Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a type of venous thrombosis involving the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs or pelvis. A minority of DVTs occur in the arms. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, and enlarged veins in the affected area, but some DVTs have no symptoms. The most common life-threatening concern with DVT is the potential for a clot to embolize (detach from the veins), travel as an embolus through the right side of the heart, and become lodged in a pulmonary artery that supplies blood to the lungs. This is called a pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT and PE comprise the cardiovascular disease of venous thromboembolism (VTE). About two-thirds of VTE manifests as DVT only, with one-third manifesting as PE with or without DVT. The most frequent long-term DVT complication is post-thrombotic syndrome, which can cause pain, swelling, a sensation of heaviness, itching, and in severe cases, ulcers. Recurrent VTE occurs in about 30% of those in the ten years following an initial VTE.

The mechanism behind DVT formation typically involves some combination of decreased blood flow, increased tendency to clot, changes to the blood vessel wall, and inflammation. Risk factors include recent surgery, older age, active cancer, obesity, infection, inflammatory diseases, antiphospholipid syndrome, personal history and family history of VTE, trauma, injuries, lack of movement, hormonal birth control, pregnancy, and the period following birth. VTE has a strong genetic component, accounting for approximately 50 to 60% of the variability in VTE rates. Genetic factors include non-O blood type, deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C, and protein S and the mutations of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A. In total, dozens of genetic risk factors have been identified.

People suspected of having DVT can be assessed using a prediction rule such as the Wells score. A D-dimer test can also be used to assist with excluding the diagnosis or to signal a need for further testing. Diagnosis is most commonly confirmed by ultrasound of the suspected veins. VTE becomes much more common with age. The condition is rare in children, but occurs in almost 1% of those ≥ age 85 annually. Asian, Asian-American, Native American, and Hispanic individuals have a lower VTE risk than Whites or Blacks. Populations in Asia have VTE rates at 15 to 20% of what is seen in Western countries.

Using blood thinners is the standard treatment. Typical medications include rivaroxaban, apixaban, and warfarin. Beginning warfarin treatment requires an additional non-oral anticoagulant, often injections of heparin. Prevention of VTE for the general population includes avoiding obesity and maintaining an active lifestyle. Preventive efforts following low-risk surgery include early and frequent walking. Riskier surgeries generally prevent VTE with a blood thinner or aspirin combined with intermittent pneumatic compression.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms classically affect a leg and typically develop over hours or days, though they can develop suddenly or over a matter of weeks. The legs are primarily affected, with 4–10% of DVT occurring in the arms. Despite the signs and symptoms being highly variable, the typical symptoms are pain, swelling, and redness. However, these symptoms might not manifest in the lower limbs of those unable to walk. In those who are able to walk, DVT can reduce one's ability to do so. The pain can be described as throbbing and can worsen with weight-bearing, prompting one to bear more weight with the unaffected leg. Additional signs and symptoms include tenderness, pitting edema (see image), dilation of surface veins, warmth, discoloration, a "pulling sensation", and even cyanosis (a blue or purplish discoloration) with fever. DVT can also exist without causing any symptoms. Signs and symptoms help in determining the likelihood of DVT, but they are not used alone for diagnosis.

At times, DVT can cause symptoms in both arms or both legs, as with bilateral DVT. Rarely, a clot in the inferior vena cava can cause both legs to swell. Superficial vein thrombosis, also known as superficial thrombophlebitis, is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a vein close to the skin. It can co-occur with DVT and can be felt as a "palpable cord". Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau's syndrome) is a noted finding in those with pancreatic cancer and is associated with DVT.

Potential complications

A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot from a deep vein (a DVT) detaches from a vein (embolizes), travels through the right side of the heart, and becomes lodged as an embolus in a pulmonary artery that supplies deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Up to one-fourth of PE cases are thought to result in sudden death. When not fatal, PE can cause symptoms such as sudden onset shortness of breath or chest pain, coughing up blood (hemoptysis), and fainting (syncope). The chest pain can be pleuritic (worsened by deep breaths) and can vary based upon where the embolus is lodged in the lungs. An estimated 30–50% of those with PE have detectable DVT by compression ultrasound.

A rare and massive DVT that causes significant obstruction and discoloration (including cyanosis) is phlegmasia cerulea dolens. It is life-threatening, limb-threatening, and carries a risk of venous gangrene. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens can occur in the arm but more commonly affects the leg. If found in the setting of acute compartment syndrome, an urgent fasciotomy is warranted to protect the limb. Superior vena cava syndrome is a rare complication of arm DVT.

DVT is thought to be able to cause a stroke in the presence of a heart defect. This is called a paradoxical embolism because the clot abnormally travels from the pulmonary circuit to the systemic circuit while inside the heart. The defect of a patent foramen ovale is thought to allow clots to travel through the interatrial septum from the right atrium into the left atrium.

Differential diagnosis
In most suspected cases, DVT is ruled out after evaluation. Cellulitis is a frequent mimic of DVT, with its triad of pain, swelling, and redness. Symptoms concerning for DVT are more often due to other causes, including cellulitis, ruptured Baker's cyst, hematoma, lymphedema, and chronic venous insufficiency. Other differential diagnoses include tumors, venous or arterial aneurysms, connective tissue disorders, superficial vein thrombosis, muscle vein thrombosis, and varicose veins.

Classification

DVT and PE are the two manifestations of the cardiovascular disease venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE can occur as DVT only, DVT with PE, or PE only. About two-thirds of VTE manifests as DVT only, with one-third manifesting as PE with or without DVT. VTE, along with superficial vein thrombosis, are common types of venous thrombosis.

DVT is classified as acute when the clots are developing or have recently developed, whereas chronic DVT persists more than 28 days. Differences between these two types of DVT can be seen with ultrasound. An episode of VTE after an initial one is classified as recurrent. Bilateral DVT refers to clots in both limbs while unilateral means only a single limb is affected.

DVT in a leg above the knee is termed proximal DVT (proximal). DVT in a leg below the knee is termed distal DVT (distal), also called calf DVT when affecting the calf, and has limited clinical significance compared to proximal DVT. Calf DVT makes up about half of DVTs. Iliofemoral DVT is described as involving either the iliac, or common femoral vein; elsewhere, it has been defined as involving at a minimum the common iliac vein, which is near the top of the pelvis.

DVT can be classified into provoked and unprovoked categories. For example, DVT that occurs in association with cancer or surgery can be classified as provoked. However, the European Society of Cardiology in 2019 urged for this dichotomy to be abandoned to encourage more personalized risk assessments for recurrent VTE. The distinction between these categories is not always clear.

Causes

Traditionally, the three factors of Virchow's triad—venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and changes in the endothelial blood vessel lining—contribute to VTE and were used to explain its formation. More recently, inflammation has been identified as playing a clear causal role. Other related causes include activation of immune system components, the state of microparticles in the blood, the concentration of oxygen, and possible platelet activation. Various risk factors contribute to VTE, including genetic and environmental factors, though many with multiple risk factors never develop it.

Acquired risk factors include the strong risk factor of older age, which alters blood composition to favor clotting. Previous VTE, particularly unprovoked VTE, is a strong risk factor. A leftover clot from a prior DVT increases the risk of a subsequent DVT. Major surgery and trauma increase risk because of tissue factor from outside the vascular system entering the blood. Minor injuries, lower limb amputation, hip fracture, and long bone fractures are also risks. In orthopedic surgery, venous stasis can be temporarily provoked by a cessation of blood flow as part of the procedure. Inactivity and immobilization contribute to venous stasis, as with orthopedic casts, paralysis, sitting, long-haul travel, bed rest, hospitalization, catatonia, and in survivors of acute stroke. Conditions that involve compromised blood flow in the veins are May–Thurner syndrome, where a vein of the pelvis is compressed, and venous thoracic outlet syndrome, which includes Paget–Schroetter syndrome, where compression occurs near the base of the neck.

Infections, including sepsis, COVID-19, HIV, and active tuberculosis, increase risk. Chronic inflammatory diseases and some autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, systemic sclerosis, Behçet's syndrome, primary antiphospholipid syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) increase risk. SLE itself is frequently associated with secondary antiphospholipid syndrome.

Cancer can grow in and around veins, causing venous stasis, and can also stimulate increased levels of tissue factor. Cancers of the blood, lung, pancreas, brain, stomach, and bowel are associated with high VTE risk. Solid tumors such as adenocarcinomas can contribute to both VTE and disseminated intravascular coagulation. In severe cases, this can lead to simultaneous clotting and bleeding. Chemotherapy treatment also increases risk. Obesity increases the potential of blood to clot, as does pregnancy. In the postpartum, placental tearing releases substances that favor clotting. Oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement therapy increase the risk through a variety of mechanisms, including altered blood coagulation protein levels and reduced fibrinolysis.

Dozens of genetic risk factors have been identified, and they account for approximately 50 to 60% of the variability in VTE rates. As such, family history of VTE is a risk factor for a first VTE. Factor V Leiden, which makes factor V resistant to inactivation by activated protein C, mildly increases VTE risk by about three times. Deficiencies of three proteins that normally prevent blood from clotting—protein C, protein S, and antithrombin—contribute to VTE. These deficiencies in antithrombin, protein C, and protein S are rare but strong, or moderately strong, risk factors. They increase risk by about 10 times.  Having a non-O blood type roughly doubles VTE risk. Non-O blood type is common globally, making it an important risk factor. Individuals without O blood type have higher blood levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII than those with O blood type, increasing the likelihood of clotting. Those homozygous for the common fibrinogen gamma gene variant rs2066865 have about a 1.6 times higher risk of VTE. The genetic variant prothrombin G20210A, which increases prothrombin levels, increases risk by about 2.5 times. Additionally, approximately 5% of people have been identified with a background genetic risk comparable to the factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations.

Blood alterations including dysfibrinogenemia, low free protein S, activated protein C resistance, homocystinuria, hyperhomocysteinemia,  high fibrinogen levels, high factor IX levels, and high factor XI levels are associated with increased risk. Other associated conditions include heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, intravenous drug use, and smoking.

Some risk factors influence the location of DVT within the body. In isolated distal DVT, the profile of risk factors appears distinct from proximal DVT. Transient factors, such as surgery and immobilization, appear to dominate, whereas thrombophilias and age do not seem to increase risk. Common risk factors for having an upper extremity DVT include having an existing foreign body (such as a central venous catheter, a pacemaker, or a triple-lumen PICC line), cancer, and recent surgery.

Pathophysiology

Blood has a natural tendency to clot when blood vessels are damaged (hemostasis) to minimize blood loss. Clotting is activated by the coagulation cascade and the clearing of clots that are no longer needed is accomplished by the process of fibrinolysis. Reductions in fibrinolysis or increases in coagulation can increase the risk of DVT.

DVT often develops in the calf veins and "grows" in the direction of venous flow, towards the heart. DVT most frequently affects veins in the leg or pelvis including the popliteal vein (behind the knee), femoral vein (of the thigh), and iliac veins of the pelvis. Extensive lower-extremity DVT can even reach into the inferior vena cava (in the abdomen). Upper extremity DVT most commonly affects the subclavian, axillary, and jugular veins.

The process of fibrinolysis, where DVT clots can be dissolved back into the blood, acts to temper the process of thrombus growth. This is the preferred process. Aside from the potentially deadly process of embolization, a clot can resolve through organization, which can damage the valves of veins, cause vein fibrosis, and result in non-compliant veins. Organization of a thrombus into the vein can occur at the third stage of its pathological development, in which collagen becomes the characteristic component. The first pathological stage is marked by red blood cells, and the second is characterized by medium-textured fibrin.

In arterial thrombosis, blood vessel wall damage is required, as it initiates coagulation, but clotting in the veins mostly occurs without any such mechanical damage. The beginning of venous thrombosis is thought to arise from "activation of endothelial cells, platelets, and leukocytes, with initiation of inflammation and formation of microparticles that trigger the coagulation system" via tissue factor. Vein wall inflammation is likely the inciting event. Importantly, the activated endothelium of veins interacts with circulating white blood cells (leukocytes). While leukocytes normally help prevent blood from clotting (as does normal endothelium), upon stimulation, leukocytes facilitate clotting. Neutrophils are recruited early in the process of venous thrombi formation. They release pro-coagulant granules and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) or their components, which play a role in venous thrombi formation. NET components are pro-thrombotic through both the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. NETs provide "a scaffold for adhesion" of platelets, red blood cells, and multiple factors that potentiate platelet activation. In addition to the pro-coagulant activities of neutrophils, multiple stimuli cause monocytes to release tissue factor. Monocytes are also recruited early in the process.

