Fenakit er et sjældent mineral, der består af berylliumsilikat, Be2SiO4 og som i høj grad ligner bjergkrystal. Det har en hårdhed på 7,7 (næsten på niveau med topas) og en massefylde på 2,98.

Mineralet findes flere steder i Ural og derudover i Østafrika, Brasilien (store krystaller), Colorado, Kragerø i Norge, såvel som andre steder. Fuldstændigt vandklare mineraler findes i Tokovaja i Ural, og kan slibes til brillianter.

Fodnoter

Berylliummineraler

Fenakit


La gare du Lion-d'Or - Croissanville est une gare ferroviaire, fermée, de la ligne de Mézidon à Trouville - Deauville, située sur le territoire de la commune déléguée de Méry-Corbon, au sein de la commune nouvelle de Méry-Bissières-en-Auge, dans le département du Calvados en région Normandie.

Situation ferroviaire
Établie à  d'altitude, la gare du Lion-d'Or - Croissanville était située au point kilométrique (PK) 7,0 de la ligne de Mézidon à Trouville - Deauville, entre les haltes de Méry-Corbon et de Bissières.

Elle disposait de deux voies.

Histoire
La ligne de chemin de fer de Mézidon à Dives a été déclarée d'intérêt public le  et a été mise en service le , comprenant donc la gare du Lion-d'Or - Croissanville. La ligne a été prolongée jusqu'à Beuzeval - Houlgate le , et Trouville - Deauville le . La gare du Lion-d'Or - Croissanville fut fermée au trafic voyageurs le , avec la totalité de la section de Mézidon à Dives, mais resta ouverte au trafic marchandises jusqu'au . La ligne de Mézidon à Dives est déclassée en 1975.

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Le bâtiment voyageurs d'origine est toujours présent, réaffecté, il est devenu une habitation privée.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en France
 Ligne de Mézidon à Trouville - Deauville

Liens externes

Gare mise en service en 1879
Gare fermée dans le Calvados

Gare du Lion-d'Or - Croissanville


A Copa Libertadores da América Sub-20 de 2022, oficialmenete Copa CONMEBOL Libertadores Sub-20 de 2022 é a 6ª edição desta competição de futebol internacional organizada pela Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol (CONMEBOL) para jogadores com até 20 anos de idade.

A competição teve como sede o Equador e teve como campeão o , o qual derrotou nos pênaltis o , após um empate de 1–1 no tempo regular.

Formato
O torneio foi disputado em duas fase: Fase de Grupos e Fase Final.
 Fase de Grupos: Essa fase foi disputada pelas 12 equipes classificadas, as quais foram distribuídas em três grupos (A, B e C). Ao final da fase, classificam-se os primeiros colocados de cada grupo e o melhor segundo colocados dentre os três grupos.
 Fase Final: Os quatro times classificados da fase grupos irão se enfrentar em dois jogos nas semifinais. Os dois vencedores irão disputar o título da final, enquanto que os perdedores irão disputar a partida pelo terceiro lugar.

Equipes participantes
Nesta edição, as 12 vagas foram distribuídas da seguinte forma: atual campeão; 1 vaga adicional ao país anfitrião; 1 equipe de cada uma das 10 associações filiadas à CONMEBOL.

Sedes
A competição foi jogada em três estádios do Equador:  o Estádio Banco Guayaquil, propriedade do , o Estádio Olímpico Atahualpa e o Estádio Rodrigo Paz Delgado, propiedade da .

Sorteio
O sorteio aconteceu em 20 de dezembro de 2021 às 13:30 (UTC-3) na sede da CONMEBOL. Ele foi realizado de acordo com o Artigo 16 do Regulamento, que diz:
 As 12 equipes serão alocadas em quatro potes com três equipes cada, de acordo com a colocação da sua associação na edição anterior do torneio;
 As equipes da mesma associação não podem ser sorteadas no mesmo grupo.

Fase de Grupos

Grupo A

Grupo B

Grupo C

Fase Final

Semifinais
As semifinais foram disputadas a 24 e 25 de janeiro de 2023.

Terceiro lugar

Final

Premiação

Ligações externas

2022
Futebol de 2022 na América do Sul
Desporto no Equador em 2022


Navassa Adası, Karayip Denizi'nde bir adadır. 1850'lerde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nden bir gübre şirketi adayı sahiplendi ve fosfat çıkarmaya başladı. 1898'de ada tamamen terkedildi. Şimdi adada insan yaşamamaktadır.

Küba'nın Guantanamo Körfezi'nin güneyinde, Jamaika ve Haiti arasında yer alan, sadece stratejik bir yere sahip olabilecek bir toprak parçasıdır.
Haiti adanın kendisine ait olduğunu iddia eder, ancak ABD tarafından bu istek kabul görmez.

 Yüzölçümü: 5.2 km²

Navassa Adası


Gaillard du Puy, mort le , est un évêque français.

Biographie
Parent du pape Grégoire XI et frère d'Ebles du Puy, évêque de Chartres, il devient évêque de Saintes en 1351.

Il fait construire l'hôtel de l'Evescot à La Rochelle.

Notes et références

Évêque de Saintes
Décès en 1361
Évêque catholique du XIVe siècle

Gaillard du Puy


El castillo Gillette es un fortín ubicado en Connecticut (Estados Unidos). Localizado en unas de las partes más altas del río Connecticut, el castillo fue originalmente una residencia privada encargada y diseñada por William Gillette, un actor estadounidense famoso por su interpretación de Sherlock Holmes.

Gillette construyó el castillo en 1914 en un terreno de 184 acres, en la parte superior  meridional de una cadena de montañas conocidas con el nombre de "las Siete Hermanas". Ubicado en el camino del río 67 en East Haddam, el parque comprende el palacio y sus jardines y recibe 300.000 visitantes anuales. Se reabrió en 2002 después de cuatro años de restauración con una inversión de 11 millones de dólares. Ahora incluye un museo, rutas de senderismo, y un área de pícnic, y tiene muchas celebraciones teatrales.

Hay una serie de rarezas en el castillo diseñadas personalmente por Gillette, tales como manijas de puertas y cerraduras inusuales, y un sistema de espejos ocultos para la vigilancia de las salas públicas de la habitación principal. Desde el jardín del castillo se puede ver el río Connecticut.

Galería

Véase también
 Castillo Rouge
 Palacio William E. Ward

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web con información sobre el castillo

Gillette
Gillette
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1943

Castillo Gillette


«Cosmópolis» o «Cosmopolis», del griego ciudad universal o ciudad orden (plural: cosmopoleis) puede referirse a:

Toponimia
 Cosmópolis, municipio en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil.
 Cosmopolis, ciudad en Washington, Estados Unidos.
 Villa Cosmópolis, primer nombre oficial (1834-1913) de Villa del Cerro, en Uruguay.

Obras
 Cosmopolis (Bourget) (1892), novela de Paul Bourget.
 Cosmópolis (novela) (2003), novela de Don DeLillo.
 Cosmopolis (película) (2012), película dirigida por David Cronenberg - basada en la novela de Don DeLillo.

Revistas
 Cosmópolis (1894), venezolana, fundada por los prosistas modernistas Pedro Emilio Coll, Pedro César Domínici y Luis Manuel Urbaneja Achelpohl.
 Cosmópolis (1919), española, fundada por Manuel Allende.
 Cosmópolis (1927), española, fundada por Enrique Meneses Puertas.

Miscelánea
 Editorial Cosmópolis, de Madrid (España).
 Cosmopolis XXI, concepto de lanzadera espacial rusa.

Cosmopolis


Walter Ayala Gonzales (nascido a 20 de julho de 1971) é um juiz peruano e ex-ministro da Defesa do Peru.

Carreira
Ayala nasceu em Lima. Estudou na Universidade Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, onde obteve um mestrado, e na Universidade Federico Villarreal, onde obteve um mestrado em Direito Civil e Comercial, além de estudos em Administração e Gestão Pública com menção em Defesa Nacional.

Ayala trabalhou no poder judiciário até 2017 e também foi presidente do comité de ética da Ordem dos Advogados de Lima antes de ser destituído do cargo em 2019.

Ministro da Defesa
No dia 29 de julho de 2021, Ayala foi nomeado Ministro da Defesa do Peru no governo de Pedro Castillo.

