U rimskoj arhitekturi,  (ili , iz  , tabla, slika) bila je soba općenito smještena na jednoj strani atrija i nasuprot ulazu; otvarala se straga na peristil, s velikim prozorom ili samo s predsobljem ili zastorom. Zidovi su bili bogato ukrašeni freskama, a poprsja obitelji bila su raspoređena na postoljima s obje strane prostorije.

Opis

Tablinum je bio ured u rimskoj kući, očevo poslovno središte, gdje je primao svoje klijente. Prvotno je to bila glavna spavaća soba, ali je kasnije postala glavni ured i soba za primanje gospodara kuće.

Takhtabush
 je arapski izraz za tablinum. Poput starorimskog tablinuma, otvara se prema jako zasjenjenom dvorištu i, s druge strane, stražnjem vrtu. Za razliku od rimskog tablinuma, vrtna strana je zatvorena mashrabiya rešetkom (Rimski tablinumi možda su imali otvorene zavjese.

Ako ima vjetra, on ima tendenciju puhati prema dolje u teren u privjetrini i prema gore iz terena u zavjetrini.  Međutim, propuh može biti pokretan konvekcijom. Jedan od terena će općenito biti topliji od drugog; koji je topliji može varirati Dvorište je često svijetlo, popločano i usko, a može biti zasjenjeno tendom i hlađeno isparavanjem pomoću fontane. Vrt je općenito tamnije boje, ali se hladi isparavanjem evapotranspiracijom. Veće dvorište općenito će biti manje zasjenjeno vlastitim zidovima i više izloženo vrućim vjetrovima; također može biti manje zaklonjen okolnim prostorijama. Zbog pritiska vjetra i konvekcijskih sila, najtopliji zrak u toplijem dvorištu diže se i izlazi preko zida, povlačeći svježi zrak iz hladnijeg dvorišta kroz  u topliji dvor Hladniji teren se nadopunjuje zrakom sa strane (uvučen kroz vrata, hlađen isparavanjem koji strši  lučnim prozorima i malim otvorima u zidu), ili odozgo , koji se hladi kontaktom sa zidom i hlađenjem isparavanjem.  stoga ima jak povjetarac s hladnijeg terena. Povjetarac je barem djelomično pokretan konvekcijom, a može ga također pokretati pritisak vjetra i hlađenje isparavanjem, pa se vrtovi i dvorišta koriste kao vjetrohvati.

Slični sustavi mogu se koristiti za stvaranje hladnog, prozračnog javnog natkrivenog prostora između dva javna trga.

Poveznice
 Tsubo-niwa, sličan tradicionalni japanski arhitektonski element

Daljnje čitanje

Izvori

Prostorije
Starorimski arhitektonski elementi

Tablinum


Livorno, İtalya'da, Toskana bölgesi içinde aynı ismi taşıyan Livorno ilinin merkezi bir komündür. Livorno Ligurya Denizi kıyısında, (31.5.2010 itibarıyla) 160.884 nüfuslu bir şehirdir.

Tarihce

Tarih boyunca özgürlükçü akımlardan etkilenen kent, asıl büyümesini Medici ailesinin Toskana Grandüklüğü'nü üstlendiği dönemde yaşadı. 1587'de I. Ferdinand'ın "Toskana Grandükü" sıfatıyla duyurduğu "Leggi Livornine" (Livorno anayasası) ile Pisa kentinin liman kasabası Livorno "açık şehir" ilan edildi. Hangi ulustan olursa olsun, ister hakkında idam cezası çıkarılmış bir korsan ister bir hırsız olsun, hiçbir şekilde takibe uğramaksızın Livorno'ya yerleşebilecek, orada ticaret yapabilecek hatta dininin gereklerini yerine getirebilecekti. Bu düzenlemenin ardından Akdeniz'in en önemli ticaret merkezleri arasına giren şehir, kozmopolit ve özgürlükçü tarzını bugüne değin yitirmedi. Livorno, 1921'de İtalyan Komünist Partisi'nin (PCI) doğuşuna da tanıklık etti. Kent bugün bile İtalya'da solun kalelerinden biri olarak varlığını sürdürmekte.

Nüfus gelişimi

Livorno'nun belediye sınırları içinde nüfusu (31.12.2010 itibarıyla) 161.131 kişidir. 19. ve 20. yüzyılda Livorno'nun nüfusunun gelişmesi şu gösterimde görülebilir:

Kişi

Spor

Livorno'nun dünyaca en çok tanınan özelliklerinden biri, hiç kuşkusuz, endüstriyel futbola karşı muhalif bir duruş sergileyen AS Livorno Calcio takımı. Türkiye'de de giderek taraftar toplayan AS Livorno, yükselme maçlarında Brescia takımını eleyerek 2009-2010 sezonunda tekrar Serie A'da mücadele etmeye hak kazanmışsa da Atalanta BC, AC Siena takımlarıyla birlikte Serie B'ye düşerek 2010-2011 sezonunda Serie B'de mücadele etmektedir.

Kardeş şehirler

Livorno şu kentlerle kardeş şehir bağlantısı kurmuştur:

Resimler

Livorno

Ayrıca bakınız
 Toskana
 Livorno (il)
 Quattro Mori anıtı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Livorno resmi sitesi
 Forza Livorno
  Livorno ve AS Livorno tarihçesi
 Livorno fotoğrafları

Livorno


An Roeperocharis bennettiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Roeperocharis bennettiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Roeperocharis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Roeperocharis

Roeperocharis bennettiana


An Eragrostis rottleri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf. An Eragrostis rottleri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis rottleri


Roland Niczuly ()

Carieră

Juniorat
Roland Niczuly și-a început aventura în fotbal la vârsta de 9 ani în orașul natal pentru CSE Tg. Secuiesc. După numai un an se mută la juniorii lui FC Brașov fiind coleg de generație cu Rareș Enceanu, Florin Iacob și Alexandru Țuțu. Pregătirea, seriozitatea și efortul depus l-a adus în curtea Universității Cluj în 2010. După numai doi ani, în 2012, alături de o generație extraordinară a pus umărul la cucerirea titlului de Campioană Națională a juniorilor B, ținând poarta închisă atât în semifinala disputată împotriva  Viitorului Constanța cât și în finala cu CS Liberty Salonta.În 2014, Niczuly a bifat o nouă finală a Campionatului Național, dedicată la acea vreme jucătorilor sub 19 ani (juniori "A"), dar pierdută, însă, la limită, în fața  Viitorului Constanța (0-1).

Universitatea Cluj
În sezonul 2014/2015 a fost împrumutat la Unirea Tărlungeni, unde a debutat în liga secundă împotriva  Oltului Slatina pe 30 august 2014. După un sezon în care a aparat poarta  Unirii în 26 de partide, terminând, împreună cu echipa, pe locul 2 al ligii secunde și a evoluțiilor remarcabile  s-a întors la Universitatea Cluj pentru sezonul 2015/2016. A debutat în prima echipă a  Universitatii în data de 29 august 2015, îndeplinindu-și un vis, practic, într-un meci împotriva  Chindiei Târgoviște ținând poarta intactă.

Palmares

Juniori
Universitatea Cluj
 Campionatul României U-17
Locul 1: 2011-2012

 Campionatul României U-19
Locul 2: 2013-2014

Sepsi Sfântu Gheorghe
  Cupa României
 Câștigătoare (2): 2021–2022, 2022–2023

România Under-18
 Turneul internațional "Roma Caput Mundi"
Locul 1: 2013

Referințe

Legături externe

Profil pe transfermarkt
Profil pe footballdatabase

Nașteri în 1995
Nașteri pe 21 septembrie
Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață

Roland Niczuly


Karilatsi ist der Name zweier Dörfer im estnischen Kreis Põlva:

 in der Landgemeinde Kanepi, siehe Karilatsi (Kanepi)
 in der Landgemeinde Vastse-Kuuste, siehe Karilatsi (Põlva)

Karilatsi


Konusni mlin sastoji se od konusnog kućišta s pripadnim konusnim rotorom. Kućište i rotor imaju oštre noževe, a vlaknasta masa ulazi na užem i izlazi na širem dijelu mlina. Djelotvornost mljevenja ovisi o širini noževa i o razmaku između rotora i kućišta (statora), koji se po potrebi može podešavati.

Priprema vlaknaste mase
Pod pripremom vlaknaste mase razumijeva se prevođenje poluproizvoda za proizvodnju papira (drvenjače, drvne celuloze, poluceluloze, celuloze od slame, otpadnog tekstila i starog papira) u stanje i oblik prikladan za stvaranje trake papira na papirnom stroju. Ako se celuloza, kao najčešći i osnovni poluproizvod u proizvodnji papira, ne doprema u tvornicu papira u obliku vodene suspenzije, već se nalazi u čvrstom stanju u obliku bala ili kotura, potrebno ju je prevesti u suspenziju. To se provodi pomoću jakih i brzih turboagitatora, pa se dobiva jednolična 3 do 7% vodena suspenzija. Svrha je tog postupka da se vlakanca međusobno odijele i dispergiraju u vodi. Osim toga u tom se obliku s poluproizvodom lakše rukuje, on se može lakše prevoziti, mjeriti, miješati s dodacima i mehanički obraditi. Međutim, celulozna vlakanca u takvoj sirovoj vlaknastoj masi nisu još prikladna i spremna za proizvodnju kvalitetnog papira. Ako se vlaknasta masa s takvim nemodificiranim vlakancina dovodi na papirni stroj, dobit će se niskokvalitetan, mekan i porozan papir male čvrstoće zbog slabe povezanosti vlakanaca. Takav papir može služiti za filtriranje, ali je inače vrlo neprikladan za pisanje i tiskanje, te je sasvim neupotrebiv za pakiranje (ambalaža). Zbog toga se prije stvaranja papirnog lista na papirnom stroju vlaknasta masa mora prvo pripremiti. Pripremom se od sirove vlaknaste mase postupcima mljevenja, primješavanja dodataka (keljiva, punila, bojila) pročišćavanjem i razrjeđivanjem stvara papirna smjesa (papirština), od koje se zatim na papirnom stroju proizvodi papir.

Mljevenje

Pod mljevenjem se razumijevaju mehaničke operacije, koje, iako izvođene na jednostavnim strojevima, mogu u celuloznim vlakancima uzrokovati i vrlo složene procese. Zbog toga je naziv mljevenje, kao tradicionalno uvriježeni naziv za te operacije, vrlo neprikladan i nepotpun. Tokom takozvanog mljevenja celulozna se vlakanca trgaju, čupaju i gnječe, pa se tako djelomično strukturno razgrađuju u mikrovlakna (mikrofibrile). Čini se da pri tom ne nastupaju veće kemijske promjene, ali su fizikalne promjene vrlo velike. Ranije se smatralo da vlakanca hidratiraju, ali je danas poznato da je proces mnogo složeniji. Iako ne nastupa hidratacija u kemijskom smislu, povećava se sklonost (afinitet) vlakanaca prema vodi, ona bubre i postaju podatnija i savitljivija. Zbog povećanja njihove površine i zbog promjena na njoj bitno se povećava sposobnost vlakanaca da se nakon sušenja međusobno povezuju. Tako se može dobiti gust, tvrd i čvrst papir, pa se pokazalo da mnoga fizikalna svojstva proizvedenog papira umnogome ovise upravo o načinu i trajanju mljevenja u toku pripreme vlaknaste mase.

Koritasti mlin ili holender

Koritasti mlin ili holender je stroj za mljevenje celuloznih vlakanaca koji se koristi u pripremi za proizvodnju papira. Inače se za mljevenje upotrebljava više vrsta strojeva. Dugo je u upotrebi bio samo jedan tip stroja, primijenjen u proizvodnji prvi put u Nizozemskoj oko 1690. i prema tome poznat po tradicionalnom nazivu holender. To je korito s pregradom u sredini koja omogućuje kružni tok suspenzije u koritu. Na jednoj je strani smješten rotirajući valjak s poprečnim uskim (oštrim) noževima koji se okreće iznad kućišta također opremljenog noževima. Cirkulirajuća vlaknasta masa prolazi između valjka i kućišta, a njihov razmak i širina noževa određuju jakost (intenzitet) i učinak mljevenja. Koritasti mlin obično može primiti od 200 do 1 000 kilograma mase, mljevenje može trajati od 15 minuta pa i do 10 sati, a masa se ubacuje i ispušta periodički. To je ujedno i najveći nedostatak tih strojeva jer se ne uklapaju u današnju automatiziranu proizvodnju papira. Danas se upotrebljavaju strojevi za neprekinuto mljevenje nazvani konusnim ili pločastim mlinovima.

