The University of Chicago Law School is the law school of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It employs more than 180 full-time and part-time faculty and hosts more than 600 students in its Juris Doctor program, while also offering the Master of Laws, Master of Studies in Law and Doctor of Juridical Science degrees in law. The law school has the third highest percentage of recent graduates clerking for federal judges after Stanford Law School and Yale Law School.

The law school's chief publication is the University of Chicago Law Review, which is among the top five most cited law reviews in the world. Students edit three other independent law journals, with another three journals overseen by faculty. The law school was originally housed in Stuart Hall, a Gothic-style limestone building on the campus's main quadrangles. Since 1959, it has been housed in an Eero Saarinen-designed building across the Midway Plaisance from the main campus of the University of Chicago. The building was expanded in 1987 and again in 1998. It was renovated in 2008, preserving most of Saarinen's original structure.

Longstanding members of the law school faculty have included Cass Sunstein and Richard Epstein, two of the three most-cited legal scholars of the early 21st century, 44th U.S. President Barack Obama and U.S. Supreme Court justices Antonin Scalia, John Paul Stevens and Elena Kagan.

History

Establishment of a new law school in Chicago

When the University of Chicago was founded in 1892, its president William Rainey Harper expressed a desire to establish a law school for the university that would improve democratic government. At the time, Harper observed that, "[t]hus far democracy seems to have found no way of making sure that the strongest men should be placed in control of the country's business." Harper took advice from a number of his contemporaries. One such adviser, a professor at the University of Cambridge, suggested that the object of the new law school should be to train students to become "leaders of the bar and ornaments of the bench, inspiring teachers, scientific writers and wise reformers" and emphasising public law and comparative law. Another adviser, a member of the Chicago bar, suggested that Harvard Law School, led by Christopher Columbus Langdell and influenced by the casebook method at the time, had "lost touch with great leaders among jurists and lawyers" and that the new law school in Chicago should focus on "social economics" or "principles of statesmanship" for lawyers. Noted legal scholar Ernst Freund suggested that the law school promote an interdisciplinary approach to legal education, offering elective courses in subjects such as history and political science. Ultimately, Harper settled with the view that the study of law should not occur in a vacuum, and that it should take into account "the whole field of man as a social being".

In 1901, Harper announced that the new law school would be established the following year. He requested assistance from the faculty of Harvard Law School, whose dean at the time, James Barr Ames, granted professor Joseph Henry Beale a two-year leave of absence to serve as the first dean of the law school in Chicago. He did so on the condition that Chicago "have ideals and methods similar to [those of] the Harvard Law School". However, Ames objected to the proposed curriculum, which contemplated close affiliation with social science departments in the university and subjects that were not found in a traditional first-year law curriculum. He insisted that the faculty comprise "solely of persons who teach law in the strict sense of the word" and using the casebook method. Harper agreed to these terms, and together with Beale assembled the faculty and designed the curriculum. Harper departed from the understanding he had reached with Ames and hired Freund to teach property law, and the law school's curriculum was influenced by Freund's interdisciplinary approach. The founding faculty members were Blewett Harrison Lee and Julian Mack, who had both taught at the law school of Northwestern University; James Parker Hall, who had taught at Stanford Law School and turned down an offer to teach at Harvard Law School; Clarke Butler Whittier, who had also taught at Stanford; Harry A. Bigelow, a notable scholar at Boston University who recognized limitations in the casebook method; and Freund.

Founding and early period

On October 1, 1902, the law school opened for classes in the University Press Building (currently the Bookstore Building). John D. Rockefeller paid the $250,000 construction cost, and President Theodore Roosevelt laid its cornerstone. At the time of its opening, the law school consisted of 78 students (76 men and two women). It offered courses in contract law, torts, criminal law, property law, agency, and pleading, with electives in administrative law, corporations law, federal jurisdiction, Roman law, international law, and legal ethics. The law school invented the J.D. degree, and was just one of five law schools in the U.S. that required a college degree from its applicants as a prerequisite to admission. Its library, which was established in short order, housed some 18,000 volumes of law reports. In 1903, a year after the law school opened, enrolment at the law school grew rapidly as its student body increased to 126. Floyd R. Mechem, a professor at the University of Michigan Law School and pioneer in empirical legal studies at the time, joined the faculty and remained at the law school for 25 years until his death in 1928.

The law school prospered in its early years and fostered relationships with scholars in other fields, including economics, political science, psychology, and history. It also developed ties with members of the Chicago bar, who served as part-time faculty members and taught legal procedure and other practical courses. The law school's academic standards were recognized as at least equal to those of Harvard. In 1904, the law school moved to Stuart Hall on the main university campus. In the same year, Sophonisba Breckinridge became the first woman to graduate from the law school––a feat that had not yet been achieved at Yale Law School, Columbia Law School or Harvard.  In her autobiography, Breckinridge noted that "the fact that the law school, like the rest of the University ... accepted men and women students on equal terms was publicly settled". The law school also established its first alumni association in this period.

The law school faced considerable change in the years leading up to World War I and shortly thereafter. Beale returned to Harvard after his two-year leave of absence. In 1909, the eminent jurist Roscoe Pound taught at the law school for a year. The law school established a chapter of the Order of the Coif in 1911 and the Edward W. Hinton Moot Court program in 1914. During World War I, enrollment declined: in Spring 1917, 241 students were enrolled; this number dropped to 46 by Fall 1918. In 1920, Earl B. Dickerson became the first African-American to graduate from the law school. The law school's Black Law Students Association is named in his honor. Following the war, in 1926, enrollment reached 500 students for the first time. In 1927, the law school began to offer its first seminars. Its longest-serving dean, James Parker Hall, who played a significant role in recruiting numerous distinguished faculty members to the law school, died in office in 1928.

Growth in interdisciplinary approach and the leadership of Edward Levi

In the 1930s, new dean Harry A. Bigelow built on the interdisciplinary foundations laid by Freund and introduced classes in accounting, economics, and psychology. The law school's curriculum was shaped by the emerging influence of the law and economics movement. Aaron Director and Henry Simons began offering economics courses in 1933. Faculty member Edward Levi also introduced economics in the antitrust course, permitting Director to teach one of every five classroom sessions.  The first volume of the University of Chicago Law Review was also published in 1933. The law school established a legal writing program in 1938 and the Law and Economics Program in 1939. The LL.M. program was established in 1942, while Harry A. Bigelow Teaching Fellowships were established in 1947. As was the case during World War I, enrolment at the law school, like at many of the other top law schools in the country, declined and its academic calendar was adjusted to meet military needs.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the law school experienced a period of profound growth and expansion under the leadership of Edward Levi, who was appointed Dean in 1950. In 1951, Karl Llewellyn and Soia Mentschikoff joined the law school, the latter being the first woman on the faculty. Other notable scholars, widely regarded as institutional figures and leading thinkers in their respective areas, were Walter J. Blum and Bernard D. Meltzer, who studied and taught at the law school for their entire academic careers. Between 1953 and 1955, Supreme Court justice John Paul Stevens taught antitrust at the law school. In 1958, Director founded the Journal of Law and Economics. In 1959, the law school moved to its current building on 60th Street, designed by Eero Saarinen. In 1960, constitutional law scholar Philip Kurland founded the Supreme Court Review. Levi later served as the Provost (1962–1968) and the President (1968–1975) of the University of Chicago, before becoming the United States Attorney General under President Gerald Ford. During his time at the law school, Levi also supported the Committee on Social Thought graduate program.

Late 20th century

By the 1970s and 1980s, the law and economics movement had attracted a series of scholars with strong connections to the social sciences, such as Nobel laureates Ronald Coase and Gary Becker and scholars Richard A. Posner and William M. Landes. In 1972, Posner founded the Journal of Legal Studies. The law school also established joint degree programs with the Committee on Public Policy Studies and the Department of Economics, complementing Max Rheinstein's Foreign Law Program, which was established in the 1950s with a bequest from the Ford Foundation. The Legal History Program was established in 1981. In 1982, the Federalist Society was established by a group of students at the law school, together with students from Harvard Law School and Yale Law School. In 1989, the D'Angelo Law Library exceeded 500,000 volumes.

In the same period, many scholars who would later become leaders in their field joined the law school faculty at an early stage in their careers. Richard A. Epstein, identified in a Legal Affairs poll as one of the most influential legal thinkers of modern times, joined the faculty in 1973 and continues to serve as emeritus professor and senior lecturer. Geoffrey R. Stone, a leading First Amendment scholar and alumnus and former dean of the law school, joined the faculty in the same year. Douglas G. Baird, a luminary in bankruptcy law, has been on the faculty since 1980 and served as dean between 1994 and 1999. Cass Sunstein, regarded as "the most cited legal scholar in the United States and probably the world", began his teaching career at the law school in 1981 and served as a faculty member for 27 years. Former U.S. Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia served as a professor between 1977 and 1982. His future colleague on the Supreme Court, Elena Kagan, began her career at the law school too, as did noted legal scholars Lawrence Lessig and Adrian Vermeule. The 44th President of the U.S. Barack Obama taught at the law school between 1992 and 2004 in the areas of constitutional law, racism and the law, and voting rights before he was elected to the U.S. Senate.

Academics
The law school currently employs more than 200 full-time and part-time faculty members and enrolls approximately 600 students in its Juris Doctor (J.D.) program. It also offers advanced legal degrees such as the Master of Laws (LL.M.) (or alternatively the M.C.L.), the Master of Legal Studies (M.L.S.) and the Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.S.D.). The J.D. degree may be combined with a Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) or Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) with the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, a Master of Arts (A.M.) in international relations, a Master of Public Policy (M.P.P.) with the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, or a Master of Divinity (M.Div.) with the University of Chicago Divinity School.

The law school's professors use the Socratic Method to facilitate learning in lectures and seminars. This method includes calling on students without prior notice, presenting hypotheticals, and continuously questioning them to test their knowledge and application of the material and to flesh out underlying assumptions in their responses. It is one of the few law schools in the United States that employs this mode of teaching, which is assisted by its low student-to-professor ratio.

Clinics
The law school offers seven legal clinics, in which students earn course credit while practicing law under the direction of the clinic's independent faculty:
 Edwin F. Mandel Legal Aid Clinic, including:
Abrams Environmental Law Clinic
Civil Rights and Police Accountability Project
Criminal and Juvenile Justice Project Clinic
Employment Law Clinic
Federal Criminal Justice Clinic
Housing Initiative Transactional Clinic
Immigrants' Rights Clinic
Global Human Rights Clinic
 Exoneration Project Clinic
 Innovation Clinic
 Institute for Justice Clinic on Entrepreneurship
 Jenner & Block Supreme Court and Appellate Clinic
 Kirkland & Ellis Corporate Lab Clinic

Research centers
The law school has six research centers and projects. Each center hosts events, activities, and guest speakers throughout the academic year. They are as follows:
 Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics
 Coase-Sandor Institute for Law and Economics
 Constitutional Law Institute
 Center for Comparative Constitutionalism
 Center for Law, Philosophy, and Human Values
 Center on Law and Finance

Policy initiatives
The law school has five current and past policy initiatives:
Animal Law Policy Initiative (2004–2007)
Court Reform in the Juvenile Justice System
Federal Tax Conference
Foster Care to Adulthood (2005–2008)
International Best Standards for Guest Worker Programs (2015–2017)
Kanter Project on Mass Incarceration (2013)

Programs
Legal History Program
The John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics
International and Comparative Law
Law and Philosophy

D'Angelo Law Library

The D'Angelo Law Library is part of the greater University of Chicago library system. Renovated in 2006, it features a second-story reading room. The Law Library is open 90 hours per week and employs 11 full-time librarians and 11 additional managers and staff members. It has study space for approximately 500 people, a wireless network and 26 networked computers. It contains over 700,000 volumes of books, with approximately 6,000 added each year, including materials in over 25 languages, and primary law from foreign countries and international organizations.

Admissions and cost
Admission to the J.D. program is highly competitive: in 2021, the law school enrolled 175 students from an applicant pool of 6,514. Overall, the acceptance rate was 11.91%  For the entering class of 2024, the 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles were 169 and 175, respectively, with a median of 172. The 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.82 and 3.98, respectively, with a median of 3.91.

Admission into the LL.M. program is also competitive: in 2020, the law school reported that it had received approximately 1,000 applications for 80 positions.

The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees and living expenses) at the law school for the 2017–18 academic year was $93,414.

Grading
The law school employs a grading system that places students on a scale of 155–186. The scale was 55–86 prior to 2003, but since then the law school has used a prefix of "1" to eliminate confusion with the traditional 100 point grading scale. For classes of more than 10 students, professors are required to set the median grade at 177, with the number of grades above 180 approximately equaling the number of grades below a 173.

In an article published in The New York Times in 2010, business writer Catherine Rampell criticized other schools' problems with grade inflation, but commended Chicago's system, saying that Chicago "has managed to maintain the integrity of its grades."

