Vladivoj ( – January 1003) was Duke of Bohemia from 1002 until his death.

Life
He was probably a member of the Piast dynasty, maybe the second son of Doubravka, daughter of Duke Boleslaus I of Bohemia, and her husband Duke Mieszko I of Poland, or a distant relative. When Duke Boleslaus III was dethroned during a revolt by the Czech Vršovci clan, the Bohemian nobles declared Vladivoj, who had earlier fled to Poland, duke in 1002. The Czech historian Dušan Třeštík writes that Vladivoj assumed the Bohemian throne with the support of the Polish duke Bolesław I the Brave. In November, he also obtained the support by the German king Henry II who enfeoffed him with the Bohemian duchy.

After Vladivoj died in 1003, Bolesław the Brave invaded Bohemia and restored Boleslaus III who had many Bohemian noblemen murdered. It is said that Vladivoj was an alcoholic, and drinking was a possible contributor to his death. A massacre of the Vršovci clan at Vyšehrad ordered by Boleslaus III led to his deposition and the succession of his younger brother Jaromír.

References

Bibliography

Dukes of Bohemia
980s births
1003 deaths
11th-century dukes in Europe
Christian monarchs
Bohemian monarchs

Vladivoj, Duke of Bohemia


(James) Hamish Scott Henderson (11 November 1919 – 9 March 2002) was a Scottish poet, songwriter, communist, intellectual and soldier.
He was a catalyst for the folk revival in Scotland. He was also an accomplished folk song collector and discovered such notable performers as Jeannie Robertson, Flora MacNeil and Calum Johnston.

Early life
Born on the first Armistice Day 11 November 1919, to a single mother, Janet Henderson, a Queen's Nurse who had served in France, and was then working in the war hospital at Blair Castle.
His name was recorded at registration as James but he preferred the Scots form Hamish.

Though he was born in Blairgowrie, Perthshire, Henderson spent his early years in nearby Glen Shee and eventually moved to England with his mother. He won a scholarship to Dulwich School in London; however, his mother died shortly before he was due to take up his place and he had to live in an orphanage while studying there.

He studied Modern Languages at Downing College, Cambridge, in the years leading up to World War II, and as a visiting student in Germany ran messages for an organization run by the Society of Friends aiding the German resistance and helping to rescue Jews.

World War II
Although he argued strongly for peace, even well into the early years of the war, he became convinced that a satisfactory peace could not be reached and so he threw himself into the war effort. Joining as an enlisted soldier in the Pioneer Corps, he later applied for and received a commission in the Intelligence Corps. He was quite effective as an interrogator due to his command of six European languages and deep understanding of German culture.

He took part in the Desert War in Africa, during which he wrote his poem Elegies For the Dead in Cyrenaica, encompassing every aspect of a soldier's experience of the sands of North Africa. On 2 May 1945, Henderson personally oversaw the drafting of the surrender order of Italy issued by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani.

Henderson collected the lyrics to  "D-Day Dodgers," a satirical song to the tune of "Lili Marlene", attributed to Lance-Sergeant Harry Pynn, who served in Italy. Henderson also wrote the lyrics to "The 51st (Highland) Division's Farewell to Sicily", set to a pipe tune called "Farewell to the Creeks". The book in which these were collected, Ballads of World War II, was published "privately" to evade censorship, but earned Henderson a ten-year ban from BBC radio, preventing a series on ballad-making from being made. His 1948 war poetry book, Elegies for the Dead in Cyrenaica, received the Somerset Maugham Award.

Folk song collector
Henderson threw himself into the work of the folk revival after the war, discovering and bringing to public attention Jeannie Robertson, Flora MacNeil, Calum Johnston (see Annie and Calum Johnston of Barra ) and others. In the 1950s, he acted as a guide to the American folklorist, Alan Lomax, who collected many field recordings in Scotland. (See Alan Lomax, Collector of Songs).

People's Festival Ceilidhs
Henderson was instrumental in bringing about the Edinburgh People's Festival Ceilidh in 1951, which placed traditionally performed Scottish folk music on the public stage for the first time as "A Night of Scottish Song". However, the People's Festival, of which it was part, was planned as a left-wing competitor to the Edinburgh Festival and was deeply controversial. At the event, Henderson performed The John Maclean March, to the tune of Scotland the Brave, which honoured the life and work John Maclean, a communist and Scottish nationalist hero.

However, the event marked the first time that Scotland's traditional folk music was performed on a public stage. The performers included Flora MacNeil, Calum Johnston, John Burgess, Jessie Murray, John Strachan, and Jimmy MacBeath. The event was extremely popular and was regarded as the beginning of the second British folk revival.

Henderson continued to host the events every year until 1954, when the Communist ties of several members of the People's Festival Committee led to the Labour Party declaring it a "Proscribed Organisation". Losing the financial support of the local trades unions, the People's Festival was permanently cancelled. Henderson's own songs, particularly "Freedom Come All Ye", have become part of the folk tradition themselves.

Later life
Dividing his time between Continental Europe and Scotland, he eventually settled in Edinburgh in 1959 with his German wife, Kätzel (Felizitas Schmidt).

Henderson collected widely in the Borders and the north-east of Scotland, creating links between the travellers, the bothy singers of Aberdeenshire, the Border shepherds, and the young men and women who frequented the folk clubs in Edinburgh.

From 1955 to 1987 he was on the staff of the University of Edinburgh's School of Scottish Studies which he co-founded with Calum Maclean: there he contributed to the sound archives that are now available on-line. Henderson held several honorary degrees and after his retirement became an honorary fellow of the School of Scottish Studies. For many years he held court in Sandy Bell's Bar, the meeting place for local and visiting folk musicians. In April 1979, he was ' the prevailing spirit' at the first Edinburgh International Folk Festival conference 'The People's Past' both on ballads and in challenging traditional history telling. He also spoke at a  Riddle's Court meeting which had hosted in the past, the Workers' Educational Association when he said  that Calvinism was repressive in the Scottish psyche and that 'we had to divest ourselves of layers or preconception and misconception before we could come to grips with Scotland and its people.'

Henderson was a socialist, and beside his academic work for the University, he produced translations of the Prison Letters of Antonio Gramsci, whom he had first heard of among Communist Italian partisans during the war. The translation was published in the New Edinburgh Review in 1974 and as a book in 1988. He was involved in campaigns for Scottish home rule and in the foundation of the 1970s Scottish Labour Party. Henderson, who was openly bisexual, was vocal about gay rights and acceptance.

In 1983, Henderson was voted Scot of the Year by Radio Scotland listeners when he, in protest of the Thatcher government's nuclear weapons policy, turned down an OBE.

Death
He died in Edinburgh on 8 March 2002 aged 82, survived by his wife Kätzel and their daughters, Janet and Christine Henderson.

Legacy

In 2005, Rounder Records released a recording of the 1951 Edinburgh People's Festival Ceilidh as part of The Alan Lomax Collection. Henderson had collaborated with the preparations for the release.

In August 2013, Edinburgh University announced that it had acquired his personal archive of "more than 10,000 letters from almost 3400 correspondents, plus 136 notebooks and diaries", dating from the 1930s to the end of his life. These will be kept in the Special Collections department of the main library.

Discussions around national identity and constitutional resettlement in Scotland, especially those surrounding the Scottish Independence Referendum of 2014, have often invoked Henderson's legacy. Politicians and cultural commentators alike describe their admiration for his song 'Freedom Come-All-Ye' and lend their voices to those touting it as an alternative national anthem. As a radical democrat whose political beliefs were closely bound up in the study of folk culture and high literature, Henderson's work expresses a tension between romantic nationalism and socialist internationalism which has been reaffirmed in public life in Scotland since his death.

Debate on his parenting, and a possible link to the eighth Duke of Atholl or a 'cousin' of that lineage, has continued into considering the 'cultural  context' of the eighth Duke's role in designing the Scottish National War Memorial (opened 1927) bringing together the culture of 'the people', but also looking into Henderson possibly being of royal or aristocratic blood, 'acknowledging a heritage that meant a lot to him, while still protecting his anonymity, and the power of his life's work to identify with everyman and everywoman.' Paul Potts had called Henderson "That guy? He's one of the wandering kings of Scotland."

Further reading
 Hamish Henderson (1947) Ballads of World War II, Caledonian Press, Glasgow
 Hamish Henderson (1948) Elegies for the Dead in Cyrenaica, J. Lehmann, London
 Hamish Henderson (1987), "Antonio Gramsci" in Ross, Raymond J. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 28, Winter 87/88, pp. 22 – 26,
 Hamish Henderson (1995), Zeus as Curly Snake: The Chthonian Image, in Ross, Raymond (ed.), Cencrastus No. 52, Summer 1995, pp. 7 – 9,
 Alec Finlay, editor (1992) Alias MacAlias: Writings on songs, folk and literature, Polygon, Edinburgh
 Alec Finlay, editor (1996) The Armstrong Nose: Selected letters of Hamish Henderson, Polygon, Edinburgh
 Geordie McIntyre (1973), Resurgimento!, an interview with Hamish Henderson, in Maisels, Chic K. (ed.), Folk Song and the Folk Tradition, Festival issue of the New Edinburgh Review, August 73, pp. 12 & 13
 Raymond Ross, editor (2000) Collected Poems and Songs, Curly Snake Pub., Edinburgh, Scotland
 Eberhard Bort, editor (2010) Borne on the Carrying Stream: The Legacy of Hamish Henderson, Grace Note Publications
 Eberhard Bort, editor (2011) Tis Sixty Years Since: The 1951 Edinburgh People's Festival Ceilidh and the Scottish Folk Revival
 Jack Mitchell (1976), Hamish Henderson and the Scottish Tradition, in Burnett, Ray (ed.), Calgacus No. 3, Spring 1976, pp. 26 – 31,
 Timothy Neat (2012) Hamish Henderson: Poetry Becomes People (1952-2002), Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh
 Corey Gibson (2015) The Voice of the People: Hamish Henderson and Scottish Cultural Politics, Edinburgh University Press,
 Ian Spring (2020), Hamish Henderson: A Critical Appreciation, Rymour Books, Perth,
 Fred Freeman (2022), "Burns, Hamish and Sang", Pairt 1, in Morton, Elaine & Hershaw, William, Lallans 100, Simmer 2022, pp. 111 – 119,
 Tom Hubbard, "Hamish Henderson as Translator", in Hubbard, Tom (2022), Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature, Rymour, pp. 93 – 95,

References

External links
Scotsman obituary

1919 births
2002 deaths
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
People educated at Dulwich College
Scottish humanists
Scottish Episcopalians
Scots Makars
Scottish soldiers
Scottish male songwriters
Scottish male poets
Scottish socialists
British Army personnel of World War II
Scottish musicologists
Scottish folk-song collectors
North African campaign
Italian campaign (World War II)
Intelligence Corps officers
Royal Pioneer Corps soldiers
People from Blairgowrie and Rattray
Writers from Perth and Kinross
Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge
Scottish Renaissance
20th-century Scottish poets
Scottish LGBT poets
Scottish LGBT songwriters
Scottish bisexual writers
Bisexual male writers
Bisexual songwriters
Bisexual poets
Scottish translators
20th-century British translators
War poets
20th-century Scottish male writers
20th-century British musicologists
World War II poets
Bisexual academics
Claddagh Records artists
20th-century Scottish LGBT people

Hamish Henderson


«True To Your Heart» (en español: «Fiel A Tu Corazón») es una canción interpretada por la banda 98° y el cantante Stevie Wonder.

Información
La canción fue grabada para el segundo álbum de 98°, 98° and Rising,  y para la película de 1998 de Walt Disney, Mulan.

Adaptaciones
Para la versión latina de la película, se grabó la canción bajo el título de "Tu Corazón", interpretada por el cantante mexicano Cristian Castro.