Pločasti mlin
Pločasti mlin ili mlin s diskovima opremljen je okruglim pločama (diskovima) s usađenim noževima između kojih se melje vlaknasta masa. Neki tipovi pločastih mlinova imaju dvije ploče, od kojih se jedna vrti (rotira), dok u drugih se vrti srednja od triju ploča (dvostruki pločasti mlin). Ploče se podesivom oprugom tlače jedna uz drugu, a njihove radne površine mogu biti obrađene i nazubljene na različite načine. Materijal za mljevenje ulazi kroz sredinu jedne od ploča, a izlazi na njihovu obodu.

Za razliku od mljevenja u koritastom mlinu (holenderu), mljevenjem u konusnim i pločastim mlinovima dobije se vlaknasta masa boljih svojstava, koja se kasnije lakše obrađuje na papirnom stroju. Mijenjanjem razmaka među rotirajućim i mirujućim dijelovima mlinova i izborom vrste nazubljenja na njihovim površinama može se utjecati na kvalitetu mase. Tako je u gustoj masi uz tupe (široke) noževe i veći razmak između rotirajućeg dijela mlina i kućišta mljevenje blaže, pa se vlakanca ne skraćuju. Nasuprot tome, u rjeđoj masi, uz oštre (uske) noževe i manji razmak između rotirajućeg dijela i kućišta, mljevenje je snažnije i nastaje uglavnom rezanje i skraćivanje vlakanaca.

Izvori

 Tiskarstvo
Strojevi

Konusni mlin


Ceratozamia alvarezii es una especie de planta de la familia Zamiaceae. Es endémica de México. Está amenazado por la pérdida de hábitat. Es una especie prioritaria para la conservación por parte del gobierno mexicano a través de la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Donaldson, J.S. 2003.  Ceratozamia alvarezii.  2006 IUCN  Lista Roja de la UICN de Especies Amenazadas. Descargado el 21 de agosto de 2007.

alvarezii

Ceratozamia alvarezii


Petar Stefanov Stojanov (; født ) er en bulgarsk politiker, der var Bulgariens 2. præsident fra 1997 til 2002. Han blev valgt som repræsentant for det kristendemokratiske parti Forbundet af Demokratiske Kræfter (, SDS).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Bulgariens præsidenter
Politikere fra Bulgarien
Personer fra Plovdiv

Petar Stojanov


Paul Laumonier  (* 1867; † 1949) war ein französischer Romanist und Literaturwissenschaftler.

Leben und Werk

Laumonier war Schüler am Lycée Condorcet. Er studierte bei Louis Petit de Julleville. Er lehrte ab 1896 an der Universität Poitiers und habilitierte sich 1909 bei Émile Faguet mit den beiden Thèses Ronsard, poète lyrique. Etude historique et littéraire (Paris 1909, 1923, 1932, Genf 1972), sowie (Hrsg.) Claude Binet, La Vie de Pierre de Ronsard, 1586 (Paris 1910, Genf 1969). Er wurde Professor an der Universität Bordeaux und arbeitete bis zu seinem Tod an der großen kritischen Ausgabe der Werke von Pierre de Ronsard, Oeuvres complètes. Edition critique, 20 Bde., Paris 1914–1975 (Bde. 15–20, hrsg. von Isidore Silver und Raymond Lebègue).

Weitere Werke

Tableau chronologique des oeuvres de Ronsard, 2. Auflage, Paris 1911 (1. Aufl. La Flèche 1903), New York 1969
(Hrsg.) Ronsard, Œuvres complètes, 8 Bde., Paris 1914–1919
(Hrsg.) Ronsard et sa province. Anthologie régionale, Paris 1924

Literatur

Mélanges de littérature, d'histoire et de philologie offerts à Paul Laumonier, professeur à la Faculté des lettres de Bordeaux, par ses élèves et ses amis, Bordeaux 1935, Genf 1972 (mit Schriftenverzeichnis)
Solange Guberman: Paul Laumonier et la littérature du XVe siècle, in: Francofonia 8, n° 15, 1988,  S. 107–122

Weblinks

Romanist
Hochschullehrer (Universität Bordeaux)
Franzose
Geboren 1867
Gestorben 1949
Mann

Paul Laumonier


ඔබට අවැසි ලිපිය තෝරාගන්න
 තෝනිගල සෙල් ලිපිය, ආණමඩුව - මෙරට දිගම සෙල්ලිපිය ලෙස සැළකෙන ආණමඩුව පිහිටි තෝනිගල සෙල් ලිපිය, පුත්තලම-කුරුණෑගල මාර්ගයේ, පුත්තලම සිට කිලෝ මීටර 24 ක් පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා තිබේ.
 තෝනිගල සෙල් ලිපිය, වවුනියාව -  වවුනියාව දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට අයත් තෝනිගල සෙල් ලිපිය වවුනියාව-හොරොව්පොතාන මාර්ගයේ තිලක්කුලම ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා තිබේ.

තෝනිගල සෙල් ලිපිය


Joe Erwin Kuzman (Janos Kuszmann, d. 3 Aralık 1938, Budapeşte, Macaristan), Beşiktaş'ın ilk yabancı futbolcusu.

Kariyeri
Futbola MTK Budapest'nin genç takımında başladı. Bu takımın A takımına çıktıktan 3 yıl sonra, Macar devrimi ile birlikte Avusturya'nın Wiener Sport Club takımına transfer oldu. Bir yıl sonra 1958'de La Liga'ya yeni çıkmış olan İspanya'nın Real Betis takımına transfer oldu. 6 yıl Real Betis'te en iyi dereceyi son sezonunda 3. olarak gördü. 2 yıl ise Espanyol takımında oynadı. Aynı zamanda İspanya vatandaşı oldu. 8 yıllık La Liga macerasında 109 maçta 15 gol attı.

1966-1967 sezonunda yine Macaristan vatandaşı olan ve MTK'dan takım arkadaşı Tibor Szalay ile birlikte Beşiktaş'a transfer oldu. Szalay sadece 3 maç oynayıp, sezonun sonlarına doğru takımdan ayrılırken Kuzman Beşiktaş'ta kaldı ve attığı gollerle takımını şampiyonluğa taşıyan oyunculardan biri oldu ve oynadığı 21 maçta 8 gol attı. Ancak tüm golleri kritik maçlarda olması ile attığı goller oldukça önem kazandı. Sezon bitiminde bir maçta yaptığı sportmenlik dışı hareketler yüzünden 3 ay men cezasının da etkisiyle vatandaşı Szalay'ın takımı Philadelphia Spartans'a transfer oldu. Sadece 2 maç sonra Cleveland Stokers'a geçti. 1968 sezonunda da Stokers da kalan Kuzman, toplam 28 maçta 4 gollük bir performans gösterdi.

1968-1969 sezonunda Beşiktaş'a geri döndü. Ancak ikinci gelişinde aynı başarıyı gösteremedi. Ertesi sezon Stokers'tan takım arkadaşı Manuel Mendoza ile 2. Ligde mücadele eden Boluspor'a transfer oldu ve takımının 1. Lige çıkmasında önemli rol oynadı. 1970'te antrenörlük kursuna gitti. Türkiye'de kendine takım bulamayınca 1971'de Yunan takımı Panachaiki G.C.'yi çalıştırdı.

1938 doğumlular
Macar futbolcular
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Türkiye'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Real Betis futbolcuları
La Liga futbolcuları
Boluspor yabancı futbolcuları
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Budapeşte doğumlu futbolcular
RCD Espanyol futbolcuları
Macar gurbetçi futbolcular
Beşiktaş JK yabancı futbolcuları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki gurbetçi futbolcular
Yunanistan'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İspanya'daki Macar gurbetçiler
Türkiye'deki Macar gurbetçiler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Macar gurbetçiler
Yunanistan'daki Macar gurbetçiler
Resim aranan futbolcular
Cleveland Stokers futbolcuları
Philadelphia Spartans futbolcuları
Defans futbolcuları

Joe Erwin Kuzman


International Film Service (IFS) was an American animation studio created to exploit the popularity of the comic strips controlled by William Randolph Hearst.

Do not confuse "Hearst News" IFS, California, with "International Film Service Company, Inc.", New York.

History
In 1914, William Randolph Hearst expanded his International News Service wire syndicate into the International Picture Service, a syndicate formed to create newsreels, when newsreels were an entirely new idea. The success of the Hearst Newsreel led the media magnate to create International Film Service (IFS) in 1915. The purpose of this company was to translate Hearst's top comic strip properties into "living comic strips", to be added to the tail-end of the newsreels. For Hearst, the purpose of these cartoons was to be the same as the comics: to increase the circulation of his newspapers. The fact that former Hearst employees Winsor McCay, George McManus, and Bud Fisher were all doing very well with animated cartoons based on their Hearst comic strips ("Little Nemo", The Newlyweds, and Mutt and Jeff) may have had something to do with it as well, since Hearst was a sore loser.

To lead this new studio, Hearst did what he usually did: lured the best talent away from his competitors with the promise of the kind of huge salary only a Hearst could afford. The supervisor was Gregory La Cava, who had animated for the Raoul Barré studio. La Cava was given director credit for all of the IFS cartoons. IFS cartoons were the first comic strip properties to give proper credit to the director and animators, as opposed to just the creator of the comic (their credit was in tiny print on the screen, but it was there). With him came William Nolan and Frank Moser, the fastest animators in the business. Hearst even hired Raoul Barré, head of another animation studio, to animate his first series and teach the new hires how animation was done.

IFS jumped into eight different series right from the start. This was possible only because of La Cava's extraordinary organization skills. On the other hand, the quality suffered. IFS cartoons are indeed "living comic strips", with little motion and many dialog balloons instead of the intertitles used by most other animation studios. As a result, they are not very interesting to look at today. The studio did give birth to one enduring series, however: Krazy Kat. IFS was also the first studio for a whole host of future animation talent: Vernon Stallings, Walter Lantz, Ben Sharpsteen, Jack King, John Foster, Grim Natwick, Burt Gillett and Isadore Klein.

World War I proved the death-knell for IFS. Hearst had been pursuing an aggressive pro-German position for decades under the assumption that German immigrants were the core of his newspaper consistency. As a result, International News Service lost its credibility. The spiraling debt this created forced Hearst to cut out his least-profitable business, and that was IFS. The entire staff was laid off on July 6, 1918, a date referred to in animation history as "Black Monday". But Hearst still cared about his animated properties, so he licensed them to John C. Terry's studio. When that studio folded a year later, he licensed his former competitor, Bray Productions, to make the IFS cartoons. The deal lasted from 1919 to 21, when the IFS-Bray agreement broke off; with the final few cartoons released in early 1921.