Students graduate "with honors" by attaining a final average of 179, "with high honors" upon attaining a final average of 180.5, and "with highest honors" upon attaining a final average of 182. The last of these achievements is rare; typically only one student every few years will attain the requisite 182 average. Additionally, the law school awards two honors at graduation that are based on class rank. Of the students who earned at the law school at least 79 of the 105 credits required to graduate, the top 10% are elected to the Order of the Coif. Students finishing their first or second years in the top 5% of their class, or graduating in the top 10%, are honored as "Kirkland and Ellis Scholars."

Employment

Outcomes and career prospects
In 2018, the law school was ranked first in the U.S. for overall employment outcomes by the National Law Journal and second in the U.S. for best career prospects by Forbes. According to the law school's official 2020 ABA-required disclosures, 98.5% of the Class of 2019 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment within ten months of graduation. The median salary for its graduates in the Class of 2019 was $190,000, and 75% of graduates earned starting salaries of $190,000 or greater upon graduation. For the same cohort, 50.2% of graduates secured positions at law firms with more than 500 lawyers. The law school is ranked first in the U.S. by the National Law Journal for placing the highest percentage of recent graduates in law firms of 100 or more lawyers. It also had the highest first-time Bar pass rate (98.9%) of all law schools in the United States.

Judicial clerkships

A recent study reported that the law school has the third-highest gross and third-highest per capita placement of alumni in Supreme Court of the United States clerkships among all law schools since 1882. Between 1992 and 2017, it placed 88 alumni in Supreme Court of the United States clerkships. During the 2021-2022 Term alone, nine different Chicago alumni clerked for nine different justices on the Supreme Court of the United States. In the Class of 2019, 27.6% of its graduates secured clerkships (with 87.3% of those graduates in federal clerkships).

Rankings

The law school is included in the T14, a classification of consistently high ranking U.S. law schools. Recent rankings include:
 Third of all law schools in the world (third in the U.S.) by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2020
 Fourth in the world (second in the U.S.) by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings in 2021
 First in the U.S. by Above the Law in 2021 and second by Business Insider
 Third in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report in 2022 and 2023
 Second in the U.S. in terms of scholarly impact in a 2021 study by Gregory Sisk et al. in 2021
 Second in the U.S. for best career prospects by Forbes in 2017
 Third in the U.S. for highest-earning graduates by Forbes in 2021
 First in the U.S. for best professors and best for federal clerkships by the Princeton Review in 2023
 Third in the U.S. for best classroom experience by the Princeton Review in 2023

Publications and organizations

Journals
The law school produces seven professional journals. Four of those journals are student-run: the University of Chicago Law Review, the Chicago Journal of International Law, the University of Chicago Legal Forum, and the University of Chicago Business Law Review. The University of Chicago Law Review is among the top five most cited law reviews in the world. The other three are overseen by faculty: the Supreme Court Review, the Journal of Law and Economics and the Journal of Legal Studies.

Academic paper series
The law school produces several series of academic papers, including the Kreisman Working Papers Series in Housing Law and Policy, the Coase-Sandor Working Paper Series in Law and Economics, the Fulton Lectures, and the Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers, in addition to a series of occasional papers.

Organizations
There are approximately 60 student-run organizations at the law school which fall under the umbrella of the Law Students Association. It is home to one of the three founding chapters of the Federalist Society. As a professor, former Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia helped to organize the Chicago chapter of the society. Chicago is also home to a large chapter of the progressive American Constitution Society for Law and Policy.

Architecture

The law school was originally housed in Stuart Hall, a Gothic-style limestone building on the campus's main quadrangles. Needing more library and student space, the law school moved across the Midway Plaisance to its current, Eero Saarinen-designed building (next to what was then the headquarters of the American Bar Association) in October 1959. The building contains classrooms, the D'Angelo Law Library, faculty offices, and an auditorium and courtroom, arranged in a quadrangle around a fountain (mimicking the college Gothic architecture of the campus's main quadrangles). The year saw a number of celebrations of the law school's new home, including a filming of The Today Show and appearances by Chief Justice Earl Warren, Governor (and later Vice President) Nelson Rockefeller and Secretary-General of the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld.

In 1987, and over the objections of the Saarinen family, the building was expanded to add office and library space (and the library renamed in honor of alumnus Dino D'Angelo). In 1998, a dedicated space for the law school's clinics, the Arthur Kane Center for Clinical Legal Education, as well as numerous additional classrooms, were constructed. Renovation of the library, classrooms, offices, and fountain was completed in 2008, notable for the preservation of most of Saarinen's structure at a time when many modernist buildings faced demolition.

Deans

Joseph Henry Beale (1902–1904)
James Parker Hall (1904–1928)
 Harry A. Bigelow (1929–1939)
 Wilber G. Katz (1939–1950)
Edward H. Levi (1950–1962)
 Phil C. Neal (1963–1975)
Norval Morris (1975–1979)
Gerhard Casper (1979–1987)
Geoffrey R. Stone (1987–1993)
Douglas Baird (1994–1999)
Daniel Fischel (1999–2001)
Saul Levmore (2001–2009)
Michael H. Schill (2010–2015)
Thomas J. Miles (2015–present)

Notable faculty
The law school's faculty has included the 44th U.S. President Barack Obama, Supreme Court justices Antonin Scalia, John Paul Stevens and Elena Kagan, leaders of the legal realism movement Karl Llewellyn and Herman Oliphant, tax law doyen Walter J. Blum, leading constitutional law scholars Harry Kalven and Michael W. McConnell, founder of the law and literature movement James Boyd White, and one of the most widely-cited legal scholars in the world, Cass Sunstein. Its current faculty includes Kyoto Prize winner Martha Nussbaum, distinguished legal philosopher Brian Leiter, First Amendment scholar Geoffrey R. Stone, federal appellate judges Frank H. Easterbrook and Diane P. Wood, bankruptcy expert Douglas Baird, prominent legal historian Richard H. Helmholz, and among the most widely-cited legal scholars of the 20th and 21st centuries Richard A. Posner, Richard A. Epstein and Eric Posner.

Current

 Daniel Abebe: constitutional law and international law scholar
 Albert Alschuler: scholar on criminal law and criminal procedure
 Douglas Baird: scholar on bankruptcy law and contracts
 William Baude: scholar on constitutional law and interpretation
 Omri Ben-Shahar: contracts and consumer protection scholar
 Lisa Bernstein: contracts and commercial law scholar
 Curtis Bradley: international law and foreign relations scholar
 Emily Buss: scholar on children and parents' rights
 Anthony J. Casey (alumnus): scholar on business law, finance, and bankruptcy
 Kenneth W. Dam (emeritus, alumnus): scholar on law and economics and international law
 Dhammika Dharmapala: economist and tax scholar
 Frank H. Easterbrook (alumnus): United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and leading antitrust scholar
 Richard A. Epstein (emeritus): scholar on classical liberalism, libertarianism, torts, Roman Law, contract and law and economics
 Daniel Fischel (emeritus, alumnus): law and economics scholar, and chairman and president of Compass Lexecon
 Tom Ginsburg: scholar on international and comparative law
 Richard H. Helmholz: legal historian and expert on European legal history
 M. Todd Henderson (alumnus): scholar on corporations law and securities regulation
 William H. J. Hubbard (alumnus): civil procedure and law and economics scholar
 Aziz Huq: scholar on constitutional law, federal courts, and criminal procedure
 Dennis J. Hutchinson (alumnus): constitutional law scholar and former editor of the Supreme Court Review
 Alison LaCroix: legal historian and constitutional law scholar
 William Landes: economist and law and economics scholar
 Brian Leiter: legal philosopher and scholar on Nietzsche
 Saul Levmore: former Dean of the law school and scholar on commercial law and public choice
 Jonathan Masur: behavioral law and economics, patent law, and administrative law scholar
 Thomas J. Miles:  law and economics scholar
 Jennifer Nou: scholar on administrative law and regulatory policy
 Martha Nussbaum: influential philosopher and expert on ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy, feminism, and ethics
 Randal C. Picker (alumnus): scholar on antitrust and intellectual property law
 Eric Posner: scholar on international law and contract law, and one of the most cited law professors in the U.S.
 Richard A. Posner: former federal appellate judge and the most cited legal scholar of the 20th century.
 John Rappaport: criminal procedure and criminal law scholar
 Gerald N. Rosenberg: leading scholar on political science and law, and author of The Hollow Hope (1991)
 Andrew M. Rosenfield (alumnus): economist, CEO and managing partner of TGG Group, and managing partner of Guggenheim Partners
 Geoffrey R. Stone (alumnus): leading scholar on constitutional law and the First Amendment
 Lior Strahilevitz: property law and privacy law scholar
 David A. Strauss: constitutional law scholar
 Diane P. Wood: Chief United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

Former

 Mortimer J. Adler
 Amabel Anderson Arnold
 Paul M. Bator
 Stephanos Bibas
 Harry A. Bigelow
 Walter J. Blum (alumnus)
 Lea Brilmayer
 Gerhard Casper
 Ronald Coase, winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
 Morris Raphael Cohen
 Brainerd Currie
 David P. Currie
 Kenneth Culp Davis
 Aaron Director
 Justin Driver
 Ulrich Drobnig
 Owen M. Fiss
 Ernst Freund
 Elizabeth Garrett
 Grant Gilmore
 Douglas Ginsburg (alumnus)
 Jack Goldsmith
 Philip Hamburger
 Bernard Harcourt
 Geoffrey C. Hazard Jr.
 Edward W. Hinton (after whom the Hinton Moot Court Competition is named)
 James F. Holderman
 Elena Kagan, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
 Dan Kahan
 Harry Kalven (alumnus)
 Stanley Nider Katz
 Nicholas Katzenbach, former Attorney General of the United States
 Friedrich Kessler
 Spencer L. Kimball
 Larry Kramer (alumnus)
 Anthony Kronman
 Philip Kurland
 John H. Langbein
 Douglas Laycock (alumnus)
 Lawrence Lessig
 Karl Llewellyn
 Edward Levi, former Attorney General of the United States (alumnus)
 Jonathan R. Macey
 Julian Mack
 Michael W. McConnell (alumnus)
 Tracey Meares (alumnus)
 Bernard D. Meltzer (alumnus)
 Soia Mentschikoff
 Abner Mikva (alumnus)
 William R. Ming (alumnus)
 Norval Morris
 Edward R. Morrison (alumnus)
 Dallin H. Oaks (alumnus)
 Barack Obama (1992 to 2004), former President of the United States
 Herman Oliphant (alumnus)
 Douglas H. Parker
 Eduardo Peñalver
 Roscoe Pound
 George L. Priest (alumnus)
 John Mark Ramseyer
 Max Rheinstein
 Antonin Scalia, former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
 Michael H. Schill
 Stephen Schulhofer
 Richard Scott, Baron Scott of Foscote, former Lord of Appeal
 Henry Simons
 A. W. B. Simpson
 Anne-Marie Slaughter
 John Paul Stevens, former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
 Cass Sunstein
 Jacobus tenBroek
 Adrian Vermeule
 James Boyd White
 Hans Zeisel

Notable alumni

The law school has produced many distinguished alumni in the judiciary, government and politics, academia, business, and other fields. Its alumni include heads of state and politicians around the world, the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, the President of the Supreme Court of Israel, judges of United States Courts of Appeals, several U.S. Attorneys General and Solicitors General, members of Congress and cabinet officials, Privy Counsellors, university presidents and faculty deans, founders of the law firms Kirkland & Ellis, Baker McKenzie, and Jenner & Block, CEOs and chairpersons of multinational corporations, and contributors to literature, journalism, and the arts. The law school counts among its alumni recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Fulbright Scholars, Rhodes Scholars, Marshall Scholars, Commonwealth Fellows, National Humanities Medallists, and Pulitzer Prize winners.

In the judiciary, notable alumni include Lord Thomas, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales from 2013 to 2017, and former President of the Supreme Court of Israel, Shimon Agranat. Federal appellate judges who graduated from the law school include Douglas H. Ginsburg, David S. Tatel, Michael W. McConnell and Robert Bork, who was unsuccessfully nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court. Other federal appellate judges include Abner Mikva, who later served as White House Counsel in the Clinton administration; Frank H. Easterbrook, who currently teaches at the law school; and Jerome Frank, who served as Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission and, together with fellow alumnus Herman Oliphant, played a leading role in the legal realism movement in the U.S. More recently confirmed alumni federal appellate judges include Anthony Johnstone, Eric E. Murphy, Neomi Rao, Beth Robinson, Eric D. Miller, and Allison H. Eid.

Notable alumni in government and politics include Attorneys General John Ashcroft, Ramsey Clark and Edward H. Levi, who was Dean of the law school from 1950 to 1962.  The last Solicitor General of the United States, Noel Francisco, graduated from the law school in 1996. Other graduates include the former Prime Minister of New Zealand, Geoffrey Palmer; prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials and drafter of the U.N. Charter, Bernard D. Meltzer; former FBI director, James Comey; former United States Secretary of the Interior and key figure in the implementation of the New Deal, Harold L. Ickes; former Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, Abraham Ribicoff; the first director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Richard Cordray; current White House Counsel Ed Siskel; current U.S. senator Amy Klobuchar, and U.S. Representative and United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack Vice-Chair Liz Cheney, among other members of Congress.

