Ayrton Senna da Silva (21 Mart 1960, Sao Paulo - 1 Mayıs 1994, Bologna), Brezilyalı otomobil yarış pilotu. Formula 1 Dünya Şampiyonluğunu 1988, 1990 ve 1991 olmak üzere 3 kez kazanmıştır. 1994 San Marino Grand Prix'sinde lider durumda iken 7. turda Tamburello virajında geçirdiği kazada ölmüştür. Birçok otorite tarafından gelmiş geçmiş en iyi F1 pilotlarından biri olarak kabul edilir.

Bu isim Portekiz geleneklerine göre kullanılmıştır. İlk soyadı "Senna" annesinin soyadıdır, birçok kaynakta babasının soyadı "Da Silva"ya da ikinci soyadı olarak yer verilmektedir.

Gençlik yılları

Varlıklı bir toprak sahibinin oğlu olarak Brezilya'nın Sao Paulo kentinde doğan Senna, babasının desteğiyle daha dört yaşındayken kart aracı sürmeye başlamış, ilk kart yarışına da 13 yaşındayken katılmıştır. Yarışlara olan isteğinin en büyük nedeni o yıllarda ünlenen ve Brezilya'ya ilk Formula Bir Dünya Birinciliğini 1972'de kazandıran başka bir Sao Paulo'lu, Emerson Fittipaldi'dir. Babasının Senna'nın yarışına en büyük katkısı, 10 yıl kadar önce Emerson Fittipaldi'ye kart birincilikleri kazandırmış olan motor bakımcısı İspanyol asıllı Tche'yi oğlunun kart motorları için tutmasıdır.

Ayrton Senna, ilk kart yarışına Sao Paulo Interlagos'da 1 Temmuz 1973'te girmiş ve kazanmıştır. Bu başarıdan sonra tüm okul çıkışlarında Tche'nin işyerine koşan Senna, burada ileride döneminin en teknik sürücüsü olmasını sağlayacak temel bilgileri edinmiştir. İlk katıldığı yarışı kazanmasından yalnızca iki hafta sonra Sao Paulo kış yarışlarında yıldızlar sınıfında birinci olan Senna, yaz döneminde de "Yıldızlar Birinciliği"ni tümüyle kazanmıştır.

Senna, daha bu yaşlarda, ne kadar yetenekli olursa olsun yarışlarda başarının arabanın niteliği ile sınırlı olduğunu ve nitelikli arabayı elde etmenin de kendini doğru yerde, doğru zamanda, doğru kişilerin desteği ile ve doğru bir biçimde sunmaktan geçerek kalabalık içerisinden sıyrılmak olduğunu anlamıştır.

Bir sonraki yıl Brezilya kart birinciliğini, sonra da 1976'da Sao Paulo Büyükler Birinciliğini ve yeni 100cc'lik kartıyla büyük üç saatlik yarışı kazanan Senna, bu dönemde sonradan ünlü olacak sarı kaskıyla ilk kez yarışmıştır. 17 yaşındayken Güney Amerika Kart Birinciliğini kazanan Senna, daha sonra Dünya Birinciliğinde de birkaç kez ikincilik kazanmıştır.

Güney Amerika Kart Birinciliğinden sonra, 1978'de Güney Amerika dışına ilk gezisini Le Mans'daki Dünya Kart Birinciliğine katılmak için yapmış, bu arada babası ona Avrupa'nın en iyi kart yapımcıları 'Parilla Kardeşler'den bir deneme sürüşü ayarlamıştır. Senna alışık olmadığı Parma-Pancrazio yarış yolunda Parilla takımının baş sürücüsü ve kendisi de Le Mans yarışına hazırlanan 1973 Dünya Kart Birincisi Terry Fullerton ve öteki yarışçıları geçerek birinci olunca, Parilla takımının ikinci yarışçısı olarak kendisiyle sözleşme yapılmıştır. Le Mans'da sıralama yarışında Senna üçüncü olarak coşku oluşturduysa da asıl yarışı ancak altıncı bitirebilmiştir. Üç hafta sonra yine Parilla takımıyla yarıştığı Japonya'da Sugo'da dördüncü olmuştur.

Avrupa'da San Marino Kart Büyük Ödül'ünü kazanmadan önce 1978'de Güney Amerika kart birinciliğinde ve sonrasında da Portekiz'deki Dünya Birinciliğinde ikincilikleri vardır. 1980 ile 1981'de Brezilya birinciliklerini kazansa da dünya birinciliğini hiç kazanamamıştır. 1980'de yine Dünya Birinciliğinde ikinci olmuş, sonraki yıllarda motor aksaklıkları nedeniyle dördüncü ve on dördüncülük ile yetinmek zorunda kalmıştır.

19 yaşında çocukluk arkadaşı Liliane Vasconcellos Souza ile evlenen Senna, babasının isteği ile başladığı ve bitirdikten sonra aile kuruluşunu yönetmesi yönünde bir adım olan işletme eğitimini yarıda bırakarak "araba yarışçısı" olmaya ve Birleşik Krallık'ın yolunu tutmaya karar vermiştir. Kasım 1980'de Birleşik Krallık'a gelen Ayrton artık ne yapmak isteğinden emindir. Hemen kendisine bir sponsor arayışına girişir. Bir arkadaşının yardımıyla, Van Diemen Formula Ford 1600 arabasındaki deneme sürüşü kötü gittiyse de yeteneğini anlayan Van Diemen yöneticisi onu takıma almıştır. Artık Formula 3000'dedir. F1 öncesi son durak olan Formula 3000'deki başarıları ve birinciliği Frank Williams'ın dikkatini çeker. Artık 23 yaşında olan Ayrton, Williams takımı için deneme sürücülüğü önerisini benimseyerek F1 kapılarını aralar. 1984 dönemi içinde bir efsaneye giden ilk yola girer ve Toleman takımıyla F1'a adım atar.

Ayrton, Formula 3000 boyunca babasının soyadı olan Da Silva yı kullanmıştı. Brezilya'daki yasalarda doğan her çocuğa hem annenin hem de babanın soyadı verilir (Afrikalı köle erkeklerin Portekizli kadınlarla evlenmeleri sonucu doğan çocukları Portekiz ırkına sokabilmek için kullanılmıştı). Ayrton, bu arada "da Silva" olan çok yaygın soyadının yerine annesinin evlilik öncesi soyadı olan "Senna" soyadını kullanmaya başlamıştır.

Üç yıl sonra, 1984 yılında Toleman-Hart F1 takımıyla ilk kez F1 ile tanışan Senna, özellikle yağmurlu bir ortamda yarışılan Monako Büyük Ödül (Grand Prix) yarışı ile izleyenleri yetenekleri konusunda etkilemiştir. 1985'te Lotus takımına katılan Senna, Portekiz'deki Estoril'de ilk Grand Prix yarışını kazanmıştır.

McLaren dönemi

Senna, 1988 yılında Alain Prost'un takım arkadaşı olarak McLaren F1 takımına katıldı. Bu aynı zamanda da iki ünlü yarışçı arasındaki unutulmaz çekişmeli yarışların başlangıcını oluşturur.

Senna, yarış yolunda acımasızlığı, kararlılığı, ölçülülüğü ve disiplini ile konusunda uzmanlaşmış, daha önce hiç kimsenin başaramadıklarını başarmıştır. 65 Formula 1 pole pozisyonu rekorunu uzun bir süre elinde bulunmuştur. (bu rekor önce Michael Schumacher {68 pole pozisyonu} daha sonra da Lewis Hamilton {96 pole pozisyonu*} tarafından kırılmıştır.) Yağmur altında yapılan yarışlarda rakiplerinden daha iyi yarışmıştır. Senna Monako Grand Prix'ini kimsenin başaramadığı bir biçimde 6 kez kazanmıştır. Senna, McLaren ile 3 Formula 1 Dünya Şampiyonluğu kazanmıştır (1988, 1990, 1991). Ancak 1992 sezonunda Williams takımı teknolojik ilerlemeler kaydedince griddeki en hızlı otomobil olmuştur ve Senna-McLaren dönemine son vermiştir. 1993 yılında ezeli rakibi Prost, Williams takımına geçmiştir ve sözleşmesine tek bir şart koymuştur: Senna ile aynı takımda olmamak. Prost 1993 sezonunda şampiyon olur ve Senna'nın takıma katılacağı söylendiğinde emekli olur. Senna 1994 sezonu için Williams takımıyla anlaşır ve oraya geçer. Böylece Senna-McLaren birlikteliği sona erer.

Williams Dönemi ve Ölümü

Williams Dönemi
Williams takımı 1993 sezonunda araçlarına elektronik bir yenilik eklemişlerdi. Aracın süspansiyonu virajlarda daha iyi denge sağlamak ve savrulmayı önlemek için elektronik bir destek alıyordu. Sürücüye sadece gaza basıp bitiş çizgisini geçmek kalmıştı. 1993 sezonunda Williams için başarılı geçmiş ve o sezonu takımlar şampiyonu ve Williams Pilotu Alain Prost ise pilotlar kategorisinde şampiyon oldu. Prost, Senna'nın pilotluk yaşamını konu alan Senna adlı belgeselde, şampiyon olmasına 2 ay kala Williams takımının kendisiyle konuştuğunu ve gelecek sezon için Senna'nın Williams takımında çalışacağı üzerine bir toplantı yaptığını açıklar. Prost'un 3 yıllık sözleşmesinde kendince belirlenen tek bir madde vardır o da Mclaren takımından eski takım arkadaşı olan Senna ile aynı takımda olmak istemediğidir. Prost bu röportajında "Senna'nın takıma dahil olması halinde 3 yıllık kontratımı ödersiniz ben de emekli olurum" cümlesi için 2 ay beklediğini, şampiyon olmadığı takdirde böyle bir karar almayacağını açıklar. Nitekim Prost, bu şampiyonlukla beraber dördüncü şampiyonluğunu alır ve aynı yıl Formula 1'e veda ederken yerini Ayrton Senna'ya bırakır. Ayrton Senna için Williams takımı; yeni, güzel günlerin ya da bir sonun başlangıcıydı.

1994 sezonu başlangıcında FIA zengin takımlarla diğer takımların arasındaki haksızlığı önlemek için "hiçbir araçta sürüşü etkileyecek elektronik aksamın bulunamayacağı" yönünde karar aldı. Bu yüzden Williams Takımı da aracında bulunan denge kontrol sistemini aracından çıkarmak zorundaydı. Bu Williams için kötü bir haberdi. Çünkü bu sistem onların 1993 sezonunda şampiyon olabilmelerini sağlayan sistemdi.

Ayrton Senna, yeni takımı Williams ile test sürüşlerine başlamıştı. Ancak aracının yolu iyi kavrayamadığını, önceleri aracının ön kısmından başlayan sonraları ise aracın arkasına doğru ilerleyen bir titreşim dalgasının direksiyonu döndürmesini etkilediğini, direksiyonu döndürmesine veya döndürmek istemesine rağmen aracın düz bir şekilde yol almaya devam ettiğini teknik servisteki ve takımdaki yetkililere iletmişti. Bu kötü sonuçlar doğurabilirdi.