Filmography
 Phables (1915-1916): directed by Gregory La Cava; animated by Raoul Barré
 Joys and Glooms (1916): directed by Gregory La Cava; animated by Frank Moser and Raoul Barré
 Krazy Kat (1916-1917): directed by Gregory La Cava; animated by Frank Moser, Leon Searl, Bill Nolan, Bert Green, Edward Grinham, Earl Klein, Isadore Klein, Sid Marcus, Al Rose
 The Katzenjammer Kids (1916-1918): directed by Gregory La Cava; animated by Gregory La Cava, John Foster, George (Vernon) Stallings, Isadore Klein; screenwritten by H.E. Hancock, Louis De Lorme
 Maud the Mule (1916): directed by Gregory La Cava; animated by Bert Green
 Happy Hooligan (1916-1919): directed by Gregory La Cava; animated by Frank Moser, Bill Nolan, Ben Sharpsteen, Jack King, Isadore Klein, Grim Natwick; screenwritten by Louis De Lorme
 Jerry on the Job (1916-1917): directed by Gregory La Cava; animated by Will Powers, Walter Lantz; screenwritten by H.E. Hancock, Louis De Lorme
 Bringing Up Father (1916-1917): directed by Gregory La Cava (No source given, newspaper articles differ); animated by Frank Moser, Bert Green, Edward Grinham, Grim Natwick; screenwritten by Louis De Lorme
 Abie the Agent (1917): directed by Gregory La Cava
 Judge Rummy (1918-1919): directed by Gregory La Cava; animated by Gregory La Cava, Grim Natwick, Jack King, Burton Gillett, Frank Moser, and Isadore Klein
 Tad Cartoons (1918-1919): directed by Bill Nolan and Walter Lantz

Distributors
 Vitagraph Studios (1916-1917)
 Pathé (1916-1917)
 Educational Pictures (1918-1919)
 Winkler Pictures (1919-1925)

Staff
 Producer: William Randolph Hearst (1916-1918), John C. Terry (1918-1919)
 Directors: Gregory La Cava, Bill Nolan, Walter Lantz
 Animators: Raoul Barré, Frank Moser, Leon A. Searl, Bert Green (1916–18), Bill Nolan (1916–18), Edward Grinham, Ben Sharpsteen, Jack King (1920–21), Will Powers, Walter Lantz, John Foster, George (Vernon) Stallings (1916–18), F. M. Follett, Leighton Budd, Hal Coffman, Grim Natwick (1916–18), Burton Gillett, Isadore Klein (1916–18), Earl Klein (1917-17), Sid Marcus (1916–17), Tom Norton (1916–18), Al Rose (1916–17), George Rufle (c. 1916)
 Story: Tom Powers, Louis De Lorme, H. E. Hancock

References

 Donald Crafton; Before Mickey: The Animated Film, 1898-1928; University of Chicago Press;  (2nd edition, paperback, 1993)
 Denis Gifford; American Animated Films: The Silent Era, 1897-1929; McFarland & Company;  (library binding, 1990)
 Leonard Maltin; Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons; Penguin Books;  (1980, 1987)

External links

Mass media companies established in 1915
Mass media companies disestablished in 1926
American animation studios
Hearst Communications

International Film Service


Les Anges de Leakey (en ), ou Trimates (jeu de mots dérivé de « primate » et de « trio »), désigne trois chercheuses dont le paléoprimatologue et paléoanthropologue kényan et britannique Louis Leakey fut le mentor.

Ces chercheuses de premier plan, parmi les premières à s'intéresser à l'observation en milieu naturel et à la protection des grands singes, sont Jane Goodall (étude des chimpanzés), Dian Fossey (étude des gorilles) et Birutė Galdikas (étude des orang-outans).

Trio
Surnom

Anges de Leakey


Antônio Carlos Gomes (født 11. juli 1836 i Campinas, Sao Paulo - død 16. september 1896 i Belém Pará, Brasilien) var en brasiliansk komponist, pianist, dirigent og lærer.

Gomes som primært er kendt som operakomponist, hørte til en af de første anerkendte brasilianske komponister i Europa. Han studerede komposition på Musikkonservatoriet i Rio de Janeiro. Han har skrevet 8 operaer, hvoraf den mest kendte er A Noite do Castelo.
Han har udover sine operaer skrevet sange, korværker, messer, kirkelige værker og klaverstykker.

Udvalgte værker
 A Noite do Castelo - opera
 Joana De Flandres - opera

Kilde
 Om Antonio Carlos Gomes på www.gounin.net

Eksterne henvisninger

Komponister fra Brasilien
Pianister fra Brasilien
Lærere

Antônio Carlos Gomes


Perryville ist eine Stadt (mit dem Status "City") und Verwaltungssitz des Perry County im Südosten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Missouri. Im Jahr 2020 hatte die Stadt 8.555 Einwohner. Benannt ist das County nach dem Marineoffizier Oliver Hazard Perry.

Geografie
Perryville liegt wenige Kilometer westlich des Mississippi, der die Grenze zu Illinois bildet. Die Stadt  liegt auf 37°07′12″ nördlicher Breite und 93°28′49″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über 34,45 km².

Nachbarorte sind Chester in Illinois (23,8 km nördlich), Belgique (20,9 km nordöstlich), Crosstown (15,5 km östlich), Longtown (11,3 km südöstlich), Highland (7,9 km südwestlich) und Silver Lake (15,5 km westsüdwestlich).

Die nächstgelegenen Großstädte sind St. Louis (130 km nördlich), Tennessees Hauptstadt Nashville (405 km südöstlich), Memphis (330 km südlich), Springfield (399 km westlich) und Missouris Hauptstadt Jefferson City (280 km nordwestlich).

Verkehr
Durch die westlichen Stadtteile von Perryville verläuft parallel zum Mississippi die Interstate 55, die die kürzeste Verbindung von St. Louis nach Memphis bildet. Durch das Stadtzentrum führt der U.S. Highway 61, der ebenfalls parallel zum Mississippi verläuft. Durch den Nordwesten von Perryville führt die Missouri State Route 51, die rund 20 km nördlich der Stadt den Mississippi überquert.

18,4 km nördlich der Stadt liegt der Perryville Municipal Airport. Der nächste Großflughafen ist der 148 nordnordwestlich gelegene Flughafen St. Louis.

Demografische Daten
Nach der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 lebten in Perryville 8225 Menschen in 3370 Haushalten. Die Bevölkerungsdichte betrug 417,5 Einwohner pro Quadratkilometer. In den 3370 Haushalten lebten statistisch je 2,4 Personen.

Ethnisch betrachtet setzte sich die Bevölkerung zusammen aus 95,3 Prozent Weißen, 0,8 Prozent Afroamerikanern, 0,4 Prozent amerikanischen Ureinwohnern, 0,9 Prozent Asiaten sowie aus anderen ethnischen Gruppen; 1,3 Prozent stammten von zwei oder mehr Ethnien ab. Unabhängig von der ethnischen Zugehörigkeit waren 2,7 Prozent der Bevölkerung spanischer oder lateinamerikanischer Abstammung.

25,4 Prozent der Bevölkerung waren unter 18 Jahre alt, 56,9 Prozent waren zwischen 18 und 64 und 17,7 Prozent waren 65 Jahre oder älter. 52,3 Prozent der Bevölkerung war weiblich.

Das jährliche Durchschnittseinkommen eines Haushalts lag bei 41.092 USD. Das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen betrug 21.276 USD. 15,2 Prozent der Einwohner lebten unterhalb der Armutsgrenze.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website
 Handelskammer von Perryville
 www.city-data.com - Republic, Missouri

County Seat in Missouri
Oliver Hazard Perry als Namensgeber

Perryville (Missouri)


Philippseck war eine neuzeitliche festungsartige Schlossanlage auf dem Schlossberg oberhalb von Münster, einem Stadtteil von Butzbach im Wetteraukreis in Hessen. Sie wurde errichtet durch Landgraf Philipp III. von Hessen-Butzbach. Von der Anlage sind nur noch sehr geringe Reste erhalten.

Geschichte
Der Ort Münster gehörte zwischen 1609 und 1643 zur Landgrafschaft Hessen-Butzbach als Teilterritorium der Landgrafschaft Hessen-Darmstadt. Nach eigenen Plänen ließ Landgraf Philipp III. zwischen 1626 und 1628 auf dem damaligen "Gehberg" das befestigte Schloss als Pest- und Fluchtschloss nahe seiner Residenz in Butzbach erbauen.

Nach Philipps Tod fiel das Schloss an Hessen-Darmstadt zurück, wurde aber bis 1681 an die Nebenlinie Hessen-Homburg weitergegeben. Von 1688 bis zu ihrem Tod nutzte die Landgrafenwitwe Elisabeth Dorothea von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg abwechselnd das Schloss in Butzbach und Philippseck als Witwensitz, nach ihrem Tod bis 1741 ihr Sohn Heinrich von Hessen-Darmstadt.

Doch war das Darmstädter Interesse an der abgelegenen Anlage gering und die Unterhaltungskosten hoch. Philippseck wurde 1773/74 auf Abbruch versteigert. Teile der Kelleranlagen blieben bis in die 1970er Jahre erhalten und wurden als Lagerraum genutzt.

Philippseck gehörte zum Gebiet des Gemeinen Rechts, das hier ohne die Überlagerung von Partikularrecht galt. Dieses behielt seine Geltung auch während der Zugehörigkeit zum Großherzogtum Hessen im 19. Jahrhundert, bis es zum 1. Januar 1900 von dem einheitlich im ganzen Deutschen Reich geltenden Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch abgelöst wurde.

Im Jahr 2007 konnten Randbereiche der Anlage durch die Archäologische Denkmalpflege des Wetteraukreises baubegleitend untersucht werden. Ein Modell der Anlage im Maßstab 1:100 befindet sich im Museum der Stadt Butzbach.

Anlage
Das Schloss bestand im Kern aus einem Schlossgebäude auf dreieckigem Grundriss mit Innenhof und mehreren Risaliten. Die Flanken wiesen eine Länge von jeweils 73 m auf. Die vorgelagerten Grabenanlagen bildeten einen unregelmäßigen zwölfzackigen Stern. Der Bautyp ist mit Varianten mehrfach in der Festungsliteratur des 16. und frühen 17. Jahrhunderts vertreten (Buonaiuto Lorini 1607; Johann Wilhelm Dilich 1640). Die einzige vergleichbare Anlage in Deutschland ist die 1604–1607 errichtete Wewelsburg. Weitere Beispiele gibt es im venezianisch beeinflussten Kroatien und in Italien.

Die Dreiecksform wurde schon in der damaligen Festungsarchitektur als schwierig zu verteidigen eingestuft, da von den Bastionen gegnerisches Artilleriefeuer nur unzureichend erwidert werden konnte. Die Mittelbastionen der Flanken von Philippseck sind ein Versuch, diese Schwäche auszugleichen, doch konnten dort aufgrund der Größe der Plattform nur kleinere Geschütze aufgestellt werden. Lorini hob aber bereits hervor, dass die Dreiecksform die kleinste mögliche Bauweise einer Festung darstellte.

Auf der gesamten Grundfläche war das Untergeschoss freistehend ausgeführt und mit rechteckigen, quer verlaufenden Schießscharten versehen. Mehrere Inventare des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts, die im Hessischen Staatsarchiv Darmstadt aufbewahrt werden, geben Hinweise auf die reiche Innenausstattung der Gebäude. Ungewöhnlich ist auch der schlanke Turm an der Kopfseite des Innenhofs. Er widerspricht dem Grundsatz des neuzeitlichen Festungsbaus zur minimalen Höhenentwicklung. Er hatte vermutlich den Zweck, eine Sicht- und Signalverbindung zur Butzbacher Stadtbefestigung herzustellen.

Der Eingang mit Tordurchfahrt und Personenpforte befand sich an der Nordseite. Der Baukörper an der Südwestflanke des Schlosses war vermutlich deshalb über die Flucht der Nordseite hinaus verlängert, um das Tor besser schützen zu können.

Aus der Zeit der Entstehung ist eine Ansicht des Zeichners Valentin Wagner bekannt. Ein weiterer Aufriss und Grundrissplan hat sich auf einem Stahlstich von 1851 erhalten, der vermutlich auf eine Vorlage aus dem 18. Jahrhundert zurückgeht.

Über die Außenwerke ist wenig bekannt. Sie sind auf Wagners Zeichnung erkennbar und können heute teilweise durch Luftbildarchäologie erschlossen werden. Demnach bildete der wallartig abgeschrägte Hang des Schlossberges den äußeren Verteidigungsring. Darauf befand sich eine Mauer, die als Brustwehr diente. Das Gelände dürfte zwischen Wall und Schlossbau grabenartig eingetieft gewesen sein, um das Gebäude vor direktem Beschuss zu schützen. Belegt ist weiterhin ein Lustgärtchen des Landgrafen Philipp sowie ein turmartiges Gebäude zum Schutz des Zugangs vor dem Schloss. Vor dieser Pforte fand seit dem 1. Mai 1633 ein Jahrmarkt statt.