Alumni who are leaders in higher education include the current president of Princeton University, Christopher L. Eisgruber; the current Dean of the University of Texas School of Law, Ward Farnsworth; the former Dean of Stanford Law School and President of the London School of Economics, Larry Kramer; the co-chair of the COVID-19 Advisory Board, head of Operation Warp Speed, and former Dean of the Yale School of Medicine, David A. Kessler; the former Dean of Cornell Law School, Roger C. Cramton; and the former Dean of Vanderbilt University Law School, Tulane University Law School and Cornell Law School, William Ray Forrester. Scholars who graduated from the law school include Harvard Law School professor Mary Ann Glendon, who is a former U.S. ambassador to the Holy See; First Amendment scholar Geoffrey R. Stone; tax law doyen Walter J. Blum; and one of the pre-eminent constitutional law scholars of the 20th century, Harry Kalven.

In business, notable alumni include the billionaire and founder of the Carlyle Group, David Rubenstein; the former CEO and president of Bloomberg L.P. and the current CEO of Sidewalk Labs, Daniel L. Doctoroff; the executive chairman of Hyatt Hotels Corporation, Thomas Pritzker; the chairman and president of Compass Lexecon and an emeritus professor at the law school, Daniel Fischel; former president of Weyerhaeuser and of Boy Scouts of America, Norton Clapp; the current commissioner of the NBA, Adam Silver; the founder of Yammer, David O. Sacks; and Katherine L. Adams, the general counsel of Apple Inc.. In the field of non-governmental organizations, alumni include the founder and CEO of the International Justice Mission, Gary Haugen; and co-founder of Amnesty International, Luis Kutner.

The law school also counts among its alumni four recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom; two Pulitzer Prize winners; the first female African-American U.S. senator, Carol Moseley Braun; the first African-American to serve as a United States federal judge, James Benton Parsons; civil rights attorney and chairman of the Fair Employment Practices Committee, Earl B. Dickerson; the first female president of the American Law Institute and of the American Bar Association, Roberta Cooper Ramo; Pulitzer Prize-winner Studs Terkel; civil rights activist and the first woman to graduate from the law school, Sophonisba Breckinridge; and the founder of the intelligent design movement, Phillip E. Johnson.

References

External links

Guide to the University of Chicago Law School Arbitration Study Records 1916-1966 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
Guide to the University of Chicago Law School Jury Project Records 1953-1959 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

Law schools in Illinois
Schools of the University of Chicago
Eero Saarinen structures
Universities and colleges established in 1902
1902 establishments in Illinois

University of Chicago Law School


نادي إتويل كاروغ لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم سويسري يلعب في دوري الدرجة الأولى . تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1904 .

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1904
أندية كرة قدم في سويسرا
تأسيسات سنة 1904 في سويسرا
كاروج (سويسرا)
كانتون جنيف

إتويل كاروغ


The Dassault Étendard VI was a French prototype fighter aircraft initially developed as part of the NATO NBMR-1 competition to find a standard fighter to serve amongst member air forces. Dassault took advantage of the fact that the French Air Force had issued a requirement around the same time for a new fighter-bomber and developed aircraft in parallel as variations of the same design concept for the two prospective customers.

Originally designated Mystère XXVI, the aircraft was accepted as one of the entrants to be developed to prototype stage for a fly-off with competing designs. It fared well in test flights, but was out-performed by the Aeritalia G.91 that was eventually selected as the winner of the competition.

A further development of the Étendard concept, the Étendard IV was successfully developed for French Navy service.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

Single-engined jet aircraft
Etendard VI
1950s French fighter aircraft

Dassault Étendard VI


Richard Edmund Neal (fæddur 14. febrúar 1949) er bandarískur stjórnmálamaður sem hefur þjónað sem fulltrúi Bandaríkjanna fyrir 1. þinghverfi Massachusetts síðan 1989. Umdæmið, sem var númerað 2. hverfi frá 1989 til 2013, inniheldur Springfield, West Springfield, Pittsfield, Holyoke, Agawam, Chicopee og Westfield, og er miklu meira dreifbýli en restin af ríkinu. Neal, sem er meðlimur Demókrataflokksins, hefur verið deildarforseti sendinefndar Massachusetts í fulltrúadeild Bandaríkjaþings síðan 2013, og hann er einnig deildarforseti sendinefnda New England House.

Richard Neal


73. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 73. vestlige længdekreds
 73. østlige længdekreds

73. længdegrad


Wimbledon-mesterskabet i herresingle 2016 var den 130. turnering om Wimbledon-mesterskabet i herresingle. Turneringen var en del af Wimbledon-mesterskaberne 2016 og blev spillet i All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club i London, Storbritannien. Hovedturneringen med deltagelse af 128 spillere blev spillet i perioden 27. juni - 10. juli 2016, mens kvalifikationen blev afviklet den 20. - 24. juni 2016 i Bank of England Sports Ground i Roehampton.

Mesterskabet blev vundet af Andy Murray, som i finalen besejrede Milos Raonic med 6−4, 7−6, 7−6, og som dermed vandt sin anden Wimbledon-titel i herresingle og tredje grand slam-titel i karrieren. Murray spillede sin 11. grand slam-finale, men det var første gang, at han ikke stod over for enten Roger Federer eller Novak Djokovic. Raonic var til gengæld i sin første grand slam-finale i karrieren, og han var endvidere den første canadier i tennishistorien, der havde formået at kvalificerede sig til en grand slam-finale i herresingle. Men det lykkedes ham altså hverken at blive den første canadiske vinder af en grand slam-titel i single eller at opnå revanche for nederlaget til netop Murray i finalen ved Queen's Club-mesterskaberne tre uger tidligere.

I semifinalen havde Milos Raonic besejret Roger Federer, som var i Wimbledon-semifinalen i herresingle for 11. gang i karrieren, hvilket var en tangering af Jimmy Connors' rekord for flest seminaleoptrædender, og schweizeren var da også den ældste semifinalist i herresingle, siden Ken Rosewall som 39-årig i 1974 nåede finalen. Federers kvartfinalesejr over Marin Čilić, hvor han i øvrigt undervejs måtte afværge tre matchbolde, indbragte ham endvidere rekorden for flest vundne grand slam-kampe i single i tennishistorien, idet han med 307 sejre overhalede Martina Navratilova, som i sin karriere "kun" opnåede at vinde 306 grand slam-kampe i single. Kvartfinalesejren var schweizerens 84. vundne herresinglekamp i Wimbledon, hvilket var en tangering af endnu en af Connors' Wimbledon-rekorder.

Novak Djokovic var forsvarende mester og havde muligheden for at blive den første spiller siden Don Budge i 1938, der vandt fem grand slam-turneringer i herresingle i træk, men den topseedede serber tabte i tredje runde til 28.-seedede Sam Querrey med 7−6, 6−1, 3−6, 7−6.

Pengepræmier og ranglistepoint

Den samlede præmiesum til spillerne i herresingle androg £ 11.576.000 (ekskl. per diem), hvilket var en stigning på 5 % i forhold til året før.

Hovedturnering

Deltagere

Hovedturneringen havde deltagelse af 128 spillere, der var fordelt på:
 106 direkte kvalificerede spillere i form af deres ranglisteplacering pr. 16. maj 2016 (seks uger før turneringens start), heraf syv spillere, der opnåede adgang på grundlag af deres beskyttede rangering (markeret med PR i listen nedenfor).
 6 spillere, der havde modtaget et wildcard (markeret med WC).
 16 spillere, der var gået videre fra kvalifikationsturneringen (markeret med Q).

De 32 højst placerede spillere på Wimbledon-mesterskabernes seedningsliste i herresingle blev seedet.

 Spillernes rangering på ATP's verdensrangliste i single er angivet pr. 27. juni 2016 (dvs. ved turneringens start).

Resultater

Ottendedelsfinaler, kvartfinaler, semifinaler og finale

Første, anden og tredje runde

Kvalifikation

I kvalifikationsturneringen, der blev afviklet i perioden 20. - 24. juni 2016 på Bank of England Sports Ground i Roehampton, spillede 128 spillere om 16 ledige pladser i hovedturneringen. Heraf havde ni spillere har modtaget et wildcard (WC).

Følgende 16 spillere kvalificerede sig til hovedturneringen:
  Matthew Barton
  Aleksandr Kudrjavtsev
  Tristan Lamasine
  Marcus Willis
  Ruben Bemelmans
  Bjorn Fratangelo
  Luke Saville
  Marius Copil
  Igor Sijsling
  Albano Olivetti
  Lukáš Lacko
  Yoshihito Nishioka
  Franko Škugor
  Dennis Novikov
  Radu Albot
  Édouard Roger-Vasselin

Resultater

Se også
 Wimbledon-mesterskabet i damesingle 2016
 Wimbledon-mesterskabet i herredouble 2016
 Wimbledon-mesterskabet i damedouble 2016
 Wimbledon-mesterskabet i mixed double 2016

Eksterne henvisninger
 Wimbledon-mesterskaberne

Noter

Wimbledon-mesterskaberne 2016
2016
ATP World Tour 2016


Kahiko-Lua-Mea (poznatiji jednostavno kao Kahiko) je bog iz havajske mitologije, koji je živio na Zemlji kao poglavica. Spomenut je u pojanju Kumulipu i u Kūaliʻijevu pojanju. Prema jednoj havajskoj kronologiji, rođen je oko 144.

Etimologija
Kahikovo ime znači "stari" ili "drevni".

Obitelj
Kahikovi su roditelji bili Welaʻahilaninui i njegova supruga Owe. Prema Abrahamu Fornanderu, Welaʻahilaninui je bio prvi čovjek. Ipak, prema drevnom pojanju Kumulipu, Kahikovi roditelji su bili poglavica Keali'iwahilani i njegova supruga Lailai.

Kahiko je oženio Kupulanakehao te su imali trojicu sinova:
Wākea
Lihau-ula
Makuʻu

Njegova unuka je bila Hoʻohokukalani.

Izvori

Havajski bogovi

Kahiko


Kurşun (Pb) atom numarası 82, atom kütlesi 207,19 olan mavi-gümüş rengi karışımı bir elementtir. 327,5 °C'ta erir ve 1740 °C'ta kaynar. Doğada, kütle numaraları 208, 206, 207 ve 204 olmak üzere 4 kararlı izotopu vardır.

Kurşunun son katmanında 4 açık elektron olmasına rağmen, genellikle bileşiklerinde +4 yerine +2 değerlik alır. Çünkü kalan son 2 elektron kolayca iyonize olabilir. Nitrattan ve klorattan farklı olarak kurşun (II) tuzları suda çok daha az çözünür.

Kurşunun kararlı bileşiklerinde (kurşun tetra-etil veya tetramethylead gibi) kurşun direkt olarak bir karbon atomuna bağlanmıştır. Bu bileşikler kaynama noktaları, sırasıyla 110 °C ve 200 °C olan renksiz sıvılardır.

Yer kabuğunda bulunma sıklığı 12,5 g/t'dur. Nabit (doğal) olarak bulunabilen metaller arasında yer alır. Kurşunun en çok rastlanılan cevherleri, sülfür minerali galen (PbS) ve onun oksitlenmiş ürünleri olan serüsit (PbCO3) ve anglezittir (PbSO4). Bu mineraller arasında en önemli olanı galendir. Genel olarak sfalerit (ZnS), gümüş ve pirit (FeS2) ile birleşik halde bulunur.

Bulunuşu

Kullanılmakta olan en eski metallerden biridir. Simyacılar kurşunu, en eski metal olarak düşünüp Satürn gezegeniyle özdeşleştirmişler ve onun simgesiyle göstermişlerdir. Abidos antik şehrinde bulunan bir figür MÖ 3000 yılına aittir. İlk üretim yapılan kurşun madenlerinden en iyi bilineni Balıkesir'de Balya-Karaaydın madenidir. Mısır'da eski Mısır medeniyetine ait kurşun borular bulunmuş ve kurşun lehimlerin çeşitli alanlarda kullanıldığı saptanmıştır. Fenikeliler Kıbrıs, Sardinya ve İspanya'da kurşun madenleri işletmişlerdir.

Elde edilişi
Kurşun cevherleri yer altından kazma, patlatma, kırma ve öğütme aşamalarından geçirilerek çıkarılır ve daha sonra ekstraktif metalurji yöntemleriyle işlenirler. Köpük flotasyonu prosesi, kurşunun, beraberinde bulunan kaya ve toprak parçalarından ayrılarak, %65-80 Pb içeren bir konsantrede toplanmasını sağlar. Kurşun konsantresi kurutulduktan sonra pirometalurjik işlemlerle önce sinterlenir ve sonra da %97 Pb içerecek şekilde ergitilir. Ürün aşamalı bir şekilde soğutularak, kurşundan daha hafif empüritelerin (safsızlıklar) dross tabakası oluşturacak şekilde yüzeyde toplanması ve uzaklaştırılmaları sağlanır. Ergimiş kurşun bulyonunda kalan empüritelerin de bir sonraki aşamada, üzerinden hava geçirilen bir ergitme işlemiyle curuf fazında toplanarak ayrışmaları ve kurşunun safiyetinin de %99,9'a çıkması sağlanır.