Lista de canciones
Sencillo en CD
 «True To Your Heart»
 «True To Your Heart» (Instrumental)

Sencillo en CD
 «True To Your Heart»
 «True To Your Heart» (Instrumental)
 «Was It Something»

Maxi sencillo
 «True To Your Heart»
 «True To Your Heart» (Instrumental)
 «True To Your Heart» (98° Vocal Version)

Posicionamiento

Versión de Raven-Symoné

«True To Your Heart» más tarde fue realizada por la cantante estadounidense Raven-Symoné.

La canción apareció en la película del 2004 de Disney, Ella Enchanted, igualmente en su banda sonora. También formó parte del segundo álbum de canciones clásicas de Disney, Disneymania 2, lanzado en el 2004.

Video
En el video, aparece Raven en el estudio de grabación cantando y grabando la canción.

Versiones oficiales
 «True To Your Heart» (Original Versión)
 «True To Your Heart» (China Doll Remix)

Referencias

Canciones de 1998
Canciones de 2004
Canciones de pop
Canciones de Raven-Symoné
Canciones en inglés
Raven-Symoné
Sencillos de 1998
Sencillos de 2004
Sencillos de pop
Sencillos de Raven-Symoné

True To Your Heart


An Homalomena griffithii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Homalomena griffithii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Homalomena, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 H. g. acuminata
 H. g. griffithii
 H. g. kingii

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Homalomena

Homalomena griffithii


A22 or A-22 is a three-character acronym that may refer to:

Vehicles
A 22 (keelboat), a sailing yacht
A-22 Maryland, an American light bomber of World War II manufactured by Glenn L. Martin Company
Aero A.22, a Czech civil utility aircraft built during the 1920s
Aeroprakt A-22, a Ukrainian ultralight aircraft
Arrows A22, a Formula One car
Fiat A.22, a piston aero-engine used on the 1925 Italian aircraft Ansaldo A.120
IVL A.22 Hansa, a 1922 Finnish license copy of the German two-seat, low winged single-engined seaplane Hansa-Brandenburg W.33
MAN A22, internal code for the NLxx3F low-floor single-deck bus chassis built by MAN

Biomedicine
British NVC community A22 (Littorella uniflora - Lobelia dortmanna community), a plant community
 ICD-10 code for Anthrax
 Chemical compound A22 (S-[3,4-dichlorobenzyl] isothiourea hydrochloride) with antibiotic activity

Others
List of A22 roads
English Opening, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code

A22


An Hechtia dichroantha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Donnell Smith. An Hechtia dichroantha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hechtia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hechtia

Hechtia dichroantha


Kolo sreće može biti:
 Kolo sreće (film) - američka komedija iz 1983. godine
 Kolo sreće (kviz) - televizijski kviz

Kolo sreće


Vulcaniella klimeschi ist ein Schmetterling (Nachtfalter) aus der Familie der Prachtfalter (Cosmopterigidae).

Merkmale
Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 7 bis 9 Millimeter. Der Kopf ist bronzefarben. Thorax und Tegulae glänzen dunkel goldbraun und sind jeweils hinten weiß gesäumt. Vulcaniella klimeschi hat ähnlich gezeichnete Vorderflügel wie Vulcaniella grabowiella.

Bei den Männchen ist das rechte Brachium gekrümmt und distal verengt. Das linke Brachium ist leicht gebogen und hat einen rundlichen Apex. Die Valven sind parallelwandig und ziemlich breit. Die rechte Valvella ist etwas kürzer als der distale Teil des Aedeagus und sehr kräftig. Sie verjüngt sich distal zu einem rundlichen Apex. Die linke Valvella ist länglich dreieckig. Der distale Teil des Aedeagus verjüngt sich distal allmählich.

Die Genitalarmatur der Weibchen ähnelt der von Vulcaniella grabowiella, hat aber eine V-förmige Antevaginalplatte, die Sklerotisierung am hinteren Ende des 7. Sternit ist sackförmig und der Ductus bursae ist nur halb so lang wie das Corpus bursae.

Ähnliche Arten
Vulcaniella klimeschi hat ähnlich gezeichnete Vorderflügel wie Vulcaniella grabowiella, an der Vorderflügelbasis befindet sich aber ein kleiner weißer Fleck. Zur sicheren Artbestimmung ist eine Untersuchung der Genitalien erforderlich.

Verbreitung
Vulcaniella klimeschi wurde in Mazedonien, Griechenland und auf Kreta nachgewiesen.

Biologie
Die Raupen entwickeln sich in den Blättern von Salvia ringens in einer beidseitigen Platzmine. Die Mine beginnt als dunkler Fraßgang an der Blattmittelrippe. Sie wird später als Platzmine fortgesetzt, die innen mit Seide ausgekleidet ist und keinen Raupenkot enthält. Am Beginn der Mine fertigen die Raupen ein Seidengespinst an, welches mit Raupenkot bedeckt ist. In Griechenland und auf Kreta wurden Falter in der ersten Junihälfte gesammelt.

Systematik
Aus der Literatur ist das folgende Synonym bekannt:
 Stagmatophora klimeschi , 1966

Belege

Cosmopterigidae
Prachtfalter

Vulcaniella klimeschi


Irini Merkouri (Yunanca: Ειρήνη Μερκούρη Ilion, Atina, 26 Mayıs 1981) Roman asıllı Yunan şarkıcı.

Albümleri
 2001: Na Fisaei I Anoixi
 2003: Meine Mazi Mou Apopse (Stay with me tonight)
 2004: Palirroia (Tidewave)
 2005: Aneta (Comfortably)
 2006: Argises (You were late)
 2007: "Nai" (Yes) (CD Single)

Dış bağlantılar
 Official Site
 Fan Club
 Biography (Yunanca)

Yaşayan insanlar
1981 doğumlular
Atina doğumlu şarkıcılar
Yunanistan Çingeneleri
Yunan kadın şarkıcılar
Yunan pop şarkıcıları
21. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları

İrini Merkuri


Arctagrostis latifolia, listopadna višegodišnja biljna vrsta iz porodice trava. Česta je u tundrama Sjeverne Amerike i Azije.

Stabljika je uspravna, naraste do pola metra visine (20 inča). Cvate u kasno proljeće. Vernakularno je poznata kao wideleaf polargrass

Sinonimi
 Arctagrostis anadyrensis V.N.Vassil.
 Arctagrostis aristulata Petrov
 Arctagrostis glauca Petrov
 Arctagrostis latifolia f. aristata Holmb.
 Arctagrostis latifolia var. aristulata (Petrov) Tzvelev
 Arctagrostis latifolia var. gigantea (Tzvelev) Tzvelev
 Arctagrostis latifolia subsp. gigantea Tzvelev
 Arctagrostis latifolia var. longiglumis Polunin
 Arctagrostis latifolia subsp. nahanniensis A.E.Porsild
 Arctagrostis stricta Petrov
 Cinna brownii Rupr.
 Colpodium latifolium R.Br.
 Colpodium latifolium var. viviparum Scheutz
 Panicularia latifolia (R.Br.) Kuntze
 Vilfa xerampelina Trin.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Poeae
Flora Svalbarda
Flora Kanade
Flora Azije

Arctagrostis latifolia


Indira Isabel Huilca Flores, née à Lima le , est une sociologue et une femme politique péruvienne.

Biographie
Elle est née à Lima, dans le district La Victoria. Elle est la fille de Martha Flores et du dirigeant syndical Pedro Huilca Tecse, secrétaire de la Confédération générale des travailleurs du Pérou (CGTP), assassiné en 1992 par Grupo Colina, un groupe paramilitaire qui opérait sous le gouvernement d'Alberto Fujimori.

Elle a étudié à l'école Alfredo Rebaza Acosta dans la ville de Lima et a terminé ses études universitaires en sociologie à la faculté des sciences sociales de l'Université nationale principale de San Marcos, à Lima, et a obtenu une maîtrise en sciences politiques l'Université pontificale catholique du Pérou.

Elle a fait partie de divers collectifs et organisations politiques tels que la Colectiva de Mujeres Feministas de Izquierda, le collectif La Comuna Tejiendo desde el Sur, le Movimiento por el Poder Popular (MPP), le Movimiento Sembrar et, de 2017 à 2019, elle a milité au sein du mouvement Nuevo Perú dirigé par l'ancienne députée Verónika Mendoza.

Carrière politique

Conseillère à la municipalité de Lima
En 2013, elle a été élue conseillère de la municipalité métropolitaine de Lima, où elle a été membre des commissions du développement urbain, de l'environnement, des femmes et de la participation des quartiers, où elle a travaillé pour soutenir et mettre en œuvre des programmes municipaux tels que Barrio Mío, Vivienda Popular et la défense des espaces publics à Lima. Elle a également encouragé la création de la Gerencia de la Mujer en tant qu'organisme responsable des politiques publiques en matière d'égalité des sexes dans la région métropolitaine de Lima.

Députée de la République
Lors des élections législatives organisées au Pérou le 10 avril 2016, elle s'est présentée comme candidate au Congrès pour Lima au sein de la coalition Front large et a été élue députée.

Dans le cadre de son travail parlementaire, elle a été présidente de la Commission de la femme et de la famille, ainsi que membre à part entière de la Commission du travail et de la sécurité sociale6 dans laquelle elle a œuvré pour les droits des femmes, des travailleurs, de la communauté LGTBI, entre autres. En juillet 2017, elle fait partie du groupe de congressistes qui se sépare du Front Large et crée le bloc Nouveau Pérou, reconnu en septembre 2017.

En août 2019, elle a été élue porte-parole officielle du caucus Nouveau Pérou pour la période 2019 - 2020. Le 30 septembre de la même année, elle a participé activement au débat sur la question de confiance présentée par le gouvernement, qui a été interprétée comme un rejet factuel par ce dernier et, en conséquence, le président du Pérou a décrété la dissolution du Congrès. En octobre 2019, elle démissionne du Mouvement Nouveau Pérou en raison de la politique d'alliance électorale que ce mouvement a adoptée dans le cadre des élections extraordinaires du Congrès du 26 janvier 2020.

Références

Liens externes

Féministe péruvienne
Femme politique péruvienne
Naissance en août 1988
Naissance à Lima

Indira Huilca


Azohydromonas est un genre de bactéries à coloration Gram négative de la famille des Alcaligenaceae placée dans l'ordre des Burkholderiales, classe des Betaproteobacteria. Le genre a été décrit pour la première fois en 2005.

L'espèce type est Azohydromonas lata, décrite en 1978 par Palleroni et Palleroni, sous le nom d'Alcaligenes latus et renommée Azohydromonas lata par Xie et Yokota.

Étymologiquement Azohydromonas signifie « bactérie fixatrice d'azote et autotrophe en eau » (A′zo.hy.dro.mo′nas. du français azote ; du grec hydor, l'eau ; et du grec monas, l'unité).

Systématique
Le genre Azohydromonas a été créé en 2005 par  et .

Morphologie
Ce sont des bacilles coccoïdes de  de long et  de diamètre. Les cellules sont motiles à l'aide de cinq à dix flagelles péritriches.

Culture
Les colonies sont grises, rondes et opaques, croissant dans un plage de température de 15 à  avec un optimum entre 30 et . La croissance est inhibée à une concentration supérieure à 2,5%.

Elles peuvent pousser sur milieu de culture B-1, ou sur un milieu sélectif composé de glucose,  ; ,2,  ; ,7,  ; ,  ; ,  ; ,  ; ,7,  ; ,2,  ; eau distillée, , pH 7,3.

Métabolisme
Les cellules accumulent des granules de PHB.

Des activités catalase, oxydase et arginine dihydrolase sont détectées.

Le d-ribose, le l-arabinose, le lactose et l'amidon ne peuvent être utilisées pour la croissance des bactéries.

Les bactéries du genre Azohydromonas possèdent le gène nifH codant une nitrogénase et sont donc capables de fixer l'azote.

Elles peuvent croitre de manière autotrophe en présence d'hydrogène mais ne sont pas photoautotrophes.

Le contenu de l'ADN en G+C varie de .

