Jari Olavi Litmanen (d. 20 Şubat 1971, Lahti, Finlandiya), Finlandiyalı millî futbolcudur. Kasım 2003'te Finlandiya Futbol Federasyonu tarafından son 50 yılın en iyi Finlandiyalı futbolcusu seçildi. Litmanen, ayrıca en iyi 100 Fin listesinin 42. sırasında kendine yer buldu.

Kariyeri

Litmanen en son 2011-12 sezonunda HJK Helsinki takımında oynamıştır. Finlandiya'da Reipas Lahti, HJK Helsinki, MYPA ve FC Lahti takımlarının formasını giymiş, yurt dışında ise Ajax, Barcelona, Liverpool ve Hansa Rostock'ta oynamıştır. Kariyeri boyunca orta sahada oynamış klasik bir oyun kurucusu olmakla birlikte mükemmel bir tekniği ve görüş açısı vardır. 1990'ların ortalarına doğru Ajax takımında oynayan ilk Fin futbolcu oldu ama sürekli yaşadığı sakatlıklar kariyerinin sonraki yıllarında kendisini uğraştırdı. Finlandiya millî futbol takımında da uzun yıllar kaptanlık yapmıştır.

Özel hayatı

Sporcu bir ailenin oğlu olarak dünyaya gelen Litmanen babası Olavi Litmanen gibi Finlandiya millî takımında ve Repias'ta oynadı. Annesiyse Repias'ta en üst seviye kadınlar liginde futbol oynadı. Litmanen doğuştan spora yetenekli bir çocuktu; futbolun dışında birçok sporla ilgilendi. Özellikle buz hokeyinde iyi olmasına karşın 15 yaşına geldiğinde futbol onun ana tutkusu oldu. Litmanen'in kız arkadaşı Ly Jürgenson bir oğul dünyaya getirince Kasım 2005'te baba oldu. 2007'de ikinci oğlu dünyaya geldi.

Başarıları
MyPa
Suomen Cup: 1992

HJK Helsinki
Veikkausliiga: 2011
Suomen Cup: 2011

Ajax
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi: 1994-95
UEFA Süper Kupası: 1995
Kıtalararası Kupa: 1995
Hollanda Ligi: 1993-94, 1994-95, 1995-96, 1997-98, 2003-04
KNVB beker: 1992-93, 1997-98, 1998-99
Hollanda Süper Kupası: 1993, 1994, 1995

Liverpool
UEFA Kupası: 2000-01
UEFA Süper Kupası: 2001
FA Cup: 2000-01
EFL Cup: 2000-01
FA Community Shield: 2001

Bireysel ödül ve başarılar
Finlandiya'da Yılın Futbolcusu: 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000
 Finlandiya Ligi'nde Yılın Futbolcusu: 1990
Finlandiya'da Yılın Sporcusu: 1995
Hollanda'da Yılın Futbolcusu: 1993
Avrupa'da Yılın Futbolcusu, sekizincilik: 1994
Avrupa'da Yılın Futbolcusu, üçüncülük: 1995
Hollanda Ligi gol krallığı: 1993-94
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi Gol Kralı: 1995-96
Finlandiya millî futbol takımında en çok oynayan futbolcu
Finlandiya millî futbol takımında en çok gol atan futbolcu

Kaynakça

 Guardian Football

Dış bağlantılar
 Jari Litmanen resmi sitesi
 Jari Litmanen sitesi  (Felemenkçe)
 Jari Litmanen Taraftar sitesi  (Felemenkçe)
 ajax.nl Litmanen profil
 FF Malmö Litmanen profil

1971 doğumlular
Fin futbolcular
Finlandiya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
HJK Helsinki futbolcuları
MYPA futbolcuları
AFC Ajax futbolcuları
FC Barcelona futbolcuları
Liverpool FC futbolcuları
FC Lahti futbolcuları
FC Hansa Rostock futbolcuları
Malmö FF futbolcuları
Fulham FC futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Orta saha futbolcuları
Allsvenskan futbolcuları
Forvet futbolcular
Bundesliga futbolcuları
Eredivisie futbolcuları
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Almanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İsveç'teki gurbetçi futbolcular
Hollanda'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Fin gurbetçi futbolcular
İsveç'teki Fin gurbetçiler
Hollanda'daki Fin gurbetçiler
Birleşik Krallık'taki Fin gurbetçiler
La Liga futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
Veikkausliiga futbolcuları
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ni kazanan futbolcular
FIFA Century Club
UEFA Jübile Ödülü sahipleri

Jari Litmanen


Gara Nuneaton deservește orașul Nuneaton din Warwickshire, Anglia. Gara este administrată de West Midlands Trains. Se află pe trei linii de cale ferată: secțiunea Trent Vale de pe Magistrala West Coast, linia Birmingham-Leicester-Peterborough și linia Nuneaton-Coventry. În perioada 1924–1969, gara a purtat numele de Nuneaton Trent Vale, pentru a putea fi distinsă de gara Nuneaton Abbey Street (acum închisă). Chiar și după atâția ani, mulți localnici încă se referă la această gară ca Trent Vale.

Istoric

Secolele al XIX-lea și al XX-lea
Gara Nuneaton originală a fost inaugurată pe 15 septembrie 1847, când London and North Western Railway (LNWR) a deschis linia Trent Vale. Ulterior, în 1850, a fost deschisă linia spre Coventry. Stația originală, ca multe altele de pe această linie, a fost proiectată de John William Livock. Având o structură simplă, cu doar două peroane, a devenit inadecvată pentru traficul în creștere și a fost reconstruită la o scară mai mare, cu mai multe peroane în 1873. Stația de astăzi datează din 1915, când a fost reconstruită și mărită din nou cu clădiri proiectate de către Reginald Wynn Owen.

În 1873 o altă linie a deschisă: Ashby and Nuneaton Joint Railway, pentru a crea legături spre Ashby-de-la-Zouch și Coalville, cu scopul de a avea acces la rezervele mari de cărbune situate acolo. Linia a fost închisă pentru pasageri în 1931, dar a rămas deschisă pentru mărfuri până în 1971. Parte din ea a fost mai târziu redeschisă ca linia de patrimoniu Battlefield.

O a doua stație în Nuneaton, Nuneaton Midland, a fost deschisă de către Midland Railway în 1864 pe linia dintre Birmingham și Leicester. Atunci când atât LNWR, cât și Midland Railway, au devenit parte din London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) în 1924, ambele gări au fost redenumite, gara de astăzi devenind Nuneaton Trent Vale, iar fosta Midland devenind Nuneaton Abbey Street. Gara Abbey Street a fost închisă în anul 1968, iar prezenta gară a revenit la a fi numită doar Nuneaton și a preluat serviciile dintre Birmingham și Leicester.

Alte stații din Nuneaton, pe lângă cea menționată mai sus, Abbey Street, sunt două gări locale la Stockingford pe linia spre Birmingham și Plumpton Coton pe linia spre Coventry. Acestea au fost închise în anii 1960. În plus, pe 18 ianuarie 1965, linia Coventry – Nuneaton a fost închisă pentru pasageri, fiind redeschisă în 1988. În 2016, o nouă gară, Bermuda Park, a fost deschisă în Nuneaton.

Secolul al XXI-lea

În 2004, Network Rail a construit două noi peroane, numerotate 6 și 7, în partea de est a stației. Acestea au fost construite ca parte a unui proiect de separare a trenurilor care circulă pe linia Birmingham-Peterborough de cele de pe Magistrala West Coast pentru a evita eventuale conflicte. Un pasaj scos din uz la nord de stație a fost reabilitat pentru linia Birmingham-Peterborough, trecând peste Magistrala West Coast, iar o legătură între acesta și noile peroane a fost contruită.

În noiembrie 2012, Nuneaton North Chord, de 0,9 km lungime, a fost deschis la nord de gară. Legătura permite trenurilor de marfă care vin din Felixstowe pe linia Birmingham–Peterborough să poată continua călătoria spre nord pe Magistrala West Coast după trecerea pasajului, evitând astfel posibile conflictele cu trenurile care merg spre sud.

Servicii

 Magistrala West Coast

West Midlands Trains operează un serviciu de oră, spre sud, spre Londra Euston via Rugby și Milton Keynes Central, și spre nord spre Crewe via Stafford și Stoke-on-Trent.

Trenurile Virgin Trains din London Euston spre Crewe, Chester, Holyhead, Liverpool Lime Street, Blackpool North și Manchester Piccadilly opresc aici în timpul orelor de vârf. Înainte de decembrie 2008, Virgin Trains a fost unicul operator de trenuri la/de la Londra. De atunci, West Midlands Trains a fost principalul operator.

 Linia Birmingham-Peterborough

CrossCountry operează două trenuri pe oră, spre vest, spre Birmingham New Street, și spre est, spre Leicester, dintre care una continuă spre Aeroportul Stansted via Peterborough și Cambridge. Toate serviciile de pe această linie folosesc peroanele 6 și 7.

 Linia Coventry-Nuneaton

West Midlands Trains oferă, de asemenea, la fiecare oră, un serviciu de transfer spre sud, spre Coventry via Bedworth. Acesta folosește, în mod normal, peronul 1.

Servicii viitoare
În iunie 2018, Office of Rail and Road a aprobat o aplicație din partea Great North Western Railway pentru cinci trenuri directe pe zi de la Blackpool North spre London Euston, cu opriri la Poulton-le-Fylde, Kirkham & Wesham, Preston, Nuneaton and Milton Keynes Central. Planul este ca serviciul să înceapă în septembrie 2019.

Accidente
La primele ore ale zilei de 6 iunie 1975, un tren cușetă de noapte de la Londra la Glasgow, a deraiat și s-a prăbușit la sud de gara Nuneaton, omorând șase persoane și rănind 38. Accidentul a fost cauzat când trenul a ajuns pe o cale ferată temporară, cu o viteză mai mare decât cea impusă de restricții. Echipamentul de iluminat al unei plăcuțe care avertiza existența restricției de viteză s-a defectat, iar mecanicul a crezut că restricția a fost eliminată, astfel încât nu a încetinit. Una dintre locomotive a urcat pe peron, provocând pagube gării. O placă de comemorare a victimelor accidentului a fost prezentată la gară în luna august 2015.

Referințe

Nuneaton
Fondări în 1847

Gara Nuneaton


The fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis), also called the common drongo or African drongo, is a small bird found from the Sahel to South Africa that lives in wooded habitats, particularly woodlands and savannas. They are part of the family Dicruridae and have four recognized subspecies, D. a adsimilis, D. a. apivorus, D. a. fugax and D. a. jubaensis. Like other drongos, the fork-tailed is mostly insectivorous; its diet mainly consists of butterflies, termites, and grasshoppers.

Physically this species is characterized with a narrow fork-shaped tail, red-brownish eyes, and black plumage throughout all of its body. As an omnivorous species, its diet consists of small insects, composing of butterflies, grasshoppers and beetles, besides fruit, including those of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera.

The fork-tailed drongo is known for its ability to deceptively mimic other bird alarm calls in order for a certain animal to flee the scene so it can steal their food (kleptoparasitism). They are also notorious for displaying an aggressive and fearless behaviour by attacking and chasing off much larger animals, including birds of prey, when their nest or young are threatened. Due to its extensive range and stable population, the fork-tailed drongo is classified by the IUCN Red List as a least-concern species.

Taxonomy
Described by Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1794. Its populations are genetically highly structured, and four races are accepted. As of 2023, D. a. divaricatus and D. a. lugubris are included within the taxon by the IOC. The races D. a. modestus (Príncipe) together with D. a. coracinus and D. a. atactus (Bioko to west and central mainland Africa, from Guinea east to western Kenya and south to Angola) are usually split as a separate species, the velvet-mantled drongo, D. modestus (Hartlaub, 1849).
 D. a. apivorus Clancey, 1976
Range: Gabon, Congo Republic, DRC, Angola, northwestern Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and northwestern South Africa
Description: primary remiges with brown outer vanes and pale inner vanes (noticeable while perched and in flight respectively)
Habitat: Arid savanna
 D. a. fugax W.K.H.Peters, 1868
Range: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Zanzibar, southeastern Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, eastern Eswatini and northeastern South Africa
Description: Smaller than nominate, outer vanes of primaries brown, and inner vanes dark
 D. a. adsimilis (Bechstein, 1794)
Range: western Eswatini, Lesotho and eastern to southern South Africa
Description: Darker remiges, especially noticeable in flight
 D. a. jubaensis van Someren, 1931
Range: Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia
 D. a. divaricatus (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823) – Senegambia and south Mauritania to southwest Chad.
 D. a. lugubris (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828) – south Chad to Eritrea, Ethiopia, north Kenya, and north Somalia.