Ölümü

30 Nisan 1994 tarihinde Ayrton Senna Williams Takımı ile gerçekleştirdiği üçüncü yarışının sıralama turları için piste çıkacaktı. Roland Ratzenberger de sıralama turuna çıkacaktı. Senna 1:21.548 ile ilk turunu tamamlamış padoka dönmüştü. Ancak geldiğinde televizyonda gördüğü manzara onu derinden yaralamıştı. Roland Ratzenberger Villeneuve virajını alamadı; neredeyse dik açıyla karşı bölümdeki beton bariyere çarptı. Aracın sürücü bölümü zarar görmemiş olsa da çarpmanın etkisi bazal kafatası kırığına neden oldu ve Ratzenberger ağır bir şekilde yaralandı. Doktorlar Ratzenberger'e müdahale ederken sıralama turları durduruldu. Yaklaşık 25 dakika sonra mücadele yeniden başladı ancak Williams ve Benetton'un da içinde olduğu takımlar sıralamalara devam etmedi. Olayların ardından hastaneden yapılan açıklamada Ratzenberger'in kazadaki yaralanmalara bağlı olarak hayatını kaybettiği duyuruldu. 1 Mayıs 1994 tarihinde Ayrton Senna attığı tek tur ile Pole pozisyonundan yarışa başlamıştı. Ancak yarışın başlamasıyla birlikte motoru çalışmayan Benetton sürücüsü J. J. Lehto pist üzerinde kaldı. Arka bölümden kalkan Pedro Lamy, görüş açışı diğer araçlar tarafından kapatılınca Lehto'nun Benetton'unu göremeyerek arkadan çarptı. Çarpışmanın etkisiyle aracın lastikleri ve gövdeden parçalar koptu. Kazanın ardından güvenlik aracı piste girdi ve 5 tur boyunca pistte kaldı. Yarışın 7. turuna gelindiğinde Ayrton Senna 306 Km/sa hızla Tamburello virajına yaklaştı. Ancak daha önce söylediği gibi direksiyonu döndüremedi ve o hızla pistten çıktı. Yaptığı son bir hamle ile hızını 218Km/sa'ye kadar düşürmeyi başarmıştı. Ancak bu kötü sonu değiştiremedi. Kazanın hemen ardından Senna'nın hareketsiz ve bir yana kaymış görüntüsü, ciddi bir yaralanma olduğunu haber veriyordu. Pist görevlilerinin acil müdahale denemeleri, helikopter görüntüleriyle tüm dünyaya yayınlanmaktaydı. Yakın çekimlerde, tedavi bölgesinde kan izleri görülmekteydi. Bu sırada Senna'nın başını hafifçe hareket ettirmesi spikerlerin dikkatini çekmiştir. Senna'nın kafasındaki gözle görülür yaralanma, sağlık ekibinde ciddi bir beyin travması şüphesi doğurdu. Kazadan 1 dakika 9 saniye sonra yarış tamamen durmuştu.

Kazadan yaklaşık 10 dakika sonra, Larrousse takımı bir hata sonucu, pilotlarından Érik Comas'a piste geri dönme onayı verdi. Halbuki yarış hâlen kırmızı bayraklarla durdurulmuş durumdaydı. Helikopterin kaza alanını yayınladığı sırada Comas'ın aracının sesleri pistte yankılanmaktaydı. Eurosport yorumcusu John Watson bu olayı "hayatımda gördüğüm en saçma yanlışlık" şeklinde yorumladı. Pistteki görevliler Comas'ın yoluna devam ederek kaza bölgesindeki çalışmalara karşı bir tehdit oluşturmasını engellemek için büyük çaba sarf etti. Viraja hızla giren Comas'ın önüne geçen güvenlik ekibi aracını durdurdu. Ayrıca 1992'de Senna kaza yapan Erik Comas'a yolun ortasında aracından fırlayarak yardım etmiştir. Comas bir röportajında Senna'nın olay sırasında aracını terk edip kendisinin aracına koşarak aracın motorunu kapattığını anlatmıştır. Ve Erik Comas, Senna eğer Erik için durmayıp aracın motorunu kapatmamış olsaydı aracın alev alıp patlayabileceğini yani Senna'nın hayatını kurtardığını anlatmıştır.

Dönemin Formula 1 güvenlik, medikal delegesi ve pistteki sağlık ekibinin başı olan, dünyaca ünlü beyin cerrahı profesör Sydney Watkins, Ayrton Senna'ya olay yerinde trakeostomi uyguladı. Watkins kaskını çıkardığında pilotun kafasının kötü durumu ve burnundan kan akışı olması endişeleri artırmıştı.

Watkins o anları şöyle anlatmıştı: "Çok kötü görünüyordu. Göz kapaklarını kaldırdığımda, beyninde çok ciddi bir hasar olduğu ortadaydı. Kokpitten çıkarıp yere yatırdık. Bir an iç çeker gibi oldu; tam bir agnostik olsam da, o an ruhunun ayrıldığını hissettim." Brezilyalı pilotun üstünde, hastanedeki hemşireler tarafından, küçük bir Avusturya bayrağı bulunduğu söylenmişti. Gazeteciler bu durumu, Brezilyalı pilotun zafer turunda bu bayrağı sallamayı ve 42. Grand Prix galibiyeti Roland Ratzenberger'in anısına adamayı düşündüğü şeklinde yorumladı.

Senna için 5 Mayıs 1994'te Brezilya'nın São Paulo kentinde devlet töreni düzenlendi. Yaklaşık 500.000 kişi caddelerde tabutun geçişini takip etti. Senna'nın rakiplerinden Alain Prost, tabutunu taşıyanlar arasındaydı. Formula 1 çevrelerinin büyük bölümü cenazeye katılırken, Formula 1'in yönetim teşkilatı FIA'nın başkanı Max Mosley ise 7 Mayıs 1994'te Avusturya'nın Salzburg kentinde Ratzenberger için yapılan törene katıldı. 10 yıl sonraki bir basın toplantısında Mosley; "Ben onun törenine gittim çünkü herkes Senna'nın cenazesine katıldı. Oraya da birilerinin gitmesinin önemli olduğunu düşündüm." diye açıklamıştı.

Formula 1 kariyeri

Tamamlanmış F1 Sonuçları

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız

 Ayrton Senna'nın kazandığı Formula 1 Grand Prix'leri listesi

Dış bağlantılar

 2006 yılında F1 Racing dergisi tarafından "Gelmiş Geçmiş En Hızlı 50 Sürücü" arasında birinci seçilmiştir
 1994'te San Marino pistinde ölümüne yol açan kazanın videosu
 Ayrton Senna resmî sitesi

1960 doğumlular
1994 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl iş insanları
Brezilyalı Formula 1 pilotları
Formula 1 Dünya Sürücüler Şampiyonları
Toleman pilotları
Team Lotus pilotları
Williams pilotları
McLaren pilotları
Spor yaparken ölenler
Uluslararası Motor Sporları Onur Listesi üyeleri

Ayrton Senna


Hamilton Crossroads bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Hamilton Crossroads (Alabama)
 Hamilton Crossroads (Georgia)
 Hamilton Crossroads (North Carolina)

Hamilton Crossroads


Tlaleng Mofokeng (née au QwaQwa en Afrique du Sud dans les années 1980), aussi connue comme  T, est une médecin, conférencière, écrivaine et activiste sud-africaine pour les droits des femmes et les droits à la santé sexuelle. Elle est membre de la Commission pour l'égalité de genre du Gouvernement de l'Afrique du Sud.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Tlaleng Mofokeng naît et grandit en Afrique du Sud, durant l'apartheid à Phuthaditjhaba dans ce qui était alors le QwaQwa, un ancien bantoustan situé dans la province de l'État libre d'Orange. Le premier idiome qu'elle apprend est la langue des signes anglaise, puisque sa mère était maîtresse dans une école pour des enfants sourds. Mofokeng  est la première personne noire et la première fille à obtenir le prix d'honneur que son école remet à des étudiantes exceptionnelles. Elle la remporte pendant deux ans consécutifs.

Après avoir complété ses études dans l'Académie St. Dominic, Mofokeng reçoit un certificat en Thérapie esthétique et Somatologie. En 2007, elle est diplômée en médecine et chirurgie dans l'École de médecine Nelson Mandela de l'Université du KwaZulu-Natal en Afrique du Sud.

Carrière
Ensuite, elle travaille  pendant 3 ans au Département de Santé de Gauteng, et collabore au département de pédiatrie de l'Hôpital Académique Charlotte Maxeke à Johannesburg. Pendant plus de 13 ans de carrière, Mofokeng a exercé la médecine principalement dans le zone de la santé sexuelle et  de la reproduction des adolescents.

Mofokeng ressent la première inclination réelle à travailler dans le champ de la santé sexuelle et de la reproduction pendant son année de service communautaire, lorsqu'elle travaille dans les cliniques de West Rand à Johannesburg. Beaucoup de patients, généralement des femmes jeunes, la consultent pour des raisons médicales et terminent en lui posant des questions sur leur santé sexuelle et leurs problèmes dans leurs relations  intimes. Même quelques patientes l'attendent sur le parking de l'hôpital, pour parler avec elle sur le thème de leur vie sexuelle et avoir des réponses à leurs interrogations à ce sujet.

Postérieurement, Mofokeng devient directrice d'une clinique privée en Sandton, une banlieue  de Johannesburg, où elle offre de l'information et des traitements sur des infections sexuellement transmissibles, la contraception et les interruptions volontaires de grossesse.

Mofokeng est également membre des comités directeurs du Safe Abortion Action Fund, le conseil global sur la santé et le bien-être sexuel et l'Accountability International. Elle est aussi présidente du Soul City Institute. Elle est expérimentée dans la formation de professionnels sanitaires en matière d'argumentaire et de défense, et ses zones d'intérêt sont l'égalité de genre, la politique, la santé maternelle et néonatale, l'accès universel à la santé, l'attention portée aux victimes de violence, la santé menstruelle et la gestion du VIH/sida.

Elle est conseillère du Comité Technique de la Stratégie nationale de santé sexuelle et reproductive des adolescents et de la Stratégie de structure de droits en Afrique du Sud, en mobilisant avec succès les mouvements qui travaillent sur les enfants et adolescents, les personnes avec des handicaps, les migrants et les personnes qui vivent avec le VIH/sida.

Elle travaille aussi bien comme première intervenante sur des questions de violence de genre et comme expert judiciaire, en se basant sur le travail de la Convention sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des femmes CEDAW), pour défendre les droits des victimes de mauvais traitements, avec l'objectif de garantir l'accès à l'attention à la suite de la violence subie.

En 2014, elle commence à partager ses idées et opinions en Twitter, ce que a été déterminant pour qu'elle se convertisse en tant qu'activiste, conférencière et écrivaine. Début 2021, la communauté de ses suiveurs sur son réseau social atteint 96.500.

En 2015, Mofokeng inaugure une campagne de dénonciation contre le programme My Perfect Wedding avec la Commission de plaintes de radiodiffusion de l'Afrique du Sud (BCCSA), après un épisode qui montrait l'histoire d'un couple s'étant connu lorsque la fiancée avait 14 ans et le fiancé 28.

En juin de 2017, elle est leader du grope qui a examiné les systèmes sociaux, politiques, économiques et de santé dans la 8ª Conférence Sudafricaine sur le SIDA à Durban. En 2019, elle est nommée membre de la Commission pour l'Égalité de genre par le président de l'Afrique du Sud. Son travail a promu l'égalité de genre dans son pays, à travers le système de Droits Humains des Nations unies. La même année, elle est  une des présentatrices du programme Show Me Love dans la chaîne d'entretiens sudafricains Moja Love.

Pendant la 44ª séance du Conseil de Droits Humains des Nations unies, en juillet 2020, Mofokeng est nommée Rapporteuse spéciale sur le droit de toute personne à bénéficier  du plus grand niveau possible de santé physique et mentale, en devenant la première femme africaine à être nommée pour cette fonction. En tant que représentante de l'ONU, son premier rapport se centrera sur l'impact que la pandémie de COVID-19 a eu sur les droits de santé sexuelle et reproductive, puisque les confinements, la fermeture de cliniques et le manque  de personnel et de matériel ont affecté les services de planification familiale.

Mofokeng a aussi tenu un programme de radio pendant 4 ans sur la santé reproductive dans une émission de Kaya FM. Elle écrit également sur des thèmes de santé reproductive dans les colonnes du journal britannique Sunday Times.

Reconnaissance
En 2016, la Fondation Bill et Melinda Gates la nomme parmi les . La même année, elle figure sur la liste des 200 jeunes Sud-africains du  Daily Mail et du Guardian, en plus d'être considérée comme jeune influenceuse de l'Afrique du Sud par Avance Médie. L'année suivante elle fait partie de la liste des 100 jeunes Africains les plus influents par les Africa Youth Awards.

Œuvre
 2019 - Dr T: À guide to sexual health and pleasure, Pain Macmillan SA, ASIN: B07TYG4YZ9

Notes et références

Liens externes

Femme de lettres sud-africaine
Médecin sud-africain du XXIe siècle
Femme médecin du XXIe siècle
Militante
Militant sud-africain
Étudiant de l'université du KwaZulu-Natal
Date de naissance non renseignée (XXe siècle)

Tlaleng Mofokeng


The Board of Trade is a British government body concerned with commerce and industry, currently within the Department for Business and Trade. Its full title is The Lords of the Committee of the Privy Council appointed for the consideration of all matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations, but is commonly known as the Board of Trade, and formerly known as the Lords of Trade and Plantations or Lords of Trade, and it has been a committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. The board has gone through several evolutions, beginning with extensive involvement in colonial matters in the 17th century, to powerful regulatory functions in the Victorian Era and early 20th century. It was virtually dormant in the last third of the 20th century.  In 2017, it was revitalised as an advisory board headed by the International Trade Secretary who has nominally held the title of President of the Board of Trade, and who at present is the only privy counsellor of the board, the other members of the present board filling roles as advisers.

