Jean-Rodolphe Perronet (Suresnes, 27 de octubre de 1708  – París, 27 de febrero de 1794) fue un ingeniero y arquitecto francés, conocido por sus múltiples diseños de puentes y por ser el fundador y primer director de la École des ponts et chaussées de París.

Vida

Nació en el seno de una familia acomodada de Paris. Su padre era miembro de la guardia suiza. Fue aprendiz a la edad de 17 años de Jean Beausire, primer arquitecto de la villa de París. En el año 1735 fue nombrado como sous-ingénieur (ayudante ingeniero) en Alençon, y un año después ingresó en el cuerpo de ingenieros de puentes de Paris. En 1747 fue nombrado director del cuerpo de diseñadores reales (Bureau des dessinateurs du Roi), trabajando posteriormente en la afamada École des ponts et chaussées, de la que fue fundador y primer director, y donde tuvo de ayudante al ingeniero Gaspard de Prony. Durante este período de su vida tuvo correspondencia con el constructor de puentes suizo Charles Labelye.

Así mismo, contribuyó a la redacción de la Enciclopedia (la Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, editada entre 1751 y 1772 bajo la dirección de Diderot y de d'Alembert), con dos artículos, titulados "Pompe à feu" y "Épinglier" (Bomba de calor y Volante).

Murió en París en 1794, a los 85 años de edad.

Obras
Especializado en ingeniería estructural es conocido por haber realizado numerosas intervenciones de diseño y construcción de puentes. Una de sus obras más conocidas es el Pont de la Concorde (1787), denominado inicialmente como puente de Luis XVI. Publicó unas tablas sobre arcos de puente que fueron empleados por los arquitectos de su época.
 1750-1760 : Puente en Orléans.
 1757-1765 : Puente en Mantes.
 1758-1764 : Puente en Trilport.
 1765-1786 : Puente en Château-Thierry.
 1766-1769 : Pont Saint-Edne en Nogent.
 1768-1774 : Puente en Neuilly-sur-Seine.
 1770-1771 : Pont Les Fontaines.
 1774-1785 : Puente en Sainte-Maxence sur l'Oise.
 1775 : Puente en Biais-Bicheret.
 1776-1791 : Puente en Nemours.
 1784-1787 : Puente en Brunoy.
 1786-1787 : Puente en Rosoy.
 1786-1791 : Pont Louis XVI, posteriormente renombrado como Pont de la Concorde, Paris.

Reconocimientos
 Perronet era miembro de la Academia de Ciencias de Francia. En 1772 fue elegido miembro extranjero de la Real Academia de las Ciencias de Suecia, y en 1788 miembro de la Royal Society.

Referencias

Arquitectos de Francia del siglo XVIII
Miembros de la Academia de Ciencias de Francia
Miembros de la Academia real de arquitectura
Fallecidos en París
Nacidos en Suresnes
Colaboradores de la Encyclopédie (1751-1772)

Jean-Rodolphe Perronet


Mucur, Kırşehir ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Yöreye özgü Mucur halıları ile ünlüdür. Yer altı şehri ile turistik tesisler turizmi teşvik edici özellikleridir. Seyfe Gölü ve Mucur Obruğu ilçenin sınırları içerisindedir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Mucur Belediyesi
 Mucur Kaymakamlığı

Mucur, Kırşehir


Mirje je kasnoantičko nalazište na Malom brigu iznad Postira.

Povijest
Predio Mirje je u starom vijeku bila rimska villa rustica. Na njenim je temeljima sagrađena je ranokršćanska bazilika iz 6. stoljeća. Na njenom je mjestu podignut poslije u srednjem vijeku benediktinski samostan, koji se spominje u Povaljskoj listini. Ranokršćanski samostanski sklop imao je klaustar i izvorno je bio posvećen sv. Stjepanu. Od ostalih ranokršćanskih crkvâ i samostana, samostan na Mirju daleko je od obale.

Osobine
Četvrtasti sklop rasčlanjen je u rizalitima na zapadnoj strani uz koju se proteže poljski put. Po obodu sačuvane cisterne, a u unutrašnjosti ostatci nekadašnjeg trijema s kamenim stupovima. Brojni ulomci kamenog crkvenog namještaja ukazuju na postojanje sakralnog sklopa i datiraju ovaj arheološki kompleks u 6. stoljeće.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5168 zavedeno je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština ".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Znamenitosti Lokalitet Mirje Adriagate - fotografija

Građevine u Postirima
Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Rimske građevine u Hrvatskoj

Benediktinski samostan sv. Stjepana na Mirju


Die 85. French Open 1986 waren ein Tennis-Sandplatzturnier der Klasse Grand Slam, das von der ITF veranstaltet wurde. Es fand vom 26. Mai bis 8. Juni 1986 in Roland Garros, Paris, Frankreich statt.

Titelverteidiger im Einzel waren Mats Wilander bei den Herren sowie Chris Evert-Lloyd bei den Damen. Im Herrendoppel waren Mark Edmondson und Kim Warwick, im Damendoppel Martina Navrátilová und Pam Shriver und im Mixed Martina Navrátilová und Heinz Günthardt die Titelverteidiger.

Herreneinzel

 Setzliste

Dameneinzel

 Setzliste

Herrendoppel

 Setzliste

Damendoppel

 Setzliste

Mixed

 Setzliste

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webpräsenz

French Open 1986


Santa Catarina Mita (Mita: del Náhuatl Mictlán o Mitlán mic- 'muerte' y -tlan 'lugar de') es un municipio sur-oriental que pertenece al departamento de Jutiapa de la República de Guatemala.

Toponimia

Muchos de los nombres de los municipios y poblados de Guatemala constan de dos partes: el nombre del santo católico que se venera el día en que fueron fundados y una descripción con raíz náhuatl; esto se debe a que las tropas que invadieron la región en la década de 1520 al mando de Pedro de Alvarado estaban compuestas por soldados españoles y por indígenas tlaxcaltecas y cholultecas. En el caso de Santa Catarina Mita, recibió su nombre por Santa Catalina de Alejandría y, de acuerdo a Antonio Peñafiel, el topónimo «Mita» proviene del vocablo náhuatl «Mictlán»; este vocablo se forma de las raíces «mic-» (español: «muerte») y «-tlan» (español: «abundancia»), por lo que significaría «Lugar de la muerte», o «Donde hay huesos humanos».

Geografía física

División administrativa

Santa Catarina Mita es un municipio que tiene una extensión de 132 kilómetros cuadrados y es el tercer municipio más poblado del departamento de Jutiapa; tiene un total de 213 personas por cada kilómetro cuadrado. El municipio cuenta con tres colonias, cinco barrios, diecinueve aldeas y treinta y cinco caseríos que son:

{| class="mw-collapsible wikitable" width=70% align=center style='font-size:0.9em'
|+style="color:black";|División administrativa de Santa Catarina Mita
|- style="color:white;"
!style="background:#659ec7;" align=center width=20%|División
!style="background:#659ec7;" align=center|Listado
|-
!style=background:lemonchiffon;|Colonias
|Vista Hermosa, Villa Nueva, Valle Nuevo y Osorio Rodríguez
|-
!style=background:lemonchiffon;|Barrios
|

 Barrio El Centro
 La Javia
 El Barreal
 Santa Elena
 La Ermita
Valle Nuevo
La Colonia
Las Casitas
|-
!style=background:lemonchiffon;|Aldeas
|

 Horcones
 San Vicente
 Suchitán
 Las Lajas
 El Quebracho
 Llanos de Chinchilla
 El Rodeo
 Buena Vista
 Basilar
 Cuesta del Guayabo
 El Limón
 Magueyes
 Santa Rosa
 Los Zorrillos
 Jocote Dulce
 Carbonera
La Barranca
 La Arada
 Zacuapa
 El Coco
|-
!style=background:lemonchiffon;|Caseríos
| La Unión
 Cuesta de Ambrocio
 San Miguel
 La Aradita
 San Isidro
 Laguna de Renata
 La Tuna
 El Roblar
 El Puente
 Los Sandovales
 Hacienda el Coco
 El Jocotillo
 San Nicolás
 San Pedro
 Guachipilín
 Ixtepeque
 El Mosquito
 Llanos de San Vicente
 Cuesta de García
 Los Navas
 San Vicente
 Tierra Colorada
 Casas Viejas
 Uluma
 Potrero Grande
 El Pinal
 El Cuje
 El Escolástico
 Los Tenas
 La Montañita
 Sabanetas
 Cañas Viejas
 Los Chilamates
 Tierra Blanca
|}

Ubicación geográfica

Santa Catarina Mita se encuentra ubicado entre los municipios de Jutiapa, Asunción Mita, Agua Blanca, El Progreso y parte del departamento de Jalapa. En el norte se encuentran los municipios de Monjas,  y San Manuel Chaparrón de Jalapa, al este está el municipio de Agua Blanca, al sur la cabecera departamental Jutiapa y el municipioAsunción Mita, y al oeste se encuentra el municipio de El Progreso . Cerca de su cabecera se encuentra el Volcán Suchitán y es por esa razón que sus carreteras se dirigen de sur a norte.

Gobierno municipal

Los municipios se encuentran regulados en diversas leyes de la República, que establecen su forma de organización, lo relativo a la conformación de sus órganos administrativos, tributos destinados para los mismos; esta legislación se encuentra dispersa en diversos niveles.  Ahora bien, que exista legislación específica para los municipios no significa que a estos no les sean aplicables las normas contenidas en otros cuerpos normativos, pues aunque se trata de entidades autónomas, las mismas se encuentran sujetas, al igual que todas las entidades de tal naturaleza, a la legislación nacional.

Específicamente, las principales leyes que rigen a los municipios en Guatemala desde 1985 son:

El gobierno de los municipios de Guatemala está a cargo de un Concejo Municipal, de conformidad con el artículo 254 de la Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala, que establece que «el gobierno municipal será ejercido por un concejo municipal». A su vez, el código municipal —que tiene carácter de ley ordinaria y contiene disposiciones que se aplican a todos los municipios de Guatemala— establece en su artículo 9 que «el concejo municipal es el órgano colegiado superior de deliberación y de decisión de los asuntos municipales […] y tiene su sede en la circunscripción de la cabecera municipal». Por último, el artículo 33 del mencionado código establece que «[le] corresponde con exclusividad al concejo municipal el ejercicio del gobierno del municipio».

El concejo municipal se integra de conformidad con lo que establece la Constitución en su artículo 254, es decir «se integra con el alcalde, los síndicos y concejales, electos directamente por sufragio universal y secreto para un período de cuatro años, pudiendo ser reelectos». Al respecto, el código municipal en el artículo 9 establece «que se integra por el alcalde, los síndicos y los concejales, todos electos directa y popularmente en cada municipio de conformidad con la ley de la materia».

Listado de alcaldes que han estado al frente de la administración:

 2012-2016: William Duarte

Historia

Se cree que los primeros habitantes del área que ocupa el municipio fueron pocomames, toltecas y pipiles procedentes de México. Los primeros habitantes fundaron a todo el terreno que comprende a los modernos municipios de Santa Catarina, Asunción Mita, Agua Blanca y Atescatempa con el nombre de Mictlán; los principales pueblos de Mictlán eran la Asunción y Santa Catarina y por problemas políticos, religiosos y administrativos decidieron dividir estos dos pueblos bautizándolos con sus actuales nombres conservando el nombre de "Mita". En los primeros tiempos de Santa Catarina, se registró una cantidad total de 1,150 habitantes en el municipio y todos los habitantes hablaban el idioma pocomam.

