La traite des êtres humains aux États-Unis est une variante d'esclavage moderne qui se produit sur le territoire des États-Unis. Cette pratique est corrélée à d'autres activités illégales, comme l'immigration clandestine et des transactions sur des personnes (y compris des mineurs) à des fins de travail forcé ou d'exploitation sexuelle.

Selon la définition officielle des Nations Unies, la traite des êtres humains est . La traite des êtres humains ne se confond pas avec la migration forcée ni avec le trafic illicite de migrants.

Selon la loi fédérale (18 USC § 1589), obliger autrui à travailler par la force, la coercition ou la peur constitue un crime. L'Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons indique qu'en 2017, le pays se situe dans la tranche la plus favorable (niveau 1) du Rapport sur le trafic des personnes.

Le , le président américain Donald Trump promulgue la loi Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act ; elle permet de fermer les sites internet qui facilitent la traite des êtres humains et de poursuivre en justice leurs propriétaires et leurs utilisateurs.

Rapports et statistiques

Les États-Unis s'efforcent d'éradiquer la traite des êtres humains, tant sur le sol national qu'à l'échelle mondiale. Chaque année, le département d'État publie une compilation de données sur la traite dans de nombreux pays  qui s'appuie sur les standards établis dans le Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (voir plus bas). Le même organisme fournit des statistiques sur les affaires de traite d'humains poursuivies par l'État fédéral ainsi que des estimations sur les victimes ; toutefois, le rapport prévient que ces statistiques ne sont pas forcément représentatives du nombre réel de victimes de la traite, en raison d'une part du manque de cohérence entre les États et entre les organismes qui luttent contre les trafics et, d'autre part, de l'impossibilité de recenser les victimes non détectées.

D'après le Rapport sur le trafic des personnes de 2013, rédigé par le département d'État, les États-Unis se situent au niveau 1 en termes de traite des êtres humains. Ce classement signifie que le gouvernement fédéral respecte les standards américains minimaux de la loi Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 dans la lutte contre la traite. Ces standards minimaux, énoncés au paragraphe 108 de la loi, indiquent les conditions suivantes :

Ci-dessous sont indiquées les statistiques émanant de divers organismes américains et des Nations Unies.

Procureur général

D'après les estimations du rapport du procureur général en 2005, environ  à  sont, chaque année, victimes de traite aux États-Unis, bien que ce chiffre soit peut-être surestimé.

Département de la Justice

En 2011, le département de la Justice émet un rapport sur les « caractéristiques des incidents soupçonnés d'être liés à la traite des humains entre 2008 et 2010 », qui indique :
 Entre 2008 et 2010, les groupes de travail contre la traite ont ouvert  sur des personnes soupçonnées de pratiquer ce crime ;
 82 % des incidents suspects relèvent du trafic sexuel, dont la moitié concerne des victimes de moins de 18 ans ;
 Environ 10 % des incidents relèvent du travail forcé ;
 83 % des victimes dans les cas confirmés liés au trafic sexuel sont des ressortissants américains, tandis que la plupart des cas confirmés de travail forcé sont des migrants clandestins (67 %) ou réguliers (28 %) ;
 25 % des victimes confirmées ont bénéficié d'un T visa dans le cadre du programme pour aider les victimes de traite.

Si ces statistiques reflètent les estimations les plus fines du gouvernement, les rédacteurs mettent en garde sur le fait qu'elles reflètent l'information disponible et enregistrée par les organismes publics et locaux d'application des lois ; or, ces systèmes de centralisation des données sont encore en évolution et ne recensent probablement pas la totalité des incidents.

Rapport du département d'État

En 2011, d'après le rapport du département d'État, les États-Unis appartiennent au meilleur niveau dans la lutte contre la traite des humains ; des organismes fédéraux non précisés ont poursuivi 181 personnes pour traite et ont obtenu 141 condamnations dans 103 affaires de traite. Parmi les poursuites recensées par le département d'État, 32 cas concernaient le travail forcé et 71 le trafic sexuel.

Immigration and Customs Enforcement
En 2009, l'Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), agence de police douanière et de contrôle des frontières, a ouvert 566 dossiers ; les enquêtes ont permis 385 arrestations, plus du double par rapport à l'année fiscale précédente, qui ont conduit à 145 mises en accusation et 165 condamnations.

Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center

Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center est un centre de renseignements inter-organismes qui recueille des informations sur les voyages illicites, dont ceux qui concernent la traite. Le centre est aussi chargé de se coordonner avec des organismes et des diplomates à l'étranger afin de surveiller et de combattre la traite des êtres humains à l'échelle international. Avec la promulgation du Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) en 2008, le HSTC reçoit aussi la prérogative de compiler une base de données exhaustive sur les personnes victimes de traite.

Types de traite

D'après les recherches menées à l'université de Californie à Berkeley au nom de l'association anti-traite Free the Slaves, 46 % des personnes réduites en esclavage sur le territoire des États-Unis sont forcées de se prostituer. Le département américain de la Justice a poursuivi 360 défendeurs pour des actes de traite humaine entre 2001 et 2007 et il a obtenu 238 condamnations.

Entre janvier 2007 et septembre 2008,  affaires déclarées de traite humaine sont recensées aux États-Unis, dont  (soit 83 %) portent sur le trafic sexuel. Le trafic sexuel est corrélé aux réseaux de trafic illicite de personnes, qui sont dirigés par des organisations du crime basées au Mexique, en Europe de l'Est et en Asie. Parmi les personnes réduites en esclavage aux États-Unis, la servitude domestique représente 27 % des victimes, l'agriculture 10 % et les autres secteurs 17 %.

Trafic sexuel

Le département de la Santé et des Services sociaux estime que, chaque année, entre  et  sont exposés au risque d'exploitation sexuelle. Les enfants considérés comme fugueurs sont particulièrement vulnérables devant la prostitution ou la traite vers l'industrie du sexe. En 1999, sur les  considérés comme fugueurs à un moment donné, 71 % risquaient de tomber dans la prostitution.  d'entre eux ont déclaré qu'ils ont effectivement offert des prestations sexuelles en échange d'argent. , professeur à l'université du New Hampshire et directeur du Crimes Against Children Research Center, déclare : . Le département d'État des États-Unis estime que chaque année,  en enfants entrent illégalement sur le territoire national via la frontière avec le Mexique.

Exploitation sexuelle des enfants à des fins commerciales

En 2003,  sont arrêtés pour prostitution, dont 14 % n'ont pas encore 14 ans. Une étude menée par l'International Labor Union indique les garçons sont davantage exposés au risque de traite dans le secteur agricole, le trafic de drogue et la délinquance. Les filles risquent plutôt d'être contraintes de participer à l'industrie du sexe et dans la servitude domestique. En 2004, le département du Travail a identifié  exploités dans des conditions qui contreviennent aux standards de métiers dangereux. La même année,  sont exploités dans des conditions qui enfreignent les lois sur le travail des mineurs. En raison de la nature secrète de la traite, il est difficile de produire une image précise de l'ampleur du phénomène.

En 2001, la School of Social Work de l'université de Pennsylvanie publie une étude sur l'exploitation sexuelle des enfants à des fins commerciales (ESEC) menée dans 17 villes des États-Unis. Même si les rédacteurs n'ont pu s'entretenir avec les adolescents concernés, ils estiment, via des réponses secondaires, que jusqu'à  Américains sont exposés au risque d'exploitation sexuelle en permanence. Le Center for Court Innovation de New York, s'appuyant sur plusieurs analyses, agrège des résultats sur la prévalence à New York : selon ces estimations,  sont reconnus victimes d'ESEC. Les chercheurs déclarent que ce chiffre est sous-estimé pour des raisons méthodologiques. Un article paru dans Village Voice recense les statistiques d'arrestations dans 37 grandes villes des États-Unis pendant 10 ans : il n'a trouvé que 827 affaires signalées chaque année à la police.

Les plus fragiles sont les enfants sans-abri ou en fugue. En 2009, le National Runaway Switchboard déclare qu'un tiers des jeunes en fugue aux États-Unis sont incités à la prostitution dans les 48 heures s'ils vivent dans la rue.

En 2007, une étude du State Office of Children and Family Services à New York estime que la ville abrite  victimes d'exploitation sexuelle alors qu'ils n'ont pas encore 18 ans. Au moins 85 % d'entre eux, sur l'ensemble de l'État, ont interagi à un degré ou un autre avec le système de protection de l'enfance, principalement via des procédures relatives à la maltraitance ou la négligence. À New York, 75 % d'entre eux ont vécu en famille d'accueil. Mishi Faruqee, responsable des questions juridiques liées à l'enfance dans la Correctional Association of New York, a remis en question la fiabilité de ces estimations, qu'elle pense largement inférieures à la réalité. Cet avis est corroboré par SNRG-NYC, qui a estimé le nombre de ces victimes à .

Travail forcé

D'après le National Human Rights Center à Berkeley, en Californie, il existe en 2004  de travail forcé sur le territoire des États-Unis, dont un tiers est exploité dans la servitude domestique, d'autres sont des enfants. En réalité, la servitude étant par nature dissimulée, il est difficile d'obtenir des statistiques précises et ce nombre pourrait être bien plus élevé. Le gouvernement américain ne recense que les survivants, à savoir les victimes d'actes graves de traite d'humains, qui ont reçu l'aide du gouvernement pour bénéficier d'aides à l'immigration. Des recherches menées à l'université d'État de San Diego estiment que, parmi les immigrants clandestins venus du Mexique, se trouvent 2,4 millions de victimes de traite d'êtres humains. Des enquêtes menées par l' déclarent que les organismes chargés de l'application des lois ne s'occupent pas en priorité des affaires de traite ; ils se montrent réticents à aider les victimes pour leur permis de séjour et considèrent que les preuves manquent pour étayer déclarations des victimes.

En 2014, le National Human Trafficking Resource Center signale 800 affaires de trafic relatifs au travail forcé sur le sol américain, dont 172 portent également sur le trafic sexuel. Les types les plus courants de travail forcé touchent les employés de maison (servitude domestique), les voyageurs de commerce, les secteurs de l'agriculture ou les fermes, les services de restauration ou d'alimentation, les services de santé et de beauté, la mendicité, la vente au détail, le paysagisme, l'hôtellerie, le bâtiment, les festivals, les soins aux personnes âgées, la gestion forestière, la fabrication et le nettoyage.

Servitude domestique

La servitude domestique est l'exploitation forcée d'une personne comme domestique de maison ou comme garde d'enfant ; les victimes sont souvent des migrantes venues de communautés mal rémunérées dans leur pays d'origine. Les employés de maison s'occupent de missions comme nettoyer, cuisiner et garder les enfants che leurs employeurs. Les employés de maison sont souvent des citoyens américains, des travailleurs non déclarés ou des ressortissants étrangers qui sont en possessions de visas de type A-3, G-5, NATO-7 ou B-1. La plupart des victimes de servitude sont des femmes. Les carences législatives concernant les devoirs et les protections des employés de maison favorisent leur exploitation. Il est courant que les employeurs s'appuient sur le manque de connaissance linguistique ou juridique des employés pour les contrôler et les intimider. Ces infractions sont souvent associées à d'autres formes de maltraitance. De nombreux employés de maison sont attirés aux États-Unis par la promesse d'une vie meilleure ou d'un accès à l'éducation. Les trafiquants sont souvent des couples mariés, issus du même pays que la personne réduite en servitude, et ne sont généralement pas rattachés à des réseaux de crime organisé, ce qui n'aide pas à identifier les auteurs d'infractions. Les personnes qui imposent la servitude sont souvent des membres respectés dans leurs communautés et mènent une vie normale à tous les autres égards. La servitude apparaît généralement dans des secteurs où vit une importante population de la classe moyenne ou favorisée.

L'Associated Press signale que, d'après des interviews en Californie et en Égypte, la traite des enfants à des fins de servitude domestique aux États-Unis s'inscrit dans le prolongement d'une pratique illégale mais courante en Afrique. Des familles implantées dans des villages isolés envoient leurs filles travailler en ville pour qu'elles y gagnent leur vie et pour les soustraire à une vie sans avenir. Certaines jeunes filles travaillent gratuitement en pensant qu'elles recevront au moins une meilleure alimentation chez leurs employeurs. Cette coutume a provoqué une recrudescence de trafic, car des Africains fortunés, habituer à engager des enfants, migrent aux États-Unis.

Les employés de maison qui exercent dans la légalité mènent une vie très différente de celles des personnes engagées illégalement. Là où les employés légitimes reçoivent une rémunération équitable pour leur travail, conformément aux législations sur le salaire, les personnes réduites à la servitude domestique sont astreintes à des horaires très excessifs et ne perçoivent guère, voire pas, de rémunération ; en outre, elles subissent des contraintes psychologiques et physiques pour limiter leur mobilité et leur liberté. Les employeurs profèrent souvent des menaces d'une déportation pour décourager leurs victimes étrangères de solliciter une aide extérieure.

Voyageurs de commerce

Les voyageurs de commerce présentent, après les problèmes de servitude domestique, le taux le plus élevé d'appels aux lignes d'aide contre le traite des êtres humains (entre janvier 2008 et février 2015). La nature mobile de leur emploi permet aux trafiquants de contrôler la circulation des victimes s'agissant de leur sommeil et de leur alimentation, et de les couper de tout contact extérieur. Les trafiquants décident de ne pas livrer de nourriture ou menacent d'abandonner leurs victimes, sans argent, dans un lieu qu'elles connaissent mal, si elles n'obéissent pas. Contrairement à d'autres professions, les voyageurs de commerce sont considérés comme des prestataires indépendants même si elles n'ont aucune autonomie dans leur vie après le travail. En tant que prestataires indépendants, les voyageurs ne sont pas protégés par des législations contre les abus. Les victimes sont souvent endettées auprès des trafiquants et sont aspirées dans une variante de servitude pour dettes.