Summary

The board was first established as a temporary committee of England's Privy Council to advise on colonial (plantation) questions in the early 17th century, when these settlements were initially forming. The board would evolve gradually into a government department with considerable power and a diverse range of functions, including regulation of domestic and foreign commerce, the development, implementation and interpretation of the Acts of Trade and Navigation, and the review and acceptance of legislation passed in the colonies. Between 1696 and 1782 the Board of Trade, in partnership with the various secretaries of state over that time, held responsibility for colonial affairs, particularly in British America. The newly created office of Home Secretary then held colonial responsibility until 1801, when the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was established.  Between 1768 and 1782 while with the Secretary of State for the Colonies, whose secretaryship was held jointly with the presidency of the Board of Trade, the latter position remained largely vacant; this led to a diminished status of the board and it became an adjunct to the new department and ministry concerns. Following the loss of the American War of Independence, both the board and the short-lived secretaryship were dismissed by the king on 2 May 1782 and the board was abolished later by the Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 (22 Geo. 3. c. 82).

Following the Treaty of Paris 1783, with the continuing need to regulate trade between its remaining colonies, the independent United States and all other countries, a new Committee of Council on Trade and Plantations (later known as 'the First Committee') was established by William Pitt the Younger. Initially mandated by an Order in Council on 5 March 1784, the committee was reconstructed and strengthened by a second order, on 23 August 1786, under which it operated for the rest of its existence. The committee has been known as the Board of Trade since 1786, but this name was only officially adopted by an act of 1861. The new board's first functions were consultative like earlier iterations, and its concern with plantations, in matters such as the approval of colonial laws, more successfully accomplished. As the Industrial Revolution expanded, the board's work became increasingly executive and domestic. From the 1840s, a succession of acts of parliament gave it regulatory duties, notably concerning railways, merchant shipping and joint-stock companies.

This department was merged with the Ministry of Technology in 1970, to form the Department of Trade and Industry. The Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (from 2009 Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills) was also President of the Board of Trade. The full board has met only once since the mid-20th century, during commemorations of the bicentenary of the board in 1986. In 2016, the role of President of the Board of Trade was transferred to the Secretary of State for International Trade. The board was reconstituted in October 2017.

Formation and early history
In 1622, at the end of the Dutch Twelve Years' Truce, King James I directed the Privy Council of England to establish a temporary committee to investigate the causes of various economic and supply problems, the decline in trade and consequent financial difficulties; detailed instructions and questions were given, with answers to be given "as fast as the several points shall be duly considered by you." This would be followed by a number of temporary committees and councils to regulate the colonies and their commerce. The board's formal title remains "The Lords of the Committee of the Privy Council appointed for the consideration of all matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantations".

In 1634, Charles I appointed a new commission for regulating plantations. It was headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury with its primary goals to increase royal authority and the influence of the Church of England in the colonies, particularly with the great influx of Puritans to the New World. Soon after, the English Civil Wars erupted and initiated a long period of political instability in England and the resultant loss of productivity for these committees. Between 1643 and 1648 the Long Parliament would establish a parliamentary Commission for Plantations to take the lead in colonial and commercial affairs. This period also saw the first regulation of royal tonnage and poundage and begin the modernization of customs and excise as growing sources of government revenue.

During the Interregnum and Commonwealth three acts of the Rump Parliament in 1650 and 1651 are notable in the historical development of England's commercial and colonial programs. These include the first Commission of Trade to be established by an Act of Parliament on 1 August 1650. The instructions to the named commissioners, headed by Henry Vane the Younger, included consideration of both domestic and foreign trade, the trading companies, manufactures, free ports, customs, excise, statistics, coinage and exchange, and fisheries, as well as the plantations and the best means of promoting their welfare and rendering them useful to England. The act's statesmanlike and comprehensive instructions, along with an October act prohibiting trade with pro-royalist colonies and the Navigation Act of October 1651, formed the first definitive expression of England's commercial policy. They represent the first attempt to establish a legitimate control of commercial and colonial affairs, and the instructions indicate the beginnings of a policy which had the prosperity and wealth of England exclusively at heart.

It was the Lords of Trade who, in 1675, originated the idea of transforming all of the colonies in America into Royal Colonies for the purpose of securing English trade against the French. They brought New Hampshire under the Crown, modified Penn's charter, refused a charter to the Plymouth colony, and taking advantage of the concessions of the charters of Massachusetts and New York, created the Dominion of New England in 1685, thereby transforming all the territory from the Kennebec to the Delaware into a single crown colony.

In 1696, King William III appointed eight paid commissioners to promote trade in the American plantations and elsewhere. Staff appointed to serve the board in 1696 included a secretary, a deputy secretary, some clerks, office keepers, messengers, and a necessary woman; more staff such as a solicitor and a porter were added later. The Lords Commissioners of Trade and Foreign Plantations, commonly known as the Lords of Trade, did not constitute a committee of the Privy Council, but were, in fact, members of a separate body. The board carried on this work but also had long periods of inactivity, devolving into chaos after 1761 and dissolved in 1782 by an act of Parliament by the Rockingham Whigs.

Reestablishment 1784
William Pitt the Younger re-established the committee in 1784, and an Order in Council of 23 August 1786 provided the formal basis that still remains in force. A secretariat was established which included the president, vice president and board members. By 1793, the board still remained in its old structure, with 20 members including the Archbishop of Canterbury. After 1820 the board ceased to meet regularly and the business was carried out entirely by the secretariat. The short name of "Board of Trade" was formalised in 1861.

In the 19th century the board had an advisory function on economic activity in the UK and its empire. During the second half of the 19th century it also dealt with legislation for patents, designs and trademarks, company regulation, labour and factories, merchant shipping, agriculture, transport, power etc. Colonial matters passed to the Colonial Office and other functions were devolved to newly created departments, a process that continued for much of the 20th century.

The original commission comprised the seven (later eight) Great Officers of State, who were not required to attend meetings, and the eight paid members, who were required to attend. The board, so constituted, had little real power, and matters related to trade and the colonies were usually within the jurisdiction of the secretaries of state and the Privy Council, with the board confining itself mainly to colonial administration.

Liberal reforms

Lloyd George as President of the Board of Trade (1905–1908)

In 1905, David Lloyd George entered the new Liberal Cabinet of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman as President of the Board of Trade.

The first priority on taking office was the repeal of the 1902 Education Act. Lloyd George took the lead along with Augustine Birrell, President of the Board of Education. Lloyd George was the dominant figure on the committee drawing up the bill in its later stages and insisted that the bill create a separate education committee for Wales. The bill passed the House of Commons greatly amended but was completely mangled by the House of Lords. No compromise was possible and the bill was abandoned, allowing the 1902 Act to continue in effect. Nonconformists were bitterly upset by the failure of the Liberal Party to reform the 1902 Education Act, its most important promise to them, and over time their support for the Liberal Party slowly fell away.

According to Martin Roberts, Lloyd George headed a department of 750 experts that was responsible for supervising British industry, commerce and transportation.  Using their pool of expertise, he initiated a series of reforms that were quickly endorsed by the Liberal Parliament.   One of the first actions was the Census of Production Act 1906, which generated a Survey of production—an up-to-date compendium of detailed statistics necessary for regulating specific industries.  In 1906, the Merchant Shipping Act upgraded the minimum working conditions, and the safety protections for both British sailors, and crews of foreign ships that used British ports.  In 1907, the Patents and Design Act gave financial protection to British designs to stop unfair foreign copies. In the long term, his most important innovation was creating the Port of London Authority in 1908. It merged numerous inefficient and overlapping private companies and gave unified supervision to Britain's most important port. That enabled London to compete more effectively with Hamburg and Rotterdam.

Lloyd George also turned his attention to strikes and industrial disputes in shipyards. He was instrumental in settling the serious threat of a national railway strike in 1907. While almost all the rail companies refused to recognise the unions, he persuaded them to recognise elected representatives of the workers who sat with the company representatives on conciliation boards—one for each company. If those boards failed to agree then an arbitrator would be called upon.

Churchill as President of the Board of Trade: 1908–1910

H. H. Asquith succeeded the terminally ill prime minister on 8 April 1908 and, four days later, Winston Churchill was appointed President of the Board of Trade, succeeding Lloyd George who became Chancellor of the Exchequer. He continued the reform impulse Lloyd George had launched.  One of Churchill's first tasks was to arbitrate in an industrial dispute among ship-workers and employers on the River Tyne. He afterwards established a Standing Court of Arbitration to deal with future industrial disputes, establishing a reputation as a conciliator.  In Cabinet, he worked with Lloyd George to champion social reform. He promoted what he called a "network of State intervention and regulation" akin to that in Germany.

Churchill's main achievements came in 1909. First was the Labour Exchanges Bill. It set up over 200 labour exchanges with William Beveridge in charge. The unemployed would come in and be assisted in finding employment.  He also promoted the idea of an unemployment insurance scheme, which would be part-funded by the state.  Secondly he introduced the Trade Boards Bill, creating trade boards which investigated the sweated trades and enabled the prosecution of exploitative employers. Passing with a large majority, it established the principle of a minimum wage and the right of workers to have meal breaks. Churchill introduced the Mines Eight Hours Bill, which legally prohibited miners from working more than an eight-hour day.

Sydney Buxton served as president between 1910 and 1914. His main role was passage of numerous specific trade and commerce laws.

Since 1973

From 1973, international trade policy of the United Kingdom was a competence of the European Economic Community, and later of the European Union. The board was reconstituted in October 2017, after the UK had voted to leave the European Union in June 2016. In its most recent iteration in 2017, only privy counsellors can be actual members of the board, while others are appointed as advisers.

Members
There is only one standing member in the Board, who is its President.

Ministers
The Board is held accountable to Parliament through ministers attached to the Board, who are not necessarily members.
 President of the Board of Trade
 Vice-President of the Board of Trade
 Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade

Current advisers
Advisers to the Board appointed in September 2020 or sitting .
 Secretary of State for Scotland
 Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
 Secretary of State for Wales
 Minister for Trade Policy (invited when relevant to Ministerial portfolio)
 Minister for Investment (invited when relevant to Ministerial portfolio)
 Minister for Exports (invited when relevant to Ministerial portfolio)
 Minister for International Trade (invited when relevant to Ministerial portfolio)
 The Hon Tony Abbott, AC
 Karen Betts
 Anne Boden, MBE
 Lord Hannan of Kingsclere
 The Rt Hon Patricia Hewitt
 Emma Howard Boyd
 Michael Liebreich
 William Russell, Lord Mayor of London
 Dr Linda Yueh

See also
 President of the Board of Trade, complete list and links
Imperial Lighthouse Service

Footnotes

References

Further reading and works cited

 Basye, Arthur Herbert. The Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, commonly known as the Board of Trade, 1748-1782 (Yale University Press, 1925) online.

 Black, Alistair, and Christopher Murphy. "Information, Intelligence, and Trade: The Library and the Commercial Intelligence Branch of the British Board of Trade, 1834–1914." Library & Information History 28.3 (2012): 186-201.
 Brown, Lucy M. The Board of Trade and the free-trade movement, 1830-42 (Clarendon Press, 1958).

 Dickerson, Oliver Morton. American colonial government 1696-1765: A study of the British Board of Trade in its relation to the American colonies, political, industrial, administrative (1912) online.
 Gilbert, Bentley B. David Lloyd George: A Political Life: vol 1 The Architect of Change 1863-1912 (1987) pp 285-334.
 Olson, Alison G. "The board of trade and London‐American interest groups in the eighteenth century." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 8.2 (1980): 33-50.
 Rosevear, Stephen. "Balancing business and the regions: British distribution of industry policy and the Board of Trade, 1945–51." Business History 40.1 (1998): 77-99.

 Smith, Hubert Llewellyn. The Board of Trade (1928) a major history, 288pp online; also see online review

 Steele, Ian Kenneth. Politics of Colonial Policy: The Board of Trade in Colonial Administration 1696-1720 (Clarendon Press, 1968).