Distribution and habitat
The fork-tailed drongo is a common and widespread resident breeder in Africa south of the Sahara. These insect-eating birds are usually found in open forests or bush, and are tolerant of arid climates. Its range was formerly considered to include Asia, but the Asian species is now called the black drongo (D. macrocercus).

Description
The fork-tailed drongo is small sized measuring  long and weighing 50 grams. They have short legs, a wingspan of 134 mm. They have a bill depth of 0,4 mm and a bill length of 2.8 mm. Males are mainly glossy black, although their wings are duller. Females are similar but less glossy. It is large-headed with well-developed rictal and nasal bristles, which are used as sensory organs. The rectrices curve outwards, forming the forked tail for which the species is named. The hooked bill is black and heavy, and the eye is red.

Calls
The call is a metallic . The fork-tailed drongo uses alarm calls to steal food from birds and animals such as meerkats. They make drongo-specific calls as well as mimicked calls. The mimicked calls help them while they target other animals that are eating food. The animals flee and leave their food behind. Once they are gone, the drongo steals it. Vocal at dawn and dusk.

Behavior
They are usually solitary and form monogamous breeding pairs. They are aggressive and fearless, regularly mobbing or attacking much larger species, including birds of prey, if their nest or young are threatened or their territory is compromised. They also join mixed foraging bird parties, and will initiate mobbing of common enemies. To maintain their plumage condition they may rain-bathe, foliage-bathe or plunge-dive into water. Terrestrial foragers like babblers may use the drongo as a sentry.

Feeding
This specie is mostly insectivorous and occasionally eats fishes and other birds, furthermore they may take nectar and eat plants when available too. Predominant preyed animals are butterflies, beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, honey bees, moths, termites and weevils, especially common species being the angola white lady, macrotermes natalensis, cyrtacanthacris aeruginosa, and the desert locust. Sometimes they might also eat small fishes by swooping down from a perch hovering over water and dipping, it has been observed small birds being captured with their claws or bills, namely the bronze mannikin. Plants take around 15% of their diet, usually eaten are the moringa oleifera, azadirachta indica and the dialium guineense. This bird is solidarity in its hunting. This species spends about 62% of the day feeding during the dry season, and 56% of the day during rainy seasons.

Usually, the fork-tailed drongo perches, from a height of  to , in an erect pose from which they rapidly charge insects flycatching, plunge diving or grabbing it on the ground and then return to the same branch. They utilize disturbance caused by other animals in their hunting. The specie can hold large items with their claws and tear them with their bills; removes wings of butterflies. In the Kalahari the fork-tailed is famous for their kleptoparasitism, they mimic other birds or use their own alarms to make other animals think that there're predators nearby and thus make them flee and leave their food behind so the fork-tailed can steal it. They frequent savanna fires, where they catch fleeing insects and other prey running from the flames.

Kleptoparasitism
A common employed tactic by the fork-tailed drongo to get food is kleptoparasitism. The drongo will give genuine alarm calls to alert the presence of predators to other animals, but sometimes it will give a false alarm call to displace those animals and steal their food. Species, such as southern pied babblers, sociable weavers, white-browed sparrow-weavers, wattled starlings and cape starling, that forage on the ground are often are frequent victims of the fork-tailed kleptoparasitism, because according to a study the drongos don't possess the appropriate morphological adaptations to hunt certain preys that are more nutritious and calorific so they use kleptoparasitism.

It has been observed that fork-tailed drongos spend a quarter of their time following other animals. Though in doubt, researchers have considered the possibility that these drongos possess theory of mind, not fully shown in any animal other than humans.

Breeding
Fork-tailed drongos breeding season can start as early as February and go until November and the number broods range from two to three. Drongos are commonly used as brood hosts for the African cuckoos (21.8% of nests), in the Kalahari Desert was found that Jacobin cuckoos also parasite the drongo.

Drongo eggs have a wide diversity of colours and patterns as a form of personal signature, which the cuckoos imitate. Experiments suggest that the drongos can identify and reject 93.7% of introduced eggs.

Conservation status
Due to their very large range, stable population trend and size, the fork-tailed drongo is considered to be a least-concern species by the IUCN Red List. Though the subspecie  D. a. modestus, previously considered a separated specie, was considered a near-threatened. Major threats for the fork-tailed is the use of pesticides that reduces the availability of their prey and the destruction of habitat to create farmland.

Gallery

References

Further reading
 African Bird Club (2006) ABC African Checklist: Passerines. Accessed 16/01/08.
 Birds of The Gambia by Barlow, Wacher and Disley,
 Sinclair, Ian & Ryan, Peter (2003) Birds of Africa south of the Sahara, Struik, Cape Town.

External links

 Fork-tailed Drongo - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
 Fork-tailed drongo videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection

fork-tailed drongo
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
fork-tailed drongo
fork-tailed drongo

Fork-tailed drongo


Matilde Díez, née à Madrid le  et morte dans cette même ville le , est une actrice de théâtre espagnole.

Biographie
Après avoir interprété à l'âge de douze ans L'orpheline de Bruxelles au Théâtre de Cadix, elle est recrutée par le directeur de théâtre Juan Grimaldi à Madrid pour Clotilde de Federico Soulié.

En 1836, elle épouse l'acteur Julián Romea.

Avec lui, elle joue notamment des drames de William Shakespeare, comme Macbeth en 1838 au Teatro del Principe.

Consacrée comme l'une des plus importantes comédiennes espagnoles de son époque, elle joue dans des dizaines de pièces, comme Catalina Howard ou Les amants de Teruel.

Elle obtient également un grand succès au Mexique et à Cuba.

Sa sépulture se trouve à la Sacramental de San Lorenzo y San José, à Madrid.

Références

Articles connexes
 Théâtre espagnol
 Julián Romea

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1818
Décès en janvier 1883
Décès à Madrid
Naissance à Madrid
Actrice espagnole de théâtre
Acteur madrilène
Personnalité inhumée à la Sacramental de San Lorenzo y San José
Décès à 64 ans

Matilde Díez


Magnolia est une ville américaine située dans le Comté de Rock, dans le Minnesota. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Minnesota
Comté de Rock (Minnesota)

Magnolia (Minnesota)


Das Volkswagen Junior Masters ist ein Jugendfußballturnier für 10- bis 14-jährige Fußballspieler beiden Geschlechts, das in verschiedenen Ländern ausgetragen wird. Es wurde in Deutschland 1999 mit anfänglich 78 Mannschaften gestartet. Seit 2005 wird das Volkswagen Junior World Masters auch außerhalb von Deutschland ausgetragen.

Volkswagen Junior Masters nach Ländern

Deutschland
Bis heute entwickelte sich das Turnier in den Altersklassen der C-Juniorinnen und D-Junioren zu einem der größten Fußball Nachwuchswettbewerbe Deutschlands. Mit 345 teilnehmenden Mannschaften wurde in der Saison 2011/2012 erneut ein Teilnehmerrekord vermeldet. Die interessante Mischung aus Mannschaften von kleineren und größeren Vereinen wurde über die Jahre hinweg gepflegt und ging deshalb nicht verloren. Eine weitere Besonderheit ist die Austragung des Deutschlandfinales auf dem Vereinsgelände des VfL Wolfsburg.

Darüber hinaus gibt es viele weitere attraktive Preise zu gewinnen wie z. B. einen Besuch des DFB-Pokalfinals der Frauen, eine Reise zum UEFA EURO 2020™ Spiel Deutschland vs. Portugal oder die Teilnahme am Gothia-Cup in Göteborg, dem größten Jugendfußball-Turnier der Welt.

Wettbewerb
Die Turnier-Spiele werden in den sieben Volkswagen-Regionen (Nord, Ost, Mitte, Süd, Süd-West, West, Rhein-Main) ausgetragen. Am Turnier teilnehmen dürfen alle Mannschaften der D-Junioren und C-Juniorinnen, die für die aktuelle Spielzeit eine Spielgenehmigung von ihrem Landesverband besitzen.

In der Vorrunde spielen die teilnehmenden Mannschaften in 4er und 5er Gruppen Sieger aus, die sich dann für die Regiomasters, den regionalen Ausscheidungswettbewerben in den Regionen, qualifizieren. Die C-Juniorinnen qualifizieren sich auf Grund der geringeren Anzahl teilnehmender Mannschaften direkt für die Endrunde in Wolfsburg.

Finale in Wolfsburg
Die sieben Regio-Meister werden zur Abschlussveranstaltung nach Wolfsburg eingeladen. Das Wochenende beginnt mit der offiziellen Auslosung der Gruppengegner in der Volkswagen Arena. Die Gruppen- und Halbfinalspiele sowie das Mädchen-Finale werden im Nachwuchsleistungszentrum des VfL Wolfsburg ausgetragen. Das Jungenfinale wird dann direkt in der Volkswagen Arena ausgespielt, kurz vor Beginn des letzten Bundesliga Heimspiels des VfL Wolfsburg.

Regeln
Die C-Juniorinnen-(Mädchen) spielen auf einem halben Großfeld (Querfeld) auf Jugendtore (5×2 m). Die Spieldauer beträgt 2×35 min. und es dürfen maximal 10 Spielerinnen eingesetzt werden. Gleichzeitig spielen dürfen jedoch nur sechs Feldspielerin und ein Torwart.

Die D-Junioren-(Jungen) tragen ihre Spiele auf einem vom DFB vorgegebenen eingerückten Spielfeld (von 16er zu 16er) mit Jugendtoren (5×2 m) aus. Bei einer Spielzeit von 2×30 min. dürfen maximal 15 Spieler eingesetzt werden. Bei den D-Junioren spielen acht Feldspieler und ein Torwart.

Ansonsten gelten für die Jungen und für den Mädchen Wettbewerb jeweils die vom Deutschen Fußball-Bund (DFB) anerkannten Regeln der FIFA in Verbindung mit den Spielbedingungen des DFB und seiner Spielordnung.

Sieger der Volkswagen Junior Masters

Österreich
Das Masters wird von Porsche Österreich organisiert. 2011 gewann FK Austria Wien.

Schweiz
In der Schweiz existiert das Volkswagen Junior Masters seit 2008. Der erste Sieger war der FC Basel.

Volkswagen Junior World Masters
Das Volkswagen Junior Masters ist weltweit in über 20 Ländern etabliert. Im Turnus von zwei Jahren, in Anlehnung an die Welt- und Europameisterschaft, wird ein internationaler Wettbewerb unter den Landessiegern ausgetragen.

2006 Volkswagen Junior World Masters in Wolfsburg, Deutschland
Im Jahr 2006 fand der erste internationale Vergleich der jeweiligen Landessieger statt. Ausgetragen wurde das Finale zwischen Macedonia aus Griechenland und den D-Junioren des VfL Wolfsburg kurz vor dem Anpfiff des Bundesliga Spiels VfL Wolfsburg gegen 1. FC Kaiserslautern.

2008 Junior European Masters in Salzburg, Österreich
Die zweite Veranstaltung wurde in Anlehnung an die Europameisterschaft 2008 in Österreich und der Schweiz in Salzburg ausgetragen. Das Teilnehmerfeld bestand nur aus europäischen Mannschaften, so dass die World Masters zum European Masters umbenannt wurden. Im Anschluss an das Finale zwischen dem späteren Sieger Fenerbahçe Istanbul und dem FC Graz Liebenau fand ein Allstar Game zwischen den Traditionsmannschaften von Österreich und Deutschland statt, dass auch im deutschen TV übertragen wurde.

2010 Junior World Masters in Madrid, Spanien
In 2010 wurden die Junior World Masters mit 20 Teilnehmern auf der Anlage von Real Madrid ausgespielt. Unmittelbar vor dem Primera División Spiel zwischen Real Madrid und FC Sevilla im Estadio Santiago Bernabéu wurde vor knapp 80.000 Zuschauen der Sieger des Junior World Masters, der FC Santos aus Brasilien, gekürt.