Tissue factor, via the tissue factor–factor VIIa complex, activates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation and leads to conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, followed by fibrin deposition. Fresh venous clots are red blood cell and fibrin rich. Platelets and white blood cells are also components. Platelets are not as prominent in venous clots as they are in arterial ones, but they can play a role. In cancer, tissue factor is produced by cancer cells. Cancer also produces unique substances that stimulate factor Xa, cytokines that promote endothelial dysfunction, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, which inhibits the breakdown of clots (fibrinolysis).

Often, DVT begins in the valves of veins. The blood flow pattern in the valves can cause low oxygen concentrations in the blood (hypoxemia) of a valve sinus. Hypoxemia, which is worsened by venous stasis, activates pathways—ones that include hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and early-growth-response protein 1. Hypoxemia also results in the production of reactive oxygen species, which can activate these pathways, as well as nuclear factor-κB, which regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 transcription. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and early-growth-response protein 1 contribute to monocyte association with endothelial proteins, such as P-selectin, prompting monocytes to release tissue factor-filled microvesicles, which presumably begin clotting after binding to the endothelial surface.

D-dimers are a fibrin degradation product, a natural byproduct of fibrinolysis that is typically found in the blood. An elevated level can result from plasmin dissolving a clot—or other conditions. Hospitalized patients often have elevated levels for multiple reasons. Anticoagulation, the standard treatment for DVT, prevents further clot growth and PE, but does not act directly on existing clots.

Diagnosis

A clinical probability assessment using the Wells score (see column in the table below) to determine if a potential DVT is "likely" or "unlikely" is typically the first step of the diagnostic process. The score is used in suspected first lower extremity DVT (without any PE symptoms) in primary care and outpatient settings, including the emergency department. The numerical result (possible score −2 to 9) is most commonly grouped into either "unlikely" or "likely" categories. A Wells score of two or more means DVT is considered "likely" (about a 28% chance), while those with a lower score are considered "unlikely" to have DVT (about a 6% chance). In those unlikely to have DVT, a diagnosis is excluded by a negative D-dimer blood test. In people with likely DVT, ultrasound is the standard imaging used to confirm or exclude a diagnosis. Imaging is also needed for hospital inpatients with suspected DVT and those initially categorized as unlikely to have DVT but who have a positive D-dimer test.

While the Wells score is the predominant and most studied clinical prediction rule for DVT, it does have drawbacks. The Wells score requires a subjective assessment regarding the likelihood of an alternate diagnosis and performs less well in the elderly and those with a prior DVT. The Dutch Primary Care Rule has also been validated for use. It contains only objective criteria but requires obtaining a D-dimer value. With this prediction rule, three points or less means a person is at low risk for DVT. A result of four or more points indicates an ultrasound is needed. Instead of using a prediction rule, experienced physicians can make a DVT pre-test probability assessment using clinical assessment and gestalt, but prediction rules are more reliable.

Compression ultrasonography for suspected deep vein thrombosis is the standard diagnostic method, and it is highly sensitive for detecting an initial DVT. A compression ultrasound is considered positive when the vein walls of normally compressible veins do not collapse under gentle pressure. Clot visualization is sometimes possible, but is not required. Three compression ultrasound scanning techniques can be used, with two of the three methods requiring a second ultrasound some days later to rule out the diagnosis. Whole-leg ultrasound is the option that does not require a repeat ultrasound, but proximal compression ultrasound is frequently used because distal DVT is only rarely clinically significant. Ultrasound methods including duplex and color flow Doppler can be used to further characterize the clot and Doppler ultrasound is especially helpful in the non-compressible iliac veins.

CT scan venography, MRI venography, or a non-contrast MRI are also diagnostic possibilities. The gold standard for judging imaging methods is contrast venography, which involves injecting a peripheral vein of the affected limb with a contrast agent and taking X-rays, to reveal whether the venous supply has been obstructed. Because of its cost, invasiveness, availability, and other limitations, this test is rarely performed.

Management

Treatment for DVT is warranted when the clots are either proximal, distal and symptomatic, or upper extremity and symptomatic. Providing anticoagulation, or blood-thinning medicine, is the typical treatment after patients are checked to make sure they are not subject to bleeding. However, treatment varies depending upon the location of DVT. For example, in cases of isolated distal DVT, ultrasound surveillance (a second ultrasound after 2 weeks to check for proximal clots), might be used instead of anticoagulation. Although, those with isolated distal DVT at a high-risk of VTE recurrence are typically anticoagulated as if they had proximal DVT. Those at a low-risk for recurrence might receive a four to six week course of anticoagulation, lower doses, or no anticoagulation at all. In contrast, those with proximal DVT should receive at least 3 months of anticoagulation.

Some anticoagulants can be taken by mouth, and these oral medicines include warfarin (a vitamin K antagonist), rivaroxaban (a factor Xa inhibitor), apixaban (a factor Xa inhibitor), dabigatran (a direct thrombin inhibitor), and edoxaban (a factor Xa inhibitor). Other anticoagulants cannot be taken by mouth. These parenteral (non-oral) medicines include low-molecular-weight heparin, fondaparinux, and unfractionated heparin. Some oral medicines are sufficient when taken alone, while others require the use of an additional parenteral blood thinner. Rivaroxaban and apixaban are the typical first-line medicines, and they are sufficient when taken orally. Rivaroxaban is taken once daily, and apixaban is taken twice daily.  Warfarin, dabigatran, and edoxaban require the use of a parenteral anticoagulant to initiate oral anticoagulant therapy.  When warfarin is initiated for VTE treatment, a 5-day minimum of a parenteral anticoagulant together with warfarin is given, which is followed by warfarin-only therapy. Warfarin is taken to maintain an international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0–3.0, with 2.5 as the target. The benefit of taking warfarin declines as the duration of treatment extends, and the risk of bleeding increases with age. Periodic INR monitoring is not necessary when first-line direct oral anticoagulants are used. Overall, anticoagulation therapy is complex and many circumstances can affect how these therapies are managed.

The duration of anticoagulation therapy (whether it will last 4 to 6 weeks, 6 to 12 weeks, 3 to 6 months, or indefinitely) is a key factor in clinical decision making. When proximal DVT is provoked by surgery or trauma a 3-month course of anticoagulation is standard. When a first VTE is proximal DVT that is either unprovoked or associated with transient non-surgical risk factor, low-dose anticoagulation beyond 3 to 6 months might be used. In those with an annual risk of VTE in excess of 9%, as after an unprovoked episode, extended anticoagulation is a possibility. Those who finish warfarin treatment after idiopathic VTE with an elevated D-dimer level show an increased risk of recurrent VTE (about 9% vs about 4% for normal results), and this result might be used in clinical decision making. Thrombophilia test results rarely play a role in the length of treatment.

Treatment for acute leg DVT is suggested to continue at home for uncomplicated DVT instead of hospitalization. Factors that favor hospitalization include severe symptoms or additional medical issues. Early walking is suggested over bedrest. Graduated compression stockings—which apply higher pressure at the ankles and a lower pressure around the knees can be trialed for symptomatic management of acute DVT symptoms, but they are not recommended for reducing the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome, as the potential benefit of using them for this goal "may be uncertain". Nor are compression stockings likely to reduce VTE recurrence. They are, however, recommended in those with isolated distal DVT.

If someone decides to stop anticoagulation after an unprovoked VTE instead of being on lifelong anticoagulation, aspirin can be used to reduce the risk of recurrence, but it is only about 33% as effective as anticoagulation in preventing recurrent VTE. Statins have also been investigated for their potential to reduce recurrent VTE rates, with some studies suggesting effectiveness.

Investigations for cancer

An unprovoked VTE might signal the presence of an unknown cancer, as it is an underlying condition in up to 10% of unprovoked cases. A thorough clinical assessment is needed and should include a physical examination, a review of medical history, and universal cancer screening done in people of that age. A review of prior imaging is considered worthwhile, as is "reviewing baseline blood test results including full blood count, renal and hepatic function, PT and APTT." It is not recommended practice to obtain tumor markers or a CT of the abdomen and pelvis in asymptomatic individuals. NICE recommends that further investigations are unwarranted in those without relevant signs or symptoms.

Interventions

Thrombolysis is the injection of an enzyme into the veins to dissolve blood clots, and while this treatment has been proven effective against the life-threatening emergency clots of stroke and heart attacks, randomized controlled trials have not established a net benefit in those with acute proximal DVT. Drawbacks of catheter-directed thrombolysis (the preferred method of administering the clot-busting enzyme) include a risk of bleeding, complexity, and the cost of the procedure. Although, while anticoagulation is the preferred treatment for DVT, thrombolysis is a treatment option for those with the severe DVT form of phlegmasia cerula dorens (bottom left image) and in some younger patients with DVT affecting the iliac and common femoral veins. Of note, a variety of contraindications to thrombolysis exist. In 2020, NICE kept their 2012 recommendations that catheter-directed thrombolysis should be considered in those with iliofemoral DVT who have "symptoms lasting less than 14 days, good functional status, a life expectancy of 1 year or more, and a low risk of bleeding."

A mechanical thrombectomy device can remove DVT clots, particularly in acute iliofemoral DVT (DVT of the major veins in the pelvis), but there is limited data on its efficacy. It is usually combined with thrombolysis, and sometimes temporary IVC filters are placed to protect against PE during the procedure. Catheter-directed thrombolysis with thrombectomy against iliofemoral DVT has been associated with a reduction in the severity of post-thrombotic syndrome at an estimated cost-effectiveness ratio of about $138,000 per gained QALY. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens might be treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis and/or thrombectomy.

In DVT in the arm, the first (topmost) rib can be surgically removed as part of the typical treatment when the DVT is due to thoracic outlet syndrome or Paget–Schroetter syndrome. This treatment involves initial anticoagulation followed by thrombolysis of the subclavian vein and staged first rib resection to relieve the thoracic outlet compression and prevent recurrent DVT.

The placement of an inferior vena cava filter (IVC filter) is possible when either the standard treatment for acute DVT, anticoagulation, is absolutely contraindicated (not possible), or if someone develops a PE despite being anticoagulated. However, a 2020 NICE review found "little good evidence" for their use. A 2018 study associated IVC filter placement with a 50% reduction in PE, a 70% increase in DVT, and an 18% increase in 30 day mortality when compared to no IVC placement. Other studies including a systematic review and meta-analysis did not find a difference in mortality with IVC placement. If someone develops a PE despite being anticoagulated, care should be given to optimize anticoagulation treatment and address other related concerns before considering IVC filter placement.

Field of medicine
Patients with a history of DVT might be managed by primary care, general internal medicine, hematology, cardiology, vascular surgery, or vascular medicine. Patients suspected of having an acute DVT are often referred to the emergency department for evaluation. Interventional radiology is the specialty that typically places and retrieves IVC filters, and vascular surgery might do catheter directed thrombosis for some severe DVTs.

Prevention
For the prevention of blood clots in the general population, incorporating leg exercises while sitting down for long periods, or having breaks from a sitting position and walking around, having an active lifestyle, and maintaining a healthy body weight are recommended. Walking increases blood flow through the leg veins. Excess body weight is modifiable unlike most risk factors, and interventions or lifestyle modifications that help someone who is overweight or obese lose weight reduce DVT risk. Avoiding both smoking and a Western pattern diet are thought to reduce risk. Statins have been investigated for primary prevention (prevention of a first VTE), and the JUPITER trial, which used rosuvastatin, has provided some tentative evidence of effectiveness. Of the statins, rosuvastatin appears to be the only one with the potential to reduce VTE risk. If so, it appears to reduce risk by about 15%. However, the number needed to treat to prevent one initial VTE is about 2000, limiting its applicability.

Hospital (non-surgical) patients

Acutely ill hospitalized patients are suggested to receive a parenteral anticoagulant, although the potential net benefit is uncertain. Critically ill hospitalized patients are recommended to either receive unfractionated heparin or low-molecular weight heparin instead of foregoing these medicines.

After surgery

Major orthopedic surgery—total hip replacement, total knee replacement, or hip fracture surgery—has a high risk of causing VTE. If prophylaxis is not used after these surgeries, symptomatic VTE has about a 4% chance of developing within 35 days. Following major orthopedic surgery, a blood thinner or aspirin is typically paired with intermittent pneumatic compression, which is the preferred mechanical prophylaxis over graduated compression stockings.