External links

 *

1622 establishments in England
Economic history of the United Kingdom
Public bodies and task forces of the United Kingdom government
Governance of the British Empire
Trade in the United Kingdom
Privy Council of the United Kingdom

Board of Trade


A state mammal is the official mammal of a U.S. state as designated by a state's legislature. The first column of the table is for those denoted as the state mammal, and the second shows the state marine mammals. Animals with more specific designations are also listed. Many states also have separately officially designated state birds, state fish, state butterflies, state reptiles, and other animals. Listed separately are state dogs and state horses.

State mammals
Key: Years in parentheses denote the year of adoption by the state's legislature.

See also
Lists of United States state symbols

List of U.S. state dogs
List of U.S. state horses

References

External links

Mammals
State

List of U.S. state mammals


Willard Eugene McCombs (16 June 1925 – 20 January 2004) was a Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's seventy-sixth House district (83rd and 84th) from Faith, North Carolina, including constituents in Rowan County and as Co-Chair of General Government. After first working at his father's grocery store, he enlisted in the U. S. Army at age 18 and, two years later, started serving on the Faith Board of Aldermen and eventually Rowan County Commission. A retired merchant from Faith, North Carolina, McCombs was serving in his sixth term in the state House when he died in office and one of the county's most well known public servants.

In 2015, a section of Faith Road in Faith was renamed W. Eugene McCombs Highway.

References

|-

1925 births
2004 deaths
Republican Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
People from Rowan County, North Carolina
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians

W. Eugene McCombs


Dina (* 18. Juni 1956 in Carregal do Sal, Viseu; † 11. April 2019 in Lissabon; eigentlich: Ondina Maria Farias Veloso) war eine portugiesische Pop-Rock-Sängerin.

Nach erfolglosen Teilnahmen beim Festival da Canção 1980 und 1982 gewann sie im Jahr 1992. Sie durfte daher beim Eurovision Song Contest 1992 in Malmö für ihr Land mit dem Popsong Amor d´Água Fresca antreten. Trotz des 17. Platzes blieb sie in Portugal eine aktive Musikerin und war auch oft im Fernsehen zu erleben.

Diskografie (Alben)
 1982: Dinamite
 1991: Aqui e agora
 1993: Guardado em mim
 1997: Sentidos
 2002: Guardado em mim 2002
 2008: Da cor da vida

Weblinks

Popsänger
Teilnehmer am Festival da Canção
Interpret eines portugiesischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Portugiese
Geboren 1956
Gestorben 2019
Frau

Dina (portugiesische Sängerin)


Wesley David de Oliveira Andrade, mais conhecido como Wesley Gasolina ou simplesmente Wesley (Retirolândia, 13 de março de 2000), é um futebolista brasileiro que atua como lateral-direito. Atualmente joga no .

Carreira

Flamengo
Revelado pelas categorias de base do , Wesley surgiu como uma das principais promessas do rubro-negro, destacado por sua velocidade e qualidade na bola parada. Porém, em abril de 2019, encaminhou sua saída para o futebol europeu, de maneira a deixar grande parte da torcida do clube carioca enfurecida.

Hellas Verona
Em abril de 2019, foi anunciado pelo .

Juventus
Um ano depois de fechar com o , chamou a atenção da Juventus, que fechou a contratação de Wesley. Inicialmente, o atleta passou a integrar a equipe B, mas posteriormente passou a fazer parte do plantel principal.

Empréstimo ao Sion
Em fevereiro de 2021, Wesley foi emprestado ao . Em abril de 2022, ao fim de seu contrato, foi devolvido para a Juventus.

Cruzeiro
Em agosto de 2022, Wesley foi contratado pelo . O atleta assinou contrato aé 2024, e teve 50% dos seus direitos econômicos comprados pela raposa.

Futebolistas da Bahia
Futebolistas do Clube de Regatas do Flamengo
Futebolistas do Hellas Verona Football Club
Futebolistas da Juventus Football Club
Futebolistas do Football Club Sion
Futebolistas do Cruzeiro Esporte Clube
Jogadores da Seleção Brasileira de Futebol Sub-15
Jogadores da Seleção Brasileira de Futebol Sub-17

Wesley David


Sanal şu maddelerde ilgili olabilir:

 Sanal gerçeklik
 Sanal kart
 Sanal Alem (Radikal gazetesi siber kültür köşesi)
 Sanal kitap

Sanal


Scooby-Doo, hvor er du! er den første serie af Hanna-Barberas Scooby-Doo. TV-serien skabedes af Joe Ruby og Ken Spears, og havde premier på CBS 13. september 1969 og fortsatte i to sæsoner med totalt 25 afsnit. Det sidste afsnit havde premier 31. oktober 1970.

Ni episoder fra Scooby-Doos 1978-1979 sæson, blev først sendt på ABC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Scooby-Doo
Amerikanske tv-serier fra 1960'erne
Amerikanske tv-serier fra 1970'erne
Tv-programmer fra CBS

Scooby-Doo, hvor er du!


Andrew Fenn (Hertfordshire, 1 de julio de 1990) es un ciclista británico. Practica ciclismo en ruta y en pista. Debutó en 2011 con el equipo continental An Post-Sean Kelly antes de fichar en 2012 por el equipo Omega Pharma-Quick Step, equipo en el que estuvo durante tres temporadas.

Biografía
Andrew Fenn ganó en 2008 la París-Roubaix Juniors, una versión de la París-Roubaix reservada a corredores de 17 y 18 años. Esta carrera era una de las pruebas de la Copa de las Naciones Juniors de 2008. En los campeonatos de Gran Bretaña juniors, terminó segundo de la carrera en línea por detrás de Erick Rowsell. También tomo parte en las pruebas en pista. Así en septiembre de 2008, se convirtió en subcampeón europeo de persecución por equipos juniors solo batido por el equipo de Francia.

En 2009 pasó a categoría sub-23. Terminó de nuevo segundo en el europeo de persecución por equipos. Además durante este año fue llamado por la selección británica para la disputa de la prueba contrarreloj del campeonato del mundo sub-23 en Mendrisio donde terminó en el puesto 45.º. Al final de la temporada, consiguió la segunda plaza en persecución por equipos en la Copa del Mundo de ciclismo en pista en Melbourne

Al año siguiente, fue seleccionado para disputar los Juegos de la Commonwealth, donde terminó 14.º en la prueba contrarreloj y 13.º en la prueba en línea. Se proclamó campeón de Gran Bretaña sub-23 en ruta y participó en el campeonato del mundo en ruta sub-23 donde tuvo que abandonar.

Después de una temporada con el equipo irlandés An Post-Sean Kelly durante el año 2011 en el que consiguió un tercer puesto en el Campeonato del Mundo en Ruta sub-23, se unió en 2012 con el equipo ciclista Omega Pharma-Quick Step.

Palmarés
2011
 1 etapa del Tour de Bretaña
 Memorial Philippe Van Coningsloo
 3.º en el Campeonato Mundial en Ruta sub-23

2012
 2 trofeos de la Challenge Ciclista a Mallorca (Trofeo Palma y Trofeo Migjorn)

2016
 3.º en el Campeonato de Reino Unido en Ruta

Resultados en Grandes Vueltas y Campeonatos del Mundo

—: no participa
Ab.: abandono
Exp.: Expulsado por la organización

Equipos
 An Post-Sean Kelly (2011)
 Omega Pharma-Quick Step (2012-2014)
 Team Sky (2015-2016)
 Aqua Blue Sport (2017-2018)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Ciclistas del Reino Unido
Ciclistas de pista
Nacidos en Hertfordshire

Andrew Fenn


Lilian Sheldon (Handsworth, West Midlands, svibanj 1862. – Exmouth, 6. svibnja 1942.) bila je engleska zoologinja.

Život
Sheldon je rođena u Handsworthu 1862. godine, gdje joj je otac bio namjesnik (jedan izvor kaže 1860.). Imala je dva preživjela brata i četiri sestre. Njezini roditelji Ann (rođena Sharp) i velečasni John Sheldon dogovorili su da njihove kćeri pohađaju Handsworth Ladies 'College, a izvanredno tri djevojčice nastavile su visoko obrazovanje u Cambridgeu. Lillian Sheldon je 1880. godine otišla na Newnham College a dvije druge na Girton College. Njezina starija sestra Helen Sheldon postala je zapažena ravnateljica u Sydenhamu.

Lilian je položila dva ispita prirodnih znanosti Tripos u Cambridgeu 1883. i 1884.

Sheldon je provela istraživanje o razvoju embrija vodenjaka s Alice Johnson i o anatomiji i morfologiji Cynthia rustica (sada se zove Styela rustica) i peripatus. Njezini su rezultati objavljeni u Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. Sheldon je također pridonijela odjeljku o Nemertinima za svezak 2 Cambridge Natural History serije. Radila je na koledžu kao demonstrator morfologije od 1892. do 1893. i predavala komparativnu anatomiju od 1893. do 1898. Bila je suradnica na fakultetu od 1894. do 1906. godine. Povukla se iz akademske zajednice oko 1898.

Kasnije je objavila niz članaka o tradicionalnim zgradama u Devonshireu u Transakcijama udruge Devonshire. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata radila je za YMCA u Birminghamu, gdje je bila jedna od najranijih žena vozača u zemlji.

Godine 1931. umro joj je brat Gilbert Sheldon. Gotovo je cijeli život patio od paralize, ali objavio je niz knjiga i široko putovala sa svojih šest sestara. Lilian i Walter de la Mare napisali su uvod u svoje posljednje djelo objavljeno 1932. godine.

Također je bila član lokalnog bolničkog odbora u Exmouthu. Sheldon je tamo umrla u dobi od 80 godina.

Izvori

Britanski zoolozi

Lilian Sheldon


Sara Tenkredi karakterini Sarah Wayne Callies canlandırmaktadır.

Tenkredi, valinin kızıdır ve Fox River Eyalet Hapishanesi'nde doktor olarak çalışmaktadır. Michael Scofield'a âşık olduğu için onun Fox River'dan kaçmasına yardım etmiştir. Sona adlı bölümde peşlerinde olan ajanı vurunca  Michael suçu üstlendi. Daha sonra Michael'a karşı pazarlık için şirket tarafından rehin lpg alındı ve 3. sezonun ortalarında anlaşmazlık üzerine infaz edilmiş gibi gösterilse de 4. sezon 1. bölümde diziye geri dönmüştür. 4. sezonun sona yaklaşılınca Michael Scofield ile evlenmiş ve Sara hamile kalmıştır. 5. Sezonda Michael'ın sahte ölümünün ardından hayata tutunmuş ve Jacob Ness ile evlenmiştir. Michael'ın ölmediği ortaya çıkınca hayatı değişmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Sara Tancredi biyografisi - Fox.com

Büyük Kaçış karakterleri
Kurgusal Amerikalılar
Kurgusal hekimler
Kurgusal kadın karakterler

Sara Tancredi


Šiprage () er en by i Kotor Varoš i Bosnien-Hercegovina. Šiprage ligger ved floden Vrbanja, kun 31 km fra Kotor Varoš og 60 km fra Banja Luka, hovedstaden i Republika Srpska. Tal fra folketællingen i 2013 viste at Šiprage havde en befolkning på .

Historie

Den første bosættelse i dalen ved Vrbanja var i den neolittiske periode. Området blev herefter beboet af illyrerne.

Krigen i Bosnien
Under krigen i Bosnien-Hercegovina (1992–1995) fordrev hæren fra Republika Srpska samt politi og paramilitære styrker den bosniske befolkning fra området.

Demografi

Noter

Byer i Bosnien-Hercegovina

Šiprage


Transnational historie er en betegnelse for en nyere retning inden for historiefaget, der beskæftiger sig med, hvordan udviklinger inden for ét lands historie gerne er påvirket af udviklinger uden for dette land, fx hvordan Danmarks historie er blevet formet af indtryk fra fransk, tysk eller amerikansk kant. Tanken kan spores tilbage til 1991, hvor Ian Tyrrell pionerer denne tilgang, men mere populært opstod begrebet i disciplinen amerikanske studier i slutningen af 1990erne og siden er termen også blevet optaget af historiefaget som sådan. Idet at begrebet stadig er relativt nyt i historiefaget, er der endnu ikke nogen konsensus, om hvordan begrebet helt præcist skal defineres. Den danske historiker Nils Arne Sørensen har dog betonet, at et vigtigt kendetegn for transnational historie er "ønsket om at gøre op med det nationale og nationalstaten" som referencerammen for "historiske analyser og fremstillinger." Dette opgør kan ses i forbindelse med det forhold, at det moderne historiefag blev grundlagt i 1800-tallet samtidig med, at den nationalistiske bevægelse var på fremmarch i Europa.