2012 Junior World Masters in Warschau, Polen
Die Volkswagen Junior World Masters 2012 fanden auf der Anlage von Legia Warschau in Polen statt. Extra für  das Junior World Masters in Polen veranstaltete Volkswagen in Zusammenarbeit mit dem polnischen Fußball Verband das letzte Vorbereitungsspiel des EM 2012 Gastgebers Polen gegen Andorra in der Pepsi Arena zu Warschau. Am World Masters 2012 nahmen insgesamt 23 Mannschaften aus 22 Ländern teil.

2014 Junior World Masters in Rom, Italien
Im Mai 2014 wurden die 5. Volkswagen Junior World Masters in Rom ausgetragen. Aus 22 Ländern nahmen insgesamt 23 Mannschaften teil. Als besonderes Highlight wurde die Finalbegegnung zwischen FC Basel und Beşiktaş Istanbul im Stadio Olimpico von Rom ausgetragen. Der FC Basel setzte sich im Elfmeterschießen gegen Beşiktaş Istanbul durch.

Weblinks
 Website Volkswagen Junior Masters: Deutschland, Schweiz, Österreich
 Website Volkswagen Junior World Masters

Einzelnachweise

Jugendfußball
Internationaler Fußballwettbewerb für Vereinsmannschaften

Volkswagen Junior Masters


DIN 935 er en DIN-standard for en stålkrone møtrik.

Kilde
http://bolte.dk/staalkronemoetrikker-din-935/
DIN-standarder

DIN 935


Le Lann ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Éric Le Lann (* 1957), französischer Jazz-Trompeter und Komponist
 Lola Le Lann (* 1996), französische Schauspielerin

Le Lann


An Amorphophallus galbra in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frederick Manson Bailey. An Amorphophallus galbra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Amorphophallus, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Amorphophallus

Amorphophallus galbra


Amélie (Özgün adı: Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain, Tr.: Amélie Poulain'in Masalsı Kaderi), Audrey Tautou'nun başrolünde olduğu, Jean-Pierre Jeunet filmi. Fransız yapımı bu romantik komedi, Jeunet ve Guillaume Laurant tarafından yazılmıştır. Montmartre'de geçen film, modern Paris hayatının idealize edilmiş, alaycı bir yorumudur.

Film Nisan 2001'de Fransa, Belçika ve Fransızca konuşulan batı İsviçre'de gösterime girmiş, pek çok film festivalinde yer almış ve ardından tüm dünyada sinema salonlarında izleyici beğenisine sunulmuştur.

Avrupa Film Ödüllerinde en iyi film ödülünü almış, ikisi En İyi Film ve En İyi Yönetmen dallarında olmak üzere dört César Ödülü almış, En İyi Senaryo dalıyla birlikte iki BAFTA Ödülü ile ödüllendirilmiştir ve Akademi Ödülüne aday gösterilmiştir. Bunların dışında da pek çok ödülün sahibi olmuştur.

Konusu
Amélie Poulain, bir doktor olan babası tarafından diğer çocuklardan, kalp hastalığı olduğu gerekçesiyle, uzak yetiştirilen bir çocuktur. Aslına bakılırsa babasının yanlış bir teşhisidir bu, çünkü Amélie'nin babasıyla kurduğu nadir fiziksel temas babasının sağlık kontrolleriyle gerçekleşmektedir ve bu kontroller sırasında Amélie heyecanlanmakta, kalp atışı hızlanmaktadır. Amélie'nin annesiyse, en az babası kadar nevrotik bir kadındır. Amélie küçük bir çocukken, annesi, Notre Dame Kilisesi'nin tepesinden atlayan bir kadının üzerine düşmesi sonucu ölmüştür. Böylece babası daha da sessiz ve silik biri olmuş, kendisini eşi için ilginç bir anıt mezar düzenlemeye adamıştır. Amélie de bu yalnızlığın ortasında kendini eğlendirebilmek için, oldukça ilginç ve derin bir hayalgücü geliştirmiştir.

Büyüdüğünde, Amélie Montmartre'da bir café olan ve eski bir sirk göstericisi tarafından yönetilip, birçok ilginç kişinin çalıştığı Çift Değirmen'de garson olarak çalışmaya başlar. 22 yaşındayken, Amélie için hayat oldukça basittir; kahramanımız birkaç başarısız romantik ilişki denemesi sonucunda, kendisini crème brûlées'siyle bir çaykaşığı ile oynamak, gün ışığında Paris'te yürüyüşe çıkmak, St. Martin's Kanalı'nda taş sektirmek, yüzeyi hoşuna giden taşları toplamak gibi çeşitli küçük zevklere adamış ve hayalgücünü tamamen serbest bırakmıştır.

Hayatı, Prenses Diana'nın öldüğü gün değişmeye başlar. Haberlerden duyduğu şoku takiben yaşadığı bir dizi olay sonucunda, gevşemiş bir banyo fayansının arkasında, bir çocuğun yıllar önce saklamış olduğu metal bir kutu bulur ve bu kutunun sahibini aramaya başlar. Bu arayış içerisinde kendisiyle bir anlaşma yapar; eğer kutunun sahibini bulursa, hayatını iyiliğe adayacaktır. Bulamazsa da… Ne yapalım.

Pek çok yanlış tahminin ardından, kendisiyle aynı apartmanda yaşayan "kristal adam" lakaplı ressam Raymond Dufayel'in yardımıyla, kutunun gerçek sahibini bulur ve çeşitli numaralarla kutuyu sahibine iletir. Ardından adamı gözler ve üzerinde yarattığı mutluluğu görünce, diğer insanların hayatında güzel şeyler yapmaya karar verir. Bu Amélie'yi gizli bir adalet sağlayıcı ve koruyucu melek yapar hayatına etki ettiği insanların gözünde. Babasının hep hayalinde olan dünya turuna çıkmasını sağlar, iş arkadaşlarına, apartmanın yöneticisine, manavın çırağı Lucien'e gizlice pek çok iyilik ve sürpriz yapar.

Ancak Amélie diğer insanlarla ilgilenirken, kimse kendisiyle ilgilenmemektedir. Başkalarının mutluluğu yakalaması için uğraşırken, kendi yalnızlığını sorgulamaya başlar. Bu sorgulama, pasaport için fotoğraf çekilen fotoğraf kulübelerinden, kenara atılmış, yabancılara ait vesikalık fotoğrafları toplayan, tuhaf karakter Nino Quincampoix ile olan bağıntısını görünce daha açık ve rahatsız edici olmaya başlar. Her ne kadar Nino'yu kendi yöntemleriyle pek çok dolambaçlı şekilde cezbetmeye çalışsa da, özünde utangaçtır ve Nino'ya yaklaşamamaktadır. Ancak Raymond'ın öğütleri sonunda, başkalarının mutluluğu için uğraşırken kendi mutluluğunu da elde edebileceğini öğrenir...

Eleştiriler
Film ticari ve sanatsal açıdan büyük başarı yakalamıştır. Bununla birlikte les Inrockuptibles yazarı Serge Kaganski'nin ağır eleştirilerine maruz kalmıştır. Kaganski'ye göre film, Fransız toplumunun realistlikten oldukça uzak, şaşaalı bir betimlemesi, eski, etnik grupların nadir görüldüğü, gizli lepenist bir Fransa kartpostalıdır. Paris çeşitli etnik kökenin bir arada bulunduğu bir şehirdir ve Montmartre'ın bitişiğinde, siyahi yerleşimlerin bulunduğu ve burada yaşayanların filmde pek az görüldüğü Barbès-Rochechouart bölgesi yer almaktadır. Eleştirmene göre, yönetmen, mükemmel Paris'in rüyası bir görüntüsünü yakalamak için, siyahi insanların filmde yer almaması gerektiğini düşünmektedir. İlginç olansa, filmde sadece tren istasyonunda Amélie'yi rahatsız etmek için arkasından yürüyen üç serseri için siyahi oyuncu kullanılmış olmasıdır.

David Martin-Castelnau ve Guillaume Bigot gibi diğer eleştirmenlerse, Kaganski'nin bu eleştirisini haksız bulmakta ve Kaganski'nin iddialarını, bir çeşit "elit" grubun, filmdeki sıradan insanlara karşı hastalıklı bir aşağılama olarak değerlendirmişlerdir. Filmin yönetmeni Jean-Pierre Jeunet ise, filmde Lucien rolünü üstlenen Kuzey Afrika kökenli oyuncu Jamel Debbouze'yi örnek göstererek bu eleştirilere karşı çıkmıştır.

Filme getirilebilecek bir eleştiri de, yeniden yapılandırılma aşamasında olan bir bölge olan Montmartre'da, Amélie gibi bir garsonun, sadece garsonluktan aldığı parayla herhangi bir ulaşım aracına ihtiyaç duymaksızın nasıl işe gidebildiği, iş yerine nasıl bu denli yakın yaşayabildiği ve iş dışındaki boş vaktinin neden bu kadar çok olduğuna yönelik olabilir.

Ödüller

Film sanatsal ve ticari açıdan büyük başarı kazanmış ve dünya çapında geniş bir gösterime sahip olmuştur. Beş dalda Akademi Ödülü için aday gösterilmiştir:

 En İyi Sanat Yönetmenliği, Aline Bonetto (sanat yönetmeni), Marie-Laure Valla (set yönetmeni)
 En İyi Sinematografi, Bruno Delbonnel
 En İyi Yabancı Film, Fransa
 En İyi Özgün Senaryo, Guillaume Laurant ve Jean-Pierre Jeunet
 En İyi Ses, Vincent Arnardi, Guillaume Leriche, Jean Umansky

2001 yılında film, Avrupa Film Festivali'nde "En İyi Film" ödülü dahil pek çok ödül kazandı.

Ayrıca Toronto Uluslararası Film Festivali'nde halk oylamasıyla kazandığı ödülün yanı sıra,
Karlovy Vary Uluslararası Film Festivali'nde de Kristal Küre Ödülü'nü kazanmıştır.

27. César Ödülleri'nde En İyi Film, En İyi Yönetmen, En İyi Özgün Müzik ve En İyi Sanat Yönetimi dallarında César Ödülleri'nin de sahibi olmuştur.

59. Altın Küre Ödülleri'nde "En İyi Yabancı Film" dalında aday olmuştur.

Film, New York Times tarafından "Gelmiş Geçmiş En İyi 1000 Film"den biri seçilmiştir.

BBC'nin Ağustos 2016'da yayımladığı 21. yüzyılın en iyi filmleri listesinde 87. sırada yer aldı.

Filmde Kullanılan Görüntüler

Film, aşağıdaki filmlerden ve video kliplerinden parçalar içermektedir:

 Gospel şarkıcısı Sister Rosetta Tharpe'ın bir televizyon gösterisi.
 Tom Davenport'un belgeseli "Born for Hard Luck" tan "Peg Leg" Sam Jackson'ın olduğu sahne.
 1998 yapımı Bill Cote belgeseli Seventeen Seconds to Sophie'den bir alıntı.
 François Truffaut'nun Fransız Yeni Akım filmi Jules et Jim'den 3 parça:
 Jules, Jim ve Catherine bir üst geçitten koşarken;
 Bir öpüşme sahnesinde, fark edilmeyen bir böceğin, iki aşığın arasına gelip ve kadının ağzının içine giriyormuş gibi göründüğü sahne. Bu görüntü, Amélie'nin anlatıcısı tarafından özellikle vurgulanmış ve böceğin ekrandaki hareketi bir yuvarlak içine alınarak gösterilmiştir;
 Catherine'in şarkı söylerken görüntüsü.
 Dufayel'in reprödüksiyonunu yaptığı Pierre-Auguste Renoir'e ait olan "Sandalda Öğlen Yemeği". (Le Déjeuner des canotiers)
 Marc Solal ve François David'e ait olan "La tête dans les nuages" ("Bulutlardaki Kafa") adlı kitaptan hayvan şekilli bulut resimleri.