Literatur
 Elmar Brohl: Landgraf Philipp III. von Hessen-Butzbach und Valentin Wagners Festungszeichnungen. In: Holger Th. Gräf und Helga Meise (Hrsg.): Valentin Wagner. Ein Zeichner im Dreißigjährigen Krieg. Ausstellungskatalog Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt 2003, ISBN 3-921254-92-2, S. 71–82.
 Elmar Brohl: Festungen in Hessen. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Festungsforschung e.V., Wesel, Schnell und Steiner, Regensburg 2013 (= Deutsche Festungen 2), ISBN 978-3-7954-2534-0, S. 28.
 Marcus Jae/ Jörg Lindenthal/ Dieter Wolf: Reste des "Zufluchtsorts" Schloss Philippseck des Landgrafen Philipp III. Von Hessen-Butzbach. In: Hessen-Archäologie 2007, Wiesbaden 2008, S. 149–153.
 Ulrich Schütte: Das Schloss als Wehranlage. Befestigte Schlossbauten der frühen Neuzeit. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1994, ISBN 3-534-11692-5, S. 235f. und Abb. 164.

Weblinks

 Renaissanceschlösser in Hessen (Projekt am Germanischen Nationalmuseum von Georg Ulrich Großmann)

Einzelnachweise

Philippseck
Festung in Hessen
Ehemalige militärische Einrichtung (Deutschland)
Bauwerk in Butzbach
Festung in Europa
Philippseck

Schloss Philippseck


Crkva sv. Lucije nalazi se Pučišćima na Braču.

Opis
Crkvica sv. Lucije smještena je na padini naselja iznad uvale Soline. Jednobrodna građevina s pačetvorinastom apsidom ima dvostrešni krov pokriven kamenom pločom. Kasnorenesansna crkvica odaje skromne elemente arhitektonske plastike, a po načinu gradnje uklapa se u ambijentalnu arhitekturu starog dijela Pučišća.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4574 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština". Autor je Ivan Nikola Žuvetić - Graditelj (16. st.).

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Pučišćima

Crkva sv. Lucije u Pučišćima


Una pareja... distinta es una película española del año 1974 dirigida por José María Forqué

Argumento
Lina Morgan y José Luís López Vázquez interpretan, respectivamente a Zoraida y a Charly. Ella es una mujer barbuda que se ve obligada a trabajar en el circo para sobrevivir y él es un chico que actúa en clubes travestido. Sus vidas cambiarán en el momento en que sus destinos se crucen, pues se enamorarán y buscarán llevar una vida de pareja normal y aceptada por la sociedad, pero la presión de la gente que les rodea no se lo pondrá nada fácil.

Películas en español
España en 1974
Películas de Lina Morgan
Películas rodadas en Alcalá de Henares

Una pareja... distinta


A eleição presidencial na Itália em 2022 foi realizada entre os dias 24 e 29 de janeiro, no Parlamento da República, em Roma. A eleição ocorreu em sessão conjunta formada por ambas as casas do parlamento italiano e pelos representantes regionais.

O presidente Sergio Mattarella foi reeleito na oitava rodada de votação.

Contexto
Durante o ano de 2021, o presidente Sergio Mattarella expressou repetidamente sua indisposição diante da hipótese de seu segundo mandato, proposta por várias forças políticas, lembrando observações semelhantes feitas por seus antecessores Antonio Segni  e Giovanni Leone. Outras personalidades políticas que durante o ano foram ventiladas para a presidência e recusaram a candidatura são Romano Prodi, Emma Bonino e Liliana Segre.

Em 22 de dezembro, durante a conferência de imprensa de final de ano organizada pela Ordem dos Jornalistas, o Primeiro-Ministro Mario Draghi, questionado sobre a hipótese da sua ascensão ao Palácio do Quirinal, definiu-se como "ao serviço das instituições" e confiou a responsabilidade da decisão inteiramente às forças políticas. A declaração, que se seguiu a meses de reconstruções especializadas, foi amplamente interpretada como uma confirmação de sua vontade de tornar-se Presidente e acelerou o debate em torno das consequências de uma possível eleição para a presidência do primeiro-ministro em exercício, inédita na história republicana.

Em 14 de janeiro de 2022, os partidos da coalizão de centro-direita (Lega, Forza Italia, Fratelli d'Italia, Coraggio Italia, Unione di Centro e Noi con l'Italia ) anunciaram seu desejo de nomear Silvio Berlusconi, presidente do Forza Italia e diversas vezes Primeiro-ministro, encontrando oposição do Partido Democrático, do Movimento 5 Estrelas e da Italia Viva. Dois dias antes do início da eleição, Berlusconi retirou sua candidatura.

Em 16 de janeiro, 40 parlamentares de oposição ao governo Draghi anunciaram apoia a candidatura do ex-vice-presidente do Tribunal Constitucional da República Italiana Paolo Maddalena. Pouco antes do início da votação o movimento Poder para o Povo!, da base de sustentação da candidatura, retirou o apoio a Madalena, devido às suas posições contra o aborto e o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo.

Em 24 de janeiro, dia do 1º escrutínio, na ausência de um candidato comum, tanto a centro-direita como centro-esquerda escolhem o votar em branco. Pelo contrário, os partidos Azione e +Europa confirmam que pretendiam apoiar de imediato a Ministra da Justiça Marta Cartabia.

Em 25 de janeiro, após as votações do segunda rodada em que tanto a centro-direita como a centro-esquerda anunciam que votariam em branco, a centro-direita apresenta os nomes de Marcello Pera, Letizia Moratti e Carlo Nordio, aguardando um possível apoio da centro-esquerda, que, no entanto, responde que "respeitando as escolhas legítimas da centro-direita, não acreditamos que a ampla partilha necessária neste momento possa se desenvolver sobre esses nomes".

Em 26 de janeiro, o Fratelli d'Italia opta por votar no candidato do partido Guido Crosetto, enquanto a centro-esquerda descarta as hipóteses levantadas pela centro-direita de votar na presidente do Senado Maria Alberti Casellati.

Em 27 de janeiro, dia da primeira votação por maioria absoluta, a centro-direita se abstém de votar enquanto a centro-esquerda novamente dá a indicação de votar em branco. O presidente Mattarella, embora não indicado por nenhum grupo político, é o mais votado com 166 votos.

Em 28 de janeiro, a conferência dos líderes dos grupos deliberou passar a partir do mesmo dia à realização de duas votações por dia. Na quinta rodada devotação, a centro-direita decide votar na presidente do Senado Maria Casellati; a candidatura é fortemente criticada pela centro-esquerda, que, portanto, opta pela abstenção junto com a Italia Viva. Casellati obtém apenas 382 votos, situação que destaca a presença de vários franco-atiradores dentro da centro-direita. Na sexta rodada de votação, a centro-direita se abstém e a centro-esquerda vota em branco; Mattarella obteve espontaneamente 336 votos. À noite, Salvini, Letta e Conte se encontram e trabalham em uma pequena lista de candidatos; Salvini e Conte declaram que estão trabalhando na eleição de uma primeira presidente mulher, que todos os comentaristas atribuem à figura de Elisabetta Belloni, também aprovada pelos Irmãos de Itália. A eventualidade da eleição de Belloni, no entanto, provoca a oposição de Italia Viva, Coraggio Italia, Forza Italia (que anuncia que a partir de então conduziria negociações por conta própria), Liberi e Uguali e amplos setores do Partido Democrático. As forças centristas se unem e decidem propor a candidatura de Pier Ferdinando Casini,  que, no entanto, pede para não ser votado, constatando a falta de unidade e convergência.

Em 29 de janeiro realiza-se a sétima rodada de votação em que quase todos os grupos voltam a indicar a abstenção ou o voto em branco; Fratelli d'Italia escolhe votar no candidato do partido Carlo Nordio. Pela manhã, depois de pressionar o Partido Democrático e após a abertura do Secretário da Lega, todas os membros da maioria, em apoio ao governo Draghi, decidiram tomar nota do crescente consenso recebido, voto após voto, pelo Presidente Mattarella, indicando-o para a reeleição. À tarde realiza-se o oitavo escrutínio em que Mattarella é reconfirmado como Presidente da República Italiana com 759 votos, tornando-o o segundo mais votado da história republicana depois de Sandro Pertini.

Eleições na Itália
2022 na Itália
Itália
Itália

Eleição presidencial na Itália em 2022


Kolmsee ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Ines Kolmsee (* 1970), deutsche Managerin
 Peter Kolmsee (1926–2017), deutscher Militärhistoriker
 Wolfgang Kolmsee (* 1954), deutscher Leichtathlet

Kolmsee


Integrin α-M (synonym CD11b) ist ein Oberflächenprotein.

Eigenschaften
CD11b ist ein Zelladhäsionsmolekül und wird vor allem in dendritischen Zellen, Monozyten, Makrophagen und Granulozyten gebildet. Der Proteinkomplex aus Integrin α-M und Integrin β-2 ist an der Zelladhäsion und der Endozytose von Komplement-gebundenen Partikeln beteiligt, durch Bindung an das R-G-D-Peptid im C3b. Weiterhin bindet der Komplex an Fibrinogen (P1- und P2-Peptid der gamma-Kette), Faktor X und ICAM1. CD11b bindet Calciumionen, ist glykosyliert und besitzt Disulfidbrücken.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Protein
Codiert auf Chromosom 16 (Mensch)

Integrin α-M


Amblyopia, also called lazy eye, is a disorder of sight in which the brain fails to fully process input from one eye and over time favors the other eye. It results in decreased vision in an eye that typically appears normal in other aspects. Amblyopia is the most common cause of decreased vision in a single eye among children and younger adults.

The cause of amblyopia can be any condition that interferes with focusing during early childhood. This can occur from poor alignment of the eyes (strabismic), an eye being irregularly shaped such that focusing is difficult, one eye being more nearsighted or farsighted than the other (refractive), or clouding of the lens of an eye (deprivational). After the underlying cause is addressed, vision is not restored right away, as the mechanism also involves the brain. Amblyopia can be difficult to detect, so vision testing is recommended for all children around the ages of four to five.

Early detection improves treatment success. Glasses may be all the treatment needed for some children. If this is not sufficient, treatments which encourage or force the child to use the weaker eye are used. This is done by either using a patch or putting atropine in the stronger eye. Without treatment, amblyopia typically persists. Treatment in adulthood is usually much less effective.

Amblyopia begins by the age of five. In adults, the disorder is estimated to affect 1–5% of the population. While treatment improves vision, it does not typically restore it to normal in the affected eye. Amblyopia was first described in the 1600s. The condition may make people ineligible to be pilots or police officers. The word amblyopia is from Greek ἀμβλύς amblys, meaning "blunt", and ὤψ ōps, meaning "sight".

Signs and symptoms
Many people with amblyopia, especially those who only have a mild form, are not aware they have the condition until tested at older ages, since the vision in their stronger eye is normal. People with amblyopia typically have poor stereo vision, since it requires both eyes. They further may have, on the affected eye, poor pattern recognition, poor visual acuity, and low sensitivity to contrast and motion.

Amblyopia is characterized by several functional abnormalities in spatial vision, including reductions in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity function, and vernier acuity, as well as spatial distortion, abnormal spatial interactions, and impaired contour detection. In addition, individuals with amblyopia have binocular abnormalities such as impaired stereoacuity (stereoscopic acuity) and abnormal binocular summation. Also, central vision in amblyopes is more crowded than central vision in normal observers.

These deficits are usually specific to the amblyopic eye. Subclinical deficits of the "better" eye have also been demonstrated.

People with amblyopia also have problems of binocular vision such as limited stereoscopic depth perception and usually have difficulty seeing the three-dimensional images in hidden stereoscopic displays such as autostereograms. Perception of depth, from monocular cues such as size, perspective, and motion parallax remains normal.

Cause
Amblyopia has three main causes:
 Strabismic: by strabismus (misaligned eyes)
 Refractive: by anisometropia (difference of a certain degree of nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism), or by significant amount of equal refractive error in both eyes
 Deprivational: by deprivation of vision early in life by vision-obstructing disorders such as congenital cataract

Strabismus

Strabismus, sometimes also incorrectly called lazy eye, is a condition in which the eyes are misaligned. Strabismus usually results in normal vision in the preferred sighting (or "fellow") eye (the eye that the person prefers to use), but may cause abnormal vision in the deviating or strabismic eye due to the difference between the images projecting to the brain from the two eyes.
Adult-onset strabismus usually causes double vision (diplopia), since the two eyes are not fixed on the same object.
Children's brains are more neuroplastic, so can more easily adapt by suppressing images from one of the eyes, eliminating the double vision. This plastic response of the brain interrupts the brain's normal development, resulting in the amblyopia. Recent evidence points to a cause of infantile strabismus lying with the input to the visual cortex.

