychedelic trance known for its rolling baselines and confrontational themes.
 Funaná – Cape Verdean accordion-based dance music.
 Funeral doom – an incredibly slow style of doom metal, made to mimic funeral music.
 Funeral march
 Funk – a popular music genre that combines blues (via rhythm and blues), jazz, and soul music and is known for its de-emphasis towards melodies and harmonies in favor of the bassline.
 Funk metal – a style of funk rock and a form of alternative metal that fuses funk with heavy metal music.
 Funk rock – a fusion of funk and rock music; usually contains rock guitar riffs and funk basslines.
 Funky house – a fusion of funk and house music.
 Furniture music – a calming, live style of background music.
 Future bass – a genre that stems from trap, juke, and UK garage, often containing 808 drums and sawtooth synths.
 Future garage – a style of UK garage known for its off-kilter rhythmic production.
 Future soul
 Futurepop – a style of EDM known for its similarities to synthpop, EBM and uplifting trance, as well as its heavy sampling.

Next sections
 Section G–M | Section N–R | Section S–Z

References

List of styles of music: A–F


Das anaplastisch-großzellige Lymphom (ALCL) ist ein malignes T-Zell-Lymphom, das nach der WHO-Klassifikation zu den Non-Hodgkin-Lymphomen gezählt wird. Der Name leitet sich aus den Begriffen 'Anaplasie' und 'großzelliges Lymphom' ab. Es wurde erstmals 1985 als eigenständige Tumorentität beschrieben.

Epidemiologie
Das anaplastisch-großzellige Lymphom kommt vor allem bei Kindern und Jugendlichen vor, aber auch ältere Erwachsene können betroffen sein. Es macht etwa 15 % der kindlichen Non-Hogkin-Lymphome aus.
Bei pädiatrischen Patienten beträgt das mediane Erkrankungsalter etwa zehn Jahre. Mit einem Verhältnis von 1,8:1 sind Jungen häufiger betroffen.

Klinik
Bei 60 bis 70 % der Patienten wird die Diagnose erst in einem fortgeschrittenen Stadium (III oder IV) gestellt. Häufig ist eine extranodale (außerhalb von Lymphknoten) Beteiligung von Haut, Knochen und Bindegewebe.
Gelegentlich tritt eine Leukozytose auf, vor allem in Form einer Neutrophilie.

Pathophysiologie
Bei der ALK-positiven  Form kommt es zu einer chromosomalen Translokation mit Bildung eines  Fusionsproteins. Die häufigste Translokation ist die t(2;5)q(p23;q35). Dabei kommt es zur Bildung eines Fusionsproteins aus Nucleophosmin (NMP) und der Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK). Durch dieses Translokation kommt  es zu einer Aktivierung verschiedener intrazellulärer Signalwege, die zu einer Tumorentstehung beitragen.

Diagnostik

Die Diagnose wird mittels einer Biopsie gestellt. Als diagnostische Kriterien fordert die WHO den Nachweis typischer Zellen sowie der Expression des Zytokin-Rezeptors CD30. Prognostisch bedeutend ist der Nachweis der Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK). Fast alle Fälle des ALCL im Kindesalter sind ALK-positiv.

Therapie
Die Behandlung findet vorwiegend in spezialisierten Zentren im Rahmen von Therapiestudien statt. Zum Einsatz kommen verschiedene Chemotherapeutika, wie zum Beispiel Methotrexat, Vinblastin, Ifosfamid, Cyclophosphamid und Doxorubicin. Begleitend wird Dexamethason verabreicht.

Seit Ende 2012 ist in der Europäischen Union mit der Substanz Brentuximab-Vedotin ein Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugat (ADC) zur Behandlung des systemischen anaplastisch-großzelligen Lymphoms (sALCL) verfügbar. Brentuximab-Vedotin verknüpft einen anti-CD30 Antikörper über einen Aminosäure-Linker mit dem Zytostatikum Monomethyl-Auristatin E (MMAE). Das Arzneimittel ist zugelassen zur Behandlung von Erwachsenen bei einem Rückfall bzw. Wiederauftreten eines sALCL oder bei einem therapierefraktären (nicht auf die üblichen Therapien ansprechenden) sALCL.

Prognose
Bei Kindern ist die ereignisfreie 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate mit etwa 70–75 % etwas geringer als bei anderen NHL. Allerdings können bei einem Rückfall immer noch 50–60 % der Patienten erfolgreich behandelt werden, so dass die Gesamtüberlebensrate bei etwa 90 % liegt.
Erwachsene Patienten mit einem ALK-positiven ALCL haben mit 60 % eine bessere ereignisfreie Überlebensrate als ALK-negative Patienten mit 36 %.

Literatur
 M. C. Kinney, R. A. Higgins u. a.: Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: twenty-five years of discovery. In: Arch Pathol Lab Med. (2011); 135(1), S. 19–43.
 H. D. Foss, T. Marafioti u. a.: Die vielen Gesichter des anaplastischen großzelligen Lymphoms. In: Der Pathologe. 2000; 21(2), S. 124–136.

Einzelnachweise

Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom
Kinderonkologie

Anaplastisch-großzelliges Lymphom


Biserica Adormirea Maicii Domnului din Meseșenii de Sus este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Meseșenii de Sus (până în 1968 Cățălul), comuna Meseșenii de Jos. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 142113.07.

Lăcașul a fost construit în anul 1785 ca biserică greco-catolică, în cadrul Eparhiei de Oradea Mare.

La recensământul din 1930 localitatea număra 1.616 locuitori, din care 1.573 greco-catolici (97,33%), 28 mozaici (1,73%) ș.a.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Sălaj
Biserici greco-catolice din județul Sălaj
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Maria