Nascidos em 1971
Pessoas vivas
Ministros da Defesa do Peru

Walter Ayala


Battir () es un pueblo palestino localizado en Cisjordania, en la gobernación de Belén, a 5 km de Belén y al suroeste de Jerusalén. La localidad ya estuvo habitada durante los periodos bizantino e islámico, mientras que en los censos otomanos y británicos su población se manifestaba mayoritariamente musulmana. En el pasado, la aldea se ubicaba en la principal ruta que unía Jerusalén con Beit Jibrin, y actualmente se encuentra en la ruta del ferrocarril Jaffa-Jerusalén, que sirvió como línea de armisticio entre Israel y Jordania entre 1949 y 1967. Desde la Guerra de los Seis Días de 1967, Battir ha permanecido ocupada por Israel junto con el resto de Palestina. Tras la firma de los Acuerdos de Oslo en 1993, Battir se encuentra bajo la administración de la Autoridad Nacional Palestina. Tiene una población de aproximadamente 4.000 habitantes.

En 2014, la Unesco proclamó el paisaje cultural de Battir como Patrimonio de la Humanidad, incluyéndolo en la lista del Patrimonio de la Humanidad en peligro.

Geografía y clima
Battir se encuentra en una colina de Wadi el-Jundi (literalmente, el "Valle del Soldado"), que recorre de sur a oeste las colinas de Judea y la llanura costera. La localidad se encuentra a una altitud de unos 720 metros por encima del nivel del mar, sus veranos son templados y sus inviernos moderados, con ocasionales nevadas. La temperatura media anual es de 16 °C.

El Estudio de Palestina Occidental del Fondo para la Exploración de Palestina describió en 1883 las defensas naturales de la ciudad, apuntando que sus casas se asientan en terrazas de roca, con rocosos escarpes por debajo; por lo tanto, desde un punto de vista estratégico, es una ubicación poderosa desde el norte, mientras que desde el sur un pequeño cuello de botella entre dos desfiladeros conecta la colina con la cordillera principal.

Historia

Antigüedad
La fortaleza de Betar, de cuyo nombre procede el de Battir, se considera el lugar en el que posiblemente, en el , tuvo lugar la batalla final de la rebelión de Bar Kojba contra el Imperio Romano. La actual localidad palestina se construyó al noreste de unas ruinas conocidas con el nombre de Khirbet al-Yahudi ("ruinas judías"), y "se identifica unánimemente con Betar, el último bastión de la Segunda Revuelta contra los Romanos, donde su líder, Bar Kojba, encontró la muerte en el año 135 d.C.". De hecho, "unas terrazas agrícolas modernas siguen la línea de las antiguas murallas de la fortificación". Según la tradición, se dice que en este lugar está enterrado el sabio Tanaim Eleazar of Modi'im.

Época otomana
En 1596, Battir aparecía en un registro de impuestos otomano como una aldea de la nahiya de Quds, en la liwá de Quds. Tenía una población de 24 hogares y dos solteros, todos ellos musulmanes, y pagaba impuestos por el trigo, cultivos de verano o árboles frutales, y por cabras o colmenas; en total, unos 4.800 akçe. Todos los ingresos de Battir quedaban asignados a un waqf.

En 1838 aparece citada como Bittir, una aldea musulmana en el distrito de Beni Hasan, al oeste de Jerusalén.

El explorador francés Victor Guérin visitó la zona en los años sesenta del , y poco después, en 1870, un listado de aldeas otomano cifraba la población de Battir en 239 personas en un total de 62 casas, aunque este censo –de carácter militar- solo incluía a los hombres. También se dijo de la aldea que tenía "un hermoso manantial que surge del patio de la mezquita".

El Estudio de Palestina Occidental del Fondo para la Exploración de Palestina describió Battir en 1883 como una aldea de tamaño moderado, en la escarpada ladera de un profundo valle.

En 1896, la población de Battir se calculaba en unas 750 personas.

Ya en el , el desarrollo de Battir estuvo vinculado a su localización junto a la vía férrea que llegaba a Jerusalén, lo que supuso que la población local tuviera acceso a las oportunidades de la ciudad así como beneficios gracias a ser un lugar de parada de otros viajeros para repostar agua.

Mandato británico de Palestina
En el censo de Palestina de 1922, Battir aparecía con el nombre de "Batir" y tenía una población de 542 habitantes, todos ellos musulmanes, que se incrementó hasta los 758 habitantes del censo de 1931, de los que 755 eran musulmanes, dos cristianos y uno judío, que vivían en 172 casas.

En 1945 la población era de 1.050 habitantes, todos ellos musulmanes, con una superficie total de 8.028 dunams (unos 8 kilómetros cuadrados), según un estudio oficial de tierra y población. De estos dunams, 1.805 eran plantaciones y regadíos, 2.287 se usaban para cultivar cereales y, por último, 73 estaban clasificados como terreno urbano.

Ocupación jordana
A la conclusión de la guerra árabe-israelí de 1948, Battir y el resto de Cisjordania pasaron a estar ocupados por fuerzas jordanas. Durante la guerra, la mayoría de los habitantes de la localidad huyeron, aunque Mustafa Hassan y unos pocos más decidieron permanecer. Por la noche encendían velas en las casas y por las mañanas atendían al ganado. Cuando los israelíes se acercaron a la aldea pensaron que estaba todavía habitada y decidieron no atacarla. La línea de armisticio, dibujada a lo largo del ferrocarril, dejó a Battir tan solo unos metros al este, en la zona controlada por Jordania. Al menos el 30% de las tierras de Battir quedaron del lado israelí de la Línea Verde, aunque a sus habitantes se les permitió quedárselas a cambio de que evitasen causar daños a las vías del tren, convirtiéndose así en los únicos palestinos con permiso para cruzar a Israel y trabajar sus tierras hasta la Guerra de los Seis Días de 1967. El censo jordano de 1961 registró 1.321 habitantes en Battir.

Ocupación israelí
Tras la Guerra de los Seis Días de 1967, Battir quedó bajo ocupación israelí. La población de la localidad en el censo de 1967 era de 1.445 habitantes. Desde la firma de los Acuerdos de Oslo en 1995, Battir ha permanecido bajo la administración de la Autoridad Nacional Palestina (ANP). Battir se rige por un consejo local que actualmente dirigen nueve miembros nombrados por la ANP. Según los Acuerdos de Oslo, el 23,7% de la superficie municipal de Battir está dentro del Área B, mientras que el restante 76,3% se define como Área C.

En 2007, la población de Battir era de 3.967 habitantes. En 2012, dicha población se calculaba en cerca de 4.500 personas.

El 2 de febrero de 2007, un grupo de soldados israelíes mataron de un disparo a Firas Qasqas, un habitante de Battir que había ido a visitar a sus familiares en a-Tira, en las afueras de Ramala. Qasqas estaba paseando con sus dos cuñados por las colinas de la localidad cuando un grupo de soldados dispararon contra él a unos 500 metros de distancia; iba desarmado y no suponía ningún riesgo para los soldados. La bala le entró por la espalda y le atravesó el estómago, muriendo poco después en el hospital. El ejército israelí inició una investigación sobre los hechos, pero la cerró tras escuchar la versión del teniente a cargo de la unidad.

Battir también es conocida por ser el hogar del padre del famoso cómico árabe-americano Dean Obeidallah y padre del periodista/escritor palestino-americano Ali Abunimah.

Las terrazas de Battir
Battir posee un sistema de regadío único que se aprovecha de terrazas hechas por el hombre y de un sistema de canales y compuertas que dirigen el agua manualmente. Este sistema de irrigación, que data de la época romana, todavía está en uso y se alimenta de siete manantiales que han proporcionado agua fresca desde hace más de 2.000 años. El sistema de regadío se expande a lo largo de un pronunciado valle cerca de la Línea Verde, por el trazado de una sección del Ferrocarril del Hejaz de época otomana. Los ocho principales clanes de Battir se turnan cada día para regar los cultivos de la aldea. Es por esto que un dicho local dice que "la semana dura ocho días, no siete". Según el antropólogo Giovanni Sontana, de la Unesco, "quedan pocos o ningún lugar en la zona en los que perviva un sistema tradicional agrícola como este, no solo intacto, sino como una parte más del funcionamiento de la aldea".