Oyuncu kadrosu
 Audrey Tautou - Amélie Poulain
 Mathieu Kassovitz - Nino Quincampoix
 Serge Merlin - Raymond Dufayel
 Rufus - Raphaël Poulain - (Amélie'nin babası)
 Claire Maurier - Suzanne
 Yolande Moreau - Madeleine Wallace/Wells (apartman yöneticisi)
 Arthus de Penguern - Hipolito (yazar)
 Jamel Debbouze - Lucien (manavın çırağı)
 Urbain Cancelier - Collignon (manav)
 Dominique Pinon - Joseph
 Isabelle Nanty - Georgette
 Maurice Benichou - Dominique Bretodeau
 Clotilde Mollet - Gina
 Lorella Cravotta - Amandine Poulain, Amélie'nin annesi

Film müzikleri
Filmin ünü kadar ünlenen müziklerini Yann Tiersen bestelemiştir. World Soundtrack Academy tarafından 2001 yılının en iyi film müzikleri seçilmiştir.

Diğer

 İngilizce konuşulan ülkelerde, film ilk olarak "Amélie from Montmartre" adıyla yayınlandı.
 Filmde bilgisayar destekli görüntü ve dijital araçlar kullanıldı .
 Jenuet aslında Amélie rolünü İngiliz aktris Emily Watson için yazmıştı . Senaryonun asıl eskizlerinde Amélie'nin babası Londra'dan yaşayan bir İngilizdi. Ancak Watson'ın Fransızcası rol için yeterli değildi ve aktrisin diğer çekimleriyle filmin çekimleri çakıştığından ötürü, Jenuet senaryoyu Fransız bir aktris için yeniden yazdı. Audrey Tautou, yönetmenin ilk tercihiydi.
 Amélie Cannes Film Festivali'nde gösterilmedi. Jenuet, bir önceki filmi "La Cité des enfants perdus " (Kayıp Çocuklar Şehri)'ya karşı gelen soğuk tepkilerden sonra Amélie'yi festivale çıkarmamaya karar verdi.. Amélie'nin festivaldeki yoksunluğu, filmi oldukça beğenen medya ve izleyiciler tarafından tepki topladı.
 Bir sahnede, Amélie, oturduğu binanın eski yöneticisine giderken, sokakta yeni bir Volksvagen Beetle'ın önünden geçmektedir. Oysa filmin geçtiği zamanlarda bu araba henüz üretimde değildi. Jenuet filmle ilgili yorumlarında, bu arabanın olduğu sahneyi değiştirmediğini, bu sahnenin Amélie'nin tarihle uyuşmaz kimliğinin bir göstergesi olduğunu belirtmektedir.
 Filmin İngilizce altyazılı versiyonlarında, apartman yöneticisi Madeleine Wallace, Madeleine Wells olarak adlandırılmıştır. Filmin orijinalinde, Madeleine, soyadının Paris'teki Wallace Şelalesi'yle aynı olduğunu belirterek ağlamaya mahkûm olduğunu söyler. İngilizce versiyonda da aynı replik, "Wells Şelalesi" ile değiştirilerek aktarılmıştır.
 Amélie'nin etkileyici sahnelerinden biri olan, hayvan şekilli bulutların olduğu sahnede, şekiller Marc Solal ve François David'in kitabı "La tête dans les nuages"den birebir çizilmiştir.
 Amélie'nin bir sahnesi, bir internet dedikodusuna malzeme olmuştur.
 Film, Michael Sowa'nın çeşitli resimlerini içermektedir. Sowa'nın resimleri Amélie'nin yatak odası duvarlarını süslemekte ve bir açıdan Amélie'nin aşk hayatıyla ilgili bağlar kurmaktadır.
 Öyküyü yumuşatmak ve samimileştirmek amacıyla tungsten kullanılarak istenilen renk sağlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Metacritic'teki Amélie Eleştirileri
 Jean-Pierre Jenuet'nin film hakkındaki görüşleri.
 IMDb'de Amélie

Konusu Paris'te geçen filmler
Jean-Pierre Jeunet'nin yönettiği filmler
Konusu Fransa'da geçen filmler
Fransa'da çekilmiş filmler
En İyi Film César Ödülü sahipleri
Fransa romantik komedi filmleri
Büyülü gerçekçi filmler
En İyi Yabancı Film Bağımsız Ruh Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yabancı Film Guldbagge Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Film Lumières Ödülü sahipleri
2000'lerde Fransızca filmler
2001 çıkışlı komedi filmleri
Montmartre

Amélie


An Agrostis gracilifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Agrostis gracilifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. g. bryophila
 A. g. parviflora

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis gracilifolia


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Calea ferată forestieră Borca–Sabasa a fost o cale ferată forestieră cu ecartament îngust ce pornea din localitatea Borca și continua pe văile râurilor Sabasa

A servit la transportul lemnului din bazinul de exploatare Borca–Sabasa. A fost pusă în funcțiune în anul 1890, în perioada în care zona era inclusă Domeniilor Coroanei României.

Referințe

Lectură suplimentară
 Lupescu, Iolanda Ana; Borca: file de monografie; Ed. Cetatea Doamnei; Piatra Neamț; 2008; ISBN 978-973-1755-68-7

 Berian, Augustin; Monografia domeniului Borca și Săbașa-Fărcașa din jud.Suceava; Tip. Gutenberg; București; 1906

Vezi și
 Drumul Talienilor

Borca–Sabasa
Borca–Sabasa
Transportul în județul Neamț
Domeniile Coroanei Regale a României

Calea ferată forestieră Borca–Sabasa


Onthophagus laminidorsis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1902 por D'Orbigny.

Referências

Ligações externas

laminidorsis
Coleópteros descritos em 1902

Onthophagus laminidorsis


An Pleurothallis karlii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Guido Frederico João Pabst. An Pleurothallis karlii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis karlii


Sijazanski rajon (azerski: Siyəzən rayonu) je jedan od 66 azerbajdžanskih rajona. Sijazanski rajon se nalazi na sjeveroistoku Azerbajdžana te na zapadnoj obali Kaspijskog jezera. Središte rajona je Sijazan. Površina Sijazanskog rajona iznosi 700 km². Sijazanski rajon je prema popisu stanovništva iz 2009. imao 37.654 stanovnika, od čega su 18.512 muškarci, a 19.142 žene.

Sijazanski rajon se sastoji od 14 općina.

Izvori

Rajoni Azerbajdžana

Sijazanski rajon


The Poodle, called the Pudel in German and the Caniche in French, is a breed of water dog. The breed is divided into four varieties based on size, the Standard Poodle, Medium Poodle, Miniature Poodle and Toy Poodle, although the Medium Poodle is not universally recognised. They have a distinctive thick, curly coat that comes in many colors and patterns, with only solid colors recognized by breed registries. Poodles are active and intelligent, and are particularly able to learn from humans. Poodles tend to live 10–18 years, with smaller varieties tending to live longer than larger ones.

The Poodle likely originated in Germany, although the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and a minority of cynologists believe it originated in France. Similar dogs date back to at least the 17th century. Larger Poodles were originally used by wildfowl hunters to retrieve game from water, while smaller varieties were once commonly used as circus performers. Poodles were recognized by both the Kennel Club of the United Kingdom and the American Kennel Club (AKC) soon after the clubs' founding. Since the mid-20th century, Poodles have enjoyed enormous popularity as pets and show dogs – Poodles were the AKC's most registered breed from 1960 to 1982, and are now the FCI's third most registered breed. Poodles are also common at dog shows, where they often sport the popularly recognized Continental clip, with face and rear clipped close, and tufts of hair on the hocks and tail tip.

History

Most cynologists believe the Poodle originated in Germany in the Middle Ages, from a dog similar to today's Standard Poodle. The Poodle was Germany's water dog, just as England had the English Water Spaniel, France the Barbet, Ireland the Irish Water Spaniel and the Netherlands the Wetterhoun. Among the evidence used to support this theory is the Germanic name for the breed, Poodle or "Pudel" in German, which is derived from the Low German word "puddeln", meaning "to splash". Numerous works by various German artists from as early as the 17th century depict dogs of recognisably Poodle type. Some cynologists believe the Poodle originated in France, where it is known as the "Caniche" (French for "duck dog"), and that the breed descends from the Barbet. This view is shared by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). Others argue that the breed originated in Russia, Piedmont or Northwest Africa.

Whatever the Poodle's country of origin, both their German and French breed names indicate the modern Poodle's ancestors were widely used by waterfowlers both to retrieve shot game and to recover lost arrows and bolts that had missed their mark.

Size variants
Due to their intelligence, obedient nature, athleticism and looks poodles were frequently employed in circuses, particularly in France. In French circuses poodles were selectively bred down in size to create what is now known as the miniature poodle, which was known as the toy poodle until 1907, as a smaller sized dog is easier to handle and transport in a travelling circus. As circus performers the variety was frequently seen performing all manner of tricks including walking tightropes, acting out comedies and even performing magic and card tricks.

The Toy Poodle was created at the beginning of the 20th century when breeders again bred Miniature Poodles down in size to create a popular companion dog. Initially, these efforts resulted in disfigured or misshapen pups, as well as pups with behavioural problems, as a result of irresponsible breeding for dwarfed size only. As new breeding practices were adopted, the variety became set as a toy-sized replica of the original. Later attempts to create an even smaller variety, the Teacup Poodle, were unable to overcome serious genetic abnormalities and were abandoned.

The last of the Poodle varieties to be recognised was the Medium Poodle, which in size is mid way in between the Standard and the Miniature Poodle. Not universally recognised by the world's kennel clubs, the Medium Poodle is recognised by the FCI and most Continental European kennel clubs. One of the reasons for creating this fourth size variety may have been a desire to reduce the number of entries of Poodles by variety at conformation shows.

Recent history
The Poodle was recognised by the Kennel Club of the United Kingdom in 1874, and by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1886, soon after the founding of both clubs. In the United States, poodles were unpopular until 1935, when the Poodle Nunsoe Duc de la Terrace won best in show at Westminster. Afterwards, they rapidly gained prominence, becoming the AKC's most registered breed from 1960 to 1982. Since 1935, Poodles have won best in show at Westminster 10 times, the second-most of any breed. As of 2012, the Poodle was the third-most popular FCI registered breed worldwide, after the Labrador Retriever and German Shepherd, with 118,653 new dogs registered per year from the 25 countries surveyed.

Description

Appearance

The Poodle is an active, athletic breed with the varieties differing mostly by size. The FCI's breed standard states the Standard Poodle stands between , the Medium Poodle between , the Miniature Poodle between  and the Toy Poodle .

The kennel clubs which do not recognise the Medium Poodle variety typically have the Standard Poodle between  and Miniature Poodle between , with the toy variety remaining unchanged.

A healthy adult Standard Poodle typically weighs between , a Medium Poodle between , a Miniature Poodle between  and a Toy Poodle between .

Coat
Poodles have thick, curly coats with harsh fur. A pet owner can anticipate grooming a Poodle every four to eight weeks.

Poodles are often cited as a hypoallergenic dog breed. Their individual hair follicles have an active growth period that is longer than that of many other breeds; combined with the tightly curled coat, which slows the loss of dander and dead hair by trapping it in the curls, an individual Poodle may release less dander and hair into the environment. However, researchers have generally not found a difference in allergens across breeds.

Clips and grooming

The FCI and AKC allows Poodles to be shown in the Puppy, Continental (Lion in the FCI standard), English Saddle, or Sporting (Modern) clip. The FCI additionally recognizes the Scandinavian clip. The most popular in the show ring is the Continental clip, where the face and rear end of the body are clipped, leaving tufts on the hocks and tip of the tail and rosettes on the hips. A similar clip was historically used to prevent the poodle from getting weighted down by their fur when swimming to retrieve a bird, while still leaving their joints and vital organs covered. Pet poodles are most often clipped similarly to the Sporting clip —evenly over their entire body, with the face and paws cut shorter.

In most cases, whether a Poodle is in a pet or show clip, the hair is completely brushed out. Poodle hair can also be "corded" with rope-like mats similar to those of a Komondor or human dreadlocks. Though once as common as the curly Poodle, corded Poodles are now rare. Corded coats are difficult to keep clean and take a long time to dry after washing. Corded Poodles may be shown in all major kennel club shows.