La loi Malinda's Traveling Sales Crew Protection Act, au Wisconsin, est la seule législation aux États-Unis qui réglemente les voyageurs de commerce.

Agriculture

Dans le secteur agricole, la plupart des victimes de traite sont des citoyens américains et des résidents permanents réguliers, ainsi que des ressortissants étrangers munis de visas temporaires H-2A.

Le visa H-2A est un système par lequel les employeurs embauchent des personnes étrangères, mais les recruteurs doivent d'abord embaucher des travailleurs américains avant de chercher à l'international.

En raison de la nature saisonnière ou provisoire des travaux agricoles, les employeurs peuvent aisément exploiter leurs travailleurs. Cette exploitation peut se présenter comme des menaces de violence ou s'appuyer sur la situation de vulnérabilité  (c'est-à-dire le statut du migrant). Dans certains cas, les travailleurs sont astreints à une dette perpétuelle envers les chefs d'équipe qui imposent des frais élevés de transport, de logement et de communication aux travailleurs, ce qui les plonge dans une spirale d'endettement. Le visa H-2A ne prévoit pas que les employés puissent négocier leur affectation, leur rémunération, voire leurs horaires. Des personnes non déclarées qui arrivent sans visa peuvent espérer de meilleures chances de choisir leur affectation, de quitter leur emploi et de ne pas être exploitées.

Lois et instruments contre la traite

Il existe plusieurs lois, au niveau des États ou au niveau fédéral, pour lutter contre la trate des êtres humains.

Lois des États

Les États du Washington et du Texas sont les premiers qui interdisent la traite des humains en tant que délinquance spécifique en 2003. En 2015, ces lois sont présentes dans les 50 États. Certains, comme la Californie, poursuivent les criminels dans ce domaine mais dans la majorité des États, les recours à ces lois sont rares : les criminels sont plutôt poursuivis au niveau fédéral.

Lois fédérales

La traite des êtres humains est un crime fédéral conformément au titre 18 du Code des États-Unis. Le paragraphe 1584 déclare qu'il est un crime de forcer une personne à travailler contre son gré, ou de vendre une personne pour la réduire en servitude.

Le paragraphe 1581 rend illégale l'acte de forcer une personne à travailler dans le cadre d'une servitude pour dettes. La traite des êtres humains, qui s'apparente à l'esclavage et à la servitude, est interdite par le treizième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis. L'application des lois fédérales contre la traite des êtres humains est confiée au Federal Bureau of Investigation, à l'United States Marshals Service, à la Drug Enforcement Administration, à l'Immigration and Customs Enforcement, au département des droits civils et au département de la criminalité du département de la Justice des États-Unis, ainsi qu'à d'autres organismes fédéraux.

Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act

Le Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) permet d'alourdir les peines contre les trafiquants, alloue des ressources à la protection et à l'assistance des victimes de traite et ouvre des perspectives de coopération entre les agences. Cette législation permet aussi aux victimes de traite de rester aux États-Unis et de demander un permis de séjour permanent via le visa T-1. Auparavant, les personnes victimes de traite, si elles étaient entrées illégalement sur le territoire, étaient souvent traitées comme des délinquantes. Le paragraphe sur les « formes graves de trafic des personnes » couvre toute « prestation sexuelle tarifée... si la personne qui est incitée à l'exécuter n'a pas encore atteint l'âge de 18 ans ». Ainsi, tout mineur participant à la prostitution est une victime de traite d'êtres humains, indépendamment de sa nationalité ou des conditions dans lesquelles elle circule.

La loi américaine définit la traite comme . La loi fait la différence entre la traite, où les victimes entrent sur le territoire par la contrainte, et le trafic de migrants, où des personnes entrent sur le territoire sans y être autorisés. La loi tente aussi d'encourager les efforts de prévention contre la traite à l'échelle internationale, en créant des rapports annuels par pays sur la traite, qui examine les ressources publiques allouées par chaque État à la lutte contre la traite. Toutefois, les avantages procurés par le Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act dépendent de la coopération de la victime pour traduire en justice les criminels. Ce processus peut se révéler délicat si la victime craint la vengeance des trafiquants.

Le TVPA de 2000 a été reconduit trois fois et, en 2008, la version s'intitule William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008. Ces reconductions ont aussi clarifié les définitions de la traite et du travail forcé, afin d'aider autant à poursuivre les criminels qu'à soutenir les victimes. Les reconductions ont aussi imposé au gouvernement fédéral de mettre fin à tous les contrats avec des parties, à l'étranger, qui participent à la traite ou au travail forcé. Les compétences de juridiction extraterritoriale sont élargies pour couvrir l'ensemble des ressortissants américains et des résidents qui vivent à l'étranger.

Ligne d'appel contre la traite des êtres humains

Le gouvernement a ouvert une ligne d'appel pour lutter contre la traite (National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline). La ligne répond à des questions et elle peut traiter les crises dans 170 langues ; elle propose de la documentation dans 20 langues. Depuis 2007, elle a reçu plus de .

Lois de protection des victimes

Des  protègent les victimes de traite concernant les poursuites judiciaires contre des actes commis alors qu'elles étaient sous l'emprise des trafiquants ; ces règles proposent des services comme le conseil et l'hébergement et les protègent des criminels qui les exploitent. Si les victimes de traite sont protégées aux termes de la loi fédérale, elles risquent néanmoins d'être poursuivies selon la loi de chaque État.

La loi fédérale  encourage les États à voter des règles refuges et elle renforce le statut de la National Human Trafficking Hotline ; elle permet aux victimes de trafic sexuel d'accéder à un programme de formation diplômante, le .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Esclavage aux États-Unis
Traite des êtres humains
Crime organisé
Droits de l'homme aux États-Unis

Traite des êtres humains aux États-Unis


2G ikinci nesil kablosuz telefon teknolojisidir. Aynı 1G gibi, hücresel bir ağ sistemi kullanır. 2G hücresel ağlar, 1991'de Radiolinja (şimdi Elisa Oyj'nin bir parçası) tarafından Finlandiya'da GSM standardında piyasaya sürüldü. Bu hizmet Türkiye'de Turkcell, Vodafone ve Türk Telekom tarafından sağlanır. Daha sonra 2.5G (GPRS) ve 2.75G (EDGE) türleri geliştirildi.

2G'nin 1G'ye göre getirmiş olduğu en büyük yenilik, analog veri yerine sayısal veri kullanılmaya başlanmış olmasıdır. Bu geçişte ISDN'e benzer bir yapı kullanılmıştır:

 Tüm cihazlar, bağlantı ve durum verilerini aynı kanal üzerinden yollarlar.
 Bağlantı kurulunca, veri (veya ses) akışı bir kanal üzerinden yapılır. Her kullanıcı veri alıp verdiği sürece kanalı elinde tutar, paylaşmaz.

Avantajları

2G'nin getirmiş olduğu en büyük yenilik olan sayısal teknoloji, birçok yeniliği de beraberinde getirmiştir:

 Daha yüksek ses kalitesi
 Daha büyük kapasite
 Sesi ve verileri şifreleme imkânı
 Kısa veri iletimi (kısa ileti, hücre bilgisi, ...)

Gelişmeler

İlk olarak 850 - 900 Mhz bandını kullanmak üzere tasarlanan GSM, kullanıcı sayısının artmasıyla beraber 1800 - 1900 Mhz bandına taşınmıştır. Bazı şebekeler bu yeni banttan yayına DCS adı vermektedirler, Türkiye'de ise genelde GSM1800 denir.

İnternet'in yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte GSM'in sunduğu 9.6 kbps veri taşıma kapasitesi yetersiz olmaya başlamıştır. Buna cevap olarak:

 HSCSD standardı çıkartılmıştır. Bu standartta, bir cihaz birçok kanalı aynı anda kullanarak 43.2 kbps'ye kadar veri iletişimi yapabilmektedir.
 Öte yandan, HSCSD de aynı GSM gibi veri iletilmediği zamanlarda bile hattı meşgul ettiği için şebekelere sorun çıkartmıştır. Buna cevap olarak bandın sadece veri iletilirken kullanıldığı GPRS standardı çıkartılmıştır. GPRS'in veri yollama şeklinden yararlanan BasKonuş gibi özellikler de kullanıcı bütçesine katkısı dolayısıyla ilgi görmüştür.
 Son olarak, GPRS'in hızını artırmak için GSM modülasyon tipi değiştirilerek EDGE teknolojisi oluşturulmuştur.

EDGE ile pratikte 380 kbps hızında veri transferi mümkündür.

Sorunlar

2G standardı oluşturulduğu zaman çok bant genişliği ve az istemci vardı, dolayısıyla hattı kullanmazken bile meşgul eden bir teknoloji oluşturuldu. Öte yandan, bu seçimden dolayı birçok durumda karşımıza çıkan "şebeke meşgul" iletisinin önüne geçmek operatörler için gitgide daha zor hale gelmektedir.

Buna cevap olarak verilerin yollanmadığı zaman hattın kullanılmadığı, aynı Ethernet teknolojisinde olduğu gibi iki cihazın aynı anda veri yollayınca bunu fark edebildiği bir teknoloji olan 3G oluşturulmuştur. Özellikle Avrupa'da yaygınlaşan bu teknoloji, daha da yüksek bir frekans kullanmasından dolayı (2100 Mhz) kapsama alanı sorunları yaşamaktadır.

1800 Mhz GSM standardı ile görülmeye başlanan, 3G'de daha da belirgin olan kapsama alanı sorununu çözmek için 4G teknolojisine geçilmiştir.

Kaynakça

Mobil telekomünikasyon
Mobil telefon standartları
Japon icatları
Kablosuz iletişim sistemleri

2G


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}}Puls''''' er et musikalbum af den danske sanger, sangerskriver og producer ULYD udgivet den 20. maj 2016.

Puls er udgivet på Lille Masse.

Numre

Note:

Besætning
# = track (nummer)
 ULYD: vokal, beats, synthesizer og programmering på #1-9 I Guitar på #3, #4, #8 og #9
 Michala Østergaard-Nielsen: trommer på #3, #4, #6, #8, | midi-highhat-trigger på #2 | percussion på #9
 Jesper Edvardsen: el-bas på #4, #6, #7, #8, #9
 Issouf Diarra: djembe på #6 | tamani (talking drum) på #7
 Ibrahima Diarra: doudouba på #6 | djembe på #7

Stamdata
Kompositioner og tekster af ULYD.

Indspillet i millfactory studio

Produceret af ULYD

Co-produceret af Boe Larsen

Mixet af Boe Larsen

Master af Jan Eliason i audioplanet studio

Cover af Sabrina Diesler

Udgivet af LILLE MASSE

LM1601

EAN 5 710261 059741

© Ulyd og Lille Masse 2016

Anmeldelser
http://www.gfrock.dk/ulyd-puls/

Noter

Album fra 2016

Puls (musikalbum)


Deoksiriboz, veya bilinen adlarıyla D-Deoksiriboz ve 2-deoksiriboz, beş karbon atomu içeren ve aldehit grubu barındıran aldopentozların bir üyesidir. Deoksiriboz, penton riboz şekerinin 2 pozisyonundaki hidroksil grubunun hidrojen ile yer değiştirmesiyle oluşur, yani bu bir oksijen atomunun kaybı ile sonuçlanır. Hidroksil grubunun değişmesi aynı zamanda, halka yapısını C3'-endo pozisyonundan C2'-endo olacak şekilde değiştirir. Bu molekül, 1929 yılında Phoebus Levene tarafından keşfedilmiştir ve DNA nükleik asidinin önemli bir yapıtaşıdır.

Yapı

Riboz ((Sitozin)) atomu, dört köşesi karbondan, bir köşesi oksijenden oluşan beş köşeli halka şeklinde bir şekerdir. Hidroksil grupları, bu karbonlardan üçüne bağlanır. Diğer karbon ve hidroksil grubu ise oksijene bitişik olan karbonlardan birine bağlıdır. Deoksiribozda, bu bitişikteki karbona en uzak olan karbon atomu, ribozdaki SİTOZİN grubuna karşılık gelen kısımda yalnızca hidrojen barındırır. Özetle, bu karbona bağlı olan oksijen atomu yok olur. D-riboz ve D-arabinozun genellikle C3' ve C4' stereokimyasına sahip olmasından ötürü, D-2-deoksiriboz aynı zamanda D-2-deoksiarabinoz molekülüne karşılık gelir.

Su içinde deoksiriboz üç farklı formda bulunur: düz zincirli şeker, beş üyeli deoksirinofuranoz halkası ve altı üyeli deoksiribopiranoz halkası.

Biyolojik önem

Riboz ve 2-deoksiriboz türevleri, biyolojide çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu moleküllerin bilinen en yaygın türevleri, nükleik asitler içinde fosfatla 5 pozisyonunda bağlananlardır. Monofosfat, difosfat ve trifosfat formları ve 3-5 siklik monofosfatlar bunlardan en önemlileridir. Bunun yanında koenzim olarak sınıflandırılan önemli difosfat dimerleri bulunmaktadır. Öyle ki, pürinler ve pirimidinler, ribozlu ve deoksiribozlu bileşiklerde önemli bir sınıfta yer alır. Bu pürin ve pirimidin türevleri bir riboz şekeriyle eşlendiğinde bu ikililer nükleosit olarak adlandırılır. Bu bileşiklerde adlandırma eğilimi, şekerlerin karbon numaralarının ardına bir ′ eklemektir. Böylece, nükleosid türevleri adlandırılabilir, örneğin 5′-monofosfat terimi, fosfat grubunun şekerin 5. karbonuna bağlandığı anlamına gelir. Bazlar 1′ riboz karbona bağlanır. Fosforilasyona uğramış nükleozitler nükleotit olarak adlandırılır.