Noter

Litteratur
 Dalgaard, Bente (2009) "Nye vinkler på historie" på videnskab.dk, 15. oktober 2009, hentet 4. august 2016.
 Fossat, Sissel Bjerrum et al (red.) (2009) Transnationale historier. Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag.
 Sørensen, Nils Arne (2009) "Den transnationale vending?"i Historisk Tidsskrift Bind 109, hæfte 2: 459-472, hentet 4. august 2016.

Historie
Historiske hjælpevidenskaber
Kulturhistorie

Transnational historie


මුහුදුබත් වු නෞකා පිළිබද පුරා විද්‍යාත්මක සිද්ධාන්ත

මියුක්ලොරිගේ (Muckelroy) ආකෘති

මුහුදුබත් වු නෞකා පිළිබද පුරාවිද්‍යාව වර්ගීකරණය කිරීම සදහා හා තේරුම් ගැනීම සදහා වු ක්‍රමානුකූල ආකීතියක් ප්‍රථම වරට යොජනා කරනු ලැබුවේ කෙයිත් මියුක්ලොරියෝ විසින් 1976 දීය. මියුක්ලොරිගේ පද්ධති ආකෘතිය මුහුදුබත් වීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය හරහා සිදු වන ද්‍රව්‍ය වල අවශේෂ වල පරිණාමනය, ඒ අතරතුර සිදුවන ගලාවා ගැනීමේ මෙහෙයුම් හා පාරිසරික බලපෑම මත සිදු වන අවශේෂ වල විඝටනය වීම් හා නැවත සකස් වීම් විස්තර කරනු ලැබේ. මැක්ලොරි විසින් ඔහුගේ ආකෘතියේදී ස්වාභාවික ක්‍රියාවලි හා මනුෂ්‍ය ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සලකා බැලුව ද ඒ අතරතුර සිදුවු පරේෂණ මූලිකවම පාරිසරික හේතු වයාප්ත කළ අතර මනුෂ්‍ය ක්‍රියාවලි පිළිබදව වුයේ අඩු අවධානයකි.

මනුෂ්‍ය මැදිහත් වීම් සලකා බැලීමයි. 2006 දී මාටින් ගිබ්ස් විසින් ලියන ලද පත්‍රිකාවක් වෙසනය සිදු වන අවස්ථාවේදී මනුෂ්‍ය හැසිරීම හා මනුෂ්‍යයන් හා මුහුදුබත් වු නෞකා අතර ඇති දිර්ගකාලීන සම්බන්ධතාවය සැලකීමට මියුක්ලොරිගේ ආකෘතිය විස්තීර්ණ කරන ලදී. මෙම ආකෘතිය මුහුදුබත් වීම සිදුවන කාලය අතර තුර විවිධ පළාත් වලට මනුෂ්‍ය ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වර්ගීකරණය කිරීම සදහා මනුෂ්‍ය මැදිහත් වීම් අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමට ඉඩ සලසා දෙයි. මෙම ආකෘතිය පහත ඒවා සලකා බලයි.

·	පෙර ගැටුම් තර්ජන කලාප මෙහිදි ක්‍රියාව වැළැක්වීම සදහා ගන්නා ලද උත්සාහයන් මනුෂ්‍යයන් සලකා බලන අතර එහිදි මුහුදුබත් වීමක් සිදුනොවීමට ඉඩ ඇත. එසේත් නැතිනම් අදාල තර්ජනය අවම කිරීමට අසාර්ථක උත්සාහයන් ගනු ඇත. උදාහරණ ලෙස මුහුදුබත් වීම් ස්ථානය වැඩි තර්ජනයක් මග හැරීමට ගත් උත්සාහයක ප්‍රතිඵලයක් විය හැක. බඩු ඇසිරීම ද සමහරක් විට තර්ජනය පිළිබද සැලකීම නිරූපණය කරයි.
·	පුර්ව ගැටුම් අවවාධාත්මක කලාපය, මෙහිදි මනුෂ්‍යයන් විසින් ව්‍යවසනය වැළැක්වීම සදහා ක්ෂණික ක්‍රියාමාර්ග ගනු ඇත. උදාහරණ ලෙස නෞකාව ගොඩ බිමට ගෙනයාම, භාණ්ඩ ඉවතට දැමීම හෝ ඇන්කරය ඉවතට දැමීම දැක්විය හැක.
·	ගැටුම, මෙහිදි නෞකාව අතහැර දැමීමට හෝ දිගටම තබා ගැනීමට තීරණය කරයි. උදාහරණ ලෙස නැවත පාවීමට ප්‍රයත්න දැරීම.
·	පසු ගැටුම, මෙහිදි ගැලවුමු කරුවන් නැවත එකතුවන අතර උදාහරණ ලෙස ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු ගොඩ ගැනීම හෝ නඩත්තු කිරීම් සිදු කිරීම කරයි.
·	ගලවා ගැනීම හා පසු ව්‍යවසනය, මෙහිදි නෞකාව මුහුදු බත් වන අතර භාණ්ඩ ගොඩගැනීමේ හෝ මග පෙන්වීමට අපදාවක් වන අවශේෂ ඉවත් කිරීමට තුන් වන පාර්ෂවයක මැදිහත් වීමක් සිදු විය හැක.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks#Archaeological_theories_of_shipwrecks


Voynich manuscript යනු හඳුනා නොගත්, බොහෝදුරට අර්ථශුන්‍ය writing system එකක්  භාවිතා කරමින් අතින් ලියන ලද illustrated codex එකකි. මෙහි vellum පිටුවල කාබන් කාලනීර්ණය අනුව මෙය පසලොස්වන (15) ශතවර්ෂයට (1404–1438) අයත් යැයි සැලකේ. සමහර පිටු අද දක්නට නොමැති මුත් දැනට පිටු 240 ක් ඉතිරිව පවතී.

ආශ්‍රිත

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 The Voynich Manuscript from the digital collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University

 Voynich Manuscript Voyager – navigating through high-resolution scans
 Voynich, a public-domain font based on Voynich 101, which was used to digitally transcribe the text
 Voynich Manuscript character navigator

History of cryptography
Scientific illuminated manuscripts
Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers
Manuscripts written in undeciphered writing systems
15th-century manuscripts
Works of unknown authorship
Yale University Library

Voynich manuscript


Paul Wendel Noel (Midway, Kentucky,  - Versailles, Kentucky, ) fue un jugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó cinco temporadas entre la BAA y la NBA, además de una en la ABL. Con 1,93 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de alero.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó una única temporada con los Wildcats de la Universidad de Kentucky, en la que promedió 4,2 puntos por partido. tuvo que dejar la universidad debido a una enfermedad de su padre, que hizo que tuviera que hacerse cargo de la granja familiar. Su mejor anotación la consiguió ante Georgia, anotando 16 puntos.

Profesional
Varios años más tarde, fue el entrenador de la Universidad de Western Kentucky, Edgar Diddle, el que fue a buscarle para sugerirle que hiciera una prueba con los New York Knicks de la BAA, con los que firmó en . Allí jugó tres temporadas, siempre como suplente, siendo la más destacada de ellas la última, en la que promedió 3,8 puntos y 1,0 asistencias por partido.

En  fue traspasado a los Rochester Royals a cambio de Ray Ellefson. En su única temporada completa en el equipo logró el anillo de campeón, al derrotar a su antiguo equipo, los Knicks en las Finales por 4-3, promediando a lo largo de la temporada 2,5 puntos y 1,6 rebotes por partido.

Poco después del comienzo de la temporada 1951-52, acabando su carrera deportiva en los Elmira Colonels de la ABL.

Estadísticas en la BAA y la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Vida posterior
Tras dejar el baloncesto, ejerció como árbitro en partidos de high school en Kentucky, para posteriormente abrir un negocio en Versailles, donde fue alcalde durante dos legislaturas. Falleció en esa misma ciudad en 2005 a los 81 años de edad, a consecuencia de un cáncer.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Paul Noel en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Kentucky
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Kentucky Wildcats
Baloncestistas de los New York Knicks
Baloncestistas de los Rochester Royals
Baloncestistas de los Elmira Colonels
Fallecidos por cáncer en Kentucky

Paul Noel


El sistema de cuevas Chiquibul (en inglés: Chiquibul Cave System) es uno de los sistemas de cuevas más grandes y más conocidos en América Central. Se compone de cuatro cuevas diferentes a lo largo del curso del río Chiquibul, llamadas Actun Kabal, Actun Tun Kul (Tunkul) y Cueva Cebada en Belice, además de Xibalbá en Guatemala así como varias otras cuevas asociadas más pequeñas. Incluidos en el sistema de cuevas están dos de las más grandes cámaras subterráneas en el mundo.

Cueva Cebada y Tun Kul se vincularon en 1999, con 39 km es la cueva más larga en Belice.

Véase también
Geografía de Belice
Geografía de Guatemala

Referencias

Cuevas de Belice
Cuevas de Guatemala

Sistema de cuevas Chiquibul


Peter Otzen (født 2. august 1810 i Flensborg, død 6. august 1891 i Burg på Femern) var en slesvigsk præst og politiker.

Han var søn af brændevinsbrænder Thomas Otzen og Marinke født Lund. 1837 tog han teologisk eksamen fra universitetet i Kiel, var to år huslærer, blev 1839 ordineret som hjælpepræst i Olderup og udnævntes 1846 til sognepræst i Olderup. Da han 1848 nægtede at anerkende den provisoriske regering, afsatte denne ham i maj, hvorefter han levede i Flensborg og 1850 skrev Wider die Schleswig-Holsteiner und für Dänemark. 1850 blev han præst i Kværn, 1851 præst i Burg og provst for Femern Provsti. 1851 valgtes han af den slesvigske gejstlighed til stænderdeputeret og genvalgtes 1860; i de fire samlinger 1855-63 var han stænderpræsident og varetog dette hverv med dygtighed og upartiskhed. 1881 tog han sin afsked.

Han havde 18. december 1846 ægtet Anna Auguste Petersen (født 13. november 1809), datter af brændevinsbrænder Peter Christopher P. i Flensborg og Anna født Knuth.

Kilder

Personer i Dansk Biografisk Leksikon
Stænderdeputerede fra Slesvig
Præster fra Danmark
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Flensborg

Peter Otzen


Hrvatsko kulturno društvo August Šenoa je kulturno društvo Hrvata iz Čonoplje, AP Vojvodina, Srbija. Nosi ime po hrvatskom književniku Augustu Šenoi. Poznati član Društva bio je Đuro Lončar. Član društva bio je poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata sve do 1950. godine, kad je članstvo prekinuo zbog studija.

Izvori

Hrvatska kulturno-umjetnička društva iz Vojvodine

Hrvatsko kulturno društvo August Šenoa, Čonoplja


Sarıkaya, Muğla ilinin Milas ilçesine bağlı yörük-türkmen mahallesidir.
Gökseki ve Sarıkaya olmak üzere iki mahalleden oluşur.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı; Doğu tarafında bulunan, bir tarafı yamaç şemlinde, tırmanılabilen ve bu bölümde de evlerin bulunduğu, sarı renk görüntüsündeki kayalıklardan gelmektedir. Batı tarafı zirveye yaklaşık 250–300 m yakına kadar evlerin bulunduğu bu kaya şeklindeki tepenin doğu tarafı da 150 m civarında ve uçurumdur.

Coğrafya
Muğla iline 83 km, Milas ilçesine 14 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Milas'ın mahalleleri

Sarıkaya, Milas


I. općinska nogometna liga Slavonski Brod za sezonu 1988./89. je bila liga šestog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio "VSK" iz Donje Vrbe.