Options for VTE prevention in people following non-orthopedic surgery include early walking, mechanical prophylaxis, and blood thinners (low-molecular-weight heparin and low-dose-unfractionated heparin) depending upon the risk of VTE, risk of major bleeding, and person's preferences. After low-risk surgeries, early and frequent walking is the best preventive measure.

Pregnancy

The risk of VTE is increased in pregnancy by about four to five times because of a more hypercoagulable state that protects against fatal postpartum hemorrhage. Preventive measures for pregnancy-related VTE were suggested by the American Society of Hematology in 2018. Warfarin, a common vitamin K antagonist, can cause birth defects and is not used for prevention during pregnancy.

Travelers

Travelling "is an often cited yet relatively uncommon" cause of VTE. Suggestions for at-risk long-haul travelers include calf exercises, frequent walking, and aisle seating in airplanes to ease walking. Graduated compression stockings have sharply reduced the levels of asymptomatic DVT in airline passengers, but the effect on symptomatic DVT, PE, or mortality is unknown, as none of the individuals studied developed these outcomes. However, graduated compression stockings are not suggested for long-haul travelers (>4 hours) without risk factors for VTE. Likewise, neither aspirin nor anticoagulants are suggested in the general population undertaking long-haul travel. Those with significant VTE risk factors undertaking long-haul travel are suggested to use either graduated compression stockings or LMWH for VTE prevention. If neither of these two methods are feasible, then aspirin is suggested.

Prognosis

DVT is most frequently a disease of older age that occurs in the context of nursing homes, hospitals, and active cancer. It is associated with a 30-day mortality rate of about 6%, with PE being the cause of most of these deaths. Proximal DVT is frequently associated with PE, unlike distal DVT, which is rarely if ever associated with PE. Around 56% of those with proximal DVT also have PE, although a chest CT is not needed simply because of the presence of DVT. If proximal DVT is left untreated, in the following 3 months approximately half of people will experience symptomatic PE.

Another frequent complication of proximal DVT, and the most frequent chronic complication, is post-thrombotic syndrome, where individuals have chronic venous symptoms. Symptoms can include pain, itching, swelling, paresthesia, a sensation of heaviness, and in severe cases, leg ulcers. After proximal DVT, an estimated 20–50% of people develop the syndrome, with 5–10% experiencing severe symptoms. Post-thrombotic syndrome can also be a complication of distal DVT, though to a lesser extent than with proximal DVT.

In the 10 years following an initial VTE, about 30% of people will have a recurrence. VTE recurrence in those with prior DVT is more likely to recur as DVT than PE. Cancer and unprovoked DVT are strong risk factors for recurrence. After initial proximal unprovoked DVT with and without PE, 16–17% of people will have recurrent VTE in the 2 years after they complete their course of anticoagulants. VTE recurrence is less common in distal DVT than proximal DVT. In upper extremity DVT, annual VTE recurrence is about 2–4%. After surgery, a provoked proximal DVT or PE has an annual recurrence rate of only 0.7%.

Epidemiology

About 1.5 out of 1000 adults a year have a first VTE in high-income countries. The condition becomes much more common with age. VTE rarely occurs in children, but when it does, it predominantly affects hospitalized children. Children in North America and the Netherlands have VTE rates that range from 0.07 to 0.49 out of 10,000 children annually. Meanwhile, almost 1% of those aged 85 and above experience VTE each year. About 60% of all VTEs occur in those 70 years of age or older. Incidence is about 18% higher in males than in females, though there are ages when VTE is more prevalent in women. VTE occurs in association with hospitalization or nursing home residence about 60% of the time, active cancer about 20% of the time, and a central venous catheter or transvenous pacemaker about 9% of the time.

During pregnancy and after childbirth, acute VTE occurs in about 1.2 of 1000 deliveries. Despite it being relatively rare, it is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. After surgery with preventive treatment, VTE develops in about 10 of 1000 people after total or partial knee replacement, and in about 5 of 1000 after total or partial hip replacement. About 400,000 Americans develop an initial VTE each year, with 100,000 deaths or more attributable to PE.  Asian, Asian-American, Native American, and Hispanic individuals have a lower VTE risk than Whites or Blacks. Populations in Asia have VTE rates at 15 to 20% of what is seen in Western countries, with an increase in incidence seen over time. In North American and European populations, around 4–8% of people have a thrombophilia, most commonly factor V leiden and prothrombin G20210A. For populations in China, Japan, and Thailand, deficiences in protein S, protein C, and antithrombin predominate. Non-O blood type is present in around 50% of the general population and varies with ethnicity, and it is present in about 70% of those with VTE.

DVT occurs in the upper extremities in about 4–10% of cases, with an incidence of 0.4–1.0 people out of 10,000 a year. A minority of upper extremity DVTs are due to Paget–Schroetter syndrome, also called effort thrombosis, which occurs in 1–2 people out of 100,000 a year, usually in athletic males around 30 years of age or in those who do significant amounts of overhead manual labor.

Social

Being on blood thinners because of DVT can be life-changing because it can prevent lifestyle activities such as contact or winter sports to prevent bleeding after potential injuries. Head injuries prompting brain bleeds are of particular concern. This has caused NASCAR driver Brian Vickers to forego participation in races. Professional basketball players including NBA players Chris Bosh and hall of famer Hakeem Olajuwon have dealt with recurrent blood clots, and Bosh's career was significantly hampered by DVT and PE.

Tennis star Serena Williams was hospitalized in 2011 for PE thought to have originated from DVT. Years later, in 2017, due to her knowledge of DVT and PE, Serena accurately advocated for herself to have a PE diagnosed and treated. During this encounter with VTE, she was hospitalized after a C-section surgery and was off of blood thinners. After feeling the sudden onset of a PE symptom, shortness of breath, she told her nurse and requested a CT scan and an IV heparin drip, all while gasping for air. She started to receive an ultrasound to look for DVT in the legs, prompting her to express dissatisfaction to the medical staff that they were not looking for clots where she had symptoms (her lungs), and they were not yet treating her presumed PE. After being diagnosed with PE and not DVT, and after receiving heparin by IV, the coughing from the PE caused her C-section surgical site to open and the heparin contributed to bleeding at the site. Serena later received an IVC filter while in the hospital.

Other notable people have been affected by DVT. Former United States (US) President Richard Nixon had recurrent DVT, and so has former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. She was first diagnosed while First Lady in 1998 and again in 2009. Dick Cheney was diagnosed with an episode while Vice President, and TV show host Regis Philbin had DVT after hip-replacement surgery. DVT has also contributed to the deaths of famous people. For example, DVT and PE played a role in rapper Heavy D's death at age 44. NBC journalist David Bloom died at age 39 while covering the Iraq War from a PE that was thought to have progressed from a missed DVT, and actor Jimmy Stewart had DVT that progressed to a PE when he was 89.

History

The book Sushruta Samhita, an Ayurvedic text published around 600–900 BC, contains what has been cited as the first description of DVT. In 1271, DVT symptoms in the leg of a 20-year-old male were described in a French manuscript, which has been cited as the first case or the first Western reference to DVT.

In 1856, German physician and pathologist Rudolf Virchow published his analysis after the insertion of foreign bodies into the jugular veins of dogs, which migrated to the pulmonary arteries. These foreign bodies caused pulmonary emboli, and Virchow was focused on explaining their consequences. He cited three factors, which are now understood as hypercoaguability, stasis, and endothelial injury. It was not until 1950 that this framework was cited as Virchow's triad, but the teaching of Virchow's triad has continued in light of its utility as a theoretical framework and as a recognition of the significant progress Virchow made in expanding the understanding of VTE.

Methods to observe DVT by ultrasound were established in the 1960s. Diagnoses were commonly performed by impedance plethysmography in the 1970s and 1980s, but ultrasound, particularly after utility of probe compression was demonstrated in 1986, became the preferred diagnostic method. Yet, in the mid-1990s, contrast venography and impedance plethysmography were still described as common.

Multiple pharmacological therapies for DVT were introduced in the 20th century: oral anticoagulants in the 1940s, subcutaneous injections of LDUH in 1962 and subcutaneous injections of LMWH in 1982. 1974 was when vascular inflammation and venous thrombosis were first proposed to be interrelated. For around 50 years, a months-long warfarin (Coumadin) regimen was the mainstay of pharmacological treatment. To avoid the blood monitoring required with warfarin and the injections required by heparin and heparin-like medicines, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were developed. In the late 2000s to early 2010s, DOACs—including rivaroxaban (Xarelto), apixaban (Eliquis), and dabigatran (Pradaxa)—came to the market. The New York Times described a "furious battle" among the three makers of these drugs "for the prescription pads of doctors".

Economics
VTE costs the US healthcare system about $7 to 10 billion dollars annually. Initial and average DVT costs for a hospitalized US patient is about $10,000 (2015 estimate).  In Europe, the costs for an initial VTE hospitalization are significantly less, costing about €2000 to 4000 (2011 estimate). Post-thrombotic syndrome is a significant contributor to DVT follow-up costs. Outpatient treatment significantly reduces costs, and treatment costs for PE exceed those of DVT.

Research directions
A 2019 study published in Nature Genetics reported more than doubling the known genetic loci associated with VTE. In their updated 2018 clinical practice guidelines, the American Society of Hematology identified 29 separate research priorities, most of which related to patients who are acutely or critically ill. Inhibition of factor XI, P-selectin, E-selectin, and a reduction in formation of neutrophil extracellular traps are potential therapies that might treat VTE without increasing bleeding risk.

Notes

References

Cited literature

Coagulopathies
Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
Hematology
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Deep vein thrombosis


مطار مانشيستر   هو مطار رئيسي في مانشيستر الكبري بإنجلترا، وأكبر مطار في المملكة المتحدة خارج منطقة لندن. يقدم المطار خدمات الرحلات المباشرة بدون توقف إلي العديد من الوجهات في أوروبا، وأمريكا الشمالية، والكاريبي، والشرق الأوسط، والأقصي. أفتتح المطار رسمياً في 25 يونيو / حزيران 1938، وعرف أولاً باسم مطار رينج واي ، ثم في الحرب العالمية الأولي أصبح رسمياً مطار آر إيه إف رينج واي  أي مطار رينج واي لسلاح الجو الملكي. ومن 1975 حتي 1986 الاسم مطار مانشيستر الدولي استخدم.

انظر أيضا
 مطار لندن هيثرو
 مانشيستر

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 مطار ماشيستر - الموقع الرسمي
 مجموعة مطارات مانشيستر MAG الموقع الرسمي

تأسيسات سنة 1938 في إنجلترا
محطات الحافلات في مانشستر الكبرى
مانشيستر
مطارات أسست في سنة 1938
مطارات في مانشستر الكبرى

مطار مانشستر


Şems Suresi (Arapça: سورة الشمس), Kur'an'ın 91. suresidir. Sure 15 ayetten oluşur.

Mekke'de indirildiğine inanılmakta olan sure ismini ilk ayette geçen ve güneş anlamına gelen şems kelimesinden alır. İlk ayetleri güneşe, aya, geceye, gündüze, yere ve göğe yeminle başlar.

Şems Suresi'nde Allah'ın kudretinden, iyilik yapanların kurtuluşa ereceklerinden, kötülük yapanların ise ziyanda olduklarından, Allah'ın Elçisi Salih peygamberi yalanlayan, Allah'ı inkâr eden Semud toplumunun başına gelenler dişi deve ve onun su içme hakkı örneği özelinde anlatılır.

Peygamber'e özgü sureler grubundandır.

Kaynakça

Sureler

Şems Suresi


A lagartixa da Paraíba, lagartixa da caatinga ou  Phyllopezus periosus, é uma espécie de lagarto da família Phyllodactylidae. A espécie é endêmica do Brasil.

Etimologia
O nome específico, periosus, é latino do grego περισσότερο, que significa "grande, enorme". O nome comum, "lagartixa da Paraíba", refere-se ao estado brasileiro da Paraíba .

Alcance geográfico
P. periosus é encontrado nos estados brasileiros de Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte.

Descrição
Dorsalmente, o P. periosus tem seis ou sete barras transversais, marrom-escuras, de forma irregular, em uma cor de fundo cinza claro. Ventralmente, os adultos são amarelos dourados, mas os juvenis são brancos leitosos.

O comprimento médio do focinho à cloaca (em ingles, snout-to-vent length, SVL) é 8 centímetros, mas pode chegar a 11 centímetros.

Alimentação
O P. periosus preda insetos e aranhas.

Reprodução
O P. periosus é ovíparo.

