ليلى فؤاد أبو العلا (1964 -) كاتبة ومؤلفة روائية وكاتبة مسرحيات، سودانية، ولدت في القاهرة، ونشأت في مدينة الخرطوم حيث التحقت بمدرسة الخرطوم الأمريكية وكانت ابنة لأول عالمة ديمغرافيا في السودان.

حياتها
تخرجت من جامعة الخرطوم في سنة 1985 في تخصص الاقتصاد وتم منحها درجة الماجستير في الإحصاء من معهد لندن للاقتصاد. عاشت لفترة في اسكتلندا حيث قامت بكتابة معظم أعمالها هناك. حالياً تدرس وتعيش في الدوحة.

من جوائزها وتقديراتها
منها:
 حصلت ليلى أبو العلا على جائزة كين العالمية للأدب الإفريقي عن قصتها المتحف (بالإنجليزية The Museum) التي تضمنتها مجموعتها القصصية «أضواء ملونة» بـ لندن ، ورُشحت أعمالها الأخرى لجوائز رفيعة.
 روايتها -المترجمة- وضعت في قائمة 100 كتب البارزة في تصنيف نيويورك تايمز.
 تم تحديد روايتها -المئذنة- و -المدرجة- و-كلمات حارة- لجائزة أورانج للرواية الطويلة والروايتان -المئذنة- و -المدرجة- لجائزة إيمباك دبلن.
 عرضت روايتها -Lyrics Alley- ، من خلال يدنفلد ونيكلسون في عام 2010 .
 روايتها -Lyrics Alley- هو الفائز خيالي من الجوائز كتاب الإسكتلندي فالرواية  قصة مستوحاة من السودان عام 1950 إبان الإستعمار البريطاني للسودان وهي قصة تحكي عن حياة عمها الشاعر السوداني عوض أبو العلا تستحضر بشكل واضح أزقة السودان ومصر وبريطانيا، هذه الرواية أيضاً مؤثر وبدقة يتتبع مسارات الخفية للعقل والقلب بكل ما فيه من الغضب والخجل والكراهية والحب.
 القائمة النهائية لـ جائزة كتاب الكومنولث الإقليمي.
 رواية «المتحف» في قائمة المرشحين لجائزة "PEN" ماكميلان - فضة.
 لها فيلم قصير عن مدرستها في مدينة الخرطوم.

رأي النقاد البريطانيون

يرى بعض النقاد البريطانيين أن ليلى أبو العلا استطاعت أن تقدم صورة مختلفة عن المرأة المسلمة من خلال بطلاتها، فالمرأة عندها تجد ملاذها وقوتها في الدين وليس بالهروب منه، كما هو سائد في الأعمال الأدبية الحديثة، إنها قوية تصنع ذاتها بذاتها وليس كما يشكّلها الآخرون.

ترجمة أعمالها وإذاعتها
تُرجمت روايات ليلى من اللغة الإنجليزية إلى اثنتي عشرة لغة منها العربية علي غرانتا واشنطن بوست ومجلة فصلية ولاية فرجينيا.

قصتها الفائزة «المتحف» تبث علي راديو بي بي سي 4، وبث أيضا راديو بي بي سي عملها على نطاق واسع وتبث عددا من المسرحيات لها بما في ذلك -حياة الصوفي- و -الدراما التاريخية أسد الشيشان- ، كان تسلسل الراديو خمسة أجزاء مترجمة على القائمة القصيرة ل (سباق في جائزة الإعلام) RIMA ، ونشرت مجموعة ليلى من القصص القصيرة -أضواء ملونة]- . أُستعراض روايتها -كلمات حارة- في مجلة الإيكونوميست وفي صحيفة بوسطن غلوب وفي صحيفة نيويورك تايمز.

مؤلفات وروايات
أغلب مؤلفاتها باللغة الإنكليزية منها:
 حياة صوفي (مسرحية)
 الدراما التاريخية أسد الشيشان.
 المترجِمة 1999 .
 أضواء ملونة 2001
 المئذنة 2005
 زقاق الأغاني أو حارة الأغاني 2011
 المتحف 2013
قصص قصيرة:
 طبيب على سطح النيل
 النعامة
 الأيام دوارة

أسماء بعضها بـ الإنجليزية
 The Translator 1999
 Coloured Lights 2001
 Minaret 2005
 Lyrics Alley 2011
 The Museum 2013
short stories:
 Doctor on the Nile
 The ostrich
 Days rotate

وصلات خارجية

 فلم قصير عن مدرسة ليلي في الخرطوم

مصادر
 موقع الكاتبة ليلي أبو العلا الرسمي
 موقع جائزة كين العالمية للأدب الأفريقي

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حائزون على جائزة كين
خريجو جامعة الخرطوم
خريجو كلية لندن للاقتصاد
دراميون وكتاب مسرحيون سودانيون
روائيات
روائيات سودانيات
روائيو القرن 20
روائيو القرن 21
روائيون سودانيون
سودانيون من أصل مصري
كاتبات القرن 20
كاتبات القرن 21
كاتبات سودانيات
كاتبات قصة قصيرة سودانيات
كتاب دراما ومسرح في القرن 21
كتاب روائيون إسلاميون
كتاب سودانيون في القرن 20
كتاب سودانيون في القرن 21
كتاب قصة قصيرة في القرن 20
كتاب قصة قصيرة في القرن 21
كتاب مسرحيون في القرن 20
كتاب من الخرطوم
كتاب وكاتبات قصة قصيرة سودانيون
مصريون من أصل سوداني
مغتربون سودانيون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
مواليد 1964
مواليد في القاهرة
كاتبات دراما ومسرح سودانيات

ليلى أبو العلا


(Kerala) දක්ෂිණ භාරතයේ පිහිටි ප්‍රාන්තයකි. අගනුවර: තිරුවානන්දපුරම්. රජ බස: මලයාලි.
ඉන්දියාව
ඉන්දියාවේ ප්‍රාන්ත

කේරළය


Premetroul din Bruxelles (în , în ) este un sistem de transport de tip premetrou deservit de Rețeaua de Tramvaie din Bruxelles, parte a operatorului de transport al Regiunii Capitalei Bruxelles, MIVB-STIB. Prin tunelurile premetroului din Bruxelles circulă tramvaiele a zece linii: , , , , , , , , , .

Premetroul din Bruxelles a fost construit inițial ca un sistem de metrou ușor pentru circulația prin subteran a tramvaielor, urmând ca ulterior să fie convertit în metrou greu. Toate liniile metroului din Bruxelles au fost la început linii de premetrou.

Prima linie, în lungime de 3,6 km, a fost inaugurată pe 17 decembrie 1969, în prezența Regelui Baudoin, și conecta stațiile Schuman și De Brouckère. În anii 1970 au fost create alte trei linii: Centura mică (Louise / Louiza – Rogier, în 1970), Centura mare (Boileau-Diamant, în 1972) și axa Nord-Sud (Gare du Midi / Zuidstation – Gare du Nord / Noordstation, în 1976).

Istoric

După cel de-Al Doilea Război Mondial au apărut voci care sugerau ca tramvaiele să fie coborâte în subteran, iar străzile să fie rezervate traficului auto crescând din oraș. Viteza tramvaielor a scăzut constant din cauza ambuteiajelor, ceea ce a determinat compania de transport din Bruxelles să construiască, peste tot unde era posibil, liniile de tramvai separat de restul traficului, iar în zona centrală a orașului să le coboare în tuneluri. În 1957 a fost deschis primul tunel, în apropierea congestionatei Piețe a Constituției, între Gara Bruxelles-Sud și actuala stație Lemonnier. Tunelul a fost construit simultan cu alte lucrări executate în legătură cu Expoziția Mondială din 1958.  Tunelul Constituției este acum parte a axei de premetrou Nord-Sud.

În 1963, guvernul Belgiei a constituit grupuri de lucru care să se ocupe de problemele de trafic din cinci mari orașe belgiene (Bruxelles, Antwerpen, Liège, Gent și Charleroi). Bugetul pus la dispoziție pentru realizarea proiectelor de îmbunătățire a traficului a fost împărțit astfel: 50% pentru Bruxelles, 25% pentru orașele flamande și 25% pentru orașele valone. În Bruxelles banii nu erau suficienți pentru realizarea pe termen scurt a unei rețele de metrou. Mai mult, MIVB-STIB cumpărase cu câțiva ani înainte tramvaie noi și materiale pentru infrastructură pentru a face față influxului de vizitatori prevăzut pentru Expo 58. De aceea, s-a decis ca tunelurile să fie deservite de tramvaie, însă acestea vor fi construite de la început la dimensiunile necesare transformării lor ulterioare în tuneluri de metrou.

Dezvoltarea liniilor
Primul tunel al premetroului a fost deschis pe 20 decembrie 1969, între stația De Brouckère din centrul orașului și stația Schuman din districtul instituțiilor europene. Această linie a fost ulterior convertită în metrou greu și, din 20 septembrie 1976, este parte a liniei 1A/B.

În decembrie 1970 a fost pus în exploatare și tunelul de premetrou de sub centura interioară a orașului, între stațiile Madou și Porte de Namur / Naamsepoort. Această linie a fost extinsă spre nord până la Rogier, pe 18 august 1974, și spre sud până la Louise/Louiza, pe 19 august 1985. Înainte de prelungirea spre stația Louise/Louiza, tramvaiele liniei 2 ieșeau din premetrou printr-o rampă provizorie din vecinătatea stației Porte de Namur/Naamsepoort și continuau apoi să circule la suprafață. Centura mică a fost convertită ulterior și ea în metrou greu și, după lucrări de renovare, a fost redeschisă, pe 2 octombrie 1988, ca linia de metrou 2.

În estul orașului a fost deschisă, pe 2 mai 1972, o scurtă secțiune de tunel deservită de o singură stație, Diamant. Tunelul, care făcea parte din axa Centura mare, a fost extins spre sud până la stația Boileau și dat în exploatare pe 30 ianuarie 1975. Stația intermediară Montgomery a devenit una în care se putea face transferul către linia de metrou 1B.

MIVB-STIB a pus în funcțiune, pe 4 octombrie 1976, ultima linie de premetrou, denumită axa Nord-Sud, între stațiile Gare du Midi/Zuidstation și Lemonnier. Pe 3 decembrie 1993, tunelul a fost prelungit de la Gare du Midi/Zuidstation până la Albert.

Conversia în metrou greu
În 1976, tronsonul Schuman-De Brouckère a fost convertit în metrou greu și împărțit în magistralele 1A și 1B. Acestea sunt deservite, începând din aprilie 2009, de garniturile liniilor  și , care conectează centrul orașului de comunele Auderghem și Woluwe-Saint-Lambert. Centura mică a fost și ea convertită în metrou greu pe 2 octombrie 1988, făcând loc magistralei . Axa Nord-Sud și porțiunea de tunel din Centura Mare sunt încă exploatate în regim de premetrou. Totuși, au fost realizate studii privind posibila prelungire subterană, înspre anul 2018, a axei Nord-Sud spre nord, până la Schaerbeek, și spre sud, până la Uccle. Aceste studii trebuiau să determine și eventuala oportunitate a transformării viitoarei linii într-una de metrou greu. O altă soluție, propusă în anul 2009 de proiectul Cityvision, sugera păstrarea tramvaielor pe această linie (dar înlocuirea lor cu parc rulant de tip T4000) și îmbunătățirea semnificativă a vitezei la suprafață prin refacerea zonelor de rulare și a semnalizării. Acest concept avea avantajul că se putea călători din nordul spre sudul orașului cu același mijloc de transport, spre deosebire de construirea liniei de metrou, caz în care pasagerii ar fi nevoiți să schimbe vehiculul. Totuși, societatea MIVB-STIB și-a exprimat dezacordul, considerând proiectul Cityvision "o viziune trunchiată", "o falsă idee bună" căreia "îi lipsește capacitatea" și a cărei finanțare "este tratată de o manieră foarte succintă".