2-Deoksiriboz ve riboz nükleotitleri genelde dallanmamış 5'-3' polimerler halinde bulunur. Bu yapılarda bir monomer birimindeki 5/3  3'karbon, kendinden bir sonraki 5'karbona bağlı bir fosfata bağlıdır. Bu polimer zincirleri sıklıkla birkaç milyonluk monomer birimlerini barındırır. Çünkü uzun polimerlerin, yapıca daha küçük moleküllerden tamamen farklı fiziksel özellikleri bulunmaktadır. Bu moleküller makromoleküller olarak adlandırılır. Şeker-fosfat-şeker zinciri polimerin omurgası olarak tanımlanır. Omurganın sonunda bir bağımsız 5'fosfat bulunur, ve karşı taraftaki sonunda bağımsız bir 3'OH grubu bulunur. Omurga yapısı, her bir şeker molekülüne bağlı olan belirli bazlardan bağımsızdır.

DNA'ın (deoksiribonükleik asit) her bir monomeri, deoksi- adenin, timin, guanin veya sitozin nükleotidlerinden biridir. Kromozomların DNA formları, helikal (sarmal) zincirler arasında uzanan komplementer nükleotitler arasındaki hidrojen bağlar yoluyla birbirine bağlı kalan ve sarmalın dış kısmında ters yönde giden iplikçikler olmak üzere iki molekül ihtiva eden çok uzun helikal yapılardır. DNA'da 2' hidroksil grubunun eksikliği, uzun çift-sarmal tüm yapısını oluşturan zincirin esnekliğini sağlar, bu uzun çift-sarmal sadece basit bir sarmal yapı değildir, ek olarak bir hücre çekirdeğinin çok küçük hacmine bu çok uzun molekülleri sığdırmak için sarmal yapı gereklidir.

Buna karşın, deoksiriboz yerine riboz içeren çok benzer moleküller, ki genellikle RNA olarak bilinir, sadece nispeten kısa çift sarmalın tamamlayıcı bazları ile eşleştirilmiş formu olarak bilinir. Bunlar çok iyi bilinir, örneğin ribozomal RNA molekülleri ve taşıyıcı RNA, bir molekül içindeki palindromik dizilerden dolayı firkete (hairpin) yapılar olarak adlandırılır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız

 Liksoz
 Arabinoz
 Riboz
 Ribuloz
 Ksiloz
 Ksiluloz

Monosakkaritler
Aldopentozlar
1929'da biyoloji

Deoksiriboz


Polca este un dans de origine cehă și gen de muzică de dans familiar în întreaga Europa și în cele două Americi. El își are originea la mijlocul secolului al 19-lea în Boemia, care face parte acum din Republica Cehă. Polca rămâne un gen muzical popular în multe țări europene și este interpretat de către artiști populari din Republica Cehă, Germania, Austria, Polonia, Croația, Slovenia, Elveția și într-o mai mică măsură în Letonia, Lituania, Olanda, Ungaria, Italia, Ucraina, România, Belarus, Rusia și Slovacia. Varietăți locale ale acestui dans sunt întâlnite, de asemenea, în țările nordice, Marea Britanie, Irlanda, America Latină și Statele Unite ale Americii.

Istorie

Etimologie

Cuvântul a fost introdus pe scară largă în principalele limbi europene la începutul anilor 1840. El nu trebuie confundat cu polska, un dans suedez cu rădăcini poloneze (cf. polka-mazurka). Un dans asemănător este redowa. Muzica populara în stil polca a apărut ca muzică scrisă în jurul anului 1800.

Origine și popularitate
Începutul răspândirii dansului și acompaniamentului muzical numit polca este atribuită, în general, unei tinere femei, Anna Slezáková (născută Anna Chadimová), care dansa pentru a acompania un cântec popular local numit "Strýček Nimra koupil šimla" sau "Unchiul Nimra a cumpărat un cal alb" în 1834. S-a spus că ea numea acest dans Maděra, din cauza voiciunii sale. Dansul a fost în continuare propagat de profesorul de muzică Josef Neruda, care a observat dansurile Annei, a scris partitura melodiei și i-a învățat pe alți tineri să danseze. Čeněk Zíbrt afirmă că pretenția că aceste evenimente ar fi avut loc în Týnec nad Labem, Boemia este incorectă. Zibrt scrie că, atunci când a publicat această poveste tradițională în 1894 în ziarul Narodni Listy, el a primit scrisori de la martori oculari. El a scris că, potrivit mărturiei unei femei, întâmplarea ar fi avut loc în anul 1830, în Kostelec nad Labem, unde ea a lucrat ca menajeră. Zíbrt scrie că el a publicat prima versiune a poveștii (cu nume de locuri incorecte) în Bohemia (5 iunie 1844), de unde a fost retipărită în toată Europa și în Statele Unite ale Americii. Zíbrt a scris, de asemenea, că poporul ceh susținea că dansa polca cu mult înainte ca el să devină un dans nobiliar, fiind un dans popular ceh.

Prin 1835, acest dans s-a răspândit în sălile de bal din Praga. De acolo, s-a răspândit la Viena prin 1839 și în 1840 a fost introdus la Paris de către Raab, un indtructor de dans din Praga.

A fost atât de bine primit atât de dansatori, cât și de instructorii de dans din Paris că popularitatea sa a fost menționată ca "polkamania". Dansul s-a răspândit în curând la Londra și a fost introdus în America în anul 1844. A rămas un dans popular până la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea, când va fi înlocuit de step și de noi dansuri ragtime.

Dansurile Polka s-au bucurat de o renaștere a popularității sale după cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, când mulți refugiați polonezi s-au stabilit în SUA, adoptând stilul boemian ca un dans cultural. Seratele de dansuri Polka sunt organizate săptămânal în multe părți ale SUA, cu populații semnificative de origine central-europeană. Ele pot fi întâlnite și în unele părți din America de Sud.

Note

Lectură suplimentară
 Vaclovas Paukštė, Polka Lietuvoje ("Polka in Lithuania"), Vilnius, Vilnius Pedagogical University, 2000, 28pp

Legături externe
 National Cleveland-Style Polka Hall of Fame.
 International Polka Association and Hall of Fame .

Dansuri

Polcă


Alemannia Wilster (offiziell: Sportverein Alemannia Wilster von 1904 e.V.) ist ein Sportverein aus Wilster im Kreis Steinburg. Die erste Fußballmannschaft der Männer erreichte einmal die Endrunde um die Norddeutsche Meisterschaft.

Geschichte
Der Verein wurde am 12. Februar 1904 als FC Alemannia Wilster gegründet und zählt damit zu den ältesten Fußballvereinen Schleswig-Holsteins. Die als "Schwarze Teufel" bekannte Mannschaft qualifizierte sich im Jahre 1908 für die Endrunde um die Norddeutsche Meisterschaft. Dort hätte man im Viertelfinale beim SC Victoria Hamburg antreten müssen. Da der Alemannia die Anreisekosten zu hoch waren verzichtete der Verein auf die Austragung, so dass die Hamburger kampflos weiter kamen. In den 1920er Jahren verpasste die Mannschaft mehrfach den Aufstieg in die höchste Spielklasse.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg gehörte die Alemannia ab 1953 der Bezirksklasse West an. Vier Jahre später wurde die Mannschaft mit 142 erzielten Saisontoren Meister, scheiterte aber in der Aufstiegsrunde am Sprung in die Landesliga Schleswig-Holstein. 1968 stieg die Alemannia in die Kreisliga ab und kehrte erst 1971 wieder. Die Wilsteraner wurden daraufhin zur Fahrstuhlmannschaft. Im Jahre 1974 gelang der Aufstieg in die Verbandsliga Süd, die nur ein Jahr gehalten werden konnte. 1982 ging es erstmals für ein Jahr in die Bezirksklasse West, ehe 1987 der Aufstieg in die Landesliga Süd die erfolgreichste Epoche anbrach.

Im Jahre 1989 wurde die Alemannia Vizemeister hinter dem SV Sereetz, scheiterte aber in der Aufstiegsrelegation am Rendsburger TSV. Nach dem Abstieg im Jahre 1993 gelang die sofortige Rückkehr, ehe die Alemannia nach der Auflösung der Landesliga im Jahre 1999 in die Bezirksliga West runter musste. Dort wurde die Mannschaft Meister und stieg in die Bezirksoberliga West auf. Nachdem im Jahre 2008 die Bezirksoberligen aufgelöst wurden trat die Alemannia in der Verbandsliga Süd-West an, aus der sie im Jahre 2013 abstieg, aber ein Jahr später den direkten Wiederaufstieg schafften.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage
 Seite auf Mein-Wilster.de

Fußballverein aus Schleswig-Holstein
Verein im Schleswig-Holsteinischen Fußball-Verband
Sportverein (Kreis Steinburg)
Alemannia Wilster
Alemannia Wilster

Alemannia Wilster


Nicholas "Nick" Pickard, es un actor inglés, conocido sobre todo por interpretar a Tony Hutchinson en la serie Hollyoaks.

Biografía
Su hermano menor es el actor John Pickard, quien interpretó a Dominic Reilly en Hollyoaks. Es dueño de varios restaurantes Sheffield en Ecclesall Road.

Nick salió con la actriz Joanna Taylor, quien interpretó a Geri Hudson en Hollyoaks.

Tiene una hija, Ellie Pickard de una relación anterior.

Carrera
Nick ha aparecido en los videos musicales de Mike and the Mechanics en la canción "Over My Shoulder" y de Roxette en la canción "Almost Unreal.

En 1987 obtuvo su debut con la película Mio in the Land of Farway donde dio vida a Mio.

En 1994 apareció brevemente en un episodio de EastEnders donde interpretó a un joven sin hogar que termina muriendo accidentalmente después de que Phil Mitchell incendiará el auto de Frnak Butcher para estafar a la aseguradora.

El 23 de octubre de 1995 se unió al elenco principal de la exitosa serie británica Hollyoaks donde interpretó a Anthony "Tony" Hutchinson, hasta ahora. Actualmente Nick es el actor con más tiempo en la serie.

Entre el 2001 y el 2009 interpretó de nuevo a Tony en los spin-offs de la serie llamados Hollyoaks: Movi'n On y Hollyoaks: Later.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy > Celebrity News > Nick Pickard
 Nick Pickard on TV.com
 MailOnline News | Nick Pickard

Actores de televisión de Inglaterra
Nacidos en Londres

Nick Pickard


Probele de patinaj viteză au fost incluse în programul olimpic de la început, la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 1924 de la Chamonix.

Clasament pe medalii
Actualizat după Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2014.

Sportivii cei mai medaliați

Referințe
  Patinaj viteză la Comitetul Olimpic Internațional
  Patinaj viteză la Jocurile Olimpice  pe Sports Reference

Patinaj viteză la Jocurile Olimpice


An Sehima nervosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johan Peter Rottler, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Sehima nervosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sehima, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sehima

Sehima nervosum


Plaza Vieja bezeichnet:

 Plaza Vieja (La Rioja), Ort in Argentinien
 Plaza Vieja (Chile), Ort in Chile
 Plaza Vieja (Havanna), Platz in Havanna, Kuba

Plaza Vieja


Al patrulea gard, lângă debarcader este un film românesc din 1986 regizat de Cristiana Nicolae. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Bogdan Alexandru Manea, Rodica Horobeț și Bogdan Uritescu.

Prezentare

Mișu (Bogdan Uritescu) și Milică (Bogdan Alexandru Manea) sunt doi prieteni de nedespărțit. Totul se schimbă când în viata lor apare tânăra Cornelia (Rodica Horobeț).

Protagoniștii acestei povești atât de neobișnuite sunt doi buni prieteni, Mișu și Milică, mereu nedespărțiți în fața oricăror probleme apărute pe parcurs. Ruptura relației dintre cei doi are loc, din păcate, atunci când Milică începe să îl evite pe Mișu și să se vadă tot mai rar. Cauza este o fată, simpatica tânără Cornelia. Intrând în contact cu aceasta, nici Mișu nu rămâne indiferent, iar culmea este că nici pe Cornelia nu pare să o deranjeze acest lucru...

Distribuție

Note

Legături externe

 Nicolae Ulieriu - Al patrulea gard, lângă debarcader

Vezi și
 1986 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1986
Filme regizate de Cristiana Nicolae
Filme Româniafilm
Filme de dragoste românești
Filme pentru copii

Al patrulea gard, lângă debarcader


9579 Passchendaele este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
9579 Passchendaele este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,43 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 1,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 9001-10000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1989
Centura de asteroizi

9579 Passchendaele


John Emil List (September 17, 1925 – March 21, 2008) was an American mass murderer and long-time fugitive. On November 9, 1971, he killed his wife, mother, and three children at their home in Westfield, New Jersey, and then disappeared. He had planned the murders so meticulously that nearly a month passed before anyone suspected that anything was amiss.

List assumed a new identity, remarried, and eluded justice for nearly 18 years. He was finally apprehended in Virginia on June 1, 1989, after the story of his murders was broadcast on the television program America's Most Wanted. After extradition to New Jersey, he was convicted on five counts of first degree murder and sentenced to five consecutive terms of life imprisonment, making him ineligible for parole for nearly 75 years.

List gave critical financial problems, as well as his perception that his family members were straying from their religious faith, as his motivations for the murders. He believed that killing them would assure their souls a place in Heaven, where he hoped to eventually join them. List died in prison in 2008 at the age of 82.