Ljestvica

 U slučaju neriješenog rezultata se izvodilo raspucavanje jedanaesterca te bi pobjednik dobio 1 bod, a poraženi u raspucavanju bi ostao bez bodova

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Međuopćinska nogometna liga – Jug 1988./89.
 II. općinska nogometna liga Slavonski Brod 1988./89.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Marinko Vuković: NK "Graničar" Stupnički Kuti : (1928. – 1973. – 2003.) : 75 godina postojanja i 30 godina aktivnog igranja , Stupnički Kuti, 2003.,
 nkposavacruscica.wordpress.com, Posavac Ruščica, Seniori 1970-1990, wayback arhiva

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1988-89 Slavonski Brod


Phalaenopsis (), also known as moth orchids, is a genus of about seventy species of plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are monopodial epiphytes or lithophytes with long, coarse roots, short, leafy stems and long-lasting, flat flowers arranged in a flowering stem that often branches near the end. Orchids in this genus are native to India, Taiwan, China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia with the majority in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Description
Orchids in the genus Phalaenopsis are monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophytic herbs with long, coarse roots with pneumatodes and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hanging racemes or panicles. The sepals and petals are free from and spread widely apart from each other. The lateral sepals are usually larger than the dorsal sepal and the petals much wider than the sepals. The labellum is joined stiffly to the column and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and more or less parallel to each other and the middle lobe sometimes has a pair of appendages or antennae.

Taxonomy and naming
The genus Phalaenopsis was first formally described in 1825 by Carl Ludwig Blume and the description was published in . The name Phalaenopsis is derived from the Ancient Greek word  () meaning 'a kind of moth' with the suffix -opsis meaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.

The genus name is abbreviated Phal. horticulturally.

Infrageneric structure
The large monophyletic genus "Phalaenopsis" is divided into several sub-units. They are either regarded as subgenera or as sections. Not all of them are monophyletic.
The subgenus Polychilos is monophyletic and it is divided into two subclades. The subgenus Phalaenopsis is paraphyletic under its current definition. Likewise the evidence shows that the subgenera Aphyllae and Parishianae, as currently defined, are not monophyletic. The position of the monotypic subgenus Proboscidioides, which only consists of Phalaenopsis lowii, suggests a close relationship with the subgenus Aphyllae.

The following phylogenetic tree is a simplified tree to show the general placement of the main infrageneric groups. It is meant to give an overview, despite the contended monophyly of some of the respective groups.
{{clade
|label1=Phalaenopsis
|1=
      |grouplabel1=
}}

Ornithochilus
The former genus Ornithochilus was merged with Phalaenopsis and is considered by some to be a subgenus. Its members have distinctly 4-lobed, fringed labella with a short, curved spur situated near the middle of the lip as opposed to the base. Ornithochilus formerly had three known species, native to China, the Himalayas and Southeast Asia:Flora of China v 25 p 448,  羽唇兰属 yu chun lan shu, Ornithochilus (Wallich ex Lindley) Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3: 478, 581. 1883.Ornithochilus cacharensis Barbhuiya, B.K.Dutta & Schuit. - AssamOrnithochilus difformis (Wall. ex Lindl.) Schltr. - Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Assam, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia  Ornithochilus yingjiangensis Z.H.Tsi - Yunnan

Hygrochilus
The former genera Sedirea and Hygrochilus were incorporated into Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus. The interspecific relationships within the subgenus Hygrochilus are poorly understood and are a source of confusion. The type species of the subgenus is Phalaenopsis hygrochila. The species of this subgenus are morphologically distinct from the other subgenera, due to their four pollinia and spurred flowers, as well as their unusually long stems.

Species list
See List of Phalaenopsis species

Intergeneric hybrids
See List of Phalaenopsis species

Distribution
Species of Phalaenopsis are found from India to southern China, Indochina, Malaysia and from Indonesia to the Philippines and New Guinea. There is a single species, Phalaenopsis rosenstromii, endemic to Queensland, Australia. The greatest diversity of Phalaenopsis occurs in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Conservation
Many species are highly threatened. For instance Phalaenopsis lindenii is categorized as endangered, Phalaenopsis violacea is categorized as vulnerable and Phalaenopsis micholitzii is categorized as critically endangered. Some species, like Phalaenopsis javanica, are even believed to be extinct in the wild.

Pollination and reproduction
Pollination of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima through bees, specifically Amegilla nigritar, has been recorded in China. This species employs a deceptive pollination strategy. The orchid does not provide rewards to pollinators. It benefits from blooming in the same period as rewarding species. Amegilla is the most important pollinator, but diurnal insects – such as four species of bees, two species of butterflies, one species of moth and two other unidentified insects – have also been observed to interact with the flowers.

Unlike most other angiosperms, the development of the ovules is triggered by pollination. Therefore a temporal mismatch of male and female gametes exists (i.e. the male structures are ready but the female structures have not yet been fully developed). In orchids fertilisation occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs the stigmatic cavity is often closed through swelling of the column. As a result the pollinia are completely enclosed. The pollen germinates after enclosure and tubes are produced. In Phalaenopsis aphrodite pollen tubes entered the ovary within 3 days after pollination. Within 15 days pollen tubes evenly spread throughout the placental cavities. Within 60 days after the pollination event 30.6% of the tips of the pollen tubes started to enter the micropyles (i.e. entry points) of the ovules. Finally, 65 to 70 days after the pollination event, fertilisation occurred.Phalaenopsis are unique in that in some species of the subgenus Polychilos, the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals usually will undergo senescence (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. However, in many Phalaenopsis species, such as P. violacea, the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination, thus escaping programmed cell death. In producing chloroplasts, they turn green, become fleshy, and start to photosynthesize, as leaves do.

Phytochemistry
Floral fragrance has been analysed for several species. The fragrance of Phalaenopsis bellina has been shown to be composed of about 79 compounds, primarily of the terpenoid class. It was most intense in the morning.

In Phalaenopsis, phenylpropanoid enzymes are enhanced in the process of plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux.

Use in horticulturePhalaenopsis, abbreviated Phal in the horticultural trade, are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants, owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in Victorian collections. Since the advent of the tetraploid hybrid Phalaenopsis Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their commercial production has become an industry.

If very healthy, a Phalaenopsis plant may have up to ten or more leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, the flowers may last two to three months after which a phalaenopsis orchid will need to conserve energy for further leaf, bud, and root development.

In nature, Phalaenopsis species are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35 °C (68–95 °F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30 °C or 59–86 °F); at temperatures below 18 °C (64.4 °F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60 °F for extended periods. Phalaenopsis prefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 lux. However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.

The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the basal leaf tissue. Over approximately three months the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds that will bloom.

It previously was believed that flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over two to four consecutive weeks, usually in the fall, and a day-time drop in temperature to below . Using two Phalaenopsis clones, Matthew G. Blanchard and Erik S. Runkle (2006) established that, other culture conditions being optimal, flower initiation is controlled by daytime temperatures declining below , with a definite inhibition of flowering at temperatures exceeding . The long-held belief that reduced evening temperatures control flower initiation in Phalaenopsis was shown to be false. Rather, lower daytime temperatures influence flowering, while night time temperatures do not appear to have any effect.

The effect of fertilizer source and medium composition on vegetative growth and mineral nutrition has been studied.

Award of Garden Merit

In cultivation in the United Kingdom, the following have been awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
Brother Pico Sweetheart gx. Phalaenopsis amabilis
Yellow Lightning gx.

References

 Olaf Gruss & Manfred Wolf - Phalaenopsis ; Edition Ulmer,  (in German)
 Eric A. Christenson - Phalaenopsis: a Monograph ;
 Harper, Tom (February 2004). Phalaenopsis Culture: Advice for Growing 20 Species. Orchids Magazine 73 (2). Delray Beach, FL: American Orchid Society, 2004
 Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. 1991. Orchids: Care and Cultivation. London: Cassel Publishers Ltd.
 Schoser, Gustav. 1993. Orchid Growing Basics. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.
 White, Judy. 1996. Taylor's Guide to Orchids.'' Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin,

External links

 Phalaenopsis orchids : species and primary hybrids
 Phalaenopsis orchid care instructions

Epiphytic orchids
Lithophytic orchids
Vandeae genera
Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume

Phalaenopsis


يتوزع المسلمون في جميع أنحاء العالم بنسب متفاوتة، ولكن يتركزون بشكل رئيسي في شمال أفريقيا وشبه الجزيرة العربية ووسط وشرق آسيا وإندونيسيا، كما يتواجدون بنسب كبيرة في وسط أفريقيا ودول جنوب شرق آسيا. أغلب المسلمون في العالم من السنة ويتركز الشيعة الإمامية في العراق وإيران وبعض المناطق المحيطة بهما، والشيعة الزيدية في اليمن؛ وفي عمان تتركز الإباضية. وتنتشر بقي الفرق الإسلامية في صورة أقليات في البلدان الإسلامية وغير الإسلامية.

أهل السنة والجماعة

هم يمتدون على مساحات شاسعة من العالم وهم أكبر طائفة إسلامية على الإطلاق، ولا تنحصر طائفة أهل السنة والجماعة في منطقة معينة أو عرق معين أو دولة معينة كما يحصل مع الطوائف الأخرى المنتسبة للإسلام، فهم في إقليم سينجيانج في الصين وعند حوض الفولجا في روسيا وفي شبه القارة الهندية واندونيسيا وصحراء أفريقيا وغابات نيجيريا وشبه الجزيرة العربية وفي منطقة البلقان في أوروبا...الخ، فلا مجال لتعداد أماكن تواجدهم. ويمكن القول أن أهل السنة والجماعة هم الغالبية الساحقة في دول العالم الإسلامي والتي هي خمسين دولة باستثناء أربعة دول وهي أذربيجان والعراق وإيران والبحرين. أهل السنة والجماعة عددهم مليار نسمة (أي 1000 مليون نسمة).

طوائف الشيعة

ينتشر الشيعة في العصر الحاضر في جميع أنحاء العالم بنسب متفاوتة وتعتبر الإثنا عشرية هي الطائفة الأكبر وتليها الإسماعيلية ثم الزيدية.وأكثر المناطق كثافة هو الامتداد من بيروت إلى الهند (لبنان – سوريا – العراق – الخليج العربي – إيران – القوقاز – أفغانستان – باكستان -الهند)ولا توجد احصائات فعلية لعدد الشيعة في كثير من دول العالم.

الشيعة الجعفرية الإثناعشرية

يتواجد الشيعة الإثنا عشرية في أكثر من 105 دولة في العالم وخاصة في قارة آسيا وخاصة تتركز الطائفة الإثناعشرية في أربعة دول وهي البحرين وأذربيجان والعراق وإيران ويشكلون إحدى أكبر طائفتين في لبنان، وتعتبر إيران أكبر دولة في العالم تحتوي على الشيعة الإثنا عشرية، ويرى البعض من السنة والشيعة أن السبب في ذلك يعود للصفويين الذين ساهموا في نشر التشيع، "حيث إنّ التشيّع هو المذهب الساحق في إيران من أوائل القرن العاشر (905) إلى يومنا هذا انّ الدولة الصفوية أشاعت التشيّع في إيران، بعد ملوك المغول فلو كان نجاح الثاني قليلا، كان نجاح الصفوييين كبيراً"، كما توجد أقلية شيعية إثنا عشرية كبيرة في باكستان والهند ولكن التقديرات غالبا ما تجمع الشيعة الإثنا عشرية مع الشيعة الإسماعيلية، إلى جانب وجود لهم في دول كثيرة تزيد عن 105 دولة في العالم.

الدروز

فهي تنحصر في بلاد الشام، حيث ينحصرون في بعض القرى في لبنان وسوريا وفلسطين والأردن (والسبب أن الطائفة الدرزية هي نشأت في مصر لكنها لم تلبث أن هاجرت إلى الشام، حيث محور العقدية الدرزية هو الخليفة الفاطمي أبو علي المنصور بن العزيز بالله بن المعز لدين الله الفاطمي الملقب بالحاكم بأمر الله ولد سنة 375هـ/ 985م  وقتل سنة 411هـ/ 1021م، والطائفة الدرزية تؤمن بسرية أفكارها، فلا تنشرها على الناس)، ومجموع الدروز في العالم يتراوح من نصف مليون إلى مليون.

الشيعة الزيدية

وهي تنحصر في اليمن وتحديدا في شمال اليمن (حيث تمكن الزيدية من تأسيس دولة لهم في اليمن إلى أن اقصيت الزيدية عن الحكم في اليمن بحلول الجمهورية اليمنية في سنة 1962م).