Axa Nord-Sud (fosta linie 3)

De multă vreme predestinată amenajării unei linii de metrou, axa Nord-Sud este strâns legată de istoria capitalei Belgiei. În 1867, sub egida Regelui Léopold al II-lea, Charles de Brouckère, primarul orașului Bruxelles, a lansat șantierul de acoperire a râului Senne (lucrare terminată în 1871), deoarece cursul său era inundabil și puțin propice navigației vaselor de marfă. În plus, datorită țânțarilor și zonelor insalubre de pe malurile lui, cursul de apă era purtător de ciumă și holeră. Ma mult, meandrele și mlaștinile râului împiedicau dezvoltarea orașului spre vest. Deoarece tehnicile de construcție evoluaseră, râul a fost îndreptat și canalizat. În anii 1930, au fost concepute planuri de acoperire a Senne pe întregul său curs din zona metropolitană a orașului Bruxelles, care se extinsese semnificativ de la prima acoperire în secolul al XIX-lea. Râul, care curgea până atunci prin canalele acoperite din centrul orașului, a fost deviat de-a lungul bulevardelor care mărginesc zona centrală. În 1972, tunelurile rămase nefolosite au început să fie convertite într-o axă nord-sud a unui sistem subteran de tramvaie denumit premetrou. Pe perioada lucrărilor la axa Nord-Sud a premetroului au fost descoperite ruine ale vechiului oraș medieval, precum și pilonii bisericii Saint-Nicolas / Sint-Niklaas în zona stației Bourse / Beurs. Pe amplasament a fost creat un muzeu care este deschis și astăzi.

Traseul pe sub marile bulevarde din centru a fost de asemenea luat în calcul în anii 1930 pentru realizarea unei joncțiuni între gările Midi și Nord ale NMBS/SNCB, însă experții au realizat că era prea îngust pentru cele șase linii de cale ferată propuse.

De la deschiderea, în 1976, a liniei de premetrou, tramvaiele au început să ruleze în subteran între stațiile Gare du Nord / Noordstation și Lemonnier. Linia a fost ulterior prelungită până la Gare du Midi / Zuidstation înainte ca în decembrie 1993, după circa 15 ani de lucrări, un al doilea tunel să fie pus în funcțiune între Gare du Midi / Zuidstation și Albert, via stația Porte de Hal / Hallepoort. Acest ultim tronson le-a permis tramvaielor să parcurgă distanța dintre cele cinci stații în circa 7 minute, în comparație cu cele 30 de minute pe fostul traseul de la suprafață.

MIVB-STIB și autoritățile din Bruxelles n-au abandonat proiectul de transformare a axei Nord-Sud în metrou greu. Această conversie este prevăzută după anul 2020, implicând și modificarea parcursului actual între stațiile Lemonnier și Gare du Midi / Zuidstation, pe de o parte datorită razei de curbură prea mici a tunelului între aceste stații, iar pe de altă parte din cauza intersecției cu liniile de tramvai ,  și . Exploatarea în regim de metrou greu se va face de la început cu material în întregime automatizat.

Deoarece această linie era destinată de la început transformării în metrou greu, mai multe stații au configurații diferite:

 Stația Gare du Nord / Noordstation are în compunere patru peroane, cu scopul de a separa garniturile care circulă pe axa Nord-Sud de cele care au punctul terminus la stația Rogier. Acest sistem se aplică de la punerea în funcțiune a ultimului plan Tram și a magistralelor  și , pe 30 iunie 2008. După punerea în funcțiune a următorului plan Tram, peroanele pentru garniturile spre Rogier vor deveni punctul terminus al unei linii care va deservi nordul capitalei Bruxelles.

 Stația Rogier este construită pe trei niveluri, deoarece inițial trebuia să fie și punctul terminus al liniei . Unul din niveluri este azi capătul liniei de tramvai. După punerea în funcțiune a următorului plan Tram, peroanele de la acest nivel vor fi punctul terminus al liniilor care vor deservi nordul Bruxelles-ului,  și . Al doilea nivel permite transferul către axa Nord-Sud, în timp ce al treilea nivel este perpendicular pe primele două, urmând traseul Bulevardului Botanique / Kruidtuin, și permite transferul spre liniile  și  de metrou.

 Stația Anneessens: spațiul mezanin de deasupra stației axei Nord-Sud servește astăzi drept loc de trecere. Încă de la construcția axei Nord-Sud, sub actuala oprire Anneessens a fost realizată, la stadiu de construcție neamenajată, și stația de corespondență către magistrala . Ea este în prezent o stație fantomă.

 Stația Lemonnier este ultima din tunelul în care a fost canalizat râul Senne. Stația actuală nu poate fi deservită decât de tramvaie. Viitoarea stație de metrou ar trebui construită în apropiere, dar nu în același loc, deoarece unghiul tunelului pe direcția Gării de Sud e prea mic și nu permite exploatarea în regim de metrou greu. În planurile originale stația trebuia să servească drept depou pentru rame și ar fi trebuit să le permită acestora să efectueze întoarceri către stațiile Bourse / Beurs și Gare du Midi / Zuidstation. Rampa de acces la suprafață construită în acest scop este astăzi utilizată de tramvaiele care liniilor  și  care circulă pe Boulevard de l'Abattoir spre Gara Bruxelles-Sud.

 Stația Gare du Midi / Zuidstation: ramele liniilor de metrou  și  și tramvaiele axei Nord-Sud se încrucișează în stație, dar la adâncimi diferite ale peroanelor.

 Stația Albert: tramvaiele opresc la peroane diferite, pe două niveluri. În partea de sud, în apropierea stației, există două rampe de acces la suprafață. Stația ar fi trebuit, conform planurilor originale, să permită trecerea garniturilor liniilor  și .

În 2004 au debutat lucrările de reamenajare a liniilor în stațiile Gare du Nord / Noordstation, Rogier, De Brouckère, Bourse / Beurs și Anneessens. Amenajate pentru gabaritul ramelor de metrou, peroanele au fost reduse pentru a putea primi noile tramvaie Bombardier FLEXITY Outlook de tipul T3000 (în 2006) și T4000 (în 2007) și a le permite pasagerilor să coboare din rame pe peroanele exterioare, în timp cei care urcă să o facă de pe peronul central.

Axa Nord-Sud se intersectează cu liniile de metrou  și  în stația De Brouckère și cu liniile  și  în stațiile Rogier, Porte de Hal / Hallepoort și Gare du Midi / Zuidstation.

Ca urmare a restructurării rețelei de tramvai a orașului între 2006 și 2009, axa Nord-Sud nu mai este parcursă decât de două linii (față de șase anterior) de tramvaie de mare gabarit (T3000 și T4000): linia , între stațiile Churchill și Esplanade (Plateau du Heysel / Heizel), și linia , de la stația Gare du Nord / Noordstation la stația Stalle (parcarea de lungă durată Uccle).

Stațiile axei Nord-Sud

 Gare du Nord / Noordstation
 Rogier
 De Brouckère
 Bourse / Beurs
 Anneessens
 Lemonnier
 Gare du Midi / Zuidstation
 Porte de Hal / Hallepoort
 Parvis de Saint-Gilles / Sint-Gillisvoorplein
 Horta
 Albert

Viitoarele stații ale axei Nord spre Schaerbeek și Evere vor fi localizate după cum urmează:

 Piața Liedts
 Piața Colignon
 Strada Waelhem (care dă în Piața Eugène Verboekhoven)
 Piața François Riga
 Strada Tilleul
 Piața Păcii
 Gara Bordet

Liniile axei Nord-Sud
Șase linii de tramvai parcurg axa Nord-Sud în timpul zilei:
 Linia 3;
 Linia 4;
 Linia 25: doar între stațiile Gare du Nord / Noordstation și Rogier;
 Linia 55: doar între stațiile Gare du Nord / Noordstation și Rogier;
 Linia 82: doar între stațiile Lemonnier și Gare du Midi / Zuidstation;
 Linia 51: doar între stațiile Lemonnier și Albert;

Seara, axa Nord-Sud este parcursă de o linie suplimentară:
 Linia 32: doar între stațiile Gare du Nord / Noordstation și Gare du Midi / Zuidstation;

Prelungirea axei Nord-Sud și conversia în metrou greu
Contractul de gestiune al STIB pentru perioada 2012-2016 prevede investiții în premetroul din Bruxelles.
Pentru perioada 2017-2020 este planificată prelungirea axei Nord-Sud până la Gara Bordet și transformarea ei în metrou greu. În plus, un studiu aprofundat aflat în curs trebuie să fundamenteze prelungirea axei, după orizontul anului 2020, spre Uccle.

O cercetare comandată de Beliris (echipă a statului federal belgian care implementează proiecte în Regiunea Capitalei Bruxelles) a studiat trei scenarii subterane: itinerariul "cartierelor dense" (4,8 km de tunel și 9 stații), itinerariul "Gara Schaerbeek" (5,2 km de tunel și 9 stații) și itinerariul "Bertrand/Haecht" (4,7 km de tunel și 7 stații). Datele studiului sunt favorabile primului itinerar. Mai mult, studiul Beliris a tratat chiar și o prelungire suplimentară a acestei linii, spre Haren și Depoul Schaerbeek, în lungime de 2,4 km și deservită de două stații noi. În sfârșit, în recomandările sale finale, cercetarea înclină către realizarea directă a unui metrou automatizat, fără a se mai trece prin etapele intermediare de "premetrou" și "metrou clasic".

Axa Centura mare (fosta linie 5)
Stația subterană Diamant a fost deschisă în 1972, iar linia centurii mari a fost extinsă până la Boileau în 1975. Această linie de premetrou nu a mai fost modificată de atunci și este parcursă de tramvaiele liniilor  și . Axa de premetrou Centura mare intersectează magistrala  de metrou în stația Montgomery.

Pe 14 octombrie 2010, Brigitte Grouwels, Ministrul Mobilității, a anunțat realizarea unui studiu privind construirea unei noi stații "în triunghi" sub Piața Meiser. Această stație ar fi prevăzută cu două rampe de acces, una pe strada Rogier pentru a permite dezvoltarea viitoarei linii de metrou spre Gara de Nord, iar cealaltă pe axa Centurii mijlocii, urmând traseul actualei linii .

Stațiile axei Centura mare
 Diamant
 Georges Henri
 Montgomery
 Boileau

Liniile axei Centura mare
Două linii de tramvai parcurg axa Centura mare:
 Linia 7;
 Linia 25;

Prelungirea axei Centura mare
Noul contract de gestiune al STIB prevede, spre orizontul anului 2020, construcția de tuneluri în zona Avenue de la Plaine (și a Gării Etterbeek) și a intersecției Meiser. Axa de premetrou Centura mare va fi și ea prelungită spre nord și spre sud.

Note

Legături externe
Harta transportului public din Bruxelles  pe pagina MIVB-STIB
Harta rețelei de tramvai și premetrou din Bruxelles  la UrbanRail.net

Premetroul din Bruxelles

Premetroul din Bruxelles


جيورجي يارتسيف ، من مواليد 11 أبريل 1948 في روسيا، لاعب كرة قدم سوفييتي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم روسي.