Kullanım alanları
 Akü imali
 Kablo izolasyonu
 Madde ve diğer ürünler
 Mühimmat
 Alaşımlar
 Kimyasal maddeler ve pigmentler
 Radyasyon yalıtımları
 Benzin katkısı

Çevre (kurşun zehirlenmesi)

Kurşunun kolay işlenebilen, yaygın bir metal olması ve ergime derecesinin düşüklüğü (327,5 °C) nedeniyle iş yaşamında çok yaygın olarak kullanılır.
 550 °C'un üstünde ortam havasında buharlaşır ve kondanse olmuş, kurşun oksit partikülleri olarak yayılır.

Kurşun, hava, su ve toprak yoluyla, solunumla ve besinlere karışarak biyolojik sistemlere giren son derece zehirleyici özelliklere sahip bir metaldir. Yüzbinlerce ton kurşun, kurşunlu petrolden elde edilen ve kurşun tetra-etil ((CH3CH2)4Pb) eklenerek oktan sayısı artırılan yakıtlarla çalışan içten yanmalı motorlardan çıkan gazlarla dünya atmosferine boşaltılmaktadır. Atmosferden kurşun (büyük oranda metal oksitleri ve tuzları şeklinde) yağmurla tekrar yeryüzüne inerek çevremize her geçen gün daha fazla yayılmaktadır. Kurşun madenleri ve metal endüstrileri, akü ve pil fabrikaları, petrol rafinerileri, boya endüstrisi ve patlayıcı sanayii atık sularında da istenmeyen konsantrasyonlarda kurşun kirliliğine rastlanır. Pil fabrikası atık sularında 5,66 mg/l, asidik maden drenajlarında 0,02-2,5 mg/l, tetraetil kurşun üreten fabrika atık sularında 120–150 mg/l organik, 66–85 mg/l inorganik kurşun kirliliğine rastlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Elementler
Endokrin bozucular
IARC 2B grubu kanserojenler
İş sağlığı ve güvenliği
Zayıf metaller
Toprak kirliliği
Toksikoloji

Kurşun


Black Box is an Italian house music group popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The group is currently made up of DJ Daniele Davoli, classically trained clarinet teacher Valerio Semplici, keyboardist and electronic musician Mirko Limoni, and vocalist Celestine Walcott-Gordon. French fashion model Katrin Quinol joined the act in 1989 and became the official face of Black Box, appearing on the cover of their single and album releases as well as in music videos, including the hit "Ride on Time", which was the highest-selling single of 1989 in the UK. The following year, it was revealed that Quinol was lip-syncing and had not performed on the recording. American singer Martha Wash performed the majority of the songs on the group's debut album, Dreamland, while being uncredited.

History

1988–1989: Early beginnings
Daniele Davoli, Valerio Semplici, and Mirko Limoni formed a production team called Starlight (often credited as Starlight Invention Group). The group's first single was a dance single called "Numero Uno", released in 1988. The song was often credited by their other alias, Groove Groove Melody. "Numero Uno" peaked at number nine on the UK Singles chart. In early 1989, they produced a single called "Vocalizado" for Italian singer Robby Magno. In mid-1989, the group released the maxi-single "Airport 89" under the name Wood Allen. The single peaked at number 99 on the UK Singles chart.

1989–1992: Dreamland

In 1989, the group changed their name to Black Box and began working on their first album. They added French Caribbean model Katrin Quinol to the lineup as the group's "frontwoman". Quinol's contribution was to lip sync songs in music videos and during televised performances. In July 1989, Black Box released their single "Ride on Time". The song became an international hit, peaking at number one in three countries, including the UK, where it became the UK's best-selling single of 1989, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide. In November 1989, they released the single "Grand Piano" under the alias Mixmaster. The song peaked at number nine on the UK Singles chart. In December 1989, they released the follow-up single "I Don't Know Anybody Else". The song became an international top-ten hit and gave the group their first number-one song on Billboard's Dance chart. In March 1990, they released their fourth single, "Everybody Everybody". Like its predecessors, the song also became an international hit and earned the group their second number one on the Dance chart.

In May 1990, they released their debut album Dreamland. Despite its moderate performance on the charts, the album became certified gold in the United Kingdom and United States  and peaked at number one in the Australian chart.
In late 1990, the album's fourth single, "Fantasy", a cover of the 1978 hit by Earth, Wind & Fire, peaked at number five on the UK Singles chart and became certified silver in the United Kingdom.

In February 1991, "Strike It Up" was released as the album's fifth single. The song became another international top-ten hit for the group and earned them their third number-one single on the Dance chart. The album's final singles "Open Your Eyes" and "Hold On" performed moderately well on the charts. In the same year, Black Box released a re-issue of "Ride on Time" called "Bright on Time". Quinol, who did not contribute vocally or musically to the group's music, left Black Box in late 1991 after the band became the subject of a media backlash involving lip-syncing scandals and lawsuits.

1993–1999: Positive Vibration  and lineup changes
In 1993, Black Box added American singer Charvoni Woodson to the lineup. They released the single "Rockin' to the Music", which performed poorly on the charts. In 1995, Black Box released their second album, Positive Vibration, which failed to chart or rise to the same level of success as their previous record. The album spawned the singles "Not Anyone" and "A Positive Vibration", both of which fared well on the charts. In 1997, the album was re-issued with three additional singles: "I Got the Vibration", "Native New Yorker", and "Fall into My Love".

In April 1998, Black Box released a compilation album, Strike It Up: The Best of Black Box. In June 1998, they released another compilation, Hits & Mixes. In 1999, a maxi single of remixes for "Bright on Time" was exclusively released in France.

2003–present
Woodson continued touring and performing as the lead vocalist of the group periodically until 2015. That year, Celestine Walcott-Gordon began performing live as the new lead vocalist. In 2018, the group released the single "Everyone Will Follow", featuring vocals by Walcott-Gordon.

Lip-syncing scandals and lawsuits
In 1990, American singer Loleatta Holloway and American producer Dan Hartman sued Black Box for copyright infringement and unauthorized sampling. "Ride on Time" sampled Holloway's 1980 song "Love Sensation", which was produced and written by Hartman. Neither Holloway nor Hartman were consulted for permission to sample the song, and Black Box failed to credit Holloway's vocals in the song. Additionally, Black Box had used Quinol to lip-sync Holloway's vocals in the music video for "Ride on Time", which led the public to believe Quinol was the actual singer. Holloway and Hartman eventually received an undisclosed out-of-court settlement. As a result, Black Box re-issued "Ride on Time", removing Holloway's vocals and featuring newly recorded vocals by English singer Heather Small. The group still retained the original version on their re-issued album Dreamland and added Holloway's name as the featured vocalist on "Ride on Time" as well as giving Hartman songwriting credits. Black Box would later issue another new version of the song called "Bright on Time" in 1991.

In September 1990, American singer Martha Wash sued Black Box and RCA Records for commercial appropriation after she became aware of the lip-sync scandal perpetrated by the group. During the recording session of their album Dreamland in 1989, Wash was recruited as a session singer to simply demo songs produced by Black Box. Unbeknownst to her, Black Box retained Wash's vocals on a total of six songs, including "Everybody Everybody", "Open Your Eyes", "Hold On", "I Don't Know Anybody Else", "Strike It Up", and "Fantasy" on the album Dreamland. Despite Wash's contributions to the songs, Black Box never credited her for her vocals and instead used Quinol to lip-sync Wash's vocals during music videos, televised performances, and concert performances. RCA settled the case out of court in December 1990, agreeing to pay Wash a "substantial" fee. The company also signed her to an eight-album recording contract and financed her national tour. Wash's lawsuit also resulted in federal legislation in the United States, making vocal credit mandatory for all albums and music videos.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Remix albums

Singles

See also
 List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart

Notes

References

External links

 Official Facebook page
  YouTube channel

1988 establishments in Italy
Entertainment scandals
Hoaxes in Italy
Italian dance music groups
Italian dance musicians
Italian Eurodance groups
Italian house music groups
Music controversies
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical hoaxes
RCA Records artists

Black Box (band)


Heiligenstein ist einer von drei Ortsteilen der Ortsgemeinde Römerberg im Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis in Rheinland-Pfalz. Bis 1969 war er eine selbständige Gemeinde.

Lage
Heiligenstein liegt in der Oberrheinischen Tiefebene in der Mitte der Ortsgemeinde. Mit dem Nachbarort Berghausen ist der Ort baulich inzwischen zusammengewachsen.

Geschichte
Heiligenstein entstand um 500 nach Christus und wurde vermutlich von den Franken gegründet. Der Ort wurde 1190 unter Namen Heiligsten erstmals genannt, als das Domkapitel zu Speyer das Dorf als Sammelstätte für Abgaben (Zehntsteuer) nannte. 1235 ist bereits eine Kirche bezeugt.
Bis zur französischen Revolution gehörte der Ort zum Hochstift Speyer, innerhalb dessen der Ort zeitweise dem Amt Deidesheim und zeitweise dem Amt Marientraut unterstand. Von 1798 bis 1814, als die Pfalz Teil der Französischen Republik (bis 1804) und anschließend Teil des Napoleonischen Kaiserreichs war, war Heiligenstein in den Kanton Speyer eingegliedert. Während dieser Zeit war der Ort Sitz einer Mairie, zu der zusätzlich Harthausen gehörten. 1815 hatte der Ort 520 Einwohner. Im selben Jahr wurde der Ort Österreich zugeschlagen. Bereits ein Jahr später wechselte der Ort in das Königreich Bayern. Vom 1818 bis 1862 gehörte er dem Landkommissariat Speyer an; aus diesem ging das Bezirksamt Speyer hervor.

1928 hatte Heiligenstein 1392 Einwohner, die in 231 Wohngebäuden lebten. Die Katholiken besaßen seinerzeit eine Pfarrei vor Ort, während die Protestanten zu derjenigen von Mechtersheim gehörten. Ab 1939 war der Ort Bestandteil des Landkreises Speyer. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde Heiligenstein innerhalb der französischen Besatzungszone Teil des damals neu gebildeten Landes Rheinland-Pfalz. Im Zuge der ersten rheinland-pfälzischen Verwaltungsreform wurde Heiligenstein am 7. Juni 1969 mit den Nachbargemeinden Mechtersheim und Berghausen zur neuen Ortsgemeinde Römerberg (Pfalz) zusammengelegt. Gleichzeitig wechselte der Ort in den Landkreis Ludwigshafen am Rhein, der seit 2004 Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis heißt.

Wappen

Kultur
Vor Ort befinden sich insgesamt 13 Objekte, die unter Denkmalschutz stehen. Mit den westlich des Siedlungsgebietes befindlichen Zwei Linden auf dem Friedhof existiert zudem ein Naturdenkmal.

Infrastruktur
Heiligenstein besitzt an seinem südwestlichen Siedlungsrand einen Bahnhof an der Bahnstrecke Schifferstadt–Wörth. Dieser wurde 1864 eröffnet, als die zuvor in Speyer endende Strecke bis nach Germersheim verlängert wurde. Die Durchbindung nach Wörth erfolgte 1876. Inzwischen ist der frühere Bahnhof betriebstechnisch nur noch ein Haltepunkt; seit 2006 ist er Bestandteil der S-Bahn RheinNeckar. Das ehemalige Empfangsgebäude sowie der Güterschuppen haben für den Bahnbetrieb keine Bedeutung mehr. Zudem verläuft die Buslinie 568 des Verkehrsverbundes Rhein-Neckar über Heiligenstein, die den Ort mit Speyer und Mechtersheim verbindet. Rund zwei Kilometer westlich des Siedlungsgebiets verläuft außerdem die Bundesstraße 9.

Persönlichkeiten
 Christian Heinrich Gilardone (1798–1874), Dichter, amtierte in Heiligenstein ab 1826 als Gemeindeschreiber
 Ludwig Kern (1902–1942), Bildhauer, schuf das örtliche Denkmal zum Ersten Weltkrieg
 Jonas Marz (* 1989), Fußballspieler, spielte bis 2001 beim FV Heiligenstein
 Elke Schall-Süß (* 1973), Tischtennisspielerin, wuchs vor Ort auf
 Hans-Günther Kroth (* 1949), Fußballspieler, spielte in der Jugend beim FV Heiligenstein; Bundesligaspieler München 1860, 1. FC Kaiserslautern

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römerberg (Pfalz)
Ort im Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis)
Gemeindeauflösung 1969

Heiligenstein (Römerberg)


Der Fußball-Club Pommern Greifswald e. V., kurz FC Pommern Greifswald, war ein deutscher Fußballverein aus Greifswald in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geschichte
Saisondaten 2010–2015

Im Mai 2010 scheiterten die Fusionsgespräche zwischen dem Greifswalder SV 04 und der HSG Uni Greifswald. Ehemalige Sponsoren beider Vereine gründeten daraufhin den FC Pommern Greifswald, der zur Saison 2010/11 den Platz der HSG Uni Greifswald in der Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern übernahm. Nach einem zehnten Platz in der ersten Saison sicherte sich die von Eckart Märzke trainierte Mannschaft im April 2012 vorzeitig die Meisterschaft und den Aufstieg in die Oberliga Nordost. In der Oberliga konnte sich die Mannschaft sofort im Mittelfeld etablieren und schloss die Spielzeiten 2012/13 und 2013/14 auf dem achten bzw. neunten Rang ab.