Those with strabismic amblyopia tend to show ocular motion deficits when reading, even when they use the nonamblyopic eye. In particular, they tend to make more saccades per line than persons with normal stereo vision, and to have a reduced reading speed, especially when reading a text with small font size.

Strabismic amblyopia is treated by clarifying the visual image with glasses, or encouraging use of the amblyopic eye with an eyepatch over the dominant eye or pharmacologic penalization of the better eye. Penalization usually consists of applying atropine drops to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex, leading to the blurring of vision in the good eye. It also dilates the pupil. This helps to prevent the bullying and teasing associated with wearing a patch, although sometimes application of the eye drops is challenging. The ocular alignment itself may be treated with surgical or nonsurgical methods, depending on the type and severity of the strabismus.

Refractive
Refractive amblyopia may result from anisometropia (unequal refractive error between the two eyes). Anisometropia exists when there is a difference in the power between the two eyes. The eye which provides the brain with a clearer image typically becomes the dominant eye. The image in the other eye is blurred, which results in abnormal development of one half of the visual system. Refractive amblyopia is usually less severe than strabismic amblyopia and is commonly missed by primary care physicians because of its less dramatic appearance and lack of obvious physical manifestation, such as with strabismus. Given that the refractive correction of anisometropia by means of spectacles typically leads to different image magnification for the two eyes, which may in turn prevent binocular vision, a refractive correction using contact lenses is to be considered. Also pediatric refractive surgery is a treatment option, in particular if conventional approaches have failed due to aniseikonia or lack of compliance or both.

Frequently, amblyopia is associated with a combination of anisometropia and strabismus. In some cases, the vision between the eyes can differ to the point where one eye has twice average vision while the other eye is completely blind.

Deprivation and occlusion
Deprivation amblyopia (amblyopia ex anopsia) results when the ocular media become opaque, such as is the case with congenital cataract or corneal haziness. These opacities prevent adequate visual input from reaching the eye, and disrupt development. If not treated in a timely fashion, amblyopia may persist even after the cause of the opacity is removed. Sometimes, drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) or some other problem causes the upper eyelid to physically occlude a child's vision, which may cause amblyopia quickly.  Occlusion amblyopia may be a complication of a hemangioma that blocks some or all of the eye. Other possible causes of deprivation and occlusion amblyopia include obstruction in the vitreous and aphakia. Deprivation amblyopia accounts for less than 3% of all individuals affected by amblyopia.

Pathophysiology
Amblyopia is a developmental problem in the brain, not any intrinsic, organic neurological problem in the eyeball (although organic problems can lead to amblyopia which can continue to exist after the organic problem has resolved by medical intervention).
The part of the brain receiving images from the affected eye is not stimulated properly and does not develop to its full visual potential. This has been confirmed by direct brain examination. David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981 for their work in showing the extent of the damage to ocular dominance columns produced in kittens by sufficient visual deprivation during the so-called "critical period". The maximum "critical period" in humans is from birth to two years old.

Diagnosis
Amblyopia is diagnosed by identifying low visual acuity in one or both eyes, out of proportion to the structural abnormality of the eye and excluding other visual disorders as causes for the lowered visual acuity. It can be defined as an interocular difference of two lines or more in acuity (e.g. on Snellen chart) when the eye optics are maximally corrected. In young children, visual acuity is difficult to measure and can be estimated by observing the reactions of the patient when one eye is covered, including observing the patient's ability to follow objects with one eye.

Stereotests like the Lang stereotest are not reliable exclusion tests for amblyopia. A person who passes the Lang stereotest test is unlikely to have strabismic amblyopia, but could nonetheless have refractive or deprivational amblyopia. Binocular retinal birefringence scanning may be able to identify, already in very young children, amblyopia that is associated with strabismus, microstrabismus, or reduced fixation accuracy. Diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia as early as possible is necessary to keep the vision loss to a minimum. Screening for amblyopia is recommended in all people between three and five years of age.

Treatment
Treatment of strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia consists of correcting the optical deficit (wearing the necessary spectacle prescription) and often forcing use of the amblyopic eye, by patching the good eye, or instilling topical atropine in the good eye, or both. Atropine appears to result in similar outcomes to patching. If there is overpatching or overpenalizing the good eye when treating amblyopia, "reverse amblyopia" can result. Eye patching is usually done on a part-time schedule of about 4–6 hours a day. Treatment is continued as long as vision improves. It is not worthwhile continuing to patch for more than 6 months if no improvement continues.

Deprivation amblyopia is treated by removing the opacity as soon as possible followed by patching or penalizing the good eye to encourage the use of the amblyopic eye. The earlier the treatment is initiated, the easier and faster the treatment is and the less psychologically damaging. Also, the chance of achieving 20/20 vision is greater if treatment is initiated early.

One of the German public health insurance providers, Barmer, has changed its policy to cover, as of 1 April 2014, the cost of software for amblyopic children whose condition did not improve through patching. The app offers dedicated eye exercises that the patient performs while wearing an eyepatch.

Evidence for vision therapy is unclear as of 2011.

Older age
Treatment of individuals age 9 through to adulthood is possible through applied perceptual learning. Tentative evidence shows that perceptual training may be beneficial in adults.

Epidemiology
Amblyopia occurs in 2–5% of the population in Western countries. In the UK, 90% of visual health appointments in the child concern amblyopia.

Depending on the chosen criterion for diagnosis, 1–4% of the children have amblyopia.

Research
A 2009 study, widely reported in the popular press, has suggested that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may temporarily improve contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution in the affected eye of adults with amblyopia. This approach is still under development, and the results await verification by other researchers. Comparable results may be achieved using different types of brain stimulation, such as anodal transcranial direct current stimulation and theta burst rTMS.

A 2013 study concluded that converging evidence indicates decorrelated binocular experience plays a pivotal role in the genesis of amblyopia and the associated residual deficits. Another study of 2013 suggests that playing a version of the popular game Tetris that is modified such that each eye sees separate components of the game may also help to treat this condition in adults. Furthermore, the effects of this kind of therapy may be further enhanced by noninvasive brain stimulation as shown by a recent study using anodal tDCS.

A 2014 Cochrane review sought to determine the effectiveness of occlusion treatment on patients with sensory deprivation amblyopia, but no trials were found eligible to be included in the review. However,  good outcomes from occlusion treatment for sensory deprivation amblyopia likely rely on compliance with the treatment.

See also
Functional visual loss

References

Further reading

 Chapter What is Amblyopia? pp. 123–145, ,
 Chapter Treatment of Amblyopia pp. 167–180, .

External links

 National Eye Institute (NEI) Resource Guide
 Lazy Eye Site from the National Health Service, UK
 Look After Your Eyes - patient information on Amblyopia or 'lazy eye' by College of Optometrists

Visual disturbances and blindness
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate

Amblyopia


Gildas Lebeurier dit Gil Lebeurier, né le  à Lambézellec et mort le  à Rouen, est un résistant et militaire français. Il s'est illustré .

Biographie
Dans sa jeunesse, il forme avec des camarades de lycée, dont Émile Guéguen, le maquis de Saint-Laurent, un groupe de jeunes résistants qui mène des actions dans la région de Plourin-les-Morlaix. Il rejoint par la suite les Forces françaises de l'intérieur (FFI) de Plouégat-Guérand. Il participe à la libération de Morlaix en août 1944, puis à des combats vers Lorient en 1945. Intégré au  régiment d'infanterie, il s'engage par la suite dans les parachutistes.

Il participe à la guerre d'Indochine dans le  Bataillon colonial de commandos parachutistes ( régiment de parachutistes d'infanterie de marine) puis à la guerre de Corée avec le bataillon français de l'ONU. Après une charge à la baïonnette avec ses hommes à Wonju , il est décoré de la prestigieuse Silver Star américaine.

Il participe à l'expédition liée à la crise du canal de Suez en octobre 1956 puis à la guerre d'Algérie.

Il dirige à partie de 1960 les nageurs de combat de Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer. Les tensions liées à « l'affaire algérienne » l'empêchent de poursuivre après 1962 cette aventure.

Proche de Jean Mauricheau-Beaupré, il finit sa carrière en Afrique, comme conseiller en sécurité pour les gouvernements de Félix Houphouët-Boigny et d'Omar Bongo, et participe à la guerre du Biafra.

Il est blessé de nombreuses fois au combat. Il est Grand Officier de la Légion d'Honneur en 2005 et titulaire de nombreuses décorations dont la Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (2 citations), la Croix de guerre des Théâtres d'opérations extérieurs (11 citations), la Croix de la Valeur militaire et la médaille des blessés de guerre. Un site d'entraînement pour parachutistes au combat en zone urbaine est nommé en son honneur à Saint-Pierre.

Notes et références

Naissance en mars 1925
Naissance à Lambézellec
Décès en juin 2017
Décès à Rouen
Décès à 92 ans
Résistant français
Officier de l'armée française
Mercenaire français
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Titulaire de la croix de guerre des Théâtres d'opérations extérieurs
Titulaire de la médaille des blessés de guerre
Récipiendaire de la Silver Star

Gildas Lebeurier


يتكون علم مولدوفا من ثلاثة ألوان موضوعة بشكل عمودي: أزرق، أصفر، أحمر. نسبة الطول\العرض = 1:2 إن استعمال هذه الألوان يعود من أواسط القرن الثامن عشر. العلم يشابه لحد كبير علم كلا من أندورا ،تشاد ورومانيا لكن نسبة الألوان والتوزيع تختلف من علم لآخر.

بحكم الارتباط التاريخي برومانيا فإن ألوان العلم المولدوفي مبنية على رمزية ألوان علم رومانيا لكن مع إضافة شعار مولدوفا وتغيير نسبة الطول إلى العرض، بشكل عام ترمز الألوان إلى:
 الأزرق للحرية (زرقة السماء)
 الأصفر للعدالة (رمز لأرض المعركة حيث يقاتل الجنود من أجل الحق والعدالة)
 الأحمر للأخوة (أحمر قانئ للدم)

مراجع

أعلام مولدوفا
مولدافا
رموز مولدوفا الوطنية

علم مولدوفا


Paracatu es un municipio brasileño del estado de Minas Gerais.

Su población estimada en 2010 era de 84 718 habitantes.

Toponimia
"Paracatu" es un término de origen tupí que significa "río bueno", a través de la unión de los términos pará ("río") y katu ("bueno").

Historia

Antes de la llegada de los europeos al continente americano, la porción central del Brasil era ocupada por indígenas del tronco lingüístico macro-jê, como los acroás, los xacriabás, los xavantes, los caiapós, los javaés etc.

Geografía

Hidrografía
El principal río de Paracatu es el río que da nombre al municipio y que pertenece a la cuenca del río São Francisco. La región es relativamente seca, siendo necesario, para incentivar la agronomía en la región la construcción de inmensos canales de irrigación para la instalación de pivotes centrales (proyecto conocido como Entre Ribeiros).

Vegetación
Predomina, en Paracatu, la vegetación típica del cerrado, con bosques de galería al borde de ríos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura

Localidades de Minas Gerais

Paracatu


بلدية دون بينايتو , هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة بطليوس, التي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا, والتي تقع في غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 34.540 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007). بينما تبلغ مساحتها 561.6 كم. وبذلك تكون الكثافة السكانية 61.5 نسمة/كم2. تقع المدينة على ارتفاع 280 م عن سطح البحر.

أعلام
 ألبرتو مارتين رومو غارسيا أداميز
 خوان غوميز
 بيدرو غوميز دي دون بينيتو إراولا
 جيسوس سانشيز
 ألبرتو غاليغو

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بطليوس
بلديات بطليوس

دون بينيتو


Jan Jakob Lodewijk ten Kate (December 23, 1819December 24, 1889) was a Dutch divine, prose writer and poet.

Life
He was born at The Hague.
He started in life as a lawyer's clerk. It was his friend, Dr Heldring, pastor at Hemmen, in Gelderland, who, discovering in Ten Kate the germs of poetical genius, enabled him to study theology at the University of Utrecht (1838–43).

Having completed his studies, Ten Kate became pastor at Middelburg, Amsterdam, and other places, meanwhile developing well-nigh ceaseless activity, both in prose and lyric poetry. Among his prose works may be mentioned the travel papers (Rhine, 1861; Italy, 1857–62), Christelijke Overdenkingen ("Thoughts of a Christian," 1840-52), and other religious studies.