En 2007, los habitantes de Battir denunciaron al Ministerio de Defensa de Israel para intentar obligarlo a cambiar la ruta planeada para el muro israelí de separación, cuyo trazado habría atravesado parte del milenario sistema de regadío de la localidad. La Autoridad de la Naturaleza y Parques de Israel, que en 2005 había aprobado el trazado original del muro, cambió de opinión y redactó un informe de trece páginas en el que declaraba que las terrazas de Battir también eran patrimonio cultural de Israel y, por lo tanto, debían ser salvaguardadas; dicho informe especificaba que las terrazas agrícolas que rodean Battir atestiguan las prácticas agrarias de la región desde hace milenios y se verían dañadas de forma irreparable por el muro, por muy estrecho que fuese su recorrido. Fue la primera vez que una agencia gubernamental israelí mostró su oposición a la construcción de una porción del muro. Este informe fue uno de los cuatro testimonios de expertos que se presentaron para demostrar que el muro dañaría este sistema agrícola único y, a comienzos de mayo de 2013, el Tribunal Supremo de Israel dictaminó que el Ministerio de Defensa debe explicar "por qué la ruta de la barrera de separación a su paso por la aldea de Battir no debería ser anulada o modificada y, además, por qué la barrera no debería ser reconfigurada". El 2 de julio de 2013, el Ministerio de Defensa remitió un nuevo plan que aseguraba que el muro no destruiría Battir. El vecino asentamiento israelí de Beitar Illit presentó una petición paralela e independiente contra la construcción del muro de separación, en este caso porque temía que la construcción del muro limitase la expansión del asentamiento.

En 2011, la Unesco concedió a Battir un premio de 15.000 dólares por la "Salvaguarda y Gestión de los Entornos Culturales", gracias a su cuidado de las antiguas terrazas y del sistema de regadío.

En mayo de 2012, la Autoridad Nacional Palestina envió una delegación a la sede de la Unesco en París para debatir la posibilidad de añadir a Battir a la lista de lugares Patrimonio de la Humanidad. El viceministro palestino de Turismo, Hamadan Taha, declaró que la organización quería "mantenerlo como un patrimonio cultural palestino y de toda la humanidad", haciendo una mención especial a las históricas terrazas y a sus sistemas de regadío. La candidatura de Battir se bloqueó en el último minuto debido a un problema formal: la solicitud se había enviado demasiado tarde. En un documento sobre el daño que el muro de separación causaría a la zona, la propia Autoridad de la Naturaleza y Parques de Israel explicaba que "la lucha de nuestros vecinos por dar a la zona consideración de Patrimonio de la Humanidad nos coloca en una posición vergonzosa, y deberíamos trabajar juntos para proteger el entorno".

En 2014, Battir fue reconocida por la Unesco como Patrimonio de la Humanidad con la denominación de "Tierra de Olivos y Viñas – Entorno Cultural del Sur de Jerusalén, Battir".

En enero de 2015, según Akram Badir, alcalde de Battir, el Tribunal Supremo de Israel rechazó la petición del ejército israelí de construir el muro de separación a través de la localidad.

Arqueología
En el centro de la localidad se encuentra un antiguo baño romano alimentado por un manantial. El arqueólogo D. Ussishkin ha datado los orígenes de la localidad en la Edad del Hierro, y afirma que en la época de la rebelión de Bar Kojba tenía una población de entre mil y dosmil personas elegidas por el propio Bar Kojba debido a su manantial, su ubicación fácilmente defensible en la cima de una colina y su proximidad al principal camino entre Jerusalén y Gaza. También se ha descubierto una inscripción romana cerca de uno de los manantiales de la ciudad; en dicha inscripción aparecen escritos los nombres de la Legión V Macedónica y la Legión XI Claudia, las cuales supuestamente participaron en el sitio de la ciudad durante el reinado del emperador Adriano.

No hay pruebas de que la localidad estuviese habitada en el periodo inmediatamente posterior a la rebelión de Bar Kojba.

Ciudades hermanas

 Luton (Reino Unido)

Véase también
 Rebelión de Bar Kojba
 Belén
 Beitar Illit

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Battir Village (Fact Sheet)
 Battir Village Profile
 Battir Village Area Photo
 The priorities and needs for development in Battir village based on the community and local authorities' assessment
 www.battir.i8.com
 Battir village photos
 Battir Video

Localidades de Cisjordania
Gobernación de Belén
Patrimonio de la Humanidad en Palestina
Patrimonio de la Humanidad en peligro

Battir


Arctic Thunder šesnaesti je studijski album norveškog metal-sastava Darkthrone. Diskografska kuća Peaceville Records objavila ga je 14. listopada 2016.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije

Arctic Thunder dobio je uglavnom pozitivne kritike. Addison Herron-Wheeler dala mu je sedam od deset bodova u recenziji za Exclaim! i napisala je: "Arctic Thunder iskren je, žestok i nemilosrdan album." U recenziji za Pitchfork Zoe Camp dala mu je 7,2 boda od njih deset i izjavila je: "Nemojte povećanu [glazbenu] paletu pogrešno protumačiti kao manjak koncentracije. Darkthrone, kako je dosad i bio slučaj, skrivenu kaotičnost tih osam pjesama čvrsto drži na lancu te pažljivo i polako odlučuje kad će tremolirati te paklene rifove – kao da priprema listopadsko iznenađenje." Osam od deset bodova dao mu je Jeremy Ulrey u recenziji za Metal Injection i zaključio je ovo: "Ne mogu još reći da Arctic Thunder nadmašuje postignuća The Underground Resistancea, ali svakako brže ulazi u uho: pjesme su kraće, ali ne zato što [članovima sastava] manjka ideja, nego jer se trude biti jezgroviti, a odluka da sve vokalne dionice ovaj put izvede Nocturno Culto – dakako, bez uvrede Fenrizu, koji uvijek neodoljivo privlači pozornost – Arctic Thunderu priskrbljuje dosljednost koja povezuje poigravanja s posve različitim žanrovima, zbog čega ostali nedavni albumi djeluju rascjepkano. Nijedna pjesma na ovome albumu nikoga neće natjerati da zaboravi Underground Resistance ili Circle the Wagons, ali ćete se cijelom albumu češće vraćati."

Manje naklonjenu recenziju napisao je Olivier Badin, koji je uratku dao tri zvjezdice od njih pet u časopisu Metal Hammer i komentirao je: "[P]očetnu paljbu čine [pjesme] 'Tundra Leech' i 'Burial Bliss', koje podsjećaju na ozbiljne i borbene dane Total Deatha i Ravishing Grimnessa, a prisutna je i kavalkada tom-tomova s Goatlorda. Međutim, usred 'Burial Blissa' nastaje nered – [sastav iznenada počinje svirati] glazbene obrasce klasičnoga metala, što je tipičnije za njegove kasnije radove. To zvuči kao čudna mješavina dviju posve različitih pjesama, od kojih je svaku napisao jedan član dua – Nocturno Culto, koji i dalje nosi crnu zastavu, i Fenriz, koji je i dalje lud za osamdesetima. To dosta govori o albumu koji zvuči kao pat-pozicija, no premda pjesma kao 'Throw Me Through the Marshes' sadrži rif koji u karijeri skupine najviše podsjeća na Black Sabbath, a naslovna se pjesma može smatrati čistim hvalospjevom Judas Priestu s kraja sedamdesetih, te bi pjesme bilo bolje da umjesto [...] Cultova kreštanja sadrže Fenrizov ekscentrični glas. U svakom slučaju, ton Nocturnove gitare, grub i istodobno organski zvuk te hladne vibre bez ostatka potvrđuju da je Arctic Thunder čisti Darkthrone – no to je Darkthrone koji sjedi na križištu puteva i ne zna kamo poći."

Zasluge

Darkthrone
 Nocturno Culto – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara, inženjer zvuka, miksanje
 Gylve Fenris "Kvass i Takom" Nagell – bubnjevi, bas-gitara, dodatna gitara, umjetnički direktor

Ostalo osoblje
 Gaute – fotografija
 Marte – fotografija
 Jack – mastering
 Matthew Vickerstaff – dizajn
 Tomas Lindberg – logotip

Izvori

Albumi sastava Darkthrone
Albumi iz 2016.

Arctic Thunder


Kolsåsbanen er en af de fire vestlige baner på T-banen i Oslo, der ligger mellem Majorstuen og Kolsås.

Banen betjenes af T-banens linje 3, der går mellem Kolsås og Mortensrud på den østlige Østensjøbanen.

Historie
Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei drev fra 1894 en sporvejslinje fra Jernbanetorget til Majorstuen med sidespor til Skarpsno. Denne blev forlænget til Skøyen i 1903 (Skøyenlinjen) og 19. maj 1919 til Lilleaker med eget tracé fra Skøyen (Lilleakerbanen).

I 1921 afgav Bærum kommune jord til en forlængelse til Bekkestua, der blev åbnet 1. juli 1924. 3. november samme år forlængedes strækningen til Haslum. Da Oslo kommune overtog det meste af linjenettet i Oslo som Oslo Sporveier A/S i 1924 flyttede Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei til Avløs og blev videreført som Bærumsbanen. Ved Avløs Station blev der bygget værksted og remise, og selskabet fortsatte med at drive den tidligere Lilleakerbanen. Endestationen i Oslo blev ændret til Wessels plass. I den modsatte ende forlængedes Bærumsbanen til Kolsås 1. januar 1930, dog med enkeltspor fra Valler, da det ikke var råd til dobbeltspor før 1942.