Nach einem schwachen Start in die Saison 2014/15 – aus acht Partien holte die Mannschaft nur sechs Punkte – trennte sich der Verein im Oktober 2014 von Eckart Märzke. Nachdem Interimstrainer Ulrich Seidel (zuvor Trainer der zweiten Mannschaft) nach zwei Niederlagen aufgrund seines Gesundheitszustandes nicht mehr zur Verfügung stand, verlor die Mannschaft unter Seidels Assistenten Ralf Wichhardt eine weitere Partie. Der Verein verpflichtete daraufhin Marco Weißhaupt, der zuvor unter Torsten Gütschow Co-Trainer bei der TSG Neustrelitz war. Doch auch unter Weißhaupt konnte sich das Team nicht aus dem Tabellenkeller befreien. Im Mai 2015 teilte der Verein dem NOFV mit, dass er keine Teilnahme an der Spielzeit 2015/16 vorsehe und stand damit als erster Absteiger fest. Sportlich beendete die Mannschaft das Spieljahr auf dem vorletzten Tabellenplatz.

Nachdem bereits vor der Spielzeit 2014/15 mit dem Greifswalder SV 04 Gespräche über eine Fusion der beiden Verein geführt wurden, erfolgte der Schritt zum 1. Juli 2015. Die Mannschaft des FC Pommern Greifswald wurde aus der Oberliga zurückgezogen und der gesamte Verein wurde aufgelöst. Die Mitglieder traten dem Greifswalder SV 04 bei, der im Zuge dessen in Greifswalder FC umbenannt wurde. Trotz Startberechtigung in der Oberliga Nordost entschied sich der Verein dazu, den Platz des Greifswalder SV 04 in der Verbandsliga zu übernehmen.

Struktur und Organisation
Der FC Pommern Greifswald verfügte über zwei Herrenmannschaften, eine Frauenmannschaft sowie zahlreiche Jugendmannschaften. Der Verein zählte im Juli 2013 etwa 350 Mitglieder und hatte seinen Vereinssitz in der Geschäftsstelle im Karl-Liebknecht-Ring 2, direkt am Volksstadion Greifswald.

Stadion und Zuschauer
Der FC Pommern Greifswald trug seine Heimspiele im Greifswalder Volksstadion aus, dass auch vom Stadtrivalen Greifswalder SV 04 genutzt wurde und offiziell eine Kapazität von 8.000 Plätzen besitzt. Bei Heimspielen stand den Zuschauern dank wechselnder Spieltagssponsoren das Stadionmagazin Greifswalder Fussballreport kostenlos zur Verfügung.

Nach dem Aufstieg in die Oberliga Nordost gehörte der FC Pommern Greifswald während der Spielzeiten 2012/13 sowie 2013/14 mit durchschnittlich 259 bzw. 305 Besuchern pro Heimspiel zum oberen Mittelfeld beim Zuschauerschnitt. In der Saison 2014/15 konnte der Verein aufgrund der sportlichen Misserfolge sowie der bevorstehenden Auflösung mit 132 Besuchern je Partie immer weniger Publikum anziehen.

Statistik

Erfolge
 Meister der Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 2011/12

Pokalergebnisse
Die  Tabelle stellt das jährliche Abschneiden der ersten Mannschaft im Landespokal dar.

Trainerhistorie
Die Tabelle listet alle Trainer der ersten Mannschaft auf.

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Fußballverein aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Fc Pommern Greifswald
FC Pommern Greifswald
FC Pommern Greifswald

FC Pommern Greifswald


අම්බලන්ගොඩ නගර සභාව, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණු පළාතේ ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටි නගර සභාවකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

අම්බලන්ගොඩ නගර සභාව


Klasa Udaloy jest NATO-ov naziv za seriju protupodmorničkih razarača s vođenim projektilima izgrađenih za sovjetsku mornaricu, od kojih je sedam sada u službi Ruske ratne mornarice. Sovjetska oznaka bila je Projekt 1155 Fregat, dok je sadašnja ruska oznaka Projekt 11551 Fregat-M. Dvanaest brodova izgrađeno je između 1980. i 1991., a trinaesti je brod uslijedio 1999. godine i bio je izgrađen prema modificiranom dizajnu, poznatom kao klasa Udaloy II. Razarači nadopunjuju razarače klase NATO imena Sovremenny u protuzračnim i protupovršinskim ratnim operacijama. Kodno ime Udaloy dolazi od arhaičnog ruskog pridjeva udaloj, što znači odvažan.

Povijest
Projekt 1155 potječe iz 1970-ih kada je zaključeno da je preskupo graditi višenamjenske borbene brodove velikog deplasmana. Koncept specijaliziranog površinskog broda razvili su sovjetski dizajneri. Položena su dva različita tipa ratnih brodova koje je dizajnirao Projektni biro Severnoje: razarač projekta 956 i veliki protupodmornički brod projekta 1155. Klasa Udaloy općenito se smatra sovjetskim ekvivalentom američkih razarača klase Spruance. Među jedinicama klase postoje varijacije u projektilima zemlja-zrak i radaru za zračno pretraživanje. Budući da su izgrađeni na temelju klase Krivak, naglasak na protupodmorničkom ratu učinio je ove brodove ograničenim za protupovršinske i protuzračne napade.

Godine 2015. Ruska mornarica prvobitno je objavila da će pet od osam brodova projekta 1155 biti obnovljeno i nadograđeno u sklopu programa modernizacije mornarice do 2022. godine. U 2020. predloženo je da će ukupno osam brodova Projekta 1155/1155.1 biti nadograđeno na isti standard, iako će se rad na preostalim trima jedinicama nastaviti i nakon 2022. Osim remonta  sustava za radioelektroničko ratovanje i održavanje na životu (engleski: life support systems), razarači će dobiti moderne raketne sustave za ispaljivanje krstarećih projektila P-800 Oniks i Kalibr. Brodovima će se životni vijek produžiti za 30 godina. Nadogradnje će uključivati zamjenu raketa Rastrub-B s nagibnim lanserima 3S24 opremljenim s četiri kontejnera koji koriste protubrodske projektile 3M24 i dva univerzalna vertikalna lansirna sustava 3S14-1155 sa 16 ćelija za krstareće rakete Kalibr za kopnene, protubrodske i protupodmorničke napade.

Udaloy II
Nakon što je Udaloy pušten u pogon, konstruktori su 1982. godine počeli razvijati paket za nadogradnju kako bi pružili uravnoteženije mogućnosti s većim naglaskom na zaštitu. Projekt 1155.1 Fregat II približan je pandan poboljšanoj klasi Spruance. Samo je jedan dovršen, a izvana je nalikovao Udaloyu. Bila je to nova konfiguracija koja je zamijenila SS-N-14 protubrodskim projektilima P-270 Moskit (NATO-ova oznaka SS-N-22 "Sunburn"), opremljena s dvostrukim topom od 130 mm, UDAV-1 protutorpednim raketama i CIWS sustavom za nadolazeće projektile s topom i projektilima zemlja-zrak.

Izvori

Klase razarača
Ruske klase ratnih brodova
Sovjetske klase razarača

Razarač klase Udaloy


Damernes turnering ved vinter-OL 2018 i curling finder sted i perioden 14. – 25. februar 2018. Der er 10 deltagende nationer der deltager i de indledende runder og de 4 bedste nationer går videre til semifinalerne.

Nationer

Nationerne forventes at stille med følgende hold:

Indledende runder
Alle tider angivet i det efterfølgende er lokale tider i Sydkorea (UTC+9).

Oversigt

Runde 1
Onsdag, 14. februar, 14:05

Runde 2
Torsdag, 15. februar, 09:05

Runde 3
Torsdag, 15. februar, 20:05

Runde 4
Fredag, 16. februar, 14:05

Runde 5
Lørdag, 17. februar, 09:05

Runde 6
Lørdag, 17. februar, 20:05

Runde 7
Søndag, 18. februar, 14:05

Runde 8
Mandag, 19. februar, 09:05

Runde 9
Mandag, 19. februar, 20:05

Runde 10
Tirsdag, 20. februar, 14:05

Runde 11
Onsdag, 21. februar, 09:05

Runde 12
Onsdag, 21. februar, 20:05

Slutspil

Semifinaler
Fredag, 23. februar, 20:05

Bronzemedalje kamp
Lørdag, 24. februar, 20:05

Finale
Søndag, 25. februar, 09:05

Medaljeoversigt

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 http://www.worldcurling.org/owg2018

Damer

Curling under vinter-OL 2018 – Damer


Kobayashi (en japonés, 小林, El "Pequeño Bosque") es el noveno apellido japonés más frecuente. Puede referirse a:

Arte y entretenimiento

 Kana Kobayashi (1991-), cantante y actriz
 Marina Kobayashi (1996-), cantante y actriz
 Kobayashi Issa (1763–1828), poeta, considerado un maestro de los haiku
 Jin Kobayashi (1977-), artista del manga, autor de School Rumble
Hana Kobayashi (1982-), cantante venezolana-japonesa.
 Hideo Kobayashi (1902-1983), ensayista y crítico literario
 Masaki Kobayashi (1916–1996), director cinematográfico.
 Sanae Kobayashi (1980-), actriz de voz (seiyū)
 Takeshi Kobayashi, compositor musical
 Yoshinori Kobayashi (1953-), escritor y artista manga
 Yū Kobayashi (1982-), actriz de voz (seiyū) y cantante
 Yumi Kobayashi (1988-), modelo de pasarela
 Yumiko Kobayashi (1979-), actriz de voz (seiyū)

Deportes
 Daigo Kobayashi (1983-), futbolista del club griego Iraklis F.C.
 Kamui Kobayashi (1986-), piloto de Fórmula 1
 Kenta Kobayashi (1981-) luchador profesional
 Kaho Kobayashi (1992-) luchadora profesional
 Koichi Kobayashi (1952-), jugador de go
 Masato (kickboxer), or Masato Kobayashi (1979-), boxeador profesional japonés
 Nobuaki Kobayashi (1942-2019), jugador de billar
 Satoru Kobayashi (1959-), jugador de go
 Takeru Kobayashi (1978-), comedor competitivo

Política
 Ann Kobayashi (1937-), miembro del ayuntamiento de Honolulu

Ciencias
 Hayao Kobayashi (1942-), químico y profesor en la Universidad de Nihon.
 Makoto Kobayashi (1944-), físico, premio Nobel de Física 2008, estudia la violación de la simetría CP
 Shoshichi Kobayashi (1932-), matemático
 Takao Kobayashi (1961-), astrónomo aficionado, cazador de asteroides
 Toru Kobayashi, astrónomo, descubridor del cometa C/1975 N1 (Kobayashi-Berger-Milon)
 Toshiyuki Kobayashi (1962-), matemático

En la ficción
 Kobayashi, abogado de Keyser Söze en la película The Usual Suspects , interpretado por Pete Postlethwaite.
 Kobayashi-sensei, un personaje de la serie japonesa de manga La Ley de Ueki
 Akane Kobayashi, un personaje de la serie de manga y anime de Doki Doki School hours
 Amiko Kobayashi, hija adoptiva de Wolverine, superhéroe de Marvel
  Yukio (Yukio Kobayashi), Madre adoptiva de Amiko Kobayashi y esposa de Wolverine, superheroína japonesa de Marvel.
 Daigo Kobayashi, protagonista de la película Despedidas de 2008
 Hatoko Kobayashi y su hermano Kotaro Kobayashi, personajes de la serie manga Angelic Layer
 Hayato Kobayashi, personaje de la serie de anime de televisión, Mobile Suit Gundam
 Rin Kobayashi, personaje en el manga de ciencia ficción Please, Save My Earth
 Washu Kobayashi y Washu Fitzgerald Kobayashi, nombre del personaje de anime y de manga Washu Hakubi en el Pretty Sammy OVA y el Magical Project S
 Hitomonji Kobayashi, personaje en el anime y el manga Cheeky Angel
 Sashi Kobayashi, Personaje en la serie Penn Zero: Casi Heroe
Yoshio Kobayashi, personaje del anime Rampo Kitan: Game of Laplace

Otros usos
 Kobayashi, Miyazaki, ciudad de Japón
 Kobayashi Maru, ejercicio de entrenamiento de ficción en Star Trek, a partir del nombre de una nave espacial
 Kobayashi, un planeta en el sistema Yakawa de Mass Effect 2

Véase también
 Nombre japonés
 Kobayashi Maru (desambiguación), otros usos del nombre de la nave espacial de ficción Star Trek

Apellidos japoneses

Kobayashi


هي استخدام الأصوات (غير الكلامية) في نقل المعلومات وقد استخدمت في عدة أجهزة منذ زمن وأشهر تلك الأجهزة عداد غايغر, كما تستعمل في الظروف التي تحتاج إلى انتباه دائم لبعض المعلومات كالعلامات الحيوية للمريض في قاعة العمليات.