Colours
The Poodle has a wide variety of colouring, including white, black, brown, blue, gray, silver, café au lait, silver beige, cream, apricot, and red, and patterns such as parti-, abstract, sable, brindle and phantom. Recognized FCI colourations are black, white, brown, gray, and fawn. Recognition of multi-colored Poodles varies by registry. They were common historically, but became less popular in the early 1900s, and are excluded from many registries. The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognizes Poodles in either solid-coloured and multi-colored coats; however, only solid-colored poodles may compete in conformation.

A parti-Poodle has patches of any other solid colour over a primarily white coat. When a parti-coloured Poodle has black-and-white markings that resemble those of a tuxedo, it is called a "tuxedo" Poodle. An abstract Poodle is primarily solid-coloured, with patches of white. Phantom Poodles have a solid main color with a lighter colour appearing on their "eyebrows", muzzle and throat, legs and feet and below their tail. Phantom Poodles may also have a full face of the secondary color.

Temperament
Poodles are a highly intelligent, energetic, and sociable breed. A 1994 book by Stanley Corey ranked them second out of 130 breeds in "working and obedience intelligence", a measure of their ability to learn from humans. They are an active dog, requiring regular physical and intellectual activities. Shyness or sharpness is considered a serious fault in the breed. Though not suitable as a guard dog because it is neither a territorial breed nor particularly aggressive, poodles tend to be protective of their families and are good with children.

Health
Overall, the Poodle is a comparatively healthy breed, and there are no health problems unique to the breed. Poodles have a life expectancy of 10–18 years, with the Standard Poodle, like most large dogs, tending to be more short-lived.

Despite their overall good health, Poodles suffer from a number of hereditary diseases due to inbreeding. The Poodle Health Registry lists over 50 major health disorders of Standard Poodles. Some of the worst common hereditary poodle diseases are the skin disease sebaceous adenitis (estimated prevalence 2.7%) and Addison's disease, an endocrine system disorder. Both diseases became more prevalent in poodles after the 1960s burst in poodle popularity led to rapid breeding aimed at producing good show dogs. The breeding focused on a small number of popular bloodlines, creating a genetic bottleneck. One study estimated that two average Standard Poodles are about as closely related as the offspring of two full sibling village dogs.

Work and sport
Poodles were originally bred for waterfowl hunting. Despite this history, they are currently classified as companion dogs by the FCI. Since the late 1980s, some breeders in the United States and Canada have been selecting for dogs with drive for birds in order to revive the breed for hunting, with some success. Poodles are highly trainable dogs that typically excel in obedience training. Historically, they were a popular circus dog. In addition to hunt tests, they do well in agility and rally. They are among the most popular service dog breeds.

Poodles have been used as working dogs in the military since at least the 17th century, most likely because of their highly intelligent, trainable nature. Their background as a hunting dog makes them suitable to battlefields, and they can be trained to ignore gunfire. During the English Civil War, Prince Rupert of the Rhine had a famous hunting Poodle who would ride into battle with his master on horseback. Napoleon Bonaparte wrote in his memoirs about the faithfulness of a grenadier's pet Poodle who stayed with the body of his master at the Battle of Marengo.

See also

 List of dog breeds
 Labradoodle
 Cockapoo

References

External links

Companion dogs
Dog breeds originating in France
Dog breeds originating in Germany
FCI breeds
Gundogs
Water dogs

Poodle


John Barnard (London, Engleska, 4. svibnja 1946.) engleski automobilistički dizajner i inovator. U Formuli 1 je zaslužan za uvođenje tri nova koncepta: šasije od kompozita ugljičnih vlakana koji je prvi put uvedena 1981. godine s McLarenom, poluautomatskog mjenjača koji je predstavio 1989. godine s Ferrarijem kao i coke bottle oblika stražnjeg dijela karoserije.

Životopis
Rođen je u Wembleyju u Londonu 1946. godine. Iako je dolazio iz obitelji bez trkačke baštine, kako je kazao u jednom intervjuu, Barnard je stekao diplomu na Watford College of Technology u 60-ima i za razliku od mnogih njegovih kolega, nije slijedio akademsku karijeru nego se pridružio tvrtki General Electric Company. Kao mlađi dizajner na proizvodnji šasija, počeo raditi za Lola Cars 1968., da bi svoje prve korake u Formuli 1 napravio sljedeće godine kada je tek započelo konkretno ispitivanje aerodinamičnog utjecaja za potrebe utrka.

Godine u McLarenu
Godine 1972. se pridružio McLarenu i tu ostao tri godine radeći s Gordonom Coppuckom, tadašnjim glavnim dizajnerom. Radili su na razvoju šasije M23, a rezultat je bio osvajanje vozačkog naslova prvaka Emersona Fittipaldija 1974. i konstruktorskog naslova McLarena iste sezone.

Parnelli Jones ga je nakratko 1975. godine angažirao da radi s Mauriceom Philippeom, dizajnirajući bolid Formule 1 Parnelli VPJ4 za američku momčad. Najbolji rezultat bolida je četvrta pozicija Marija Andrettija na VN Švedske 1975. Njegov uspjeh u SAD-u privukao je pozornost novog direktora McLarenove ekipe Rona Dennisa, kojem je bio potreban dizajner koji bi njegov trud mogao učiniti uspješnim. Barnard se 1980. ponovo pridružio McLarenu. Dennis ga je postavio za šefa dizajnerskog odjela, a inženjer je svom šefu pružio revolucionarnu šasiju u svom prvom pokušaju. John je počeo raditi na bolidu MP4/1, prvoj šasiji od karbona u Formuli 1. Na VN Italije 1981., John Watson je doživio težak sudar u svom McLarenu. Mnogi su se preplašili da se Ircu dogodilo najgore, jer su takve nesreće često bivale kobne za vozača. Međutim, snaga karbonskih vlakana je sačuvala Watsona koji je ostao nepovrijeđen, a konstrukcijska moć MP4/1 prošla je glavni test.

Godine 1983. zračni tunel je pomogao Barnardu da iskoristi još jednu inovativnu dizajnersku karakteristiku koja je i danas standard u Formuli 1. Dizajn stražnjeg kraja automobila nazvan coke bottle, bio je jednako važan kao i prednji. "Omotavanjem" stražnjeg kraja u kompaktni završetak, zrak je mogao jače pritiskati stražnji dio bolida preko stražnjeg difuzora i tako povećati prijanjanje bolida. Tih godina bolidi na turbo pogon u Formuli 1 su u potpunosti stupili na snagu. Ron Dennis je koristio sve svoje vještine kako bi uvjerio Porsche da razvije 1,5-litreni motor s turbopunjačem za Barnardove dizajne. McLaren je tijekom 1984. godine osvojio 12 od 16 utrka kao i konstruktorski naslov, a Niki Lauda je iste sezone osvojio svoj treći i posljednji naslov u Formuli 1. Sljedeće dvije sezone, Alain Prost u McLarenu MP4/2B i MP4/2C osvaja svoja prva dva naslova. Barnard je krajem 1986. napustio McLaren i prešao u Ferrari.

Godine u Ferrariju
U Ferrariju je Barnard proveo tri sezone. Godine 1989. je dizajnirao ono što će postati poznato kao F1-89 sa šasijom monokoka od kevlara i karbonskih vlakana. Barnard je radio na primjeni elektronskog mehanizma za promjenu stupnja prijenosa danas poznatog kao poluautomatski mjenjač kojim se upravlja preko dva prekidača na upravljaču. Ovaj revolucionarni sistem pokazao se krhkim pri testiranju početkom 1988. godine i mnogi su smatrali da neće uspjeti. Ipak Nigel Mansell je Ferrari 640 V12 doveo do pobjede na VN Brazila i VN Mađarske, a Gerhard Berger na VN Portugala.

Prelazak u Benetton
Barnard se pridružio Benettonu 1990. godine, no momčad je već imala svoj B189. Stoga je Barnard uz pomoć Roryja Byrnea razvijao novi dizajn kako bi stvorio ono što će postati poznato kao B190. Prije završetka sezone, Nelson Piquet je upisao dvije pobjede s B190 na posljednje dvije utrke sezone, VN Japana i VN Australije. Sljedeće 1991., Barnard je stvorio B191 sa svojim visokim nosom, čistim linijama i mnogo čvršćim zavijenim bočnim elementima i stražnjim dijelom. U tom bolidu je Michael Schumacher odvozio svoje prve utrke za Benetton, a Piquet na VN Kanade stigao do svoje posljednje pobjede u Formuli 1. Sredinom 1993. Barnard je napustio Benetton zbog spora oko financija, te se ponovo pridružio Ferrariju.

Povratak u Ferrari
U Ferrariju je john pokušao pojednostaviti dizajn bolida, na način da je zadržao je podignut nos, nalik na metak, i dodatno pročistio kokpit vozača. Težio je što većoj kompaktnosti bočnih dijelova bolida. Krenuvši u sezonu 1996. godine, Jean Todt i Michael Schumacher su željeli vratiti staru slavu Scuderije. Testirajući 412T2, Schumacher je izjavio da će njegova obrana naslova prvaka biti puno lakša. Nažalost, zbog nesuglasica s talijanskom momčadi, Barnard je bio sve bliže ponovnom napuštanju Ferrarija. Morao je donijeti odluku jer je dosta napora uložio u dizajn F310B za sezonu 1997. godine, ali je tada ipak odlučio napustiti momčad. John je imenovao nekoliko talentiranih dizajnera i inženjera koji su mogli zauzeti njegovo mjesto.

Arrows i Prost
Nakon napuštanja Ferrarija, Barnard je osnovao svoj vlastiti projekt pod nazivom B3 Technologies. Pod tim nazivom je radio za Arrows 1998., da bi ga nakon toga angažirao tim Alaina Prosta, Prost Grand Prix, gdje je imao ulogu tehničkog savjetnika u sezoni 1999. Nakon 2001. Barnard je još jednom napustio Formulu 1. Pokušao je dati svoju stručnost svijetu Moto GP-a, postajući tehnički direktor za Kennyja Robertsa. Ovaj korak u svijet motocikala je bio kratak i John je svijet moto utrka ostavio iza sebe.

Godine 2008. je prodao svoju tvrtku B3 Technologies, a 2018. pisac Nick Skeens je objavio Barnardovu biografiju Savršeni automobil, uz usku suradnju Barnarda i prilog mnogih njegovih suradnika, vozača i suparnika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Životopisi, Engleska
Automobilisti
Inovatori
Dizajneri
Formula 1 u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu

John Barnard


دانييل زيريب  (22 يونيو 1959 في غارداني) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز المهاجم . بدأ مسيرته الرياضية في نادي ليون سنة 1977 . في عقد الثمانينات شارك مع منتخب فرنسا في 8 مباريات دولية مسجلا هدف واحد وساهم في الفوز بالميدالية الذهبية في مسابقة كرة القدم بدورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1984 التي أقيمت في لوس أنجلوس الأمريكية. بسبب تألقه في صفوف نادي لنس الذي انتقل إليه في سنة 1981 تم استدعائه للمشاركة في بطولة كأس العالم 1986 التي أقيمت في المكسيك مساهما في احتلال منتخب فرنسا المركز الثالث. انتقل بعدها إلى نادي باريس سان جيرمان ثم نادي مونبلييه حيث حقق بطولة كأس فرنسا سنة 1990 ثم انتقل إلى نادي مرسيليا وحقق معه بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى سنة 1992 واختتم مشواره الرياضي في نادي طولون موسم 1992/1993.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من آكس أون بروفانس
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1984
رياضيون فرنسيون من أصل إيطالي
رياضيون من آكس أون بروفانس
رياضيون من بوش دو رون
فرنسيون فازوا بالميدالية الذهبية الأولمبية
فرنسيون من أصل مالطي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو أولمبيك مارسيليا
لاعبو باريس سان جيرمان
لاعبو كأس العالم 1986
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون أولمبيون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1984
لاعبو كرة قدم من بروفنس ألب كوت دازور
لاعبو لنس
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم
لاعبو مونبلييه
لاعبو نادي تولون
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1959
مواليد في غاردان

دانييل زيريب


Eurojust este o agenție a Uniunii Europene (UE) care se ocupă de cooperarea judiciară în materie penală între agențiile statelor membre. Se află în Haga, Olanda de Sud. Înființată în 2002, a fost creată pentru a îmbunătăți gestionarea gravei crime transfrontaliere și a crimei organizate grave prin stimularea coordonării investigative și a procuraturii.