Les acides gras les plus abondants sont le 16 : 1ω7c, 16 : 0 (acide palmitique) et 18 : 1ω7c.

Les acides gras hydroxylés majoritaires sont le 10 : 0 3-OH et le 12 : 0 2-OH

L'ubiquinone-8 est le composé majeur du système ubiquinone.

Habitat
Les espèces du genre Azhydromonas se trouvent dans le sol et l'air .

Liste des espèces
Selon la LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature le genre Azohydromonas comporte six espèces :
 Azohydromonas aeria Xue , 2020
 Azohydromonas australica Xie & Yokota, 2005
 Azohydromonas caseinilytica Dahal , 2021
 Azohydromonas lata (Palleroni & Palleroni, 1978)
 Azohydromonas riparia Nguyen & Kim, 2017
 Azohydromonas ureilytica Nguyen & Kim, 2017

Publication originale

Notes et références

Liens externes

Genre de bactéries (nom scientifique)

Azohydromonas


Vetrarliljundirætt eða Vetrarliljur (fræðiheiti: Pyroloideae) er undirætt með 4 ættkvíslum og um 37 tegundum. Hún er stundum talin sjálfstæð ætt: vetrarliljuætt - (Pyrolaceae), eða ættflokkur undir Sníkjurótarætt (Monotropoideae). Tegundirnar eru mixotroph (framleiða næringu sjálfar en nýta einnig samlífi eða sníkjulífi).

Tilvísanir

Lyngætt

Pyroloideae


Henry George Charles Lascelles, 6. jarl af Harewood KG GVVO DSO TD JP DL (født 9. september 1882 i London, England, død 24. maj 1947 i Harewood House, Leeds, West Yorkshire), kendt som vicegreve Lascelles i 1892–1929 og som den ærede Henry Lascelles i  1882–1892, var svigersøn til Georg 5. af Storbritannien. Han var svoger til kongerne Edward 8. af Storbritannien og Georg 6. af Storbritannien.

Forældre
Henry George Charles Lascelles var den ældste søn af Henry Lascelles, 5. jarl of Harewood (1846–1929) og Lady Florence Katharine Bridgeman (1859–1943).

Familie
Fra 1922 til 1977 var Henry Lascelles gift med den kongelige prinsesse Mary (1897–1965). Hun var datter af Georg 5. af Storbritannien og søster til kongerne Edward 8. af Storbritannien og Georg 6. af Storbritannien.

Henry Lascelles og prinsesse Mary fik to sønner:

 George Lascelles, 7. jarl af Harewood (1923–2011), gift med den østrigsk fødte koncertpianistinde Marion Stein (1926–2014) og derefter med den australsk fødte violinist Patricia Bambi Elizabeth Tuckwell (født 1926), fik børn med begge sine hustruer.

 Gerald David Lascelles  (1924–1998), gift to gange, fik sønner med begge sine hustruer.

Jarler fra Storbritannien
Slægten Lascelles
Kongelige fra Storbritannien
Personer fra London

Henry Lascelles, 6. jarl af Harewood


Clave or claves may refer to:

Music
 Clave (rhythm), a rhythmic pattern found in some Afro-Cuban Music
 Claves, a percussion instrument
 Claves Records, Swiss record label

Other
 Clave (newspaper), a Dominican newspaper
 Clave (Mexico City Metrobús), a BRT station in Mexico City
 Claves, a fictional character in the video game Eternal Sonata

See also
 Clavé (disambiguation)

Clave


In der Liste der Baudenkmale in Stralsund sind die Baudenkmale der Stadt Stralsund aufgeführt. Die Denkmalliste des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern wurde in den Jahren 1991 bis 1996 erstellt. Zu der ursprünglichen Ausgabe wurden bis 2021 elf Korrekturfassungen erstellt.

Einige Denkmale sind Teil des UNESCO-Welterbes Historische Altstädte Stralsund und Wismar.

__INHALTSVERZEICHNIS_ERZWINGEN__

Datenbasis
Die aufgeführten Denkmale sind der in den Jahren 1991 bis 1996 erstellten Denkmalliste des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern entnommen; Korrekturfassungen dazu wurden am 28. Januar 1997, 27. Februar 1998, 30. Dezember 1999, 10. Mai 2001, 26. Juli 2002, 8. Mai 2006, 27. Mai 2009, 4. August 2015, 7. Dezember 2017, 18. Dezember 2019 und am 11. Januar 2021 erstellt und sind in diesem Artikel berücksichtigt.

Änderungen am Denkmal, Streichungen oder Neuaufnahmen sind in der Spalte "Anmerkungen" eingetragen. Ockerfarben hinterlegte Eintragungen wurden aus der Denkmalliste von 1996 gestrichen.

Einzeldenkmale
Die sortierbare Liste enthält von links nach rechts:
 eine laufende (nicht offizielle) Nummer ("Lfd. Nr."),
 den Straßennamen ("Adresse") mit Hausnummer in dieser Straße, ggf. Koordinaten
 das geschützte Objekt ("Objektbezeichnung"), ggf. mit Verweisen, auch Link zu Wikipedia-Artikeln
 den Stadtteil ("ST") (Hinweis: Die Benennung weicht von der räumlichen Einteilung in die Stadtgebiete ab ab.)
 I = Innenstadt
 D = Dänholm
 F = Frankenvorstadt
 K = Kniepervorstadt
 T = Tribseer Vorstadt
 Anmerkungen,
 ein Bild des Objekts.

Bewegliche Denkmale

Weitere Denkmale in der Stadt
Einzelheiten zu anderen Denkmalen sind in der Liste der Denkmale und Gedenkstätten in Stralsund zu finden.

Literatur
 Friederike Thomas, Dietmar Volksdorf: Die Altstadtinsel Stralsund – Illustrierte Denkmalliste. Die Baudenkmale der Altstadt in Text und Bild. Hrsg. vom Bauamt der Hansestadt Stralsund. Selbstverlag, Stralsund 1999, .

Weblinks

 www.landtag-mv.de, "Drucksache 2/2880 Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - 2. Wahlperiode. Denkmallisten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern", 11. August 1997 (PDF; 956 kB)
 www.stralsund.de "DENKMALLISTE DER HANSESTADT STRALSUND (Korrekturfassung vom 16.02.2021)"

Einzelnachweise

!
!
Stralsund

Liste der Baudenkmale in Stralsund


was a town located in Ena District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,372 and a density of 156.34 persons per km². The total area was 34.36 km².

On October 25, 2004, Iwamura, along with the towns of Akechi, Kamiyahagi and Yamaoka, and the village of Kushihara (all from Ena District), was merged into the expanded city of Ena, and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Iwamura Castle is located in Iwamura.

Notes

External links
 Official website of Ena

Dissolved municipalities of Gifu Prefecture
Populated places disestablished in 2004
Ena, Gifu

2004 disestablishments in Japan

Iwamura, Gifu


The carotid body is a small cluster of chemoreceptor cells and supporting sustentacular cells situated at bifurcation of each common carotid artery in its adventitia.

The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of arterial oxygen, but also of carbon dioxide. It is also sensitive to changes in blood pH, and temperature.

Structure
The carotid body is situated on the posterior aspect of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

The carotid body is made up of two types of cells, called glomus cells:  glomus type I cells are peripheral chemoreceptors, and glomus type II cells are sustentacular supportive cells.

 Glomus type I cells are derived from the neural crest. They release a variety of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, ATP, and dopamine that trigger EPSPs in synapsed neurons leading to the respiratory center. They are innervated by axons of the glossopharyngeal nerve which collectively are called the carotid sinus nerve.
 Glomus type II cells resemble glial cells, express the glial marker S100 and act as supporting cells.

Function

The carotid body functions as a sensor: it responds to a stimulus, primarily O2 partial pressure, which is detected by the type I (glomus) cells, and triggers an action potential through the afferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which relays the information to the central nervous system.

Stimulus
The carotid body peripheral chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to decreases in the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). This is in contrast to the central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata that are primarily sensitive to changes in pH and PCO2 (a decrease in pH and an increase in PCO2). The carotid body chemoreceptors are also sensitive to pH and PCO2, but only secondarily. More specifically, the sensitivity of carotid body chemoreceptors to decreased PO2 is greater when pH is decreased and PCO2 is increased.

Impulse rate for carotid bodies is particularly sensitive to changes in arterial PO2 in the range of 60 down to 30 mm Hg, a range in which hemoglobin saturation with oxygen decreases rapidly.

The output of the carotid bodies is low at an oxygen partial pressure above about 100mmHg (13,3 kPa) (at normal physiological pH), but below 60mmHg the activity of the type I (glomus) cells increases rapidly due to a decrease in hemoglobin-oxygen saturation below 90%.

Detection
The mechanism for detecting reductions in PO2 has yet to be identified, there may be multiple mechanisms and could vary between species. Hypoxia detection has been shown to depend upon increased hydrogen sulfide generation produced by  cystathionine gamma-lyase as hypoxia detection is reduced in mice in which this enzyme is knocked out or pharmacologically inhibited. The process of detection involves the interaction of cystathionine gamma-lyase with hemeoxygenase-2 and the production of carbon monoxide. Yet, some studies show that physiologic concentration of hydrogen sulfide may not be strong enough to trigger such responses.

Other theories suggest it may involve mitochondrial oxygen sensors and the haem-containing cytochromes that undergo reversible one-electron reduction during oxidative-phosphorylation. Haem reversibly binds O2 with an affinity similar to that of the carotid body, suggesting that haem containing proteins may have a role in O2, potentially this could be one of the complexes involved in oxidative-phosphorylation. This leads to increases in reactive oxygen species and rises in intracellular Ca2+. However,  whether hypoxia leads to an increase or decrease in reactive oxygen species is unknown. The role of reactive oxygen species in hypoxia sensing is also under question.

The oxygen dependent enzyme haem-oxidase has also been put forward as a hypoxia sensor. In normoxia, haem-oxygenase generates carbon monoxide (CO), CO activates the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, BK. Falls in CO that occur as a consequence of hypoxia would lead to closure of this potassium channel and this would lead to membrane depolarisation and consequence activation of the carotid body. A role for the "energy sensor" AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has also been proposed in hypoxia sensing. This enzyme is activated during times of net energy usage and metabolic stress, including hypoxia. AMPK has a number of targets and it appears that, in the carotid body, when AMPK is activated by hypoxia, it leads to downstream potassium channel closure of both O2-sentive TASK-like and BK channels

An increased PCO2 is detected because the CO2 diffuses into the cell, where it increases the concentration of carbonic acid and thus protons. The precise mechanism of CO2 sensing is unknown, however it has been demonstrated that CO2 and low pH inhibit a TASK-like potassium conductance, reducing potassium current. This leads to depolarisation of the cell membrane which leads to Ca2+ entry, excitation of glomus cells and consequent neurotransmitter release.

Arterial acidosis (either metabolic or from altered PCO2) inhibits acid-base transporters (e.g. Na+-H+) which raise intracellular pH, and activates transporters (e.g. Cl−-HCO3−) which decrease it. Changes in proton concentration caused by acidosis (or the opposite from alkalosis) inside the cell stimulates the same pathways involved in PCO2 sensing.

Another mechanism is through oxygen sensitive potassium channels. A drop in dissolved oxygen lead to closing of these channels which results in depolarization. This leads to release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the glossopharyngeal and vagus afferente to the vasomotor area.

Action potential
The type I (glomus) cells in the carotid (and aortic bodies) are derived from neuroectoderm and are thus electrically excitable. A decrease in oxygen partial pressure, an increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure, and a decrease in arterial pH can all cause depolarization of the cell membrane, and they affect this by blocking potassium currents.  This reduction in the membrane potential opens voltage-gated calcium channels, which causes a rise in intracellular calcium concentration. This causes exocytosis of vesicles containing a variety of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, adenosine, ATP, substance P, and met-enkephalin. These act on receptors on the afferent nerve fibres which lie in apposition to the glomus cell to cause an action potential.