درب منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص من مقاطعة كوستروما
رياضيون من مقاطعة كوستروما
لاعبو الدوري السوفيتي الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو سبارتاك موسكو
لاعبو سسكا موسكو
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية روس
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم روس
لاعبو كرة قدم سوفيت
لاعبو لوكوموتيف موسكو
لاعبو منتخب الاتحاد السوفيتي لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي غوميل
مدربو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2004
مدربو دينامو موسكو
مدربو سبارتاك موسكو
مدربو كرة قدم روس
مدربو كرة قدم روس مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم سوفيت
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في مولدوفا
مدربو منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم
مدربو ميلسامي أورهي
مدربو نادي توبيدو موسكو
مدربو نادي روتور فولغوغراد
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1948

جيورجي يارتسيف


Diver communications are the methods used by divers to communicate with each other or with surface members of the dive team. In professional diving, diver communication is usually between a single working diver and the diving supervisor at the surface control point. This is considered important both for managing the diving work, and as a safety measure for monitoring the condition of the diver. The traditional method of communication was by line signals, but this has been superseded by voice communication, and line signals are now used in emergencies when voice communications have failed. Surface supplied divers often carry a closed circuit video camera on the helmet which allows the surface team to see what the diver is doing and to be involved in inspection tasks. This can also be used to transmit hand signals to the surface if voice communications fails. Underwater slates may be used to write text messages which can be shown to other divers, and there are some dive computers which allow a limited number of pre-programmed text messages to be sent through-water to other divers or surface personnel with compatible equipment.

Communication between divers and between surface personnel and divers is imperfect at best, and non-existent at worst, as a consequence of the physical characteristics of water. This prevents divers from performing at their full potential. Voice communication is the most generally useful format underwater, as visual forms are more affected by visibility, and written communication and signing are relatively slow and restricted by diving equipment.

Recreational divers do not usually have access to voice communication equipment, and it does not generally work with a standard scuba demand valve mouthpiece, so they use other signals. Hand signals are generally used when visibility allows, and there are a range of commonly used signals, with some variations. These signals are often also used by professional divers to communicate with other divers. There is also a range of other special purpose non-verbal signals, mostly used for safety and emergency communications.

Function
For safety and efficiency, divers may need to communicate with others diving with them, or with their surface support team. The interface between  air and water is an effective barrier to direct sound transmission, and the natural water surface is also a barrier to visual communication across the interface due to internal reflection, particularly when not perfectly smooth. The equipment used by divers and the pressurised environment are also hindrances to sound-based communication, and the encumbrance of diving equipment, relatively low light levels, and low visibility of many diving environments also hinders visual communication.

Communication is most critical in an emergency, where high stress levels make effective communication more difficult, and the circumstances of the emergency may make the communication physically more difficult. Voice communication is natural and effective where it is practicable, and most people rely on it for fast and accurate communication in most circumstances.

The general requirements for an effective system for diver communication are that all the people who will use it have access to the system, that it functions effectively in the specific environment, that the people who wish to use it are familiar enough with it to communicate quickly, accurately and unambiguously with each other, and that the system has sufficient range to work when needed. A simple, logical and widely standardised system of signals is more effective at meeting these requirements. Several such systems have been developed using different equipment and suited for different circumstances. These include sound-based systems, visual systems and tactile systems.

History

The original communication between diver and surface attendant was by pulls on the diver's lifeline. Later, a speaking tube system, patented by Louis Denayrouze in 1874, was tried; this used a second hose with a diaphragm sealing each end to transmit sound, but it was not very successful. A small number were made by Siebe-Gorman, but the telephone system was introduced soon after this and since it worked better and was safer, the speaking tube was soon obsolete, and most helmets which had them were returned to the factory and converted. In the early 20th century electrical telephone systems were developed which improved the quality of voice communication. These used wires incorporated into the lifeline or air line, and used either headsets worn inside the helmet or speakers mounted inside the helmet. The microphone could be mounted in the front of the helmet or a contact throat-microphone could be used. At first it was only possible for the diver to talk to the surface telephonist, but later double telephone systems were introduced which allowed two-divers to speak directly to each other, while being monitored by the attendant. Diver telephones were manufactured by Siebe-Gorman, Heinke, Rene Piel, Morse, Eriksson, and Draeger among others. This system was well-established by the mid-20th century, has been improved several times as new technology became available, and is still in common use for surface-supplied divers using lightweight demand helmets and full-face masks. The introduction of closed circuit video to monitor the interior of diving bells, and to provide the supervisory team with direct feedback on the diver's work activities has expanded the capacity to provide useful advice to the working diver, and to keep track of the stand-by diver or 's activity in an emergency, making coordinated activity easier and more effective.

More recently, through-water systems have been developed which do not use wires to transmit the signal. They were first developed for the U.S. Navy in the late 1960s. An early system for recreational scuba, the Wet Phone, was launched by Sound Wave Systems in 1977, but failed. By the mid-1980s miniaturized electronics made it possible to use single-sideband modulation, which greatly improved intelligibility in good conditions. By 1988 several systems using single side-band were found  satisfactory by the US Navy for intelligibility and range, and mostly satisfactory for ergonomics, reliability and maintainability. Through-water systems allow communications over limited distances between divers and with the surface, usually using a push to talk system, which minimises power consumption by transmitting only on demand. They are not yet in general use by recreational divers due to cost and the need for a full-face mask.

Scope

Surface supplied diving uses the widest range of equipment and methods. As of 2021, hard wired (cable) voice communications are still the primary method, supported in major commercial applications by one-way closed circuit video but line pull signals are also used as an emergency backup, and through-water voice systems may be used as emergency backup for closed diving bells. Local communication between divers includes hand signals and text written on slates.

Scuba diving can be done with cable voice communications, but the restriction on mobility makes this an unusual choice as it negates the primary reason for using scuba. Through-water voice communications do not have the same restriction on diver mobility, which is often the reason for choosing scuba for professional diving, but are more complex, more expensive, and less reliable than the hard-wired systems. There are some recreational applications for through-water voice communications for scuba, but this method is usually used for professional applications such as military and scientific diving, and almost all recreational diving relies on hand signals, light signals and writing slates for diver-to-diver communications, with the very few communications between diver and surface restricted to pre-arranged emergency signals. Breath-hold divers use a subset of the recreational diving hand signals where applicable, and have some additional hand-signals specific to freediving.

The presence of divers in the water during a diving operation exposes the divers to risks from passing waterborne traffic, and there are internationally standardised shape, light and flag signals to indicate that the diving support vessel is restricted in its ability to maneuver and that there are divers in the water.

Voice communications

Equipment
Both hard-wired (cable) and through-water electronic voice communications systems may be used with surface supplied diving. Wired systems are more popular as there is a physical connection to the diver for gas supply in any case, and adding a cable does not make the system any different to handle. Wired communications systems are still more reliable and simpler to maintain than through-water systems, and do not require the diver to carry a power source. The communications equipment is relatively straightforward and may be of the two-wire or four-wire type. Two wire systems use the same wires for surface to diver and diver to surface messages, whereas four wire systems allow the diver's messages and the surface operator's messages to use separate wire pairs, allowing simultaneous speech in both directions. A standard arrangement with wired diver communications is to have the diver's side normally on, so that the surface team can hear anything from the diver at all times except when the surface is sending a message on a two-wire system. This is considered an important safety feature, as the surface team can monitor the diver's breathing sounds, which can give early warning of problems developing, and confirms that the diver is alive.

Through-water communications systems are more suitable for scuba as the diver is not encumbered by a communications cable, but they can be fitted to surface supplied equipment if desired. Most through-water systems have a push to talk system, so that high power is only used to transmit the signal when the diver has something to say. For commercial diving applications this is a disadvantage, in that the supervisor cannot monitor the condition of the divers by hearing them breathe.

Through-water communication systems are of two basic types. Acoustic systems provide one-way communications from the surface to divers. An audio signal emitted by a submerged transducer travels through the water to the divers, who can hear the sound directly, without signal receiving equipment. Amplitude modulated (AM) and single sideband (SSB) systems provide two-way communications between divers and between the surface and divers. Both the AM and SSB systems require electronic transmitting and receiving equipment worn by the divers, and an immersed transducer connected to the surface unit. SSB systems perform better around obstacles, and AM systems give a stronger and often clearer signal for the same power, but are restricted to line-of-sight use.

The diver's speech is picked up by the microphone and converted into a high frequency sound signal transmitted to the water by the omnidirectional transducer. The signal can bounce off the bottom and surface and other obstructions, which can extend the range around obstructions, but will also degrade the signal due to interference effects caused by varying path lengths of different routes. When a receiving transducer picks up the signal, the ultrasonic signal is converted to an amplitude modulated electrical signal, amplified and converted to sound by the earphone. The through-water communications sets carried by the divers are battery powered.

The push-to-talk (PTT) method is the most widely available system for through-water communications, but some equipment allows continuous transmission, or voice activated mode (VOX).

Push to talk is simple, efficient, and the preferred mode of many divers. It transmits only when the button is pressed, and saves power by not transmitting when the diver has nothing to say, but requires the diver to use a hand to transmit. Users take turns to speak and listen. This is normal communications protocol, and encourages clear communication, but does not allow audio monitoring of the diver between communications.

Voice activated means that the unit is intended to transmit when the diver's voice activates the microphone. If there is sufficient sound level generated at the microphone, the unit will transmit. This would run the battery down more rapidly when the background noise level is sufficient to activate transmission, but it allows hands-free communications.

Continuous transmission is a mode where one diver transmits continuously. This is hands free, but all audible noise will be heard by others on the same channel and within range. Open circuit breathing apparatus generally produces considerable exhalation bubble noise.

Through-water systems are also used for back-up to the wired communications via the umbilical generally used in closed diving bells. These systems are used in case of failure of the wired system, and do not rely on the integrity of the bell umbilical, so will work if the umbilical is severed and the bell lost. They operate between a battery powered transducer on the bell and a surface unit using a similar acoustic signal to those used for wireless diver communications. Single side-band suppressed carrier systems may be used, and a 27 kHz frequency with 4.2 kHz bandwidth is typical. Divers breathing helium may need a decoder system (also called unscrambling), which reduces the frequency of the sound to make it more intelligible.

Voice communication protocol
Underwater voice communication protocol is like radio communication protocol. The parties take turns to speak, use clear, short sentences, and indicate when they have finished, and whether a response is expected. Like radio, this is done to ensure that the message has a fair chance of being understood, and the speaker is not interrupted. When more than one recipient is possible, the caller will also identify the desired recipient by a call up message, and will also usually identify themselves. The surface caller should also give the diver a chance to temporarily suspend or slow down breathing, or stop using noisy equipment, as breathing noise generated by gas flow through the inlet and bubble noise from the exhaust is often so loud that the message can not be heard over it.

Hyperbaric speech distortion
The process of talking underwater is influenced by the internal geometry of the life support equipment and constraints on the communications systems as well as the physical and physiological influences of the environment on the processes of speaking and vocal sound production. The use of breathing gases under pressure or containing helium causes problems in intelligibility of diver speech due to distortion caused by the different speed of sound in the gas and the different density of the gas compared to air at surface pressure. These parameters induce changes in the vocal tract formants, which affect the timbre, and a slight change of pitch. Several studies indicate that the loss in intelligibility is mainly due to the change in the formants.

The difference in density of the breathing gas causes a non-linear shift of low-pitch vocal resonance, due to resonance shifts in the vocal cavities, giving a nasal effect, and a linear shift of vocal resonances which is a function of the velocity of sound in the gas, known as the Donald Duck effect. Another effect of higher density is the relative increase in intensity of voiced sounds relative to unvoiced sounds. The contrast between closed and open voiced sounds and the contrast between voiced consonants and adjacent vowels decrease with increased pressure. Change of the speed of sound is relatively large in relation to depth increase at shallower depths, but this effect reduces as the pressure increases, and at greater depths a change in depth makes a smaller difference.