Efter åbningen af den østlige sporvej Østensjøbanen i 1926 (nu en del af T-banen) var det ønskeligt at få gennemgående trafik og efter mange forhandlinger, der blandt andet medførte, at Oslo Sporveier overtog Bærumsbanen, kom der gennemgående vogne fra Oppsal til Kolsås som den såkaldte Østensjø–Bærumsbanen fra 4. januar 1937.

I 1942 blev der bygget en forbindelse mellem Lysakerelven og Sørbyhaugen Station på Røabanen, så der nu kørtes fra Kolsås ad den nye strækning og Røabanen til Majorstuen og videre gennem Fellestunnelen til Nationaltheatret. Dermed fik Kolsåsbanen sit nuværende forløb. Lilleaker–Østensjøbanen fortsatte med at køre mellem Jar og Oppsal. Ændringen blev gennemført 15. juni 1942.

Fra 1942 til 1982 blev banen trafikeret af brede mørkeblå vogne af type C. Til at begynde med blev der leveret 8 vogne fra Skabo med numrene 301-308. I 1943/1944 skaffede man to vogne til ved at give to gamle A-vogne nye undervogne og ny elektrisk udrustning. De fik litra D og numrene 401-402. I slutningen af 1940'erne begyndte man at bygge vogne på Bærumsbanens værksted i Avløs. Fra 1949 til 1966 blev der leveret ni vogne med numrene 403-411. I alt var der 17 C-vogne i drift på banen i 1966. Oprindeligt kunne 300- og 400-vognene dog ikke kobles med hinanden. I 1960'erne gik man imidlertid over til Siemens køresystem med dødmandsknap, hvilket førte til at alle vogne kunne kobles efter at være bygget om. Vognene 408 og 409 blev dog ikke bygget om.

I 1960 fik banen to T-vogne fra NEBB, der var tænkt som prototyper for de nye T-baner i det østlige Oslo. De fik nummer 451 og 452 omkring 1970. I 1982 blev de fleste C-vogne sendt til Majorstuen for at køre på de andre vestlige linjer. De ældste vogne, 301-308, blev omnummereret til 421-428. I stedet overtog de nybyggede og ombyggede 1300-vogne (1301-1349) det meste af trafikken på banen. De første år blev der kørt med enmandsbetjening, hvilket gav anledning til forsinkelser.

Opgradering

Midt i 1990'erne blev de vestlige og østlige T-baner forbundet, men selvom om der nu kun var et T-banenet med gennemgående drift, var der stadig en del forskelle. På blandt andet Kolsåsbanen benyttede således køreledninger, mens de østlige baner benyttede strømskinne, så det i en årrække var nødvendigt med tog, der kunne håndtere begge systemer. Kolsåsbanen blev dog ombygget provisorisk, så den kunne betjenes af tog med tre vogne. Det blev imidlertid besluttet at opgradere banen til såkaldt metrostandard og ombygge den med strømskinne.

I første omgang blev banen dog nedlagt vest for Bekkestua Station fra 1. juli 2003 til 21. november 2004. Derefter var banen i fuld drift frem til ombygningen startede 1. juli 2006, hvor den blev lukket helt fra Husebybakken Station der ligger mellem Smestad og Montebello. Strækningen mellem Jar og Bekkestua kunne imidlertid betjenes af både sporvogne og T-bane, hvilket benyttedes til at forlænge sporvejslinje 13 til Bekkestua fra 20. august 2007 til 15. februar 2009. Derefter blev sporvejstrafikken indstillet, fordi arbejdet med opgradering i Bærum blev sat i gang.

Strækningen mellem Montebello og Åsjordet genåbnede 18. august 2008 efter at være blevet opgraderet til metrostandard. Strækningen Bjørnsletta - Jar genåbnede 1. december 2010, 15. august 2011 kom man til Bekkestua, 8. oktober 2012 genåbnede Gjønnes Station, og 15. december gjaldt det Haslum og Avløs Stationer. Avløs fungerede som midlertidig endestation frem til åbningen af resten af strækningen 12. oktober 2014.

I forbindelse med opgraderingen blev Lysakerelven Station og Gamle Bjørnsletta Station erstattet af den nye Bjørnsletta stasjon. Den er placeret mellem de to gamle stationer men nærmest den gamle Lysakerelven Station. I Bærum blev Egne hjem nedlagt, Tjernsrud og Ringstabekk blev slået sammen til Ringstabekk, og Valler og Gjettum blev slået sammen til Gjettum men omtrent på Vallers gamle plads.

Der var forslag fremme om at forlænge banen til Rykkinn eller Bærums Verk med 3-4 stationer. Det ville imidlertid komme til at koste mere end antaget, og i 2008 blev projektet derfor foreløbigt lagt på is.

Togbusser
Som erstatning for den del af banen, der ikke blev trafikeret, oprettede Ruter buslinjerne 42, 43, 44 og 142 fra 1. juli 2006. Linje 42 kørte mellem Majorstuen og Kolsås med en linjeføring, der gjorde at den betjente alle de lukkede T-banestationer med undtagelse af Egne hjem og Tjernsrud. Linje 43 kørte mellem Smestad og Åsjordet som betjening af Åsjordet Station, mens linje 44 kørte mellem Majorstuen og Ullernåsen som betjening af Ullernåsen Station. Desuden kørte linje 142 Kolsås - Bekkestua - Jernbanetorget via Europavej E18, Vika og Nationaltheatret men kun i den aktuelle retning i myldretiden.

Da T-banen blev forlænget til Åsjordet 18. august 2008 blev buslinje 43 og 44 nedlagt. Efter at T-banen blev forlænget til Jar, blev linje 42 afkortet til kun at køre mellem Jar og Kolsås. Efter at T-banen blev forlænget til Bekkestua i 2011 blev linje 42 nedlagt, mens linje 142 blev ændret til at køre mellem Bekkestua og Kolsås i hele driftsdøgnet.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Oslo T-banedrift AS
 Oslo T-banedrift AS - Fakta om Kolsåsbaneprojektet.
 Oppgradert til metrostandard: Grønt lys på Kolsåsbanen, beskrivelse i Teknisk ukeblad.

T-banen i Oslo
Etableret i 1924

Kolsåsbanen


بواسطة سطح المكتب البعيد (بالإنجليزية: Remote Desktop Services) على ويندوز إكس بي، يمكنك الوصول إلى جلسة عمل ويندوز التي تجري على الحاسوب الخاص بك بينما أنت على حاسوب آخر. هذا يعني، مثلاً، أنه يمكنك الاتصال بحاسوب العمل من المنزل والوصول إلى كافة تطبيقاتك، وملفاتك، وموارد الشبكة لديك كما لو كنت أمام الحاسوب أثناء العمل. بإمكانك ترك البرامج تعمل في العمل وعندما تصل إلى المنزل، يمكنك رؤية سطح المكتب في العمل يُعرض على الحاسوب في المنزل، والبرامج ذاتها تعمل.

عندما تتصل بالحاسوب الخاص بك في العمل، يقوم سطح المكتب البعيد بتأمين ذلك الحاسوب فلا يمكن لأي شخص آخر الوصول إلى تطبيقاتك وملفاتك أثناء غيابك. عندما تعود إلى الحاسوب في العمل يمكنك إلغاء تأمينه بضغط المفاتيح CTRL+ALT+DEL.

يسمح سطح المكتب البعيد أيضاً لأكثر من مستخدم بالحصول على جلسة عمل نشطة على حاسوب واحد. هذا يعني أنه يمكن للعديد من المستخدمين ترك تطبيقاتهم تعمل والاحتفاظ بحالة جلسة عمل ويندوز حتى عندما يكون الآخرون قد قاموا بتسجيل الدخول.

مع التبديل السريع بين المستخدمين، يمكنك التبديل بسهولة بين مستخدم وآخر على الحاسوب نفسه. مثلاً، بفرض أنك كنت تعمل في المنزل وقمت بتسجيل الدخول على الحاسوب في المكتب لتحديث تقرير نفقات. في أثناء عملك، احتاج أحد أفراد العائلة لحاسوب المنزل لتفحص رسالة بريد إلكتروني مهمة. يمكنك قطع اتصال سطح المكتب البعيد، والسماح لمستخدم آخر بتسجيل الدخول وتفحص البريد، ثم إعادة الاتصال بحاسوب المكتب، حيث تجد تقرير النفقات تماماً كما تركته. يعمل التبديل السريع بين المستخدمين على أجهزة الحاسوب المستقلة وأجهزة الحاسوب التي هي أعضاء ضمن مجموعات العمل.