Early life and education
Born in Bay City, Michigan, List was the only child of German-American parents John Frederick List (1859–1944) and Alma Barbara Florence List (1887–1971). Like his father, List was a devout Lutheran and a Sunday school teacher. List graduated from Bay City Central High School in 1943. That same year, he enlisted in the United States Army and served as a laboratory technician during World War II. His father died in 1944. After List was discharged in 1946, he enrolled at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he earned a bachelor's degree in business administration and a master's degree in accounting, and was commissioned a second lieutenant through ROTC.

Military service and civilian career
In November 1950, as the Korean War escalated, List was recalled to active military service. At Fort Eustis in Virginia, he met Helen Morris Taylor, the widow of an infantry officer killed in action in Korea, who lived nearby with her daughter, Brenda. John and Helen married on December 1, 1951 in Baltimore, Maryland, and the family moved to northern California. The Army, recognizing List's accounting skills, reassigned him to the Finance Corps.

After completion of his second tour in 1952, List worked for an accounting firm in Detroit, and then as an audit supervisor at a paper company in Kalamazoo, where his three children were born. By 1959, List had risen to general supervisor of the company's accounting department; but Helen, an alcoholic, had become increasingly unstable. In 1960, his stepdaughter Brenda married and left the household, and List moved with the remainder of his family to Rochester, New York, to take a job with Xerox. There, he eventually became director of accounting services. In 1965, List accepted a position as vice president and comptroller at a bank in Jersey City, New Jersey, and moved with his wife, children, and mother into Breeze Knoll, a 19-room Victorian mansion, located at 431 Hillside Avenue in Westfield, New Jersey.

Murders
On November 9, 1971, List murdered his entire immediate family, using his 9mm Steyr 1912 semi-automatic handgun and his father's Colt .22 caliber revolver. While his children were at school, he shot his wife Helen, 47, in the back of the head, then his mother Alma, 84, above the left eye. As his daughter Patricia, 16, and younger son Frederick, 13, arrived home from school, List shot each of them in the back of the head. After making himself lunch, List drove to his bank to close both his and his mother's bank accounts, and then to Westfield High School to watch his elder son John Frederick, 15, play in a soccer game. After driving John Frederick home, List shot him repeatedly because, as misfire evidence showed, his son attempted to defend himself.

List placed the bodies of his wife and children on sleeping bags in the mansion's ballroom. He left his mother's body in her apartment in the attic. In a five-page letter to his pastor, found on the desk in his study, List claimed that he saw too much evil in the world, and he had killed his family to save their souls. He then cleaned the various crime scenes, removed his own picture from all family photographs in the house, tuned a radio to a religious station, and departed.

The murders were not discovered until December 7, nearly a month later, due in part to the family's reclusive tendencies, and in part to notes sent by List to the children's schools and part-time jobs claiming that the children would be visiting their ailing maternal grandmother in North Carolina for a few weeks. Helen's mother was in fact ill, and had canceled a visit to Westfield because of it; had she made the trip, List later said, she would have been his sixth victim. List also stopped milk, mail, and newspaper deliveries. Neighbors noticed that all of the mansion's rooms were illuminated day and night, with no apparent activity within the house. After light bulbs began burning out one by one, they called the police.  Officers entered through an unlocked window leading to the basement and discovered the family's bodies.

Westfield, which had few violent crimes recorded since 1963, received national attention as the site of one of the most notorious felonies in New Jersey since the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr. A nationwide manhunt was launched. Police investigated hundreds of leads without success. All reliable photographs of List had been destroyed. The family car was found parked at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York City, but police found no evidence that List had boarded a flight. Alma's body was flown to Frankenmuth, Michigan, and interred at the Saint Lorenz Lutheran Cemetery. Helen and her three children were buried at Fairview Cemetery in Westfield.

Breeze Knoll remained empty until it was destroyed by fire in August 1972, nine months after the murders. Although the destruction was officially ruled arson, it remains unsolved with no suspects. Destroyed along with the home was the ballroom's stained glass skylight, rumored to be a signed Tiffany original, worth at least $100,000 at the time (). A new house was built on the site in 1974.

Relocation, arrest, and trial
In 1971, as the FBI later discovered, List had traveled by train from New Jersey first to Michigan, then to Colorado. He settled in Denver in early 1972 and took an accounting job under the name Robert Peter "Bob" Clark, one of his college classmates (although the real Bob Clark later asserted that he had never known List). From 1979 to 1986, he was the comptroller at a paper-box manufacturer outside Denver. He joined a Lutheran congregation and ran a car pool for church members without transport. At one religious gathering, he met an Army PX clerk named Delores Miller and they were married in 1985. In February 1988, the couple moved to a house in the Brandermill neighborhood of Midlothian, Virginia, where List, still using the name Bob Clark, resumed work as an accountant at a small accounting firm, Maddrea, Joyner, Kirkham & Woody.

In 1972, List was proposed as a suspect in the D. B. Cooper air piracy case because of the timing of his disappearance (two weeks prior to the airline hijacking), multiple matches to the hijacker's description, and the reasoning that "a fugitive accused of mass murder has nothing to lose." List was questioned by FBI investigators after his capture, but he denied any involvement in the Cooper case. While his name is still occasionally mentioned in Cooper articles and documentaries, no direct evidence implicates him, and the FBI no longer considers him a suspect.

In May 1989, the 18-year-old crime was recounted on the Fox television program America's Most Wanted during its first year on the air. The segment featured an age-progressed clay bust, sculpted by forensic artist Frank Bender, which turned out to bear a close resemblance to List's actual appearance. On June 1, less than two weeks after the broadcast, List was arrested at a Richmond accounting firm after a Denver neighbor recognized the description and alerted authorities. List continued to stand by his alias for several months, even after his 1989 extradition to Union County, New Jersey; finally, faced with irrefutable evidence – including a fingerprint match with List's military records, as well as evidence found at the crime scene – he confessed his true identity on February 16, 1990.

At trial, List testified that his financial difficulties reached crisis level in 1971 when he was laid off with the closure of the Jersey City bank. To avoid sharing this humiliating development with his family, List engaged in the same routine and dress as when employed, leaving home each morning on schedule and spending the day at job interviews or at the Westfield train station, reading newspapers until it was time to come home. List diverted money from his mother's bank accounts to avoid default on his mortgage. As the year progressed, the family's financial problems became more strained; List encouraged his children to seek part-time work, ostensibly to teach them maturity and responsibility, but in actuality to help keep the family financially solvent.

He was also dealing with his wife's alcoholism and her untreated tertiary syphilis, contracted from her first husband and concealed for 18 years. According to trial testimony, Helen had pressured List into marriage by falsely claiming that she was pregnant, then insisted that they marry in Maryland, which did not require the premarital syphilis test mandated in most other states at the time. Though her health progressively deteriorated, she said nothing to List or her physicians until 1969, when a thorough examination revealed the condition. By then, progression of the disease combined with her excessive alcohol consumption had, according to testimony, "transformed her [into]… an unkempt and paranoid recluse" who frequently – and often publicly – humiliated List, comparing his sexual prowess unfavorably with that of her first husband.

A court-appointed psychiatrist testified that List suffered from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and that he saw only two solutions to his situation: accept welfare, or kill his family and send their souls to heaven. Welfare was an unacceptable option, he reasoned, because it would expose him and his family to ridicule and violate his authoritarian father's teachings regarding the care and protection of family members.

On April 12, 1990, List was convicted of five counts of first degree murder. At his sentencing hearing, he denied direct responsibility for his actions: "I feel that because of my mental state at the time, I was unaccountable for what happened. I ask all affected by this for their forgiveness, understanding and prayer." The judge was unpersuaded: "John Emil List is without remorse and without honor," he said. "After 18 years, five months and 22 days, it is now time for the voices of Helen, Alma, Patricia, Frederick and John F. List to rise from the grave." He imposed a sentence of five terms of life imprisonment, to be served consecutively, the maximum permissible penalty at the time.

List filed an appeal of his convictions on grounds that his judgment had been impaired by post-traumatic stress disorder due to his military service. He also argued that the letter he left behind at the crime scene, essentially his confession, was a confidential communication to his pastor and therefore inadmissible as evidence. A federal appeals court rejected both arguments.

List eventually expressed a degree of remorse for his crimes. "I wish I had never done what I did," he told Connie Chung in 2002. "I've regretted my action and prayed for forgiveness ever since." When asked why he had not taken his own life, he said he believed that suicide would have prevented him from going to heaven, where he hoped to be reunited with his family.

Death
List died of complications from pneumonia aged 82 on March 21, 2008, while imprisoned at St. Francis Medical Center in Trenton, New Jersey. In reporting his death, the New Jersey Star-Ledger referred to him as "The Boogeyman of Westfield."

Television, film, and pop culture
Over the years, List and his crimes have furnished inspiration for documentaries, television dramas and feature films. Examples include "Savior," the season 6, episode 16 of the television series Law & Order; the 1987 film The Stepfather and its 2009 remake; the 1993 film Judgment Day: The John List Story, in which List was portrayed by Robert Blake; and the character Keyser Söze in the 1995 film The Usual Suspects.

In 2008, John Walsh, the host of America's Most Wanted, donated the age-progressed bust by Frank Bender that played a pivotal role in List's apprehension to a forensic science exhibit at the National Museum of Crime & Punishment in Washington, D.C., whose collection was later moved to Alcatraz East Crime Museum in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee.

A 1996 episode of the series Forensic Files discussed the List murders. A 2003 episode of the A&E series American Justice also detailed the case and featured an interview with List. In 2015, the story was covered in the season 2, episode 2 of the Investigation Discovery TV series Your Worst Nightmare. The episode, "Murder House", premiered on November 18, 2015.

The movie A Killer Next Door, based on the events that led to the capture of John List, was released In July 2020.

In 2022, NJ Advance Media released "Father Wants Us Dead," a podcast serial on the events.

Also in 2022, Netflix released a seven-part dramatic fictional miniseries called The Watcher. Although it is a work of fiction, much of the character John Graff was borrowed from the story of the John List murders.  Played by Joe Mantello, much of John Graff's story was identical such as his being an accountant, attending a Lutheran church, and murdering his family members and live-in mother, along with leaving music playing in the house and planning an alibi that would cause the bodies to remain undiscovered for several weeks.

See also

 Dupont de Ligonnès murders and disappearance
 Robert William Fisher
 Bradford Bishop

References

Further reading

External links
 Transcript  of the five-page letter penned by List to his pastor following the murders of his family
 Newspaper articles on John List
 John List, famous murder – The Crime Library

1925 births
1971 mass shootings in the United States
1971 murders in the United States
2008 deaths
20th-century American criminals
20th-century Lutherans
American accountants
American Lutherans
American mass murderers
American murderers of children
American people convicted of murder
American people of German descent
American people who died in prison custody
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Burials in Michigan
Criminals from Michigan
Deaths from pneumonia in New Jersey
Familicides
Fugitives
Massacres in 1971
Massacres in the United States
Mass shootings in the United States
Military personnel from Michigan
Murder in New Jersey
People convicted of murder by New Jersey
People extradited within the United States
People from Bay City, Michigan
People from Midlothian, Virginia
People from Westfield, New Jersey
People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New Jersey
Prisoners who died in New Jersey detention
Ross School of Business alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers

John List (murderer)


An Arisaema propinquum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Arisaema propinquum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arisaema, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Arisaema

Arisaema propinquum


În România există mai multe biserici de lemn amplasate în localități cu denumirea Nistorești:
Biserica de lemn din Nistorești, Gorj
Biserica de lemn din Nistorești, Vrancea

Biserica de lemn din Nistorești


Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verbrennungsmedizin e. V. (DGV) ist eine wissenschaftliche und berufsständische Fachgesellschaft. Ziel ist die Förderung von Forschung, Prophylaxe, Prävention und Therapie auf dem Gebiet der Behandlung Brandverletzter in Deutschland. Sie engagiert sich ebenfalls im Bereich der ärztlichen und nichtärztlichen Fort- und Weiterbildung auf dem Gebiet der Verbrennungsmedizin. Die Fachgesellschaft ist Mitglied der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften und der European Burn Association. Sitz der Gesellschaft ist Berlin. Die Geschäftsstelle befindet sich im Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus in Berlin.

Struktur

Mitglieder
Die Mitglieder setzen sich zusammen aus ordentlichen Mitgliedern, außerordentlichen Mitgliedern, Fördermitgliedern sowie Ehrenmitgliedern. Ordentliche Mitglieder sind Fachärzte für Plastische Chirurgie, die in der Behandlung Brandverletzter tätig sind. Außerordentliche Mitglieder sind Ärzte und nichtärztliches Personal, das in der Behandlung Brandverletzter tätig ist. Im Gegensatz zu ordentlichen Mitgliedern sind sie nicht stimmberechtigt. Nach zweijähriger Mitgliedschaft kann eine ordentliche Mitgliedschaft beantragt werden. Fördermitglieder können natürliche und juristische Personen werden, die die Belange der Verbrennungsmedizin besonders fördern wollen.

Ärzte, die sich in besonderer Weise um die Verbrennungsmedizin verdient gemacht haben können zu Ehrenmitgliedern ernannt werden. Nichtärztliche Personen können mit einer korrespondierenden Mitgliedschaft geehrt werden.

Vorstand
Der Vorstand setzt sich zusammen aus dem Präsidenten, dem Vizepräsidenten, einem Sekretär sowie dem Kassenführer. Voraussetzung für die Mitgliedschaft im Vorstand ist eine Tätigkeit als Chefarzt, Leitender Arzt oder Oberarzt an einem Verbrennungszentrum. Der Vorstand wird durch die Mitgliederversammlung gewählt, die einmal jährlich zusammentritt.