مراجع

تفاعل الإنسان مع الحاسوب
تقنية شاشات
صوت
علم الصوت

صوتنة


Hans-Ulrich Rieker (* 1. Februar 1920; † 26. Oktober 1979) war ein deutscher Theaterschauspieler, Autor und Oberhaupt des Ordens Arya Maitreya Mandala für Europa.

Leben
Rieker arbeitete zunächst als Bühnenschauspieler in klassischen Theaterrollen. Tief vom Buddhismus angesprochen, empfing er 1950 im Berliner Buddhistischen Tempel die Weihe zum Mönchsnovizen. Als buddhistischer Bettelmönch wanderte er anschließend zu Fuß durch Indien, wo er 1951 Lama Anagarika Govinda begegnete, der zu seinem maßgeblichen Lehrer wurde. Govinda initiierte Rieker in den 1933 von ihm gegründeten Orden Arya Maitreya Mandala.
1952 rief Rieker im Auftrag seines Lehrers den europäischen Zweig des Arya Maitreya Mandala ins Leben und nahm Harry Pieper und Lionel Stützer als dessen erste Mitglieder auf. Er baute den Orden in Europa auf und leitete diesen Zweig zwölf Jahre, bis ihn eine fortschreitende Schwerhörigkeit zum Rückzug aus der Öffentlichkeit veranlasste. Sein Nachfolger als Leiter des westlichen Ordenszweiges wurde 1964 Karl-Heinz Gottmann.

Publizistische und öffentliche Tätigkeit
Rieker hielt Rundfunkvorträge im RIAS über Themen des Buddhismus sowie indischer und chinesischer Philosophie. Er legte zahlreiche Artikel und mehrere Bücher zu diesen Themen vor. Rieker gründete gemeinsam mit Wilhelm A. Rink die Zeitschrift Der Kreis. Darüber hinaus wirkte er nach einer entsprechenden Ausbildung in Indien als Yoga-Lehrer. Seine Bücher über Buddhismus, Yoga und Meditation trugen in den fünfziger und sechziger Jahren wesentlich zum steigenden Interesse an diesen Themen bei. Riekers literarische Verdienste um das Vermitteln der authentischen Tradition des klassischen Yoga wurde auch in Indien zum Beispiel von B. K. S. Iyengar gewürdigt.

Werke
 Das Geheimnis der Meditation. Rascher Verlag, Zürich 1953; Neuausgabe 2006 (Wishbohn Verlag): ISBN 978-3-9809647-8-4
 Die zwölf Tempel des Geistes. Weisheit und Technik der Yogasysteme. Rascher Verlag, Zürich 1955.
 Das klassische Yoga-Lehrbuch Indiens. Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Rascher Verlag, Zürich 1957.
 Bettler unter Toten. Ein buddhistischer Bettelmönch in Indien. Rascher Verlag, Zürich 1958.
 Ich lerne Yoga. Fackelverlag, Stuttgart 1959.
 Meditation. Übungen zur Selbstgestaltung. Rascher Verlag, Zürich 1962.

Literatur
 Christian Fuchs: Yoga in Deutschland. Rezeption – Organisation – Typologie. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 978-3-17-011016-8.
 Hellmuth Hecker: Lebensbilder deutscher Buddhisten. Ein bio-bibliographisches Handbuch. Band II: Die Nachfolger. Universität Konstanz Forschungsberichte, 1992.
 Volker Zotz: "Bleibt Philosophen, solange ihr es wollt!" Die Anfänge des Ārya Maitreya Maṇḍala in Europa. In: Derselbe (Hrsg.): Schnittstellen. Buddhistische Begegnungen mit Schamanismus und westlicher Kultur. Festschrift für Armin Gottmann zum 70. Geburtstag. Luxemburg: Kairos Edition 2013 (ISBN 978-2-919771-04-2), S. 153–176

Weblinks
 Arya Maitreya Mandala

Einzelbelege

Person des Mahayana-Buddhismus
Person (Yoga)
Angehöriger des Arya Maitreya Mandala
Autor
Sachliteratur
Theaterschauspieler
Deutscher
Geboren 1920
Gestorben 1979
Mann

Hans-Ulrich Rieker


An Schismatoglottis jelandii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Peter Charles Boyce ngan S.Y.Wong. An Schismatoglottis jelandii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schismatoglottis, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schismatoglottis

Schismatoglottis jelandii


An Specklinia napintzae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Alexander Charles Hirtz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carlyle August Luer. An Specklinia napintzae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Specklinia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Specklinia

Specklinia napintzae


ඇල්ගී () යනු විශාල විවිධත්වයකින් යුත් ජීවී කොට්‌ඨාශයකි.

 ඒකසයිලික මෙන්ම බහුසයිලික ආකාරද ඇත.
 සූත්‍රිකාකාර හෝ තලසාකාර දේහ දරයි,.
 ජල පෘෂ්ඨ මත පාවෙන අන්වීක්ෂීය ඇල්ගී ශාක ප්ලවාංග ලෙසද හැදින්වෙයි.
 හරිතප්‍රද හෙවත් ක්ලෝරෝෆිල් වර්ණකය අඩංගු බැවින් ප්‍රභාසංශ්ලේෂණය සිදුකරයි
 උල්වා වනි සමහර ඇලිගී විශේෂ පියෙවි ඇසට පෙනේ.

උදාහරණ:
 ක්ලැමිඩොමොනාස්(Chlamydomonas)
 ස්පයිරොගයිරා (spirogyra)
 ඩයටම(Diatoms)
 පැරමීසීයම්

ගැලරිය

මූලාශ්‍ර

ඇල්ගී

ඇල්ගී


Jales es un municipio brasileño situado en el noroeste del estado de São Paulo. Tiene una población de 47.012 habitantes (IBGE/2010) y área de 368,5 km². Se localiza cerca de 600 km de la ciudad de São Paulo.

Geografía
Se localiza a una latitud 20º16'08" sur y a una longitud 50º32'45" oeste, estando a una altitud de 478 metros. Posee un área de 368,757 km².

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2010

Población total: 47.012
 Urbana: 44.239
 Rural: 2.773
 Hombres: 22.986
 Mujeres: 24.026

Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 127,57

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 14,17

Expectativa de vida (años): 72,15

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 1,96

Tasa de alfabetización: 90,92%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,804
 IDH-M Salario: 0,741
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,786
 IDH-M Educación: 0,884
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Clima
El clima de Jales puede ser clasificado como clima tropical de sabana (Aw), de acuerdo con la clasificación climática de Köppen. La temperatura máxima histórica de Jales de 42,4 °C fue registrada el 22 de septiembre de 2021.

Hidrografía
 Arroyo Açoita Caballo
 Arroyo Arribada
 Arroyo Cascavel
 Arroyo de la Figueira
 Arroyo de las Peróbas
 Arroyo del Represa
 Arroyo del Café
 Arroyo de los Coqueiros
 Arroyo Figueirinha
 Arroyo Helena
 Arroyo Jataí
 Arroyo Laguna
 Arroyo Marimbondo
 Arroyo Matão
 Arroyo Matãozinho
 Arroyo Perobinha
 Arroyo Quebra-Cabaça I
 Arroyo Quebra-Cabaça II
 Arroyo Siete de Septiembre
 Arroyo Veadão
 Arroyo Veadinho

Administración
 Prefecto: Humberto Parini - PT(2005/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Claudir Aranda - PSDB (2005/2012)
 Presidente de la Cámara:Rivelino Rodriguês - PSDB(2011/2012)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Jales


La dynastie Keita a régné sur le Mali pré-impérial et impérial du  au début du . C'était une dynastie musulmane, et ses dirigeants prétendaient descendre de Bilal Keita (également connu sous le nom de Bilal ibn Ribah).

Bilal Keita était un esclave affranchi qui a accepté l'Islam et est devenu l'un des sahabas du prophète Mahomet. Bilal Keita porte la distinction d'être le premier muezzin de l'Islam. D'après les récits mandingues/bambara inventés après leur conversion à l'islam et transmis par les djelis (chroniqueurs musulmans), Bilal eut sept fils, dont l'un s'installa en Manden (territoire traditionnel mandingue). Ce fils, Lawalo Keita, avait un fils nommé Latal Kalabi Keita, qui a plus tard engendré Damul Kalabi Keita. Il était courant dans la plupart des dynasties royales d'essayer de lier leurs origines à certaines personnalités divines ou religieuses et était commun à toutes les cultures et religions. C'est à travers Lahilatoul que le clan Keita devient une dynastie régnante.

Il y aurait neuf faamas de Niani avant la fondation de l'empire du Mali. Son premier mansa serait Soundiata Keïta. C'est alors que Mari Jata est couronnée et que Keita devient un nom de clan. Quelques générations après lui, son petit-neveu, Mansa Musa Keita du Mali, a effectué un pèlerinage célébré à La Mecque qui a établi sa réputation d'homme le plus riche de son époque. La dynastie à laquelle il appartenait resta une grande puissance en Afrique de l'Ouest de 1235 jusqu'à l'éclatement de l'empire du Mali vers 1610. Des rivaux au sein du clan ont fondé des royaumes plus petits au sein du Mali et de la Guinée contemporains comme leurs majestés le royal Soumah Almamy du royaume de Kolisokho en Guinée maritime, l'Almamy de Kolisokho signifie le roi de Kolisokho qu'ils ont régné jusqu'en 1958, ils sont également l'une des principales branches des cadets de la dynastie impériale Keita. Aujourd'hui, le patronyme Keita n'appartient qu'à une seule famille royale en Afrique. Parmi les membres de ces « dynasties filles » modernes, les défunts président Modibo Keita et Premier ministre Modibo Keïta et le musicien Salif Keita sont sans doute les plus célèbres.

Éligibilité au trône de Mansa de la dynastie Keïta du Mali

L'empire du Mali était une confédération constituée des États tributaires et des provinces. Les provinces étaient dirigées par des gouverneurs appelés Farins ou Farba, et il y avait un vizir, qui assumait les fonctions de premier ministre. L'empereur était secondé par un conseil des anciens (chefs militaires, civils et marabouts). Toutes les décisions politiques et administratives étaient prises en conseil.
Assemblée constitutive (selon l'illustration ci-dessus)
Il n'y avait pas de règles précisément écrites attestant du mode de transmission du pouvoir en raison de la prédominance de la tradition orale, mais certains exemples nous permettent de connaître les critères d'éligibilité au trône impérial du temps de la gouvernance des Mansa à savoir ;

- Appartenir à la Dynastie Keïta ;

. Tantôt en étant le frère du Mansa qui pouvait accéder au Trône.

. Tantôt le fils du souverain défunt qui succédait.

. Être un descendant Keïta immédiat en ligne féminine directe d'une princesse Keïta comme pour le cas du 5ème Mansa Abu Bakr Keïta, fils d'une des filles de Soundjata Keïta.

- Se faire élire pour ses capacités à régner après vote du conseil de la Barga (conseil des anciens).

Le point certain et le critère commun pour un prétendant au trône impérial, au vu de tous les modes de transmissions du pouvoir évoqués ci-dessus, serait de faire partie de la dynastie impériale par le sang, en lignée masculine ou féminine pour un descendant immédiat, et d'être adoubé par l'Assemblée constitutive (la Barga).

Ce mode de transmission diffère de celui traditionnellement retrouvé en Europe pour les dynasties royales ou impériales par primogéniture mâle, mais il trouverait son essence dans la succession traditionnelle observée au Mali avant l'islamisation générale de l'Empire. À certaines époques l'on pouvait constater que le régime de transmission pouvait changer comme sous le règne de Kankou Moussa où le système était passé matrilinéaire. Kankou Moussa signifie « Moussa, fils de Kankou Hamidou » en référence à sa mère, les Malinkés étant à cette époque une société matrilinéaire ; d'autres variantes de ce nom sont Kankou Moussa, Kanga Moussa et Kankan Moussa.

Le système impérial serait donc quasi calqué sur une monarchie élective comme pour le Saint Empire Romain Germanique, avec un grand conseil composé d'électeurs du clan Keita, de chefs de guerre, de vieux sages parmi les hautes sphères et de notables. L'adoubement était donné par le chef du conseil, en général un "haut chef Keïta" qui rendait la sentence. Cela était un parfait exemple de démocratie "médiévale" comme pour la rédaction de la première constitution pour la société avec la charte de Kurukan Fuga enregistrée au patrimoine de l'UNESCO en 2009. Mais ce système n'a pas toujours été respecté comme pour le cas du Mansa Sakoura, esclave affranchi puis général ayant effectué un coup d'état qui a régné pendant 10 ans et étendu le territoire de l'empire avant d'avoir été renversé par un descendant Keïta.