Relay
The feedback from the carotid body is sent to the cardiorespiratory centers in the medulla oblongata via the afferent branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve.  (The afferent fibers of the aortic body chemoreceptors are relayed by the vagus nerve.) These centers, in turn, regulate breathing and blood pressure, with hypoxia causing an increase in ventilation.

Clinical significance

Paraganglioma

A paraganglioma is a tumor that may involve the carotid body and is usually benign. Rarely, a malignant neuroblastoma may originate from the carotid body.

See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

References

Angiology
Respiration

Carotid body


Bass Rock, eller blot the Bass er en ø i den ydre del af Firth of Forth i det østlige Skotland. Den ligger omkring 2 km fra land og 5 km nordøst for North Berwick. Det er en stejl vulkansk klippeø, der er 107 m på det højeste punkt, og den bruges af en stor koloni af suler. Klippeøen er ubeboet, men historisk har der boet engelske eremiter, og senere lå der en vigtig borg her, som blev omdannet og brugt som fængsel.

Øen ejes af Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple, hvis familie købte den i 1706, og inden da havde den været i Lauder-familiens eje i næsten 600 år. I 1902 opførte man Bass Rock Lighthouse her, og ruinerne af et gammel kapel findes også.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Bass Rock Gannetry – wildlife wonder of the world
 History of the island
 NLB History of Bass Rock Lighthouse
 Article from The Gazetteer for Scotland
 Webcams at Scottish Seabird Centre Website
 Bass Rock from the East in 1693 by John Slezer at National Library of Scotland

Øer i Skotland
East Lothian

Bass Rock


An Neoregelia carcharodon in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Neoregelia carcharodon in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neoregelia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Neoregelia

Neoregelia carcharodon


Latife şu anlamlara gelebilir;

Edebiyat
 Fıkra, özlü bir anlatımı olan, nükteli ve güldürücü kısa hikâye.

Kişiler
 Latife Uşşaki,  Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün eşidir.

Medya
 Latife Hanım,  Latife Hanım'ın (Latife Uşşaki) hayatını konu alan 2006 yapımı belgesel.

Latife


Die Cranach-Presse war ein von Harry Graf Kessler 1913 in Weimar gegründeter bibliophiler Verlag.

Geschichte
1913 gründete der deutsche Diplomat, Kunstsammler, Mäzen, Schriftsteller und Publizist Harry Graf Kessler die Cranach-Presse, in der bis 1931 insgesamt 68 Drucke (einschließlich Proben) hergestellt wurden. Die Werkstätten befanden sich bis 1928 in der Weimarer Kurthstraße 1a (heute Bauhausstraße), von 1928 bis 1931 in der Kohlstraße 2 (heute Ernst-Kohl-Straße). Im Ersten Weltkrieg bat der zum Kriegsdienst eingezogene Kessler seinen Freund, den Gründer der Weimarer Kunstgewerbeschule Henry van de Velde, darum, die Presse während seiner Abwesenheit zu leiten. Von 1914 bis 1916 entstanden so einige Ausgaben unter van de Veldes Aufsicht. Gute Verbindungen zum Insel-Verlag waren vor allem beim Vertrieb der Drucke dienlich. In den 1930er Jahren gelangte das Inventar der Presse mit Originaldruckstöcken, Druckschriften etc. nach Potsdam, wo es später bei der Bombardierung im Zweiten Weltkrieg unterging.

Editionen
Von den knapp siebzig Ausgaben sind die Eclogen Vergils mit Holzschnitten von Aristide Maillol (erschienen 1926), Shakespeares Hamlet in der Übersetzung von Gerhart Hauptmann mit Holzschnitten von Edward Gordon Craig (erschienen 1929) und die Ausgabe des Hohen Lieds Salomons mit Holzstichen von Eric Gill aus dem Jahr 1931 besonders hervorzuheben. Der hohe Anspruch der Cranach-Presse zeigt sich u. a. daran, dass ausschließlich solche Schrifttypen, Grafiken und Papiere Verwendung fanden, die eigens für die Presse hergestellt wurden. Außerdem wurde mit namhaften Illustratoren zusammengearbeitet, neben den Genannten z. B. auch George Grosz oder Marcus Behmer. Für die Vorzugsausgaben fertigte der Weimarer Buchbindermeister Professor Otto Dorfner nach Vorgaben Kesslers die Einbände an. Ein Spezifikum der Cranach-Presse stellen die politischen Schriften, kleinere Akzidenzdrucke und die als "Kriegsdrucke" bezeichneten Ausgaben dar, die meist weniger bibliophilen Charakter hatten. Dazu gehören u. a. Theodor Däublers Hymne an Venedig (erschienen 1916), Wieland Herzfeldes Sulamith (erschienen 1917) unter Verwendung einer Einbandgestaltung von George Grosz und Albert Verweys Gedichte (erschienen 1917).

Ausstellungen
 2013/2014 Weimar, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek: "100 Jahre Cranach-Presse. Buchkunst aus Weimar"
 2007/2008 Berlin, Bröhan-Museum: "Hommage an Harry Graf Kessler"
 2003 Neues Museum, Klassik Stiftung Weimar: "Das Buch als Kunstwerk. Die Cranach-Presse des Harry Graf Kessler"
 1999 Museum Schloß Burgk/Thüringen
 1988 Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach

Literatur
 John Dieter Brinks (Hrsg.): Das Buch als Kunstwerk: die Cranach Presse des Grafen Harry Kessler. Triton, Laubach [u. a.] 2003, ISBN 3-935518-60-9.

 Die Cranach-Presse des Grafen Kessler in Weimar. Eine Sammlung, in der sämtliche Pergamentdrucke und Vorzugsausgaben enthalten sind / [Antiquariat Heribert Tenschert]. Mit einer Vorbemerkung von Renate Müller-Krumbach. Tenschert, Rotthalmünster 1994.
 Georg Ecke: Die Cranach-Presse in Weimar. In: Philobiblon, Jg. 10 (1938), S. 227.
 Claudia Kleinbub, Johannes Mangei und Frank Sellinat (Red.): 100 Jahre Cranach-Presse. Buchkunst aus Weimar. Meissners, Berlin 2013. ISBN 978-3-87527-121-8 (Buchhandelsausgabe), ISBN 978-3-87527-122-5 (Bibliotheksausgabe).
 Klaus Weber: Henry van de Velde. Das buchkünstlerische Werk. Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994 (Rombach Wissenschaft. Reihe Litterae; 31), ISBN 3-7930-9100-7.

Weblinks
 Flyer der Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek: http://www.klassik-stiftung.de/uploads/tx_lombkswterm1/Flyer_Cranach_Presse.pdf
 Pressemitteilung des Bröhan-Museums: http://www.broehan-museum.de/pdf/pm2007_11-15.pdf
 Satz, Druck und Einbandgestaltung von Shakespeares "Hamlet" in der Cranach-Presse zwischen 1927 und 1929 / [Fotografiert von Ursula Braune]: http://haab-digital.klassik-stiftung.de/viewer/epnresolver?id=133574942X

Einzelnachweise

Buchverlag (Deutschland)
Verlag (Thüringen)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Weimar)
Gegründet 1913

Cranach-Presse


Philibertia woodii est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des Apocynaceae, sous-famille des Asclepiadoideae, originaire de Bolivie.

C'est une plante grimpante secrétant un latex blanc, aux tiges de plusieurs mètres de long, tomenteuses à glabrescentes, portant de simples trichomes blancs ou jaunâtres non glanduleux. Les feuilles, opposées, pétiolées, à pubescence semblable à celle des tiges, ont un limbe ovale à ovale-lancéolé. Les fruits sont des follicules ovoïdes, lisses. Les graines sont inconnues.

Cette espèce, nouvellement décrite en 2021 sur la base d'échantillons collectés en Bolivie, est similaire dans sa morphologie végétative et florale à Philibertia latiflora (Griseb.) Goyder, Philibertia longistyla Goyder et Philibertia speciosa (Malme) Goyder. Elle porte à 45 le nombre d'espèces rattachées au genre Philibertia.

L'épithète spécifique, « woodii », est un hommage  à John R.I. Wood, botaniste britannique, éminent collecteur de la flore bolivienne, qui a collecté le plus grand nombre de spécimens de cette espèce.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 .

Asclepiadoideae
Espèce d'Apocynaceae (nom scientifique)
Flore originaire d'Amérique du Sud
Flore en Bolivie

Philibertia woodii


O Condorcet foi um couraçado pré-dreadnought operado pela Marinha Nacional Francesa e a segunda embarcação da Classe Danton, depois do  e seguido pelo , ,  e . Sua construção começou em agosto de 1907 na Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire e foi lançado ao mar em abril de 1909, sendo comissionado em julho de 1911. Era armado com quatro canhões de 305 milímetros em duas torres de artilharia duplas, tinha um deslocamento de mais de dezoito mil toneladas e conseguia alcançar uma velocidade máxima de mais de dezenove nós.

O Condorcet teve uma carreira tranquila em tempos de paz, com suas principais atividades consistindo em exercícios de rotina. A Primeira Guerra Mundial começou em 1914 e o navio tentou, sem sucesso, encontrar os cruzadores alemães SMS Goeben e . Depois disso foi designado para o Mar Adriático a fim de conter a Marinha Austro-Húngara, com sua principal ação tendo sido a Batalha de Antivari. Em 1916 foi enviado para a Grécia a fim de pressionar o governo grego a entrar na guerra do lado dos Aliados, permanecendo no local até o fim do conflito em 1918.

A embarcação passou por modernizações no início da década de 1920 e depois foi utilizada como navio-escola pelas escolas de torpedo e elétrica da Marinha Nacional. Foi parcialmente desarmado em 1931 e transformado em um alojamento flutuante. O Condorcet passou por modificações na Segunda Guerra Mundial para voltar a ser usado como navio-escola, porém foi tomado pelos alemães depois da ocupação da França de Vichy. Foi usado como alojamento até ser deliberadamente afundado em agosto de 1944, com seus destroços sendo desmontados até 1949.

Bibliografia

Classe Danton
Navios de 1909
Navios construídos na França
Couraçados da Marinha Nacional Francesa
Couraçados da França na Primeira Guerra Mundial
Incidentes marítimos em 1944
Embarcações afundadas de propósito

Condorcet (couraçado)


Biserica Proorocul Samuil, fosta mănăstire Roman este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul municipiului Focșani. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 174753.08.