Tras la Independencia de Centroamérica

Tras la Independencia de Centroamérica en 1821, la constitución del Estado de Guatemala promulgada el 11 de octubre de 1825 estableció los circuitos para la administración de justicia en el territorio del Estado y menciona que Santa Catarina Mita —llamada entonces simplemente «Santa Catarina»— era parte del Circuito de Mita en el Distrito N.º 3 del mismo nombre en el departamento de Chiquimula, junto con Asunción, Achuapa, Agua Blanca, Quequesque, San Antonio, Anguiatú, Las Cañas, Limones, Mongoy, Espinal, Hermita, Jutiapa, Chingo, Atescatempa, Yupiltepeque, Zapotitlán, Papaturro y San Diego.

Creación del departamento de Jutiapa

La República de Guatemala fue fundada por el gobierno del presidente capitán general Rafael Carrera el 21 de marzo de 1847 para que el hasta entonces Estado de Guatemala pudiera realizar intercambios comerciales libremente con naciones extranjeras.  El 25 de febrero de 1848 la región de Mita fue segregada de Chiquimula, convertida en departamento y dividida en tres distritos: Jutiapa, Santa Rosa y Jalapa.  Específicamente, el distrito de Jutiapa incluyó a Jutiapa como cabecera, Yupiltepeque, Asunción y Santa Catarina Mita y los valles aledaños que eran Suchitán, San Antonio, Achuapa, Atescatempa, Zapotitlán, Contepeque, Chingo, Quequesque, Limones y Tempisque;  además, incluía a Comapa, Jalpatagua, Asulco, Conguaco y Moyuta.

El 9 de noviembre de 1853 Santa Catarina se fundó como municipio oficial del departamento de Jutiapa.

Recursos Naturales
Existe una gran cantidad de recursos de fauna, flora, minas, canteras, y eso ayuda mucho al comercio de Santa Catarina Mita. También hay una gran cantidad de bosques, viveros.

Fauna
La fauna es muy variada al igual que los otros municipios de Jutiapa, ya que existen una gran variedad de ganaderías, animales silvestres y de corral. Gracias a la cercanía que tiene con el Volcán Suchitán los animales son muy variados, especialmente los silvestres.

Animales Silvestres
Debido a la gran extensión de bosques y ríos existe una gran variedad de animales silvestres, entre estos están: La sigua montas, cenzontles, loros, zanates, chorchas, tortolitas, garzas, lechuza, pavo real y paloma llanera, la tamagás, mazacuata, zumbadora, coral, iguana, lagartija, garrobo, cutetes, ranas, sapos, venados, gato de monte, conejos, comadrejas, cotuzas, ratones, peces y cangrejos.

Animales Domésticos
Los animales domésticos son muy variados en el municipio, incluso existen extrañamente reproducidos como los romos que salió de una combinación de un mulo y una yegua, entre los animales domésticos están: gatos, perros, cerdos, gallinas, mulas, burros, asnos, caballos, toros, cabritas, vacas.

Minas y Canteras
Se registró hace años una mina de yeso en la aldea El Rodeo, pero no se logró comprobar su existencia. Se registró una cantera de piedras volcánicas aún no explotadas.

Ciudadanos distinguidos

 Baudilio Palma: Presidente interino de Guatemala, diciembre de 1930.
 César Augusto Palma y Palma: escritor y pedagogo. Poseedor de la Orden del Quetzal; fue director del Instituto Nacional Central para Varones y de la Escuela Normal para Varones. Sobrino de Baudilio Palma.
 Gustavo Adolfo Palma: tenor lírico destacado. Aunque nació en el municipio de Jutiapa, sus padres eran originarios de Santa Catarina Mita. Sobrino de Baudilio Palma.
 Efraín Medina: Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala y Ministro de Ganadería y Alimentación en el gobierno del general Otto Pérez Molina.

Véase también

 Elecciones municipales de Guatemala de 2015
 Organización territorial de Guatemala

Notas y referencias

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Municipalidad de Santa Catarina Mita

 Asociación de Catarinecos Residentes en USA -Maryland, New Jersey, Washington y Virginia
 Micatocha.com
 Fraternidad de Catarinecos residentes en EE.UU.
 Municipalidad de Santa Catarina Mita
 Catocha.net La forma más fácil de describir a un catarineco es decirle catocho

Municipios de Jutiapa
Mita
Toponimia náhuatl de Guatemala
pt:Jutiapa#Municipios

Santa Catarina Mita


An Rhaphidophora minor in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Rhaphidophora minor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhaphidophora, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rhaphidophora (Araceae)

Rhaphidophora minor


Maragogipe o Maragojipe es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 41.085 habitantes.

Historia
El municipio fue creado con territorio separado de Jaguaripe y denominación de Maragogipe por Carta Régia de 17.12.1693 y Ordenanza del 16.12.1724. La sede fue elevada a la categoría de ciudad a través Ley Provincial del 08.05.1850, con la denominación de Patriótica Ciudad de Maragogipe. (En la ciudad también reside la discusión sobre la ortografía correta, si con G o con J.)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Maragogipe


Baron Northbrook, of Stratton in the County of Southampton, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1866 for the Liberal politician and former Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir Francis Baring, 3rd Baronet. The holders of the barony represent the genealogically senior branch of the prominent Baring family. The name Northbrook is derived from a tithing of the local parish.

History
The holders of the barony descend from Francis Baring, whose father had emigrated to Great Britain from Germany. Francis was the founder of the family firm that grew into Barings Bank. The firm increased in wealth and influence to the point that, on 29 May 1793, Francis was created a baronet, of Larkbeer in the County of Devon, in the Baronetage of Great Britain. His eldest son Thomas became the second Baronet, also representing Chipping Wycombe and Hampshire in the House of Commons. Sir Thomas was succeeded by his eldest son Francis, third Baronet. Sir Francis held office as Chancellor of the Exchequer and First Lord of the Admiralty. In 1866 he was raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Northbrook, of Stratton in the County of Southampton.

Lord Northbrook's eldest son Thomas, the second Baron, was Viceroy of India from 1872 to 1876. In that year he was created Viscount Baring, of Lee in the County of Kent, and Earl of Northbrook, in the County of Southampton. Both titles were in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. On his death, the titles passed to his eldest son Francis George, second Earl. He sat as a Member of Parliament for Winchester and Biggleswade. The second Earl was childless, and on his death in 1929, the viscountcy and earldom became extinct. He was succeeded in the baronetcy and barony by his first cousin Francis Arthur, who became the fourth Baron Northbrook. Francis Arthur was the son of the Hon. Francis Baring (1850–1915), third son of the first Baron and a partner in Barings Bank.

 the titles are held by the fourth Baron's grandson, the sixth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1990. Lord Northbrook is one of the ninety elected hereditary peers who remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sits on the Conservative benches.

The Baring family is one of the most ennobled in the United Kingdom and numerous other members of the family have gained distinction. The first Baron Northbrook's uncle (his father's next youngest brother) was Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton, two of his first cousins (both sons of Henry Baring, his father's next youngest brother after Lord Ashburton) were Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke, and Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, and one of his first cousins once removed (third son of Lord Cromer) was Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale. Also, the Right Reverend Charles Baring, Bishop of Durham, was his younger brother. The Bishop's son Thomas was a banker and Conservative politician.

Titleholders

Baring baronets, of Larkbeer (1793)
 Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet (1740–1810)
 Sir Thomas Baring, 2nd Baronet (1772–1848)
 Sir Francis Thornhill Baring, 3rd Baronet (1796–1866) (created Baron Northbrook in 1866)

Barons Northbrook (1866)
 Francis Thornhill Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook (1796–1866)
 Thomas George Baring, 2nd Baron Northbrook (1826–1904) (created Earl of Northbrook in 1876)

Earls of Northbrook (1876)
 Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook (1826–1904)
 Francis George Baring, 2nd Earl of Northbrook (1850–1929)

Barons Northbrook (1866; reverted)
 Francis Arthur Baring, 4th Baron Northbrook (1882–1947)
 Francis John Baring, 5th Baron Northbrook (1915–1990)
 Francis Thomas Baring, 6th Baron Northbrook (born 1954)

There is no heir to the barony.
The heir presumptive to the baronetcy is the present holder's fourth cousin, Peter Baring (born 1939). He is a great-great-grandson of the Right Reverend Charles Baring, younger son of the second Baronet.
The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Samuel Nigel Baring (born 1987).

Family tree

See also
 Northbrook Hall
 Baron Ashburton
 Earl of Cromer
 Baron Revelstoke
 Baron Howick of Glendale

Notes

References

External links

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Northbrook
Noble titles created in 1866
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Northbrook


William Jason Reso (born November 30, 1973) is a Canadian professional wrestler and actor. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he performs under the ring name Christian Cage, and is the current AEW TNT Champion in his first reign. He is also known for his tenures with WWE and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.

Reso made his debut in 1995. He wrestled in Canadian independent promotions early in his career, where he competed in singles and tag team competition with his best friend Edge. In 1998, he signed a developmental contract with the then-World Wrestling Federation (WWF, renamed to WWE in 2002) and made his debut the following year, immediately capturing his first championship in the company, the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship, in his debut match. Edge and Christian formed a tag team and gained notoriety for their participation in Tables, Ladders, and Chairs matches. They won the promotion's World Tag Team Championship on seven occasions. They are considered one of the major teams that revived tag team wrestling during the Attitude Era. The team parted ways in 2001, after which, Christian held various singles titles in WWE, including the European, Hardcore, and Intercontinental Championships.

In 2005, Reso departed WWE and signed with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling) under his Christian Cage ring name, after which, he won the NWA World Heavyweight Championship twice. He left TNA in late 2008 and re-signed with WWE in 2009, where he won the ECW Championship and the World Heavyweight Championship twice each until retiring in 2014 due to concussion issues. He was the 23rd Triple Crown Champion and 11th Grand Slam Champion in WWE history.

In March 2021, Cage made his debut for AEW, again reverting to his Christian Cage moniker, and officially resuming his in-ring wrestling career. Following this, he won the Impact World Championship on the first episode of AEW Rampage in 2021 (as AEW and Impact had a partnership at the time), and in 2023, he won his first title under the AEW banner in the TNT Championship.  All totaled between WWE, AEW, and Impact, Cage has won 24 total championships (including seven world championships and nine tag team titles). He has headlined multiple pay-per-view events between WWE and TNA and AEW, and was one of WWE's most prolific pay-per-view performers.