Referências

Leitura adicional

 Rodrigues MT (1986). " Uma nova espécie do gênero Phyllopezus de Cabaceiras: Paraíba: Brasil; com comentários sobre a fauna de lagartos da área (Sauria Gekkonidae) ". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo 36 (20): 237–250. ( Phylopezus periosus, nova espécie). (em português, com resumo em inglês).

Répteis descritos em 1986
Répteis do Brasil

Phyllopezus periosus


Onthophagus lunulifer é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1914 por Boucomont.

Referências

Ligações externas

lunulifer
Coleópteros descritos em 1914

Onthophagus lunulifer


Lupara bianca es una locución (expresión, uso, término), de origen periodística que indica un homicidio mafioso realizado de tal manera que no quede ningún rastro del cuerpo del asesinado.

Sistemas típicos de la "lupara bianca" son el enterramiento de los cuerpos por el campo, en lugares poco concurridos para hacer difícil su descubrimiento, el lanzamiento del cadáver en un pilar de edificios en construcción cubriéndolo de hormigón, su disolución en el ácido deshaciéndose de los restos, o recubrirlo de peso para lanzarlo al fondo de un pantano.

Los delitos de la mafia son en general explícitos y públicos. Sin embargo, en casos particulares, la mafia prefiere deshacerse de personajes "incómodos" sin dejar rastro del cadáver ni de la sangre.

Etimología
Lupara es el nombre de un rifle de caza siciliano y calabrese, una escopeta recortada que originalmente se usaba para cazar lobos, pero con la que también se asesinaba a los oponentes. La palabra bianca significa "blanco" e indica la ausencia de rastros.

Ejemplos

    Joseph Ardizzone desapareció el 15 de octubre de 1931 cuando se dirigía a su primo en Etiwanda, un pueblo de Rancho Cucamonga en el sur de California. Como cabeza de la familia de Los Ángeles, había aguantado a Salvatore Maranzano durante la guerra en Castellammare. Ahora, el viejo Pete Bigote fue probablemente puesto fuera de combate por Jack Dragna, que tenía los mejores contactos con el verdadero ganador del conflicto: Lucky Luciano.
    Bo Weinberg: El 9 de septiembre de 1935, el miembro Kosher Nostra desapareció después de visitar un club nocturno en el centro de Manhattan. Se rumorea que Dutch Schultz hizo cementar los pies de Weinberg y luego lo arrojó al East River. George Weinberg se convirtió en un pentito tras la desaparición de su hermano sin dejar rastro, pero luego se suicidó a pesar de la protección policial.
    Vincent Mangano: El 19 de abril de 1951 el hermano de Mangano, Philip, fue encontrado asesinado cerca de Sheepshead Bay (Brooklyn). El cuerpo de Vincent, antiguo jefe de la familia Gambino, no fue descubierto.
    Joseph Scalice: Su hermano Francesco "Frank" Scalice fue asesinado a tiros el 17 de junio de 1957. Se dice que su asesinato frente al puesto de frutas en el 2380 de Arthur Avenue inspiró una escena de la película mafiosa El Padrino. Después de que Joseph Scalice tuviera ambiciones de vengar a su hermano, desapareció sin dejar rastro el 19 de septiembre de 1957 - después de una fiesta de bienvenida. Se dice que James Squillante es uno de los autores.
    James Squillante desapareció sin dejar rastro en septiembre de 1960. A menudo se le llamaba el rey del negocio de la recolección de basura y fue uno de los asesinos de Albert Anastasia. La infiltración de los trabajadores de la basura por parte de los mafiosos de la ciudad de Nueva York comenzó en 1955 y fue paralela al desarrollo del sindicato de los Teamsters, al que también pertenecían los recolectores de basura.
    Jake Russo desapareció sin dejar rastro en 1964 tras el regreso de Frank J. Valenti a Rochester. Russo se había aprovechado de la debilidad y ausencia de los hermanos Valenti para tomar la delantera sobre la familia Rochester.
    Anthony Strollo: El mafioso dejó su propiedad en Fort Lee en 1962 y desapareció sin dejar rastro. Su cuerpo nunca fue encontrado. Ahora se cree que fue asesinado por orden de Vito Genovese.
    Jimmy Hoffa: El sindicalista liberado de la prisión planeaba su regreso como presidente del poderoso sindicato de trabajadores del transporte. El 30 de julio de 1975 desapareció sin dejar rastro del aparcamiento del restaurante Machus Red Fox. El misterio de su desaparición se ha convertido desde entonces en parte de la cultura pop en los EE. UU. y se adapta una y otra vez.

   En 1982 Filippo Marchese desapareció sin dejar rastro, al igual que hasta 100 de sus víctimas. Marchese se había hecho famoso especialmente póstumamente a través de un método especial de Lupara Bianca, porque había disuelto sus víctimas de asesinato en ácido. Sus actos se habían dado a conocer a través del Pentito Vincenzo Sinagra. Junto con Pino Greco, Marchese había operado una bodega de tortura en el puerto, donde las víctimas eran maltratadas antes de su muerte.

   Anthony Zizzo era un miembro de alto rango del Chicago Outfit; el 31 de agosto de 2006 desapareció sin dejar rastro. Se ofrece una recompensa de 10.000 dólares americanos por la información que aclare su desaparición.
Organizaciones delictivas de Italia
Cosa Nostra
Palabras y frases en italiano

Lupara bianca


Les mégatendances (Megatrends en anglais) sont des tendances qui ont un effet à l'échelle mondiale. Certaines des mégatendances actuelles sont liées aux menaces mondiales.

Implications économiques
Économiquement, les mégatendances peuvent être exploitées par les entreprises pour faire des profits. BlackRock, PricewaterhouseCoopers et Ernst & Young, par exemple, identifient au moins 7 mégatendances:

 Progrès technologique, particulièrement dans le domaine Internet
 Changement démographique et changement social
 Urbanisation rapide sur le plan mondial
 Changement climatique et épuisement des ressources
 Marchés émergents
 L'impact des deepfakes et autres médias synthétiques
 Microbiomes et biologie synthétique

Notes et références

Recherche
Futurologie

Mégatendance


Hlorofora (lat. Chlorophora), nekadašnji rod drveća koji je bio klasificiran u porodicu dudovki (Moraceae). Pripadale su mu vrste koje se danas klasificiraju rodovima  Milicia i Maclura, to su drvo iroko iz tropske Afrike, danas priznato kao Milicia excelsa, i drvo tatojuba, Maclura tinctoria, koje raste od Meksika do Argentine.

Izvori

Sistematika

Hlorofora


චන්ද්‍ර දිනදසුන් වලට අනුව මැදින් මාසයේ 23වන තිථියයි. මැදින් මාසයේ අව පක්‍ෂයේ 8වන තිථියයි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 චන්ද්‍ර මාස
 පෝය

මැදින්
චන්ද්‍ර දිනදසුනේ අව පක්‍ෂයේ දින

මැදින් අව අටවක


Auto i karting klub Petar Klepac, hrvatski automobilistički klub iz Gerova. Uspješni vozači iz ovog kluba su Bojan Juranić, Zoran Vidmar, Tomislav Muhvić, Zoran Grabović i dr.

Osnovan je 11. siječnja 2012. godine. Sjedište je u Malom Lugu kod Gerova. Član je Hrvatskoga i karting saveza i Automobilističkog saveza Primorsko-goranske županije. Zove se po Petru Klepcu. Natječu se u brdskim utrkama, rallyju, autoslalom i vožnjama na kronometar. Klub ima 11 vozača i 8 sudaca. Sudjeluju na domaćim i međunarodnim natjecanjima: europsko prvenstvo, prvenstvo srednjeeuropske zone, FIA-ina kupa Akcija za sigurnost, međunarodnoga regionalnog prvenstva Hrvatske, prvenstva Hrvatske, prvenstva Auto i karting lige Zapad. Organiziraju preko četiri godine Međunarodnu brdsku utrku u Čabru. 2015. i 2016. godine HAKS ih je nagradio kao najbolje organizatore domaće brdske utrke. Zbog dobra rada, FIA je upisao AKK Petar Klepac kao kandidata za FIA IHCC (International Hill Climb Cup), natjecanje korak ispod kontinentalnog prvenstva.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice
Facebook AKK Petar Klepac
Racing.hr
Brdska utrka u Čabru

Hrvatski automobilistički klubovi

AKK Petar Klepac


عقد 970 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 970 و31 ديسمبر 979 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 960 ولحقه عقد 980.

أحداث

 معركة تور تور (973)
 معركة دوروستولون (971)

مواليد

 ابن عبد البر (978)
 أبو ركوة (975)
 كوشيار (971)
 هشام المعتد بالله (975)
 المقتنى بهاء الدين (979)
 ستيفين الأول ملك المجر (975)
 أبو جعفر السمناني (972)
 أبو العلاء المعري (973)
 هنري الثاني (973)
 روبرت الثاني ملك فرنسا (972)
 محمود الغزنوي (971)

وفيات

 جيزولف الأول من ساليرنو (977)
 أوتو الأول (973)
 أبو أحمد بن عدي الجرجاني (976)
 بيلجا تكين (975)
 ياروبولك الأول (978)
 ابن حيون (974)
 إبرام (978)
 إدوارد الشهيد (978)
 المعز لدين الله (975)
 أبو بكر القفال الشاشي (975)
 ثابت بن سنان (975)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 970 ابتداءً من

عقد 970


ජපානයෙහි විවාපත්වීම යනු ගෘහස්ථය කේන්ද්‍රගතව පැවැත්වෙන නෛතික සහ සමාජීය සංස්ථානයකි. පවුල් ලියාපදිංචි ලියැවිලි තුල ඔවුන්ගේ තත්ත්වය වෙනස් කිරීමෙන් අනතුරුව, යුවලක් නෛතික වශයෙන් විවාපත් බවට සැලකෙන අතර උත්සවයක අවශ්‍යතාවයක් පැන නොනගියි. බොහෝ විවාහයන් සිදු කෙරෙනුයේ එක්කෝ ෂින්තෝ සම්ප්‍රදායයන්ට අනුව හෝ නැතිනම් ක්‍රිස්තියානි-ශෛලියෙහි දේවස්ථාන විවාහ ලෙසින් හෝ වශයෙනි.

සහකරුවා/සහකාරිය සොයාගන්නා ක්‍රමය පරිදී, සාම්ප්‍රදායික වශයෙන් විවාහයන් මාදිළි දෙකකට වර්ගීකරණය කෙරුනු මුත්—ඔමියායි, යන්නෙන් අදහස් වූයේ යෝජනා කල හෝ යෝජනාත්මක හඳුන්වා දීමක් ඇසුරෙන් හටගත් යන්න වූ අතර, රෙන්නායි වෙතින් අදහස් වූයේ සැමියා හා බිරිය හමුවී ඔවුනතරෙහි විවාහ වීමට තීරණය කිරීම යන්න විය—පශ්චාත්-යුද්ධ දශකයන්හීදී මෙම විලක්ෂණය වඩාත් අල්පතර ලෙසින් අරුත්බර වූයේ,  ආදරය පිළිබඳ බටහිර අදහස් විසින් විවාහය පිළිබඳ ජපාන අනුබෝධය වෙනස්කිරීමකට ලක් කල බැවිනි.

ඉතිහාසය
ජපානයෙහි විවාපත්වීමෙහි සංස්ථානය, අවසන් සහස්‍රය තුලදී අත්‍යන්ත වෙනසකට ලක් විය. පළමුව මධ්‍යතන යුගයෙහිදී  චීන කොන්ෆියුසියස් වාදය වෙත දේශජ ව්‍යවහාරයන් අනුවර්තනය වූ අතර, ඉක්බිතිව නූතන යුගයෙහිදී ස්වාර්ථවාදය වෙත මෙන්ම, ස්ත්‍රී-පුරුෂ සමානත්වය, ප්‍රේමාන්විත ආදරය සහ, න්‍යෂ්ටික පවුල යන බටහිර සංකල්ප වෙතද  අනුවර්තනය වනු දක්නට ලැබුණි. වරෙක කුඩා  රදළ පෙළැන්තියකට පමණක් සීමිතවූ  චාරිත්‍ර, මහත් බහුජන සම්මතවාදයකට ලක්වූයේ ජනගහණය වඩාත් වැඩි සීඝ්‍රතාවයකින් නාගරීකරණයට ලක් වීම නිසාවෙනි.