يمكّن سطح المكتب البعيد عدداً من السيناريوهات، تتضمن:
 العمل في المنزل - الوصول لعمل يجري على حاسوب المكتب من المنزل، متضمناً وصول كامل إلى كافة الأجهزة المحلية والبعيدة.
 بالتعاون - إحضار سطح المكتب الخاص بك إلى مكتب زميل لك لتصحيح بعض الأخطاء، أو تحديث العرض التقديمي لشريحة Microsoft PowerPoint، أو تدقيق مستند.
مشاركة وحدة تحكم - السماح لعدة مستخدمين بالاحتفاظ بجلسات عمل برامج وتكوين منفصلة على
حاسوب واحد، مثل محطة أمين صندوق أو طاولة مبيعات.
لاستخدام سطح المكتب البعيد، تحتاج لما يلي:
 حاسوب يستخدم (الحاسوب "البعيد") مع اتصال إلى شبكة اتصال محلية أو الإنترنت.
 حاسوب ثانٍ (حاسوب "المنزل") مع وصول إلى شبكة الاتصال المحلية بواسطة اتصال شبكة اتصال، أو مودم، أو اتصال شبكة خاصة ظاهرية (VPN). على هذا الحاسوب، يجب أن يكون قد تم تثبيت الاتصال بسطح المكتب البعيد، والمسمى سابقاً عميل خدمات المحطة الطرفية.
 حسابات مستخدمين وأذونات مناسبة.

انظر أيضا

 سطح المكتب عن بعد

مراجع

برنامج إدارة ويندوز عن بعد
سطح المكتب عن بعد
مكونات مايكروسوفت ويندوز

سطح المكتب البعيد


Zachary Phillip Wylde (fæddur Jeffrey Phillip Wielandt, 14. janúar, 1967 í Bayonne, New Jersey) eða Zakk Wylde er bandarískur tónlistarmaður. Hann er þekktastur sem gítarleikari Ozzy Osbourne en einnig fer hann fyrir þungarokkssveitinni Black Label Society. Sem sólólistamaður hefur hann gefið út tvær plötur sem eru í léttari stíl og þar spilar hann meðal annars á píanó og munnhörpu. Einnig var hann söngvari og gítarleikari suðurríkjarokksveitarinnar stuttlifðu Pride & Glory, sem gaf út eina skífu. Ennfremur hefur hann spilað í ábreiðusveitinni Zakk Sabbath sem tekur Black Sabbath ábreiðulög.

Wylde gekk til liðs við endurreista þungarokkssveitina Pantera árið 2022 en hann var vinur gítarleikara sveitarinnar Dimebag Darrell sem var myrtur.

2001, Wylde fór með hlutverk gítarleikara Steel Dragon í kvikmyndinni Rock Star, (með Mark Wahlberg  og Jennifer Aniston í aðalhlutverkum).

Útgefið efni

með Ozzy Osbourne
1988: No Rest for the Wicked
1990: Just Say Ozzy (live album)
1991: No More Tears
1993: Live & Loud (live album)
1995: Ozzmosis
2001: Down to Earth
2002: Live at Budokan (live album)
2007: Black Rain
2022: Patient Number 9

Pride & Glory
1994: Pride & Glory

Sóló
1996: Book of Shadows
2016: Book of Shadows II

Zakk Sabbath
2016: Live in Detroit (live EP)
2020: Vertigo

Black Label Society
1998: Sonic Brew
2000: Stronger than Death
2001: Alcohol Fueled Brewtality Live!! +5
2002: 1919 Eternal
2003: The Blessed Hellride
2004: Hangover Music Vol. VI
2005: Mafia
2006: Shot to Hell
2009: Skullage
2010: Order of the Black
2011: The Song Remains Not the Same
2013: Unblackened
2014: Catacombs of the Black Vatican
2018: Grimmest Hits
2019: Nuns and Roaches: Tasty Little Bastards (EP)
2021: Doom Crew Inc.

Bandarískir gítarleikarar
Bandarískir tónlistarmenn

Zakk Wylde


Europa latina es un concepto lingüístico, geográfico y cultural, aplicado a las regiones de Europa en las que predominan las lenguas romances (un subgrupo de la familia lingüística indoeuropea que se diversificaron a partir del latín). Se incluyen en ella la totalidad de los Estados de Europa cuya lengua oficial es románica, así como las regiones de habla romance compartidas en otros Estados —pueblos latinos—. También: los aromunes de Grecia, las comunidades significativas de habla italiana en Croacia, Eslovenia y Malta, de habla rumana en Serbia, de habla española y francesa en los territorios británicos de Gibraltar y las islas del Canal, así como los micro-Estados europeos asociados.

La noción de «países latinos» en Europa ha sido empleada por Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo y Lawrence Friedman.

División política

Véase también

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Raynouard, François (1821), Grammaire comparée des langues de l'Europe latine: dans leurs rapports avec la langue des troubadours, Firmin-Didot (ed.); Reimpresa por Nabu Press, 2011, ISBN 1272199983.
 M. Raynouard (François-Just-Marie), Influence de la langue romane rustique sur les langues de l'Europe latine, Crapelet (ed.), 1836.
 Eiras Roel, Antonio; González Lopo, Domingo L. (2002), Mobilité et migrations internes de l'Europe latine, Universidad Santiago de Compostela, ISBN 8497501268.
 Miller, Frederic P.; Vandome, Agnes F.; McBrewster, John (ed.), Europe Latine, Alphascript Publishing, 2011, ISBN 6134255556.

Regiones de Europa
Pueblos latinos
Regiones lingüísticas

Europa latina


Rachel Anne Griffiths  (born in 1968) is an Australian actress. Raised primarily in Melbourne, she began her acting career appearing on the Australian series Secrets before being cast in a supporting role in the comedy Muriel's Wedding (1994), which earned her an AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. In 1997, she was the lead in Nadia Tass's drama Amy. She had a role opposite Julia Roberts in the American romantic comedy My Best Friend's Wedding (1997), followed by her portrayal of Hilary du Pré in Hilary and Jackie (1998), for which she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

From 2001 to 2005, Griffiths portrayed massage therapist Brenda Chenowith in the HBO series Six Feet Under, for which she earned a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in 2002 and two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. She subsequently appeared on television as Sarah Walker Laurent on the ABC drama series Brothers & Sisters from 2006 to 2011, for which she was nominated for two additional Primetime Emmy Awards.

She has also had roles in the films Blow (2001), portraying the mother of George Jung; the historical drama Ned Kelly (2003); Step Up (2006), and the Julian Assange television biopic Underground: The Julian Assange Story (2012). In 2016, she appeared in a supporting role in Mel Gibson's biographical war drama Hacksaw Ridge, and in the docudrama miniseries When We Rise, written by Dustin Lance Black.

Onstage, Griffiths appeared in a Melbourne-based production of Proof in 2002, which earned her a Helpmann Award, and later made her Broadway debut in a 2011 critically acclaimed production of Other Desert Cities. In addition to acting, she made her directorial debut with the short film Tulip in 1998, and directed several episodes of the Australian television series Nowhere Boys in 2015.

Early life
Griffiths was born in 1968 in Australia, where she spent her early childhood on the Gold Coast. She is the daughter of Anna and Edward Martin Griffiths. She has two older brothers, Ben, and Samuel. She moved to Melbourne at age five, with her mother and two older brothers. Griffiths was raised Roman Catholic. She recalled first being inspired to become an actress after watching the U.S. miniseries Roots as a child.

Griffiths attended Star of the Sea College, a Catholic girls' high school in Brighton. She earned a Bachelor of Education degree in drama and dance at Victoria College, Rusden. After being rejected from the National Institute of Dramatic Art, Griffiths joined the Woolly Jumpers, a Geelong-based community theatre group. In 1991, she wrote and performed the one-woman show Barbie Gets Hip, which played at the Melbourne Fringe Festival in 1991.

Career

1994–2000: Early work and critical recognition
Griffiths portrayed Rhonda Epinstall, the best friend of Toni Collette's titular character, in the 1994 film Muriel's Wedding. Her performance won her critical acclaim and both the Australian Film Critics Award and the Australian Film Institute Awards for Best Supporting Actress. She followed in 1996 with the role of an earthy, ill-mannered pig farmer's daughter in Michael Winterbottom's Jude.

In 1997, Griffiths sparked controversy after attending uninvited the opening of the Crown Casino in Melbourne, Australia, while topless. She stated a wish to protest the views taken by the media and state government towards the new casino, inspired by the story of Lady Godiva.