Helium speech unscramblers are a partial technical solution. They improve intelligibility of transmitted speech to surface personnel.

Video communications
Closed circuit video is often fitted to the helmets of surface supplied commercial divers to provide information to the surface team of the progress of work done by the diver. This may allow the surface personnel to direct the diver more effectively to facilitate the completion of the task. Voice communication is always provided when diver video is used. The communications cables for these systems are part of the diver's umbilical. Video may also be used to monitor the occupants of a closed diving bell.

Hand signals

Hand signals are a form of sign system used by divers to communicate when underwater. Hand signals are useful whenever divers can see each other, and some can also be used in poor visibility if in close proximity, when the recipient can feel the shape of the signaller's hand and thereby identify the signal being given. At night the signal can be illuminated by the diver's light. Hand signals are the primary method of underwater communication for recreational scuba divers, and are also in general use by professional divers, usually as a secondary method.

Divers who are familiar with a sign language such as American sign language and equivalents may find it useful underwater, but there are limitations due to the difficulty of performing some of the gestures intelligibly underwater with gloved hands and often while trying to hold something.

RSTC hand signals

Member agencies of the Recreational Scuba Training Council (RSTC) in the United States have recognised a standardised set of hand signals intended for universal use, which are taught to diving students early in their entry level diving courses.

These hand signals provide the following information:

 I am out of breath! Hands indicate rising and falling chest.
 Go that way: Fist with one hand, thumb extended and pointing in the direction indicated.
 Go under, over or around: With palm down, hand motion used to indicate intended route to go under, over or around an obstacle.

Other commonly used hand signals and variations
Diving signals sometimes differ between groups of divers. There are regional variations and variations that relate to the type of diving. One of the items with the largest range of variations is how divers indicate the remaining gas pressure in their cylinders. Some variations include:
 The throat cut signal: "general danger" or "emergency".
 Tapping the mouthpiece: "share air".
 Pointing at the ear: "listen!"
 Hand cupped behind ear: "listen!"
 Pointing at someone changes the reference of the next signal from "I" to the diver pointed at.
 Flat hand swept over top of head, palm down: "I have a ceiling". This can indicate the diver has gone into  or that there is a solid obstruction overhead. When ascending it means "stop here". (this is my decompression ceiling, or we are ascending too fast, or just generally stop ascending at this depth).
 Moving hand across torso in wave motion: "Current"

Divers sometimes invent local signals for local situations, often to point out local wildlife.  For example:
 I see a hammerhead shark: Both fists against sides of head
 I see a lobster: Fist with index and middle finger pointed out horizontally and alternately waggling up and down
 I see an octopus: Back of hand or wrist covering mouth, all fingers pointing outward from mouth and wiggling
 I see a shark: Hand flat, fingers vertical, thumb against forehead or chest
 I see a turtle: Hands flat one on top of each other, palms down, waving thumbs up and down together

Instructor signals:
 You (all) watch me. (usually before demonstrating a skill): Point at diver(s) with forefinger, point at own eyes with forefinger and middle finger, point at own chest with forefinger.
 You try that now, or do it again: Gesture with open hand palm up towards student after a demonstration of a skill.

Dive light signals
The focused beam of a dive light can be used for basic signalling as well.
 OK signal: Drawing a circle on the ground in front of buddy.
 Attention please! Waving the torch up/down.
 emergency! Rapid, repeated, back and forth horizontal motion
Normally a diver does not shine a torch / flashlight in another diver's eyes but directs the beam to his or her own hand signal.

Touch signals
There are a few tactile signals in use by penetration divers for controlling a blind passage through an area of extremely low visibility, or where the restrictions do not allow the divers to see each other well enough to use hand signals. The Rimbach system of touch contact signalling:
 Push forward = go,
 Pull back = back up,
 Squeeze = stop.

Line signals

Also known as rope signals, these are generally used in conditions of low visibility where a diver is connected to another person, either another diver or a line tender on the surface, by a rope, airline hose or diver's umbilical. These date back to the time of the use of standard diving dress. Some of these signals, or pre-arranged variants, can be used with a surface marker buoy. The diver pulls down on the buoy line to make the buoy bob in an equivalent pattern to the rope signal. Effective line signals need a free line without much slack – before attempting a line signal, the slack must be taken up, and the line pulled firmly. Most signals are acknowledged by returning the same signal, which shows that it was received accurately. Persistent failure to acknowledge may indicate a serious problem and should be resolved as a matter of urgency. There are several systems in use, and it is necessary to have agreement between diver and tender before the dive.

British Sub-Aqua Club
BS-AC have a very small set of rope signals. Most of them have the same meaning as the equivalent commercial or Royal Navy signal.

Tender to diver
 One pull – Are you OK?
 Two pulls – Stay put.
 Three pulls – Go down.
 Four pulls – Come up at normal rate.
 Five or more pulls – Emergency, come up to the surface!

Diver to tender
 One pull – I am OK.
 Two pulls – I am stationary.
 Three pulls – I am going down.
 Four pulls – I am coming up.
 Five or more pulls – Emergency, bring me to the surface! (no reply required)

Public Safety Divers
Public safety divers and some recreational divers use the following line signals while conducting circular and arc searches underwater.

Tender to diver
 One pull – Are you OK?
 Two pulls – Stop, take out slack, reverse direction.
 Three pulls – Come to the surface.
 Four pulls – Stop, stand by, don't move. (there could be danger ahead or a boat entering the search area)

Diver to tender
 One pull on the line – OK.
 Two pulls – Pay out more line.
 Three pulls – Object found.
 Four or more pulls – Assistance needed.

Commercial diving
Rope signals used in the UK and South Africa include the following:

Signals are combinations of pulls and bells, A pull is a relatively long steady tension on the line. Bells are always given in pairs, or pairs followed by the remaining odd bell. They are short tugs, and a pair is separated by a short interval, with a longer interval to the next pair or the single bell. The technique and nomenclature derive from the customary sounding of the ships bell every half-hour during the watches, which is also performed in pairs, with the odd bell last. One bell is not used as a diving signal as it is difficult to distinguish it from a jerk caused by temporarily snagging the line.

Attendant to diver:

General signals:
1 pull – Calling for attention, are you OK?
2 pulls – I am sending down a rope's end. (or other pre-arranged item)
3 pulls – You have come up too far, go back down until we stop you.
4 pulls – Come up.
4 pulls and 2 bells – Come to the surface immediately. (often for surface decompression)
4 pulls and 5 bells – Come up your safety float line.

Direction signals:
1 pull – Search where you are.
2 bells – Go out along the  or distance line, or straight out away from tender.
3 bells – Facing shot or tender, go right.
4 bells – Facing shot or tender, go left.
5 bells – Come back towards shot or , or back along the jackstay.

Diver to attendant:

General signals:
1 pull – To call attention, or have completed the last instruction.
2 pulls – Send down a rope's end. (or other pre-arranged item)
3 pulls – I am going down.
4 pulls – I wish to come up.
4 pulls and 2 bells – Help me up.
5 or more pulls – Emergency, pull me up immediately!
succession of 2 bells – I am fouled and need standby diver to assist.
succession of 3 bells – I am fouled but can get clear without assistance.
 4 pulls and 4 bells – I am trying to communicate on voice comms.

Working signals:
1 pull – Hold on or stop.
2 bells – Pull up.
3 bells – Lower.
4 bells – Take up slack on the lifeline or lifeline is too tight.
5 bells – I have found, started or completed the work.

Royal Navy
All signals start with a pull to attract attention, and this must be acknowledged before the actual signal is made. Royal Navy (RN) signals include short, paired "bells" and longer "pulls". The RN signals are almost identical to the rope signals used by commercial divers in the UK and South Africa.

US Navy
The US Navy also has a standard set of line signals. These include general signals from diver to tender, search signals and emergency signals. The signal to change from general to search signals or vice versa is seven pulls, and the meaning of the signals may vary depending on whether it is given by the diver or the tender. Most signals are acknowledged by returning the same signal, confirming that the signal was received correctly.

Slates

Written messages on plastic slates can be used to convey complex messages with a low risk of misunderstanding. Slates are available in various sizes and are usually hard white plastic with a matte finish, suitable for writing on with a pencil. They can be stored in various ways, but in a pocket or bungeed to the wrist are popular methods. Clipped to the diver by a lanyard is another method, but there is a greater risk of entanglement. Slates may be used to record information to be used on the dive, such as decompression schedules, to discuss matters of importance for which hand signals are not sufficient, and to record data collected during the dive. Waterproof paper wet-notes are a compact equivalent, and pre-printed waterproof data-sheets and clip-board are routinely used by scientific divers for recording observations.

Cave line markers

Cave arrows, Line arrows or Dorff markers (after Lewis Holtzendorff) are plastic arrowhead markers which are hooked onto a cave line by wrapping the line around the arrow through the slots. They are used to indicate the direction to the exit, and can be identified by feel. The message is simple, but of critical importance, as if a diver does not know which way to go at a line junction there is a risk of serious trouble. Line arrows are also used at a junction on the permanent line, and at a tie-off, so when the diver gets back to the tie-off, he or she can identify which way to turn.

Non-directional and hybrid personal line markers are used to indicate the identity of a diver who has passed along the line and has not yet returned to that point. They are attached to the line in the same way as cave arrows, and are deployed on the way into the cave, usually at critical points such as forks or jumps, and are used to indicate to other divers that someone is further in along the line. They are marked to identify the diver, and are recovered by the diver on the way out. Cookies (round markers), rectangular referencing exit markers and clothes pegs are used for this purpose. The round and rectangular markers are attached to the line in the same way as arrows, and may be personalised in any way that the owners can easily recognise. Colour is often used, but as there are a limited number of standard colours available, and they are often poorly distinguishable in the dark, modifications to shape may be used which can be recognised by touch.

Arrows should always be placed on the outbound side of an intersection as this is unambiguous. Sometimes there is more than one exit from an intersection. Both should be marked with arrows, but the preferred exit can be marked with two arrows in series. The arrows always point in the direction along the line towards an exit.

Light and gas signals for surface supplied dives
There are emergency signals usually associated with wet and closed bell diving by which the surface and bellman can exchange a limited amount of information which may be critical to the safety of the divers. They are for use when the voice communications system fails, and provide enough information that the bell can be recovered with minimal risk to the divers. These signals are not generally applicable to a diver who is supplied directly by umbilical from the surface, but if the umbilical is snagged and rope signals cannot be transmitted, these signals may be provided by hat light flashes and helmet flush (blowing gas from the helmet in a continuous stream by opening the  or pressing the purge button).
 Two light flashes at the bell means that the surface is not receiving voice communications from the bell. The bellman responds by blowing down bell gas twice, creating two large distinct eruptions of bubbles that will be seen at the surface, then recalls the diver and prepares for surfacing.
 When the bell is ready to surface and the voice communications are not functioning, the bellman will blow down bell gas four times.
 If there is a problem during the ascent, a long continuous blow-down is the signal to stop.

Miscellaneous emergency signals

Tap codes, made by knocking on the hull, are used to communicate with divers trapped in a sealed bell or the occupants of a submersible or submarine during a rescue.

A scuba diver who deploys a Delayed Surface Marker Buoy (DSMB) at the end of a dive may use a pre-arranged colour code to indicate to the surface support crew if there is a problem for which assistance is required. In some circles a yellow DSMB is considered an emergency signal, and red means OK. In most circles a second DSMB deployed on the same line will indicate a problem. A DSMB can also be used to carry up a slate with a message, but this is unlikely to be noticed unless a special arrangement has been made.