Early life
William Jason "Jay" Reso was born in Kitchener, Ontario, on November 30, 1973, the son of Canadian mother Carol and American father Randy Reso. He played ice hockey and was a wrestling fan as a child. He lived in Huntsville and East Luther-Grand Valley before moving to Orangeville, where he met Adam "Edge" Copeland, who became his best friend and tag team partner. They attended Orangeville District Secondary School together, from which they both graduated.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1994–1998)
In September 1994, Reso enrolled in a wrestling school run by Ron Hutchison at Sully's Gym. One of his early ring names was Christian Cage, a combination of the names of actors Christian Slater and Nicolas Cage. Cage's wrestling career began in June 1995 in a match against Zakk Wyld, which resulted in a draw. In 1997, he was a part of Thug Life, a stable that included Joe E. Legend, Zakk Wyld, Rhino Richards, and Copeland (under the name Sexton Hardcastle). As a tag team on the Canadian independent circuit, Reso and Copeland were known as High Impact and later The Suicide Blondes. The duo held titles in numerous promotions and competed in the United States and Japan. Reso won the East Coast Wrestling Association (ECWA) Heavyweight Championship on July 18, 1998, which he held until October 15, 1999. When Copeland received a tryout match with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Reso went with him and they faced off in a non-televised tryout match, which Copeland was booked to win. After the tryout, once Copeland was promoted from his developmental status to touring with the WWF, he put in a good word for Reso and got him invited to Dory Funk, Jr.'s WWF-affiliated Funking Conservatory training camp in 1998. After completing his training at the conservatory, Reso signed a contract with the WWF to become a full-time performer.

World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) (1998–2005)

The Brood (1998–1999)

When Reso came to the WWF, he shortened his ring name to Christian. Christian made his television debut as a heel at WWF's pay-per-view event Breakdown: In Your House on September 27, distracting Edge during his match against Owen Hart to reveal his allegiance to Gangrel. Christian won the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship in his debut match against Taka Michinoku at Judgment Day: In Your House on October 18. He lost the title to Gillberg a month later.

Christian was given the character of a vampire and formed an alliance with Gangrel and Edge, who (in storyline) was finally persuaded to join what became known as The Brood. At Rock Bottom: In Your House on December 13, The Brood defeated The J.O.B. Squad in a six-man tag team match, then they briefly feuded with The Undertaker's Ministry of Darkness and later joining the team, but upon learning that Christian was beaten into telling Ken Shamrock the whereabouts of Stephanie McMahon, The Undertaker punished Christian by flogging him. More loyal to The Brood than to The Ministry, Edge and Gangrel betrayed The Undertaker and rescued Christian from sacrifice.

Tag Team prominence with Edge (1999–2001)

In 1999, Christian and Edge parted ways with Gangrel, who associated himself with The Hardy Boyz (Jeff and Matt Hardy) to form The New Brood. As a result, they began feuding with The Hardy Boyz and competed in a ladder match for the managerial services of Terri Runnels and $100,000 at No Mercy on October 17, which The Hardy Boyz won. At Survivor Series on November 14, Edge and Christian and The Hardy Boyz faced Too Cool and The Hollys in a four-on-four Survivor Series elimination match, but they lost. At Armageddon on December 12, Edge and Christian competed in an eight-team battle royal which was won by The Acolytes. At the Royal Rumble on January 23, 2000, Christian competed in the Royal Rumble match, but he was eliminated by Rikishi. At No Way Out on February 27, Edge and Christian defeated The Hardy Boyz in a tag team match to determine the number one contenders to the WWF Tag Team Championship. At WrestleMania 2000 on April 2, Edge and Christian defeated The Hardy Boyz and The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) to win their first WWF Tag Team Championship in a triangle ladder match, which ultimately led to the creation of the Tables, Ladders and Chairs (TLC) match. At Backlash on April 30, Edge and Christian defeated Road Dogg and X-Pac to retain titles. At Judgment Day on May 21, Christian, Edge and Kurt Angle lost a six-man tag team match to Rikishi and Too Cool, to whom they lost the titles soon after only to win them back in a four corners elimination match at King of the Ring on June 25. At Fully Loaded on July 23, Edge and Christian lost to The Acolytes Protection Agency (Bradshaw and Faarooq) by disqualification, but they retained the titles.

Following their victory, Edge and Christian portrayed themselves as heels, shifting their in-ring personas from borderline goth to a comedic pair of "cool dudes". During this time, their trademark became the "five second pose", where they performed a pose in the ring for five seconds "for the benefit of those with flash photography" to mock, insult, or amuse the fans. At SummerSlam on August 27, the Edge and Christian successfully defended the tag team titles in the first ever TLC match against The Hardy Boyz and The Dudley Boyz. At Unforgiven on September 24, Edge and Christian lost the titles against The Hardy Boyz in a steel cage match and were not allowed another title shot. At No Mercy on October 22, Edge and Christian (disguised as Los Conquistadores) defeated The Hardys for the titles. The next night on Raw Is War, The Hardy Boyz dressed as the Los Conquistadores and defeated Edge in a handicap match after Christian was taken out backstage to regain the WWF Tag Team Championship. At Survivor Series on November 19, Edge and Christian teamed with Right to Censor's Bull Buchanan and The Goodfather in a four-on-four Survivor Series elimination match which they lost to The Dudleys and The Hardyz. At Armageddon on December 10, Edge and Christian regained the tag team titles in a fatal four-way match involving The Dudley Boyz, K-Kwik and Road Dogg and The Right to Censor, but they lost them eight days later to The Rock and The Undertaker only to win them back days later on SmackDown! thanks to special guest referee Kurt Angle. At the Royal Rumble on January 21, 2001, Edge and Christian lost the WWF Tag Team Championship to The Dudley Boyz. At No Way Out on February 25, Edge and Christian were unsuccessful in regaining the tag team titles, but they eventually recaptured them in the second ever TLC match at WrestleMania X-Seven on April 1.

On the April 19 episode of SmackDown!, Edge and Christian were defeated by The Brothers of Destruction (Kane and The Undertaker) for the WWF Tag Team Championship. At Backlash on April 29, Christian was part of the triple threat match for the WWF European Championship which was won by Matt Hardy. At Judgment Day on May 21, Edge and Christian competed in a tag team turmoil match which was won by Chris Benoit and Chris Jericho. On the May 24 episode of SmackDown!, Edge and Christian competed in a fatal four-way tag team TLC match for the WWF Tag Team Championship in which Benoit and Jericho retained the tag team titles.

After losing the tag team titles, friction arose within the team after Edge won the 2001 King of the Ring tournament on June 24. It was also during this time that Edge was becoming a face during The Invasion storyline. Christian briefly turned face to help feud with The Alliance. Christian turned heel shortly afterward, resulting in the two feuding for Edge's WWF Intercontinental Championship for several months.

The Un-Americans (2001–2002)

At Unforgiven on September 23, Christian defeated Edge to win his first Intercontinental Championship, but he lost it back to Edge in a ladder match at No Mercy on October 21. Christian won the WWF European Championship from Bradshaw on the November 1 episode of SmackDown!. At Rebellion on November 3, Christian faced Edge in a steel cage match for the Intercontinental Championship, but he failed to win the title. At Survivor Series, Christian defeated Al Snow to retain the European Championship. At Vengeance on December 9, Christian and Test faced Albert and Scotty 2 Hotty in a losing effort. In January 2002, Christian lost the European Championship to Diamond Dallas Page. At the Royal Rumble on January 20, Christian entered the Royal Rumble match, but he was eliminated by Stone Cold Steve Austin.

At No Way Out on February 17, Christian and Lance Storm entered a tag team turmoil match with the winners getting a WWF Tag Team Championship match at WrestleMania X8 which was won by The Acolytes Protection Agency (APA). After a series of defeats, Christian announced he would quit the WWF, but Page persuaded him to reconsider and adopted him as his protégé. Christian betrayed Page and faced off against him for the European Championship at WrestleMania X8 on March 17, but he lost. Christian began throwing tantrums in his gimmick at the time whenever things did not go his way and during the same event defeated Mighty Molly to win the WWF Hardcore Championship, but lost the title to Maven later that night.
Christian formed an alliance with fellow Canadian wrestler Lance Storm on the June 20 episode of SmackDown!, complaining that the WWE has a history of prejudice against Canadians, bringing up the Montreal Screwjob as an example. On the June 27 episode of SmackDown!, Test, another Canadian, joined their team, now called The Un-Americans. Christian and Storm won the WWE Tag Team Championship at Vengeance by defeating Edge and Hollywood Hulk Hogan. The trio then defected from SmackDown! to Raw, appearing on the July 29 episode of Raw to attack The Undertaker. The Un-Americans teamed with Triple H, to defeat WWE Undisputed Champion The Rock, The Undertaker and Booker T and Goldust in an eight-man tag team match on the August 12 episode of Raw, after Test pinned Undertaker. At SummerSlam Christian and Storm retained the WWE Tag Team Championship against Booker T and Goldust, before interfering in Test's match with the Undertaker later in the night, only to be tossed out of the ring and for Undertaker to defeat Test. On the August 26 episode of Raw, the Un-Americans attempted to burn the American flag, but were stopped by Booker T, Goldust and a returning Kane. On the September 2 episode of Raw, William Regal joined the team. Regal, an Englishman, was the only member of the team not of Canadian nationality. At Unforgiven on September 22, The Un-Americans lost to Bubba Ray Dudley, Kane and Booker T and Goldust. The Un-Americans lost the WWE Tag Team Championship the next night on Raw to the team of The Hurricane and Kane. On the September 30 episode of Raw, both Christian and Storm lost matches to Randy Orton, while Regal and Test lost to Rob Van Dam and Tommy Dreamer. This led to all four members attacking each other, thus disbanding the team.

Teaming and feuding with Chris Jericho (2002–2004)
Christian formed a tag team with Chris Jericho and competed in a fatal four-way tag team TLC match for the World Tag Team Championship on the October 7 special episode of Raw Roulette, involving Kane, Jeff Hardy and Rob Van Dam and Bubba Ray and Spike Dudley. Despite Kane's partner the Hurricane being absent from the match, he still retained the title. Christian and Jericho won the titles the next week on  the October 14 episode of Raw. At Armageddon on December 15, Christian and Jericho lost the World Tag Team Championship to Booker T and Goldust in a fatal four-way elimination match also involving the teams of The Dudley Boyz and Lance Storm and William Regal.

On January 19, 2003, Christian entered the Royal Rumble match at the namesake event and was eliminated by Jericho. After a short absence, Christian returned on the April 7  episode of Raw, self-proclaiming himself as the new "People's Champion" and began calling his fans "The Peeps" after receiving advice and endorsement from The Rock. On the May 5 episode of Raw, Christian faced Goldberg, but  the match ended in a no contest when 3-Minute Warning got involved which led to a rematch on May 12, where Christian lost to Goldberg in a steel cage match. At Judgment Day, Christian went on to win a nine-man over-the-top-rope battle royal for his second Intercontinental Championship. The following night on Raw, Christian appeared on Chris Jericho's talk show The Highlight Reel sporting a new haircut and ring attire. Christian lost the Intercontinental Championship to Booker T on the July 7 episode of Raw, but he regained it after Booker was legitimately injured at a house show on August 10.

At Unforgiven on September 21, Christian defeated Chris Jericho and Rob Van Dam to retain the title in a triple threat match, but later lost the title to Van Dam in a ladder match on the September 29 episode of Raw. At Survivor Series, Christian was a part of Team Bischoff taking on Team Austin and during the match he eliminated Bubba Ray Dudley before he was eliminated by Shawn Michaels, though in the end Team Bischoff eventually won the match. At Armageddon, Christian and Jericho defeated Lita and Trish Stratus in an intergender tag team match billed as the "Battle of the Sexes."