His early poetry was in the main original. The best known of his poems were:
Ahasverus op de Grimsel ("Ahasuerus on the Grimsel," 1840)
Zangen des Tijds ("Songs of the Times," 1841)
Legenden en Mengelpoëzie ("Legends and Miscellaneous Poetry," 1846)
In den Bloemkof ("In the Flower Garden," 1851)
De Schepping ("The Creation," 1866)
De Planeten ("The Planets," 1869)
De Jaargetijden ("The Seasons," 1871)
De Psalmen ("The Psalms," 1874)
De Vrouw in het Nederlandsch Lied ("Woman in Dutch Song," 1882)
Palm-takken en Dichtbloemen ("Palm Branches and Poetical Flowers," 1884)

Ten Kate reached the pinnacle of his poetic fame in The Creation, The Planets, and The Seasons. These poems certainly show a masterly grasp of his mother tongue and a wonderful facility of expression, coupled with graceful vigour and fertile fancy. These qualities he also plentifully displayed in the innumerable translations he made of many of the masterpieces of foreign poetry in nearly every European language.

He had not only an extraordinary aptitude for learning alien idioms, but also the gift of translating foreign lyrics into clear, fluent and beautiful Dutch verse. Ten Kate's versatility in this respect has never been equalled; it extended from Tasso and Andersen to Dante, Schiller, Victor Hugo, Milton, Tennyson and Longfellow. Ten Kate died in Amsterdam in 1889.

His complete Poetic Works were published after his death in 12 volumes (Leiden, 1891).

Family
He was the uncle of the anthropologist, Herman Frederik Carel ten Kate.

References

Attribution:

External links

Dutch male poets
Utrecht University alumni
1819 births
1889 deaths
Clergy from The Hague
19th-century Dutch poets
19th-century male writers
Writers from The Hague

Jan Jakob Lodewijk ten Kate


NGC 6815 je zvjezdana skupina u zviježđu Lisici.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6815
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6815 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
   DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6800 - 6849

6815

NGC 6815


Urnella, monotipski rod zelenih algi iz porodice Protosiphonaceae, dio reda Chlamydomonadales. Jedina vrsta je U. terrestris iz Australije i Novog Zelanda

Izvori

Protosiphonaceae

Urnella


26275 Jefsoulier este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
26275 Jefsoulier este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Caussols în cadrul programului ODAS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,53 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 7,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 26001-27000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

26275 Jefsoulier


This is a list of postal codes in Canada where the first letter is H. Postal codes beginning with H are located within the Canadian province of Quebec, except for H0H. Only the first three characters are listed, corresponding to the Forward Sortation Area (FSA).

Canada Post provides a free postal code look-up tool on its website, via its mobile apps for such smartphones as the iPhone and BlackBerry,  and sells hard-copy directories and CD-ROMs. Many vendors also sell validation tools, which allow customers to properly match addresses and postal codes. Hard-copy directories can also be consulted in all post offices, and some libraries.

Montreal, Laval, and Akwesasne
There are currently 123 FSAs in this list. No postal codes yet exist that start with H6*. H0M is an arbitrary FSA assignment, over 100 km from the centre of Montreal, as is H0H (representing the North Pole).

Most populated FSAs
H1G, 49,657
H1E, 43,551
H7N, 37,672
H7W, 36,226
H1Z, 35,357

Least populated FSAs
H4Z, 5
H5A, 5
H5B, 5
H4T, 10
H3B, 56

References

Communications in Quebec
H
Dollard-des-Ormeaux
Dorval
Kirkland, Quebec
Laval, Quebec
Montreal
Pointe-Claire
Postal codes H

List of postal codes of Canada: H


Giraffe radar obitelj je Saab-ovih (bivši Ericsson Microwave Systems AB) kopnenih i pomorskih dvodimenzionalnih ili trodimenzionalnih G/H-pojasnih (4 do 8 GHz) zapovjednih i kontrolnih sustava za nadzor i kontrolu protuzračne obrane koji se temelje na pasivnom elektronički skeniranom antenskom nizu (SHORAD). Radar je dobio ime po prepoznatljivom sklopivom stupu koji kada se postavi omogućuje radaru da vidi preko obližnjih karakteristika terena kao što su drveće, proširujući njegov domet protiv niskih zračnih ciljeva. Prvi sustavi proizvedeni su 1977. godine. Do 2007. isporučeno je oko 450 jedinica svih vrsta.

Vojnotehnički institut Srbije otkupio je licencu za Giraffe 75 i proizvodi novi model s nekoliko modifikacija. Domaća srpska oznaka je M85 "Žirafa" na šasiji FAP 2026.

Opis
Giraffe je obitelj G/H-pojasnih (bivši C-pojas) frekvencijski agilnih, pulsnih dopplerskih radara za traženje na niskim do srednjim visinama te borbenih kontrolnih centara koji se mogu koristiti u mobilnim ili statičnim aplikacijama protuzračne obrane kratkog do srednjeg dometa. Giraffe je dizajniran za otkrivanje zrakoplova niskog radarskog udarnog presjeka na malim visinama u uvjetima velikih smetnji i elektroničkih protumjera. Kada je opremljen kao zapovjedni centar protuzračne obrane Giraffe daje sliku iz zraka svakoj bateriji.

Giraffe koristi Agile Multi-Beam (AMB), koji uključuje integrirani sustav upravljanja, kontrole i komunikacije. To omogućuje Giraffeu da djeluje kao zapovjedni i kontrolni centar u sustavu protuzračne obrane, a također se može integrirati u senzorsku mrežu za veću pokrivenost. Obično se nalazi u jednom skloništu dugom 6 m postavljenom na terensko vozilo za visoku mobilnost. Dodatno, sklonište se može pojačati nuklearnom, biološkom i kemijskom zaštitom i lakim slojevima oklopa za zaštitu od malokalibarskog oružja.

Varijante

Giraffe 40
Ovo je radar kratkog dometa (40 kilometara) protuzračne obrane s mogućnošću zapovijedanja i kontrole. Koristi sklopivi antenski stup koji se proteže do visine od 13 metara kada se postavi i može se integrirati s mogućnošću ispitivanja prijatelja ili neprijatelja (IFF). Navodi se da je pokrivenost od razine tla do 10.000 metara. U švedskoj službi radar je označen kao PS-70 i PS-701 i daje podatke o ciljevima projektilima RBS-70 SHORADS i topovima Bofors od 40 mm. Snažnija verzija s odašiljačem od 60 kW komercijalno je poznata kao Super Giraffe, a u švedskoj službi kao PS-707. Ovi radari se više ne prodaju.

Giraffe  75
Radar ima 13-metarski antenski stup i obično se prenosi na 6×6 5-tonskom kamionu koji nosi i radar i zaklon za upravljanje i kontrolu. Raspon je 75 km, a pokrivenost se proteže od razine tla do 10.000 metara. Dodatna jedinica proširuje radarske sposobnosti obalne obrane. U švedskoj službi radar je označen kao PS-90. U grčkim zračnim snagama Giraffe 75 koristi se u kombinaciji sa sustavima upravljanja paljbom Contraves (sada Rheinmetall defence) Skyguard/Sparrow. Giraffe obično kontrolira 2 sustava Skyguard, svaki s 2 dvostruka 35 mm GDF-005 topa i 2 lansera raketa zemlja-zrak Sparrow.

Giraffe S
Optimiziran kao mobilni radar za aplikacije s daljinskim upravljanjem bez ljudske posade u sustavima ranog upozoravanja protuzračne obrane koji se koncentriraju na male niskoleteće ciljeve na velikoj udaljenosti. Također se može koristiti kao obalni nadzorni radar gdje su mete mala površinska plovila i projektili ili zrakoplovi koji lete s mora. Nova antena proširuje pokrivenost na 180 km s pokrivenošću visine od razine tla do 6.000 metara. Antenski stup prodiže se do 8 metara.

Giraffe AMB
Giraffe Agile Multi Beam je radar s digitalnim antenskim nizom koji pruža trodimenzionalnu zračnu pokrivenost s više zraka od 5,4 do 5,9 GHz s instrumentiranim rasponima od 30 km, 60 km i 100 km. Visinska pokrivenost proširena je od razine tla do 20.000 metara s pokrivenošću visine od 70 stupnjeva. Brzina uzorkovanja jedno je skeniranje u sekundi. Njegova gustoća pulsa suzbija nepovoljne vremenske uvjete. Iznimno nizak intenzitet bočnih snopova antene u kombinaciji s agilnošću frekvencije od pulsa do pulsa (burst-to-burst) pružaju određenu otpornost na ometanje. Kao i u prethodnim radarima Giraffe omogućena je automatska detekcija helikoptera kao i funkcija lociranja raketa, topništva i minobacača, omogućujući radaru da otkrije nadolazeće projetkile i do 20 sekundi ili više prije udara. Giraffe AMB je glavni senzor švedskog raketnog sustava protuzračne obrane RBS 23 BAMSE, ali je dostupan i za mnoge druge primjene. Giraffe AMB može se isporučiti s ugrađenim opcijama za nadzor zemlje. Vješta posada može postaviti radar za oko 10 minuta i spremiti ga za oko 6 minuta.

ARTE 740
Ovo je obalni obrambeni radar temeljen na anteni Giraffe 75 i sustavu obrade Giraffe AMB optimiziranom za pokrivanje površine i malih visina za švedske amfibijske snage (bivše Obalno topništvo). Postavljen je na oklopno vozilo MOWAG Piranha 10×10. U funkciji je 6 sustava.

Sea Giraffe AMB
Saabov Sea Giraffe AMB mornarička je varijanta njihovog radara Giraffe s 3D AMB tehnologijom. Može otkriti zračne i površinske ciljeve s horizonta do visine od 20.000 metara na elevaciji do 70°, i može istovremeno pratiti višestruke prijetnje koje se približavaju iz različitih smjerova i visina. Također, specijaliziran je za brzo otkrivanje malih, brzo pokretnih ciljeva na svim visinama i malih površinskih ciljeva u velikim smetnjama. Radar ima instrumentalni domet od 180 km.

Aktivni elektronički skenirani niz
Saab Electronic Defence Systems (EDS) u svibnju 2014. predstavio je dvije nove klase radara s aktivnim elektroničkim upravljanim antenskim nizom (AESA), tri kopnena sustava (Giraffe 1X, Giraffe 4A i Giraffe 8A) i dvije mornaričke varijante (Sea Giraffe 1X i Sea Giraffe 4A).

Korisnici

 Alžir: Sea Giraffe AMB 3-D nadzorni radar G-pojasa opremit će fregate MEKO A-200 za Alžirsku nacionalnu mornaricu
 Australija: Sea Giraffe instaliran na pristanišnim brodovima za helikoptere klase Canberra i naručen kao zemaljski sustav.
 Brazil: Korpus marinaca koristi ga od 1989., u verziji 50AT, s traktorom BV-206D. Zamijenit će ga Sabre M60.
 Kanada: Sea Giraffe se koristi na fregatama klase Halifax.
 Hrvatska 5 sustava u službi, ali ima licencu za proizvodnju i prijenos tehnologije za sustav nabavljen tijekom i nakon Domovinskog rata.
 Estonija: Giraffe AMB - 5 mobilnih jedinica montiranih na kamione koje koristi Estonski bataljun protuzračne obrane.
 Finska: Jantronic J-1000 sustavi za pronalaženje ciljeva s radarima Ericsson Giraffe Mk IV na XA-182 Pasi oklopnom transporteru. Sea Giraffe postavljen na četiri raketna broda klase Rauma. Kombinacija radara Sea Giraffe 4A i Sea Giraffe 1X s fiksnim licem na četiri korvete klase Pohjanmaa sposobne za led iz programa Squadron 2020
 Francuska: Giraffe AMB u upotrebi od strane francuskog ratnog zrakoplovstva.
 Indonezija: Indonezijska vojska
 Irska: Irska vojska, Giraffe Mk IV na BV 206.
 Latvija
 Litva
 Grčka
 Malezija: Morska žirafa postavljena na fregatu klase Lekiu. Giraffe 40 koju koristi malezijska vojska.
 Norveška: Norveška vojska, Giraffe Mk IV na BV 206.
 Pakistan
 Filipini: Radari Sea Giraffe AMB bit će instalirani na fregate klase Gregorio del Pilar
 Poljska: Sea Giraffe je instaliran na brodu za brze napade klase Orkan.
 Srbija: M-85 Žirafa nadograđena i modernizirana varijanta na temelju kupljene licence od strane Vojnotehničkog instituta
 Singapur: Giraffe S i AMB u službi radarske mreže zračnih obrambenih snaga Republike Singapur; Sea Giraffe AMB na korvetama klase Victory mornarice Republike Singapur.
 Slovenija
 Južna Afrika: koriste je južnoafričke nacionalne obrambene snage
 Švedska: Koriste ga i vojska i mornarica kroz povijest u velikom broju i s većinom verzija počevši od PS-70 i danas Giraffe AMB na kopnu i u korvetama klase Visby. Novi radar 4A planira se nabaviti za protuzrakoplovne bataljune vojske kada prijeđu s raketnih sustava HAWK na raketne sustave Patriot.
 Tajland: Giraffe S, Sea Giraffe AMB i Sea Giraffe 4A korišteni u Kraljevskoj tajlandskoj mornarici
 UAE: Korveta mornarice UAE klase Baynunah također koristi Sea Giraffe
 Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo: Britanska vojska i Kraljevsko ratno zrakoplovstvo zajednički upravljaju G-AMB radarom u 49 (Inkerman) Battery Royal Artillery.
 Sjedinjene Američke Države: Sea Giraffe AMB instaliran na primorskom borbenom brodu klase Independence kao AN/SPS-77(V)1 i AN/SPS-77V(2).
 Venezuela: Giraffe 75 pod kontrolom Zapovjedništva zračne obrane FANB.