Präsidenten:

Publikationen und Arbeit
Der Verein veröffentlicht Empfehlungen, Stellungnahmen und Leitlinien zu Themengebieten der Verbrennungsmedizin und zur technischen und personellen Ausstattung von Verbrennungszentren. Bis 2011 wurde ein elektronisches Journal auf dem Portal German Medical Science herausgegeben, das Journal GMS Verbrennungsmedizin.
Seit 2012 wird gemeinsam mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft der Plastischen, Rekonstruktiven und Ästhetischen Chirurgen das E-Journal GMS German Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery – Burn and Hand Surgery herausgegeben.

Weblinks
 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verbrennungsmedizin
 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verbrennungsmedizin auf den Seiten der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften
 Zeitschrift GMS Verbrennungsmedizin

Einzelnachweise

Verbrennungsmedizin
Plastische Chirurgie
Verein (Berlin)
Gegründet 1991


Der Watendlath Tarn ist ein See im Lake District, Cumbria, England, an dessen Ufer der Weiler Watendlath liegt.

Der See wird von verschiedenen kleinen Bächen von den umgebenden Berghängen gespeist, der Hauptzufluss ist aber der Bleatarn Gill am Nordende des Sees.

Am Südende des Sees verlässt der Watendlath Beck als einziger Abfluss den See.

Watendlath liegt am Ende einer Straße, die vom Derwent Water den Berg hinaufführt, und das Land gehört dem National Trust. Der See und eine historische Steinbrücke in einem Tal mit den als besonders typisch für den Lake District angesehenen sanft abfallenden Hängen machen den Platz zu einem Touristenziel.

Die Malerin Dora Carrington malte 1921 ein Bild von Watendlath, das sich heute im Besitz der Tate Gallery befindet.

Der Schriftsteller Sir Hugh Walpole machte Watendlath zum Heimatort von Judith Paris in seiner Reihe der Herries Chronicles.

Siehe auch
Seen im Lake District

Weblinks
 Watendlath auf English Lakes
 Watendlath Tarn auf Lakes, Meres, Tarns and Waters
 Farm at Watendlath von Dora Carrington in der Tate Gallery

SWatendlath Tarn
Gewässer in Cumberland (Unitary Authority)
Lake District

Watendlath Tarn


Știința și tehnologia în România se poate referi la:

 Istoria științei în România
 Istoria tehnologiei în România

 *

Știința și tehnologia în România


O Malcolm X House Site localizado na 3448 Pinkney Street em North Omaha, Nebraska, marca o local onde Malcolm X morou pela primeira vez com sua família. O local foi listado no Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos em 1984 e também está na lista do patrimônio estadual do Nebraska.

História
Malcolm Little nasceu no hospital da Universidade do Nebraska Omaha em 19 de maio de 1925, filho de Earl e Louise Little. Earl Little era um ministro cristão e ativo na comunidade local. Em sua autobiografia, Malcolm X afirmou que sua família trocou Omaha por Milwaukee, no Wisconsin, em 1926, por causa das ameaças da Ku Klux Klan.

A casa foi demolida em 1965, antes que os proprietários, a família Moore, soubessem da conexão com Malcolm X. A importância de Malcolm X na história e na cultura americana foi homenageada quando o local foi listado no Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos em 1º de março de 1984. Este reconhecimento está assinalado no local. Um marcador histórico estadual foi adicionado em 1987.

A ativista cívica e sindical Rowena Moore, cujo pai morou na casa e era o dono da propriedade, liderou esforços para que o local da casa fosse reconhecido como um local histórico para reconhecer a importância de Malcolm X. Ela disse que sua família não sabia da conexão até que sua irmã a descobriu lendo a autobiografia de Malcolm X em 1970. Ela também esperava construir um museu lá em sua homenagem. Moore comprou mais propriedades ao redor da área.

Atualmente os  de terra pertencem à Malcolm X Memorial Foundation. Eles têm planos de comprar mais propriedades para criar um parque, e conectá-lo ao parque municipal Adams ao sul. Em 2008, a fundação estabeleceu seis lotes no local para uma horta comunitária.

Ver também
 Movimento dos direitos civis em Omaha (Nebraska)

Ligações externas

 BrotherMalcolm history of birth site
 Yahoo Entry (with photo)

Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos no Nebraska
Omaha (Nebraska)
Malcolm X

Malcolm X House Site


Caterina Biancolelli ou Catherine Biancolelli, née à Paris en  et morte dans la même ville le , est une actrice d'origine italienne de la commedia dell'arte. Elle effectue sa carrière en France dans la troupe italienne de Paris : c'est la seconde actrice à jouer le rôle de Colombine, et l'une des plus célèbres.

Biographie
Caterina Biancolelli est la fille des acteurs Domenico Biancolelli et Orsola Cortesi, membres de la troupe de la Comédie-Italienne qui se produisait en France. Domenico Biancolelli, établi à Paris depuis 1662, est l'une des vedettes de la troupe, et l'Arlequin le plus célèbre de toute la période française de la commedia dell'arte ; Orsola Cortesi (1637-1718) joue une innamorata nommée Eularia. La grand-mère de Caterina Biancolelli est l'actrice Isabella Franchini Biancolelli, qui avait également joué le rôle de Colombine.

Caterina Biancolelli est la seconde actrice à jouer le rôle de Colombine dans la troupe de sa famille ; elle débute à l'âge de dix-huit ans le , avec sa sœur Francesca Maria Apollo Biancolelli, dans la comédie intitulée Arlequin Protée de Nolant de Fatouville, où figure une parodie de la tragédie Bérénice de Jean Racine. La même année, elle et le reste de la troupe reçoivent des critiques positives de Donneau de Visé dans Le Mercure galant.

Elle épouse en 1685 l'acteur Pierre Le Noir dit La Thorillière.

En 1695, elle incarne Arlecchina, une version féminine d'Arlequin, dans Le Retour de la foire de Bezons d'Evaristo Gherardi. Elle est renommée pour ses talents de chanteuse, de danseuse et de musicienne.

Sa carrière d'actrice prend fin lorsque le théâtre italien à Paris est fermé en 1697 ; elle refuse de rejoindre le théâtre français.

Notes et références
Notes

Références

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

Actrice française de théâtre
Actrice italienne de théâtre
Commedia dell'arte
Décès en février 1716
Naissance en 1665
Naissance à Paris
Décès à Paris
Actrice italienne du XVIIe siècle
Actrice italienne du XVIIIe siècle

Caterina Biancolelli


An Mezobromelia brownii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hans Edmund Luther. An Mezobromelia brownii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mezobromelia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mezobromelia

Mezobromelia brownii


Desiree Rose Marie Scott (født 31. juli 1987) er en canadisk fodboldspiller, der spiller for Utah Royals FC i NWSL, som midtbanepspiller. Hun er også en del af Canadas landshold.

Hun har vundet to OL-bronzemedaljer med Canada ved OL 2012 i London og i OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Canada
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2012
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020
Deltagere for Canada ved sommer-OL 2012
Deltagere for Canada ved sommer-OL 2016
Deltagere for Canada ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske mestre fra Canada
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Canada
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2012
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2016
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2020

Desiree Scott


Gün Batımından Şafağa (Özgün adı: From Dusk Till Dawn), Quentin Tarantino'nun senaryosunu yazdığı, Robert Rodriguez'in yönetmenliğini üstlendiği film.

Gecko kardeşlerin Meksika'ya kaçışını ve beraberinde gelişen olayları anlatan filmin ilk yarısı bir yol filmi olmasına karşın, ikinci yarısı korku filmidir. Bu "tür" geçişi Quentin Tarantino'nun senaryonun akışına hakim oluşu ve Rodiriguez'in sinemasal yeteneğini konuşturması ile hayret ve takdir ile izliyoruz.

Filmin akıllarda kalan sahnelerinden en önemlisi şüphesiz Salma Hayek'in yılan dansı sahnesidir. Bu sahne sinema tarihinin en seksi sahnelerinden biri olarak sinema dergi ve sitelerince kabul görür. Film birçok ödül almıştır.Filmin ilk yarısı gangster ikinci yarısıda vampir filmi olarak uyarlanmıştır.

1996 çıkışlı filmler
1990'larda korku filmleri
1990'larda aksiyon filmleri
Sinemaya uyarlanmış hikâyeler
Vampir filmleri
Robert Rodriguez'in yönettiği filmler
Satürn Ödülü kazanan filmler
Troublemaker Studios filmleri
Dimension Films filmleri
Kaliforniya'da çekilmiş filmler
Elizabeth Avellán'ın yapımcısı olduğu filmler
Graeme Revell'in müziğini yaptığı filmler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri aksiyon korku filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri canavar filmleri
Katiller ile ilgili filmler
Psikopatlar ile ilgili filmler
1990'larda İngilizce filmler
Quentin Tarantino'nun senaryosunu yazdığı filmler
En İyi Korku Filmi Satürn Ödülü kazanan filmler

Gün Batımından Şafağa


Citroën C5 er en stor mellemklassebil fra den franske bilfabrikant Citroën, som størrelsesmæssigt er placeret under Citroën C6.

Historie
På Shanghai Motor Show i april 2017 præsenterede Citroën en ny bilmodel med navnet C5. Selv om bilen egentlig kun er en modificeret udgave af den tidligere C5, betragtes den af fabrikanten som en helt ny model. Modellen har overtaget en del optiske detaljer fra C5 Aircross. I modsætning til forgængeren sælges tredje generation af C5 siden maj 2017 kun som sedan og kun i Kina. Modellen bygges ikke længere i Frankrig, men derimod hos Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile i Kina. Motorerne gør også tjeneste i DS5 LS og DS6.

Tekniske data

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officielt websted (kinesisk)

C05 (Kina)
Store mellemklassebiler
Forhjulstrukne biler
Biler introduceret i 2017
Biler fra 2010'erne

Citroën C5 (Kina)


An Eustachys uliginosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Wilhelm Guillermo Gustav o Franz Francis Herter. An Eustachys uliginosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eustachys, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eustachys

Eustachys uliginosa


හයිමනය (Hymen) යනු යෝනි මාර්ගය තුළ එය සුළු වශයෙන් ආවරණය කරමින් පිහිටන පටලයකි. සාමාන්‍ය සිංහල ව්‍යවහාරයේ දී මෙය කන්‍යා පටලය යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙයි. මෙය යෝනි විවරයහි  කොටසක් ලෙස පවතින අතර  යෝනියට සමාන සැකැස්මකින් යුතු ය. හයිමනයහි විශේෂ කායවේදීය අරමුණක් හෝ කාර්යභාරයක් ඇති බවක් නො පෙනේ. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ළමාවියේ දී හයිමනය බාහිර ස්වරූපය විසින් අඩසඳාකාර (මුද්දත හැඩයෙන් යුතු) වුවත් එය විසින් වෙනත් ස්වරූපයන් ද දැරිය හැකි ය. මෙය තුනි සහ ඇදෙනසුලු බවේ සිට තරමක් ඝන සහ අනම්‍ය වූ ස්වභාවයන්ගෙන් ද පැවතිය හැකි අතර ඇතැම් විට  මුළුමනින් ම නො පිහිටීමට ද පුලුවන.

ඇතැම්විට ගැහැනියක් ප්‍රථම වරට යෝනිමය සංසර්ගයේ නියුතු වීමේ දී  තාවකාලික රුධිර වහනයක් සහ මඳ වේදනාවක් ඇති කරමින් හයිමනය බිඳී යාමට පුලුවන.නමුත් මෙය හැමවිට ම සිදු නොවේ. එහෙත් වෛද්‍ය පරීක්ෂණ, ස්වයං වින්දන‍ය සහ ශාරීරික ව්‍යායාම වැනි වෙනත් අවස්ථාවන්වල දී ද එය බිඳී යාමට හැකිය. බිඳී යාමෙන් පසු ව හයිමනය ස්වභාවික ව යළි යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් නො වුනත් සැත්කමක් තුළින් එය යළි සැකසීමට හැකියාව ඇත.ඇතැම් සංස්කෘතීන් විසින් හයිමනය කන්‍යාභාවය පිළිබඳ නිර්ණායකයක් ලෙස සැලකුවද  මෙවැනි තත්ත්වයන් නිසා හයිමනය කන්‍යාභාවය මිනුම් කිරීමට වලංගු සාධකයක් නො වන තැනට පත් ව ඇත.