Griffiths joined forces again with Muriel's Wedding director P. J. Hogan for her American film debut, My Best Friend's Wedding, in 1997. That same year she starred in My Son the Fanatic, a British film in which she portrayed a tough Yorkshire prostitute who becomes involved with a considerably older Pakistani taxicab driver, played by Om Puri. Griffiths received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of real-life flautist Hilary du Pré opposite Emily Watson as her sister, famed cellist Jacqueline "Jackie" du Pre, in Hilary and Jackie (1998). After the release of Hilary and Jackie, Griffiths was cast in the starring role in the Australian comedy  Me Myself I (1999).

2001–2011: American television and further acclaim
In 2001, Griffiths appeared opposite Natasha Richardson in the English comedy Blow Dry, playing a lesbian hairdresser who enters a hairstyling competition with her lover, followed by the Ted Demme-directed Blow (2001) opposite Johnny Depp and Ray Liotta, in which she played the mother of Boston cocaine magnate George Jung. Nick Nunziata of IGN was critical of Griffiths' performance in the film, writing: "the only performance that doesn't ring true is that of Rachel Griffiths as Jung's mother...she just doesn't connect."

The same year Griffiths appeared in Blow, she was cast as one of the leads in the HBO drama series Six Feet Under. Her performance as emotionally scarred massage therapist, Brenda Chenowith, earned her Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as two Emmy Award nominations over the series' five season-run. In the third season, she missed four episodes due to her first pregnancy; her second pregnancy was written into the show's final season and she appeared in almost every episode of the series.

While starring on Six Feet Under, Griffiths continued to occasionally appear in the films, playing the supportive housewife of Dennis Quaid in the Walt Disney drama The Rookie (2002), and in the Australian biopic Ned Kelly (2003), opposite Heath Ledger, Geoffrey Rush, and Orlando Bloom. In the spring of 2002, she appeared in a Melbourne production of  Proof by the American playwright David Auburn, for which she earned a Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Play.
In 2004, she played a key role in the Hallmark film adaptation of the Kent Haruf novel Plainsong.
In 2006, she became part of the ensemble cast, co-starring alongside Sally Field, Calista Flockhart, Balthazar Getty and Matthew Rhys, of the dramatic series Brothers & Sisters, in which she portrays Sarah Walker, who inherits control of the family business after her father's death. Griffiths received a 2007 Emmy nomination and a 2008 Emmy nomination for her work on the series, followed by 2008 and 2009 Golden Globe nominations. Griffiths starred on the series until its conclusion in 2011. Additionally, she appeared as Inez Scull in the 2008 miniseries adaptation of Larry McMurtry's Comanche Moon.

Griffiths made her Broadway debut in Other Desert Cities, directed by Joe Mantello and co-starring Judith Light, Stockard Channing, and Stacy Keach, which began previews on 10 October 2011, opening on 3 November 2011 in Manhattan. David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter praised both Griffith's performance as well as the overall production, writing: "[The play] has acquired a riveting center in the raw performance of Rachel Griffiths, who makes a knockout New York stage debut. With discreet adjustments to the text and more penetrating characterizations all around from the sterling cast, the balance between comedy and intense family drama has been fine-tuned in richly satisfying ways". Ben Brantley of The New York Times deemed her performance "a beautifully modulated Broadway debut".

2012–2018: Return to Australia; directing
In 2012, Griffiths returned to live in her native Australia, after having lived and worked in the United States for a decade. She expressed a desire to work less and spend more time with her children after having worked what she described as "80-hour-weeks" while appearing on Six Feet Under and Brothers & Sisters.

In November 2013, The Sydney Morning Herald reported that Griffiths was to play Julia Gillard in a television drama based on the book, The Stalking of Julia Gillard by Kerry-Anne Walsh. But the project stalled as the proposal for the film was rejected by the Australian television networks.

In 2015, she made her debut as a television director when she directed three episodes of the second series of the Australian teen drama Nowhere Boys.

In 2016, Griffiths was cast opposite Guy Pearce and Mary-Louise Parker in the American miniseries When We Rise, a docudrama focusing on LGBT rights, in which she portrays a nurse during the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States. The same year, she appeared in a supporting part opposite Hugo Weaving in the Mel Gibson-directed war drama Hacksaw Ridge, which earned her an AACTA nomination for Best Supporting Actress. In 2018, she appears in the SBS thriller miniseries Dead Lucky, which was sold for American distribution to the streaming service SundanceNow in April 2018.

In 2020, Griffiths starred in the Amazon Prime television show, The Wilds, as Gretchen Klein.

Other ventures
In 2017, Griffiths worked promoting the "No Robe" campaign for the Art Series Hotels, which invited hotel guests to pose for nude portraits in their rooms and have them brought to life by artists. She also serves on the board of the Sydney Contemporary art fair.

Personal life
Griffiths married Australian artist Andrew Taylor on 31 December 2002 in the chapel of her high school, Star of the Sea College, in Melbourne. In 2003, she and Taylor had a son, Banjo, followed by a daughter, Adelaide, in 2005. In 2009, she gave birth to her third child Clem in Los Angeles; Griffiths suffered a ruptured uterus giving birth. She spent a total of three days undergoing surgery and recovered from the condition.

In 2002, Griffiths stated she was an atheist. However, in a 2015 interview, she revealed she was again a practising Catholic, the faith in which she was raised. In 2017, she spoke out in favour of same-sex marriage in Australia. She has also supported the Global Charter of Basic Rights campaign for Oxfam Australia. She considers herself a feminist.

After having lived and worked in the United States for nearly a decade while appearing on the series Six Feet Under and Brothers & Sisters, Griffiths returned to live in her native Australia in 2012.
Griffiths was honoured in the Australia Day Honours in 2020.

Filmography

Film

Television

Stage credits

Awards and nominations

Griffiths has received nominations for multiple awards. In 1994, her role in the comedy-drama film Muriel's Wedding (1994) saw her nominated for the AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. She received an additional five AACTA nominations: three for Best Actress in a Leading Role for Amy (1997), Me Myself I (2000) and The Hard Word (2002); and two more for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Beautiful Kate (2009) and Hacksaw Ridge (2016). Of these six nominations, she won two awards: Best Actress in a Leading Role for Mariel's Wedding and Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Beautiful Kate.

Achieving further success overseas, Griffiths was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1999 for her role in the biographical film Hilary and Jackie (1998). This performance made her the seventh Australian woman to be nominated for an Academy Award in an acting category. She has also been nominated for two BAFTA Awards, four Golden Globe Awards (winning one for Six Feet Under), four Primetime Emmy Awards and six Screen Actors Guild Awards (winning two for Six Feet Under).

Notes

References

External links

1968 births
Actresses from Melbourne
Australian expatriate actresses in the United States
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
Australian stage actresses
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Best Supporting Actress AACTA Award winners
Helpmann Award winners
Living people
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Australian LGBT rights activists
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian feminists
People educated at Star of the Sea College, Melbourne

Rachel Griffiths


Pierduți în spațiu (în engleză: Lost in Space) este un serial TV CBS din 15 septembrie 1965 – 6 martie 1968 creat de Irwin Allen. Seria a avut 83 de episoade a câte 49 de minute. Este vag bazată pe romanul din 1812 The Swiss Family Robinson (Un Robinson elvețian) de Johann David Wyss și pe cartea de benzi desenate The Space Family Robinson.

A fost refăcut în 2018 de Matt Sazama și Burk Sharpless.

Note

Vezi și
 1965 în științifico-fantastic

Seriale de televiziune CBS
Seriale de televiziune din 1965
Seriale de televiziune științifico-fantastice
1965 în științifico-fantastic

Pierduți în spațiu (serie din 1965)


An Chaetanthus in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Chaetanthus in nahilalakip ha familia nga Restionaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Chaetanthus

Chaetanthus


Bartolomé Mitre Martínez (26 June 1821 – 19 January 1906) was an Argentine statesman, soldier and author. He was President of Argentina from 1862 to 1868 and the first president of unified Argentina.

Mitre is known as the most versatile statesman, military man, politician, journalist, historian, writer and poet. He was a major figure in the history of Argentina during the second half of the 19th century.

He was the figure that best characterized liberalism in Argentina, but he was a moderate and flexible liberal, not dogmatic.

Early life
Mitre was born on 26 June 1821 in Buenos Aires.  His father was of Greek descent and the family name was originally Mitropoulos.

In 1831, his family settled in Uruguay. He became a soldier, and graduated in 1839 from the Military School of Montevideo, with the rank of second lieutenant of artillery.  Also a journalist, his writings supported Fructuoso Rivera, who, in 1846, made him a lieutenant colonel in the Uruguayan Army.