Also, Christian and Jericho began romances with Lita and Stratus, respectively; and as part of the angle it was revealed to be a bet over who could sleep with their respective female first, with a Canadian dollar at stake. Despite the bet, Jericho continued his relationship with Stratus, which ultimately resulted in Christian and Jericho turning on each other. At the Royal Rumble on January 25, 2004, Christian competed in the Royal Rumble match, but he was eliminated by Jericho. At WrestleMania XX on March 14, Christian faced Jericho in a singles match with Stratus on Jericho's side, but Stratus accidentally struck Jericho, allowing Christian to defeat Jericho. Stratus then joined forces with Christian, becoming his on-screen girlfriend in the process. At Backlash, Christian and Stratus faced Jericho in an intergender handicap match which they lost. During a steel cage match against Jericho on the May 10 episode of Raw which he lost, Christian suffered a severe back injury, causing him to miss almost four months of in-ring action. Christian returned on the August 30 episode of Raw, attacking Jericho and thus resuming their feud. The two had a ladder match for the vacant Intercontinental Championship at Unforgiven, which Christian lost, ending their feud.

Final storylines; departure (2004–2005)
At Survivor Series on November 14, Christian failed to win the Intercontinental Championship from Shelton Benjamin. At New Year's Revolution on January 9, 2005, Christian and Tyson Tomko faced Eugene and William Regal for the World Tag Team Championship, but they failed to win the titles. At the Royal Rumble, Christian competed in the Royal Rumble match, but he was eliminated by eventual winner Batista.

Christian participated in the first-ever Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 21, but he failed to win as the match was won by Edge. Following this, Christian, who had an encounter with SmackDown! wrestler John Cena, began commenting on Cena, claiming he was a better rapper than Cena and denouncing him as "poseur" while being noticeably cheered during these segments. Soon after, then-WWE Champion Cena was drafted to Raw, where Cena successfully defended the WWE Championship in a triple threat match against Christian and Jericho at Vengeance on June 26.

On the June 30 episode of SmackDown!, Christian was drafted to the SmackDown! brand in the 2005 WWE draft lottery and replaced Big Show (who was drafted to Raw) in a six-man elimination match for the newly created SmackDown! Championship, but he lost to John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL). Soon after, Christian was given his own interview segment on SmackDown! called The Peep Show. At The Great American Bash on July 24, Christian faced Booker T in a losing effort. At No Mercy on October 9, Christian competed in a fatal four-way match for the United States Championship which was won by Chris Benoit.

On October 31, his contract with WWE expired. According to wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer, Reso was asked on the spot to sign a new contract, but he declined. His last match occurred during the tapings for the November 4 episode of SmackDown!, where he and JBL lost to Rey Mysterio and Matt Hardy. Despite his quitting, Christian appeared on the October 31 episode of Raw and at Taboo Tuesday on November 1, fulfilling his obligations to the company as he was one of five SmackDown! wrestlers eligible to be voted Chris Masters and Snitsky's opponents by the fans.

Before leaving WWE, Reso filed to trademark the nickname of "Captain Charisma", which allowed him to use it as Christian Cage in the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), but after WWE disputed the trademark claim by citing a provision in the terms of his old contract he stopped officially using it on TNA programming by the summer of 2006, calling himself "The Instant Classic" from early 2007 onwards although he still continued to be referred to as "Captain Charisma" in off-screen appearances and sometimes wore his "Captain Charisma" entrance jumpsuits to the ring at live events.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005-2008, 2012)

NWA World Heavyweight Champion (2005–2007)

On November 13, Reso made his debut in the TNA promotion at TNA's pay-per-view event Genesis under his old ring name Christian Cage. He announced his intentions to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship held by Jeff Jarrett and rejected joining Scott D'Amore's faction, Team Canada.

Cage would defeat Monty Brown at Turning Point to become number one contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. At Final Resolution on January 15, 2006, Cage teamed with Sting to defeat the team of Monty Brown and Jeff Jarrett. and defeated Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Against All Odds on February 12, 2006. Cage had his first title defence at Destination X on March 12, where he defeated Brown to retain the title. On the March 25 and April 1 respective Impact! episodes, Abyss, his manager Father James Mitchell and Alex Shelley showed two pre-taped video packages that had been compiled in the weeks before the episodes, with first on March 25 depicting Mitchell stalking Cage's wife Denise, confronting her and even threatening that "they were coming". The second aired on April 1, with Abyss, accompanied by Mitchell and Shelley, who was taping the segment with a camcorder like the previous video package, attacking Cage at his home in Tampa, Florida and nearly drowning Cage in his own pool. This storyline led to Cage facing Abyss at Lockdown on April 23 in a six sides of steel cage match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, with Cage winning and attempting after the match to attack Mitchell and gain revenge for all his recent evil deeds against Cage and his family, but Abyss stopped him, took a steel chain, wrapped it around Cage's neck and attempted to hang him with it until he passed out, after which Abyss and Mitchell stole the title belt and left the arena. The storyline between Abyss and Mitchell and Cage continued until Sacrifice on May 14, where Cage defeated Abyss to retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship under Full Metal Mayhem rules.

At Slammiversary on June 18, Cage's NWA World Heavyweight Championship reign came to an end as he was defeated by Jeff Jarrett in a King of the Mountain match, which also involved Abyss, Ron Killings and Sting. Larry Zbyszko and referee Earl Hebner intervened at the end of the match by helping Jarrett win. The title was declared vacant until TNA's main authority figure at the time, Management Director Jim Cornette, awarded the title belt back to Jarrett on the June 29 episode of Impact! on the condition that he defend it against the winner of a four-way match involving Cage, Samoa Joe, Scott Steiner and Sting at Victory Road. Jarrett agreed to the condition and Sting became the new number one contender at Victory Road on July 16.

After Victory Road, Cage befriended the new number one contender Sting on the July 27 episode of Impact! by asking for forgiveness for doubting Sting's agenda by coming to TNA in January of that year. Cage went on to say that he had asked Cornette the week before if he could be in Sting's corner in his match with Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Hard Justice, but Cornette had told him he needed Sting's approval. Sting accepted Cage's offer, with interviewer and occasional ring announcer Jeremy Borash announcing Sting's decision in a backstage segment on the August 3 episode of Impact!. On August 13, Cage was in Sting's corner at Hard Justice as he faced Jarrett (with Scott Steiner in his corner) and during the contest interfered to help Sting win numerous times—as did Steiner for Jarrett—until Cage turned on Sting by taking Jarrett's signature guitar and bashing it over his head—turning heel in the process. Cage then allowed Jarrett to pin Sting and retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship.

After the event, Cage began a feud with Rhino one of Reso's real-life good friends as Rhino questioned Cage on his actions at Hard Justice on the August 17 episode of Impact!, but Cage replied saying he did it for the good of TNA. Cage went on to explain later in the episode during a sit-down interview with TNA commentator Mike Tenay that he attacked Sting because he felt Sting did not show enough passion during the encounter to "get the job done" and win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. The following week on Impact!, Cage came down to the ring where he addressed his attack on Sting further until he was interrupted by Rhino, who attacked after a small debate, starting a brawl between the two which came to an end after Cage laid Rhino's head on a steel chair, picked up another chair and bashed it over the outside of Rhino's head performing a one-man con-chair-to in the process. This led to a match against Rhino at No Surrender on September 24, which Cage won. A rematch was held at Bound for Glory on October 22, which Cage also won under 8 Mile Street Fight rules. They had their final bout on the November 16 episode of Impact!, where Cage defeated Rhino in a barbed wire six sides of steel cage match.

Cage's old WWE enforcer Tyson Tomko (now going simply by Tomko) made his TNA debut on the November 23 episode of Impact! helping Cage in a match against Sting. With Tomko at his side, Cage set his sights on the NWA World Heavyweight Championship now held by Abyss and at Turning Point on December 10 fought Abyss and Sting in a three-way match for the title, but he failed to win the match as Abyss won to retain the championship after pinning Sting. Cage fought for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship once again at Final Resolution on January 14, 2007 against Abyss and Sting, this time in a three-way elimination match that he won by pinning Sting after Abyss was already eliminated to win the championship. After Final Resolution, Cage prepared for his title defence against the new number one contender Kurt Angle, who had defeated Samoa Joe in a 30-minute Iron Man match at Final Resolution to gain the opportunity. Heading into their encounter at Against All Odds on February 11, Cage announced on the January 17 episode of Impact! that he had hired a special consultant to assist him in training for his bout with Angle. This consultant was revealed on the February 8 episode of Impact!, who turned out to be Scott Steiner after he attacked Angle following a match pitting the team of Angle and Joe against Cage and A.J. Styles. Cage went on to retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Angle at Against All Odds with Joe as the unofficial special outside enforcer.

Christian's Coalition and departure (2007–2008)

On the March 8 episode of Impact!, Cage proclaimed that he, Tomko and Scott Steiner were an "inseparable family", which he called Christian's Coalition. After a short feud with Samoa Joe, culminating in a victory for Cage at Destination X on March 11 for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, Cage was announced as a captain of a five-man team for the Lethal Lockdown match at Lockdown against Team Angle during the March 15, 2007 episode of Impact!. At Lockdown on April 15, Team Cage (Cage, Tomko, Steiner, A.J. Styles and Abyss) went on to lose to Team Angle (Angle, Joe, Rhino, Sting and Jeff Jarrett). A stipulation was added that the wrestler who got the pinfall would become number one contender for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship and have their title shot at Sacrifice. Sting was the individual who gained the pinfall victory for Team Angle and became the new number one contender.

Abyss was later kicked out of the group after he attacked Cage on the April 19 episode of Impact!. Steiner was the next to leave the group after he was attacked by Tomko following their NWA World Tag Team Championship match at Sacrifice. Cage was set to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Sting at Sacrifice, but Angle was added to the match on the May 3, 2007 episode of Impact!, making it a three-way match. At the event on May 13, the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), the owners of the NWA World Heavyweight and the NWA World Tag Team Championships, stripped Cage and Team 3D of the titles. NWA Executive Director Robert K. Trobich stated the reason was that Cage refused to defend the NWA world title at NWA live events. Cage, still holding the physical NWA world title belt, defended what was billed as the World Heavyweight Championship against Sting and Angle, who was the victor of said contest by making Sting submit (who had "technically" just pinned Cage at the very same moment) and was announced as the new World Heavyweight Champion. On the following episode of Impact!, Angle came to the ring with a new championship belt in-toe and announced he was the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion, a championship that TNA had just introduced at Sacrifice. Afterwards, Cage and Sting came to the ring and the three began to argue over who was the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion, but due to the controversial finish to their match at Sacrifice the title was declared vacant by Cornette and a tournament was held for the title which culminated in a King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary on June 17. Cage won entry into the match on the June 14 episode of Impact! by defeating Abyss. At Slammiversary, Cage failed to defeat the four other men (Styles, Joe, Angle and Chris Harris) and win the title as Angle hung the title belt to become the new and undisputed TNA World Heavyweight Champion.