الشيعة الجعفرية العلوية

وهم ينحصرون في سوريا وتحديدا يستوطن العلويون منطقة جبال العلويين في اللاذقية (وقد أقامت فرنسا لهم دولة أطلقت عليها اسم «دولة العلويين» وقد استمرت هذه الدولة من سنة 1920م إلى سنة 1936م)، كما توجد أقليات في لبنان وتركيا، والطائفة العلوية هي طائفة جعفرية إثناعشرية.
يضاف إلى ذلك عدم اعتمادهم على نظام المرجعيات الدينية (الذي يعد أساسيا عند من سواهم)، وكذلك وجود القليل من الكتب في الفقه والحديث تميز هذه الطائفة. وهي تعتمد بشكل أساسي على الكتب الشيعية وعلى رأسها الكتب الأربعة ومصنفات أخرى كثيرة يشتركون فيها مع بقية الإثناعشرية.

الشيعة الامامية الإسماعيلية

وهي تنحصر في نجران المنطقة الواقعة جنوب السعودية وشمال اليمن، وقرى في شرق القارة الأفريقية، وكذلك في سوريا (حيث امتلكوا قلاعاً وحصوناً قديما)، إلى جانب شبه القارة الهندية، وقد اختلفت الأرض التي سيطر عليها الإسماعيليون مدًّا وجزراً بحسب تقلبات الظروف والأحوال خلال فترة طويلة من الزمن، وتعتبر الإسماعيلية فرقة باطنية قديماً كانت تؤمن بسرية أفكارها فلا تنشرها على الناس بسبب منع ومحاربة الأمويين والعباسيين لمبادئها ولكنها ظهرت للجميع في الفترة الفاطمية وهي في الوقت الحالي مثل العديد من المذاهب الإسلامية يمكن الإطلاع على كافة أفكارها ومبادئها وهي فرقة إسلامية شيعية تؤمن كباقي الطوائف الإسلامية بالنبي محمد رسول الله وبالقرآن ولكنه سميت إسماعيلية لأنها اختلفت عن الفرقة الشيعية الإثني عشرية عند الإمام جعفر فالإثني عشرية قالت بإمامة موسى الكاظم والإسماعيلية بإمامة إسماعيل، ومجموع الطائفة الإسماعيلية في العالم يصل إلى ما يقارب 23 مليون نسمة.

الإباضية

توجد في أغلب المناطق في عمان (لوجود دول الإمامة الإباضية في عمان قديماً) وكذلك أقلية ضئيلة العدد في ليبيا وتونس والجزائر.

القاديانية

فتكاد تنحصر في الهند وباكستان، والمجموع الكلي للطائفة القأديانية هو ما يقارب من 8 ملايين نسمة.

مقالات ذات علاقة
 الإسلام حسب البلد

مصادر

الإسلام حسب البلد

ديموغرافيا الطوائف الإسلامية


An Bromus laevipes in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Cornelius Lott Shear. An Bromus laevipes in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bromus

Bromus laevipes


لغم مضاد للدروع هو نوع من الألغام الأرضية المصمم لإعطاب أو تدمير المركبات المدرعة لاسيما الدبابات و المدرعات، مقارنة مع الألغام المضادة للأفراد فإن الألغام المضادة للدروع لديها قدرة تدميرية كبيرة وصمامات للانفجار معده للانفجار فقط لاستهداف المركبات.

مراجع

لغم مضاد للدروع
أسلحة حرمان منطقة
أسلحة متفجرة
حرب مدرعة

لغم مضاد للدروع


Ryan Reaves (* 20. Januar 1987 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Juli 2023 bei den Toronto Maple Leafs aus der National Hockey League (NHL) unter Vertrag steht und dort auf der Position des rechten Flügelstürmers spielt. Zuvor war er bereits für die St. Louis Blues, Pittsburgh Penguins, Vegas Golden Knights, New York Rangers und Minnesota Wild aktiv.

Karriere
Ryan Reaves begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler bei den Brandon Wheat Kings, für die er von 2004 bis 2007 in der kanadischen Juniorenliga Western Hockey League aktiv war. In diesem Zeitraum wurde er im NHL Entry Draft 2005 in der fünften Runde als insgesamt 156. Spieler von den St. Louis Blues ausgewählt. Zunächst spielte der Flügelspieler von 2007 bis 2010 jedoch ausschließlich für St. Louis' Farmteam Peoria Rivermen in der American Hockey League. Zur Saison 2010/11 gab er sein Debüt für die Blues in der National Hockey League, wobei er in 28 Spielen je zwei Tore und zwei Vorlagen erzielte. Parallel lief er jedoch weiterhin überwiegend für Peoria in der AHL auf. In der Saison 2011/12 konnte sich der Kanadier einen Stammplatz im NHL-Team der Blues erkämpfen und erzielte in seiner ersten kompletten NHL-Spielzeit in insgesamt 62 Spielen drei Tore und eine Vorlage. Seit 2011 bestritt er 460 NHL-Spiele (54 Punkte) für die Blues und war insbesondere in seiner Rolle als Enforcer sowie auf Grund seiner harten und schnellen Spielweise bei den Fans des Teams sehr beliebt.

Nach zehn Jahren in der Organisation der Blues wurde Reaves im Juni 2017 samt einem Zweitrunden-Wahlrecht im NHL Entry Draft 2017 an die Pittsburgh Penguins abgegeben. Im Gegenzug wechselten Oskar Sundqvist und ein Erstrunden-Wahlrecht für denselben Draft nach St. Louis. Reaves' Zeit in Pittsburgh war jedoch nicht von langer Dauer. Bereits im Februar 2018 wurde er gemeinsam mit einem Viertrunden-Wahlrecht im NHL Entry Draft 2018 an die neu gegründeten Vegas Golden Knights abgegeben. Im Gegenzug wechselte Tobias Lindberg nach Pittsburgh. Darüber hinaus übernahm Vegas 40 Prozent des Gehalts von Derick Brassard, der ebenso wie Vincent Dunn und ein Drittrunden-Wahlrecht im NHL Entry Draft 2018 von den Ottawa Senators nach Pittsburgh wechselten. Die ebenfalls involvierten Senators erhielten von den Penguins Ian Cole, Filip Gustavsson sowie ein Erstrunden-Wahlrecht im NHL Entry Draft 2018 und ein Drittrunden-Wahlrecht im NHL Entry Draft 2019. Sein erstes Tor für die Golden Knights erzielte er im Western-Conference-Finale der Playoffs 2018 gegen das Team seiner Geburtsstadt Winnipeg, welches als spielentscheidender Treffer in der fünften Partie der Serie den Einzug ins Endspiel um den Stanley Cup in der Debütsaison der Mannschaft bedeutete. Dort unterlag Vegas in der Folge allerdings den Washington Capitals.

Im Anschluss daran verbrachte der Kanadier noch zwei weitere Spielzeiten in Las Vegas, ehe er im Juli 2021 im Tausch für ein Drittrunden-Wahlrecht im NHL Entry Draft 2022 zu den New York Rangers wechselte. Dort wart der Stürmer etwas mehr als eine Saison aktiv, ehe ihn ein abermaliger Transfer im November 2022 zu den Minnesota Wild brachte. Die Wild gaben dafür ein Fünftrunden-Wahlrecht im NHL Entry Draft 2025 ab. Im Juli 2023 wechselte er dann als Free Agent zu den Toronto Maple Leafs.

Karrierestatistik
Stand: Ende der Saison 2022/23

Familie
Sein Vater Willard Reaves (* 1959) spielte professionell American Football und lief unter anderem in der National Football League auf. Zudem ist Ryan Reaves der Ur-Ur-Urenkel von Bass Reeves.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Eishockeyspieler (Brandon Wheat Kings)
Eishockeyspieler (Alaska Aces)
Eishockeyspieler (Peoria Rivermen, AHL)
Eishockeyspieler (Orlando Solar Bears, ECHL)
Eishockeyspieler (St. Louis Blues)
Eishockeyspieler (Pittsburgh Penguins)
Eishockeyspieler (Vegas Golden Knights)
Eishockeyspieler (New York Rangers)
Eishockeyspieler (Minnesota Wild)
Eishockeyspieler (Toronto Maple Leafs)
Kanadier
Geboren 1987
Mann

Ryan Reaves


Alan Bahia (født 14. januar 1983) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Alan Bahia


An Ctenium planifolium in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jan Svatopluk Presl, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Ctenium planifolium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ctenium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ctenium

Ctenium planifolium


Thomas Kevin "Tom" Barker (Harlingen, Texas; ) es un exjugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó dos temporadas en la NBA, además de jugar en la liga italiana y la liga neerlandesa. Con 2,11 metros de estatura, lo hacía en la posición de pívot.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Tras pasar un año en la Universidad de Minnesota y otro más en el Junior College de Southern Idaho, jugó durante dos temporadas con los Rainbow Warriors de la Universidad de Hawái, promediando en total 11,3 puntos y 8,4 rebotes por partido.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la quincuagésimo tercera posición del Draft de la NBA de 1976 por Atlanta Hawks, donde jugó una temporada en la que promedió 8,1 puntos y 6,8 rebotes por partido, el tercero mejor de su equipo en este aspecto a pesar de jugar poco más de 20 minutos por partido. A pesar de ello, fue despedido, y tras un año en blanco, fichó como agente libre por Houston Rockets, pero allí no contó con la confianza de su entrenador, Tom Nissalke, que lo alineó solo en 5 partidos en los que anotó 6 puntos, antes de ser despedido en el mes de diciembre.

Semanas después firma un contrato por diez días con Boston Celtics, ampliado otros diez más, hasta que es traspasado junto con 3 futuras primeras rondas del draft a New York Knicks a cambio de Bob McAdoo. Al término de la temporada se marcha a jugar a la liga italiana, fichando por el Superga Mestre, donde juega 25 partidos en los que promedia 19,4 puntos y 13,7 rebotes. Terminó su carrera deportiva jugando 3 temporadas con el EBBC Den Bosch de la liga neerlandesa.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Baloncestistas de Texas
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas estadounidenses de la Lega Basket Serie A
Baloncestistas de los Southern Idaho Golden Eagles
Baloncestistas de los Minnesota Golden Gophers
Baloncestistas de los Hawaii Rainbow Warriors
Baloncestistas de los Atlanta Hawks
Baloncestistas de los Houston Rockets
Baloncestistas de los Boston Celtics
Baloncestistas de los New York Knicks
Baloncestistas del SPM Shoeters Den Bosch
Baloncestistas del Basket Mestre

Tom Barker


An Alocasia hollrungii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler. An Alocasia hollrungii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alocasia, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Alocasia

Alocasia hollrungii


Cádiz (Fenikece: Gadir, Yunanca: Gádeira, Latince: Gades, Arapça: Kadis), İspanya'nın güneybatısında, Endülüs otonom bölgesinde yer alan bir liman kenti. İspanya donanmasının ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Şehir, Endülüs'ün 8 ilinde biri olan Cádiz iline bağlı 44 belediyeden biridir. Aynı zamanda Cadiz İli'nin başkentidir.

Cádiz, sahillerinin yanı sıra en eski Batı Avrupa şehirlerinden birisi olması nedeniyle sahip olduğu tarihi eserleri ile turistik bir merkezdir. Flamenko müziğinin en önemli merkezi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Özellikle şehrin Jerez de la Frontera bölgesi, geçmişten günümüze barındırdığı geleneksel Çingene flamenko müzisyenleri sebebiyle önemli bir merkezdir. Ayrıca, en önemli flamenko merkezi kabul edilmesinde, Camarón de la Isla ve Paco de Lucía gibi efsanevi müzisyenlerin doğup büyüdüğü şehir olmasının da etkisi olduğu düşünülebilir.

Coğrafi konum

Cadiz'in ismi şehri kuran Fenikece dilinden gelmiş Gadir'dir ve "surlar" veya "surla çevrili savunma mevkii" anlamına gelir.

Cádiz'in bazı İber yarımadası kentlerinden uzaklıkları: 651 km Madrid, 124 km Sevilla, ve 219 km Huelva.

Demografi

Cadiz belediye sınırları içinde nüfusu (2011 tahmini itibarıyla) 124.892 kişidir ve nüfus yoğunluğu 10.321,65 kişi/km² olur. Cadiz belediye sınırları içinde nüfusun gelişmesi şu gösterimde izlenebilir:

1.000 Kişi

Kaynak: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística, İspanya
Kaynak:Hollandaca Wikipedia "Cádiz (stad)" maddesi

Kardeş şehirler

Cadiz'in şu kardeş şehirleri bulunmaktadır:

Resimler

Cádiz

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Endülüs (özerk topluluk)
Cádiz Körfezi
Cádiz ili

Dış bağlantılar

 Cádiz Şehri resmi sitesi
 Cádiz Üniversitesi resmi site

Cádiz


Ryūichi Tanabe (jap. , Tanabe Ryūichi; * 9. März 1948 in Ayabe) ist ein japanischer Diplomat.