Les Différents clans des Keïta de nos jours

De nos jours subsiste encore les descendants de la Dynastie Keïta que l'on peut trouver dans différents pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (Cote d'ivoire, Guinée,  Burkina Faso, Sénégal etc...A la chute du dernier Empereur connu aux alentours de 1610 Mahmud IV régnant dans la dernière capitale de l'Empire supposément situé à Niani, les Keïta se divisèrent en 4 clans avec à leurs têtes un chef reprenant le titre honorifique de Mansa, mais qui dans son fonctionnement réel n'était plus qu'un titre honorifique à la chute de l'Empire suite à l'émergence de l'Empire Songhaï. Il en résulte aujourd'hui comme chef traditionnel chargé de la gestion du fief d'origine. des Assemblée existe encore aujourd'hui composé de Keïta avec à leur tête un ancien qui est chargé de la gestion de son clan. Ces assemblée se réunissent ne général une fois par mois afin de traiter les différents problèmes de leur clan. Ces chefs comparables en leur qualité à des "Mansa" lèvent l'assemblée comme dans l'ancien temps "la Barga" afin de traiter de chaque problème au cas par cas. Le simple fait de porter le patronyme Keïta ne suffit pas à être  de la lignée originelle Impériale des mansaren (Princes) qui se prévaut du "pouvoir du lion Djata". Les griots des Keïta "les Kouyaté" peuvent attester par la récitation des arbres généalogique l'appartenance ou non à cette lignée Royale originaire de Niani dans la province de Siguiri. Les descendants mâles sont des Princes héritiers et prétendants au cas ou le trône impériale serait encore éxistant. L'existence de Prince comparable à un "Prince du sang" est aussi une réalité comme pour le cas du 5eme Mansa du Mali Bata Mandé Bori qui fut le premier Empereur à régné en étant un Prince descendant immédiat directe en lignée féminine. Le statut donc de prétendant serait basé sur le droit du sang et sur le fait de porter le patronyme Keïta. Les Keïta Kandasi de Kangaba sont les protecteurs de la case sacrée le "Kamablon" mais sont en rivalités avec les Sinisi sur la lignée royale. Le clan des "Bandougousi" et le clan des "Kouroumakansi" serait les 2 autres clans existant après la chute de l'Empire.

Les ancêtres

Liste des faamas royaux du Manden (capitale — Kangaba)

Liste des faamas royaux du Manden (capitale — Dodugu)

Liste des mansas impériaux du Mali (capitale — Niani)

Liste des mansas post-impériaux du Mali (capitale — Kangaba)

Articles connexes
 Empire du Mali
 Faama
 Mansa
 Modibo Keïta
 Salif Keïta

Bibliographie
  (on the Kings of Mali)

Références

Sources

Histoire des relations internationales
Civilisation
Histoire militaire
Pouvoir (relations internationales)
Dynastie musulmane
Empire du Mali

Dynastie Keita


මුතු හා මුතුපරවල තිඹිරිගෙය සප්ත මහා සාගරයයි. මේ වටා ගෙතී ඇත්තේ හරි අපූරු කතාන්දරය. මහ මුහුද මුතු සඟවාගෙන විසිරී පැතිරී පවතින රහස් ගුහාවක් වැනිය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ කථානායක වි.ජ.මු. ලොකුබණ්ඩාර ශූරීන් මුතු ගැන වරෙක පවසා සිටියේ මුතුඇට මෙන්ම වූ හරි ලස්‌සන කතාවකි.

සාගර කුස තුළ සිsටින මුතු බෙල්ලකුගේ කුසට කැති නැකතකින් තුෂර බිංදුවක් ඇතුළු වූ විට මුතුබෙල්ලා එය අනර්ඝ ලෙස මුතු ඇටයක් බවට පත්කරන බැව් සංස්‌කෘත ශ්ලෝකයක් උපුටා දක්‌වමින් හෙතෙම සඳහන් කළේය.

සැබැවින්ම අපේ

මුතු කර්මාන්තය
මුතු කර්මාන්තයට ඇත්තේ දිගු ඉතිහාසයකි. අනාදිමත් කාලයක සිටම මේ පුංචි දිවයින ඉන්දියන් සාගරයේ මුතුඇටය වශයෙන් විරුදාවලිය ලැබුවේ එබැවිනි. වෛදික යුගයේ අශ්ව මේධය සඳහා සැරසීමට මුතු ගෙන යනු ලැබුවේ ලක්‌දිවින් යෑයි ද මතයක් පවතී. එමෙන්ම දේවානම්පියතිස්‌ස රජතුමා අශෝක රජතුමා වෙත යෑවූ තෑගි අතර මුතු ද තිබූ බව සඳහන් වේ. පුරාතනයේ සිටම ලංකාව පෙර අපර දෙදිග වැදගත් වෙළෙඳ මධ්‍යස්‌ථානයකි. එකල ලංකාවෙන් වැඩි වශයෙන්ම අපනයනය කරන ලද්දේ මුතු මැණික් ඇත්දත් සහ දළ ඇතුන්ය.

මේ තුළින් පැහැදිලි වන්නේ පුරාතනයේ සිටම ලංකාව මුතුවලින් පොහොසත්ව තිබූ බවය.

මුතු ඉතිහාසය

මුතු ගැන කතා කරන විට කාන්තාවන් ගැන කතා නොකරම බැරිය. කාන්තාව මුතුවලට දැක්‌වූයේ දැඩි ඇල්මකි. ලොල්බවකි. ස්‌ත්‍රියගේ කරේ තිබුණු මුතු දෙපට ගැන අපේ ජනකවීන් හරි අපූරුවට වර්ණනා කොට ඇත්තාහ. මේ එවැනි ජනකවියෙකි.

කටුගස්‌තොටේ මම තනියම නාන කොට
ළමිස්‌සියක් බැස්‌සයි මගෙ ඉස්‌සර ට
කරේ තිබුණු මුතු දෙපටේ ලස්‌සන ට
ගෙන යන්නට සිතුනයි මට ඈ ගමට

එමෙන්ම ඉසුරුමුණි පෙම් යුවළගේ ද පයෝදර දක්‌වා වැටෙන මුතු දෙපටක් ආභරණ වශයෙන් තිබී ඇත. මුතු කෙළිය ද එකල කාන්තාවන් අතර පැවැති ඉතා පැරණි ක්‍රීඩාවකි. මෙම ක්‍රීඩාව එකල රජමැඳුරටත් ධනවතුන්ටත් පමණක් සීමා වූ අතර පසුව එය පොදු ජනතාව අතරට ද පැමිණියේය. මේ මුතු කෙළිය ගැන සඳහන් ජනකවියකි.

උදාරමට මුතු කෙළිනා සීරු ව
සැදී දෙපිල අඟනන් සිට මාරු ව
අතේ වළලු නද දෙති එක සීරු ව
මේදා නෑනේ දෙනවද මුතු පෝරු ව

ඒ රෝමයේ සිටි රැජිනක් වූ ක්‌ලියෝ පැට්‌රා නමැත්තිය ද මුතු ආභරණ සඳහා දැඩි ලොල් බවක් දැක්‌වූ තැනැත්තියකි.

මුතු ගැන සෞන්දර්යාත්මකව ගෙතී ඇති කතාන්දර ද බොහෝය. එහෙත් මහ සයුරේ මුතු හටගන්නේ මේ ආකාරයෙනි. එකල ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ආශ්‍රිත නොගැඹුරු මුහුදු තීරයේ මුතුපර විශාල වශයෙන් තිබුණි. මුතුබෙල්ලන් වැඩි වශයෙන් බෝවන්නේ නොගැඹුරු මුහුදු තීරයේය. මෙහිදී අවශ්‍ය උෂ්ණත්වය, ගල්පර නිසා ඇතිවන පෙන සුපයන් මුතුබෙල්ලන් බෝවීම කෙරෙහි විශාල වශයෙන් බලපායි.

දැඩි ලෙස මුහුද කැළඹීමත් සමඟ මුතු සෑදීම සඳහා මුතුබෙල්ලන් ප්‍රවිශ්ඨ වීම සිදුවේ. මෙහිදී වැලි සිප්පිකටු කැබලි, කොරල් කැබැලි ආදී ආගන්තුක ද්‍රව්‍ය මුතුබෙල්ලන් තුළට ඇතුළුවීම ස්‌වාභාවිකව සිදුවේ. විවර වූ මුතු බෙල්ලන් තුළට මෙම ආගන්තුක ද්‍රව්‍ය ඇතුල් වීමත් සමඟ බෙල්ලාගේ ශරීරය තුළින් එකී ආගන්තුක ද්‍රව්‍ය ප්‍රතික්‍ෂේප කිරීමට උත්සාහ දරයි.

එම උත්සාහයේදී මුතුබෙල්ලාගෙන් පිටවන කිසියම් රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍යයක් බාහිරින් පැමිණි ආගන්තුක ද්‍රව්‍ය වටා නිරන්තරයෙන් බැඳීම හෝ රැස්‌වීම නිසා ස්‌වාභාවික මුතු ඇති වේ. එම වෑස්‌සෙන ආගන්තුක ද්‍රව්‍ය බොහෝ විට බෙල්ලාගේ කටුව දෙපස තැන්පත් වේ. මේවායේ ද මුතු සෑදී තිබේ.

මුතු බෙල්ලකු හමු වූ විට මුතු ඇටය පාටින් ම එම බෙල්ලාගේ කටුව ඇතුළත ඉතා ඉහළ දීප්තියකින් යුතු මුතු වැනිම වූ පටලයක් බැඳී තිබීම නිසා ඉක්‌මනින් මුතු බෙල්ලන් හඳුනාගත හැකිය.

මුතු ව්‍යාප්තිය

ත්‍රිකුණාමලයේ මෙන්ම මන්නාරම් බොක්‌ක ආශ්‍රිතව මුහුදු තීරයේ මුතු කර්මාන්තය එකල ව්‍යාප්තව පැවතුණි.

මන්නාරම් බොක්‌කේ ඔබ්බෙහි පිහිටි ප්‍රධාන ගොඩබිමේ වැලි සහිත වෙරළේ ඇවිදීමට ගියෙමු. මෙහි දකුණු කොරෙන්මරිච්චකඩෙයි යන ස්‌ථානයේ සහ උතුරු කොරෙන්අරිප්පු යන ස්‌ථානයේ කටු ඇඹිල්ල පඳුරු සහිත කටු පඳුරු ආසන්නයෙහි මුතු වාඩි දැකිය හැකිය. අනාදිමත් කාලයක සිට මේ වාඩිවල සිට මුතුපර කඩා ගන්නා ලදී. මේ ස්‌ථාන දෙක අතර දස ලක්‍ෂ ගණනක් මුතු බෙල්ලන්ගෙන් සැදිගත් මුතුපර කඳු වශයෙන් දැකිය හැකි අතර මේ මුතු බෙල්ලන් වසරින් වසර මුතු කිමිදෙන්නන් විසින් කඩා ගනු ලැබිණි.

මන්නාරම් බොක්‌ක ආශ්‍රිත මුහුදු තීරයේ ස්‌වාභාවික මුතුපර
අද මන්නාරම් මුහුදු තීරය ආශ්‍රිත මුතු පර තර්ජනයට ලක්‌වෙලා තිබෙනවා. මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම්, පාරිසරික හේතු, මිහිතලය උණුසුම් වීම, සාගරයේ උණුසුම මෙම තත්ත්වයට හේතු වී තිබෙනවා.

මුතු පර වඳ වී යාම

මුතුවාඩි පවත්වාගෙන ගිය අය විසින් රන්බිජු ලබාගැනීමේ හදිසියෙන් පෙළුණු නිසා නොමේරූ මුතුපර පවා සූරාගැනීම නිසා මුතුපරවල තිබූ සාරවත් බව නැතිකර දැමූහ. මෙසේ නොමේරූ මුතුපර කඩාගැනීමේ අදූරදර්ශී ක්‍රියාව නිසා මුතුබෙල්ලන්ගේ බෝවීම මර්දනය වීම හෝ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නැතිවී යැම සිදු විය.

චීනයේ වසරකට ටොන් සියයක් පමණ මුතු නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි. ලෝකයේ මුතු නිෂ්පාදනය කරන රටවල වසරකට මුතු වෙළෙදාමෙන් උපයන ආදායම ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 2.5 කි.

මුතුබෙල්ලන් වගා කිරීම

මුතුබෙල්ලන් වගා කොට ගොඩට ගෙන පියන්පත් දෙක විවෘත කොට විද්‍යාත්මකව ශල්‍යකර්මයක් සිදු කෙරෙයි. ඉන්පසු කෘත්‍රිම මුතුඇටයක් සහ රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍යයද එක් කොට ප්ලාස්‌ටික් පෙට්‌ටියක අසුරා යළි වතුරට දමනු ලැබේ.

මුතු
ආභරණ
මෘද්වංශික
මුහුද

මුතු


'Entrepreneur peut désigner :
 entrepreneur, un chef d'entreprise ;
 Entrepreneur'', un magazine et un site Web américain qui publie des articles sur l' entrepreneuriat.