විකසනය
හයිමනය විකසනය වීම ඇරඹෙන්නේ කලල අවධිය (embryogenesis) තුළ ය. ගැබ්ගැනීමෙන් තෙවන සතියේ සිට දෙවන ත්‍රිමාසිකය (Trimester) දක්වා කාලය තුළ දී ප්‍රජනක කලාපය (Genital tract) විකසනය වීම සිදුවන අතර යෝනිය විකසනය වීමෙන්  අනතුරු ව හයිමනය බිහි වෙයි. හත්වන සතියේ දී මෞත්‍රගුදීය ආවාරය (Urorectal septum) බිහිවන අතර එ මගින්  ගුදමාර්ගය සහ මෞත්‍රලිංගික කෝටරකය (Urogenital sinus) විභේදනය කරනු  ලැබේ. නමවන සතියේ දී මුලර් ප්‍රණාළ (Müllerian ducts) පහළට ගමන් කරමින් මෞත්‍රලිංගික කෝටරකයට  (Urogenital sinus) ඇතුළු වී  ගර්භාෂයෝනික කුහරය (Uterovaginal canal) සාදනු ලැබේ. දොළොස්වන සතියේ දී මුලර් ප්‍රණාළ එකට එක් වී උනලේරියාව (Unaleria) නම් ප්‍රාක් ගර්භාෂයෝනික කුහරයක් සාදනු ලැබේ. පස්වැනි මාසය පමණ වනවිට යෝනි කුහරයේ විකසනය සම්පූර්ණ වී ඇති අතර චීන-යෝනික බල්බයන් (Sinovaginal bulbs) : එනම් මුලර් ප්‍රණාළ සහ මෞත්‍රලිංගික කෝටරකය මුණගැසෙන  ස්ථානය,  සිදුරු වීමෙන් භ්‍රෑණික හයිමනය (Fetal Hymen) ඇති වේ. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙය උපතට පෙර හෝ උපතින් ටික කලකට පසු ව සිදු වේ. .හයිමනයට ස්නායු සැපයුමක් නො පවතින අතර අලුත උපත ලැබූ බිළිඳියන් තුළ මවගේ හෝර්මෝනවල බලපෑම හේතුවෙන් හයිමනය ඝණ, ලා රෝස සහ අධික වූ පෘෂ්ඨයකින් (නැමුම් සහ නෙරීම් සහිත වීම නිසා) යුතු වේ. මුල් දෙවසරේ සිට සිව්වසර දක්වා කාලය තුළ ළදැරිය මෙම තත්ත්වය පවත්වා ගැනීමට අවශ්‍ය හෝර්මෝන නිපදවා ගනී.  ඔවුන්ගේ හයිමනික විවරය මණ්ඩලාකාර (වෘත්තාකාර) හැඩයකට පත් වෙයි.

පශ්චාත් නවජ (post-neonatal age) වියේ දී හයිමනික විවරයෙහි වටප්‍රමාණය දළ වශයෙන් සෑම වසරක ම 1mm ප්‍රමාණයකින් වැඩි වෙයි.   දැරියක් යෞවනෝදයට පත්වීමේ දී හයිමනය බෙහෙවින් ප්‍රත්‍යාස්ථ බවට පත් වෙයි. යෞවනෝදයේ දී ටැම්පනයක් භාවිත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් හෝ ලිංගික සංසර්ගයේ නිරතුරු ව යෙදීමෙන් හෝ හයිමනික විවරය පුළුල් වීමට පුලුවන.   අධ්‍යයනයකින් හෙළි වූ පරිදි  ප්‍රථම සංසර්ගයේ දී රුධිර වහනයක් අත්විඳ  ඇත්තේ ස්ත්‍රීන්ගෙන් 43%ක ප්‍රතිශතයක් පමණි.    කාන්තාවන් බහුතරයකගේ ම හයිමනික විවරය නො බිඳීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් විශාලනය වන බව මෙයින් පැහැදිලි වෙයි.යම්කිසි මෙවලමක් හෝ එකවර ඇඟිළි කිහිපයක් ඇතුළු කිරීමක දී ද  හයිමනය වියල් වීම හෝ බිඳී යාම සිදුවිය හැකිය.  හයිමනයේ ශේෂයන් carunculae  myrtiformes යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. .

ස්ත්‍රී දූෂණයක් හෝ ළමා ලිංගික අපයෝජනයක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් සැකයක් පවතින අවස්ථාවක දී  හයිමනයේ ස්වභාවය පිළිබඳ ව අධිකරණ වෛද්‍ය  පරීක්ෂණයක් පැවැත්වීමට නියෝග කළ හැකිය. කෙසේනමුත් හයිමනයහි ස්වභාවය පමණක් ම ලිංගික සංසර්ගයක් සිදු වූ බවට ප්‍රමාණවත් සාක්ෂියක් නොවේ.

ව්‍යුහාත්මක වෙනස්කම්
සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හයිමනයේ ව්‍යුහාත්මක වෙනස්කම් තුනි සහ ඇදෙනසුලු බවේ සිට තරමක් ඝන සහ අනම්‍ය වූ ස්වභාවයන් දක්වා විවිධ වූ පරාසයක පැතිරිය හැකි අතර ඇතැම් විට  මුළුමනින් ම නො පිහිටීමට ද පුලුවන. වෛද්‍යමය මැදිහත්වීමක් අවශ්‍ය වන්නේ ඔසප් රුධිරය බැහැර කිරීම මුළුමනින් ම වළක්වන හෝ එය සැළකිය යුතු අන්දමින් සීමා කරන එනම් අජිද්‍ර වූ හයිමනයක් පවතින විට පමණි. මෙවන් අවස්ථාවක දී ඔසප් රුධිරය බැහැර කිරීමට ඉඩකඩ සලසා දීමටත් ලිංගික සංසර්ගයේ දි දුෂ්කරතාවක් ඇති නොවනු පිණිසත් ශල්‍යකර්මයක් සිදුකිරීමට අවශ්‍ය විය හැක.

හෝර්මෝන මට්ටමේ සහ ක්‍රියාකාරීත්ව මට්ටමේ (activity level) බලපෑම මත නවයොවුන් වියට නොපන් දැරියන්ගේ හයිමනික විවරය විවිධ හැඩයන් ගනී. බහුලව ම දැකගත හැකි වන්නේ මුද්දත හැඩයයි.

 අජිද්‍ර - හයිමනික විවරයක් නොපවතී. යෞවනෝදයට ප්‍රථම එය ස්වාභාවික ව නිවැරදි නොවුනහොත් ඔසප්   රුධිරයට බැහැර වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීම පිණිස සුළු සැත්කමක් ඇවැසි වනු ඇත.
 ක්ෂුද්‍රවිවරීය - ඇතැම්විට හයිමනික විවරයක් නැති ලෙස පෙනී ගියත් වඩා හොඳින් පරීක්ෂා කළ විට ඉතා කුඩා විවිර සමූහයක් හඳුනාගත හැකි ය.
 බෙදීගිය - හයිමනික විවරය තුළ විවරය අහුරමින් පිහිටි පටලමය තීරු එකක් හෝ වැඩි ගණනක් පැවතිය හැකි ය.

යෞවනෝදයෙන් පසු ඊස්ට්‍රජන් ප්‍රමාණය සහ ක්‍රියාකාරීත්ව මට්ටම මත හයිමනික පටලයෙහි ඝණ බව වැඩිවිය හැකි අතර, බොහෝවිට විවරය කඩතොලු සහිත වීම සහ අස්ථිර හැඩයක් ගැනීමත් සිදු වේ. බාල දැරියන්ගේ නම් ඉරීගිය හයිමනයක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් බොහෝ ඉක්මනින් සුව වී යා හැකිය. නවයෞවනියන් තුළ හයිමනික විවරය ස්වාභාවික ව ම පුළුල් විය හැකි අතර හැඩයේ සහ දිස්වන ආකාරයේ විවිධත්වය ද වැඩි වෙයි.

සංස්කෘතිකමය ආකල්පය
ඇතැම් සංස්කෘතීන්හි හයිමනය කන්‍යාභාවය නම් සංකල්පය සමඟ බැඳී තිබීම හේතුවෙන් සංස්කෘතිකමය අගයක් සහිත යමක් බවට පත් වී ඇත.   මෙම සංස්කෘතීන්හි ගැහැනියක් විවාහ වන විට නො බිඳුණු හයිමනයක් තිබීම ගෞරවණීය යමක් ලෙස සැලකෙයි.  මේ හේතුවෙන් ඇතැම් ස්ත්‍රීන්ට ශල්‍යකර්ම තුළින් හයිමනය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරගැනීමට සිදු වී ඇත.

වෙනත් සතුන් තුළ
ප්‍රජනක පද්ධතියේ විකසනය වීමේ පොදු බව හේතුවෙන් චිම්පන්සියන්, අලියන්, මැනටියන්, තල්මසුන්, අශ්වයන් සහ ලාමාවන්  වැනි සතුන් රැසක් තුළ හයිමනය පවතී.

සබැඳි ලිපි
 කන්‍යාපටල ප්‍රතිස්ථාපන සැත්කම්

සඳහන් තැන්

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු
Vaginal Corona ස්විඩීෂියානු ලිංගිකත්ව අධ්‍යාපන සංගමය ලියූ පොත්පිංචක්
Magical Cups and Bloody Brides—කන්‍යාභාවයේ ඉතිහාසය
20 Questions About Virginity—Interview with Hanne Blank, author of Virgin: The Untouched History. Discusses relationship between hymen and concept of virginity.
Putting tampon in painlessly Radiology (US - ultrasound) of Hydrocolpos
Evaluating the Child for Sexual Abuse ඇමරිකන් ෆැමිලි ෆිසීෂියන් වෙතින්
My Corona: The Anatomy Formerly Known as the Hymen & the Myths That Surround It Scarleteen, Sex education for the real world

යෝනි මාර්ගය

කන්‍යා පටලය


În cosmologie, chintesența este o formă ipotetică de energie postulată pentru a explica observațiile asupra universului în cadrul expansiunii accelerate. Chintesența este un tip de "energie a vidului" cu o ecuație de stare de următoarea formă:

unde:

  egal presiune,
 egal densitate.

Dacă w < -1/3 chintesența acționează ca un câmp de respingere, având în vedere că energia întunecată are tocmai acest efect, rezultă că în mod fenomenologic energia întunecată este o formă a chintesenței.În general, parametrul poate varia pe scale de timp cosmologice, deși unii teoreticieni se referă la chintesența cu "w" variabil folosind numele de kinesență, pentru a o distinge de alte forme de energie care au un "w" constant. Cu atât mai puțin termenul chintesență este folosit pentru forme ipotetice de energie cu w < -1/3. O constantă cosmologică ne-nulă corespunde cazului w = -1 fără variație temporală.Într-o cosmologie ne-standard, cum ar fi  Expansiunea cosmică în scară de C. Johan Masreliez chintesența este w =  -1/3 , ceea ce înseamnă curbura spațiului-timp.

Vezi și
 Chintesență (filozofie)
 Energia întunecată
 Cosmologie

Cosmologie

Chintesență (fizică)


Power Rangers Wild Force is a television series and the tenth season of Power Rangers. It is also the anniversary season of the Power Rangers franchise, based on the 25th Super Sentai series Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger, which itself was the 25th anniversary of Super Sentai.

Power Rangers Wild Force is the first season to be produced by Disney, following the sale of Fox Family Worldwide (renamed ABC Family Worldwide) including Saban Entertainment (renamed BVS Entertainment) to Disney by Haim Saban and News Corporation, Fox's parent company. The first part of the series was originally broadcast from February to August 2002 on the Fox Kids television block. The show was moved in the fall 2002 to ABC's new Saturday morning block, ABC Kids (formerly Disney's One Saturday Morning).

Plot
The series follows the adventure of Cole Evans, who had been staying with a tribe in a jungle for most of his life, as he tries to find his destiny in the town of Turtle Cove. He encounters the Animarium, an island shaped like a turtle floating in the sky, which many believed to exist only in fairy tales, and is the home of the Wild Zords, and the Rangers' mentor, Princess Shayla. He joins four other Rangers, Taylor Earhardt, Max Cooper, Alyssa Enrile, and Danny Delgado, becoming the new leader of the Wild Force Power Rangers.

The Power Rangers use their powers to defeat the forces of the Orgs, monsters created from human pollution, led by one Master Org. As Cole was fond of other animals, he was shocked to discover that the Orgs were literally heartless horned monsters. As the series continues, he finds out the truth about his real parents, Richard and Elizabeth Evans, who were professors at Turtle Cove University, along with a family friend, Dr. Viktor Adler, who was secretly in love with Elizabeth. When they were sent to the jungle for research, they discover the remains of Master Org, in which a jealous Adler consumes in order to exact revenge on Richard, who had proposed to Elizabeth before he could. However, the seeds drive Adler mad and he ends up killing both him and Elizabeth. For a while, their son Cole, who was only two years old at the time, was presumed dead as well.

In an attempt to defeat the rangers, Master Org releases Zen-Aku, a wolf duke-org who sealed away by the ancient warriors, the predecessors of the Wild Force Rangers, 3000 years ago. Zen-Aku,however is soon to be revealed as Merrick Baliton, a member of ancient warriors who defeated the original Master Org by using the powers of cursed wolf mask. The rangers break the curse, returning Merrick to his human form, allowing him to join the team as the Lunar Wolf Ranger. Zen-Aku is later revealed to have been freed from the curse and attempts to repossess Merrick, but is defeated.

During the annual team-up episode, a trio of powerful half-mutant, half-org monsters called Mut-Orgs travel back in time from the year 3001 to join forces with Master Org and clash with Wes Collins and Eric Myers, the Red Time Force Ranger and Quantum Ranger, prompting the Wild Force Rangers to come to their aid. Wes and Eric contact the other four Time Force rangers in the future and they travel back to aid them, along the previous season's villains Ransik and his daughter Nadira. Ransik, who has reformed, reveals that he was the one who freed the Mut-Orgs and works with the rangers, stripping the three monster mutant powers and weakening them enough for the rangers to destroy them. Ransik is also stripped of his own powers during the battle, turning him into a normal human.

Eventually Duke Orgs Jindrax and Toxica learn of Master Org's human origins and turn on him, awakening the Org General Mandilok to overthrow him.Shortly after during a battle with Cole, Master Org is stripped of his powers. Mandilok takes this opportunity to kill the now powerless Dr.Adler. Mandilok then proceeds to take control of the Org forces. Meanwhile, the rangers befriend an amnesiac boy named Kite who has mysterious powers. Kite is revealed to the reborn Animus, the ancestor of the Wild Zords who was destroyed by the original Master Org 3000 years ago. Mandilok attempts to turn Animus against the rangers by showing him the destruction and pollution humans have caused over the last 3000 years, and appears to be successful as Animus takes away the Ranger's Wild Zords. However Animus revealed he was only testing the rangers and returns to aid them and gives them back their Wild Zords.