Leben
Tanabe studierte an der Fremdsprachen-Universität Tokyo und der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. In Frankfurt wurde er 1972 Mitglied und ausgezeichneter Consenior des Corps Saxonia Leipzig. Von 1994 bis 1997 war er am japanischen Generalkonsulat in München tätig. 2003 wurde er Botschafter in Serbien und Montenegro, 2006 in Polen und 2009 in Indien. Er ist Professor an der Technischen Hochschule Osaka. Beim 200. Stiftungsfest seines Corps im Juni 2012 hielt er den Festvortrag. Er dankte für Deutschlands Solidarität und Hilfsbereitschaft beim Tōhoku-Erdbeben 2011 und stellte heraus, dass Flexibilität, Offenheit gegenüber fremden Kulturen, Anpassungsfähigkeit und Vielfalt gemeinsame Kennzeichen der japanischen Kultur und des Corpsstudententums seien.

Auszeichnungen
 Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz (1991)
 Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich (1952), Großes Goldenes Ehrenzeichen mit dem Stern (1994)
 Verdienstorden der Republik Polen (2009)

Einzelnachweise

Japanischer Botschafter
Botschafter in Serbien
Botschafter in Polen
Botschafter in Indien
Hochschullehrer (Präfektur Osaka)
Corpsstudent (20. Jahrhundert)
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Träger des Verdienstordens der Republik Polen (Komtur)
Träger des Großen Goldenen Ehrenzeichens mit dem Stern für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich
Japaner
Geboren 1948
Mann

Ryūichi Tanabe


Manfred Jester († 25. Mai 1977) war ein österreichischer Schauspieler, der vor allem durch seine Darstellung des "Onkel Poldi" in der ersten Staffel der Comedy-Serie Klimbim bekannt ist.

Leben
Jester gehörte neben Ilse Scheer und Otto Zonschitz zu den Gründungsmitgliedern der Theatermanufaktur am Halleschen Ufer, der nach Rainer Harjes wichtigsten Freien Gruppe in Deutschland. Das Ensemble der Theatermanufaktur trat zusammen auf dem Pariser Festival der Nationen, in den Niederlanden, Jugoslawien, Österreich, in der Schweiz, auf den Berliner Festspielen und den Ruhrfestspielen Recklinghausen auf.

Den ersten Fernsehauftritt hatte Jester 1971 neben Grischa Huber in dem Horrorfilm Vampira. Dabei verkörperte Jester keine der handelnden Charaktere, sondern moderierte die einzelnen Teile des Episodenfilms mit einer Mischung aus historischen Hintergründen und Legenden an. Im selben Jahr drehte er mit Michael Pfleghar die Komödie Perlico – Perlaco. Neben Jester gehörten auch Elke Sommer, Robert Wagner, Elisabeth Volkmann, Wichart von Roëll und Joachim Regelien zur Besetzung.

Drei Jahre später wurde Jester durch eine weitere Arbeit mit Pfleghar einem breiten Publikum bekannt: Er verkörperte den "Onkel Poldi" der Klimbim-Familie aus der gleichnamigen Comedy-Fernsehserie. Seine Partner waren hierbei abermals Volkmann, von Roëll und Regelien sowie Horst Jüssen, Ingrid Steeger und Dieter Augustin. Neben dem "Onkel Poldi" übernahm Jester in zahlreichen Sketchen noch viele andere Rollen und übernahm gemeinsam mit Wichart von Roëll den Part der Doppel-Conférenciers, der später von Jüssen übernommen wurde. Kurz nach der ersten Staffel der Serie kam Jester bei einem Autounfall ums Leben.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1969: Die Moritat vom Räuberhauptmann Johann Georg Grasel
 1971: Vampira
 1971: Perlico – Perlaco
 1973–1974: Klimbim

Literatur
 Chronik der Theatermanufaktur, Berlin 1982

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Österreicher
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1977
Mann

Manfred Jester


Karl Wilhelm Bücher (16 February 1847, Kirberg, Hesse – 12 November 1930, Leipzig, Saxony) was a German economist, one of the founders of non-market economics, and the founder of journalism as an academic discipline.

Biography

Early life
Karl Bücher was born in Kirberg, a small village in Hesse, as the son of a small, not very successful brushmaker and farmer; his grandfather Philipp was a cabinet-maker. Karl's mother, Christiane née Dorn, was the daughter of a baker .  Bücher attended a private preparatory school with a Pastor in nearby Dauborn and 1863–1866 the Catholic Gymnasium in Hadamar, where he was primus omnium . A former teacher of Bücher's recommended he attend university and, after much discussion, Bücher's parents finally consented .

Later years
Bücher studied at the University of Bonn (also part of Prussia), concentrating on History and Classics, with the aim to become a Gymnasium teacher . Bücher's most important professor was the Ancient Historian Arnold Schäfer . For a while, he was a private tutor in Heppenheim to finance his studies, and then continued in Göttingen and Bonn, culminating in 1870 in a Dr.phil. (Ph.D.) in History and Epigraphy with a (published) dissertation entitled De gente Aetolica amphictyoniae participe .  After spending some time as a gymnasium teacher and journalist, especially in Frankfurt where he was famous for his liberal, anti-Bismarck views, Bücher decided to opt for academe and took his Habilitation at the University of Munich .

In 1882 Bücher was elected by the faculty to an extraordinary professorship at the University of Erlangen, Bücher failed to receive Ministerial approval. However, he also received and accepted a call to a Chair at the University of Tartu (then Dorpat), the German-language university in the then Russian province of Livonia. The call enabled him to marry his fiancée at the time Emilie Mittermaier .

At Dorpat, Bücher held the Chair of Ethnography, Geography, and Statistics as successor of Wilhelm Stieda, concentrating almost exclusively on statistics. Here, he conceived "newspaper science" (Zeitungswissenschaften) as a new field of scholarship. On 17 August (29 August new-style) 1883, Bücher's only son and child Friedrich, later a judge in Leipzig, was born. In the same year, Bücher received, and accepted out of family considerations, a call to the Chair of Economics and Statistics at the University of Basel as successor of Alphons Thun. He stayed there until 1890, during which time he developed a friendship with the historian and cultural philosopher Jakob Burckhardt. Bücher was elected President of the Statistical-Economical Association; his work was mainly Basel-focused and statistical. In Basel, he delivered the first lectures, also the first lectures in Europe at all, on "newspaper science" .

In 1889/90, Bücher accepts a call to the economics chair at the Technical Superior School in Karlsruhe, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, previously held by Eberhard Gothein .

The plan to call Bücher to the Chair of Economics at the University of Leipzig in the Kingdom of Saxony as successor of Lujo Brentano failed for political reasons; Bücher was still judged as too liberal. However, the University of Leipzig created a second chair in economics, with the addition of statistics. Bücher was suggested unanimously and without competition, and at the time received official approval .

His Leipzig tenure (1892–1916) was Bücher's most fruitful time. In 1893, he published Die Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft (The Rise of the National Economy), his most important book, and the foundational study of non-market (exchange and gift) economics. The 17th and last edition of the original run appeared in 1926–1930; it was translated into French and English and went through six editions in America. In 1895, Bücher was elected corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Science, Historical Class. In 1896, Arbeit und Rhythmus (Labor and Rhythm) appeared; there are six editions until 1924. It was translated into Russian in 1899 and reprinted in 1923.

In 1901, Bücher became co-editor, with Albert Schäffle, then sole editor after 1904, of the eminent Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft (Magazine for All Political Sciences) established in 1844 as the first German economic journal of an academic standard and is still published today as "The Journal of Institutional Economics" (JOIE). He edited this key journal of German economics and administration until 1924. In 1901/1902 he served as Vice Chancellor of the Faculty of Philosophy, in 1902/1903 as Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy, and in 1903/04 as Rector of the University of Leipzig .

In 1916, based on his bad experience with press and propaganda during World War I, Bücher founded the Institut für Zeitungswissenschaften (Institute for Newspaper Science) at the University of Leipzig (after having established a departmental division already in 1915). It was the first institute of its type in Europe, and its founding marks the beginning of the academic study of media communication in Germany. Until 1926, Bücher headed the Institute and promoted the field, establishing it as a scholarly discipline in Germany with lasting results. In 1919, during the abortive German revolution, Bücher published a booklet about the socialization of factories as well as his highly successful autobiography, Lebenserinnerungen (Life Memories) .

Bücher was, for some time a member of the Leipzig City Council. Next to his earned doctorate, he received honorary ones of Law (Dr.jur.h.c.) from Gießen and of economics (Dr.rer.pol.) from Bonn. He was part of the Royal Saxon Geheimer Hofrat and a member of the Royal Saxon Academy .

Further reading
 Industrial Evolution

References

External links

1847 births
1930 deaths
German economists
Academic staff of Leipzig University
Rectors of Leipzig University
University of Bonn alumni
Historical school economists

Karl Bücher


Summit zemalja Srednje i Istočne Europe i Kine (), zvan Kooperacija Kina + 17 i 17 + 1, godišnji summit.

Na ovom se summitu susreću šefovi vlada iz Kine i 16 europskih zemalja Srednje i Istočne Europe: 11 članica EU (Bugarske, Češke, Estonije, Hrvatske, Latvije, Litve, Mađarske, Poljske, Rumunjske, Slovačke i Slovenije) te 5 nečlanica EU (Albanije, BiH, Crne Gore, Sjeverne Makedonije i Srbije).

Kooperacija 16 + 1 osnovana je 2012. godine kao inicijative kineske vlade s ciljem promicanja poslovanja i ulagačkih odnosa između tih država, a unutar okvira kineske inicijative Novog Puta svile, službenog imena Inicijativa Pojas i cesta (Inicijativa Pojas i put). Posebna kooperacijska platforma između država Srednje i Istočne Europe i Kine izrasla je nakon ekonomskog i trgovinskog foruma Kina – Srednja i Istočna Europa održanog u Budimpešti 2011. godine.
Od summita u Hrvatskoj 2019. i Grčka je postala dijelom inicijative te će ubuduće se inicijativa zvati 17 + 1.

Područja kooperacije su: trgovina i ulaganja, povezanost, financije, poljodjelstvo, znanost i tehnologija, zdravstvo, kultura, odnosi među narodima. Nacionalni koordinatori redovno se susreću, svaki predstavlja svoju zemlju i podupire ga Tajništvo Kina – CEEC kojemu je sjedište u Pekingu.
Dosadašnji summiti:
2012. – Varšava, Poljska
2013. – Bukurešt, Rumunjska
2014. – Beograd,  Srbija
2015. – Suzhou, Kina
2016. – Riga, Latvija
2017. – Budimpešta, Mađarska
2018. – Sofija, Bugarska
2019. – Dubrovnik, Hrvatska (11. – 12. travnja)

Na marginama političkih sastanaka ovog summita održava se Poslovni forum zemalja Srednje i Istočne Europe i Kine. Poslovni forum prethodio je summitima.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Ivo Lovrić: »INICIJATIVA POJAS I CESTA« Zašto nije čudno što Kinezi nemaju razumijevanja za metode zapadne demokracije?, Glas Koncila. 3. ožujka 2019.

Davor Dijanović: Kineska inicijativa "Pojas i put" – što donosi EU, SAD-u i Rusiji, a što Hrvatskoj? -Inicijativa Pojas i put, novi "Put svile", HKV. 12. siječnja 2018.

Hrvatsko-kineski odnosi
Politika Bugarske
Vanjska politika Češke
Estonija
Politika Latvije
Politika Litve
Vanjska politika Mađarske
Vanjska politika Poljske
Vanjska politika Rumunjske
Politika Slovačke
Vanjska politika Slovenije
Vanjska politika Albanije
Vanjska politika Bosne i Hercegovine
Vanjska politika Crne Gore
Politika Sjeverne Makedonije
Vanjska politika Srbije

Vanjska politika Grčke

Kina + 17


An Puccinellia vaginata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johan Martin Christian Lange, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Merritt Lyndon Fernald och Charles Alfred Weatherby. An Puccinellia vaginata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puccinellia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puccinellia

Puccinellia vaginata