Ansamblul este format din următoarele monumente:
 Biserica "Proorocul Samuil" ()
 Zid de incintă ()

Biserica "Proorocul Samuil"
Biserica fostei mănăstiri cu hramul "Proorocul Samoil" este o ctitorie voievodală reprezentativă pentru Focșani. Monumentul se află în partea de nord a orașului. Cea dintâi biserică a fost construită din lemn de către Constantin Racoviță Cehan (1749-1753) în prima sa domnie. Pe parcurs în locul bisericii de lemn s-a ridicat alta de piatră primind destinația de mănăstire. Și această mănăstire s-a bucurat de grija domnitorului care a înzestrat-o cu vase sfinte, candele de argint, vii și moșii. Acest așezământ independent la început, a devenit metoc al Mănăstirii din Roman prin hrisovul din 1757. În anul 1767 domnul muntean Ștefan Racoviță a închinat mănăstirea spitalului mănăstirii Sf. Spiridon din Iași, iar mai târziu domnitorul Alexandru Ghica printr-un hrisov a redat dreptul de independență mănăstirii. Așezământul monahal ''Proorocul Samoil'' a fost un punct strategic, fiind înconjurat de ziduri înalte în care în anul 1789 se adăposteau armatele turco–române, ținând piept armatelor ruso-austriece. Între timp, după ruinarea clădirilor anexă și a zidului de incintă, acest lăcaș și-a încetat existența ca așezământ monahal devenind biserică de enorie din 1863. A început să fie reparat și îngrijit mai mult și i s-au făcut unele transformări și adăugiri dar s-au păstrat formele ei inițiale. Din cauza cutremurelor din 1977-1979-1986 s-au efectuat lucrări de restaurare și consolidare.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Vrancea
Biserici din secolul al XVIII-lea din România
Biserica Samuil
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Samuel

Biserica Sfântul Prooroc Samuil din Focșani


Remizidele (Remizidae), numite și boicuși, pițigoi pungari, este o familie mică de păsări mici asemănătoare cu pițigoii, care cuprinde 12 specii. Această familie include 3 genuri, răspândite în palearctic (Remiz), în Africa (Anthoscopus) și în America de Nord (Auriparus). Remizidele sunt păsări mici, cu o lungime de 7-11 cm și o greutate de 6-15 g. Au ciocul subțire, ascuțit, vibrizele sunt absente la baza sa. Aripa este rotunjită, prima remige este mică și îngustă. Coada este mai scurtă decât aripa, vârful cozii cu o scobitură. Picioarele sunt mici, labele puternice, cu degetul posterior bine dezvoltat, înarmat cu o gheară mare, uneori masivă. Toate ghearele sunt încârligate, puternic comprimate lateral, adesea cu șănțulețe pe laturi. Penajul este moale, des, pufos. Remizidele au o culoare spălăcită, cu o combinație de culori ruginii, galbene, albe, cenușii, negre și verzui. Sexele sunt asemănătoare. Trăiesc în păduri deschise, copaci de pe malul apei, stufărișuri, deșerturi cu vegetație răzleață și în pădurea montane. Se hrănesc în principal cu nevertebrate, mai ales cu insecte; la unele specii, semințele de plante joacă un rol semnificativ în hrană. În cea mai mare parte sunt monogame, uneori bigame, poligame sau poliandrice. Remizidele au cuiburi foarte caracteristice în formă de retortă sau alungit-ovale cu o intrare laterală sub formă de tunel, situată în partea superioară. De obicei, cuiburile sunt suspendate de o ramură subțire, adesea deasupra apei și sunt foarte asemănătoare cu construcția unor specii de păsări țesătoare (Ploceidae). Aceste cuiburi sunt foarte rezistente, în Africa, de exemplu, localnicii le folosesc ca niște poșete. Unele remizide își amplasează cuiburile printre ramurile sau tulpinile de stuf. Ponta constă din 3-12 ouă albe. De obicei, cuibăresc în perechi, după reproducere și în timpul iernii se țin în cârduri. Unele specii sunt migratoare, altele hoinăresc pe distanțe mici sau sunt sedentare. Năpârlesc de două ori - toamnă năpârlesc complet, primăvară parțial (se schimbă penajul de pe cap și gât). Juvenilii în prima toamnă năpârlesc complet. În România și Republica Moldova se întâlnește o singură specie - boicușul (Remiz pendulinus).

Sistematica
Familia remizidelor cuprinde 12 specii incluse în 3 genuri:
Remiz
Remiz pendulinus = Boicuș
Remiz macronyx = Boicuș cu cap negru
Remiz coronatus
Remiz consobrinus
Anthoscopus
Anthoscopus punctifrons
Anthoscopus parvulus
Anthoscopus musculus
Anthoscopus flavifrons
Anthoscopus caroli
Anthoscopus sylviella
Anthoscopus minutus
Auriparus
Auriparus flaviceps

Note

Remizidae

Remizide


Kéré peut faire référence à :
 Kéré, famine à Madagascar ;

Patronyme

 Barthélémy Kéré (1958-), avocat et homme politique burkinabè.
 Diébédo Francis Kéré (1965-), architecte germano-burkinabé.
 Mahamoudou Kéré (1982-), footballeur burkinabé.

Kéré


A clock tower is an architectural structure housing a turret clock.

Clock Tower may also refer to:

Buildings
 Abraj Al Bait, Mecca, also known as the Clock Towers
 Clock Tower, Anantapur
 Clock Tower of Ateca
 Clock Tower, Brighton
 Clock Tower, Erode
 Clock Tower, Faisalabad
 Clock Tower, Herne Bay
 Clock Tower, Hong Kong
 Clock Tower (Iquique)
 Clock Tower, Korçë
 Clock Tower of Murshidabad
 Clock Tower (Podgorica)
 Clock Tower (Rome, Georgia)
 Clock Tower, Sialkot
 Clock Tower, St Albans
 Clock Tower, Tirana
 Clock Tower of Ulcinj
 Clock Tower (Westminster), the former name of the tower containing Big Ben
 Deira Clocktower
 The Clocktower (restaurant), restaurant in New York, USA

Video games

 Clock Tower (series), a horror adventure video game series
 Clock Tower (1995 video game), the first game in the series, released on the Super Famicom
 Clock Tower (1996 video game), the second game in the series, released on the PlayStation

See also
 Big Ben
 List of clock towers

Clock Tower


සීමා නොවු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායමක් වු, වෙනත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් වල සමාජිකයන්ට තම කණ්ඩායමේ සාමාජිකත්වය ලබාදෙන ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායමකි. ඉතිහාගත වාර්තා වලට අනුව සීමා රහිත පළමු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වුයේ හබිරැ (Habiru)  නම් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායමටයි. මීට අමතරව යුදෙව්වන් (Jews) හා කොස්ක්වරැන්ද (Cossaks) ඇතුලත් වේ. මෑත කාලයේදී ඇමරිකාව වැනි ස්වාධිපත්‍ය පාලනයක් ඇති රටවල් ද තම ජනවාර්ගික අනන්‍යතාවයක් පිහිටුවීමට උත්සහ දැරෑහ. කෙසේ වුවුද, ජූ ඇන් ලින්ස්  (Juan  Linz) හා ඇල්ර්ෆ්‍රඩ් (Alfred stepan) වැනි දේශපානන විද්‍යාඥයින් (1996) ඇමරිකාව ජාතික රජ්‍යයක්‍නොව "රාජ්‍ය - ජාතියක්" ලෙස වර්ගීකරණ කළහ. එයට හේතුව සාමාන්‍ය විශ්වාසය අනුව ඒකාබද්ධභාවයට හේතුව පුද්ගලයන්ගේ පොදු ගති ලක්ෂණ නොව ව්‍යවස්ථාව හා ආණ්ඩුව නියෝජය කිරීමේ ආකෘතියයි.

සීමා නොවු ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්


Emil Roósz (* 31. Juli 1897 in Budapest; † 1945 ebenda) war ein deutsch-ungarischer Violinist und Kapellenleiter.

Leben
Roósz besuchte die Musikschule in Budapest. Seit 1927 leitete er ein Salon-Ensemble in Quartettbesetzung, mit dem er Kammermusik spielte. Seit 1928 trat er in Berlin auf. Ab 1930 übernahm er die zehn Mann starke "Künstler-Kapelle" im renommierten Berliner Hotel Adlon, wo vor ihm bereits Sami Stern und dann Marek Weber mit ihren Orchestern gastiert hatten. Danach wurde er in die Berliner Hotels Excelsior, Kaiserhof und Bristol (ab 1936) als Leiter der dortigen Hauskapellen engagiert.

Er machte zahlreiche Aufnahmen bei der Schallplattenfirma "Deutsche Crystalate Gesellschaft m.b.H."  in Berlin auf deren Label "Kristall", später "Imperial".

Ebenso wirkte er bei Unterhaltungs- und Tanzabenden am Berliner Rundfunk mit. Seine Konzerte wurden live aus der Hotelhalle übertragen.

Sein Repertoire war breit gestreut und reichte von Kammer- und Salonmusik über Opern- und Operettenpotpourris bis zu eleganten Tanzrhythmen und modernen Schlagern. Als Refrainsänger hörte man bei ihm den Operettentenor Kurt Mühlhardt (als "Kurt Hardt"), den Jazzpianisten und Crooner Austin Egen und den in den 1930er Jahren ubiquitären "deutschen Rundfunk-Tenor" Erwin Hartung, dazu das Abel-Quartett.

Im Zweiten Weltkrieg bekam Roósz Schwierigkeiten mit der zentralen Stellenvermittlung der Reichsmusikkammer, die ihm mit der Auflösung des Ensembles drohte. Schallplatten durfte das Orchester jedoch weiter aufnehmen. Emil Roosz wurde 1945 in Budapest unter nicht eindeutig geklärten Umständen ermordet. Einer der Auslöser für dieses Schicksal soll Roósz' Karriere in Deutschland gewesen sein.

Tondokumente
 Salonmusik:
 Moosröschen (Rose mousse) Characterstück (A. Bosc), Emil Roósz und sein Orchester. Kristall 1269 (C 2387)
 Serenade "Der Engel Lied" (G. Braga), Emil Roósz und sein Orchester. Kristall 1269 (C 2393)
 Frühlingslied von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Emil Roósz und sein Orchester. Kristall 1116 (C 6587.2)

 Operettenmusik:
 L'auberge du cheval blanc (= Im weißen Rößel am Wolfgangsee, Marschlied) (Benatzky). Cristal 5441 (C 1674)
 Pour être un jour aimé de toi (= Es muß was Wunderbares sein, Lied u.Tango) (Benatzky). Cristal 5441 (C 1675), beide aus der Revue-Operette "Im Weißen Rössel" (Benatzky et al.)  Emile Roosz et son orchestre. Fabriqué en Allemagne – Exportplatte für Frankreich.
 Potpourri aus der Operette "Blume von Hawaii", 1. Teil. Kristall 3241 (C 1708), 2. Teil (Paul Abraham) Kristall 3241(C 1710). Gesang: Kurt Mühlhardt und das Abel-Quartett.
 Tango Marina (Schmidseder-Schwenn) aus der Operette "Melodie der Nacht". Emil Roósz und sein Orchester. Imperial 17 215 (mx. K-C 27 304 ²)
 Was ein Zigeuner spielt. Tango (Schmidseder-Schwenn) aus der Operette "Melodie der Nacht". Emil Roósz und sein Orchester. Imperial 17 215 (mx. K-C 27 305) – Berlin, Anfang 1938
 Tanz- und Schlagermusik
 Das Beste vom Besten. Schlager-Potpourri (Dostal) I und II. Emil Roósz und sein Orchester v. Hotel Adlon, Berlin. Gesang: Kurt Mühlhardt u. Abel-Quartett. Kristall 3242 (mx. C 1720 & C 1721) – Berlin, Anfang 1932
 Liebe war es nie (Blonde Natascha), Tango (Markusch, Text: Rotter). Emil Roósz und sein Tanzorchester v. Hotel Adlon, Berlin mit Gesang [Austin Egen]. Imperial No. 50 011 (C 1769,1) – Berlin 1931.   3:10
 Kleine Möwe flieg nach Helgoland. Langsamer Foxtrot (Cowler-Balz). Emil Roósz und sein Orchester. Gesang: Eric Helgar. Kristall 3450 (C 6576) – Berlin 1934.
 Wiederveröffentlichungen
 Die bei Duophon Records (Fa. Alfred Wagner) erschienene CD "Tanztee im Adlon" Ein Hotel und seine Kapellen (1928–1938), welche "musikalisch die zehn Jahre 1928 bis 1938 dokumentiert, als das Etablissement zu einem der führenden in Europa aufstieg", enthält von Emil Roósz drei Tracks (# 16, 17 und 18).
 Die CD "Musik aus Berliner Caféhäusern und Tanzpalästen: Originalaufnahmen 1930 bis 1943." Program notes in German. Erftstadt: Jube, 2000, enthält: Vision. Tango (Jos. Rixner) Emil Roosz and his orchestra

Literatur
 Kalender "Künstler am Rundfunk" auf das Jahr 1931. Verlag Rothgiesser & Diesing, Berlin 1931.
 Marko Paysan: Booklet zur CD-Box Swinging Ballrom Berlin II. Emarcy Records (Universal) 2001.
 ders.: " ...aus dem Geist des Boulevards". Zur Physiognomie urbaner Tanzmusik- und Unterhaltungskultur in der Tonfilmoperette cinegraph.de.
 Knud Wolffram: Tanzdielen und Vergnügungspaläste: Berliner Nachtleben in den dreißiger und vierziger Jahren. Von der Friedrichstraße bis Berlin W., vom Moka Efti bis zum Delphi. 4., durchges. u. erg. Auflage. Edition Hentrich, 1995

Weblinks
Emil Roósz auf youtube

Einzelnachweise

Geiger
Kapellmeister
Ungar
Geboren 1897
Gestorben 1945
Mann

Emil Roósz


Skt. Jakobs Kapel var en kirke der stod opført på kanten ved den nu tørlagte Lille Gurre Sø ved landsbyen Gurre i Nordsjælland. I dag er kun fundamentet bevaret, og ruinen er i fredet.