Other minor emergency signals include the use of mirrors, inflatable signal tubes, floating streamers, compressed air sirens, whistles and other noisemakers to alert the surface support personnel of a problem.

VHF radios and  personal emergency locator beacons are available which can transmit a distress signal to nearby vessels and are pressure resistant to recreational diving depths, so they can be carried by a diver and activated at the surface if out of sight of the boat.

Diver down signals

Flags

A diver down flag, or scuba flag, is a flag used on the water to indicate that there is a diver below. Two styles of flag are in use.  Internationally, the code flag "alpha", which has a white hoist and blue swallowtail fly, is used to signal that the vessel has a diver down and other vessels should keep well clear at slow speed. In North America a red flag with a white diagonal stripe from the upper left corner to the lower right corner is customarily used. The purpose of these flags is to notify other boats to steer clear for the safety of the divers and to avert the possibility of a collision with the dive boat which may be unable to maneuver out of the way.

Light and shape signals

A vessel supporting a diving operation may be unable to take avoiding action to prevent a collision, as it may be physically connected to divers in the water by lifelines or umbilicals, or may be maneuvering in the close proximity to divers, and is required to indicate this constraint by international maritime law, using the prescribed light and shape signals, and other vessels are obliged to keep clear, both for the safety of the divers, and to prevent collision with the diving support vessel. These signals and the rules for responding to them are specified in Rule 27 of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, also known as COLREGS, and "Rules of the Road", as quoted below.

A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, except a vessel engaged in mine-clearance operations, shall exhibit:
 three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
 three day shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond;
 when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, sidelights and a sternlight, in addition to the lights prescribed in sub-paragraph 1;
 when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs 1 and 2, the light, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.

A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, when restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (1, 2 and 3 above) of this Rule and shall in addition, when an obstruction exists, exhibit:
 two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side on which the obstruction exists;
 two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to indicate the side on which another vessel may pass;
 when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph instead of the lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.

Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticable to exhibit all lights and shapes prescribed in paragraph (above) of this Rule, the following shall be exhibited:
 three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
 a rigid replica of the International Code flag "A" not less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) in height. Measures shall be taken to ensure its all-round visibility.

Surface marker buoys

Permanently buoyant or inflatable surface marker buoys may be used to identify and/or mark the presence of a diver below. These may be moored, as a shotline, and indicate the general area with divers, or tethered to one of the divers by a line, indicating the location of the group to people at the surface. This type of buoy is usually brightly coloured for visibility, and may be fitted with one of the diving flag signals. A surface marker buoy (SMB) tethered to a diver is usually towed on a thin line attached to a reel, spool or other device which allows the diver to control the line length to suit the depth, so that excessive slack line can be avoided.

A deployable, or delayed surface marker buoy (DSMB) is an inflatable marker which the diver inflates while underwater and sends up at the end of a line to indicate position, and usually either that he or she is ascending, or that there is a problem. The use of a DSMB is common when divers expect to do decompression stops away from a fixed reference, or will be surfacing in an area with boat traffic, or need to indicate their position to the dive boat or surface team. Divers can carry two differently coloured DSMBs so that they can signal to their surface support for help while decompressing underwater. By one system, a red buoy indicates normal decompression and a yellow buoy indicates a problem, such as shortage of gas, that the surface support should investigate and resolve. In other circles, two buoys of any colour on one line means the same.

A group of moored surface marker buoys may be used to demarcate an area in which diving is taking place. This is more likely to be used by commercial, scientific or public service divers to cordon off a work or search area, or an accident or crime scene.

Ultrasonic wearables
The Buddy-Watcher is a wrist mounted buddy alert device which sends an ultrasonic signal when a key is pressed, for at least  through the water to the matching unit on the dive buddy, which will produce a silent vibratory and visual signal alerting the diver that their buddy wants attention. There is no direct indication to the sender whether the signal has been received and no indication of distance or direction to the buddy. The device is waterproof to , and therefore is suited for recreational scuba diving use, but not technical diving.

The UDI-28 and UDI-14 wrist mounted decompression computers have a communications feature between wrist units and a surface unit which includes distress signals, a limited set of text messages and a homing signal

Underwater messaging using smartphones and smartwatches
In 2022, University of Washington, developed a software app, AquaApp, for mobile devices that repurposes the microphones and speakers on existing smartphones and watches to enable underwater acoustic communication between divers. The software running on commodity Android smartphones placed in water-proof cases, supports sending one of 240 pre-set messages including SoS beacons and has a range of up to 100 metres.

References

Sources

Maritime communication
Underwater diving procedures
Underwater diving safety
Underwater diving safety equipment
Sign systems
Articles containing video clips

Diver communications


Kapela sv. Filomene je rimokatolička građevina u mjestu i općini Velika Gorica, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Kapela sv. Filomene nalazi se na gradskom groblju u Velikoj Gorici. Sagrađena je 1891. prema nacrtu arhitekta Koste Tomca. To je jednobrodna neogotička građevina tlocrtno u obliku latinskog križa s poligonalnom apsidom i dvije plitke bočne kapele te zvonikom u osi glavnog pročelja. Pročelja su ritmizirana kontraforima te prozorskim otvorima šiljastog nadvoja. Lađa je svođena križnim svodovima sa šiljastim pojasnicama čije su pete poduprte polukružnim konzolicama na bočnim zidovima, dok svetište ima križni svod sa šiljastim susvodnicama. U svetištu se nalazi jednostavna drvena menza dok prozorski otvori imaju recentno izvedene vitraje Marijana Jakubina s prikazom sv. Filomene i kršćanskim simbolima. Kapela je u većini sačuvala svoje izvorne stilske karakteristike te je skladno smještena u središnjem dijelu velikogoričkoga groblja zbog čega ima arhitektonsku i ambijentalnu vrijednost.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6253 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Građevine u Velikoj Gorici
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj

Kapela sv. Filomene (Velika Gorica)


El Departamento de Transporte de Utah (en inglés: Utah Department of Transportation, UDOT) es la agencia estatal gubernamental encargada en la construcción y mantenimiento de toda la infraestructura ferroviaria, carreteras estatales; así como sus autopistas federales, locales e interestatales, y transporte aéreo del estado de Utah. La sede de la agencia se encuentra ubicada en Salt Lake City, Utah y su actual director es John Njord.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio web oficial (en inglés)

Agencias estatales de Utah
Carreteras de Utah
Transporte de Utah
Agencias estatales de transporte de Estados Unidos

Departamento de Transporte de Utah


Portela das Cabras Portekiz'de Vila Verde belediyesine bağlı olan, 2,34 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 256 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vila Verde'nin bucakları

Portela das Cabras


An Thelymitra latiloba in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jeffrey A. Jeanes. An Thelymitra latiloba in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thelymitra, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thelymitra

Thelymitra latiloba


Sodom es el undécimo álbum de la banda alemana de thrash metal Sodom, publicado el 21 de abril de 2006. Las primeras versiones del álbum venían en un estuche e incluían un póster a color de la carátula del álbum. "El álbum es homónimo," explica Tom Angelripper, "porque cada banda necesita un álbum homónimo".

Lista de canciones
 1. "Blood on your Lips" – 4:43
 2. "Wanted Dead" – 3:58
 3. "Buried in the Justice Ground" – 3:09
 4. "City of God" – 4:36
 5. "Bibles and Guns" – 3:32
 6. "Axis of Evil" – 4:36
 7. "Lords of Depravity" – 2:48
 8. "No Captures" – 4:47
 9. "Lay Down the Law" – 3:57
 10. "Nothing to Regret" – 2:54
 11. "The Enemy Inside" – 4:06
 12. "Kamikaze Terrorizer" (bonus track de la edición japonesa)

Créditos
 Tom Angelripper - Voz, bajo
 Bernemann - Guitarra
 Bobby Schottkowski - Batería

Referencias

Álbumes de Sodom
Álbumes de 2006
Álbumes de thrash metal
Álbumes de SPV/Steamhammer Records
Álbumes en inglés

Sodom (álbum)


Halvad (en guyaratí: હળવદ ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Morvi, estado de Guyarat.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 48  a 173 km de la capital estatal, Gandhinagar, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 28 615 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Guyarat

Halvad


Gent-Wevelgem 1999 var den 61. udgave af cykelløbet Gent-Wevelgem og blev arrangeret 7. april 1999. Løbet blev vundet af Tom Steels.

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger
Resultater på cyclingbase.com

1999
Cykelløb i 1999

Gent-Wevelgem 1999


Crkva sv. Mande [Marije Magdalene], poznata i kao crkva sv. Lazara i sv. Marije Magdalene, rimokatolička sakralna građevina, koja se nalazi u Velom Varošu u Splitu, na sjeveroistočnim padinama Marjana. Nazvana je po Mariji Magdaleni.

Opis
Crkva sv. Mande je jednobrodna građevina s pravokutnom apsidom, pokrivena kupama kanalicama. S apsidom je duga 12 metara, a širina lađe je 6 metara.

Poviše pročelja nalazi se zvonik na preslicu za dva zvona, a poviše vrata četvrtasti prozor. Oltar se nalazi u četvrtastoj apsidi. Iznad oltara, na pali na zidu, na mjestu starog oltara, nalaze se likovi sv. Marije Magdalene i sv. Lazara. Umjetničku vrijednost imaju slika Sv. Marije Magdalene i slika Bogorodice s djetetom, sv. Marijom Magdalenom, sv. Antom Padovanskim, sv. Lovrom i sv. Dujmom, obje iz 17. stoljeća. Prva slika bila je ukradena 2005. godine i pronađena 2015. godine, kada je vraćena vlasniku, crkvi Sv. Križa u Velom Varošu.

Povijest
Prvi put se spominje 1145. godine. Ponekad se navodi pod imenom sv. Lazara i sv. Mande. Tako se izričito navodi u vizitaciji nadbiskupa Foconija 1578. godine ("ad S. Lazarum et Mariam Magdalenam"). Nadbiskup Cosmi u vizitaciji iz 1682. godine naziva je samo Sveta Marija Magdalena ("S.ta Maria Magdalena"). Nedaleko od crkve nekada se nalazila kuća za gubavce. Crkva je obnovljena sedamdesetih godina 20. stoljeća. U njoj se svake nedjelje slavi sveta misa.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4639 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao sakralna graditeljska baština .

Izvori

Literatura

 Vilogorac, Inga, Splitske crkve, Spomenička baština, Ex libris, Split-Zagreb, 2005.
Vidović, Mile, Splitsko-makarska nadbiskupija: župe i ustanove, Crkva u Svijetu, Split, 2004. - ISBN 953-6151-82-0

Vanjske poveznice

 Marjanske crkvice - visitsplit.com
 Nakon 10 godina pronađena skupocjena slika Magdalene ukradena iz crkve Svete Mande na Marjanu - index.hr

Manda
Manda, Split, Marjan
Marjan

Crkva sv. Mande na Marjanu


Muamer Zukorlić (Orlje pokraj Tutina, 15. veljače 1970. − Novi Pazar, 6. studenog 2021.), bošnjački je teolog i političar, nekadašnji muftija Mešihata Islamske zajednice za Sandžak i Srbiju. Jedan je od osnivača Bošnjačke akademije znanosti i umjetnosti (BANU). Bio je kandidat za reis-ul-ulemu 2019. godine.

Životopis
Muamer Zukorlić je rođen u mjestu Orlje pokraj Tutina. Osnovnu školu je završio u mjestu Ribariće, a zatim u Sarajevu Gazi Husrev-begovu medresu. U Konstantini u Alžiru je 1993. godine završio Islamsko sveučilište El-Emir Abdel-Kadir, odsjek šerijatsko pravo, u Konstantini u Alžiru, a zvanje magistra stekao na sveučilištu El-Džinan u Tripoliju u Lebanonu. Poslijediplomske studije završio je na Internacionalnom univerzitetu u Novom Pazaru.