Later he joined the Colorado Party in the civil wars against the Blancos, in the Banda Oriental (Uruguay). This closeness with the Colorados led him to support the unitario faction of Argentina, which simultaneously fought against the Rosista regime in Buenos Aires, ally of the Uruguayan blancos.

His first poems and journalistic publications in the Uruguayan media date from that time.

He then moved to Bolivia, and later to Chile, where he met fellow Argentine exile Juan Bautista Alberdi. Both wrote for the Valparaíso newspaper El Comercio. Later, he wrote in El Progreso, in Santiago, under the direction of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento.

End of exile and return to Argentina
Mitre returned to Argentina after the defeat of longtime caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas at the 1852 Battle of Caseros. He was a leader of the revolt of Buenos Aires Province against Justo José de Urquiza's federal system in the Revolution of 11 September 1852, and was appointed to important posts in the provincial government after the Province seceded from the Confederation.

President of Argentina
The civil war of 1859, after the revolt of Buenos Aires against Justo José de Urquiza's federal system, resulted in Mitre's defeat by Urquiza at the Battle of Cepeda, in 1860. Issues of customs revenue sharing were settled, and Buenos Aires reentered the Argentine Confederation. Victorious at the 1861 Battle of Pavón, however, Mitre obtained important concessions from the national army, notably the amendment of the Constitution to provide for indirect elections through an electoral college. In October 1862, Mitre was elected president of the republic, and national political unity was finally achieved; a period of internal progress and reform then commenced. During the Paraguayan War, Mitre was initially named the head of the allied forces.

Mitre was also the founder of La Nación, one of South America's leading newspapers, in 1870. His opposition to Autonomist Party nominee Adolfo Alsina, whom he viewed as a veiled Buenos Aires separatist, led Mitre to run for the presidency again, though the seasoned Alsina outmaneuvered him by fielding Nicolás Avellaneda, a moderate lawyer from remote Tucuman Province where the independence of Argentina had been declared in 1816. The electoral college met on 12 April 1874, and awarded Mitre only three provinces, including Buenos Aires.

Mitre took up arms again. Hoping to prevent Avellaneda's 12 October inauguration, he hijacked a gunboat; he was defeated, however, and only President Avellaneda's commutation spared his life. Following the 1890 Revolution of the Park, he broke with the conservative National Autonomist Party (PAN) and co-founded the Civic Union with reformist Leandro Alem. Mitre's desire to maintain an understanding with the ruling PAN led to the Civic Union's schism in 1891, upon which Mitre founded the National Civic Union, and Alem, the Radical Civic Union (the oldest existing party in Argentina).

He dedicated much of his time in later years to writing. According to some of his critics, as a historian Mitre made questionable judgments, often ignoring key documents and events on purpose in his writings. This caused his student Adolfo Saldías to distance himself from him, and for future revisionist historians such as José María Rosa to question the validity of his work altogether. He also wrote poetry and fiction (Soledad: novela original), and translated Dante's La divina commedia (The Divine Comedy) into Spanish.  He was the grandfather of poet, Margarita Abella Caprile.  Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, he was a freemason.

Death and legacy
Bartolomé Mitre died in 1906, affected by a gastrointestinal illness. The charismatic leader was mourned by a crowd rarely seen until then, who accompanied the funeral procession from his home to La Recoleta Cemetery.

Bartolomé Mitre was the paradigm of the Argentine statesman of the 19th century. Mitre thematically returns to the ideals of May Revolution and lists the principles of the Freedom Party, the first Argentine party that consciously launches itself into political struggle with a liberal program. The program of the Freedom Party is the faithful synthesis of the democratic progressivism that Esteban Echeverría longed for to overcome the sterile antagonism of unitarians and federalists.

As an intellectual, he wrote poetry, theater, countless newspaper articles, cemented historical science with his exemplary biographies, translated classic works, and authored fiery harangues. Mitre was a leading figure in politics and culture until his death in 1906.

Mitre supported the establishment of universal direct suffrage, which was ultimately established in 1912, during the presidency of Roque Sáenz Peña.

When he assumed the presidency in 1862, the conditions in which the republic was found were precarious. The treasury was exhausted, the debts were large, the three national powers needed to be organized, buildings to house them separately from the provincial authorities had to be established, the question of the residence of the national authorities in the city of Buenos Aires had to be solved, the army and updated salaries had to be established, the minimum structures of the national public administration were created, and the basic program of their generation was promoted: education, immigration, foreign investment, railways, and land occupation. An appreciation of Mitre's government work that ignores his point of origin will not do him enough justice.

Referring to Mitre's financial rectitude, the explorer Sir Richard Burton wrote:

Wrote Robert Avrett:

Bibliography
Mitre ranks as an important South-American historiographer. He wrote the best accounts of South America's wars of independence and published many works, amongst which are:

 Historia de Belgrano y de la independencia argentina ["History of Belgrano and of the argentine independence"] (1857; fifth edition, four volumes, 1902)
 Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana ["History of San Martín"] (1869; third edition, six volumes, 1907)
 Rimas ["Rimes"] (new edition, 1890)
 Ulrich Schmidl, primer historiador del Rio de la Plata ["Ulrich Schmidl, first historian of the Rio de la Plata"] (1890)

There is an abridged translation of the Historia de San Martín, entitled The Emancipation of South America (London, 1893) by W. Pilling. Mitre's speeches were collected as Arengas (third edition, three volumes, 1902).

Gallery

References
 J. J. Biedma, El Teniente General Bartolomé Mitre, in Bartolomé Mitre, Arengas, volume iii (Buenos Aires, 1902).
 William H. Katra, The Argentine Generation of 1837: Echeverría, Alberdi, Sarmiento, Mitre (Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996).

External links

1821 births
1906 deaths
People from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Greek descent
Unitarianists (Argentina)
Civic Union (Argentina) politicians
National Civic Union (Argentina) politicians
Presidents of Argentina
Argentine generals
Argentine military personnel of the Paraguayan War
19th-century Argentine historians
Argentine male writers
Argentine journalists
Argentine male journalists
Argentine translators
Argentine Freemasons
English–Spanish translators
French–Spanish translators
Italian–Spanish translators
Latin–Spanish translators
Translators of Dante Alighieri
Argentine newspaper founders
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
Governors of Buenos Aires Province
19th-century translators
19th-century journalists
19th-century Argentine writers
19th-century Italian male writers
Male non-fiction writers
Patrician families of Buenos Aires

Bartolomé Mitre


Quincey Morris este un personaj fictiv din romanul gotic de groază Dracula (1897) scris de Bram Stoker. A apărut ulterior în alte cărți, piese de teatru, filme, producții TV.

În roman
Quincey Morris este un tânăr american bogat din Texas și unul dintre cei trei bărbați care o cere de soție pe Lucy Westenra. Quincey este prieten cu ceilalți doi admiratori ai fetei, Arthur Holmwood și Dr. John Seward, chiar și după ce Lucy a ales pe unul dintre ei.  Morris  este prieten bun și cu Jonathan Harker. El poartă asupra sa un cuțit Bowie în orice moment. Quincey este ultima persoană care donează sânge lui Lucy înainte de moartea acesteia. În afară de Dracula, Quincey este singurul personaj important care nu ține niciun fel de jurnal.

Note

personaje fictiveDracula

Quincey Morris


IWD may refer to:

Aviation
Gogebic–Iron County Airport (IATA code: IWD)
Iberworld, a Spanish airline (ICAO code: IWD)

Businesses
IShares Russell 1000 Value Index, an exchange-traded fund with ticker symbol IWD
Ivor Watkins Dow, now known as Dow Agrosciences

Events
International Women's Day, on March 8
International Workers' Day, on May 1

Technology
Individual wheel drive, a type of vehicle drivetrain layout

IWD


Aderus varus é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por George Charles Champion em 1920.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita na Índia.

Referências

varus
Coleópteros da Índia
Coleópteros descritos em 1920
Espécies descritas por George Charles Champion

Aderus varus


James Jude Orbinski,  (born 1960 in England) is a Canadian physician,  humanitarian activist, author and leading scholar in global health.  Orbinski was the 2016-17 Fulbright Visiting professor at the University of California, Irvine, and as of September 1, 2017, he is professor and inaugural director of the Dahdaleh Institute of Global Health Research at York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was previously the CIGI Chair in Global Health Governance at the Balsillie School of International Affairs and Wilfrid Laurier University (2012-2017), Chair of Global Health at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health (2010-2012) and full professor at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto (2003-2012), where he was the founding Saul Rae Fellow at Massey College. Orbinski's current research interests focus on the health impacts of climate change, medical humanitarianism, intervention strategies around emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, and global health governance.