Historie
Bygningen stammer sandsynligvis tilbage fra 1200-tallet, idet det har været en romansk kirke.
I så fald har Valdemar Atterdag udvidet eksisterende bygning i sin tid som konge. Som navnet antyder, var kapellet viet til apostlen Jakob.

Der er spekulationer om, at kirke har fungeret som slotskapel for det nærliggende Gurre Slot. Under alle omstændigheder bekræfter et pavebrev til Pave Innocens 6., at Valdemar Atterdag i 1361 stiftede flere kapeller ved sine borge og i den forbindelse overdrog flere relikvier til stedet i 1361.

Man ved ikke præcis, hvornår kapellet er blevet nedlagt, men efter reformationen i 1536 har den mistet sin betydning, og byggematerialet er sandsynligvis blevet stjålet og brugt i andre bygninger i lokalområdet. På dette tidspunkt har Gurre Slot også mistet sin betydning og er gået i forfald.

Et kort fra 1788 angiver et området tæt ved kapellet betegnet som "Kirke Gaarden", hvilket indikerer, at der har eksisteret en kirkegård, som har hørt til kapellet. Der er ingen tegn på den i moderne tid.

Den blev udgravet i 1839, hvor der blev fundet rester af en grav inde i kapellet. Ved hjælp af kulstof 14-datering kunne man bestemme personen til at være gravlagt omkring midten af 1400-tallet. Der blev også fundet rester af munkesten og tegltag med munke og nonner. Man fandt ingen tegn på den angivne kirkegård.

Beskrivelse
Bygningen har bestået af et skib med et lille kor mod øst. På norsiden har været to udbygninger, der har tjent som hhv. sakristi og våbenhus. I den vestlige ende har været et tårn, og på norsiden af dette et trappehus uden på.

I dag er kun det fundamentet, som er bevaret.

Referencer

Gurre
Kirke- og klosterruiner i Danmark

Skt. Jakobs Kapel


Krasnodar (Rusça: Краснодар, Çerkesçe: Бжъэдыгъукъалэ, Bjeduğqale) 1920'ye kadar Yekaterinodar Екатеринодар), Kuzey Kafkasya'da Rusya'ya bağlı Krasnodar Kray'ın yönetim merkezi olan kent.

Kuban Irmağı'nın kuzey kıyısındadır. 1793'te Yekaterinodar adıyla bir askeri kale olarak kurulan ve daha sonra gelişen kentin nüfusu 2005'te 715.400'dir. II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Temmuz 1942 - Şubat 1943 arası Alman işgaline uğradı. Kuban Irmağı kenti güneyindeki RF üyesi Adıgey Cumhuriyeti topraklarından ayırır.

Şehirde Karasal iklim hakimdir; yazları sıcak, kışları da soğuk geçer. Nüfusun çoğunluğu Kazak Ruslarıdır. Ayrıca Adıge, Hemşinliler, Kürtler, Ahıska Türkleri, Ukraynalı, Tatar vb. de bulunmaktadır.

Sovyetler Birliği'ndeki Kürtlerin birçoğu bu kente yerleştirilmiştir.

Kardeş şehirler
Krasnodar'ın 5 kardeş şehri vardır:

  Tallahassee, Florida, ABD
  Karlsruhe, Almanya
  Burgas, Bulgaristan
  Harbin, Çin
  Samsun, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Krasnodar resmi sites
 Krasnodar Krai haberleri
 Krasnodar şehir fotoğrafları

Krasnodar


Donald Methuen Fleming,  (May 23, 1905 – December 31, 1986) was a Canadian parliamentarian, International Monetary Fund official and lawyer, born in Exeter, Ontario, Canada.

Life and career
Fleming was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1945 general election as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the Toronto riding of Eglinton. In 1948, he was a candidate in that year's Progressive Conservative leadership convention, losing to George Drew. He ran for the leadership again in the 1956 leadership convention, losing to John Diefenbaker.

The Speaker expelled Fleming from the House of Commons during the 1956 Pipeline Debate that helped lead to the defeat of the Liberal government of Louis St. Laurent in the 1957 general election.

Diefenbaker became the new prime minister and appointed Fleming  to the cabinet as Minister of Finance. As finance minister, Fleming clashed with the governor of the Bank of Canada, James Coyne, over monetary policy and ultimately demanded and got Coyne's resignation in 1961. In 1962, Fleming became the Attorney General of Canada before retiring from politics in 1963.

Fleming returned to politics to seek the PC Party leadership at the 1967 leadership convention for a third time, but came in seventh, and left political life for good.

In later life, he was Governor of the World Bank, an International Monetary Fund official and Chairman of the Bank of Nova Scotia.

Archives
There is a Donald Methuen Fleming fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

References

External links

1905 births
1987 deaths
Canadian Ministers of Finance
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Members of the United Church of Canada
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Lawyers in Ontario
20th-century Canadian lawyers
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates

Donald Fleming


An Zeuxine strateumatica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Zeuxine strateumatica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zeuxine, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Zeuxine

Zeuxine strateumatica


An Stiporyzopsis in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Stiporyzopsis in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Stiporyzopsis

Stiporyzopsis


Julius es una aplicación para reconocimiento de voz publicado como software libre con licencia BSD. Es un programa de reconocimiento de habla continua y en doble vía de lenguaje amplio. Está basado en trigramas (3gram) y en el Modelo oculto de Márkov. Puede decodificar casi en tiempo real en la mayoría de ordenadores actuales. Su principal plataforma es GNU y otros sistemas unix, también windows.

Julius ha sido desarrollado como parte de un kit de software libre para investigación en Reconocimiento de habla continua de amplio vocabulario (LVCSR) desde 1997 y el trabajo ha sido continuado por el consorcio de reconocimiento de habla continua (CSRC) en Japón de 2000 a 2003.
La versión más reciente de Julius es la 4.3.1, disponible desde enero de 2014.

Julian es una versión modificada de Julius que utiliza autómatas finitos como modelo de lenguaje. Puede usarse para desarrollar un sistema de órdenes de voz de pocas palabras o varias tareas para desarrollar algunos agentes parlantes.

Sobre los modelos

Para ejecutar Julius se requiere de un modelo de lenguaje y un modelo acústico para el lenguaje con el que se trabajará. Julius adopta modelos acústicos en formato HTK ASCII y la pronunciación del diccionario en un lenguaje compatible con HTK y modelos de lenguajes con trigramas en formato estándar ARPA. Desde el sitio web de julius se puede descargar el conversor HTK-to-Julius grammar.

Julius se distribuye con modelos en japonés e inglés, además el proyecto VoxForge trabaja en la creación de modelos acústicos en varios idiomas para utilizarlos con el motor de reconocimiento de voz de Julius.

Véase también

Reconocimiento del habla

CMU Sphinx

Referencias

Lingüística computacional
Reconocimiento de patrones
Reconocimiento de voz

Julius (programa)


Le Nocturne, op. 16, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis, datant de 1892.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose son Nocturne pour violon, alto, violoncelle et harpe ou piano. Il existe deux manuscrits dont un est daté de 1892, pour hautbois, cor, violon et harpe chromatique avec la mention , et l'autre, sans date, est écrit pour quatuor à cordes et piano ou harpe. L'œuvre est publiée à titre posthume par les éditions Armiane en 2007.

Analyse
Le Nocturne dans sa version pour violon, alto, violoncelle et harpe ou piano est une pièce de caractère dont l'esthétique fin de siècle est proche des compositeurs de cette période Charles Gounod, Jules Massenet, Léo Delibes ou Camille Saint-Saëns.

Réception

Discographie

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Œuvre pour violon
Œuvre pour violon alto
Œuvre pour violoncelle
Œuvre pour piano
Œuvre pour harpe
Œuvre pour hautbois
Œuvre pour cor
Œuvre réalisée en 1892

Nocturne de Bonis


Curaj pentru fiecare zi este un film românesc din 1987 regizat de Nicolae Cabel.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1987 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1987

Curaj pentru fiecare zi (film din 1987)


Enric Granados i Campiña, katalonski skladatelj i pijanist
Auditori Enric Granados, zgrada nazvana po skladatelju
 Enric Granados Gal, katalonski plivač i vaterpolist, sin Enrica Granadosa i Campiñe
 Enric Granados Aumacellas, katalonski plivač, olimpijac Sin Enrica Granadosa Gala.

Izvori

Enric Granados (razdvojba)


MSY steht für:
 Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (IATA-Code), US-amerikanischer Flughafen
 Maximum Sustainable Yield (dt. "maximal nachhaltiger Ertrag"), bzgl. Fischfang siehe Fangquote
 Merseyside, Metropolitan County in England, Chapman-Code
 Motor Sailing Yacht, Namenszusatz bzw. Präfix in Schiffsnamen für Motorsegelyachten
 Massey University School of Aviation (ICAO-Code), neuseeländische Fluggesellschaft der Massey University
 Bahnhof Soyen (DS100-Code), Landkreis Rosenheim, Bayern

msy steht für:
 Aruamu (ISO-639-3-Code), eine der Papuasprachen von Neuguinea

Abkürzung

MSY


El 2011 BNP Paribas Masters, es un torneo de tenis masculino que se jugará del 6 de noviembre al 13 de noviembre de 2011 sobre pista dura. Es la edición número 40 del llamado Masters de París. Toma lugar en Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy en París, Francia.

Campeones

Individuales masculinos

Dobles masculinos

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial

Masters de París 2011
Deporte en Francia en 2011

Masters de París 2011


UCH may refer to:

 Chien Hsin University of Science and Technology in Taoyuan, Taiwan
 United Christian Hospital in Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
 University College Hospital or University College London Hospital (UCLH)

See also
 Uch (disambiguation)

es:

UCH


توجان هي إحدى قرى جبل مطماطة الأمازيغية من ولاية قابس بالجنوب التونسي، وتقع غير بعيد عن مدينة مدنين. تقول الرواية أن العديد من سكانها الأصليين من البربر قد رحلوا إلى مناطق بالساحل التونسي حيث أسسوا بلدة المكنين وبلدة القلعة الكبرى. وفي مقابل ذلك قدم إليها منذ خمسة قرون البعض من قبيلة أولاد ثابت وافدين من «الساقية الحمراء» واستقروا بالقرية إلى جانب من يرحل من الأهالي. انحدرت من أولاد ثابت عدة عروش هي: أولاد مهلهل، أولاد حسن، القلعيين، الجماعيين، أولاد بوراس، أولاد يوسف. ويسمون بصف الفصيل. أما الصف الثاني من أولاد ثابت فيتكون من عروش: أولاد بن دادة، الحمازة، الجوابيط، البراوكة، العيايدة، الأدباش، أولاد هلال. كانت منطقة توجان في القرن التاسع عشر تؤدي الضريبة إلى قايد مدنين، ولكن في عام 1880 ألحقت بمنطقة مطماطة. أما حاليا فهي تتبع لمعتمدية مارث وانقسمت إلى أربع عمادات هي: دخيلة توجان، تونين، زمرتن، توجان القديمة.

توجان وفي الأمازيغية تعني عين ببداية الجبل قرية بربرية لها من العمر أكثر من 1500 سنة أول من سكنها من القبائل الموجودة بها حاليا أولاد بنداده والقلعين وأولاد بنداده يعتقد في انتمائهم إلى البربر وفي العامل الفيسيولوجي ما يؤكد هذه الفرضية.