Kada je osnovan Mešihat Islamske zajednice u Sandžaku 1993. godine Zukorlić je izabran za muftiju. Reizabran je na izborima 1998. i 2003. godine. Izabran je za predsjednika i glavnog muftiju Mešihata Islamske zajednice u Srbiji 27. ožujka 2007. godine. Na ovu funkciju je ponovo izabran na izborima u srpnju 2008. godine. Bio je osnivač i glavni i odgovorni urednik Glasa islama,  glasila Islamske zajednice u Srbiji. Jedan je od inicijatora osnivanja Izdavačke kuće El Kelimeh,  mekteba za predškolski i školski uzrast, Agencije za sertifikovanje halal kvaliteta, Medija centra, Instituta za izučavanje genocida i zločina, ali i televizije Universa 2008, današnje Sandžak televizije, kao i radija Refref u Novom Pazaru. Osnivač je i prvi rektor Internacionalnog sveučilišta u Novom Pazaru i prvi dekan Fakulteta za Islamske studije u Novom Pazaru. Akademik je Bošnjačke akademije znanosti i umjetnosti (BANU).

Mešihat Islamske zajednice u Srbiji je povodom foto-montaže, na kojoj je glavni muftija Muamer Zukorlić prikazan u pravoslavnoj svećeničkoj odori, objavljene u dnevnom listu Blic zatražio od uredništva i vlasnika lista ispriku i "simboličnu nadoknadu od 100 milijuna eura".

Na prvim izravnim izborima za Bošnjačko nacionalno vijeće koji su održani 6. lipnja 2010. godine pojedinačno najveći broj glasova (45—50 %) je osvojila Bošnjačka kulturna zajednica (BKZ) na čijem je čelu bio Muamer ef. Zukorlić. Državni organi Srbije su donijeli odluku o nepriznavanju prava Bošnjačkoj kulturnoj zajednici da samostalno formira Nacionalno vijeće, jer nije osvojila ukupnu većinu glasova.

Usprkos toj odluci Bošnjačka kulturna zajednica (BKZ) je proslavila pobjedu i konstituirala Bošnjačko nacionalno vijeće koje je na sjednici održanoj 25. srpnja 2010. godine usvojilo deklaraciju kojom se bošnjački narod proglašava konstitutivnim narodom u Srbiji. Povodom negiranja prava Bošnjačkoj kulturnoj zajednici da samostalno formira Nacionalno vijeće Zukorlić je 15. lipnja 2010. dao sljedeću izjavu:

Na predsjedničkim izborima u Srbiji 2012. kandidirao se za predsjednika Srbije kao neovisni kandidat, a prema konačnim rezultatima osvojio je 1,39 % glasova. Pred izvanredne parlamentarne izbore 2016, najprije se privremeno odrekao pozicije muftije sandžačkog, kako bi predvodio izbornu listu Bošnjačke demokratske zajednice (BDZ). Ubrzo je podnio i ostavku na tu dužnost i raspoređen je na radno mjesto savjetnika u Mešihatu Islamske zajednice u Srbiji.

U prosincu 2017. godine Bošnjačka demokratska zajednica (BDZ) Sandžaka preimenovana je u Stranku pravde i pomirenja (SPP), s ciljem proširenja svog djelovanja izvan Sandžaka i ponude programa prihvatljivog Bošnjacima, Srbima i pripadnicima drugih nacionalnih zajednica u Srbiji. Za predsjednika SPP izabran je Muamer Zukorlić.

Na parlamentarnim izborima 2016. izabran je za narodnog poslanika u Skupštini Republike Srbije i izabran za predsjednika Odbora za obrazovanje, znanost, tehnološki razvoj i informatičko društvo.

Iste godine, izabran je za poslanika u Skupštini grada Novog Pazara u razdoblju od 2016. do 2020. godina.

Godine 2019., Muamer Zukorlić je bio glavni protukandidat Huseinu ef. Kavazoviću na izborima za reis-ul-ulemu. Od 373 glasa, Kavazović je dobio 291, a Zukorlić 82. U sazivu srbijanske skupštine 2020. godine, kao lider Stranke pravde i pomirenja bio je potpredsjednik Narodne skupštine Srbije i predsjednik Odbora za obrazovanje i znanost.

Umro je u Novom Pazaru od posljedica srčanog udara, 6. studenoga 2021. godine. Sprovod mu je predvodio reis-ul-ulema Husein ef. Kavazović u Novom Pazaru. Prvobitno je bio pokopan u rodnom mjestu Orlje pokraj Tutina.

Nakon što se početkom 2022. godine u javnosti pojavila sumnja da Zukorlić nije preminuo prirodnom smrću, nego trovanjem, tijelo je ekshumirano. Nakon obdukcije, po želji bošnjačkog naroda ukopan je u haremu Altun-alem džamije u Novom Pazaru.

Po Zukorliću se danas zove džamija u mjestu Ljubinu u Skoplju.

Povezani članci
 Muftija
 Islamska zajednica u Srbiji

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Muamer Zukorlić na mesihat.org

Islamska zajednica u Srbiji
Bošnjaci u Srbiji

Muamer Zukorlić


eBoy é uma coletiva de arte pixel que se formou em 2 de maio de 1997, composta por Kai Vermehr, Steffen Sauerteig e Svend Smital.

Suas ilustrações complexas foram transformadas em pôsteres, camisetas, brinde e exibidas em exposições de galerias. "Escolhemos trabalhar com pixels porque nos encantamos com a ideia de criar imagens exclusivas para a tela. É a forma ideal de conseguir resultados muito claros e precisos. Além disso, manipular pixels é divertido e nos obriga a simplificar e abstrair as coisas, o que é um grande benefício dessa técnica." As cidades de Berlim e Los Angeles abrigam o eBoy.

Suas influências vêm da: "cultura pop... compras, supermercados, TV, comerciais de brinquedos, LEGO, jogos de computador, as notícias, revistas..." Kai se inspirava no Nintendo durante sua infância, enquanto os outros eBoys moravam na Alemanha Oriental onde não havia jogos eletrônicos. Eles usam a cultura popular e ícones comerciais para criar ilustrações em 3D com isometria, que mostram robôs, carros, armas e garotas. Hoje em dia eles imprimem a maioria de seus designs e não os fazem só para as telas de computador, o que permite que as imagens tenham mais detalhes e complexidade. "Quando nos dedicamos apenas a um projeto, demoramos de seis a oito semanas para concluir uma paisagem urbana bem detalhada, com três eBoys trabalhando nela quase em tempo integral. Mas, quando temos que conciliar com outros projetos, o que é comum, pode levar anos para finalizar uma imagem, pois não dispomos de tanto tempo para ela." Eles se tornaram ídolos entre os designers gráficos do mundo inteiro, além de terem uma grande lista de clientes comerciais. Outra criação deles são os brinquedos plásticos Peecol, feitos em colaboração com a Kidrobot, e uma linha de brinquedos de madeira que será produzida com sua própria marca.

eBoy criou "Pixoramas" inspirados em cidades como Tóquio, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Berlim e Londres e está financiando sua mais nova paisagem urbana baseada em São Francisco via Kickstarter. Eles também trabalharam com marcas como Coca-Cola, MTV, VH1, Adidas, Gola e Honda. Eles trabalharam na criação da capa do álbum Soundboy Rock, do Groove Armada, em 2007, bem como do álbum Fix Yourself, Not the World, do Wombats, em 2022.

Principais Pixoramas (cenas de cidades e paisagens)
Essa é uma lista de algumas das obras mais famosas do eBoy, que retratam cidades e paisagens em arte pixel.
 Shift Ecity (1998)
 Berlim (1ª edição, 2002)
 Veneza (1ª edição, 2002)
 Superbroncobattle (1ª edição, 2004)
 Londres (1ª edição, 2005)
 Colônia (1ª edição, 2005)
 Nova Iorque (1ª edição, 2006)
 FooBar (1ª edição, 2006)
 Tóquio (1ª edição, 2007) NFT
 Baltimore (1ª edição, 2008)
 Los Angeles (1ª edição, 2008)
 Marselha (perspectiva da cidade, 1ª edição, 2009)
 Amnesty (1ª edição, 2009)
 Paris (1ª edição, 2010)
 Rio de Janeiro (1ª edição, 2011)
 Marselha (perspectiva do mar, 1ª edição, 2012)
 BazQux (1ª edição, 2013)
 Miami (1ª edição, 2014)
 São Francisco (1ª edição, 2015)
 Moscou (1ª edição, 2021) NFT

Outros Pixoramas famosos
 Maker Faire (1ª edição, 2007)
 MIA Miami Airport (2014)

Colaborações
Adidas, Adobe, Nike, Honda, Paul Smith, Louis Vuitton, DKNY, Kidrobot, Wombats, Yuzu, Uniqlo, FontShop, Marriott, Net-A-Porter e muito mais.

Fundações no Canadá em 1997
Fundações na Alemanha em 1997

EBoy


Yuuri Morishita (森下 悠里, Morishita Yūri?, n. 30 ianuarie 1985, Hachiōji) este o actriță japoneză care este reprezentată de agenție de talente Asche.

Note

Nașteri în 1985
Nașteri pe 30 ianuarie
Actrițe japoneze
Gravure idol japoneze
Oameni în viață

Yuuri Morishita


O Teatro Nacional Lucian Blaga, em Cluj-Napoca, Romênia, é uma das instituições teatrais mais prestigiadas da Romênia. O teatro divide o mesmo prédio com a Ópera Romena.

A construção do Teatro Nacional Lucian Blaga começou em 1904 e foi concluída em 1906. Foi projetado pelos famosos arquitetos austríacos Ferdinand Fellner e Hermann Helmer, que projetaram vários teatros e palácios em toda a Europa no final do século XIX e início do século XX, incluindo os teatros em Iași, Oradea, Timișoara e Chernivtsi (em romeno: Cernăuți).

Desde 1919, quando Cluj passou para a administração romena, o prédio tem sido a sede do Teatro Nacional Romeno e da Ópera Romena local, enquanto o Teatro e a Ópera Húngara locais receberam o prédio do teatro na rua Emil Isac, próximo ao Parque Central e ao rio Someșul Mic.

Após a Segunda Arbitragem de Viena de 1940 e a anexação da Transilvânia do Norte pela Hungria, o prédio voltou a ser a sede do Teatro Húngaro. Em 31 de outubro de 1944, os atores romenos e húngaros celebrando a liberdade da cidade realizaram uma apresentação conjunta, cuja receita foi doada aos soldados feridos russos e romenos.

O salão tem capacidade para novecentos e vinte e oito lugares, sendo concebido no estilo neobarroco, com algumas inflexões inspiradas pelo  na decoração do foyer.

O prédio do Teatro Nacional Lucian Blaga está listado no Registro Nacional de Monumentos Históricos devido à sua importância cultural.

Teatros nacionais
Construções de Cluj-Napoca

Teatro Nacional Lucian Blaga


The Saskatchewan Progress Party (SPP) is a liberal political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.

The party was the provincial affiliate of the Liberal Party of Canada until 2009. It was named the Saskatchewan Liberal Party until July 18, 2023. It was previously one of the two largest parties in the province, along with the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party and its precursors on its left, before being eclipsed by the Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan from the right and later deserted by several members who contributed to the establishment of the centre-right Saskatchewan Party.