හෙයියන් සමය (794–1185)

ජපාන ඉතිහාසයෙහි හෙයියන් සමය සනිටුහන් කලේ එහි සම්භාව්‍ය යුගයෙහි මස්තකප්‍රාප්තිය වන අතර, ඒ වන විට  අපරිමාණ  අධිරාජ්‍ය රාජසභාව විසින් එය සහ එහි සංස්කෘතිය හෙයියන්-කියෝ (නූතන කියොතෝ) තුල සංස්ථාපනය කොට තිබුණි. විස්තාරිත පංති ක්‍රමයක් යටතේ හෙයියන් සමාජය සංවිධානය වී තිබුණු අතර, විවාපත්වීමෙහි අරමුණ වූයේ හැකි විශිෂ්ටතම තත්ත්වයෙහි පවතින පෙළැන්තියෙන් උසස්තම පංතිය උරුම කොට ගන්නා දරුවන් බිහි කිරීමයි. එය උත්සවාකාර හෝ අනිවාර්යයෙන් ස්ථීර හෝ නොවීය.  අඳුරු වැටුනු පසු හමුවීම සඳහා පිළියෙල කිරීමට පෙර වංශවත්හූ මාස හෝ අවුරුදු ගණනක කාලසීමාවක් තුල ලියුම් සහ කාව්‍යයන් හුවමාරු කර ගත්හ. කිසියම් පුරුෂයෙක් එකම ස්ත්‍රීය රාත්‍රි තුනක කාල සීමාවක හමු වුනි නම් ඔවුන් විවාහ වූයේ යැයි සැලකෙන අතර බිරියගේ මවුපියෝ යුවල සඳහා භෝජන සංග්‍රහයක් පැවැත්වූහ. පහළ-පෙළැන්තියේ බොහෝ අයවළුන්, එක් සහකරුවකු සමගින් ස්ථීර විවාහයක පත්වූ අතර, සැමියන් විසින් අඹුවන් තම ගෘහයන් වෙත කැඳවාගෙන යෑමට කටයුතු පිළියෙල කලේ, ඔවුන්ගේ සුතනයන් හට  සුජාතකත්වය හිමි වන බවට සහතික වනු සඳහාය. උසස්-පෙළැන්තියෙහි වංශවතුන් සමහරවිට බහු භාර්යාවන් හෝ උපභාර්යාවන් හෝ තබා ගත්හ. වංශවතුන්ගේ බිරියන් ඔවුන්ගේ පියවරුන්ගේ ගෘහයන්හී රැඳී සිටි අතර, සැමිවන් විසින්  පීතෘත්වය පිළිගත්තේ චාරිතානුකූල ත්‍යාග පිරිනැමීමක් තුලිනි.

හෙයියන් විවාහය ඉල්ලා සිටීමේ ආකාර මෙන්ම, ප්‍රේමාතූර කූටෝපායයන්ගේ උගුල්ද, එම යුගයෙහි සාහිත්‍යය තුල, විශේෂයෙන් ද ටේල් ඔෆ් ද බැම්බු කටර්, සැරෂිනා දිනපොත, ද පිලෝ බුක්, සහ ද ටේල් ඔෆ්  ගෙන්ජි තුල පැහැදිලිව දැක්වෙයි.

එඩෝ සමය (1600-1868)

ජපානයෙහි විවාපත්වීම


Oro romántico es el nombre de un álbum recopilatorio del cantautor guatemalteco Ricardo Arjona, publicado el 20 de junio de 1995 por el sello de RODVEN. El álbum está compuesto de dos discos compactos con diez canciones cada uno, que recopilan las canciones de los dos primeros álbumes del artista (Déjame Decir Que Te Amo y Jesús, Verbo No Sustantivo).

Lista de canciones

Disco uno
«Jesús, verbo no sustantivo»
«Vete con el sol»
«Romeo y Julieta»
«Hay amor»
«Se ha ido el amor»
«Ladrón»
«Tú, mi amor»
«Fuego de juventud»
«Como hacer a un lado el pasado»
«Creo que se trata de amor»

Disco dos
«Déjame decir que te amo»
«Hermanos del tiempo»
«Por que es tan cruel el amor»
«Uno + uno = Uno»
«Guerrero a su guerra»
«Por amor»
«Monotonía»
«Y ahora tú te me vas»
«Mañana»
«S.O.S. rescátame»

Referencias

Álbumes de Ricardo Arjona
Álbumes de 1995
Álbumes recopilatorios de 1995
Álbumes en español

Oro romántico


La base aérienne de Prylouky  () est une base située près de la ville de Prylouky, dans l'oblast de Tchernihiv, en Ukraine.

Histoire
En 1946 le 184e régiment d'aviation de la garde (184 GvTBAP) arrive à Prylouky. En avril 1987 des Tu-160 sont stationnées sur la base ; les derniers retournerons en Russie en février 2000.

En 2012 la base est démantelée mais un monument au Tu-16 est gardé.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Références

Base aérienne en Ukraine
Oblast de Tchernihiv
Force aérienne ukrainienne

Base aérienne de Prylouky


فرقة ميراج فرقة غنائية أردنية، أسسها الفنان وائل أبو نوار مع صديق طفولته جمال الطاهر في عام 1980م. وهي أول فرقة عربية تستخدم الفيديو المصور لخدمة الأغنية (فيديو كليب).

البدايات

بدأ الفرقة في الغناء باللغة الإنجليزية، حيث كانت تبث أغانيهم على إذاعة الأردن، ومن هذه الأغاني:

 My own
 We own the world
 On the run

وانضم للفرقة عدة وجوه نسائية، أبرزهم الفنانة (عايدة أبو نوار) والفنانة (سهير عودة)، إلا أن (سهير عودة) لم تستمر مع الفرقة.

وفي عام 1988 قدموا أول أغنية مصورة بطريقة الفيديو كليب في الوطن العربي باسم «تقول أهواك» والتي قامت بغنائها الفنانة سهير عودة.

وفي منتصف التسعينيات قامت الفرقة بتصوير أغنية رحلة / خذني لبلاد بعيدة.

من أغانيهم

 صرخة
 لوحتي الرائعة
 رحلة (خذني لبلاد بعيده)
 طفل وحجر
 أنساه

ألبومات الفرقة

للفرقه 4 ألبومات رئيسية وهي

 Mirage Oasis / 1984
 تقول أهواك / 1988
 ميراج 95 رحلة ه / 1995
 إلى متى / 2008

مشاركات في عالم مسلسلات الكرتون
فرقة ميراج لها مشاركات في مقدمات الكرتون من غناء وتلحين وشعر، مثل:
 ليدي ليدي
 صاحب الظل الطويل
 فتاة المراعي
 قرية التوت
 سالي
 مغامرات بسيط
 الفواكه
 الرحالة الصغير
 نصف بطل
 حكايات من الشرق
 حكايات كان زمان
 حكايات فيها حكمة
 في قديم الزمان
 المغامرون الأبطال
 زهرة الجبل
 التوأمان
 الكابتن ماجد - الجزء الأول

كما قامت الفرقة بتجديد مقدمة كرتون ليدي ليدي وقامت بتصويرها أيضاً في عام 2008م.

بالإضافة للمشاركة بتلحين أغاني برنامج المناهل وهو برنامج تعليمي وتربوي شهير أردني أنتج للأطفال في سنة 1987م.

ألبوم بعد غياب

وفي نهاية عام 2008 تم طرح ألبوم جديد، وحمل عنوان (إلى متى)، وقد احتوى على 8 أغانٍ:

 حبيب الروح
 نـار
 عيني ترى
 صدق اللي قال
 على بالي
 إلى متى
 قولي شو اللي مضايقك
 أنا والله

وكلها من غناء الفنانة (عايده).

وقد تم تصوير أغنية واحدة من الألبوم وهي (حبيب الروح) وذلك في كندا.

أغاني منفردة

طرحت الفرقة بعض الأغاني المنفردة ما بين عام 2009 - 2010، وهي:

 Another Day
 Go With The Flow
 Ya Henna
 Live The Moment
 Hocked

عودة جديدة لأعضاء الفرقة

في فبراير 2014 عادت فرقة ميراج للساحة بأغنية منفردة، وقدمت الفرقة إحدى أغنياتها الشهيرة (تقول أهواك) بشكلٍ مطور، حيث أدتها الفنانة روز الور، وتم تصويرها في الأردن.

مراجع

فرق موسيقية أردنية

فرقة ميراج


Lord Rollo, of Duncrub in the County of Perth, is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created on 10 January 1651 for Sir Andrew Rollo, with remainder to his heirs male whatsoever. His great-great-grandson, the fifth Lord, was a Brigadier-General in the Army and fought in North America during the Seven Years' War. He died without surviving male issue and was succeeded by his younger brother, the sixth Lord. His grandson, the eighth Lord, sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1841 to 1846. His son, the ninth Lord, was a Scottish Representative Peer from 1847 to 1852. His son, the tenth Lord, sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1860 to 1868. On 29 June 1869 he was created Baron Dunning, of Dunning and Pitcairns in the County of Perth, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, with remainder to the heirs male of his body. This title gave the Lords an automatic seat in the House of Lords until 1999.  the titles are held by the tenth Lord's great-great-grandson, the fourteenth Lord, who succeeded his father in 1997. He is the hereditary Clan Chief of Clan Rollo.

The family seat was Duncrub Castle, near Dunning, Perthshire.

Lords Rollo (1651)
Andrew Rollo, 1st Lord Rollo (1577–1659)
James Rollo, 2nd Lord Rollo (1600–1669)
Andrew Rollo, 3rd Lord Rollo (d. 1700)
Robert Rollo, 4th Lord Rollo (c. 1680–1758)
Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo (c. 1703–1765)
John Rollo, Master of Rollo (d. 1762)
John Rollo, 6th Lord Rollo (1708–1783)
James Rollo, 7th Lord Rollo (1738–1784)
John Rollo, 8th Lord Rollo (1773–1846)
William Rollo, 9th Lord Rollo (1809–1852)
John Rollo, 10th Lord Rollo, 1st Baron Dunning (1835–1916)
William Charles Wordsworth Rollo, 11th Lord Rollo, 2nd Baron Dunning (1860–1946)
John Eric Henry Rollo, 12th Lord Rollo, 3rd Baron Dunning (1889–1947)
Eric John Stapylton Rollo, 13th Lord Rollo, 4th Baron Dunning (1915–1997)
David Eric Howard Rollo, 14th Lord Rollo, 5th Baron Dunning (b. 1943)

The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son, the Hon. James David William Rollo, Master of Rollo (b. 1972).
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, Charles James Thomas Rollo (b. 2005)

Notes

References

Rollo
1651 establishments in Scotland
Rollo

Lord Rollo


25539 Roberthelm este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
25539 Roberthelm este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Socorro, New Mexico, în cadrul proiectului LINEAR. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,70 ua, o excentricitate de 0,03 și o înclinație de 6,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 25001-26000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

25539 Roberthelm


Maffeo Vegio, latinizado como Mapheus Vegius (Lodi, 1406/1407-Roma, 1458) fue un humanista y escritor italiano del .

Biografía
Maffeo Vegio era hijo de una familia noble de Lodi y recibió una educación esmerada estudiando derecho en la Universidad de Pavía y la de Cremona y más tarde retórica y dialéctica en la Universidad de Milán. Comenzó a escribir poemas en latín de muy joven y enseñó derecho y literatura en Pavía durante 10 años.

El papa Eugenio IV lo nombró secretario de cartas latinas y a príncipes y datario apostólico en la cancillería pontificia. Se ordenó agustino y en 1443 lo nombró canónigo el papa Eugenio IV, cargo que conservó con Nicolás V y Calixto III.

Tomó partido en los medios intelectuales cristiano del humanismo italiano de la primera mitad del  y tenía una gran devoción a Santa Mónica.

Se hizo particularmente famoso por haber escrito una continuación a la Eneida de Virgilio, que tituló Aeneidos supplementum / Suplemento a la Eneida o Aeneidos Liber XIII / Libro XIII de la Eneida, en 611 hexámetros latinos. Narra los funerales de Turno, el matrimonio de Eneas y Lavinia, la fundación de Lavinium, la muerte del rey Latino y luego la de Eneas y su divinización. Este texto fue particularmente apreciado e impreso por vez primera en 1471 después del texto de la Eneida, y fue regularmente incluido en ediciones de esta obra durante los siglos XV y XVI. Fue incluso objeto de comentarios por Josse Bade en 1501 y luego por Nicolaus Erythraeus (Niccolò Rossi) en 1538-1539. Y Gavin Douglas lo tradujo al escocés y en verso en 1513 como parte de su traducción íntegra de esta obra de Virgilio.