Eurojust este alcătuit dintr-un colegiu compus din 28 de judecători, procurori sau ofițeri de poliție cu experiență echivalentă din fiecare stat membru al UE. Termenii și obligațiile membrilor sunt definiți de statul care le numește. De asemenea, Eurojust cooperează cu state terțe și cu alte organisme ale UE, cum ar fi Rețeaua Judiciară Europeană, Europol și OLAF.

Legături externe

 E-Justice
 Goldirova, Renata. "Brussels seeks more powers for EU crime body". EUobserver, 17 April 2007.

Agenții ale Uniunii Europene
Drept în Europa
Fondări în 2002

Eurojust


The Indian Police Service ( IPS) is a civil service under the All India Services. It replaced the Indian Imperial Police in 1948, a year after India became independent from British rule.

Along with the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Forest Service (IFS), the IPS is one of the All India Services – its officers are employed by both the Union Government and the individual states.

The service commands and provides leadership to State police forces and Union territories' police forces, Central Armed Police Forces (BSF, SSB, CRPF, CISF, and ITBP), the National Security Guard (NSG), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Special Protection Group (SPG), National Investigative Agency (NIA) and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

History

Indian Imperial Police

In 1861, the British Parliament introduced the Indian Councils Act, 1861. The act created the foundation of a modern and professionalised police bureaucracy in India. It introduced a new cadre of police, called Superior Police Services, later known as the Indian Imperial Police. The highest rank in the service was the inspector general for each province. The rank of inspector general was equated and ranked with brigadier, and similar ranks in the Indian Armed Forces, as per central warrant of precedence in 1937.

In 1902–03, a police commission was established for the Police reforms under Sir Andrew Fraser and Lord Curzon. It recommended the appointment of Indians at officer level in the police. Indians could rise only to the ranks of Inspector of police, the senior N.C.O. position. However they were not part of Indian Imperial Police.

From 1920, Indian Imperial Police was open to Indians and the entrance examination for the service was conducted both in India and England.

Prior to Independence, senior police officers belonging to the Imperial Police (IP) were appointed by the secretary of state on the basis of a competitive examination. The first open civil service examination for admission to the service was held in England in June 1893 and the ten top candidates were appointed as probationers in the Indian (Imperial) Police. It is not possible to pinpoint an exact date on which the Indian Police came formally into being.

Around 1907, the secretary of state's officers were directed to wear the letters "IP" on their epaulettes in order to distinguish them from the other officers not recruited by the secretary of state through examination. In this sense, 1907 could be regarded as the starting point. In 1948, a year after India gained independence; the Imperial Police was replaced by IPS.

Indian Police Service
The Indian Police Service was created under the Article 312(2) in part XIV of the Constitution of India.

As per media reports, there is a massive shortage of IPS officers in India, amounting to nearly 19% to 22% of sanctioned strength.

Medals and decorations

Despite being a very small cadre strength many IPS officers have been awarded highest gallantry awards (Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra). The present National Security Advisor of India, Ajit Doval, who was an IPS officer was awarded Kirti Chakra for his gallant actions during operation Black Thunder. Though generally deployed in supervisory capacity at senior levels it's not uncommon for even a three star general rank IPS officers to be seen on the road taking active part in law and order maintenance. IPS officers have been posted to various UN Missions have been awarded United Nations Medal. Many exceptional IPS officers have been awarded with Padma awards from time to time.

Objective

The First Police Commission, appointed on 17 August 1865, contained detailed guidelines for the desired system of police in India and defined the police as a governmental department to maintain order, enforce the law, and to prevent and detect crime. The Indian Police Service is not a force itself but a service providing leaders and commanders to staff the state police and all-India Central Armed Police Forces. Its members are the senior officers of the police. With the passage of time Indian Police Service's objectives were updated and redefined, the current roles and functions of an Indian Police Service Officer are as follows:

 To fulfil duties based on border responsibilities, in the areas of maintenance of public peace and order, crime prevention, investigation, and detection, collection of intelligence, VIP security, counter-terrorism, border policing, railway policing, tackling smuggling, drug trafficking, economic offences, corruption in public life, disaster management, enforcement of socio-economic legislation, bio-diversity and protection of environmental laws etc.
 Leading and commanding the Indian Intelligence Agencies like Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Criminal Investigation Department (CID) etc., Indian Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Civil and Armed Police Forces in all the states and union territories.
 Leading and commanding various Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) which include the Central Police Organisations (CPO) such as Border Security Force (BSF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), National Security Guard (NSG), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Vigilance Organisations and Indian Federal Law Enforcement Agencies.
 To lead and command the force with courage, uprightness, dedication and a strong sense of service to the people.
 Endeavor to inculcate in the police forces under their command such values and norms as would help them serve the people better.
 Inculcate integrity of the highest order, sensitivity to aspirations of people in a fast-changing social and economic milieu, respect for human rights, broad liberal perspective of law and justice and high standard of professionalism.

Selection

IPS officers are recruited from Civil Services Examination conducted by UPSC. They are also promoted from State Police Services and DANIPS. However, at present, recruitment from Limited Competitive Examination has been put on hold.

Training
The training of IPS officer recruits is conducted at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy in Hyderabad. The authorised cadre strength of Indian Police Service is 4920. (3270 Direct Recruitment Posts and 1650 Promotional Posts). The Civil List of IPS officers is an updated (annual) list maintained by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India that lists the posting details of all IPS officers in India. This Civil List can be accessed from the MHA website. It allows searching for an IPS officer on the basis of their name, Batch or Cadre.

State cadres

Cadre allocation policy
The Union Government announced a new cadre allocation policy for the All India Services in August 2017, touting it as a policy to ensure national integration of the bureaucracy as officers and ensure All-India character of the services. Under the new policy, the existing 26 cadres have been divided into five zones in the new policy by the Department of Personnel and Training of Government of India.

Under the new policy, a candidate has to first give their choice in the descending order of preference from amongst the various Zones. Subsequently, the candidate has to indicate one preference of cadre from each preferred zone. The candidate indicates their second cadre preference for every preferred zone subsequently. The process continues till a preference for all the cadres is indicated by the candidate. The preference for the zones/cadres remains in the same order and no change is permitted.

Officers continue to work in the cadre they are allotted or are deputed to the Government of India.

Old cadre allocation policies
Till 2008 there was no system of preference of state cadre by the candidates; the candidates, if not placed in the insider vacancy of their home states, were allotted to different states in alphabetical order of the roster, beginning with the letters A, H, M, T for that particular year. For example, if in a particular year the roster begins from 'A', which means the first candidate on the roster will go to the Andhra Pradesh state cadre of IPS, the next one to Bihar, and subsequently to Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and so on in alphabetical order. The next year the roster starts from 'H', for either Haryana or Himachal Pradesh (if it has started from Haryana on the previous occasion when it all started from 'H', then this time it would start from Himachal Pradesh). This highly intricate system, in vogue since the mid-1980s, had ensured that officers from different states are placed all over India.

The system of permanent State cadres has also resulted in wide disparities in the kind of professional exposure for officers, when we compare officers in small and big and also developed and backward states. Changes of state cadre is permitted on grounds of marriage to an All India Service officer of another state cadre or under other exceptional circumstances. The officer may go to their home state cadre on deputation for a limited period, after which one has to invariably return to the cadre allotted to him or her.

From 2008 to 2017 IPS officers were allotted to State cadres at the beginning of their service. There was one cadre for each Indian state, except for two joint cadres: Assam–Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh–Goa–Mizoram–Union Territories (AGMUT). The "insider-outsider ratio" (ratio of officers who were posted in their home states) is maintained as 1:2, with one-third of the direct recruits as 'insiders' from the same state. The rest were posted as outsiders according to the 'roster' in states other than their home states, as per their preference.

Career progression

Pay structure of Indian Police Service

Ranks and insignia

Though the standard uniform colour is khaki, the ranks, posts and designations of IPS officers vary from state to state as law and order is a state matter. But generally the following pattern is observed.

Ranks of IPS officers
IPS officers are appointed on the basis of either Civil Service Examination or promoted from the state police service cadre (state civil service officers). Vacancy in an IPS cadre are determined on the basis of vacancy on an Superintendent of Police rank. Consequently, there are two level of gradations for SP rank. These are level 11 and 12 as per the Seventh Pay Commission. Resultantly, IPS officers remain on the rank on SP till the 13th year after which they are eligible for being promoted as Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP). ASP rank is the junior most rank on an IPS state cadre. Consequently, fresh recruits to IPS are variously posted as Assistant Superintendent of Police in a supernumerary capacity (only for training purpose for two years and after that for 1 year) till they are formally placed as Superintendent of Police In-Charge of an area (when they get the pay of level 11 and level 12) and as district in charge (when they get the pay of level 12) (only in non-metropolitan districts). When the officers get promoted to the rank of SSP, some of them are posted as the district in-charge of metropolitan districts.

Reform committees
India's police continue to be governed by a colonial police law passed in 1861. The Indian Constitution makes policing a state subject and therefore the state governments have the responsibility to provide their communities with a police service. However, after independence, most have adopted the 1861 Act without change, while others have passed laws heavily based on the 1861 Act.

Repeated major incidents, (the latest being the 2012 Delhi gang rape) revealed the failure of the police to uphold the rule of law.

The need for police reform in India has long been recognised. There have been almost 30 years of debate and discussion by government-created committees and commissions on the way forward for police reform, but India remains saddled with an outdated and old-fashioned law, while report after report gathers dust on government bookshelves without implementation. Many committees on police reform have recommended major reforms in the police system coupled with systematic accountability.

National Police Commission (1977–81)
The National Police Commission was the first committee set up by the Indian government to report on policing. The National Police Commission began sitting in 1979, in the context of a post-Emergency India, and produced eight reports, including a Model Police Act, between 1979 and 1981.

Ribeiro Committee (1998–99)

In 1996, two former senior police officers filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court, asking for the Court to direct governments to implement the recommendations of the National Police Commission. The Supreme Court directed the government to set up a committee to review the commission's recommendations, and thus the Ribeiro Committee was formed. The committee, under the leadership of J. F. Ribeiro, a former chief of police, sat over 1998 and 1999, and produced two reports.

Padmanabhaiah Committee (2000)
In 2000, the government set up a third committee on police reform, this time under the stewardship of a former union Home Secretary, K. Padmanabhaiah. This Committee released its report in the same year.

Malimath Committee Report (2003)

The Malimath Committee Report submitted in March 2003 has very articulately laid down the foundation of a restructured and reoriented police system. The Committee in its report observed that the success of the whole process of Criminal Justice Administration depended completely on the proper functioning of the police organisation especially in the investigation stage. Apart from the investigation of offences, the police also have the duty of maintaining law and order.

Soli Sorabjee Committee (2005)

In 2005, the government put together a group to draft a new police Act for India. It was headed by Soli Sorabjee (former Attorney General). The committee submitted a Model Police Act to the union government in late 2006.

Supreme Court intervention (2006)
In 1996, Prakash Singh (a former chief of Assam Police and Uttar Pradesh Police and subsequently Director General of the Border Security Force) initiated a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court of India, asking the court to investigate measures to reform the police forces across India to ensure the proper rule of law and improve security across India. The Supreme Court studied various reports on police reforms. Finally, in 2006, a bench of Justice Y.K. Sabharwal, Justice C.K. Thakker and Justice P.K. Balasubramanyan ordered the state governments to implement several reforms in police force.

Several measures were identified as necessary to professionalise the police in India:

 A mid or high ranking police officer must not be transferred more frequently than every two years.
 The state government cannot ask the police force to hire someone, nor can they choose the Director General of the State Police.
 There must be separate departments and staff for investigation and patrolling, which will include the creation of:
 A State Security Commission, for policies and direction
 A Police Establishment Board, which will decide the selection, promotions and transfers of police officers and other staff
 A Police Complaints Authority, to inquire into allegations of police misconduct.

Follow-up from Supreme Court
In 2006, due to a lack of action by all the state governments, the Supreme Court ordered the state governments to report to it why the reform measures outlined were not implemented. After being questioned in front of the judges of the Supreme Court, the state governments are finally starting to reform the police forces and give them the operational independence they need for fearless and proper law enforcement. Tamil Nadu Police has been in the forefront of application of the new referendum.