History

Early history
The party dominated Saskatchewan politics for the province's first forty years and provided six of the first seven Premiers who served between the province's creation in 1905 and World War II. Located on the middle of the political spectrum, it assiduously courted "ethnic" (i.e., non-British) voters and the organized farm movement. It refused to pander to "nativist" sentiment that culminated in the short, spectacular existence of the Ku Klux Klan in Saskatchewan in 1927–28. During the party's only spell out of power during this time following the 1929 election, it was the largest party in the Saskatchewan Legislative Assembly. It did not command a majority of seats and was relegated to the opposition benches after Progressives and independents decided to join with the Conservatives in a coalition government.

Varying fortunes (1944–1978)
In the 1944 election, however, Saskatchewan experienced a dramatic change when it elected the first democratic socialist government in North America under Tommy Douglas and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). The Liberals were nearly wiped off the map, dropping from a strong majority of 38 seats to only five—the second-worst defeat of a sitting government in the province's history. The Liberals moved to the political right and stay there since. The Liberals remained out of power for twenty years until Ross Thatcher's victory in 1964 election. Thatcher led the Liberals to re-election in 1967.

After the defeat of the Liberals in the 1971 election at the hands of the CCF's successor, the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party, the party remained the principal opposition party in the province, albeit with a dwindling number of seats. However, in the 1978 election, the Liberals were completely shut out of the Legislature for the first time. The Progressive Conservatives replaced them as the principal opposition party in Saskatchewan.

Comeback (1986–1996)
The Liberals didn't return to the Legislative Assembly until 1986, when party leader Ralph Goodale (later federal Deputy Liberal leader) was elected as the party's sole member.

The Liberals came under the leadership of future Lieutenant Governor Lynda Haverstock in 1989. The Liberals were only able to take limited advantage of the collapse of Grant Devine's scandal-ridden Conservative government in the 1991 election, but Haverstock was able to win her Saskatoon seat. Liberal candidate Anita Bergman also won a by-election in 1994.

In the 1995 election, the Liberals displaced the Progressive Conservatives to become the Official Opposition to the re-elected New Democratic government of Roy Romanow.

Dissent and decline (1996–2021)
Dissatisfaction within the Liberal caucus led to the resignation of Lynda Haverstock as party leader. On November 24, 1996, the Saskatchewan Liberal party elected Jim Melenchuk on the third ballot as party leader. In 1997, four Liberal Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) joined forces with four MLAs from the Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan to form the Saskatchewan Party.

The 1999 election reduced the Liberals to only four seats and third party status in the Legislature. The result in the fourth seat, Wood River, was later overturned; a by-election was held and won by Yogi Huyghebaert, the Saskatchewan Party candidate. The governing New Democrats, however, had only won exactly half the total seats, effectively leaving them with a minority government since the governing party is traditionally expected to provide the Speaker of the Legislature. Following secret negotiations, the NDP and three Liberals elected announced that they had formed a coalition government, the second such government in the province's history following the Conservative-led government of 1929-34. Under the terms of the coalition agreement, two Liberals, Jim Melenchuk and Jack Hillson, were then appointed to positions in the Cabinet while the third, Ron Osika, was elected Speaker of the Legislature. Rank-and-file Liberals were against the coalition government and called for a leadership convention. On 27 October 2001 Saskatchewan Liberals elected businessman David Karwacki as the new leader over Hillson, who had withdrawn from the coalition. Karwacki soon ordered the other two Liberal MLAs, Melenchuk and Ron Osika, to disband the coalition. They refused, left the party, sat as independent Members of the Legislative Assembly, continued in the coalition and eventually ran for re-election (in both cases, unsuccessfully) as NDP candidates in the 2003 election.

The internal party feud hurt Liberal fortunes, as did a polarized electorate. A poorly run election campaign left the party shut out of the Legislature in 2003, the first time in over 20 years in which the Liberal Party was unable to win a single seat. In the 2007 election the Saskatchewan Liberal Party was again shut out of the Legislature, this time finishing better than third only in Regina Walsh Acres. In that riding, the Saskatchewan Party (which won power from the NDP in this election) had been forced to withdraw its candidate after the close of nominations.

Karwacki resigned as Liberal leader one month later. Ryan Bater was ratified as the Liberal leader at the Liberal Party convention on 21 February 2009. At the same convention, the party passed a declaration of principles, which sought to reposition the Liberals as the party of "Personal Liberty, Free Enterprise, and Responsible Government". As well, a proposal was approved separating the federal and provincial Liberal parties in Saskatchewan into two independent organizations.

In the 2011 general election, the Liberals ran only nine candidates. Seven Liberals ran in Saskatoon while one ran in Regina, however, the party put most of their resources behind Bater's own attempt to win a seat in the Battlefords. The Liberals again failed to win a seat in the Legislature. Overall, they fell to fourth place behind the third-place finishing Green Party of Saskatchewan, polling 2,237 votes in the nine constituencies in which they were on the ballot. Of these votes, more than a third of were earned by Bater in the Battlefords, who nevertheless finished a distant third in his own riding. Besides Bater, only two out of the eight other Liberals running were able to out-poll their Green Party opponents for a distant third-place finish. The other six Liberals finished fourth, compared to only one who finished worse than third in 2007. The party's platform focused on cutting the provincial sales tax, curbing government expenditures and creating a sovereign wealth fund entitled the Saskatchewan Future Fund.

Ryan Bater resigned as leader on January 31, 2012. Greg Gallager was appointed interim leader on March 12, 2012. In the party's 2013 leadership election, Reid Hill was the only candidate to put his name forward by the close of nominations, and was thus to be named as the party's new leader. He decided not to take on the job, however, stating that he had wanted to partake a competitive race to revive public attention for the party, rather than simply being handed the leadership due to lack of interest. Darrin Lamoureux was appointed as new interim leader on December 16, 2013 and was acclaimed on August 21, 2014, when no other candidates ran for the position.

The party managed to field a full slate of 61 candidates for the 2016 general election. They were once again shut out of the Legislature, collecting about 3.6% of the vote. Lamoureux resigned as party leader on September 9, 2017. Tara Jijian was appointed interim leader later that month. Naveed Anwar was acclaimed as leader on May 5, 2018. Anwar resigned as leader on September 9, 2020. Robert Rudachyk was appointed as the party's interim leader on September 28, 2020 ahead of the 2020 general election.
In the 2020 provincial election, the party won no seats in the legislature. It ran only three candidates and received only 355 total votes, or 0.08% of the popular vote.

Walters era and name change (2021–present)

Following the disastrous 2020 provincial election, the party set about looking for a new permanent leader. At the 2021 Party Convention in Davidson, members unanimously elected University of Regina lecturer, Jeff Walters. Walters ran on the slogan "New Way Forward", offering renewal for both the party and the province. Walters described his party as a centrist alternative, distinct from the Liberal Party of Canada and embodying Saskatchewan's tradition of "prairie Liberalism".

On February 5, 2022, Walters organized a rally in front of the Saskatchewan Legislature to oppose Premier Scott Moe's immediate rolling back of COVID-19 mandates, tracking, and tracing. Walters also launched the "Accountability Saskatchewan" initiative, collecting signatures to trigger a plebiscite on a public inquiry into the provincial government's handling of COVID-19. The petition was initially available only online and on social media, provoking an official ruling from Elections Saskatchewan affirming the validity of electronic signatures in Saskatchewan.

On March 25, 2023, the Saskatchewan Liberal Party voted to change their name in their annual general meeting in order to distance themselves from the non-affiliated federal Liberals. Walters called the process "a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity". On July 19, 2023, the party announced its rebranding as the Saskatchewan Progress Party; Walters stated that the new name was intended to position the party "as visionaries, to be able to take the untapped potential of Saskatchewan to the next step, to be able to give a lot of hope to the next generations to actually want to stay here". Walters announced his resignation as leader in September 2023, with a leadership race being called soon after.

Party leaders
Walter Scott (August 16, 1905 – October 20, 1916)
William M. Martin (October 20, 1916 – April 5, 1922)
Charles A. Dunning (April 5, 1922 – February 26, 1926)
James G. Gardiner (February 26, 1926 – October 31, 1935)
William John Patterson (October 31, 1935 – August 6, 1946)
Walter Tucker (August 6, 1946 – November 26, 1954)
Alexander H. McDonald (November 26, 1954 – September 24, 1959)
Ross Thatcher (September 24, 1959 – July 22, 1971)
David Steuart (December 11, 1971 – December 11, 1976) House Leader (July 22, 1971 - December 11, 1971)
Ted Malone (December 11, 1976 – June 13, 1981)
Ralph Goodale (June 13, 1981 – October 7, 1988)
Vacant (October 7, 1988 - April 2, 1989) (Jack Wiebe was party president)
Lynda Haverstock (April 2, 1989 – November 12, 1995)
Ron Osika (November 12, 1995 - November 24, 1996, interim)
Jim Melenchuk (November 24, 1996 – October 27, 2001)
David Karwacki (October 27, 2001 – December 21, 2007)
Frank Proto (December 21, 2007 – February 21, 2009, interim)
Ryan Bater (February 21, 2009 – March 12, 2012)
Greg Gallagher (March 12, 2012 – December 16, 2013, interim)
Darrin Lamoureux (December 16, 2013 – August 21, 2014, interim) and (August 21, 2014 – September 9, 2017)
 Tara Jijian (September 24, 2017 – May 5, 2018, interim)
 Naveed Anwar  (May 5, 2018 – September 9, 2020)
 Robert Rudachyk (September 28, 2020 – October 16, 2021, interim)
Jeff Walters (October 16, 2021 – September 29, 2023) (September 29, 2023 – present, interim)

Scott, Martin and Dunning were Premiers for the duration of their party's leadership. Patterson was Premier for all but two years of his leadership. Thatcher became Premier after five years as the Leader of the Opposition and remained leader until the end of his Premiership.

Election results

See also
Saskatchewan Liberal Party leadership conventions
List of Saskatchewan political parties
Politics of Saskatchewan

References

External links

Liberal Party
Liberal parties in Canada
Organizations based in Regina, Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan Progress Party


Fosfolipitler dört bileşenden oluşurlar; bir veya iki yağ asit grubu, negatif yüklü bir fosfat grubu, bir alkol grubu ve de bunları birbirine bağlayan bir omurga. Gliserol omurgalı fosfolipitlere gliserofosfolipit veya fosfogliserit denir. Sfingozin omurgalı tek bir fosfolipit vardır: sfingomiyelin. Hücre zarlarının (membranlarının) ana bileşenleri fosfolipitler, kolesterol ve glikolipitlerdir.

Fosfogliseritler
Fosfogliseritlerde, her yağ asidinin karboksil grubu, gliserolun karbon-1 ve karbon-2'sindeki hidroksil grubuyla esterleşmiştir. Fosfat grubu ise karbon-3'e bir ester bağı ile bağlanmıştır. Fosfat grubuna ayrıca bir grup bağlı değilse bu moleküle fosfatidat denir, hücre zarlarında çok az miktarda bulunan bu molekül diğer fosfogliseritlere hammaddelik yapar.

Fosfatidil kolin

Fosfatidilkolin, lesitinin bir diğer adıdır. Fosfat grubuna kolin bağlıdır. Kolinerjik nöronlarda asetilkolin sentezinin bir kaynağıdır.

Fosfatidil etanolamin

Fosfat grubuna etanolamin bağlıdır. Fosfatidil etanolamin özellikle beyin ve omurilikte, ayrıca bakterilerin hücre zarlarında çok miktarda bulunur. Sefalin başlıca fosfatidil etanolamindir.

Fosfatidil inositol
Bu konu hakkında daha ayrıntılı bilgi için Fosfatidil inositol maddesine bakınız

Bu molekülün fosfat grubuna inositol bağlıdır. Hücre zarlarında az miktarda bulunan fosfatidil inositol hücre içi sinyalizasyonda kullanılır.