After defeating Harris at Victory Road on July 17 and him, Tomko and Styles losing to the team of Andrew Martin, Sting and Abyss at Hard Justice on August 12 in a Doomsday Chamber of Blood match to become number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, Cage restarted his feud with Samoa Joe and the two met at No Surrender on September 9, where he defeated Joe by disqualification when Joe refused to release his rear naked choke submission hold he had applied. The two had a rematch with Matt Morgan as the special outside enforcer at Bound for Glory on October 14, where Cage lost to Joe and ended his 23-month-long undefeated streak by not officially being pinned nor made to submit. Cage and Joe fought one more time on the October 18 episode of Impact!, with a spot in the 2007 Fight for the Right tournament to become number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. Cage defeated Joe to gain entry. Cage made it all the way to the final round of the tournament, where he fought Kaz on the November 8 episode of Impact!, defeating Kaz due to interference from Styles and Tomko on Cage's behalf, but the match was declared a no contest, with the finals being determined in a ladder match at Genesis on November 11. He lost the tournament final the second time around at Genesis. Later in the night, Styles and Tomko helped Angle retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship during the main event as Cage looked on from the ramp. Styles and Tomko were later announced as members of Angle's new group, The Angle Alliance, which led to a title match between the two at Final Resolution on January 6, 2008 and also turning Cage face in the process.

On the January 3 episode of Impact!, Tomko left both Christian's Coalition and The Angle Alliance. Cage failed to win the title at Final Resolution as a result of Styles' betraying and attacking him during the bout, ending Christian's Coalition. At Against All Odds on February 10, Cage got a rematch against Angle with Samoa Joe as the special outside enforcer, but he once again was defeated by Angle as this time Tomko interfered and cost Cage the match. Cage teamed with Joe and Kevin Nash (known as The Unlikely Alliance) at Destination X on March 9 to defeat The Angle Alliance (Angle, Styles and Tomko) in a six-man tag team match. On the March 13 episode of Impact!, Cage and Tomko were announced as opposing team captains for a Lethal Lockdown match at Lockdown. At Lockdown on April 13, Team Cage (Cage, Rhino, Nash, Morgan and Sting) went on to defeat Team Tomko (Tomko, Styles, Brother Devon, Brother Ray and James Storm) at the event. Afterwards, Cage and Rhino began competition as a regular tag team, with the pair being involved in The Deuce's Wild Tag Team Tournament for the vacant TNA World Tag Team Championship, but they failed to win the tournament and the championship at Sacrifice on May 11. At Slammiversary on June 8, Cage and Rhino were involved as single competitors in a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, but they failed to win the match. Cage and Rhino went on to team with Styles (who had made amends with Cage and Rhino) in a losing effort against Angle, Brother Devon, and Brother Ray in a Full Metal Mayhem match at Victory Road on July 13. At Hard Justice on August 10, Cage and Rhino defeated Team 3D in a New Jersey Street Fight. Cage was involved in a three-way match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship against the champion Samoa Joe and Kurt Angle at No Surrender on September 13, but he failed to win the title. Cage then went on to participate in another three-way match against Styles and Booker T at Bound for Glory IV on October 12, which Booker T won. Cage was defeated in his final TNA match by Booker T for the newly established TNA Legends Championship at Turning Point on November 9, with the stipulation that if Cage lost, he would have to join the newly formed Main Event Mafia. On the November 13 episode of Impact!, Cage had his final appearance in TNA before his contract expired as during the telecast he was to be inducted into The Main Event Mafia, but Cage was attacked and "injured" by Angle, Booker T, Nash and Scott Steiner after Angle learned that he would go back to WWE when his contract expired.

One night return (2012)
In 2012, Reso made a one night return to TNA at Slammiversary 10 under his old ring name Christian Cage to announce the number one moment in TNA history as voted by the TNA fans (Sting's 2006 return in the aforementioned Final Resolution tag team main event). This was part of a deal which in return WWE were able to use Ric Flair in programming and induct him into the WWE Hall of Fame as a member of the Four Horsemen stable.

Independent circuit (2006)
In March 2006, Reso competed as Christian Cage three times in the United Kingdom for the One Pro Wrestling (1PW) promotion. His first appearance was on March 4 at their All or Nothing: Night 1 event, where he defeated Rhino. His second appearance was at 1PW's Know Your Enemy: Night 1 event on May 26, defeating Steve Corino. At Know Your Enermy: Night 2 event on May 27, 2006, Cage fought against the champion Abyss and Corino for the 1PW World Heavyweight Championship in a three-way dance, but failed to win as Corino gained the fall and the title.

In May 2006, Reso made two appearances for the Ring of Honor (ROH) promotion as Christian Cage. His first appearance was on May 12 at ROH's How We Roll event in a tag match with Colt Cabana against Bryan Danielson and Christopher Daniels, which Cage and Cabana won. His second appearance was a loss to Daniels at ROH's Generation Now event on July 29.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2008)
On January 4, 2008, Cage, while still under contract with TNA, made a one-time appearance for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) at the Wrestle Kingdom II event, teaming with fellow TNA wrestlers A.J. Styles and Petey Williams to defeat RISE  (Milano Collection A.T., Minoru and Prince Devitt).

Return to WWE (2009–2021)

ECW Champion (2009–2010)

Reso returned to WWE on the February 10 episode of ECW under his old ring name Christian as a face, confronting then ECW Champion Jack Swagger. Later that night, Christian defeated Swagger in his first match back. On the February 24 episode of ECW, Christian faced Swagger again for the ECW Championship in a losing effort. Christian won a tri-branded 15-man battle royal on the March 10 episode of ECW, gaining entry into the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 25 on April 5, which he failed to win.

Christian won an elimination chase tournament to become the number one contender to the ECW Championship, gaining a title match at Backlash. At Backlash on April 26, Christian defeated Swagger to win the ECW Championship. At Judgment Day on May 17, Christian defeated Swagger in a rematch to retain the title. At Extreme Rules on June 7, Christian lost the ECW Championship to Tommy Dreamer in a triple threat hardcore match also involving Swagger.

On the June 15 episode of Raw, Christian faced Dreamer for the ECW Championship in a losing effort. After unsuccessfully challenging for the ECW Championship in a Championship Scramble match that also included Swagger, Finlay and Mark Henry at The Bash on June 28, Christian regained the ECW Championship from Dreamer at Night of Champions on July 26.

On the August 4 episode of ECW, Christian retained the ECW Championship in an Extreme Rules match against Dreamer. Christian then began a rivalry with William Regal over the ECW Championship, retaining the title against him at SummerSlam in eight seconds on August 23, and at Breaking Point on September 13. After a few months of defending the ECW Championship on ECW only, retaining the title against the likes of Zack Ryder and Yoshi Tatsu, Christian was part of Team Kingston in a Survivor Series elimination match at Survivor Series on November 22, where he eliminated both Ted DiBiase and Cody Rhodes before being eliminated by Randy Orton. Team Kingston went on to win. At TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs on December 13, Christian successfully defended the ECW Championship against Shelton Benjamin in a ladder match. In late December 2009, Christian became the longest reigning WWE-era ECW Champion. At the Royal Rumble on January 31, 2010, Christian successfully defended the ECW Championship against Ezekiel Jackson. On the February 16 episode of ECW, Christian lost the ECW Championship in an Extreme Rules match to Jackson on the show's final episode. The ECW brand was deactivated shortly after.

World Heavyweight Champion (2010–2011)

On the February 22 episode of Raw, Christian was announced to have re-signed with the Raw brand, defeating Carlito later that same night to gain entry into the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania XXVI on March 28, which he failed to win. Later, it was announced that he would be a Pro on NXT, mentoring NXT Rookie Heath Slater.

Christian was drafted back to the SmackDown brand by the WWE draft. On the May 7 episode of SmackDown, he was placed in an Intercontinental Championship tournament, defeating Cody Rhodes to get to the finals, where he lost to Kofi Kingston. On the July 2 episode of SmackDown, it was announced that Christian would compete in the SmackDown Money in the Bank ladder match at Money in the Bank on July 18, which he lost. In September 2010, Christian tore his pectoral muscle and was expected to be sidelined for approximately six months. Following surgery, WWE released a statement that revealed he was expected to only be sidelined for four months. The injury was put into a storyline with Alberto Del Rio attacking Christian backstage on the September 24 episode of SmackDown. Christian made his return from injury at Elimination Chamber on February 20, 2011, saving Edge from an attack by Del Rio. On the March 4 episode of SmackDown, Christian saved Edge from another attack by Del Rio. On the March 7 episode of Raw, Christian made his in-ring return from injury against Del Rio's bodyguard Brodus Clay, picking up the victory. On the March 11 episode of SmackDown, Christian reunited with Edge and defeated Del Rio and Clay in a tag team match. On the March 18 episode of SmackDown, Christian defeated Del Rio in a steel cage match, but was afterwards attacked by both Del Rio and Clay. Christian was in the corner of Edge when he retained the World Heavyweight Championship against Del Rio at WrestleMania XXVII on April 3.

On the April 8 episode of SmackDown, Christian lost to Del Rio in a number one contender's match for the World Heavyweight Championship after a distraction from Brodus Clay. After Edge's sudden retirement from wrestling on the April 15 episode of SmackDown, Christian won a 20-man battle royal to face Del Rio for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship at Extreme Rules, where Christian defeated Del Rio in a ladder match to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the first time. On the May 6 episode of SmackDown, Christian lost the World Heavyweight Championship to Randy Orton ending his reign at 2 days (5 recognized by WWE due to tape delay). At Over the Limit on May 22, Christian failed to regain the World Heavyweight Championship from Orton. On the June 3 episode of SmackDown, Christian was the special referee for a World Heavyweight Championship defence by Orton against Sheamus, which Orton won only to be hit by Christian after the match with the title belt, turning heel in the process. At Capitol Punishment on June 19, Christian faced Orton for the World Heavyweight Championship once again, but he failed to capture the title as the referee missed his foot under the bottom rope. At Money in the Bank on July 17, Christian won the World Heavyweight Championship for the second and final time after Orton was disqualified for kicking him in the groin (the stipulation was if Orton was disqualified or the referee made a bad call, he would lose the title). At SummerSlam on August 14, Christian lost the World Heavyweight Championship back to Orton in a No Holds Barred match. On the August 26 episode of SmackDown, special guest General Manager Bret Hart announced that Christian would face Orton in a steel cage match on the August 30 episode of SmackDown for the title, which Christian lost to end their feud.

Christian then began feuding with Sheamus, leading to two matches between the two at the Hell in a Cell on October 2 and Vengeance on October 23, both of which Christian lost. On the November 4 episode of SmackDown, Big Show performed a chokeslam on Christian and Christian received a storyline neck injury, preventing him from competing that night and starting to wear a neck brace. On November 9 during the WWE European Tour, Christian injured his ankle and was pulled from a traditional Survivor Series elimination tag team match at Survivor Series on November 20. In December, Christian briefly appeared at the Slammy Awards and Tribute to the Troops.

Championship pursuits and injuries (2012–2014)

At Elimination Chamber on February 19, 2012, Christian returned from his injury to show support for John Laurinaitis. Christian appeared on the March 16 episode of SmackDown, hosting an episode of The Peep Show and given a spot on Laurinaitis' team in a 12-man tag match at WrestleMania XXVIII on April 1. On the March 26 episode of Raw, Christian was injured once again after (kayfabe) re-aggravating his neck and shoulder in a match with CM Punk. Despite the injury, Christian still appeared at the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony to induct long-time friend Edge.