Again, in October 2012, a Supreme Court bench of Chief Justice Altamas Kabir and justices Surinder Singh Nijjar and Jasti Chelameswar asked all state governments and Union territories to inform about compliance of its September 2006 judgement. The order was passed when Prakash Singh through his lawyer Prashant Bhushan said that many of the reforms (ordered by the Supreme Court) have yet not been implemented by many state governments.

Major concerns and public debates
Due to the immense amount of power and responsibility that IPS officers hold, there are many issues that can arise when personal beliefs, desires, emotions, safety, and security are at play.

Politicization
One of the primary concerns is the issue of politicization. The police force is often subject to political interference, which can undermine its independence and impartiality. Political pressure can influence the decision-making process, compromise investigations, and create a lack of trust in the police among the public. The ambition of the senior IPS officers to occupy posts of importance is a major contributory factor to the politicisation. The appointment of subordinate police officers is in the hands of their seniors. When the seniors surrender their authority by complying with requests from politicians, corruption increases and the investigation of crime in sensitive cases are based not on facts and law but on the wishes and interests of the politician in power.

Political interference
Members of one of the two most elite services in the country (the other being the Indian Administrative Service), IPS officers are arguably the most visible face of the government, overseeing law and order, investigation, internal and border security, and intelligence, among other functions. IPS officers often encounter political interference in their day-to-day functioning. Politicians may attempt to influence police investigations, transfers, and postings for their own interests or to fulfill political agendas. Such interference can undermine the impartiality and integrity of the police force.

Corruption
Some IPS officers have been accused public corruption, money laundering, drug trafficking and unjust use of power. There have been various instances of abuse of the public by officers. High-ranking officers often enjoy many luxuries for no cost. There is also opportunity to receive extra payment for doing specific tasks on the job.

VIP Culture
VIP culture within the Indian Police Service (IPS) refers to a phenomenon where certain individuals, especially those holding positions of power or influence, receive preferential treatment or special privileges from the police force. This culture often results in the diversion of police resources and manpower towards catering to the needs and demands of these individuals, often at the expense of the general public.
VIP culture in India, including within the IPS, has been a subject of criticism and public debate for many years. It is seen as a reflection of the country's broader issue of social and political inequality. One manifestation of VIP culture within the IPS is the deployment of police personnel for personal security and escort duties even their personal needs for senior IPS officers. These personnel are often diverted from their regular law enforcement duties, which can affect the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the police force.  VIP culture also extends to the use of special privileges such as flashing red or blue beacons on vehicles, known as "lal batti," which signify authority and grant the right-of-way on the roads. The practice of using sirens and escort vehicles to navigate through traffic, often at high speeds, is another common aspect of VIP culture within the IPS.
 Security - High-ranking IPS officials is provided with a significant security detail, which includes armed police personnel, vehicles, and sometimes even dedicated security units. This leads to the concentration of resources on protecting VIPs, sometimes at the expense of maintaining law and order in other areas.

Misuse of Power
There are lot of incidents were Misuse of Power by IPS officers in india. In a notable incident in Kochi, there was an alarming misuse of government vehicles and police personnel during the marriage ceremony of a IPS officer. This incident raised concerns as several government-owned vehicles, belonging to the Kerala police, were utilized as a shuttle service for the wedding festivities. Additionally, a number of police officers were deployed as valets to assist with carrying luggage and other items for the guests. This incident highlights a misuse of power and resources, which is a matter of great concern. Such actions not only demonstrate a disregard for proper usage of government assets but also raise questions regarding the principles of fairness and equality.

Extra-judicial killings, Custodial torture
In June 2023, an incident of alleged abuse of power by Tamil Nadu IPS officer came to light, resulting in his suspension. an assistant superintendent of police (ASP) from the Tamil Nadu cadre, was accused of engaging in custodial torture at Ambasamudram police station in Tirunelveli district.
The allegations against IPS officer included forcefully extracting the teeth of approximately ten individuals and repeatedly assaulting at least two of them in their genital areas while they were in custody.

Violence against women and sexual misconduct
Some IPS officers have been implicated in cases of domestic violence, assaulting women and sexual misconduct.

Mental health and suicide
IPS officers have complained of high levels of stress due to long work hours and unrealistic demands of political bosses. Retired Director General of Police in Uttar Pradesh Vikram Singh believes job discontent is a combination of "no holidays, lack of sleep, the sinking feeling of failure, public treatment of policemen with contempt, indifference of political bosses and almost no connect with superiors". Professional stress ruins personal lives and leads to martial discord. The inability to balance professional and personal lives has led some IPS officers to commit suicide.

Fake encounters
Some IPS officers have been convicted of fake encounters, a term for extrajudicial killings by the police supposedly in self-defence.

IPS (Central) Association
In 2019, Ministry of Home Affairs said it never recognised or approved the formation of IPS (Central) Association and the police force does not have the right to form any association without the permission of the federal Government of India.

Promotions and entry reforms
The entry for Police Force in India has been made up by 4 levels - constables, sub-inspectors, state service DSPs, and IPS. This has caused disunity in the force, with constables being treated as slaves or personal servants for senior officers. The lack of merit based promotions has caused constables to remain constables till retirement. This type of police system has been severely criticized by several current and retired police officials, demanding a single entry into the force from constable, which has met resistance from other officials and political establishment.

Women in the Indian Police Service
In 1972, Kiran Bedi became the first woman Indian Police Service officer and was the only woman in a batch of 80 IPS Officers, she joined the AGMUT Cadre. She was followed by Jija Madhavan Harisingh in 1975, who became the first woman Indian Police Service officer from South-India (Karnataka cadre) and she remained in service for 36 years before retirement in 2011 as Director General of Police (DGP), and Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya, the second woman IPS officer belonging to the 1973 Batch, becoming the first woman Director General of Police of a state in India when she was appointed DGP of Uttarakhand Police.

In 1992, Asha Sinha, a 1982 Batch IPS officer, became the first woman Commandant in the Paramilitary forces of India when she was posted as Commandant, Central Industrial Security Force in Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited and she remained in service for 34 years before retirement in 2016 as Director General of Police (DGP). In 2018, an IPS Officer Archana Ramasundaram of 1980 Batch became the first woman to become the director general of police of a Central Armed Police Force as DG, Sashastra Seema Bal.

In 2021, Kalpana Saxena replaced Yogesh Singh as the commandant of 47 battalion of PAC, Ghaziabad.

Notable people

Ajit Doval
R. N. Kao
Prakash Singh
Raghavendra suhas IPS
Kiran Bedi
KPS Gill
Julio Francis Ribeiro
Rakesh Maria
H. T. Sangliana
K. Vijay Kumar
Amitabh Thakur
Abhayanand
Vibhuti Narain Rai
Namo Narain Meena
Kishore Kunal
Jagmohan Yadav
Sulkhan Singh
Manoj Yadava
Vipul Aggarwal
Sukhmohinder Singh Sandhu
Joginder Sharma
Rahul Sharma (Gujarat police)
Lalit Vijay Singh
Yogesh Pratap Singh
T.P.Senkumar
 D Roopa
Amit Lodha
Navniet Sekera
Laxmi Singh
R. Sreelekha

See also

 Commissioner of Police
 National Police Memorial India
 Indian State Police Services
 Law enforcement in India
 List of cases of police brutality in India
 Civil Services of India
 All India Service
 Special Duty Allowance (SDA)
 Union Public Service Commission

Notes

References

Further reading
 History of services of Indian police service, as on 1 July 1966, by Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Published by Govt. of India, 1969.
 The peace keepers: Indian Police Service (IPS), by S. R. Arun, IPS, DGP Uttar Pradesh. Published by Berghahn Books, 2000. .
The Indian Police Journal (IPJ), by Bureau of Police Research and Development, Ministry of Home Affairs. Published by Govt. of India, October–December 2009 Vol.LVI-No.4. .
 History of services of Indian police service, as on 1 July 1966, by Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Published by Govt. of India, 1969.

External links

 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy

All India Services
Federal law enforcement agencies of India
Union Public Service Commission
1905 establishments in India
Government agencies established in 1905

Indian Police Service


Andeskrikand () er en andefugl, der lever i Andesbjergene af det nordvestlige Sydamerika.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Andesfugle
Colombias fugle
Ecuadors fugle
Svømmeænder

Andeskrikand


Hamza-begova džamija (Andzabeg), džamija u Andzabegu u Mađarskoj
 Hamza-begova džamija (Sanski Most), džamija u Sanskom Mostu u Bosni i Hercegovini
 Hamza-begova džamija (Tešanj), džamija u Tešnju u Bosni i Hercegovini

Hamza-begova džamija


est un film américain de 2020 réalisé par Michelle Danner et mettant en vedette Grant Bowler, Sonya Walger, James Landry Hebert, Dan Lauria.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre :
 Réalisation : Michelle Danner
 Scénario : Jason Chase Tyrrell
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : Anglais
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie : 2019

Distribution
 Grant Bowler
 Sonya Walger
 David Coussins
 Paul Sorvino
 James Landry Hebert
 Stephanie Cayo
 Dan Lauria

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2019
Film dramatique américain
Film d'horreur américain
Thriller (film) américain

Bad Impulse


Música clásica es una zarzuela en un acto (género chico), con música de Ruperto Chapí y libreto de José Estremera. Se estrenó el 20 de septiembre de 1880 con gran éxito en el Teatro de la Comedia de Madrid.

Música clásica famosa por estar en repertorio durante dos siglos, llevándose por la famosísima Ases líricos durante años y años ahora rara vez se representa en la actualidad por falta de conocimiento de la misma y de buenos cómicos-líricos; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo tres representaciones para el período 2005-2010.

Referencias
 Historia, argumento y discografía en lazarzuela.webcindario

Zarzuelas de Ruperto Chapí
Zarzuelas de 1880
Obras de teatro de 1880

Música clásica (zarzuela)


Naatan Skyttä, né le  à Ylöjärvi, est un footballeur finlandais qui évolue au poste de milieu offensif au Toulouse FC.

Biographie
Né à Ylöjärvi dans l'ouest de la Finlande, Naatan Skyttä est issu du centre de formation du FC Ilves, à Tampere.

Carrière en club
Le , Skyttä rejoint le club le Toulouse FC en Ligue 2, signant un contrat de quatre ans et demi avec le club français.

Il fait ses débuts avec le TFC le 20 avril suivant, remplaçant Samuel Kasongo, lors de la défaite 2-0 en coupe de France contre Rumilly Vallières.

Le 26 août 2022, il est prêté pour trois mois au club norvégien du Viking FK.

Carrière en sélection
Naatan Skyttä est international finlandais, ayant connu l'équipe des moins de 17 puis des moins de 19 ans, avant d'être sélectionné en espoirs, dès .

Palmarès

 Coupe de France
 Vainqueur : 2023

Statistiques

Références

Liens externes

Footballeur finlandais
Joueur du FC Ilves
Joueur du Toulouse FC
Joueur du Viking Stavanger
Joueur de l'Odense BK
Naissance en mai 2002
Naissance à Ylöjärvi

Naatan Skyttä


Boğaz vadi (Yarma vadi) derine doğru aşındırmanın fazla olduğu yerlerdeki vadi şeklidir. Sert kayalardan ve yatay tabakalardan oluşmuş bölgelerde görülür. Yamaç eğimleri fazladır ve tabanları yoktur. Akarsu iki düzlük arasındaki dağlık, yüksek alanı aşındırarak, boğaz vadiyi oluşturur. Dağlık arazilerde akarsuların oluşturduğu boğaz vadiler ulaşımı kolaylaştırır. Sakarya Nehri'nin Samanlı Dağları'nın doğu ucunda oluşturduğu Geyve Boğazı hem karayolu hem de demiryolunun geçtiği bir ulaşım alanıdır.