Obra

 De educatione liberorum et eorum claris moribus''', 1491
 Continuación (un  libro) de la Eneida de Virgilio (obra que se consideraba inacabada), 1428.
Poemarios
 Poemata et epigrammata, 1422
 Rusticalia De morte Astyanactis, 1430
 Velleris aurei libri quattuor, 1431
Textos religiosos
 Antoniados sive de vita et laudibus sancti Antonii, en 1436-1437
 De perseverantia religionis De quattuor hominis novissimis, morte, judicio, inferno et paradiso meditationes Vita sancti Bernardi Senensis
 Sanctae Monicae translationis ordo. Item de sanctae Monicae vita et ejus officium proprium
Obras morales
 Disceptatio inter solem, terram, et aurum.
 Dialogus Veritatis et Philalethis.
 Palinurus sive de felicitate et miseria, en 1445: dialogue sur les misères de la vie humaine et la mort entre Charon, le passeur de l'Achéron, et Palinure qui arrive aux Enfers après sa noyade accidentelle. Vegio s'inspire des Dialogues des morts de Lucien de Samosate.
Textos históricos
 De rebus antiquis memorabilibus Basilicae sancti Petri Romae, 1455-1457.
Textos jurídicos

 Bibliografía
 (en inglés) Maffeo Vegio short epics, Michael C. J. Putnam et James Hankins, Harvard University Press, coll. « The I Tatti Renaissance Library», 2004 partiellement consultable sur Google livres.
 (en alemán) Das Aeneissupplement des Maffeo Vegio. Eingeleitet, nach den Handschriften herausgegeben, übersetzt und mit einem Index versehen, Bernd Schneider, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, coll. « Acta Humaniora», Weinheim, 1985.
 (en inglés) Maphei Vegii Laudensis de educatione liberorum et eorum claris moribus libri sex: A critical text of books I-III, Maria Walburg Fanning; of books IV-VI, éd. Anne Stanislaus Sullivan, Catholic University of America, Washington, 1933 et 1936.
 (en alemán) Velleus Aureum: Das goldene Vlies (1431): Einleitung, kritische Edition, übersetzung, Reinhold F. Glei et Markus Köhler, VWT Wissenschaftliches Verlag, coll. « Bochumer Altertumwissenschftliches Colloquium», Trèves, 1998.
  De rebus antiquis memorabilibus Basilicae S. Petri Romae, R. Valentini et G. Zuchetti, en Codice topografico della citta di Roma, IV, 1953, p. 375-398.
Estudios
 (en inglés) Brinton, Anna Cox, Maphaeus Vegius and his Thirteenth Book of the Aeneid: A Chapter on Virgil in the Renaissance, Stanford University Press, 1930; rééd. Garland Publishing, New York, 1978.
 (en inglés) Charles S. Ross, « Maffeo Vegio's short Cristyn wark, with a Note on the Thirteenth Book in Early Editions of Vergil», Modern Philology,  78, 1981, p. 215-226.
 (en francés)F. Chatillon, « Sur Maffeo Vegio de Lodi, continuateur de Virgile au XVe siècle», Revue du Moyen Âge latin, 40: 3-4, 1984, p. 213-217.
  Andrea Franzoni, L'Opera Pedagogica de Maffeo Vegio, Lodi, 1907.
 (en inglés) Vincent Joseph Horkan, Educational theories and principles of Maffeo Vegio'', Washington, 1953.

Enlaces externos y referencias
 Texto latino de la continuación de la Eneida

Agustinos de Italia del siglo XV
Escritores de Italia del siglo XV
Escritores en latín
Humanistas de Italia del siglo XV
Nacidos en Lodi (Italia)
Fallecidos en Roma

Maffeo Vegio


ගෝලීය කුසගිනි දර්ශකය (GHI) යනු, රටවල කුසගිනි තත්ත්වයෙහි ස්වභාවය විස්තර කිරීමට භාවිතා කෙරෙන බහුමාන සංඛ්‍යාන මෙවලමකි. කුසගින්නට එරෙහි ගෝලීය සටනෙහි ප්‍රගතිය සහ අසමාර්ථය GHI විසින්  මනිනු ලැබේ.  වසරකට වරක් GHI යාවත්කාලීන කෙරෙයි.

දර්ශකය අපත්‍යීකරණය කොට තවත් වැඩි දියුණු කරන ලද්දේ ජාත්‍යන්තර ආහාර ප්‍රතිපත්ති පර්යේෂණ ආයතනය (IFPRI) විසින් වන අතර, ජර්මානු ලාබ-නොලබන සංවිධානයක් (NGO) වන වෙල්ට්හුංගාහිල්ෆර් හා සමග එක්ව 2006 වසරෙහිදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදි. 2007 වසරෙහි සිට, අයර්ලන්ත ජාතික ලාබ නොලබන සංවිධානයක් වන කන්සර්න් වර්ල්ඩ්වයිඩ් සංවිධානයද සම-ප්‍රකාශක ලෙසින් කණ්ඩායමට එකතු විය.

සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින රටවල් සහ  සංක්‍රාන්තියෙහි පවතින රටවල් 120 ක් සඳහා 2013 වසරෙහිදී GHI ගණනය කල අතර,  එයින් 56 ක් බරපතළ හෝ එයට වඩා දැඩි කුසගිනි තත්ත්වයක පසු වූහ.

අනුස්ථිතිය ගණනය කිරීමට අමතරව, සෑම අවුරුද්දකම ගෝලීය කුසගිනි දර්ශක වාර්තාව විසින් ප්‍රධාන මාතෘකාවක් කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කරයි: 2013 වසරෙහිදී  තේමාත්මක අවධානය යොමු වූයේ, ඌන- සහ මන්දපෝෂණයට එරෙහිව ප්‍රජා මට්ටමෙන් උත්ප්ලාවිතාව ශක්තිමත් කිරීම කෙරෙහිය.

පෙර අවුරුදු වල මාතෘකා අතර මේවාද විය:
 වයස අවුරුදු දෙකට අඩු දරුවන් අතර මුල් ළදරුවිය ඌනපෝෂණය (2010).
 මෑත වසරන්හිදී වැඩිවන හා බෙහෙවින් වෙනස් වන ආහාර මිල සහ 2011 වසරෙහිදී කුසගින්න සහ මන්දපෝෂණය කෙරෙහි මෙම වෙනස්කම් වල බලපෑම්.
 2012 වසරෙහිදී: ආහාර සඳහා ස්වභාවික ප්‍රභවයන් හිඟ සහ බොහෙවින් හිඟ වන විට, ආහාර සුරක්ෂිතභාවය සහ ධරණීය ලෙසින් ස්වභාවික ප්‍රභව භාවිතා කිරීම ලඟාකරගැනුම.

වාර්ෂික GHI ගණනයට අමතරව, 2008 වසරෙහිදී  ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රාන්ත සඳහා කුසගිනි දර්ශකය (ISHI) ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කෙරුණු අතර 2009 වසරෙහිදී ඉතියෝපියාව සඳහා උප -ජාතික කුසගිනි දර්ශකයක් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කෙරුණි.

ගෝලීය සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය ප්‍රවණතා

අනුස්ථිතිය

ආශ්‍රිත

ගෝලීය කුසගිනි දර්ශකය


An Caustis in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Caustis in nahilalakip ha familia nga Cyperaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Caustis

Caustis


Dreptul de întoarcere se referă la un principiu de drept internațional, stabilit în Declarația Universală a Drepturilor Omului și , potrivit cărora orice persoană are dreptul să se întoarcă în țara ei de origine.

Acest principiu este luat în considerare specială în legile imigrației unor țări pentru a facilita sau pentru a încuraja întoarcerea din diaspora a cetățenilor refugiați.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Dreptul de întoarcere acasă, un drept încă refuzat palestinienilor

Drept internațional
Refugiați

Dreptul de întoarcere


Rudolf Jakob Camerarius or Camerer (12 February 1665 – 11 September 1721) was a German botanist and physician.

Life
Camerarius was born at Tübingen, and became professor of medicine and director of the botanical gardens at Tübingen in 1687. He is chiefly known for his investigations on the reproductive organs of plants (De sexu plantarum epistola (1694)).

While other botanists, such as John Ray and Nehemiah Grew, had observed that plants seemed to have sex in some form, and guessed that pollen was the male fertilizing agent, it was Camerarius who did experimental work. In studying the mulberry, he determined that female plants not near to male (staminate) plants produced fruit but with no seeds. Mercurialis and spinach plants fared likewise. With the castor oil plant (Ricinus) and with maize he cut off the staminate flowers (the "tassels" of maize), and likewise observed that no seeds formed. His results were reported in the form of a letter (the epistola), and attracted immediate attention, subsequent workers extending his results from the monoecious plants he had studied to dioecious ones as well.

Works

Notes

References

 Duane Isely, One hundred and one botanists (Iowa State University Press, 1994), pp. 74–76

External links

1665 births
1721 deaths
Scientists from Tübingen
17th-century German botanists
German entomologists
17th-century German physicians
18th-century German physicians
Pre-Linnaean botanists
18th-century German botanists

Rudolf Jakob Camerarius


Die Niederländische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1987 war die 46. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in den Niederlanden.

Sieger und Finalisten

Weblinks
badminton.nl

1987
Badminton 1987


Nem, havada bulunan su buharına denir. Nem ölçümlerinde mutlak nem, bağıl nem ve spesifik nem hesaplanır. Mutlak nem birim hacimdeki nem miktarıdır. Gram/metreküp olarak verilir. Bağıl nem havadaki nem miktarının o havanın alabileceği maksimum neme olan oranıdır. Birimsel olarak verilir ve sıcaklık ile ters orantılıdır. Spesifik nem ise bir gazda bulunan su buharı ağırlığının gaz ağırlığına olan oranıdır. İngilizcede moisture ise bir katının aldığı ya da verdiği sıvı miktarına denir. Türkçede ise tam bir karşılığı yoktur, rutubet olarak adlandırılabilir. Çiğ noktasında ise yüzey üzerindeki bağıl nem %100'e eşittir. Bu, çiğ noktasının sıcaklığında havanın (ya da ilgili gazın) suya doyduğu anlamına gelir, sıcaklığın biraz daha azalması durumunda yüzey üzerinde bir miktar su yoğunlaşacaktır.

İnsan sağlığı için uzun süreli optimum bağıl nem %40-60 aralığında olmalıdır.

Ev içinde bebek, insanlar için sağlıklı ideal nem %55 civarı olmalıdır.

Sıcak havalarda yüksek nem olduğu zaman hissedilen sıcaklık daha yüksek olur, örneğin hava sıcaklığı 32 derece olduğu gün nem %90 ise hissedilen sıcaklık 50 derecedir, nem %70 ise hissedilen sıcaklık 41 derecedir.

Kaynakça

Meteoroloji

Nem


Sporsnjall (también Fornsnjallr), fue un caudillo vikingo, rey de Nærríki (hoy Närke), Suecia. Se le menciona expresamente en la saga Ynglinga cuando el infame Ingjald invitó a siete prominentes jarls y reyes a un banquete con el único fin de emborracharlos, encerrarlos en la sala de festejos y quemarlos vivos para someter sus territorios. En otras leyendas sobre Närke, aparece posteriormente como Sporsnäll.

Véase también
 Hús-brenna

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Sturluson, Snorri. Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, trad. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6

Reyes vikingos de Suecia

Sporsnjall


Stockholmsgade Station er en letbanestation i Aarhus beliggende i bydelen Christiansbjerg. Stationen ligger på Randersvej ved krydset med Stockholmsgade. Stationen er anlagt midt på vejen og består af to sideliggende perroner. De er anbragt på hver sin side af krydset med en placering umiddelbart efter dette set i forhold til køreretningen. Adgang sker via fodgængerfelterne i krydset. På hver perron er der en kort overdækning med bænke og på perronen i retning mod Aarhus H desuden en rejsekort-billetautomat. Omgivelserne er en blanding af boligblokke og villaer samt en række supermarkeder og andre forretninger langs den østlige side af Randersvej.

Strækningen mellem Aarhus H og Universitetshospitalet, hvor stationen ligger, åbnede den 21. december 2017.