Soon after, the original Master Org, reawakened and reborn in Dr.Adler's body after his death, returns to exact his revenge, destroying Mandilok and kidnapping Princess Shayla to use her powerful necklace to create the powerful Org Heart. Though the Rangers rescue the princess with the aid of the reformed  Jindrax and Toxica, Master Org uses the Org Heart to transform into a powerful new form that can regenerate from any attack. Using his new powers, Master Org easily destroys all the rangers' Zords, stripping the rangers of their powers, and brings the Animarium crashing down to Earth. The rangers, though now powerless, refuse to give up and make a final stand against Master Org, this cause not only the Wild Zords that Master Org destroyed to be revived, but for the 77 other lost Wilds Zords to return and restoring the rangers' powers. The rangers together with all 100 Wild Zords destroy Master Org and the Org Heart, ending the threat of the Orgs once and for all.

With the threat over, Princess Shayla allows the rangers to return to their civilian lives, taking the Wild Zords and the Animarium back up into the sky until they're needed again. Cole travels the world, using his skills to help animals everywhere,Taylor returns to the Air Force, Max and Danny travel the world on a sight-seeing tour, Merrick travels the world as well, accompanied by a now reformed Zen-Aku, and Alyssa finishes college and becomes a teacher. The series ends with Alyssa telling her story to a kindergarten class, revealing she was the narrator of the series.

In addition to the annual team-up episodes, Power Rangers Wild Force also had a special episode commemorating it as the tenth incarnation, Forever Red, by having Cole team up with the nine Red Rangers before him (Jason Lee Scott, Aurico, Tommy Oliver, T.J. Johnson, Andros, Leo Corbett, Carter Grayson, Wes Collins and Eric Myers) to prevent the remaining generals of the Machine Empire from unearthing and reactivating Lord Zedd's Zord, Serpentera, which had been left buried on the moon.

The Animarium reappeared during Power Rangers Super Megaforce in "A Lion's Alliance".

Cast and characters
Wild Force Rangers
Ricardo Medina Jr. as Cole Evans, the Red Wild Force Ranger.
 Alyson Kiperman as Taylor Earhardt, the Yellow Wild Force Ranger.
Phillip Jeanmarie as Max Cooper, the Blue Wild Force Ranger.
 Jack Guzman as Danny Delgado, the Black Wild Force Ranger.
Jessica Rey as Alyssa Enrilé, the White Wild Force Ranger.
 Phillip Andrew as Merrick Baliton, the Lunar Wolf Ranger.

Supporting characters
Ann Marie Crouch as Princess Shayla
Charles Gideon Davis as the voice of Animus
Brianne Siddall as the voice of Circuit
J.D. Hall as Willie

Villains
Ilia Volok as Ancient/Original and Reincarnated Master Org/Dr. Viktor Adler
Sin Wong as Toxica
Richard Cansino as the voice of Jindrax (original)
Danny Wayne as the voice of Jindrax (later)
Michael Sorich as the voice of Retinax
Ken Merckx as the voice of Nayzor
Ezra Weisz and Barbara Goodson as the voices of Mandilok
Dan Woren as the voice of Zen-Aku (original) & Onikage
Lex Lang as the voice of Zen-Aku (later)

Guest stars
Time Force Rangers
Jason Faunt as Wesley "Wes" Collins, the Red Time Force Ranger.
Erin Cahill as Jennifer "Jen" Scotts, the Pink Time Force Ranger.
 Kevin Kleinberg as Trip, the Green Time Force Ranger.
 Deborah Estelle Philips as Katie Walker, the Yellow Time Force Ranger.
Michael Copon as Lucas Kendall, the Blue Time Force Ranger.
 Daniel Southworth as Eric Myers, the Quantum Ranger.
Forever Red Rangers
Austin St. John as Jason Lee Scott, the original Red Ranger, and previously the second Gold Zeo Ranger.
Christopher Glenn as Aurico, the Red Aquitian Ranger.
Jason David Frank as Tommy Oliver, the Zeo Ranger V Red and previously the Green Ranger, White Ranger, and the first Red Turbo Ranger.
 Selwyn Ward as T.J. Johnson, the second Red Turbo Ranger, and previously the Blue Space Ranger.
Christopher Khayman Lee as Andros, the Red Space Ranger.
Danny Slavin as Leo Corbett, the Red Galaxy Ranger.
Sean Cw Johnson as Carter Grayson, the Red Lightspeed Ranger.
Richard Steven Horvitz as the voice of Alpha 7
Vernon Wells as Ransik
Kate Sheldon as Nadira
Archie Kao as the voice of General Venjix
Walter Jones as the voice of Gerrok
Catherine Sutherland as the voice of Tezzla
Scott Page-Pagter as the voice of Steelon
David Walsh as the voice of Automon
David Lodge as the voice of Takach & Kired
Kim Strauss as the voice of Rofang

Episodes

Notes

References

External links

Wild Force
Television series by Saban Entertainment
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
2000s American science fiction television series
2002 American television series debuts
2002 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
English-language television shows
Television series about animals
Television series about orphans
Television series by Disney
Television shows filmed in Los Angeles
Television shows filmed in Santa Clarita, California
Television shows set in California
Television series about size change
American children's action television series
American children's adventure television series
American children's fantasy television series
Television series created by Haim Saban

Power Rangers Wild Force


Pale Rider er en amerikansk westernfilm fra 1985. Filmen er instrueret og produceret af Clint Eastwood, der også spiller hovedrolle. Titlen er en reference til De apokalyptiske ryttere, da rytteren på den blege hest er Døden.

Handling
En fredelig gruppe guldgravere tyranniseres af magtmennesket Coy LaHood (Richard Dysart), som ønsker fuld kontrol over hele området omkring byen LaHood. Den selvstændige gruppe er lige ved at give op, da en mystisk og fåmælt præst (Clint Eastwood) rider ind i byen. Den fåmælte præst tager kampen op mod LaHood, noget som giver guldgraverne et nyt håb. LaHood beskyttes af byens sherif, men sheriffen er samtidig bange for præsten, som han synes at kende fra fortiden.

Medvirkende
Clint Eastwood som Preacher
Michael Moriarty som Hull Barret
Carrie Snodgress som Sarah Wheeler
Richard Dysart som Coy LaHood
Chris Penn som Josh LaHood
Sydney Penny som Megan Wheeler
Richard Kiel som Club
Doug McGrath som Spider Conway
Jeffrey Weissman som Teddy Conway
John Russell som Marshal Stockburn
S. A. Griffin som Deputy Folke
Billy Drago som Deputy Mather
Charles Hallahan som McGill
Marvin J. McIntyre som Jagou
Fran Ryan som Ma Blankenship
Richard Hamilton som Pa Blankenship
Terrence Evans som Jake Henderson

Modtagelse
Pale Rider blev udgivet i USA i juni 1985, og blev den bedst indtjenende western fra 1980. Det var den første mainstream Hollywoodwestern der blev produceret den finansielle fiasko Heaven's Gate. Filmen modtog positive anmeldelser og har en score på 92% på filmhjemmesiden Rotten Tomatoes. Roger Ebert roste filmen og gav den fire ud af fire stjerner.

Filmen var en finansiel succes i Nordamerika, og indspillede for $41.410.568 i forhold til et budget på $6.900.000.

Filmen var med på Filmfestivalen i Cannes i 1985.

Referencer

Bibliografi

Eksterne Henvisninger

Westernfilm fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 1985
Film instrueret af Clint Eastwood

Pale Rider


Band In A Box er en kortfilm fra 1995 instrueret af Jens Mønsted efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En film lavet med metronom. Et musikstykke spilles af fem forskellige personer, fem forskellige steder i byen, klip og rytme bestemmes af en metronom.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1995

Band In A Box


Jari Simão de Oliveira Junior (Volta Redonda, 18 de maio de 1973) é um servidor público e político brasileiro filiado ao Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB). Após três mandatos como vereador de Volta Redonda, foi eleito deputado estadual do Rio de Janeiro em 2022.

Bacharel em Direito pelo Centro Universitário de Barra Mansa, Jari trabalhou nos setores público e privado, com passagens pelo DETRAN e pela Prefeitura de Volta Redonda, antes de entrar na política. Eleito vereador do município pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores em 2012, filiou-se ao PSB em 2015, e foi reeleito em 2016 e 2020. Na Câmara municipal, realizou um projeto de visitas a diversos bairros de Volta Redonda, e defendeu a participação da população nas sessões parlamentares.

Em 2018, concorreu a deputado estadual e obteve 19.974 votos, tornando-se o segundo suplente do PSB; e assumiu o mandato após Renan Ferreirinha e Rubens Bomtempo deixarem a ALERJ para ocuparem outros cargos. Nas eleições de 2022, Jari foi eleito deputado estadual com 27.288 votos.

Notas

Naturais de Volta Redonda
Membros do Partido dos Trabalhadores
Membros do Partido Socialista Brasileiro do Rio de Janeiro
Vereadores de Volta Redonda
Deputados estaduais do Rio de Janeiro

Jari Oliveira


NGC 6964 je eliptična galaktika u zviježđu Vodenjaku.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6964
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6964 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 6964  DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6950 - 6999

6964

NGC 6964


المعتضد بالله أبو عمرو عبَّاد بن محمد بن إسماعيل اللخمي (407 هـ/1016 - 461 هـ/1069م) ثاني ملوك بني عباد على إشبيلية في الأندلس خلال عصر ملوك الطوائف. خلف المعتضد أباه أبا القاسم بن عباد، ونجح في توسيع الإمارة غرباً لتضمَّ لبلة ولبة وجزيرة شلطيش، ثم خاض صراعاً مع طوائف البربر في الجنوب حتى ضمَّ قرمونة ومورور ورندة وأركش والجزيرة الخضراء، وأخيراً استولى على قرطبة. يوصف المعتضد بأنه كان حاكماً شهماً مهيباً قوياً صارماً، وإن كان مستبداً. فقد اعتقل الكثير من قادته وقتلهم، ويُروَى أنه قتل ابنه البكر إسماعيل بيديه حين تآمر عليه. وقد أراد توحيد الأندلس تحت حكمه، فدخل في العديد من الصراعات مع ملوك الطوائف الآخرين بالأندلس. تزوج المعتضد من ابنة مجاهد العامري صاحب دانية، وكانت له نحو سبعين جارية، وورث الحكم عنه ابنه محمد المعتمد على الله.

توليه الحكم
كان الغالب أن الذي سيرث حكم دولة بني عبَّاد عن أبي القاسم بن عباد هو ابنه إسماعيل، الذي خاض معظم حروب والده في سبيل توطيد أركان الدولة. إلا إنَّ إسماعيل قتل أثناء إحدى المعارك، فآل أمر حكم الدولة إلى أخيه عبَّاد، وكان حينئذ في السادسة والعشرين من عمره. لُقِّب عباد أولاً بلقب فخر الدولة حاجب الخليفة هشام المؤيد بالله، ثم تغيَّر لقبه فيما بعد إلى المعتضد بالله. وأصبح لاحقاً أقوى ملوك الطوائف على الإطلاق، فعُرِفَ بدهائه وشدته وقسوته، وكان أول ما فعله عقب تولّيه الحكم تصفية وزير والده حبيب،
 ثم أخذ باضطهاد قادة والده والتنكيل بهم، ومنهم زميلا والده في القضاء أبو عبد الله الزبيدي وأبو محمد عبد الله بن يريم. ورغم شهرته بالشجاعة والإقدام، وتشبيهه أحياناً بالخليفة العباسي أبي جعفر المنصور، لم يقد المعتضد جيشه بنفسه إلى الحرب سوى مرتين طوال حياته. عاش المعتضد في الحكم حياة بذخٍ وترف، فكان يبني القصور ويشيد الأبنية ويقتني الملابس الفاخرة، وكذلك حرص على تدريب جيشٍ قوي لحماية مملكته.

حوادث
يُروَى عنه أنه سلب رجلاً ضريراً ماله، فهاجر الرجل إلى مكة، وسمعَ المعتضد أنه يدعو عليه هناك، فأرسل من يدسُّ له السم ويقتله. ويُروَى كذلك أن أحد المؤذنين هرب منه إلى طليطلة، وأخذ يدعو عليه من على المنبر فيها، فأرسل من قتله وجاء له برأسه. وقد سكر مرة، فأخذ غلاماً له، وخرج وهو مخمورٌ إلى قرمونة، وكان يحكمها إسحاق البرزالي، وكان بينهما عداوة كبيرة، إلا إنَّه استأذن ودخلها وكان إسحاق هو الآخر مخموراً، وأقام المعتضد عنده. وفي المساء، تشاور وجهاء قرمونة وفكروا بقتله، إلا إنَّ رجلاً يدعى معاذ بن أبي قرة منعهم، فقال: «كلا. رجلٌ قصدنا، ونزل بنا مستأمناً، لا تتحدث عنا القبائل أنا قتلنا ضيفنا». وبعد ذلك استيقظ المعتضد، وعندما أمَّنوه استدعى غلامه وأوصى لكلِّ منهم بمالٍ وأحصنةٍ وعبيد، ثم دعاهم إلى إشبيلية، فغدر بهم وقتلهم جميعاً، إلا معاذ بن أبي قرة، إذ قال له «لم ترع، حَضِرَتْ آجالُهُم. ولولاك، لقتلوني. فإن أردتَ أن أقاسمك ملكي، فعلت»، إلا إنَّه اكتفى بالإقامة عند المعتضد، فجعله المعتضد أحد أكبر قادته ورجال دولته. كان لدى المعتضد لوح من الخشب في قصره يُعلِّق عليه رؤوس قادته ورجاله المُعدَمين، ويقال أن غلاماً دخل عليه مرة دون استئذانٍ فأمر بإعدامه، وأنه سمع جارية تقول: ، فأمر بدفنها حية. وسُئِل وزيره ابن زيدون عن كيفية نجاته من فتك المعتضد طوال حياته، فقال: ، وقال عنه بعد موته:

وممَّا يحكى من دهاء المعتضد، أنه أرسل جاسوساً إلى قرمونة ليوافيه بأخبارها، ثم أراد أن يرسل إليه رسالة، فجاء برجلٍ يُعرَف بالبله من أهل إشبيلية وأعطاه ثوباً خيطت به الرسالة، وأمره بالذهاب إلى قرمونة، وجمع بعض الحطب من ضواحيها، فإن وصل إلى سوق الحطابين بها لا يرضى ببيعه إلا لمن يعرض عليه خمسة دراهم. وعندما فعل الرجل ووصل إلى قرمونة، طلب خمسة دراهم لقاء الحطب، صار كل من في السوق يسخرون منه، حتى جاء جاسوس المعتضد فعرض عليه خمسة دراهم فرضي، وأخذه إلى منزله. وبينما كان الرجل نائماً أخذ الجاسوس ثوبه، ففتقه وأخذ الرسالة وقرأها، ثم كتب إجابة عليها وخاطها من جديدٍ ووضعها في ثوب الرجل، فعاد هذا إلى المعتضد بإشبيلية وسلَّمه الثوب، دون أن يعلم شيئاً ممَّا حصل.