Izvori

Radarski sustavi
Švedska vojna oprema

Radar Giraffe


Geum geniculatum er jurt af rósaætt sem finnst eingöngu á þremur fjöllum í suðurhluta Appalasíufjallgarðsins.

Tilvísanir

Dalafíflar

Geum geniculatum


Johann Wilhelm Buderus ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Johann Wilhelm Buderus I (1690–1753), deutscher Hüttenpächter
 Johann Wilhelm Buderus II (1740–1806), deutscher Unternehmer

Johann Wilhelm Buderus


Izz ad-Din Abd al-Qadar ibn Mustafa ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad al-Qassam ( / ALA-LC: ; 1881 or 19 December 1882 – 20 November 1935) was a Syrian Muslim preacher, and a leader in the Arab nationalist struggles against British and French Mandatory rule in the Levant, and a militant opponent of Zionism in the 1920s and 1930s.

Al-Qassam studied at Al-Azhar University in Egypt and afterward became an Islamic revivalist preacher in his hometown of Jableh in Syria during the last years of Ottoman rule. Following his return, he became an active supporter of the Libyan resistance to the Italian occupation, raising funds and fighters to aid the Libyans and penning an anthem for them. He would later lead his own group of rebels in alliance with Ibrahim Hananu to fight against French Mandatory forces in northern Syria in 1919–20.

Following the rebels' defeat, he immigrated to Palestine, where he became a Muslim waqf (religious endowments) official and grew incensed at the plight of Palestinian Arab peasants. In the 1930s, he formed bands of local fighters, including the Black Hand, and launched attacks against British and Jewish targets. He was eventually killed in a manhunt by the British authorities in 1935, following his alleged role in the killing of a policeman. Israeli historian Tom Segev has called him 'the Arab Joseph Trumpeldor'. His campaign and death were factors that led to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.

Early life and Muslim scholarship

Al-Qassam was born in Jableh, northwestern Syria, to father Abd al-Qadar, a Sharia court official during Ottoman rule and a local leader of the Qadariyya Sufi order. His grandfather had been a leading sheikh of the Qadariyya order and moved to Jableh from Iraq. Al-Qassam also followed the Hanafi fiqh (school of jurisprudence) of Sunni Islam and studied at the local Istambuli Mosque under the teaching of well-known ′alim (scholar) Sheikh Salim Tayarah.

Sometime between 1902 and 1905, al-Qassam left for Cairo to study at the al-Azhar Mosque. Who he studied with is disputed by sources; some accounts say he studied under the Muslim reformist scholar Muhammad Abduh and came into contact with the prominent proto-Salafist, Rashid Rida, who himself studied under Abduh, while others are skeptical of al-Qassam's relationships with either. However, the attitude al-Qassam later adopted toward the political issues in the Arab world suggests he was well-acquainted with the ideas Abduh and Rida espoused. At al-Azhar, al-Qassam developed the thinking that would guide his future activism. Critical of a stagnant Islam, he preached among the ranks of farmers and other locals about the necessity for a modern Islam, one capable of defending itself from Western colonialism through jihad (holy struggle). He returned to Jableh in 1909 as an ′alim and worked as a teacher at a Qadariyya madrasa (Islamic school) where he taught both the mystical practices of the Qadariyya Sufi order and the jurisprudence and commentary of the Qur'an. In addition he preached as the imam of the Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque.

Following his return to Jableh, al-Qassam commenced a program of Islamic revival based on moral reforms which included the encouragement of maintaining regular salaah (prayer) and the sawm (fasting) during Ramadan as well as advocating an end to gambling and alcohol consumption. Al-Qassam's campaign highly influenced Jableh's residents who increasingly adopted his reforms. He developed amiable relations with the local Ottoman police who he would call upon to enforce Sharia law on rare cases of major violations. In some occasions, he would send disciples as vigilantes to intercept caravans transporting alcohol which would then be disposed of. Despite the support for Arab nationalism from some of his fellow alumni at al-Azhar and among Syrian notables, al-Qassam's loyalties most likely laid with the Ottoman Empire as his relationship with the authorities would indicate. He was well-regarded among much of Jableh's population where he gained a reputation for piety, simple manners and good humor.

Support for Libyan resistance

Following Italy's September 1911 invasion of Libya, al-Qassam began collecting funds in Jableh for the joint Ottoman-Libyan resistance movement and composed a victory anthem. Jableh's district governor sought to gain control over the fundraiser and when locals nevertheless continued to send their donations to al-Qassam, he attempted to have him jailed. The district governor alleged that al-Qassam was working against the Ottoman state, but an official investigation found him not guilty and the governor was consequently dismissed.

In June 1912, during one of his Friday prayer sermons, he called for volunteers to engage in a jihad against the Italians. Accepting only volunteers with prior Ottoman military training, al-Qassam enlisted dozens of volunteers and set up a fund for the expedition to Libya as well as a small pension for the families of volunteers while they were abroad. Although accounts vary, al-Qassam was accompanied by 60 to 250 volunteers known as mujahideen (those who engage in jihad) when he arrived in Alexandretta in the latter part of that year. Intending to gain sea transportation from the Ottomans, al-Qassam's request was rejected by the authorities who ordered him and his men back to Jableh. A new Ottoman government in Istanbul had gained power and shifted the state's focus to the Balkan front in October, abandoning the Libyan resistance. Part of the money that was raised was then used to establish a madrasa in Jableh while the remainder was saved for future efforts.

Anti-French resistance in Syria

He later enlisted in the Ottoman army when World War I broke out, where he received military training and was attached as a chaplain to a base near Damascus. Returning to Jableh before the war's end, al-Qassam used funds from his planned expedition to Libya to organize a local defense force to fight the French occupation. His principal role in the local resistance was financing the acquisition of weapons for Jableh's militia. By 1919, French forces moved into the coastal area of northern Syria while Faisal I established the Kingdom of Syria in Damascus as an independent Arab state. During this period, al-Qassam's Jableh militia fought against local French-backed Alawite militiamen who occupied areas around the city. The Alawites were eventually repelled, but French forces moved in soon after to consolidate their control. Consequently, al-Qassam and many of his disciples left Jableh for Mount Sahyun where he established a base near the village of Zanqufeh to launch guerrilla raids against the French Army.

Al-Qassam's militia grew when it was joined by another militia based in the mountains following the death of its commander Umar al-Bitar. However, as the French tightened their control of the area, they were able to successfully pressure several of Jableh's major landowners to drop their financial support for al-Qassam and pay taxes to the French Mandate government. This further isolated al-Qassam who decided to flee Mount Sahyun for Aleppo in May 1920. There he and his fighters joined ranks with Ibrahim Hananu who was leading attacks against the French Army until the latter captured Jisr ash-Shugur in July. As a result of this French victory and the impending capitulation of Aleppo, al-Qassam and members of his unit fled past French Army lines with forged passports to Tartus.

Activism in Palestine

Establishment in Haifa
From Tartus, al-Qassam travelled to Beirut by boat and then to Haifa, then under the British Mandate, where his wife and daughters later joined him. During the early 1920s, al-Qassam taught at the Madrasa Islamiya, an Islamic educational institution with many schools in Haifa and its periphery. It was funded by the Jamiat Islamiya, a waqf (religious endowments) administered by prominent Muslims from the city. Unlike other Muslim scholars, al-Qassam made himself easily accessible to the public and often arrived late to teach his classes because he was frequently stopped by passersby for advice. He resigned from his teaching career due to the school's insistence that he maintain consistent hours. As part of his Islamic revivalist teaching, he denounced and discouraged some local Palestinian traditions, including unorthodox funeral rituals, mothers' visitation to the al-Khidr shrine on nearby Mount Carmel to give thanks for their children's well-being or achievements and tribal dances around religious sites, as superstitious innovations to Islam.

Al-Qassam concentrated his activities on the lower classes, setting up a night school for casual labourers and preaching to them as an imam, first in the Jurayneh Mosque, and later in the Istiqlal Mosque (both of which still exist in Haifa's Lower City). He would seek them out on the streets, in brothels and hashish dens. His greatest following came from the landless ex-tenant farmers drifting into Haifa from the Upper Galilee where purchases of agricultural land by the Jewish National Fund and Hebrew labour policies excluding Arabs had dispossessed many of their traditional livelihoods. Al-Qassam grew increasingly popular with northern Palestine's poorer Muslims and was frequently sought out to preach at Mawlid celebrations.

In 1929 he was appointed the marriage registrar at the sharia court in Haifa by the Waqf authorities in Jerusalem, a role that allowed him to tour the northern villages, whose inhabitants he encouraged to set up agricultural cooperatives. According to the American historian Edmund Burke, al-Qassam was:An individual deeply imbued with the Islamic social gospel and who was struck by the plight of Palestinian peasants and migrants. Al-Qassam's pastoral concern was linked to his moral outrage as a Muslim at the ways in which the old implicit social compact was being violated in the circumstances of British mandatory Palestine. This anger fueled a political radicalism that drove him eventually to take up arms and marks him off from the Palestinian notable politicians.

He also took advantage of his travels to deliver fiery political and religious sermons in which he encouraged villagers to organise resistance units to attack the British and Jews. He intensified his agitation and obtained a fatwa from Shaykh Badr al-Din al-Taji al-Hasani, the Mufti of Damascus, which ruled that the struggle against the British and the Jews was permissible.

Relationship with local leaders

According to Israeli historian Shai Lachman, between 1921 and 1935 al-Qassam often cooperated with Hajj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. They were initially on good terms, and al-Qassam's various official appointments required the mufti's prior consent. He suggests their cooperation increased after the 1929 riots, in which one source claims al-Qassam's men were active. The two fell out in the mid-1930s, perhaps due to al-Qassam's independent line of activism. In 1933, al-Qassam sent an emissary to al-Husseini, requesting the latter's participation in a revolt against the British. At the time, al-Husseini refused, preferring a political solution.

Between 1928 until his death, al-Qassam served as the president of the Young Men's Muslim Association (YMMA) in Haifa. While he focused his activism with the lower classes, his position in the YMMA afforded him access with the middle and educated classes of the city who were attracted to Hizb al-Istiqlal (Independence Party), an Arab nationalist political party. In particular, he developed a strong relationship with leading local party member Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim, the previous president of the Haifa YMMA. A wide ideological gap between the secularist al-Istiqlal and al-Qassam was bridged by a convergence in the view that the struggle against Zionist expansion in Palestine was inseparable from active opposition to British rule. This view separated al-Qassam and al-Istiqlal from the mainstream political forces in Palestine at the time. While men from al-Istiqlal and the YMMA generally refrained from joining al-Qassam's cause, his association with them helped protect him from political figures who opposed his activism. His activities were also financed by several well-off businessmen associated with al-Istiqlal due to his spreading reputation.