Galleri

Noter

Stationer på Aarhus Letbane
Etableret i 2017

Stockholmsgade Station


محمد الوارقلا عبد الرزاق (25 مارس 1925 في سلا) لاعب كرة قدم مغربي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الوسط كما كان يجيد اللعب في مركز المهاجم.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو ألي
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو ريال مورسيا
لاعبو سيت
لاعبو فالينسيان
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغاربة
لاعبو مارتيغ
لاعبو مونبلييه
لاعبو نادي الوداد الرياضي
لاعبو نادي بويبلا
لاعبو نادي فرنسا
لاعبو نيس
لاعبو نيم
مدربو كرة قدم مغاربة
مدربو نادي مارتيغ
مواليد 1343 هـ
مواليد 1925
مواليد في سلا

محمد عبد الرزاق


Obradni centar čini nadogradnju numerički upravljanog CNC stroja u pogledu automatske izmjene alata, pribora i obradaka. Obrada složenih geometrijskih oblika (rotacijskih, prizmatičnih) obavlja se u jednom stezanju različitim operacijama: tokarenja, glodanja, bušenja, upuštanja, razvrtanja, urezivanja i narezivanja navoja kao i brušenja. Obradni centri svojim izgledom podsjećaju na glodalice, ali ih mogućnostima nadmašuju:
 imaju kraći vremensko razdoblje proizvodnje;
 smanjeno je glavno vrijeme i pomoćna vremena;
 ostvaruju uštede u pogledu specijalnih alata za obradu složenih kontura;
 viša je točnost i kvaliteta strojne obrade;
 manji je udio ljudskoga rada u obradi;
 imaju veću učinkovitost - smanjuju se troškovi.

Nedostatci obradnih centara jesu:
 visoka početna ulaganja;
 potrebna dodatno školovanje kadrova na svim razinama;
 potrebna kvalitetna pripreme rada;
 visoki troškovi ako nastupi kvar stroja.

Podjela
Obradne se centre s obzirom na vrstu osnovne obrade može podijeliti na:
 tokarski obradni centar (osnosimetrični obradci: tokarenje, glodanje, bušenje i brušenje);
 obradni centar za glodanje (prizmatični obradci: glodanje, bušenje, tokarenje i brušenje);
 brusni obradni centar (brušenje složenih brusnih površina).

Prema položaju glavnog vretena dijele se na vodoravne i okomite, a prema broju radnih vretena na jednovretene, dvovretene i viševretene.

Sustav smještaja i izmjene alata
Jedan od zahtjeva koji mora biti zadovoljen kako bi se postigao visok stupanj automatizacije CNC stroja jest i postojanje odgovarajućeg sustava smještaja i izmjene alata na tome stroju. Najstarija rješenja bila su u obliku revolverske glave koja je i danas najčešći način smještaja alata na tokarilici (opasnost od sudara ili kolizije ograničava broj alata u revolverskoj glavi). Glodalice i obradni centri koriste veći broj alata pa tu prevladavaju spremišta alata ili magazini:
 disk nosača alata (od 12 do 36 alata);
 prstenasti nosač alata (od 36 do 60 alata);
 lančani nosač alata (od 60 do 80 alata);
 kasetni (više od 80 alata);
 regalni nosač alata (do 180 alata).

Pri korištenju vrlo velikog broja alata postoji mogućnost montaže više nosača alata na CNC stroj.

Sustav skladištenja alata bez sustava izmjene alata nema svrhe tako da ta dva sustava čine neraskidivu cjelinu - sustav smještaja i izmjene alata. Općenito izmjena alata, to jest povrat korištenog alata u spremište i preuzimanje novog alata te njegovo pozicioniranje u radnom vretenu može se obaviti pomoću manipulatora (takozvana robotska ruka). Osnovni zahtjev koji manipulator treba ispuniti jest da priprema alata za novu operaciju ne narušava proces obrade, to jest potpuna priprema alata treba se zbivati za vrijeme strojne obrade kako bi se smanjilo ukupno vrijeme obrade.

Sustav izmjene i prijenosa obradaka
Da bi se smanjilo pomoćno vrijeme potrebno za postavljanje i stezanje pripremka na radni stol, primjenjuje se sustav automatske izmjene obradaka ili paletni sustav. On omogućuje pripremu sljedećeg obratka dok traje obrada na stroju. Primjena paleta prikladna je za sve oblike obradaka. Paletni sustav se sastoji od palete kvadratnoga, pravokutnog ili kružnog oblika, uređaja za izmjenu paleta, držaća paleta na stroju, prijenosnih (transportnih) kolica i spremišta paleta.

Izvori

Obrada metala
Strojevi
Industrijska automatika

Obradni centar


Coprosma repens es una especie de arbusto de la familia de las rubiáceas. Es un endemismo de Australia y Nueva Zelanda.

Descripción
Es un arbusto postrado o árbol pequeño que alcanza un tamaño de 8 m de altura, las ramas son robustas, glabros o pubescentes. Las hojas oblongas a una amplia gama de ovadas, de 2-8 cm de largo, 10-50 mm de ancho, el ápice obtuso, truncado o emarginado, con domacios como pequeños hoyos en la superficie inferior prominente; pecíolo de 5-16 mm de largo en su mayoría; estípulas triangulares dentadas. Las flores masculinas en racimos compuestos densos;  corola en forma de embudo de 5 mm de largo, lóbulos ± igual al tubo. Las flores femeninas en pequeños grupos, cáliz corto, corola tubular de 3 mm de largo, lóbulos más cortos que el tubo. El fruto en forma de drupa obovoide de 10 mm de ancho, de color rojo anaranjado.

Taxonomía
Coprosma repens fue descrita por Achille Richard y publicado en Voyage de Découverts de l'~Astrolabe~ . . . Botanique 1: 264, en el año 1832.
Etimología
Coprosma: nombre genérico que proviene del griego kopros = "estiércol" y osme =  "olor", en alusión al olor fétido.

repens: epíteto latino que significa "rastrero".
Sinonimia
Coprosma baueriana Hook.f.
Coprosma retusa Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f.
Coprosma stockii B.S.Williams

Referencias

repens

Coprosma repens


134. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 134. vestlige længdekreds
 134. østlige længdekreds

134. længdegrad


Permyak language (previously Komi-Permyak language;   or  ) is one of two Permic varieties in the Uralic language family that form a pluricentric language, the other being Komi-Zyryan (Udmurt is another Permic language spoken outside of the region and not a member of the Komi pluricentric language).

The Komi-Permyak language, spoken in Perm Krai of Russia and written using the Komi Cyrillic alphabet, was co-official with Russian in the Komi-Permyak Okrug of the Perm Krai.

Glottonym

The original name of the Komi-Permyak language is коми кыв "Komi language", identical with the native name of the Komi-Zyryan language.

In the 1920s, the Soviet authorities introduced the new name for the Komi language in the Perm Region as коми-пермяцкий язык, the Komi-Permian language, combining the native name of the language with the Russian one. The new name was transliterated in Komi as коми-пермяцкöй кыв 'Komi-Permyak language'. In this way, the local language was nominally separated from the Komi-Zyryan language, that officially received the original name, the Komi language. The Komis of the Perm Region had to officially use the new name, even though it has negative connotations for the speakers, continuing to use the original name, the Komi language, exclusively in their colloquial speech.

Only in the early years of the first decade of the 2000s has there begun a controversial process of replacing the offensive official name with a more correct one. The term перем коми кыв 'Permian Komi language' was proposed and it is used nowadays (alongside the old term) in local mass-media, in scientific papers and in the Komi-Permyak version of Wikipedia.

Dialects

All of the Komi-Permyak dialects are easily mutually intelligible and, to a lesser extent, mutually intelligible with the Komi-Zyryan dialects.

The Komi-Permyak dialects might be divided geographically into Northern and Southern groups, and phonemically into /l/ and /v/ groups:

 Northern
/l/ type: лым /lɨm/ "snow", вӧл /vɘl/ "a horse", вӧлтӧг /vɘltɘg/ "without a horse", вӧлӧн /vɘlɘn/ "with a horse, on a horse"
Upper Lupya
Mysy (former rural council)
Kosa-Kama
Kochevo
Zyuzdino (Afanasyevo)
Yazva
 Southern
/v/ type: вым /vɨm/, вӧв /vɘv/, вӧвтӧг /vɘvtɘg/, вӧвӧн /vɘvɘn/
Kudymkar-Inva
Lower Inva
Southern /l/ type: лым /lɨm/, вӧл /vɘl/, вӧлтӧг /vɘltɘg/, вӧлӧн /vɘlɘn/
On
Nerdva

Formerly a southern dialect group existed in the Obva river basin, but it is now extinct except for the Nerdva dialect. Because of this the latter is nowadays usually considered together with the central group, which in this way has become "southern".

The central (new southern) and northern groups of Komi-Permyak are spoken in Komi Okrug of Perm Krai, where the language was standardized in the 1920s. The modern standard is based on Kudymkar dialect of the central group, but many elements of northern dialects were included as well, so that the "literary language" has significant differences in its morphological system from the "main" dialect.

The central dialects, spoken in the Ińva river basin, differ considerably from the other Komi-Permyak dialects due to the general shift of etymological /l/ to /v/, then to /w/, and finally to the disappearance of the consonant, which has triggered significant changes in morphology.

The differences between the Kudymkar and Uliś Ińva dialects are mainly in accentuation: the Uliś Ińva has a phonological stress (the Öń too), whereas the Kudymkar dialect (like as Ńerdva) has a morphological one. The Ńerdva dialect retains the etymological /l/. The same can be said about the Öń dialect (recently extinct), that had connections with the eastern Permian.

The northern group of the Permian dialects (upon Kösva, Kama and Lup rivers) was under a strong Zyryan influence on all levels. The Köć and Kös dialects are closely related with some Syktyv dialects of Zyryan, whereas the Lup dialect was in tenuous connections with the Upper Ezhva dialect for a long time.

The Komi-Permyak standard language refers only to the central and northern groups of the Komi-Permyak dialects. They can be called as proper Permian dialects. The other two groups are marginal.

An only relic of the eastern Permian is the Yaźva dialect, ca. 200 speakers of the ca. 900 ethnical Komis in Krasnovishersky District of Perm Krai. In the early 2000s (decade) it was standardized by authority of the krai. The dialect has archaic system of vowels (including /ö/, /ü/ and /ʌ/), while its accentuation is similar to Uliś Ińva's and its lexical system is like the Northern Permian one.

The Western Permian group is represented by another marginal dialect, Źuźdin (ca. 1000 persons living in Kirov Oblast near the border of Komi Okrug).

Phonology
In the Komi-Permyak standard language there are the same 26 main consonants and 7 vowels as in Komi-Zyryan.

Consonants
Komi-Permyak's modern consonant system includes 26 native ones, and the additional consonants /ts/, /f/, /x/ in Russian loanwords. In traditional speech the "foreign sounds" were replaced with /t͡ɕ/, /p/, and /k/, respectively.

 Only in Russian loanwords.
 There is also a phoneme // which mostly occurs paralinguistically and only in 1 word Бунгаг [ʙuŋɡaɡ] outside it.

Vowels

The Komi-Permyak vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by three features: front and back, rounded and unrounded and vowel height.

Komi-Permyak does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have vowel harmony. There are no diphthongs; when two vowels come together, which occurs at some morpheme boundaries, each vowel retains its individual sound.

Writing system
Both regional standards of the Komi language have an identical alphabet, introduced in 1938. The alphabet (anbur, анбур) includes all the Russian letters plus two additional graphemes: і and ӧ.

Grammar
Komi-Permyak is an agglutinating language. It uses affixes to express possession, to specify mode, time, and so on.

Nouns
All Permian Komi nouns are declined for number, case and possession, adding special suffixes to word stems.

Number

In Permian Komi there are two grammatical numbers: singular and plural. The singular is the unmarked form of a word, and the plural is obtained by inflecting the singular.

The plural marker of nouns is /ez/ (orthographically эз or ез) immediately following a word stem before any case or other affixes. The last consonant of the stem before the plural suffix has to be duplicated.

The plural suffix has also a reduced variant (a "weak form") /е/ (orth. э or е), that is used combining with some weak forms of possessive suffixes, e.g. киэт 'your (Sg.) hands ' versa  киэз 'hands'.

Possession

The Permian Komi possessive suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a case suffix depending on case. The three suffixes of singular possession have in addition to their main forms the weak variants used combining with a weak form of plural suffix,  weak forms of some cases or forming the suffixes of plural possession.

 The weak variants of the suffix
 The element ны is a marker of plural possession

The possessive suffix of 3Sg is widely used also as a definite article. In colloquial speech it is the main meaning of this suffix.

Cases

It is assumed, that the Permian Komi standard language has eighteen noun cases: ten grammatical cases and eight locative cases. The disputes continue about the status of some monosyllabic postpositions and a set of dialectal reduced forms of postpositions that can be treated as case suffixes too. The maximal number of all possible cases reaches 30.

The case suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a possessive suffix depending on case. Some cases have weak variants of their suffixes combining with the weak variants of possessive suffixes.