تنقسم توجان إلى فسمين فصيل / الطايشه.تتكون فصيل من العروش التالية : أوربية لعرشي أولاد هلال والحمازه.

مرجع
H. Menouillard, "Contribution à l'étude de l'origine de la population des Montagnes de Matmata", in، Revue Tunisienne, Janv. 1912

توجان بلاد البركة ودوان فيها حوس وطمان كانك عطشان نريك العين الفوقية نوريك العين رهى ما بين الكفين الخروبة وتمامين وجة ثخلة تخت الكرفية بجاه الصلحين انشله يحدو فيك اوفيا توجان ابلاد البركة ودوان.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في تونس

توجان (ولاية قابس)


An Bromus grossus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni René Louiche Desfontaines ngan Dc.. An Bromus grossus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo kulang hin datos. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bromus

Bromus grossus


Key Biscayne () is an island located in Miami-Dade County, Florida, located between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay. It is the southernmost of the barrier islands along the Atlantic coast of Florida, and lies south of Miami Beach and southeast of Miami. The key is connected to Miami via the Rickenbacker Causeway, originally built in 1947.

The northern portion of Key Biscayne is home to Crandon Park, a county park. The middle section of the island consists of the incorporated Village of Key Biscayne. The southern part of the island is now protected as Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park, adjacent to Biscayne National Park, one of the two national parks in Miami-Dade County.

Geography

Key Biscayne, although named a "key", is not geologically part of the Florida Keys, but is a barrier island composed of sand eroded from the Appalachian Mountains, carried to the coast by rivers and then moved along the coast from the north by coastal currents. There is no hard bedrock near the surface of the island, only layers of weak "shelly sandstone" to depths of  or more. The coastal transport of sand southward ends at Key Biscayne. In the 1850s Louis Agassiz noted that "[s]outh of Cape Florida no more silicacious sand is to be seen." (The beaches in the Florida Keys, by contrast, consist primarily of finely pulverized shells.) Geologists believe that the island emerged around 2000 BCE, soon after the sea level stopped rising, as the sand built up to form new barrier islands on the southern Florida coast.

Key Biscayne is elongated in the north–south direction, tapering to a point at each end. It is approximately  long and  wide. The northern end of the island is separated from another barrier island, Virginia Key, by Bear Cut. The southern end of the island is Cape Florida. The Cape Florida Channel separates the island from the Safety Valve, an expanse of shallow flats cut by tidal channels that extends southward about  to the Ragged Keys, at the northern end of the Florida Keys. Only Soldier Key, approximately  wide, lies between Key Biscayne and the Ragged Keys. The Cape Florida Channel (ten to eleven feet [three to three-and-a-half meters] deep in 1849) and Bear Cut (four feet [a little more than one meter] deep in 1849) are the deepest natural channels into Biscayne Bay. They provided the only access for ocean-going vessels to Biscayne Bay until artificial channels were dredged starting early in the 20th century. In 1849 the island had a fine sandy beach on the east side, and mangroves and lagoons on the west side. The average elevation of the island is less than five feet (1.5 m) above sea level.

Key Biscayne is located at  (25.690329, -80.165118).

History

Early history
The first known indigenous inhabitants of Key Biscayne were Tequestas. Shells, bones and artifacts found on the island indicate extensive use of it by the Tequesta. A large community appeared to inhabit the island between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago. In 1992 Hurricane Andrew scoured much of the vegetation from the southern end of Key Biscayne. An archaeological survey of the exposed ground found evidence of extensive habitation.

Juan Ponce de León charted Key Biscayne on his first mission to the New World in 1513. He christened the island Santa Marta and claimed it for the Spanish Crown. He reported that he found a fresh water spring on the island. Ponce de León called the bay behind the island (Biscayne Bay) Chequescha, a variant form of Tequesta.

The next European known to have visited the Key Biscayne area was Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. In 1565 his ship took refuge in Biscayne Bay from a storm. Relations were established with the Tequesta, and in 1567 a mission was established on the mainland across the bay from Key Biscayne. The mission was abandoned three years later in 1570. No other mission was established on the mainland until 1743, but it was withdrawn a few months later.

Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda related that a sailor from the Bay of Biscay, called the Viscayno or Biscayno, had lived on the lower east coast of Florida for a while after being shipwrecked. A 17th-century map shows Cayo de Biscainhos, the probable origin of Key Biscayne.

The first known European settlers on Key Biscayne were Pedro Fornells, his family and household. Fornells and his wife Mariana were Menorcan survivors of the New Smyrna colony in northern Florida. Pedro and Mariana had joined other Menorcans in seeking refuge at St. Augustine after leaving New Smyrna. They stayed in the city after the Spanish regained Florida in 1783. Fornells received a Royal Grant for  on the southern end of Key Biscayne in 1805. The grant required Fornells to live on the island and establish cultivation within six months. He moved his household to the island, but after six months, the family returned to St. Augustine, leaving a caretaker Vincent on the island.

Territorial years
Following the First Seminole War and a treaty with Spain, Florida became a U.S. territory in 1821. Under pressure from US settlers, Seminole and Black Seminoles began to migrate into central and southern Florida. In the early nineteenth century, African-American slaves and Black Seminoles escaped to the Bahamas from Cape Florida, including hundreds in the 1820s, to evade American slavers.

During the early 1820s an estimated 300 Black Seminoles found passage from Key Biscayne to Andros Island in the Bahamas on seagoing canoes and Bahamian boats. In 1820 one traveler reported seeing 60 "Indians", 60 "runaway slaves", and 27 boats of Bahamian wreckers preparing to leave Cape Florida. Although Key Biscayne was less suitable as a departure point after the lighthouse was built, the Bahamas remained a haven for escaping slaves.

In 1824 Mary Ann Channer Davis, who had moved to St. Augustine with her husband in 1821, bought the Fornells claim to Key Biscayne from one of the Fornells' heirs for US$100. Mary and her husband William Davis, a deputy U.S. Marshal, probably were aware of plans to build a lighthouse on the Florida coast somewhere between St. Augustine and Key West, and knew that Key Biscayne was a likely location for it. Mary and William sold three acres (about one-and-a-quarter hectares) of their newly acquired land at the southern tip of the island (Cape Florida) to the U.S. government for US$225. The federal government built the Cape Florida lighthouse on that land in 1825.

The first U.S. citizens to take up permanent residence on Key Biscayne were Captain John Dubose, his wife Margaret and their five children in 1825, when Dubose became the first keeper for the new Cape Florida Light, a post he held until the lighthouse was burned in 1836. The family was also accompanied by two former slaves of Margaret's brother. The Dubose household grew during that time and was reported in 1833 to consist of "eleven whites and several negroes". During his tenure as lighthouse keeper, Dubose received hundreds of plants and seeds from Dr. Henry Perrine, United States Consul in Campeche, Mexico, which he planted on the island. In 1835 a major hurricane struck the island, damaging the lighthouse and the keeper's house, and putting the island under three feet of water, which killed almost all the plants that Dr. Perrine had sent from Mexico.

War with the Seminoles

In 1836, during the Second Seminole War, Seminoles attacked and burned the Cape Florida lighthouse, severely wounding the assistant lighthouse keeper in charge; his black assistant died of wounds. The lighthouse was not repaired and put back into commission until 1847.

A military post was established on Key Biscayne in March 1838. Its first commander was Lt. Col. James Bankhead. The fort was initially known as Fort Dallas or Fort Bankhead, but it was eventually renamed Fort Russell for Captain Samuel L. Russell. He was killed when the Seminoles ambushed two boats on the Miami River in February 1839. In the summer of 1839, a total of 143 soldiers and sailors were stationed at Fort Russell. Some of the Seminoles captured during the war were held at Fort Russell until they could be placed on ships to be removed to Indian Territory.

A hospital was established at Fort Russell for U.S. Army, Navy and Marine Corps personnel. In August 1840, the Army surgeon at the hospital treated 103 patients, including 23 for fever and 26 for dysentery. Dysentery was the leading cause of death at the fort, followed by malaria, tuberculosis, gunshot wounds and alcoholism.

Colonel Bankhead was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel William S. Harney in 1839. Colonel Harney had two earlier encounters with Seminoles, the first a battle in which Chief Arpeika eluded capture, and a second in which Harney escaped in only his shirt and drawers from an early morning attack (the Harney Massacre) on his camp led by Chief Chakaika. In light of these experiences, Harney instituted an intensive training program in swamp and jungle warfare for his men. After Chakaika led the raid on Indian Key in August 1840, Harney set out into the Everglades after Chakaika, and killed him in his own camp. The war quieted down after that, with active pursuit of the Seminoles ending in 1842, although some of the Seminoles remained hidden in the Everglades.

While the war against the Seminoles continued, Mary and William Davis made plans to develop a town on Key Biscayne. They had a town plan printed in Philadelphia. The island was touted as an ideal destination "for the recovery of the health". When Indian Key had been named the seat for the newly created Dade County in 1836, the county provided that the county court would meet annually on Key Biscayne. In late 1839 the United States Postmaster General approved a post office for Key Biscayne. The first two lots of the new town were sold to Lt. Col. Harney for a total of US$1,000. There is no evidence that the post office ever opened; in 1842 the Postmaster General noted that the appointed postmaster had not completed any of the requirements for opening the post office. No further sales of town lots were made after Harney's purchase.

A complication arose when Venancio Sanchez of St. Augustine purchased for US$400 a half share in the old Fornells grant from another surviving heir, who lived in Havana. A feud quickly developed between Sanchez and the Davises, with Sanchez demanding a division of the property, and the Davises refusing to acknowledge that Sanchez had any claim to the island. The Davises had hoped that a restored lighthouse would be the centerpiece of their town, but all attempts to repair the lighthouse failed while the war was on. Shortly after the end of the war, the Davises gave up on Key Biscayne and moved to Texas. Their older son Edmund J. Davis eventually was elected as governor there.

Surveys and lighthouses

The numerous ship wrecks that occurred along the southeast coast of Florida from Key Biscayne to the Dry Tortugas was a cause for concern. Between the late 1840s and the late 1850s, more than 500 ships were wrecked on the Florida Reef. The Assistant United States Coast Surveyor reported that in the period from 1845 through 1849, almost one million (United States) dollars worth of vessels and cargoes were lost on the reef.

In 1846, US Congress appropriated $23,000 to rebuild the Cape Florida lighthouse and work was completed in 1847.

In 1849 the United States Board of Engineers conducted a preliminary survey of the coast of Florida. In a report written by Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee, the Board recommended that Key Biscayne be made a military reservation, and the United States Secretary of War so ordered in March 1849. Later that year, the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers set up a camp with an astronomical/magnetic station to serve as a datum base for a survey of the Florida Keys and the Great Florida Reef.

To learn more about the Great Florida Reef, Alexander Bache invited Louis Agassiz to study it. The U.S. Coast Survey sent Agassiz to Key Biscayne in 1851. He wrote a detailed report for Bache on the reefs stretching from Key Biscayne to the Marquesas Keys.

The triangulation survey was conducted by the U.S. Coast Survey with men detailed from the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy. Approximately forty men were based at Cape Florida working on the survey when Alexander Dallas Bache, Superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey, went to Key Biscayne in 1855 to take charge of it. The survey eventually covered Key Biscayne, Biscayne Bay, the Florida Keys from south of Key Biscayne to the Marquesas Keys, and Florida Bay from the Keys to Cape Sable.

In 1861, Confederate militants sabotaged the lighthouse so that it could not guide Union sailors during the blockade of Confederate Florida. The lighthouse was repaired and re-lit again in 1866. In 1878 the Cape Florida Light was replaced by the Fowey Rocks Light, seven miles (11 km) southeast of Cape Florida.

From 1888 to 1893, the Cape Florida lighthouse was leased by the United States Secretary of the Treasury for a total of US$1.00 (20 cents per annum) to the Biscayne Bay Yacht Club for use as its headquarters. It was listed as the southernmost yacht club in the United States, and the tallest in the world. After the lease expired, the yacht club moved to Coconut Grove, where it continues.