Christian made his return at Over the Limit on May 20, where he won a battle royal to receive a title match for either the Intercontinental or United States Championship and (despite originally selecting to face Santino Marella for the United States Championship) went on to defeat Cody Rhodes later in the show to win his fourth Intercontinental Championship, turning face once again. Christian later explained his turn as inducting Edge into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2012 made him realize that his career could end in an instant and wanted to end his career with the fans' support, wanting to win multiple championships and leave having a Hall of Fame career, much like his best friend. At No Way Out on June 17, Christian retained the Intercontinental Championship against Rhodes in a rematch. On the June 29 episode of SmackDown, Christian and Marella defeated Rhodes and David Otunga to qualify for spots in the World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank ladder match. At Money in the Bank on July 15, Christian was unsuccessful as the match was won by Dolph Ziggler. At Raw 1000 on July 23, Christian lost the Intercontinental Championship to The Miz ending his reign at 63 days and failed to regain it in a rematch the same week on SmackDown.

After a ten-month absence, Christian returned from injury on the June 17, 2013 episode of Raw, defeating Wade Barrett. Later that week on SmackDown, Christian was attacked by The Shield while delivering a promo. On the June 26 episode of Main Event, Christian took on Shield member Dean Ambrose, which resulted in a disqualification win for Christian following interference from Ambrose's stablemates, Seth Rollins and Roman Reigns. That same week on SmackDown, Christian teamed up with The Usos to defeat The Shield, handing the stable their second loss in six-man tag team matches. At Money in the Bank on July 14, Christian competed in the WWE Championship Money in the Bank ladder match, but was unsuccessful as the match was won by Randy Orton. During the match, Christian had his teeth chipped after a strong punch from Sheamus through the rungs of a ladder. On the July 29 episode of Raw, Christian defeated World Heavyweight Champion Alberto Del Rio in a non-title match. That same week on SmackDown, Christian defeated Randy Orton and Rob Van Dam in a triple threat match to become number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship, after which he was attacked by Del Rio during a post-match interview. On the August 9 episode of SmackDown, Christian again defeated Del Rio in a non-title match. At SummerSlam on August 18, Christian failed in his title challenge against Del Rio. On the September 9 episode of Raw, The Shield dragged out an assaulted Christian as a message to anyone that disrespected Triple H following Edge's opinion on Triple H's recent abuse of power. On that week's SmackDown, Edge promised Christian would return soon and get his payback. Christian returned and appeared on the 2013 Slammy Awards, where he presented an award and appeared in a segment involving John Cena and Randy Orton.

Christian returned on the January 31, 2014 episode of SmackDown to defeat Jack Swagger in a qualifying match for the Elimination Chamber match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. On the February 17 episode of Raw, Christian attacked Daniel Bryan from behind and mocked Bryan during the match, turning heel. At Elimination Chamber on February 23, Christian eliminated Sheamus before being eliminated by Daniel Bryan. On the March 24 episode of Raw, Christian won a fatal four-way match including Alberto Del Rio, Dolph Ziggler and Sheamus to challenge Big E for the Intercontinental Championship, which did not come to fruition due to Christian suffering a concussion.

First retirement and sporadic appearances (2014–2019)

After suffering his concussion, Christian appeared as a face on pre-show discussion panels for WWE for events including NXT TakeOver, Money in the Bank and Battleground. He then went on to host The Peep Show program with Chris Jericho at Night of Champions in September, and with Dean Ambrose on the November 7 episode of SmackDown.

Edge and Christian were the guest hosts for the December 29 episode of Raw, where WWE commentator Jerry Lawler referred to Christian as "retired". Pro Wrestling Insider corroborated Lawler's statement, adding that because of multiple concussions and other injuries, the company considered Christian retired as an active wrestler. On the March 2, 2016 episode of Talk Is Jericho, Christian said that while he has had no formal discussion with management regarding his retirement, he would be unlikely to wrestle again. He confirmed his status on the September 22, 2017 edition of E&C's Pod of Awesomeness, saying: "I had to retire, like, right around 40... 'cause of the concussion stuff".

Starting on February 21, 2016, Reso began appearing along with Edge in the WWE Network exclusive The Edge and Christian Show That Totally Reeks of Awesomeness, but in July 2017 it was announced that the show was cancelled from the Network. In mid-May 2016, it became known that Reso had been released from his talent contract. On the June 22, Talk Is Jericho podcast focusing on the Chris Benoit tragedy, Jericho mentioned Christian as an example of modern wrestlers who had to retire as the WWE would no longer give them medical clearances due to concussion related injuries (this was largely as a consequence of the Benoit incident as well as better knowledge of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and other concussion related risks).

At the Raw 25 Years event on January 22, 2018, Christian hosted The Peep Show with special guests Jason Jordan and Seth Rollins, but it was later interrupted by The Bar (Cesaro and Sheamus). On April 7, Christian appeared with Edge to induct the Dudley Boyz into the WWE Hall of Fame. In October 2019, Christian started appearing as a regular contributor on WWE Backstage.

In-ring return and departure (2020–2021)
On the June 8, 2020 episode of Raw, Christian hosted The Peep Show with special guest Edge, who had returned to competition in January and was feuding with Randy Orton. The following week on Raw, Christian was challenged to an unsanctioned match by Orton. Christian, who had no offense in the match, quickly lost after a low blow from Ric Flair, which was followed by a punt kick from Orton. At Clash of Champions, Christian got revenge on Orton by attacking him during his ambulance match against Drew McIntyre for the WWE Championship. He then appeared as a surprise entrant in the 2021 Royal Rumble match, entering at number 24 and lasting over 18 minutes before being eliminated by Seth Rollins. During the match, he briefly reunited with Edge, who would eventually win by last eliminating Orton. Following this, it was reported that Reso was no longer under contract with WWE.

Return to Impact Wrestling (2021)
On the August 19 episode of Impact!, as the new Impact World Champion, he made his first Impact appearance since 2012. The announcers recognized his previous two NWA World Heavyweight Championship reigns, though this recent reign was his first under the Impact World Championship lineage. Upon his return, he retired the TNA World Heavyweight Championship and considered the Impact World Championship the sole world title belt in the promotion. He was then confronted by Brian Myers, his challenger at Emergence, a match which Cage won. He then retained his title against Ace Austin at Victory Road. At Bound for Glory on October 23, Cage lost the title to Josh Alexander.

All Elite Wrestling (2021–present)

Impact World Champion (2021–2022)
Reso made his surprise debut for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as Christian Cage and signed a multi-year contract at Revolution on March 7, 2021. At the Double or Nothing on May 30, Cage participated in the Casino Battle Royale, but he was the last competitor eliminated by the eventual winner Jungle Boy. Soon after, he would begin a partnership with Jungle Boy and become his mentor. Cage would continue to stay undefeated in singles matches, and was ranked as the number one contender for the AEW World Championship, held by Kenny Omega. Through AEW's partnership with Impact Wrestling (formerly TNA), Omega also held the Impact World Championship, and Cage defeated him for that title on the premiere episode of Rampage. At All Out on September 5, Cage was defeated by Omega in a match for the AEW World Championship, marking Cage's first loss in AEW.

"Your father is dead" and TNT Champion (2022–present)

On the June 15 special episode of Dynamite titled Road Rager, Cage attacked Jungle Boy after he and Luchasaurus lost the AEW World Tag Team Championship to The Young Bucks in a ladder match, turning heel for the first time in AEW. Cage would initiate a rivalry with Jungle Boy, beginning with a promo on the following Dynamite in which Cage infamously referenced the death of Jungle Boy's father, actor Luke Perry: "I never wanted to be your father, I never wanted to be your father figure. You have a father. But your father is dead." He would go on to reuse the line in following feuds with Wardlow and Nick Wayne. The two would face in a match at the All Out event in September, where Cage defeated Jungle Boy in 20 seconds after Luchasaurus attacked him and allied himself with Cage. On the February 15 edition of Dynamite, Cage returned from an arm injury and attacked Jungle Boy, renewing their rivalry. At Revolution, he was defeated by Jungle Boy in a Final Burial match, ending their rivalry.

At Double or Nothing on May 28, 2023, Cage lost to Wardlow in a ladder match for the TNT Championship. Wardlow then lost the title to Luchasaurus, with Cage's help, on the premiere episode of AEW Collision, on June 17, 2023. Cage then started a new storyline where he claimed to be the TNT Champion, ostensibly with Luchasaurus's permission, including carrying around the title. This included a critically-acclaimed segment on the August 5 episode of Collision where he had his actual 10-year-old daughter kicked out of the arena because she wanted to hold the belt while Cage ironically mentioned he was a "good role model for children". On the August 23 edition of Dynamite, Cage was added to the tag team coffin match at All In, following AR Fox's removal from the Mogul Embassy, replacing the latter and teaming with Swerve Strickland to face Darby Allin and Sting. On August 27 at the event, Cage and Strickland were defeated by Allin and Sting, who threw Strickland in the coffin to win the match.

During Collision on September 23, Cage was in a Triple Threat match with Darby Allin and Luchasaurus, which ended with Cage pinning Luchasaurus to become the legitimate TNT Champion. At WrestleDream, Cage successfully defended the TNT Championship against Allin in a two out of three falls match. After the match, Cage, Luchasaurus, and Nick Wayne (who turned against Allin) assaulted Allin and Sting; they were interrupted by Adam Copeland, Cage's former tag team partner in WWE now going by his real name and making his AEW debut, who ran out to confront Cage and save Allin.

Professional wrestling style and persona
Christian began to build up a loyal fanbase around the spring of 2005, despite his placement as a villain; he referred to them as his "Peeps", "Peepulation" (a play on the word "population"), or the "Christian Coalition". He also hosted a talk show segment called The Peep Show which sometimes gets co-hosted by Edge called The Cutting Edge Peep Show.

As a finisher, Christian uses an inverted double underhook facebuster, called the Killswitch. He also utilized a spear as tribute to his best friend Edge, as well as a frog splash in memory of Eddie Guerrero.

Personal life
While on tour with WWE in England, Reso met German model Denise Hartmann; they were married on May 25, 2001. In December 2013, Reso announced the birth of his daughter during the time he had taken off due to recurring post-concussive symptoms. On May 2, 2019, Hartmann filed for divorce from Reso. The divorce was finalized in January 2020.

Reso is best friends with fellow professional wrestler Adam Copeland, better known in the WWE as Edge. The two grew up together in their native home of Orangeville, Ontario and went to the same high school and wrestling training academy.

Other media
In 2007, TNA Home Video released a DVD titled The Instant Classic: Christian Cage, covering his beginnings in the independent circuit and other various subjects up to his second NWA World Heavyweight Championship reign. Reso is also the host of the DVD The Ladder Match 2: Crash and Burn. In September 2015, Edge and Christian were guests on the Stone Cold Steve Austin Podcast, which aired on the WWE Network. Edge and Christian were also the hosts and stars of a WWE Network sketch comedy series titled The Edge and Christian Show That Totally Reeks of Awesomeness, which had two seasons, the first of which aired from February to May 2016 with the second from November 2018 to February 2019.