Fosfatidil serin

Difosfatidil gliserol (Kardiolipin)

Mitokondri membranlarının önemli bir bileşenidir, ayrıca bazı bakterilerde görülür.

Sfingomiyelin

Sfingomiyelinin omurgası, palmitat ve serinden oluşmuş sfingozin adlı bir amino alkoldur. Fosfat grubuna bir kolin grubu bağlıdır.

Sfingomiyelin bütün ökariyotik hücre zarlarında mevcuttur ve özellikle sinir sisteminde çok miktarda bulunur. Sinir hücrelerinin etrafına sarılı olan Schwann hücreleri ve oligodendrositlerin oluşturduğu, miyelin isimli yalıtım tabakasının en önemli bileşenidir.

Sentez
Fosfogliserit sentezinin ilk aşamasında fosfatidatın kimyasal olarak aktive edilmesi, yani reaksiyona girmeye eğilimli hale gelmesi gerekir. Fosfolipitlerin sentezinde ya aktive edilmiş bir diasilgliserol ya da aktive edilmiş bir alkol gerekir. Fosfatidil serin ve fosfatidil inositol oluşumunda, bir alkol (serin veya inositol) hidroksili ile sitidin difosfodiasilgliserol (CDP-diacylglycerol) arasında bir fosfo ester bağlantısı oluşur.

Fosfatidil etanolamin sentezinde, alkol önce ATP ile fosforlanır, sonra sitidin difosfat (CDP) ile reaksiyona girip aktive olur. Bu alkol ardından diasilgliserol ile reaksiyona girip son ürünü verir.

Memelilerde fosfatidil kolin iki yoldan sentezlenebilir: ya fosfatidil etanolamin sentezine benzer bir seri reaksiyonla ya da fosfatidil etanolamin metil transferaz enziminin katalizlediği fosfatidil etanolaminin metilasyonu ile.

Sfingomiyelinin sentezinde, sfingozinin amino ucu, uzun zimcirli acyl CoA ile birleşerek seramit oluşturur. Bunun ucundaki hidroksil grubuna fosfatidilkolin (diğer adıyla lesitin) eklenmesiyle sfingomiyelin meydana gelir.

Amfipatik özellik
Fosfolipitlerin fosfat grubunu içeren polar başları hidrofilik (suyu seven), apolar kuyrukları ise hidrofobik (suyu sevmeyen) özelliklidir. Bu yüzden sulu ortamda fosfolipitler hidrofobik kuyruklarını yan yana ve uçuca yerleştirerek, sadece hidrofilik başların suyla temas ettigi bir çifte tabaka oluştururlar. Oluşan bu çifte tabaka esnek, bir sıvı kristal gibi akışkan, ve kısmen geçirgendir. Bu şekilde oluşan zar yapısının içinde yer alan fosfolipit ve diğer moleküller, zarın düzlemi içinde yatay olarak serbestçe hareket edebilirler. Sıvı Mozaik Modeline göre hücre zarındaki lipitler adeta bir mozaik yapı oluşturular ve bunun içinde yer alan protein ve diğer maddeler için bir çözücü olarak işlev görürler. Zarın oluşturduğu düzlemde bu moleküllerin difüzyon yoluyla yatay hareketi sayesine, hücre zarında çeşitli biyokimyasal reaksiyonlar gerçekleşir. Laboratuvar ortamında fosfolipit kullanarak lipozom veya vesikül adı verilen, küresel şekilli, içleri boş, lipit çift tabakalı bir zarla çevrili kesecikler yapılabilir. Bu keseciklerin içine bir madde (örneğin DNA) doldurup bunların hücre içine alınmasını sağlamak mümkündür.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Hücre zarı
 Biyokimya
 Lipit

Lipitler

Fosfolipit


Jedne noći u Istanbulu, britanska športska komedija iz 2014. godine.

Sažetak
Tommy i Gerry su dvojica taksista iz Liverpoola, navijača istoimenog kluba. Životni san im je otići na nogometno finale u Istanbul i zbližiti se sa svojim sinovima. Radi ostvarivanja te želje upustili su se u posao s mjesnim kriminalcima. U Istanbulu upadaju u niz nezgodnih situacija.

Britanski filmovi 2010-ih
Filmske komedije

Jedne noći u Istanbulu (2014.)


Kedrostis (lat. Kedrostis),  rod trajnica penjačica iz porodice Cucurbitaceae. Postoji dvadesetak vrsta u tropskim krajevima Azije i Afrike

Vrste

 Kedrostis abdallai A. Zimmermann
 Kedrostis africana (L.) Cogn.
 Kedrostis bennettii (Miq.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes
 Kedrostis capensis (Sond.) A. Meeuse
 Kedrostis cogniauxii Keraudr.
 Kedrostis courtallensis (Arn.) C. Jeffrey
 Kedrostis crassirostrata Bremek.
 Kedrostis dissecta Keraudr.
 Kedrostis elongata Keraudr.
 Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.
 Kedrostis heterophylla Zimmermann
 Kedrostis hirta W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes
 Kedrostis hirtella (Naud.) Cogn.
 Kedrostis lanuginosa Keraudr.
 Kedrostis laxa Keraudr.
 Kedrostis leloja (Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.) C. Jeffrey
 Kedrostis limpompensis C. Jeffrey
 Kedrostis monosperma W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes
 Kedrostis nana (Lam.) Cogn.
 Kedrostis nana var. schlechteri (Cogn.) A. Meeuse
 Kedrostis nana var. zeyheri (Schrad.) A. Meeuse
 Kedrostis perrieri Keraudr.
 Kedrostis psammophila P. Bruyns
 Kedrostis pseudogijef (Gilg) C. Jeffrey

Izvori

Tikvovke

Kedrostis


Erlend Wiborg (født 20. januar 1984 i Sarpsborg) er en norsk politiker for Fremskrittspartiet. Han er stortingsrepræsentant for Fremskrittspartiet i Østfold siden valget i 2013. Han er 1. viceleder i Stortingets arbejd- og socialkomité.

Før dette var han blandt andet vareordfører i Moss og gruppeleder på fylkestinget i Østfold. Han har også været Østfold Frps 2. varerepræsentant til Stortinget i perioden 2005-2009 og var 1. varerepræsentant i perioden 2009-2013 .

Wiborg blev indvalgt i bystyret og fylkestinget i 2003 og genvalgt både i 2007 og 2011. Fra 2011 til 2013 var han vareordfører i Moss.

Han har også siddet i fylkesstyret i Østfold FrP siden 2000/01 og har siden 2007 været politisk næstformand i Østfold Fremskrittsparti. Han var Frps ordførerkandidat i Moss ved valgene i 2007 og 2011. Han har tidligere haft en række ungdomspolitiske hverv, blandt andet som formand i Østfold FpU (2002–2006) og centralbestyrelsesmedlem i FpU (2004–2006).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stortingsrepræsentanter

Erlend Wiborg


«La sentencia / La celosa» es un disco de 78 RPM de la cantautora chilena Isabel Parra, hija de Violeta Parra, lanzado en 1957. Mientras que el Lado A es una composición de su madre, el Lado B, perteneciente a la tradición popular, era también parte de su repertorio. Ninguna de las dos canciones fue grabada por Violeta. Isabel incluye además «La celosa» en su álbum recopilatorio de 2010 Isabel canta a Violeta.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Sencillos de 1957
Sencillos de Isabel Parra

La sentencia / La celosa


Rachel Roberts (født 20. september 1927, død 26. november 1980) var en walisisk teater- og filmskuespiller. Roberts optrådte hovedsageligt på scenen, men spillede også nogle mindeværdige filmroller, herunder Brenda i Lørdag aften, søndag morgen (1960), enke Margaret Hammond i Livets pris  (1963), som hun blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle for. Rachel Roberts spillede også rollen som Fräulein Schmidt i Mordet i Orientekspressen, pigeskolerektor i Peter Weirs højt anerkendte og omdebatterede kultfilm Udflugten (1975) og Clarrie Moreton in Yanks (1979).

Privatliv
Årene 1962-1971 var Rachel Roberts gift med skuespilleren Rex Harrison.

Filmografi (udvalg)
 1953 – Valley of Song
 1958-1959 - Our Mutual Friend (miniserie)
 1960 – Lørdag aften, søndag morgen
 1961 – Girl on Approval
 1963 – Livets pris
 1966 - Blithe Spirit (TV-film)
 1969 – Regnskabets time
 1971 – Lægefruer
 1971 – Da Frank og Ross red ud
 1973 – O Lucky Man!
 1974 – Mordet i Orientekspressen
 1974 - Great Expectations (TV-film)
 1975 – Udflugten
 1976–1978 - The Tony Randall Show
 1978 – Pigen der vidste for meget
 1979 – Yanks
 1979 – Når en morder ringer
 1980 -  Gidseltårnet (TV-film)
 1981 – Charlie Chan vender tilbage

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Wales
Briter i 1900-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Rachel Roberts


Thornbury Castle er et slot i Thornbury i South Gloucestershire i England. Opførelsen blev påbegyndt i 1511 som hjem for Edward Stafford, 3. hertug af Buckingham. Det er ikke en egentlig borg, men i højere grad et tidligt eksempel på et tudor country house med minimale forsvarsværker. Det er i dag et listed building af første grad.

Historie
Der har ligget en herregård på steder siden 930. Japser Tudor, hertug af Bedford, døde på herregården i 1495. Dele af planerne til et meget stort residensslot var "meget avancerede" før hertugen blev halshugget for forræderi i 1521 på ordre af sin fjerne fætter Henrik 8.. Som på kongens palads i Sheen bestod Thornbury af omkransede gårdspladser med en symmetrisk indgang, en central portbygning og oktagonale tårne i hjørnerne.

Efter hertugens død blev Thornbury konfiskeret af Henrik 8., som boede på slottet i ti dage i august 1535 med sin dronning Anne Boleyn. Efter den engelske borgerkrig gik slottet i forfald, men det blev renoveret i 1824 af Howardfamilien. Det ligger bag St Mary's Church, som blev grundlagt under normannerne.

Mellem 1966 og 1986 drev Kenneth Bell slottet som en af Storbitanniens bedste restauranter med ansatte som den britiske madskribent Nigel Slater og den senere dommer fra MasterChef New Zealand, Simon Gault  i deres tidlige karriere.

I dag er slottet et luksushotel med 26 værelser og restaurant, og det bliver brugt til bryllupper.

Desuden findes et GWR Castle-klasse 4-6-0 lokomotiv med navnet 7027 Thornbury Castle.

Galleri

Se også
 Liste over borge og slotte i England

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Slotte i Gloucestershire

Thornbury Castle


Saarlorlux, Saar-Lor-Lux o Gran Región (en francés: Sarlorlux; y en alemán: Saarlorlux) es una eurorregión en el centro de Europa con función de espacio de cooperación transfronterizo. Se encuentra en la frontera entre Francia, Luxemburgo y Alemania. Se trata de la unión del Ducado de Luxemburgo, la Región del Lorena, el Sarre alemán (de aquí viene su nombre: Saarland, Lorraine and Luxembourg), la Región Valona de Bélgica y el estado alemán de Renania-Palatinado.

Comprende unos 65.400km², el tamaño aproximado de la región española de Castilla-La Mancha. En 2006, SaarLorLux tenía 11.330.944habitantes.

El padre de la idea Saarlorluxense fue el, ya fallecido, directivo alemán Hubertus Rolshoven. El 16 de octubre de 1980 las regiones implicadas decidieron crear un ámbito de cooperación siendo éste SaarLorLux.

Véase también
 Eurorregión
 Benelux

Notas

Eurorregiones

SaarLorLux