In 1898, in response to the growing tension with Spain over Cuba, which led to the Spanish–American War, the Cape Florida lighthouse was briefly made U.S. Signal Station Number Four. It was one of 36 along the U.S. East Coast and Gulf Coast from Maine to Texas. The Signal Stations were established to provide an early warning of any approach of the Spanish fleet.

The north base marker for Key Biscayne was discovered in 1970 as workers were clearing land. It was at first mistaken as a gravestone for someone named A. D. Bache. The survey base marker at Cape Florida ended up under water, as the south end of the island eroded. It could be seen at low tide as late as 1913. In 1988 the Cape Florida base marker was recovered from under water and installed near the Cape Florida lighthouse.

Development
Key Biscayne was first developed for coconut cultivation. The earliest mention of coconuts on Key Biscayne is a Spanish account from 1568, although the reference may be to cocoplums rather than coconuts. Mature coconut trees were on Cape Florida by the 1830s, likely grown from coconuts sent from Mexico by Henry Perrine to the first lighthouse keeper, John Dubose.

In the 1880s Ezra Asher Osborn and Elnathan T. Field of New Jersey started an enterprise to develop the Florida coast from Key Biscayne to Jupiter by clearing native vegetation, leveling Indian midden mounds and beach dunes, and planting coconuts. Osborn and Field imported 300,000 unhusked coconuts from the Caribbean, of which 76,000 were planted on Key Biscayne. Most of the shoots from the coconuts on Key Biscayne were eaten by rats and marsh rabbits (Sylvilagus palustris). As a result of their efforts, in 1885 Osborn and Field were allowed to purchase Key Biscayne and other oceanfront land from the Florida Internal Improvement Trust Fund for 70 cents an acre.

Mary Ann Davis, who had bought the Fornells grant on Key Biscayne in 1821, died in Galveston, Texas in 1885. Her son Waters Smith Davis began taking steps to assert the family title to the island. In 1887 he purchased the rights of the other Davis heirs and received a new deed in his name. He could not get a clear title, however. Venancio Sanchez still claimed a half share of the Fornells Grant, two of the town lots had been sold to William Harney around 1840, and Osborne and Field had their deed from the Florida Internal Improvement Fund. Davis received quitclaims from Osborn and Field, and on the Harney lots, but was unable to settle with Sanchez. He finally received a patent from the United States government for his land in 1898. In 1903 Davis bought the abandoned Cape Florida lighthouse from the United States Treasury for US$400.

Davis started a pineapple plantation on Key Biscayne; six acres (two-and-a-half hectares) had been cleared and planted in pineapples in 1893–94. Davis also directed his caretaker to plant one-half to one acre (two-tenths to four-tenths of a hectare) of bananas. By 1898, a great variety of tropical fruit trees had been planted on the island. Davis also had a large dwelling built for his use. It was a two-story cottage with five bedrooms and verandas on three sides, raised ten feet above the ground on pilings to protect against storm surges.

In the late 1890s Davis hired Ralph Munroe to oversee his Key Biscayne property. Munroe had begun visiting Biscayne Bay in 1877. He soon built a home, the Barnacle, on land on the mainland in Coconut Grove that he bought from John Frow, keeper of the Cape Florida Light and Fowey Rocks Light. Munroe engaged in wrecking in the waters around Key Biscayne, built sailboats, worked as a pilot for the Cape Florida Channel and opened a pineapple cannery, to which Davis sent his pineapples. Before mail service to the Miami area improved, Munroe would camp out on Key Biscayne every Tuesday evening so that he could sail out to the edge of the Gulf Stream early Wednesday morning to retrieve a package of newspapers and magazines dropped for him in waterproof pouches by a passing steamship. Munroe was also one of the founding members of the Biscayne Bay Yacht Club.

In 1896 Henry Morrison Flagler brought the Florida East Coast Railway to Miami. Mary Ann and William Davis had dreamed of building a city on Key Biscayne. Now their son Waters was a retired millionaire, and interested only in preserving Key Biscayne as a quiet retreat for his family. For a while Flagler's arrival did disturb their quiet, as Flagler brought in dredges to deepen the Cape Florida Channel and the approaches to the mouth of the Miami River, muddying the formerly clear waters of Biscayne Bay. Soon, however, a shorter route from the ocean to Miami was dredged through the southern end of what is now Miami Beach, at Government Cut, and the Cape Florida Channel was allowed to return to a natural state.

Coconut plantation and would-be resort

In 1902 William John Matheson, who had made his fortune in the aniline dye business, visited Biscayne Bay on his yacht. He soon built a winter home in Coconut Grove overlooking the bay. In 1908 Matheson began buying up the property on Key Biscayne north of the Davis holdings, all the way to Bear Cut, over 1,700 (about 690 hectares) acres. Matheson created a plantation community, employing 42 workers by 1915, and 60 later. It included housing for the workers and their families, packing houses, docks, a school, a big barn, windmills, and  of (unpaved) roads. The plantation had 36,000 coconut trees, and a variety of other tropical fruits. In 1921 Matheson introduced the Malay Dwarf coconut to the United States. This is now the most common variety of coconut found in Florida, after lethal yellowing killed off most of the Jamaican Tall coconut trees and many other varieties. The Matheson coconut plantation was at least twice as large as any other in the United States. By 1933, the world price for coconut products had dropped to about two-fifths of its 1925 level, and the plantation stopped shipping.

Waters Davis decided to sell his Key Biscayne property in 1913 (he died the following year). He appointed Ralph Munroe to act as his broker. Although Matheson bid on the property, Munroe arranged a sale, for US$20,000, to James Deering, the International Harvester heir and owner of the Villa Vizcaya estate in Miami. In 1914 Deering decided to develop his new land on the island as a tropical resort. He felt that Cape Florida's "future lies in making sales for homes." To prepare, the land was cleared, with marshes and mangroves were filled in. Jetties were built on the ocean side, in the belief that they would protect the beaches from erosion. They have been found to aggravate erosion.

Waters Davis stipulated in his sale to Deering that the Cape Florida lighthouse be restored. Deering wrote to the U.S. government seeking specifications and guidelines for the lighthouse. Government officials were taken aback by the request, wondering how a federal lighthouse could have passed into private hands. An Act of Congress and two Executive Orders, in 1847 and 1897, had reserved the island for the federal lighthouse and for military purposes. Patient legal work eventually convinced the U.S. Congress and President Woodrow Wilson to agree to recognize Matheson's and Deering's ownership of Key Biscayne.

In 1920 the heirs of Venancio Sanchez filed a lawsuit against James Deering, claiming an undivided half interest in his Cape Florida property. This brought development of the resort on Cape Florida to a halt. After many legal battles, the suit was finally decided in Deering's favor by the United States Supreme Court in 1926. The decision came too late for Deering; he had died the previous year.

1920s to 1950s

In February 1926, William Matheson entered into an agreement with D. P. Davis (a land developer, not related to Waters Davis) to develop and re-sell the northern half of Key Biscayne, including all of what is now Crandon Park and about half the present Village of Key Biscayne. Davis had experience with turning submerged or partially submerged land into prime real estate, having created the Davis Islands in Tampa and Davis Shores near St. Augustine. Later in 1926, the City of Coral Gables incorporated with Key Biscayne, which was included in its boundaries. There were dreams of a bridge to the island, making Key Biscayne the seaside resort for Coral Gables, as Miami Beach had become for Miami.

Obstacles to the project arose. In March 1926, the U.S. government auctioned off some lots on Key Biscayne that had been retained when the rest of the island was transferred to the State of Florida. The Mathesons wanted to have clear title to all of their land, and determined to outbid other interested parties for it. They ended up paying US$58,055 for a total of  of land, a record price per acre for the auction of U.S. government land up to that date. On September 18, 1926, the Great Miami Hurricane crossed over Key Biscayne on its way to Miami. Although there were no deaths on the island, most of the buildings were destroyed or badly damaged. Many of the plantings were lost, including half of the coconut trees. The Mathesons rushed to restore their plantation, replanting and buying new equipment to replace what was lost. They soon had 30,000 coconut trees replanted on . D. P. Davis could not meet his contract; he declared bankruptcy and disappeared en route to Europe by ship.

The Florida Land Boom was over. There was no bridge built and no development on Key Biscayne for the next two decades. William Matheson died in 1930, leaving the island to his children. In 1939, the U.S. Navy approved a proposal to develop Virginia Key as an air base and sea port. There was talk of putting an air base on the north end of Key Biscayne.

In 1940, William Matheson's heirs donated  of land (including  of beach on the Atlantic Ocean) on the northern end of Key Biscayne to Dade County to be used as a public park (later named Crandon Park). The county commissioner who negotiated the gift, Charles H. Crandon, had offered to have the county build a causeway to Key Biscayne in exchange for the land donation. As planning for the air and sea complex on Virginia Key was proceeding, construction on a causeway to Virginia Key started in 1941.

The Attack on Pearl Harbor and the entry of the United States into World War II stopped all work on the causeway and the development of Virginia Key. After the war, Crandon pushed on with the development project. He got financier Ed Ball to buy six million (U.S.) dollars worth of bonds financing construction of the causeway. The causeway was named for Eddie Rickenbacker, World War I flying ace, and founder and president of the Miami-based Eastern Air Lines. Starting in 1951, the Mackle Construction Company offered new homes on the island for US$9,540, with just US$500 down. A U.S. Post Office contract branch was opened, the Community Church started holding services, and the Key Biscayne Elementary School opened in 1952.

Cape Florida becomes a state park

In 1948 José Manuel Áleman, who had fled Cuba in the wake of scandals surrounding his service as education minister under Ramón Grau San Martín, bought the Cape Florida property from the Deering estate. His offer to donate the lighthouse and ten acres (four hectares) of land around it to the National Park Service was not accepted.

In 1950 the Dade County Planning Board announced a plan to build a highway connecting Key Biscayne with the Overseas Highway on Key Largo. The project envisioned bridges connecting artificial islands, to be built on the Safety Valve and existing small keys to Elliott Key and on to Key Largo. Áleman was expected to donate the right-of-way for a road running down the middle of the island to the first bridge at Cape Florida. With the prospect of a major highway passing through his property, Áleman rushed to prepare it for development: he had it completely cleared, leveled and filled in. A seawall was constructed along the western (Biscayne Bay) side of the Cape Florida property.

Áleman died in 1951, and the County soon backed down from its road and bridge plan. His widow, Elena Santeiro Garcia, added to her Cape Florida property by buying an ocean-to-bay strip that had been part of the Matheson property. It included a canal dug by William Matheson in the 1920s, extending from the bay across most of the island. The land north of the canal was developed as part of the present-day Village of Key Biscayne. Garcia sold the Cape Florida property in 1957 for US$9.5 million, but the buyer defaulted and died the next year. Garcia sold the property again, for US$13 million. Development started on a model community' of luxury homes and resort properties. By 1962 the new developers were in financial trouble, and the property reverted again to Garcia in 1963.

Dade County began considering purchase of  around the Cape Florida lighthouse for a park in 1964. Bill Baggs, editor of The Miami News,  campaigned for all the Cape Florida property to be preserved in a park. U.S. Interior Secretary Stewart Udall inspected the property and recommended that it be preserved, although not with Federal funds. In 1966 Baggs brokered a deal between Elena Santeiro Garcia and the state of Florida, in which Florida bought the property for US$8.5 million, of which US$2.3 million came from the U.S. government. This land was named the Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park, and opened January 1, 1967. In 2004 a sign was installed to commemorate the site as part of the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Trail, for the Black Seminoles who escaped to the Bahamas.

References

Bibliography

Atlantic Coast barrier islands of Florida
Beaches of Miami-Dade County, Florida
History of Miami-Dade County, Florida
Islands of Miami-Dade County, Florida
Beaches of Florida
Islands of Florida

Key Biscayne


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