Christian has been a playable character in several of WWE's video games, including WWF Attitude (1999), WWF WrestleMania 2000 (1999), WWF SmackDown! (2000), WWF No Mercy (2000), WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role (2000), WWF/E With Authority! (2001), WWF Road to WrestleMania (2001), WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It (2001), WWF/E Raw (2002),  WWE WrestleMania X8 (2002), WWE Road to WrestleMania X8 (2002), WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth (2002), WWE Crush Hour (2003), WWE WrestleMania XIX (2003), WWE Raw 2 (2003), WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain (2003), WWE Day of Reckoning (2004), WWE Survivor Series (2004), WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw (2004), WWE Day of Reckoning 2 (2005), WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006 (2005), WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 (2009), WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 (2010), WWE '12 (2011), WWE WrestleFest (2012), WWE '13 (2012), WWE 2K14 (2013), WWE SuperCard (2014), WWE 2K15 (2014), WWE 2K17 (2016), WWE Champions (2017), WWE 2K18 (2017), WWE 2K19 (2018), WWE 2K20 (2019), and WWE 2K Battlegrounds (2020). He also appears in the TNA video game TNA iMPACT! (2008) and the All Elite Wrestling (AEW) video game AEW Fight Forever (2023).

Since March 2017, Reso has hosted a podcast with Copeland called E&C's Pod of Awesomeness.

Filmography

Film

Television

Championships and accomplishments

 All Elite Wrestling
 AEW TNT Championship (1 time, current)
 East Coast Wrestling Association
 ECWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Insane Championship Wrestling
 ICW Street Fight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Sexton Hardcastle
 Impact Wrestling
 NWA World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 Impact World Championship (1 time)
 Gauntlet for the Gold (2008 – TNA World Heavyweight Championship)
 TNA Year End Awards (2 times)
 Memorable Moment of the Year (2005)
 Who To Watch in 2006 (2005)

 International Wrestling Alliance
 IWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Earl the Orderly

 Pennsylvania Championship Wrestling
 PCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Match of the Year (2000) with Edge vs. The Dudley Boyz and The Hardy Boyz in a triangle ladder match at WrestleMania 2000
 Match of the Year (2001) with Edge vs. The Dudley Boyz and The Hardy Boyz in a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match at WrestleMania X-Seven
 Ranked No. 7 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2007
 Ranked No. 454 of the top 500 greatest wrestlers in the PWI Years in 2003
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Tag Team of the Year (2000)
 Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006)
 World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE
 ECW Championship (2 times)
 World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 WWE Intercontinental Championship (4 times)
 WWF European Championship (1 time)
 WWF Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 WWF World Tag Team Championship (9 times) – with Edge (7), Lance Storm (1) and Chris Jericho (1)
 23rd Triple Crown Champion
 11th Grand Slam Champion

References

Notes

External links

1973 births
21st-century Canadian male actors
All Elite Wrestling personnel
Canadian expatriate professional wrestlers in the United States
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Canadian podcasters
ECW Heavyweight Champions/ECW World Heavyweight Champions
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan
Living people
Male actors from Ontario
NWA World Heavyweight Champions
Professional wrestlers from Florida
Professional wrestlers from Ontario
Professional wrestling podcasters
Sportspeople from Kitchener, Ontario
Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida
TNA World Heavyweight/Impact World Champions
World Heavyweight Champions (WWE)
WWF European Champions
WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions
WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions
WWE Grand Slam champions
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
World Tag Team Champions (WWE)
WWF Light Heavyweight Champions

Christian Cage


Arctostaphylos bicolor, biljna vrsta, nekada klasificirana u monotipski rod iz porodice vrjesovki čiji je jedini predstavnik spororastući grm A. bicolor. Područje mu je ograničeno na jug američke države Kalifornije i meksički poluotok California.

Može narasti do pet metara visine. Raste uspravno, obično s više debala i sfernom krošnjom. Listovi su duguljasti, tamnozeleni, s donje strane svjetliji. Cvate od prosinca do veljače. Plodovi su tamnocrvene do gotovo crne boje, promjera 7 mm, s vrlo malo mesa, i drvenastom sjemenkom.

Plod je hrana pticama, a u domorodačko doba Luiseño Indijanci preko noći su zrele plodove natapali u hladnoj vodi, kako bi dobili napitak nalik jabukovači.

Sinonimi
 Xylococcus bicolor Nutt., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. N. S. 8: 259 (1843)
 Arctostaphylos bicolor (Nutt.) Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Ser. II. 2: 181 (1889)
 Arctostaphylos clevelandi A.Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 61 (1877)
 Arctostaphylos veatchii Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 2: 19 (1863)
 Comarostaphylis bicolor (Nutt.) Klotzsch, Linnaea, 24: 78 (1851)

Izvori

Arbutoideae

Arctostaphylos bicolor


Brexit (;; cuvânt telescopat din "British" și "exit") a fost  și din Euratom a Regatului Unit. Regatul Unit este prima și până în prezent singura țară care a părăsit UE, după 47 de ani de când a fost stat membru al UE și al predecesoarei sale, Comunitatea Europeană (CE), de la 1 ianuarie 1973. A continuat să participe la Uniunea vamală a Uniunii Europene și Piața Unică Europeană într-o perioadă de tranziție care s-a încheiat la 31 decembrie 2020 la 23:00 GMT (00:00 CET).

 a anunțat în mod oficial retragerea țării în martie 2017, începând . Regatul Unit s-a retras din UE la 23:00 GMT (00:00 CET) la 31 ianuarie 2020, începând o perioadă de tranziție care s-a încheiat la 31 decembrie 2020. În perioada de tranziție de 11 luni, Marea Britanie și UE au negociat viitoarea lor relație. Marea Britanie a rămas supusă legislației Uniunii Europene și a rămas parte a Uniunii vamale a UE și a Pieței Unice Europene în perioada de tranziție, dar nu a mai fost reprezentată în organismele sau instituțiile politice ale UE.

Istoric
Retragerea a fost susținută de eurosceptici și respinsă de proeuropeni, ambele categorii provenind din aproape tot spectrul politic. Marea Britanie s-a alăturat Comunităților Europene (CE) (principal Comunitatea Europeană (EEC)) în 1973, calitatea de membru în continuare fiind aprobată printr-un referendum din 1975. În anii 1970–1980, retragerea din UE a fost pledată în principal de stânga politică, de exemplu în manifestul electoral al Partidului Laburist din 1983. Începând cu anii 1990, aripa eurosceptică a Partidului Conservator a crescut și a condus o rebeliune asupra ratificării Tratatului de la Maastricht din 1992 care a instituit UE. Aripa eurosceptică a Partidului Conservator a condus o rebeliune în ratificarea tratatului și, cu Partidul Regatul Unit Independenței (UKIP) și campania People's Pledge a presat pe Prim-ministru conservator David Cameron de a organiza un referendum privind continuarea Calitatea de membru al UE, care a avut loc în iunie 2016. Cameron, care a făcut campanie pentru a rămâne, și-a dat demisia după rezultat și a fost succedat de Theresa May.

La 29 martie 2017, guvernul Regatului Unit a început oficial procesul de retragere prin invocarea articolului 50 din Tratatul privind Uniunea Europeană cu permisiunea Parlamentului. May a convocat o alegere generală în iunie 2017, care a avut ca rezultat un guvern minoritar conservator susținut de Partidul Democrat Unionist. Negocierile de retragere Marea Britanie-UE au început mai târziu în acea lună. Marea Britanie a negociat să părăsească uniunea vamală și Piața Unică a UE. Aceasta a dus la un acord de retragere din noiembrie 2018, dar parlamentul Regatului Unit a votat împotriva ratificării acestuia de trei ori. Partidul Laburist a dorit orice acord pentru menținerea unei uniuni vamale, în timp ce mulți conservatori s-au opus acordului financiar al acordului, precum și "Irish backstop" conceput pentru a preveni controalele la frontieră dintre Irlanda de Nord și Republica Irlanda. Liberalii Democrați, Partidul Național Scoțian și alții au căutat să inverseze Brexit-ul printr-un al doilea referendum propus.

În martie 2019, parlamentul Regatului Unit a votat pentru luna mai pentru a solicita UE să întârzie Brexit-ul până în aprilie, iar mai târziu în octombrie. După ce nu a reușit să obțină acordul aprobat, May și-a dat demisia din funcția de prim-ministru în iulie și a fost succedată de Boris Johnson. El a încercat să înlocuiască anumite părți ale acordului și a promis să părăsească UE până la noul termen. La 17 octombrie 2019, guvernul Regatului Unit și UE au convenit un acord de retragere revizuit, cu noi aranjamente pentru Irlanda de Nord. Parlamentul a aprobat acordul pentru control suplimentar, dar a respins trecerea acestuia în lege înainte de data de 31 octombrie și a obligat guvernul (prin "Legea Benn") să ceară o a treia întârziere Brexit. La 12 decembrie au avut loc alegeri generale anticipate. Conservatorii au câștigat o majoritate mare la alegerile respective, Johnson declarând că Marea Britanie va părăsi UE la începutul anului 2020. Acordul de retragere a fost ratificat de Marea Britanie la 23 ianuarie și de UE la 30 de ianuarie și a intrat în vigoare la 31 ianuarie.

Multe efecte ale Brexitului depind de cât de strânsă va fi relația Marea Britanie cu UE sau dacă perioada de tranziție expiră fără a fi convenit termenii (un "Brexit fără acord"). Consensul larg dintre economiști este acela că Brexit-ul va dăuna economiei Regatului Unit și va reduce venitul real pe cap de locuitor pe termen mediu și lung și că referendumul în sine a afectat economia. Brexitul va reduce probabil imigrația din țările din Spațiul Economic European (SEE) în Marea Britanie și prezintă provocări pentru învățământul superior, cercetarea academică și securitatea din Marea Britanie. În urma Brexit-ului, legislația UE și Curtea de Justiție a UE nu vor mai avea supremația asupra legilor britanice sau a Curții Supreme, decât într-o măsură temporară convenită într-un acord de retragere. Legea Uniunea Europeană (Retragere) păstrează legislația comunitară relevantă ca drept intern, pe care Marea Britanie ar putea apoi să o modifice sau să o abroge.

Cronologie
Evenimentele majore ale Brexit-ului cuprind și cele de mai jos.

2016
23 iunie: are loc referendumul în Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei de Nord

2017
29 martie: Theresa May activează Articolul 50 al Tratatului privind Uniunea Europeană și demarează procesul de ieșire din UE

2019
 15 ianuarie: Camera Comunelor a Parlamentului Regatului Unit respinge prin vot acordul negociat de Theresa May
 12 martie: Camera Comunelor respinge pentru a doua oară acordul de retragere
 29 martie: este respins prin vot acordul de retragere
 20 decembrie: acordul de retragere negociat de Boris Johnson a fost adoptat de Parlamentul britanic

2020
 31 ianuarie: Regatul Unit părăsește oficial Uniunea Europeană.

Note explicative

Note

Legături externe

 Brexit pe Ministerul Afacerilor Externe

Acronime de șase litere
Cuvinte-valiză
Relațiile externe ale Regatului Unit
Retragere din Uniunea Europeană

Brexit


Brodmann area 40 (BA40) is part of the parietal cortex  in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe.

It is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus, the posterior subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. It is bounded caudally by the angular area 39 (H), rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909).

Cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of rostral BA40/the supramarginal gyrus are PF, PFcm, PFm, PFop, and PFt.  Area PF is the homologue to macaque area PF, part of the mirror neuron system, and active in humans during imitation.

Function
The supramarginal gyrus part of Brodmann area 40 is the region in the inferior parietal lobe that is involved in reading both as regards meaning and phonology.