Organisation of armed struggle

In 1930 or 1931, al-Qassam had recruited numerous hand-picked followers and organised them into about a dozen different circles, each group of supporters unaware of the existence of the other groups. The majority of his men were peasants and urban labourers. The majority of al-Qassam's circles were based in northern Palestine, but he had disciples throughout the country, including in Gaza in the south. In contrast to traditional Palestinian leaders who campaigned against Zionist settlement while avoiding confrontation with the British authorities, al-Qassam saw it as a priority to fight against both. He also saw the brewing conflict in Palestine as a religious struggle, unlike most Palestinian leaders who advocated a secular and nationalist response. Al-Qassam advocated a moral, political and military jihad as the solution to end British rule and Zionist aspirations in Palestine.

In training his men, al-Qassam stressed that maintaining good character was of paramount importance. As such, fighters should provide for the needy, aid people with illness, maintain good ties with their families and pray regularly to God. These virtues, he claimed, were prerequisites to being disciplined and fearless fighters. The moral component of al-Qassam's teachings were especially geared towards the young men of Haifa's labour slums who lived away from their families and who were exposed to activities considered immoral in Islam. He viewed marriage as key to preventing the moral corruption of young men and managed to financially aid his more destitute supporters with their wedding expenses. He encouraged his men to grow beards as a sign of their commitment to jihad and to carry a Qur'an with them wherever they went. Although many of his followers had been illiterate, he taught them how to read and write using the Qur'an as their basis for learning. Al-Qassam also asked his fighters to engage in the spiritual exercises practiced by the Qadiriyya Sufi order and to recite Sufi chants before battle.

The guerrilla bands became known as the Black Hand (al-kaff al-aswad), an anti-Zionist and anti-British militant organisation. The idea for such a group appeared to have crystallised after the 1929 riots. From the outset, a split occurred in the movement. One faction led by Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir argued for immediate attacks against British and Jewish targets, while the other faction, headed by al-Qassam, thought than an armed revolt was premature and risked exposing the group's preparations. According to Subhi Yasin, a comrade of al-Qassam, the group's attacks in the north were executed by Abu Ibrahim's group in defiance of al-Qassam, though in 1969, Abu Ibrahim denied this allegation. The Black Hand's ensuing campaign began with the ambush and killing of three members of Kibbutz Yagur on 11 April 1931, a failed bomb attack on outlying Jewish homes in Haifa in early 1932, and several operations that killed or wounded four members of northern Jewish settlements. The campaign climaxed with the deaths of a Jewish father and son in Nahalal, from a bomb thrown into their home, on 22 December 1932.

By 1935, al-Qassam had recruited several hundred men—the figures range from 200 to 800—organised in cells of five men, and arranged military training for peasants. The cells were equipped with bombs and firearms, which they used to raid Jewish settlements and sabotage British-built rail lines. Though striking a responsive chord among the rural poor and urban underclass, al-Qassam's movement deeply perturbed the Muslim urban elite as it threatened their political and patronage connections with the British Mandatory authorities. Following the October 1935 discovery of a clandestine cache of arms in the port of Jaffa apparently originating from Belgium and destined for the Haganah, a Jewish paramilitary force, Palestinian Arab indignation broke out in two general strikes. The arms shipment to the Haganah served as the final impetus for al-Qassam to launch a revolt against the authorities.

Death

On 8 November the body of a Palestine Police constable, Moshe Rosenfeld, was discovered near Ein Harod. Al-Qassam and his followers were believed to have been responsible and search parties set out to capture him. In this context, al-Qassam and twelve of his men decided to go underground and, leaving Haifa, took to the hills between Jenin and Nablus. There they spent ten days on the move, during which they were fed by the residents of villages in the area. The British police manhunt eventually surrounded al-Qassam in a cave near Ya'bad, in the village of Sheikh Zeid. In the long ensuing firefight, al-Qassam and three of his followers were killed, and five captured on 20 November.

The manner of his last stand galvanized Palestinians at the time, according to American historian Abdallah Schleifer:

Surrounded, he told his men to die as martyrs, and opened fire. His defiance and manner of his death (which stunned the traditional leadership) electrified the Palestinian people. Thousands forced their way past police lines at the funeral in Haifa, and the secular Arab nationalist parties invoked his memory as the symbol of resistance. It was the largest political gathering ever to assemble in mandatory Palestine.

To the surprise of the Palestine Police Force, al-Qassam's funeral, which was held at the Jerini Mosque, attracted at least 3,000 mourners, mostly members of the peasant and working classes. His coffin and those of his slain comrades were draped in the flags of Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq, the only three independent Arab countries at the time. In reaction to al-Qassam's death, strikes were held in Haifa and several Palestinian and Syrian cities. Al-Qassam is buried at the Muslim cemetery at the former Palestinian village of Balad al-Sheikh, now Nesher, a Jewish suburb of Haifa. An obituary for al-Qassam was published in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram on 22 November, eulogizing him as a "martyr" with the following statement: "I heard you preaching from up in the pulpit, summoning to the sword ... Through your death you are more eloquent than ever you were in life."

Legacy
Five months after al-Qassam's death, members of his movement, known as "Qassamiyun" or "Qassamites", also Ikhwan al-Qassam,
(the Brothers of al-Qassam)  under the leadership of Farhan al-Sa'di, al-Qassam's spiritual heir, shot and killed two Jewish passengers on a bus  and shot three Jewish drivers, killing two, in the 1936 Anabta shooting, acts that became major contributing factors in the start of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. Peasant and urban guerrilla factions (fasa'il) led by the Qassamiyun played a significant role in commencing the countrywide revolt. At the start of the revolt, al-Qassam's close disciples al-Sa'di, Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir, and Attiyah Ahmad Awad led fasa'il in the Jenin region, the Upper Galilee and Balad al-Sheikh, respectively.

Al-Qassam, according to Palestinian-American Rashid Khalidi,
played a crucial role in winning the populace away from the elite-brokered politics of compromise with the British, and in showing them the "correct" path of popular armed struggle against the British and the Zionists.

The first Israeli prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, compared the glory that al-Qassam's actions aroused in the 1930s to the fame won in Zionist discourse by Zionist activist Joseph Trumpeldor who died in a battle with Arab forces. Recalling this, Israeli historian Tom Segev has argued that "The terrorists that al-Qassam led and the intifada fighters, more recently, may also be likened to the terrorists that Menachem Begin led."

Although al-Qassam's revolt was unsuccessful in his lifetime, militant organizations gained inspiration from his example. His funeral drew thousands, which turned into a mass demonstration of national unity. The Palestinian fedayeen who emerged in the 1960s saw al-Qassam as their originator. The founders of the Palestinian nationalist armed movement Fatah had initially considered naming their group the "Qassamiyun". Leila Khaled, a well-known member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, once stated that her organization began "where al-Qassam left off: his generation started the revolution, my generation intends to finish it."

The military wing of the Palestinian Islamist armed movement Hamas, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, bears his name as does the Qassam rocket, a short-range rocket the group produces and uses.

References

Bibliography

1882 births
1935 deaths
20th-century imams
Al-Azhar University alumni
Syrian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Guerrillas killed in action
Arab people from the Ottoman Empire
Palestinian militants
People from Beirut vilayet
People from Haifa
People from Jableh
Deaths by firearm in Mandatory Palestine
Syrian imams
Syrian Sufis
World War I chaplains
People of the Franco-Syrian War
Syrian Sunni Muslims
Resistance to the British Empire
Resistance to the French colonial empire
People shot dead by law enforcement officers

Izz ad-Din al-Qassam


Mehmet Emin Ağa (Yunanca: Mechmet Emin Aga, 1932 - 9 Eylül 2006), İskeçe müftüsü.

Babası Mustafa Hilmi'nin 1990 yılında vefatından sonra İskeçe Müftülüğü'nde naiplik görevi yaptı. Ağa, aynı yıl Atina'nın İskeçe Müftülüğü'ne Mehmet Şinikoğlu'nu atamasının ardından, 18 Ağustos 1990 tarihinde İskeçe Türk halkı tarafından yapılan oylamayla müftü seçildi.

Ancak Yunan hükûmeti, Ağa'yı "resmi makamı gasp etme" suçlamasıyla aleyhinde davalar açıldı . Defalarca fanatik grupların saldırısına uğrayan Ağa, yüzlerce ay hapis cezasına mahkûm edildi. Larisa cezaevinde 6 ay kaldıktan sonra Ağa, sağlık sorunları nedeniyle salıverildi.

Karaciğer yetmezliği nedeniyle Türkiye'de ve Yunanistan'da bir süre tedavi gören Mehmet Emin Ağa 9 Eylül 2006 günü sabah saat 06.00'da evinde hayatını kaybetti.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.batitrakya.org/bati-trakya/onemli-sahsiyetler/mehmet-emin-aga-1931-2006.html
 Mehmet Emin Aga'yı anarken... , Yeniçağ
 Mehmet Emin Aga unutulmadı , Yeniçağ
 Mehmet Emin Aga öldü , Radikal
 Batı Trakya'da müftülük seçimlerine dair sorunlar

Kaynakça

1932 doğumlular
İskeçe doğumlular
2006 yılında ölenler
Batı Trakya Türkleri
Müftüler

Mehmet Emin Aga


Zhejiang (kínverska: 浙江; rómönskun: Zhèjiāng) er hérað á austurströnd  Alþýðulýðveldisins Kína. Sem strandhérað liggur Zhejiang við Austur-Kínahaf en handan þess liggja Ryukyu-eyjar. Það er síðan afmarkað af héruðunum Fujian í suðri, Jiangxi í suðvestri, Anhui í norðvestri og Jiangsu í norðri, og borghéraðinu Sjanghæ í norðaustri. Héraðið nær yfir 101.800 ferkílómetra.

Nafn héraðsins er dregið af aðalfljóti þess Qiantang-fljóti sem rennur að ósum Hangzhou-flóa. Fljótið hér áður Zhe Jiang ("Krókótt áin") og gaf héraðinu nafn.

Um aldir hefur Zhejiang verið ein af stóru menningar- og bókmenntamiðstöðvum Kína. Landslag héraðsins er þekkt fyrir mikla fegurð.

Landsvæði Zhejiang var stjórnað af konungsríkinu Yue. Qin keisaraveldið innlimaði það síðar árið 222 f.Kr. Á tímum Ming og Tjingveldanna urðu hafnir Zhejiang mikilvægar miðstöðvar alþjóðaviðskipta. Stærsti hluti héraðsins var hernuminn af Japan í seinna kínverska-japanska stríðinu (1937–1945). Eftir ósigur Japans og valdatöku Maó Zedong staðnaði efnahagur Zhejiang mjög.

En eftir efnahagsumbætur síðari ára í Kína, hefur Zhejiang dafnað og er nú talið eitt af auðugustu héruðum Kína. Þrátt fyrir að vera ein minnsta stjórnsýslueiningin meðal héraða Kína, er héraðið engu að síður eitt af þeim þéttbýlli og efnaðri. Það er stundum sagt "burðarás Kína" þar sem það er stór driffjöður í kínverska hagkerfinu.

Hagkerfi Zhejiang byggist á raf- og efnaiðnaði, framleiðslu textíls, matvæla og byggingarefnis. Héraðið þykir mjög framarlega í framleiðni landbúnaðar og er leiðandi í teframleiðslu og fiskveiða í Kína.

Íbúar Zhejiang héraðsins eru 57 milljónir. Höfuðborg þess og stærsta borgin er Hangzhou. Meðal annarra athyglisverðra borga héraðsins eru Ningbo og Wenzhou.

Héraðið er einnig fæðingarstaður nokkurra athyglisverðra einstaklinga, þar á meðal leiðtoga kínverska þjóðernissinna Chiang Kai-shek og athafnamannsins Jack Ma.

Myndir

Tenglar

 Vefsíða Britannica um Zhejiang. Inniheldur ýmsar upplýsingar um héraðið t.d. sögu, landslag, skipulag og markverða staði.
 Héraðsstjórn Zhejiang. Inniheldur margvíslegar upplýsingar t.d. um sögu, skipulag, fréttir og ferðaþjónustu

Heimildir

Tilvísanir

Héruð í Kína

Zhejiang