صراعه مع إمارات البربر
تابع عبَّاد المعتضد حرب والده أبي القاسم ضد طوائف البربر، واتخذ موقفاً موالياً للعرب في حروبه، وكان من أسباب ذلك أن منجّميه تنبؤوا بأن حكم عائلته سينتهي على أيدي رجالٍ من خارج الأندلس، وكان ذلك يجعله يتخوَّف من البربر. تمكَّن عقب كمينٍ في عام 434 هـ من القضاء على حاكم قرمونة محمد بن عبد الله البرزالي، فخلفه ابنه إسحاق، واستمرَّ صراعه مع المعتضد. وكذلك خاض الحرب مع ابن طيفور عام 436 هـ، فسلب منه مدينة مارتلة، ثم هاجم أبي نصر الفتح بن يحيى اليحصبي صاحب لبلة، إلا إنَّ الأخير استنجد بالمظفر بن الأفطس أمير بطليوس، فأنجده بجيشٍ قوي وتمكَّن من التغلُّب على المعتضد وإبعاده عن لبلة. وأخذ ابن الأفطس بعد ذلك بتشكيل حلفٍ بربري من ملوك الطوائف لمقاومة توسع المعتضد، فتحالف مع باديس بن حبوس صاحب غرناطة ومحمد بن إدريس المهدي بالله صاحب مالقة ومحمد بن القاسم المهدي بالله صاحب الجزيرة الخضراء، فيما وقف أبو الوليد بن جهور حاكم قرطبة موقف المتخوّف من هذا الصراع، فحاول التوفيق بينهم وبين المعتضد وتحذيرهم من العواقب، إلا إنَّ كلا الطرفين تجاهلا تحذيراته.

بدأ ابن الأفطس وحلفاؤه بحشد جيوشهم، إلا إنَّ المعتضد باغتهم بمهاجمة ريف بطليوس في الوقت الذي كان ابن الأفطس بعيداً فيه عنها، وزحف نحو لبلة وهاجم أعداءه قربها، لكن ابن الأفطس تمكَّن من تنظيم صفوفه فشن هجوماً مضاداً على المعتضد ومنّاه بهزيمة كبيرة في عام 439 هـ (1047م) ودفعه للتراجع من المنطقة، ثم تقدم ابن الأفطس مع حلفائه فبلغ ضواحي إشبيلية وأخذ بتخريبها وتدميرها. رغم ذلك، تمكن المعتضد في النهاية من استمالة صاحب لبلة (ربما لكونه عربياً)، فانقلب على ابن الأفطس وتحالف مع المعتضد. وعندما رأى ابن الأفطس ذلك أرسل فرسانه إلى لبلة لمهاجمتها، فاستنجد الفتح بن يحيى بالمعتضد، وبادر هذا إلى إرسال ابنه إسماعيل على رأس جيشٍ للدفاع عنها، ثم توجَّه جيشه لمهاجمة يابرة التابعة لبني الأفطس. غضب ابن الأفطس وإسحاق البرزالي صاحب قرمونة ممَّا حصل، فحشدا جيشاً وتوجَّها للقاء المعتضد، والتقيا معه، فهُزِما هزيمة ساحقة، وخسرا 3,000 قتيل، منهم إسحاق نفسه. تراجع المظفر بن الأفطس بعد الهزيمة إلى بطليوس، فتحصَّن فيها وانتظر المعتضد، إلا إنَّ ابن جهور أمير قرطبة تمكَّن من التوصل إلى صلحٍ بين المعتضد والمظفر في عام 443 هـ، انتهت الحرب على إثره.

لم يوقف المعتضد توسُّعاته، فعاد لمهاجمة حليفه الفتح بن يحيى في لبلة، وانتزعها منه بعد أن دَّمرها وقتل جندها وسبى الكثيرمن أهلها، وكان ذلك في عام 445 هـ (1053م)، ثم انتزع طائفة ولبة وجزيرة شلطيش من عبد العزيز البكري بعد أن باعه هذا الأخير سفنه وأملاكه لقاء عشرة آلاف مثقالٍ من الذهب، وهرب كلا هذين الأميرين بعد ضياع ملكهما إلى قرطبة. ثم حوّل انتباهه إلى مدينة شلب الواقعة تحت حكم بني مزين. فضرب جيش إشبيلية - بالقيادة الشكلية للمعتمد بن عبَّاد حاكم إشبيلية اللاحق - حصاراً على شلب، وشهدت المدينة مقاومة عنيفة، إلا أنَّها سقطت في نهاية الأمر، وأُسِرَ حاكمها، وعيَّن المعتضد ابنه محمد المعتمد والياً عليها بعد ذلك. عقب سقوط شلب، توجَّه جيش المعتضد صوب شنتمرية الغرب، فأخذها من صاحبها محمد بن سعيد بن هارون عام 443 هـ، وضمَّها مع شلب في ناحية واحدة تحت حكم المعتمد. ثم أرسل جيشاً للاستيلاء على رُندة، وهي مدينة حصينة تقع على جبل مرتفع، إلا إنَّها سقطت إثر ثورةٍ من داخلها قادها عرب المدينة ضد حكامها البربر، فقُتِل حاكمها أبي نصر اليفرني، وسقطت بيد المعتضد، فسرَّ بذلك حتى كتب عن سقوطها شعراً قال فيه:

استمرَّت حملة المعتضد، فاستولى على أركش وشذونة في أواخر عام 458 هـ (1066م)، وفي نفس العام انتزع مورور من عماد الدولة مناد بن محمد بن نوح الدُمري الذي آواه في إشبيلية بعد إسقاط مملكته، واستولى كذلك على شريش. وقد أثارت أنباء هذه الهزائم للبربر غضب باديس بن حبوس صاحب غرناطة، خصوصاً بعد أن توافد النازحون البربر من هذه المدن إلى غرناطة عقب سقوطها بيد المعتضد، والذين رفض المعتضد عودتهم إلى مدنهم، بينما رفض باديس استقرارهم بغرناطة. خرج باديس إثر ذلك على رأس جيشه وتوجَّه إلى إشبيلية، وخاض عدة معارك مع المعتضد، رغم أن المصادر التاريخية لا تذكر الكثير عن تفاصيلها. في عام 459 هـ (1067م)، بسط المعتضد سيطرته على قرمونة، بعد أن تغلَّب على حاكمها العزيز بن محمد البرزالي، ثم وفي عام 450 هـ، استولى على الجزيرة الخضراء من الواثق بن حمود، لتنتهي بذلك دولة بني حمود في الأندلس.

أرسل المعتضد في عام 458 هـ (1066م) ابنيه المعتمد وجابر على رأس جيشٍ لفتح مالقة من بني زيري، فحاصراها، إلا إنَّ المدينة قاومت مقاومة شديدة، وبحسب إحدى الروايات فقد سقطت في أيدي المعتمد وأخيه لفترةٍ قصيرة، لكن سرعان ما جاءها بعد ذلك باديس بن حبوس بقوَّة للنجدة وخاض مع بني عبَّاد معركة شديدة، فقتل وأسر الكثير منهم، وفرَّ المعتمد وجابر مع ما بقي من جيشهما إلى رندة. وقد غضب المعتضد كثيراً من ابنيه لهزيمتهما، فكتب إليه المعتمد من رندة أطول قصائده على الإطلاق ليستعطف والده، وفاتحتها:

كان المعتضد خائفاً كرباً في أيامه الأخيرة، حيث خشي على عرشه من الضياع. فبعد أن قضى على طوائف البربر (الذي اعتقد أنهم مصدر نبوءة منجّميه التي تقول أن عرشه سيسقط على يد رجالٍ من خارج الأندلس) سمع بأخبار ظهور دولةٍ جديدةٍ في المغرب من الملثمين، وعندما سمع أحد معاونيه بذلك حاول طمأنته بأنَّ الملثمين بعيدون عن الأندلس، فقال له المتضد: . إضافةً إلى ذلك، هددت مملكة قشتالة دولة المعتضد في أيامه الأخيرة، فقامت بغزو بلاده في عام 455 هـ (1063م)، إلا إنَّ المعتضد اتجه إلى عقد الصلح معه مقابل جزية يدفعها له.

تخوَّف المأمون بن ذي النون حاكم طليطلة من توسُّع مملكة المعتضد، فحاول عقد حلفٍ مع صهره عبد الملك بن عبد العزيز المظفر صاحب بلنسية، إلا إنَّه رفض، فتحالف مع ملك قشتالة فرديناند الأول، واستوليا معاً على بلنسية في عام 457 هـ (1065م). إلا إنَّ وفاة فرديناند تسبَّبت بإيقاف خطة المأمون في الهجوم على بني عباد، وقد استمرَّ الصراع بين أولاده على حكم المملكة حتى وفاة المعتضد.

تمرد ابنه إسماعيل
في عام 449 هـ أو 450 هـ، أمر المعتضد ابنه إسماعيل بالتوجه إلى مدينة الزهراء (التابعة لقرطبة) والاستيلاء عليها، إلا إنَّ إسماعيل تخوف لصغر حجم الجيش وقوة تحصينات المدينة، وتذمر لأن والده كان يحمّله دائماً مسؤوليات كبيرة يواجه صعوبة بتحقيقها، وكان في إشبيلية آنذاك رجل يدعى أبا عبد الله البِزِلياني، أراد حيازة منصبٍ في الدولة، فاستغل الخلاف بين إسماعيل والمعتضد ليحرِّض إسماعيل على الثورة على أبيه، والاستقلال بإحدى مدنه. واقتنع إسماعيل، فقاد الجيش، ثم بعد مسيرة يومين من إشبيلية توقَّف وقال أن والده استدعاه لأمرٍ طارئ، وأخذ معه البزلياني و30 فارساً توجه صوب المدينة، وكان والده المعتضد آنذاك قد خرج إلى حصن الزاهر على الضفة الأخرى من نهر الوادي الكبير، فاستولى على قلعة إشبيلية، وأغرق زوارق النهر لكي لا يُبلِغ أحد أباه بالأخبار، ثم سارع بالتوجه جنوباً إلى الجزيرة الخضراء. إلا إنَّ أحد فرسانه رفض الأمر، فسبح بالنهر ووصل إلى المعتضد، وأبلغه بما حصل، ووجه المعتضد على الفور الأوامر إلى كل قادة الحصون بعدم السماح لإسماعيل بالدخول، فوجد هذا جميع الحصون مغلقةً في وجهه. عندما آلت الحال إلى هذا، لجأ إسماعيل إلى حماية حسداي قائد أحد حصون شذونة، فوافق على استضافته، ثم راسل والده من هناك وسأله العفو وأظهر ندمه، وطلب العودة إلى طاعته، ووافق المعتضد على اعتذار ابنه. لكن إسماعيل توقع أن والده سيحاول الانتقام من فعلته عندما يعود إلى إشبيلية، فجمع بعض حرسه وحاول التسلل إلى القصر لقتل والده ليلاً، إلا إنَّ المعتضد توقع ذلك أيضاً، فجاء بفرقةٍ من حرسه وخرج، وعثر على إسماعيل، وعندما رآه يحاول التسلل اشتدَّ به الغضب، فأمر بأسر ابنه وقتله. ورغم ذلك، فقد ندم المعتضد كثيراً على فعلته فيما بعد، وحزن على مقتل إسماعيل.

وفاته
أصيب المعتضد بذبحة صدرية في آخر أيامه، حيث شكا في أحد الأيام من ألمٍ في رأسه، أصابه بعده نزيف، وأراد الطبيب فصده، إلا إنَّ المعتضد رفض، وطلب الانتظار إلى الغد. إلا إنَّ النزيف ازداد حدة، فتوفي أبو عمرو عبَّاد المعتضد في 12 من شهر ذي الحجة عام 461 هـ، الموافق 22 من سبتمبر عام 1069م. وترك وراءه مملكة قوية، خلفه في حكمها ابنه محمد المعتمد على الله.

انظر أيضًا
 إدريس بن اليمان

المراجع

كتب

معتضد
ملوك الطوائف
مواليد 1016
مواليد 407 هـ
مواليد في إشبيلية
وفيات 1069
وفيات 461 هـ
وفيات في إشبيلية
ملوك عرب

المعتضد بن عباد