Adjectives
Used attributively, Permian Komi adjectives precede the nouns they modify, and are not declined: басöк нывка 'beautiful girl' → басöк нывкаэслö 'to the beautiful girls'.

However most adjectives can also be used as nouns and sometimes as appositions, in which case they are declined: e.g. ыджыт ("big") → ыджыттэзісь ("out of the bigs"). The declensional paradigma is the same as by nouns, except the main accusative form, that became by adjectives suffix ö instead of öс or a null morpheme by nouns: адззи басöк нывкаöс 'I have found a beautiful girl' → адззи басöкö 'I have found a beautiful [girl]'.

Being predicative an adjective agrees with the subject for number. The plural marker of the predicative is öсь: керкуыс ыджыт 'the house is big ' → керкуэc ыджытöсь 'the houses are big'.

The adjective in Permian Komi have five degrees of comparison

The comparative and the superlative compare the intensity of an object's quality with the other object's one. The sative, excessive and diminutive compare the intensity of the quality with its basic degree.

Numerals
The numerals in Komi-Permyak

Personal pronouns
Komi personal pronouns inflect in all the cases. The language makes no distinction between he, she and it. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table:

Verbs

Permian Komi verbs show tense (present, future, past), mood (indicative, imperative, evidential, optative, conditional and conjunctive), voice and aspect.

The verbal stem is a 2nd person singular of imperative mode: мун 'go', кер 'make'. All the other forms are formed by adding suffixes to the stem.

Some verbal stems having a consonant cluster at the end become expanded with a so-called "voyelle de soutien"  which is dropped before the suffixes beginning with a vowel:  =  'hear',  'swear' = , e. g.  'to hear',  'by hearing' but  'I heard',  'he hears',  'you hear'. Thus, these stems with a consonant cluster have their full und reduced variants.

Permian infinitives are marked with  added to a stem as in  'to go',   'hear'

All Permian Komi verbs are conjugated in the same way, except for the defective verb  'to be'.

Negation is mostly expressed by a conjugated negator preceding the stem, e. g.  'I didn't go'.

The indicative mood has three tenses: present, future and past. The main marker of the present and future tense is а (negat. о), the marker of the past tense is и (negat. э).

Here is conjugation of verb керны 'make, do':

Notes.
 Present and future forms differ just in affirm. 3rd person (ö / öны to ас / асö).
 Future and past forms differ only with tense marker (the future -а / о- to the past -и / э-).
 In present affirmative forms the marker of 3rd person is -ö, which at the same time indicates the tense.

Some phrases

Bibliography

Аксёнова, О. П. (2009). Коми-пермяцкие географические термины и их функционирование в топонимии Верхнего Прикамья. Кудымкар: ПНЦ УрО РАН.
Баталова, Р. М. (1982). Ареальные исследования по восточным финно-угорским языкам (коми языки). Москва: Изд-во «Наука».
Баталова, Р. М. (1975). Коми-пермяцкая диалектология. Москва: Изд-во «Наука».
Баталова, Р. М., Кривощекова-Гантман А. С. (1985). Коми-пермяцко-русский словарь. – М.: Русский язык.
Кривощекова-Гантман, А. С. (2006). Собрание сочинений в 2 томах. Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т. ; .
Лобанова, А. С., Шляхова, С. С. (2010). Коми-пермяцкий язык конца ХХ – начала ХХІ веков: стилистические аспекты. Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т.
Лыткин В. И. и др. (1962). Коми-пермяцкий язык: Введение, фонетика, лексика и морфология / под ред. и при соавт. проф. В. И. Лыткина. Кудымкар: Коми-перм. кн. изд-во.
Пономарева, Л. Г. (2002). Фонетика и морфология мысовско-лупьинского диалекта коми-пермяцкого языка: дис. ... канд. филол. наук. Ижевск.
Попова, О. А.  (2010). Коми-пермяцкий фразеологический словарь. Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т.
Тудвасева З.К. и др. (2008). Русско-коми-пермяцкий разговорник. Кудымкар: Коми-Перм. кн. изд-во.
Цыпанов, Е. А. (1999). Перым-коми гижӧд кыв. Сыктывкар: «Пролог» небöг лэдзанін.

Further reading
 Fedosejeva, Jelena. "Замечания по лексикологии коми-пермяцкого языка (с этимологиями)" [Some Lexicological Remarks on the Komi-Permyak Language]. In: Linguistica Uralica 53, nr. 3, 2017. pp. 179-185. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3176/lu.2017.3.02
 Kochetov, Alexei, and Alevtina Lobanova. "Komi-Permyak Coronal Obstruents: Acoustic Contrasts and Positional Variation". In: Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37, no. 1 (2007): 51–82. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44526448.

References

External links

 Books in Komi-Permyak from Finno-Ugric Electronic Library (by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic (interface in Russian and English, texts in Mari, Komi, Udmurt, Erzya and Moksha languages))
 Баталова Р. М. Коми-пермяцкий язык.
 Кривощёкова-Гантман А.С. Коми-пермяцко-русский словарь.  (Krivoshchokova-Gantman A.S. Komi-Permyak-Russian Dictionary)

Komi language
Permic languages
Languages of Russia
Agglutinative languages

Permyak language


Dinamo, también Dynamo, (en ruso y ucraniano: Динамо, bielorruso: Дына́ма) es la asociación deportiva y de entrenamiento físico más antigua de los países socialistas creada en 1923. En la Unión Soviética estaba bajo control del NKVD, el Comisariado del Pueblo para Asuntos Internos (cuerpo policial del otrora país comunista) .

Historia

Orígenes
El nombre dado a la asociación significa "energía en movimiento" del griego: δύναμις; dynamis -energía, y del latín: motio, -movimiento. La sociedad fue establecida el 18 de abril de 1923 en Moscú por un grupo de oficiales y miembros de la OGPU bajo el título original "Sociedad proletaria de Moscú Dynamo". A lo largo de la historia de la compañía, su nombre oficial cambió varias veces. Dinamo, junto a las fuerzas armadas y la Sociedad Deportiva de Voluntarios, crearon el sistema universal de educación física y deportes de la URSS. En su mayor apogeo conformó un total de 45 disciplinas deportivas para la sociedad soviética en 1971.

Fundación y desarrollo

La sociedad "Dinamo" fue fundada oficialmente el 18 de abril de 1923 bajo la iniciativa de Felix Dzerzhinsky y bajo el amparo del Directorio Político del Estado (OGPU), la policía política soviética, el predecesor de otras estructuras de seguridad soviéticas y rusas tales como el KGB, el NKVD y el MVD. Durante el resto de la historia de la sociedad en la época soviética, se mantuvieron constantes conexiones con los distintos aparatos de seguridad del estado. Muchos atletas notables de la sociedad Dinamo fueron anteriormente oficiales del MVD o el KGB, conservando ambos salarios, pues éstos podían ser reactivados en sus funciones secretas en operaciones contra los países en los que se encontraban compitiendo.

Esta asociación se convirtió en internacional cuando muchos clubes deportivos en países de Europa del Este adoptaron aquella denominación, algunos aún la mantienen en la actualidad, con gran éxito en deportes como fútbol, hockey sobre hielo, voleyball, baloncesto, bandy o balonmano, pero después de la disolución de la Unión Soviética la única relación que mantienen entre sí es el nombre, ya que en cada país los equipos y/o sociedades deportivas tienen sus propios dueños privados. En fútbol podemos destacar a: FC Dinamo Bucureşti en Rumania, FC Dynamo Kiev en Ucrania, FC Dinamo Moscú y FC Dynamo San Petersburgo en Rusia, FC Dinamo Tbilisi de Georgia, FC Dinamo Minsk y FC Dinamo Brest de Bielorrusia, NK Dinamo Zagreb de Croacia y la sociedad deportiva Sportvereinigung Dynamo de la antigua Alemania del Este, donde estaban los actuales equipos de fútbol Berliner FC Dynamo y Dinamo Dresde. En hockey sobre hielo podemos destacar: HC Dynamo Moscú de Rusia, Dynamo Kiev (ahora Sokil Kiev) de Ucrania, HC Dinamo Minsk de Bielorrusia y Dinamo Riga de Letonia.

Imágenes

Véase también
Sociedades deportivas voluntarias de la Unión Soviética

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio web oficial
Sociedades rusas deportivas "Dinamo"

Clubes polideportivos
Sociedades deportivas en la Unión Soviética

Dinamo (sociedad deportiva)


Kozue Amano (天野 こずえ Amano Kozue) es una mangaka japonesa nacida el 26 de mayo de 1974 en la prefectura de Saitama, Japón. Es autora de populares mangas como ARIA y Roman Club. Desde noviembre de 2008, su nueva obra Amanchu! se encuentra en publicación, en la revista Comic Blade de la editorial Mag Garden.

Mangas
 Roman Club (浪漫倶楽部)
 Mukûkai (夢空界)
 Sora no Uta (空の謳)
 Crescent Noise (クレセントノイズ)
 Ohi-sama Egao (おひさま笑顔)
 AQUA
 ARIA
 Amanchu!

Carrera
 1993 - Gana el premio Big Step en la sexta edición del concurso Big Rooky con su manga Earth(アース)
 1994 - Debuta en la edición especial de primavera de la revista Fresh GanGan con su manga Sen'yasai (前夜祭)
 2001 - En la revista Monthly Stencil comienza la publicación de AQUA

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial de Kozue Amano.

Historietistas de Japón
Nacidos en Saitama
Mujeres historietistas de Japón

Kozue Amano


Acesta este filmografia lui Colin Firth.

Filme și televiziune

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Filmografia lui Colin Firth


Kohei Usui (født 16. juli 1979) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Shonan Bellmare, Yokohama FC, Montedio Yamagata og Tochigi SC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kohei Usui


Andreas Heimer Hansen (født 10. december 1997) er en dansk fodboldspiller som spiller for B.93 som midtbane.

Andreas Heimer kom til Silkeborg på den næstsidste dag i transfervinduet i januar 2019. Heimer blev købt i Thisted FC, som midtbanespilleren havde optrådt for i et års tid.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Silkeborg IF
Personer fra København

Andreas Heimer Hansen


A , ; ) is a type of wide-brimmed Mexican men's hat used to shield the face and eyes from the sun. It usually has a high pointed crown, an extra-wide brim (broad enough to cast a shadow over the head, neck and shoulders of the wearer) that is slightly upturned at the edge, and a chin strap to hold it in place.

In Mexico, this hat type is known as a  ("charro hat", referring to the traditional Mexican horsemen).
In Spanish, any wide-brimmed hat may be considered a sombrero.

Design
Sombreros, like cowboy hats, were designed in response to the demands of the physical environment.  The concept of a broad-brimmed hat worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century, and in the Greek petasos two millennia before that. In hot, sunny climates hats often have evolved wide brims. The exact origin of the Mexican sombrero is unknown, but it is usually accepted that the hat originated with Mestizo cowboys in Central Mexico. Although sombrero is usually taken to refer to the traditional Mexican headwear, the term sombrero predates this item of clothing, and has been applied to several differing styles of hat. Other types of hats known as sombrero can be found in South America and Spain, including the sombrero calañés, sombrero cordobés and sombrero de catite (Spain), and sombrero vueltiao (Colombia).

Cultural influence
Many early Texan cowboys adopted the Spanish and Mexican sombrero with its flat crown and wide, flat brim. Also called the , these hats came from Spain.

The Mexican variation of the sombrero added an even wider brim and a high, conical crown. These are the hats worn by mariachi musicians and . Both types of sombreros usually include a  or chin strap.

In the Western United States, the sombrero had a high conical or cylindrical crown with a saucer-shaped brim, highly embroidered and made of plush felt.

In the Philippines, due to the influence from Spain brought about by the Manila galleon trade, the term has been assimilated into the Tagalog language in the form of  and now refers to any hat – from Mexican sombreros (as used in the English language) to baseball caps.

The galaxy Messier 104 is known as the Sombrero Galaxy due to its appearance.  Similarly, Tampa Stadium was also known as "The Big Sombrero".

See also
 Boss of the plains
 Cap
 Chupalla
 List of headgear
 Ranch
 Sun hat
 Vaquero
 Western wear

References

External links

Hats
Mexican clothing
Spanish words and phrases

Sombrero


JJA steht als Abkürzung für

 Jazz Journalists Association, eine Vereinigung von Medienvertretern zum Thema Jazz
 Jeju Air, eine südkoreanische Fluggesellschaft (ICAO-Code)

JJA

JJA