Additional images

See also

 parietal operculum
 Brodmann area
 List of regions in the human brain

References

40
Parietal lobe

Brodmann area 40


حركة القطب أو الحركة القطبية  للأرض هي حركة  اهتزازية بطيئة لمحور دوران الأرض, و هذا التغير صغير جداً لا يتجاوز الأمتار لفترات طويلة.

و قد بدأ هذا التغير رغم صغره يستحوذ على اهتمام العلماء و خصوصاً  الجيوديزيين لاهتمامهم بالتحديدالدقيق  للجيوئيد geoid.

إن المرجع الدقيق للوصف الحالي لموضع القطب نسبة للموقع الثابت للأرض يعطى من قبل IERS.

IERS: International Earth rotati

on and Reference system Services.

لقد لاحظ بعض العلماء منذ أكثر من 150 عاما بأن قطبي الأرض (الشمالي والجنوبي) ليسا ثابتين تماما. حاليا يعرف العلماء بأن القطب الشمالي للأرض (تقاطع محور الدوران مع سطح الأرض) يتغير سنويا بشكل حلزوني تقريبا بقيمة تبلغ عدة أمتار فوق سطح الأرض، وأيضا بأن مكان القطب يتجه كل 100 سنة بمقدار 10-12 متر باتجاه 80° غربا (راجع خط الطول) وهو ما يطلق عليه مصطلح الحركة القطبية (polar motion).

أسباب الحركة القطبية
يكمن السبب في أن تقاطع محور دوران الأرض مع سطحها ليس ثابتا تماما في العوامل الآتية:

1-  الأرض ليست جسماً صلباً بل باطنها  لدن.

2- الأرض ليست  كروية الشكل تماماً.

3- يطرأ على سطح الأرض تشوهات  وتغيرات فصلية.

4- حدوث تغيرات و انزياح للطبقات في باطن الأرض.

المرجع القطبي
كمرجع جغرافي للقطبين الشمالي والجنوبي تم في ما بين عامي 1900 و 1905 أخذ القيمة التوسطة لنقاط التقاطع ما بين محور الأرض وسظحها وأطلق عليه بالإنجلزية (CIO: Conventional International Orgin). يجب التنويه هنا بأنه لا يجوز الخلط بين الحركة القطبية هنا وبين تغير اتجاه محور دوران الأرض فضائيا (راجع القطب السماوي). إن الكثير من الأجرام السماوية تؤثر على حركة الأرض بشكل ما، فالقمر والكواكب الأخرى ترتبط مع الأرض بجاذبية محسوبة ويمكن بناءً على ذلك التنبؤ بحركة الأرض لفترة 26000 سنة.
على العكس من ذلك يكون الأمر في حالة الأقطاب المغناطيسية للأرض، حيث يتغير مكان القطبين المغناطيسيين الشمالي والجنوبي بسرعة ولمسافات كبيرة.

تأريخ
برغم أن مقدار الحركة القطبية عدة أمتار فقط فقد تم تقديرها في عام 1860 وأُثبتت عام 1885 من العالم الفلكي الألماني كارل فريدرش كونستر (Karl Friedrich Küstner) عبر قياسات متعددة قام بها وكانت نتائجه قريبة جدا لما توصل له العلماء في القرن العشرين باستعمال أدوات القياس الدقيقة

الهيئة الدولية لدوران الأرض والنظم المرجعية
لقد تم تأسيس الهيئة العلمية المسؤولة عن الحركة القطبية International Polar Motion Service (IPMS) عام 1899، من أجل متابعة وبحث هذا الموضوع بدقة. استخدمت لهذا الغرض خمس مراصد في قارات مختلفة، والتي تقع كلها بزاوية 39.8° شمالاً. عبرا قياسات زمنية طويلة تم تحديد شكل المنحنى الذي تتحرك به الأقطاب.
عدة سنوان بعد ظهور علم الفضاء الحديث، تم تصحيح القياسات عبر طرق جيوديسيا الأقمار الصناعية (راجع الجيوديسيا)، لهذا الغرض تم تأسيس هيئة بحث الحركة القطبية (IPMS) والتي تحصل على المعلومات المتعلقة بالحركة القطبية بخمس أو ست طرق قياس مختلفة.

انظر أيضا
 الهيئة الدولية لدوران الأرض والنظم المرجعية

المصادر

علم المساحة
علم تقسيم الأرض
مبادرة (حركة)
هندسة فلكية

حركة القطب


Axel Thue (født 19. februar 1863 i Tønsberg, død 7. marts 1922) var en norsk matematiker.

Kilder

Matematikere fra Norge
Professorer fra Norge
Ansatte ved Oslo Universitet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Norge
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Norge
Nordmænd i 1800-tallet
Nordmænd i 1900-tallet
Personer fra Tønsberg

Axel Thue (matematiker)


ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ වම් දන්තධාතූන් වහන්සේ තැන්පත් කර ඇති හෝ අතීතයේ තැන්පත්  කරතිබූ ඒ සඳහාම වෙන්කල ස්ථිරගොඩනැගිලි දළදා මාලිගා නම්වේ.

දළදා  මාළිගා ලයිස්තුව

අනුරාධපුර යුගය
 අනුරාධපුර පළමු දළදා මාළිගාව
 අනුරාධපුර දෙවන දළදා මාළිගාව
 අනුරාධපුර තෙවන දළදා මාළිගාව

පොලෙන්නරු යුගය
අටදාගේ
හැටදාගේ

කුරුණෑගල යුගය

කොට්ටේ යුගය

මහනුවර යුගය
 සෙංකඩගල දළදා මාලිගාව

කොළඹ යුගය
ඉංග්‍රීසීන් සිංහල රාජධානිය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම යටත් කරගත් පසු පාලනය සහ පරිපාලනය කොළඹ නගරයට ගෙන ගියද දළදාව කොළඹට රැගෙන යාම සිදු නොවුනි.
 සෙංකඩගල දළදා මාලිගාව

ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ යුගය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන සහ පාලන අගනුවර ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ වෙත ගෙනගොස් දළදා මාලිගයක් සාදා දන්ත ධාතූන් වහන්සේ ඒවෙත වැඩම කරවන බව එවකට ජනාධිපති ජේ.ආර්. ජයවර්ධන විසින් පවසා සිටින ලදී. එනමුත විවිධ හේතු මත මෙම කාර්ය සිදු නොවුනි.

මල්වතු හා අස්ගිරි යන දෙපාර්ශවයේ ස්වාමීන් වහන්සේලා දිනපතාම දළදා වහන්සේට පූජා සත්කාර කරති. මෙම පූජාව (තේවාව) දිනකට තුන් වරක් (පාන්දර, දවල් සහ සවස) පවත්වයි. බදාදා දිනවල විශේෂ පූජාවක් ලෙස නානුමුර මංගල්‍යය පවත්වයි. මෙහිදී සුවඳ ගැන්වූ ඖෂධීය ජලයෙන් සංකේත වශයෙන් දළදා වහන්සේ ස්නානය කරවනු ලබයි. මෙසේ ස්නානය කරවීමෙන් ලැබෙන ජලයේ රෝග සුව කරීමේ ආනුභාවයක් ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ.
 සෙංකඩගල දළදා මාලිගාව

දළදා මාළිගා

දළදා මාලිගා


عماد الدين أبو علي عبد الله بن محمد بن عبد الرزّاق الحربوي  المعروف بابن الخوام البغدادي العراقي (643 هـ-736 هـ)؛ طبيب ورياضي عربي، ولد ومات في بغداد زمن الدولة الإلخانية.

عنه
ولد سنة 643 هـ وعاش في بغداد فكان رئيس أطبائها، وفيها توفي سنة 736 هـ. ذكر من تصانيفه (رسالة الفراسة)، (مقدّمة في الطب)، و(القواعد البهائية) في الحساب.

المصادر

أطباء مسلمون
الرياضيات عند المسلمين
مواليد 643 هـ
وفيات 736 هـ

ابن الخوام


Freshmart (stylisé freshmart) est une chaîne de supermarchés basée en Ontario, au Canada. Il s'agit d'une unité de Loblaw Companies Limited, le plus grand distributeur alimentaire au Canada.

Contexte
Les magasins Freshmart sont généralement exploités par un propriétaire de franchise. Les magasins sont généralement situés dans des communautés rurales.

Enseigne de supermarchés ayant son siège au Canada

Freshmart


Tanacetum is a genus of about 160 species of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, native to many regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They are known commonly as tansies. The name tansy can refer specifically to Tanacetum vulgare, which may be called the common tansy or garden tansy for clarity. The generic name Tanacetum means 'immortality' in Botanical Latin, since tansy was once placed between the burial sheets of the dead to repel vermin.

Other familiar species include costmary (T. balsamita) and feverfew (T. parthenium).

Tansies are mainly perennial herbs, but some are annuals and subshrubs. Some are a few centimeters tall and some reach . They vary in form, with one or more branching stems growing erect or prostrate, usually from rhizomes. They are hairy to hairless in texture, and most are aromatic. The leaves are alternately arranged, the blades sometimes borne on petioles. They are usually deeply lobed and may have toothed edges. Most species have flowers in loose or dense inflorescences. The flower has layers of distinct phyllaries around its base and may be flat to hemispheric in shape. The flower has many yellow disc florets, sometimes over 300. Some species have ray florets in shades of yellow, or white with yellowish bases. Some species lack true ray florets but have flat yellowish disc florets that look like rays. The fruit is a ribbed, glandular cypsela, usually with a pappus on the end.

Selected species
Species include:

Tanacetum abrotanifolium (L.) Druce
Tanacetum abrotanoides
Tanacetum achilleifolium (M. Bieb.) Sch. Bip.
Tanacetum alatavicum
Tanacetum annuum – Moroccan Tansy, Blue Tansy
Tanacetum argenteum (Lam.) Willd.
Tanacetum atkinsonii (C.B.Clarke) Kitam.
Tanacetum balsamita L. – costmary
Tanacetum bipinnatum (L.) Sch. Bip. – Lake Huron tansy, camphor tansy
Tanacetum camphoratum Less. – dune tansy
Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip. – Dalmatian insect-flower, Dalmatian pyrethrum
Tanacetum coccineum (Willd.) Grierson – garden pyrethrum, painted daisy, Persian insect-flower
Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. – scentless feverfew, corymbflower tansy
Tanacetum densum (Labill.) Sch. Bip.
Tanacetum falconeri
Tanacetum ferulaceum (Sch. Bip.) Walp.
Tanacetum haradjanii (Rech. f.) Grierson
Tanacetum kaschgarianum
Tanacetum krylovianum
Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Sch. Bip. – rayed tansy
Tanacetum microphyllum DC.
Tanacetum niveum
Tanacetum parthenifolium (Willd.) Sch. Bip.
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. – feverfew
Tanacetum pinnatum
Tanacetum polycephalum
Tanacetum poteriifolium (Nordm.) Grierson
Tanacetum praeteritium (Horw.) Heywood
Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum (Webb) Sch. Bip. – dusty-miller, silver-lace
Tanacetum pulchrum
Tanacetum richterioides
Tanacetum santolina
Tanacetum scopulorum
Tanacetum tanacetoides
Tanacetum tatsienense
Tanacetum vulgare L. – common tansy, garden tansy, golden-buttons

Gallery of species

References

Asteraceae genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Tanacetum