Voir aussi
 Micro-entrepreneur, en France, un travailleur indépendant
 Entrepreneur de morale, une personne qui cherche à influencer un groupe de personnes dans le but de lui faire adopter ou maintenir une norme
 Entrepreneur individuel, une personne physique qui exerce une activité professionnelle (commerciale, artisanale, agricole ou libérale) sans création d'une personne morale intermédiaire, la société
 Entrepreneur individuel à responsabilité limitée, selon l'article L526-6 du Code de commerce français, un régime d'entreprise individuelle où l'entrepreneur bénéficie d'une responsabilité limitée
 Entrepreneurs du Monde, une organisation qui accompagne l'insertion sociale et économique de personnes en situation de grande précarité en Afrique, en Asie, en Haïti et en France
 Entrepreneurs et dirigeants chrétiens, un mouvement œcuménique qui rassembler plus de 3200 dirigeants français
 Entrepreneurs en herbe (Some Assembly Required), une série télévisée américaine

Entrepreneur (homonymie)


Ithaca Chasma est un chasma de Téthys, un des satellites de la planète Saturne. Elle barre une partie de la surface de Théthys, et du cratère Odyssée, d'un diamètre de 400 km.
Ithaca Chasma est large de  et profonde de 3 à 5 km. Longue de , elle couvre près des 3/4 de la circonférence de Téthys.

Il a été découverte par la sonde Voyager I lors de son passage à proximité de Saturne en 1980.

Il doit son nom à l'île grecque d'Ithaque.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080624.html

Chasma
Téthys

Ithaca Chasma


Henry Hindley (1701–1771) was an 18th-century clockmaker, watchmaker and maker of scientific instruments. He invented a screw-cutting lathe, a fusee-cutting engine and an improved wheel-cutting engine and made one of the first dividing engines, for the construction of accurately-graduated arcs on scientific instruments. He is thought to have made the world's first equatorially-mounted telescope, which can now be seen in Burton Constable Hall in East Yorkshire.

Hindley was a Roman Catholic, born in Wigan (Lancs) in 1701. He was apprenticed and made clocks in Wigan from 1726 to 1730 and moved to York in 1731, where he was established first in Petergate and then Stonegate from 1741 until his death in 1771. John Smeaton's cousin John Holmes was apprenticed to Hindley. He was succeeded by his son, who died in 1775.

Most of his surviving clocks are high quality long-case clocks featuring long going and the use of deadbeat escapements, six spoke wheels, high count trains and repeating, enclosed movements. A year-going clock with a bolt-and-shutter maintaining power is in the York Castle Museum, together with four eight-day clocks. A further example, a Hindley movement of around 1740 fitted into a walnut marquetry case of ca. 1690, is at the stately home of Temple Newsam near Leeds. Others exist in private collections.

He made turret clocks such as those for York Minster (much modified over the years) and the Bar Convent in York. One of his bracket clocks may also be seen in York Minster. He made watches in some numbers: examples exist in the Science Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum, as well as the York Castle Museum.

See also
List of astronomical instrument makers

References

English inventors
English clockmakers
People from Wigan
1701 births
1771 deaths
British scientific instrument makers
Engineers from Yorkshire

Henry Hindley


La rivière Bytham était une grande rivière qui traversait le centre et l'est de l'Angleterre au Pléistocène moyen, jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit détruite par l'avancée des calottes glaciaires de la glaciation elstérienne, il y a environ 450 000 ans. Elle tire son nom du village de Castle Bytham, dans le Lincolnshire, premier site où son existence a été avancée.

Description
Son bassin de captation comprenait le Worcestershire, le Warwickshire, l'Oxfordshire et le Derbyshire, et elle s'écoulait vers l'est à travers l'East Anglia jusqu'à la mer du Nord.

Cette rivière s'est formée il y a environ 450 000 ans, avec des sources situées près de l'actuel Reading, et s'écoulait vers le nord-est jusqu'à un delta situé entre l'actuel Happisburgh (prononcé Haysborough) et Norton Subcourse, dans l'East Anglia. À cette époque, le sud de l'Angleterre était relié à la France par voie terrestre, et les fleuves, dont le Rhin, s'écoulaient dans un lac formé dans la partie sud de l'actuelle mer du Nord, au bord de la calotte glaciaire.

.

Notes & références

Bibliographie
 Gibbard, P.L., Pasanen, A., West, R. G., Lunkka, J.P., Boreham, S., Cohen, K. M. & Rolfe, C., 2009, Late Middle Pleistocene glaciation in eastern England, Boreas 38, 504–528.
 Rice, R.J., 1981, The Pleistocene deposits of the area around Croft in south Leicestershire, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B293, 385-418.
 Shotton, F.W., 1953, The Pleistocene deposits of the area between Coventry, Rugby and Leamington, and their bearing on the topographic development of the Midlands, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B237, 209-260.

Liens externes
  BBC : Les secrets des hommes préhistoriques dévoilés par leurs outils

Bytham
Bytham
Géographie du Pléistocène

Rivière Bytham


Petar Šain (Mostar, 4. srpnja 1885. – Sarajevo, 22. lipnja 1965.) bio je bosanskohercegovački slikar hrvatskog podrijetla. Jedan je od slikara iz prve generacije umjetnika koji su pohađali umjetničke škole, uključujući i Gabrijela Jurkića, Petra Tiješića, Karla Mijića, Špiru Bocarića, Đoku Mazalića, Romana Petrovića i Lazara Drljaču.

Učio je grafičke vještine u Zagrebu (1900. – 1903.), dvije godine proveo je u Grafičkom institutu u Beču, bio je u Münchenu, u Parizu.

Kao član grupe Medulić izlagao je 1912. godine u okviru Četvrte Jugoslavenske izložbe. U Veneciji je boravio i radio 1917. godine, a u Firenci 1920. Nakon toga je živio i radio u Sarajevu. Bio je profesor Srednje tehničke škole i Škole za primijenjenu umjetnost u Sarajevu. U Prvom svjetskom ratu sudjeluje kao ilustrator s bojišta i s takvim crtežima nastupio je na Izložbi umjetnika iz Bosne i Hercegovine 1917. godine. U međuratnom razdoblju slika motive sa sarajevske čaršije.

Djela
 Pejzaž
 Zima na Romaniji
 Ples rata, 1917., bakropis
 S marša, crtež
 Molitva u polju, 1918., crtež
 Italijanski položaj, sa palima, 1918., crtež perom, akvarelisan
 Ribari, linorez

Literatura
 Umjetnost Bosne i Hercegovine 1894 – 1923, katalog, Sarajevo

Vanjske poveznice
 Arte.rs – Petar Šain

Životopisi, Mostar
Hrvatski umjetnici iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Hrvatski slikari iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Petar Šain


NGC 252 este o galaxie lenticulară situată în constelația Andromeda. A fost descoperită în 26 octombrie 1786 de către William Herschel. De asemenea, a fost observată încă o dată în 23 decembrie 1827 de către John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 251
 NGC 253

Legături externe
 NGC 252 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 252 pe WikiSky

Galaxii lenticulare
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Andromeda
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1786
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de William Herschel

NGC 252


Broder Lysholm Knudtzon (* 5. Oktober 1788 in Trondheim; † 20. März 1864 in Trondheim) war ein norwegischer Kaufmann, Politiker und Mäzen.

Leben
Seine Eltern waren der Kaufmann Hans Carl Knudtzon (1751–1823) und dessen Frau Karen Müller (1752–1818). Er wuchs in Trondheim und ab 1796 in Flensburg auf. Nach seiner Konfirmation zog er zurück nach Trondheim. Für eine kurze Zeit war er Lehrling bei seinem Vater, bevor er 1807 nach Nantes reiste, um dort seine Schwester zu besuchen. Danach reiste er durch Europa und bemühte sich um eine Kaufmannsausbildung. In Paris lernte er den dänischen Dichter Adam Oehlenschläger kennen.

Im Herbst 1808 übersiedelte er nach England, wo er eine gute Kenntnis der englischen Sprache und Kultur erwarb. Er lernte in England auch Lord Byron und viele andere Schlüsselfiguren der nationalliberalen Bewegung kennen. Das Frühjahr 1814 verbrachte Knudtzon zusammen mit seinem Bruder Jørgen von Cappelen Knudtzon in London. Dort unterstützten sie Carsten Anker bei dessen Bemühungen um englische Unterstützung für ein unabhängiges Norwegen. Im Herbst desselben Jahres begleitete er seinen Vater als Mitglieder der Delegation des Stortings nach Stockholm. Nach dem Tod seines Vaters wurde er Mitinhaber des Familienbetriebs, dessen Leitung er aber seinem Bruder Christian und seinem Schwager Lorentz Johannsen überließ. Er selbst vertrat die Firma im Ausland. 1820 schrieb er:

Im Jahr 1833 wurde er als Stellvertreter in das Storting gewählt. In den Jahren 1839–1857 saß er im Aufsichtsrat der Norges Bank. Außerdem war er seit 1821 Mitglied der Gelehrtengesellschaft Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab und fungierte von 1825 bis 1831 als deren Sekretär. Mit der Hilfe seiner Bekannten in England machte er der Gesellschaft Bücher, unter anderem über politische Ökonomie, zugänglich. Nach seinem Tod vermachte er auch einen Teil seiner eigenen Bibliothek und einige Kunstwerke Bertel Thorvaldsens der Gelehrtengesellschaft.

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (Norwegen)
Mitglied der Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab
Mäzen
Norweger
Geboren 1788
Gestorben 1864
Mann

Broder Knudtzon


Dead Space é um jogo eletrônico de survival horror e ficção científica desenvolvido pela Motive Studios e publicado pela Electronic Arts. É um remake do jogo de 2008 com o mesmo nome desenvolvido pela EA Redwood Shores, e foi lançado em 27 de janeiro de 2023 para Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5 e Xbox Series X/S. É o primeiro lançamento da série Dead Space desde Dead Space 3 (2013).

Sinopse
O jogo mantém o mesmo enredo básico do original. Situado no século 26, a história segue o engenheiro Isaac Clarke, um tripulante em uma embarcação de reparos designada para o USG Ishimura, uma enorme nave de mineração planetária. Ao investigar um pedido de socorro enviado pela oficial médica do navio (namorada de Isaac), a tripulação do navio é atacada por cadáveres humanos mutantes; Issac é forçado a se defender enquanto tenta salvar seus companheiros de tripulação sobreviventes e descobrir a verdade por trás da perda de Ishimura.

Desenvolvimento
O jornalista de jogos Jeff Grubb, da GamesBeat, informou que um remake de Dead Space (2008) estava em desenvolvimento na Motive Studios em 1.º de julho de 2021. Ele especulou que o sucesso de Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order (2019) da Electronic Arts (EA) e dos remakes Resident Evil 2 (2019) e Resident Evil 3 (2020) da Capcom foram fundamentais na decisão da editora de dar luz verde ao remake de Dead Space.

A Motive utilizou o motor Frostbite, de propriedade da EA, para desenvolver o jogo, o mesmo que o estúdio usou anteriormente para desenvolver Star Wars: Squadrons (2020) e a campanha para um jogador de Star Wars Battlefront II (2017). O jogo mantém a mesma história e estrutura do original, mas apresenta recursos, modelos de personagens e cenários redesenhados. Os desenvolvedores  aproveitaram os SSDs da nona geração de consoles para que o jogo seja apresentado como uma "sequência ininterrupta", sem telas de carregamento. Conteúdos que foram removidos do jogo original devido a restrições técnicas também podem ser adicionados. O jogo não apresenta microtransações, ao contrário de Dead Space 3 (2013), onde a adição de microtransações resultou em uma recepção negativa.

O diretor de arte do jogo, Mike Yazijan, que trabalhou anteriormente como diretor de arte na EA Montreal auxiliando a Visceral Games no desenvolvimento de Dead Space 2 (2011). Gunner Wright reprisa seu papel como Isaac Clarke, que é totalmente dublado, assim como suas aparições em Dead Space 2 e Dead Space 3.

Divulgação e lançamento
O jogo foi anunciado no evento EA Play Live em 22 de julho de 2021, acompanhado por um teaser trailer, com data de lançamento inicial prevista para o final de 2022. Em março de 2022, foi anunciado que o jogo havia sido adiado para o início de 2023 e, em maio, a Motive confirmou seu lançamento para 27 de janeiro de 2023 para as plataformas Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 5 e Xbox Series X/S.

Recepção

Dead Space recebeu "críticas geralmente positivas" nas versões para PC e PlayStation 5, enquanto a versão para Xbox Series X recebeu "aclamação universal", de acordo com o agregador de resenhas Metacritic.

Ligações externas
Página oficial

Jogos eletrônicos de 2023
Jogos eletrônicos da Electronic Arts
Jogos eletrônicos de horror
Jogos para PlayStation 5
Jogos para Windows
Jogos para Xbox Series X e Series S
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Jogos eletrônicos para um jogador
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Jogos eletrônicos com zumbis
Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos no Canadá
Recriações de jogos eletrônicos
Dead Space
Jogos eletrônicos com Frostbite

Dead Space (jogo eletrônico de 2023)