Türleri
Yarma vadilerin oluşumunu açıklamak zordur. Çünkü akarsu aktığı vadiden daha yüksek bir araziyi aşındırmış görünmektedir. Oluşumları şekilleri dört grupta açıklanabilir.
Akarsuların geriye aşındırması ile oluşan küçük yarma vadiler. Akarsu geriye aşındırma ile doğduğu sırta gömülür.
Taşma ile oluşma: Fazla sularını gideğen (göl ayağı) ile dışarı boşaltan gölün beslenmesi artarsa çıkış noktasını derinleştirerek gölü boşaltır. Eski göl çanağı ile akarsunun aktığı alan arasında yarma vadi oluşur. Yeniçağa Gölü'nün göl ayağını derinleştirerek alanının küçülmesine neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Antesedans yarma vadi: Akarsuyun aktığı alanda sonradan bir dağın oluşmasıyla gerçekleşir. Dağ yavaş yavaş yükselirken akarsuda onu aşındırarak kendine bir geçit açar. Uzun süre sonra dağ yükselse de akarsu oluşturduğu boğaz vadiden akmaya devam eder. Bu durumda akarsu dağdan daha eskidir.
Epijenik yarma vadi: Dirençsiz bir arazide akan akarsu araziye gömülür. Alt tabakada sert kütleye geldiğinde onu da aşındırmaya devam eder. Fakat sert kütleler yana aşınmadan sadece derine doğru aşınır. Üstteki yumuşak katmanlar aşınıp, süpürüldüğünde sert kütle üzerinde, kenarları dik bir boğaz vadi ortaya çıkar.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Dış kuvvetler

Dış bağlantılar
 Boğaz Vadi resimlerini araştır (Google)

Kaynakça

Coğrafya terminolojisi
Vadiler
Dış kuvvetlerin etkisiyle oluşmuş yerşekilleri

Boğaz vadi


مقاطعة كوون تونغ  هي واحدة من 18 منطقة إدارية في هونغ كونغ.وهي تقع في كولون. بلغ عدد سكانها 290.240 نسمة في عام 2001. كوون تونغ هي المنطقة الثالثة من حيث عدد السكان، في حين أن متوسط الدخل هو أقل من متوسط دخل السكان في هونغ كونغ.

هو الحي الأكثر كثافة سكانية في هونغ كونغ بكثافة سكانية تبلغ 55،000 نسمة لكل كيلومتر مربع، وهي أيضا واحدة من أكبر المناطق الصناعية في هونغ كونغ. يلاحظ فيها نسبة من التلوث والفقر والشيخوخة السكانية. وفقا لأرقام إحصائية لعام 2001 فإن نسبة الفقراء والمسنين في هذه المنطقة هي 22.6 ٪ و15.5 ٪ على التوالي. حيث أن عدد الفقراء الذين يعيشون في هذا الحي هو 124.803، وهو من أعلى المعدلات في هونغ كونغ.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 مجلس مقاطعة كوون تونغ

مقاطعات هونغ كونغ

مقاطعة كوون تونغ


Something Must Break er en svensk dramafilm fra 2014, film er biografisk film er instrueret af Ester Martin Bergsmark. Filmen bygger på Eli Levéns roman Du är rötterna som sover vid mina fötter och håller jorden på plats fra 2010 og i rollerne ses bland andet Saga Becker, Iggy Malmborg og Shima Niavarani

Medvirkende
 Saga Becker som Sebastian / Ellie
 Iggy Malmborg som Andreas
 Shima Niavarani som Lea
 Mattias Åhlén som Mattias
 Daniel Nyström som Mattias' bror
 Emil Almén som Mand på bar
 Axel Petersén som Mand på legeplads
 Carl-Michael Edenborg som Tatoveret mand
 Nour El-Refai som Mattias' brors kæreste
 Viktor Friberg som Kollega i frokoststue

Eksterne henvisninger

Svenske film fra 2014
LGBT-relaterede film
Dramafilm fra Sverige
Svensksprogede film

Something Must Break


Haldun Alagaş Spor Salonu, İstanbul'un Ümraniye ilçesinde bulunan bir spor salonudur.

İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi tarafından 1996 yılında temeli atılan Spor Kompleksi yaklaşık 11.000 m²'lik arsa alanına sahip olup, tüm birimleri ve 3 kat olma özelliği ile birlikte, toplam 32.000 m²'lik inşaat alanını kapsayan Anadolu yakasındaki önde gelen spor merkezlerinden biridir.

Anadolu yakasındaki spor tesisi ihtiyacını büyük ölçüde gideren Haldun Alagaş Spor Kompleksi, birçok branşı bünyesinde bulundurarak günde ortalama 2000 kişiye spor yapma imkânı sunmaktadır. Bunun yanında kütüphane, tiyatro ve konferans salonlarıyla birlikte bir kültür merkezi konumunda olan tesis, 3 katlı otoparkıyla çevresindeki otopark sorununu da gidermektedir.

İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor ve Üsküdar Belediyesi Spor Kulübü Kadın Hentbol Takımı tarafından kullanılmaktadır.

Ayrıca  İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Beyaz Masa da burada hizmet vermektedir. Ümraniye İstanbul Kart Başvuru Merkezi de bu kompleks içerisindedir.

Binanın arka kısmında 3 katlı kapalı otoparkı bulunur ve İspark Genel Müdürlüğü de aynı yerdedir.

Kaynakça

Ümraniye'deki yapılar
Ümraniye'de spor
İstanbul'daki voleybol tesisleri
Türkiye'deki hentbol tesisleri
İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor
İstanbul ilindeki spor mekânları

Haldun Alagaş Spor Salonu


Diese Liste ist eine Teilliste der Liste der Baudenkmäler in Erlangen. Grundlage der Liste ist die Bayerische Denkmalliste, die auf Basis des bayerischen Denkmalschutzgesetzes vom 1. Oktober 1973 erstmals erstellt wurde und seither durch das Bayerische Landesamt für Denkmalpflege geführt und aktualisiert wird. Die folgenden Angaben ersetzen nicht die rechtsverbindliche Auskunft der Denkmalschutzbehörde.

Dieser Teil der Liste beschreibt die denkmalgeschützten Objekte in folgenden Erlanger Straßen:
 Universitätsstraße
 Untere Karlstraße

Universitätsstraße

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Untere Karlstraße

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Anmerkungen

!Liste U

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Erlangen/U


La coupe de la Ligue japonaise 2022 est la  édition de la Coupe de la Ligue japonaise, organisée par la J.League, elle oppose les 18 équipes de J.League 1 2022 et le  et  de J.League 1 2021 du  au .

Le vainqueur se qualifie pour la Coupe Levain.

Format et calendrier

Participants

Phase de groupes

Groupe A

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Groupe B

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Groupe C

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Groupe D

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Tour préliminaire
Le tour préliminaire est un tour disputé entre les deux premiers de chaque groupe en match aller et retour.

Phase finale
Les quatre vainqueurs du tour préliminaire sont rejoints par les quatre participants à la Ligue des champions de l'AFC 2022 pour les quarts de finale.

Quarts de finale
Les quatre vainqueurs du tour préliminaire sont rejoints par les quatre participants à la Ligue des champions de l'AFC 2022 pour les quarts de finale.

Demi-finales

Finale

Statistiques

Meilleurs buteurs

Meilleurs passeurs

Localisation des clubs engagés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Championnat du Japon de football 2022
 Coupe du Japon de football 2022

2022
Football au Japon en 2022

Coupe de la Ligue japonaise de football 2022


Singing in the Twins Wonderland (Volume 1) is the 9th CD by the Twins and was released in November 2003. Since Twins became very popular among children, this CD was made particularly for small children. It contains 20 English songs and three stories.

Track listing
"If You Are Happy"
"Mary Had A Little Lamb"
"My Bonnie"
"Happy Birthday"
"Hello, How Do You Do"
"Long Long Ago"
"Jingle Bells"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
"Ten Little Indian Boys"
"The Muffin Man"
"A for Apple B for Boy"
"Five Little Ducks"
"I Went to School One Morning"
"This Old Man"
"Red River Valley"
"Skip to My Lou"
"The Mulberry Bush"
"This Is the Way"
"You're My Sunshine"
"London Bridge Is Falling Down"
"Zi Qu Qi Ru De Wu Ya" (自取其辱的烏鴉) (Story 1)
"Lao Ying Bao En" (老鷹報恩) (Story 2)
"Lu Xing Zhe Yu Xiong" (旅行者與熊) (Story 3)
Source:

References

2003 albums
Twins (group) albums


الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الأولى 1997–98  هو موسم من الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الأولى. أقيم خلال الفترة 31 أغسطس 1997، وحتى 16 مايو 1998، وفاز فيه يوفنتوس.

الترتيب

النتائج

دوريات كرة قدم أوروبية في 1997–98
دوريات كرة قدم إيطالية في 1997-98
رياضة إيطالية في 1997
مواسم الدوري الإيطالي

الدوري الإيطالي 1997–98


Pride & Prejudice: O comedie din zilele din urmă este o adaptare independentă a filmului din 2003 a romanului lui Jane Austen, cu același nume, stabilit în Provo modernă din Utah. Filmul a primit recenzii mixte, cu mai multe comentarii negative decât pozitive. Criticii au acuzat filmul de redactarea sa proastă și aplicația sa dură a povestii în viața modernă. Comentariile pozitive au lăudat performanța lui Kam Heskin în rolul Elizabeth și s-au bucurat că filmul era "drăguț". Deși filmul conținea aspecte ale culturii LDS, majoritatea criticilor au fost de acord că legătura filmului cu cultura LDS a fost trivială, făcând filmul mai universal accesibil spectatorilor.

Distribuția și echipajul

  Kam Heskin ca Elizabeth Bennet
 Orlando Seale ca Will Darcy
 Carmen Rasmusen ca Charlotte Lucas
 Ben Gourley ca Charles Bingley
   Lucila Sola ca Jane Vasquez
  Kelly Stables ca Lydia Meryton
  Amber Hamilton ca Kitty Meryton (ca Nicole Hamilton)
  Henry Maguire ca Jack Wickam
  Kara Holden în calitate de Caroline Bingley
  Hubble Palmer ca William Collins
  Onoare Bliss ca Anna Darcy

Referiri la romanul lui Jane Austen, Mândrie și Prejudecată

  Clasa universitară a lui Lizzy studiază Jane Austen
  Există un portret al lui Jane Austen în cabina de schi a lui Darcy
  Numele Pugului lui Lydia este "Austen". Un pug de companie este de asemenea găsit în parcul Mansfield al lui Jane Austen.
  Restaurantul in care Lizzy îl întâlnește pe Darcy este numit "Rosings". În carte, Rosings Park este casa mătușii lui Darcy, Lady Catherine de Bourgh și, de asemenea, aproape de locul în care Elizabeth respinge prima propunere a lui Darcy.
  Lydia și Jack intenționează să se căsătorească în capela Las Vegas, care are o temă scoțiană. În carte, Lydia și Wickham trebuie să meargă în Scoția pentru a se căsători, deoarece pot face acest lucru mai repede decât au putut în Anglia (vezi Gretna Green Marriage).
   Reședința fetelor se află pe o stradă numită Longbourn. În cartea Bennet Estate este Longbourn.
  În versiunea "mai religioasă", Collins se referă la președintele misiunii sale, "președintele deBourgh", așa cum se referă Collins la Lady de Bourgh în carte.
   Numele de familie al lui Lydia și Kitty în film este Meryton, cel mai apropiat oraș din orașul Bennet din Longbourn.

Coloana sonoră

 "Nothing Wrong" (Stephanie Smith)
 "Cake"
 "Be With You" (Carmen Rasmusen)
 "Bookstore Suite"
 "Pillowtalk"
 "All the Way" (Trey Warner)
 "Dream on Dream" (Jeff Foster)
 "Jane's Attraction"
 "Elizabeth's Dream"
 "My Baby" (Ben Carson)
 "Bling Bling Daddy" (Scott Reinwand)
 "Not Enough of You" (Ben Carson)
 "Gathering"
 "Unexpected Song" (Sarah Brightman)
 "Condition of Desperation" (Randy Porter)
 "Cowboy Rompin'" (Brilliant Stereo Mob)
 "Match Point"
 "Bingley Leaves"
 "Self Portrait" (Stephanie Smith)
 "Solid Comma Girl" (Brilliant Stereo Mob)
 "Mutual Attraction"
 "Life" (Coolhand)
 "Can't Stand the Way You See Me" (Ben Carson/Scott Reinwand)
 "My Giant" (Stephanie Smith)
 "Nothing Wrong Reprise" (Jamen Brooks)

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 2003
Filme americane
Filme de comedie romantică
Filme în limba engleză

Pride & Prejudice: A Latter-Day Comedy