After extensive fieldwork with Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders), in 1998 Orbinski was elected President of the International Council. He was MSF International Council president at the time the organization received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999. Orbinski is also co-founder and chair of the Board of Directors of Dignitas International, a medical humanitarian organization researching and working with communities in the global south to increase access to life-saving treatment and prevention in areas overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS, and with Aboriginal communities in Canada to improve community based care for diseases such as diabetes. He is a strong advocate for increasing access to essential medicines for neglected diseases, particularly across vulnerable populations.

In 1998, Orbinski received the Governor General's Meritorious Service Cross for his work as the MSF Head of Mission during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. In 2009, Orbinski became an Officer of the Order of Canada and in the citation was recognized by the Governor General of Canada as a humanitarian practitioner and advocate for those who have been silenced by war, genocide and mass starvation.

He lives in Guelph, Canada with his wife and their three children.

Education and career

Orbinski attended Dawson CEGEP in Montreal, received a bachelor's degree in psychology from Trent University (1984), a medical degree from McMaster University Medical School (1990), and a master's degree in international relations from the University of Toronto's Munk Centre for International Studies (1998).

Following medical school, Orbinski held a Medical Research Council of Canada fellowship to study pediatric HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 1991, he began working internationally with Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). After his first mission in Peru, Orbinski served as MSF's Medical Coordinator in Baidoa during the Somali Civil War and famine of 1992–93, and in Jalalabad, Afghanistan during the winter of 1994. He was subsequently MSF's Head of Mission in Kigali during the Rwandan genocide of 1994, and in Goma, Zaire during the refugee crisis in 1996–97.

Orbinski was elected President of the International Council of MSF from 1998 to 2001. As international president of MSF, he represented the organization in numerous humanitarian emergencies and on critical humanitarian issues including in the Sudan, Kosovo, Russia, Cambodia, South Africa, India and Thailand, among others. Orbinski also represented MSF at the UN Security Council, in many national parliaments, to the World Health Organization, as well as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. He accepted the 1999 Nobel Peace Prize awarded to MSF for its pioneering approach to medical humanitarianism, and most especially for its approach to bearing witness. As MSF International Council president, he allocated the Nobel Prize money to launch MSF's Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines that year.

On September 11, 2001, Orbinski was in Lower Manhattan to present at a UN meeting on Neglected Tropical Diseases. He witnessed the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, and participated in relief efforts for injured people ferried across the Hudson river.

From 2001 to 2004 Orbinski co-chaired MSF's Neglected Diseases Working Group, which created and launched the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi). The DNDi is a global not-for-profit research consortia focused on developing treatments for tropical diseases of the developing world that are largely neglected by profit driven research and development companies. Since its inception, the DNDi has engaged significant international advocacy for neglected tropical diseases, and moreover developed and disseminated two antimalarial treatments, one new treatment against sleeping sickness, one new treatment against Visceral leishmaniasis, a set of treatments for Visceral leishmaniasis in Asia, and a pediatric dosage formulation for Chagas Disease. These new drugs are now available to millions of people. DNDi also has a development portfolio of over 30 lead compounds targeting neglected diseases.

In 2004, Orbinski became a research scientist at St. Michael's Hospital and professor of both medicine and political science at the University of Toronto. The medical journal The Lancet recognized one of his co-authored papers on HIV/AIDS treatment adherence as among the 20 most significant medical research papers of that year (2006). Another 2002 paper in The Lancet that he co-authored analyzing the lack of research for neglected diseases has been recognized as "one of the most important scholarly articles that shaped scholarship in the field of global health in the post Second World War years."

Orbinski was promoted to full Professor of Medicine in 2010 at the University of Toronto. From 2012 to 2017, he was CIGI Research Chair in Global Health at the Balsillie School of International Affairs, and Professor of International Policy and Governance at the Wilfrid Laurier University. Orbinski was the 2016-2017 Fulbright visiting professor on Health at University of California, Irvine. As of September 1, 2017 he is professor and inaugural director of the Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research at York University, in Toronto, Canada.

He remains closely associated with the University of Toronto, as founding Saul Rae Fellow at Massey College, Senior Fellow at the Munk School of Global Affairs, and as Professor of Medicine at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health.

Books and films
Orbinski's best-selling 2008 book, 'An Imperfect Offering: Humanitarian Action for the 21st Century', recounts his experiences as a physician working for MSF throughout the 1990s, including a "harrowing personal account" as MSF Chief of Mission in Rwanda during the genocide. It also explores the political context for medical humanitarianism, and some of the challenges for humanitarianism in the 21st Century. 'An Imperfect Offering' has been translated into five languages and has won the Writers' Trust of Canada's 2009 Shaughnessy Cohen Award for best political writing in Canada. It was also one of five books nominated for the 2008 Canadian Governor General's Literary Award in non-fiction, and was selected as one of National Public Radio's 2008 Top Five Political & Current Affairs Books.

Orbinski is the subject of the award-winning 2005 CBC documentary 'Evil Revisited', which documented his visit to Rwanda on the tenth anniversary of the genocide, his first such visit since the violence.'

He was also the subject of the award-winning and internationally acclaimed documentary film on medial humanitarianism, Triage: Dr. James Orbinski's Humanitarian Dilemma, which follows Orbinski's return to Somalia, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Triage was screened at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival, and won the Amnesty International Gold Medal Award. It was released in theatres across Canada in the fall of 2008, and was televised in Canada and the US in 2009. In 2011 'Triage' was incorporated into the "War and Medicine" at the Canadian War Museum.

Activist
Orbinski was a co-founder of McMaster University's Health Reach Program that investigates and promotes the health of children in war zones, and he was a founding member of MSF Canada in 1990. In 2004, he co-founded Dignitas International, a hybrid medical/research non-government organization focusing on transforming global health for the most vulnerable. Dignitas remains at the forefront of addressing chronic and extreme humanitarian vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. It is also committed to continuing to improve health systems and the quality of patient care, and to the transformational power of research. Through a 12-year partnership with the Malawi Ministry of Health, more than 1.4 million people have been tested for HIV infection, and more than 270,000 people have been started on treatment for AIDS in three hospitals and in 165 remote village based clinics in the southern region of Malawi. Dignitas trains more than 500 Malawian health care workers a year, and maintains an extensive and ongoing research platform. It has published more than fifty major research papers, many of which have transformed patient care, health systems, and health policy. As of 2014 and in partnership with the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, and the Sioux Lookout First Nations Health Authority, Dignitas has also established an Aboriginal Health Partners Program focused on the health needs of First Nations Communities in Northern Ontario, Canada. Since 2017, Dignitas has committed to exploring, defining and participating in a research collaboration on the health impacts of climate change.

Orbinski is also a founding board member of the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, the Stephen Lewis Foundation and Canadian Doctors for Medicare. A founding board member of the editorial boards of Open Medicine and Conflict and Health, he also sits on the editorial board of Ars Medica. Orbinski additionally serves on the advisory boards of Global Policy, Engineers Without Borders (Canada), The Dalai Lama Center for Ethics and Transformative Values at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Incentives for Global Health, the NGO formed to develop the Health Impact Fund proposal. He is a member of the Climate Change and Health Council and the Davos World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Health Care Systems and Cooperation. He was an invited member of the UNEP Scientific Steering committee on Disaster Preparedness and early Warning for Extreme Weather, and in 2011 the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences Expert Panel on Canada's Strategic Role in Global Health. As of 2011, he is an honorary director of the Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (CAPE) and sits on several global health-related advisory boards.

Honours
For his medical humanitarian leadership in Rwanda during the 1994 genocide, Orbinski was awarded the Meritorious Service Cross in 1997, Canada's highest civilian award. His citation reads:

In 2009, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for his contributions as a physician who has worked to improve health care access and delivery in developing countries, and as an advocate for those who have been silenced by war, genocide and mass starvation". In 2010 he was appointed to the Order of Ontario.

In 2011, Orbinski was the recipient of the Walter S. Tarnopolsky Human Rights Award (conferred by the Canadian Superior Court Judges Association, the International Commission of Jurists Canada, the Canadian Bar Association, and the Canadian Association of Law Teachers), recognizing his contributions to domestic and international human rights. That year, he was the Mark Wainberg lecturer at the Canadian Association for HIV Research Conference. Orbinski was the recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012, the University of California Human Security Award in 2015, and the Teasdale Corti Award in 2016, given by Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, recognizing his contributions to medicine and humanitarianism.

In 2001, Orbinski was awarded the honorary degree, Doctor of Laws, from Trent University.  He was awarded a second honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Windsor in 2006.  In 2007, he received a Doctor of Laws from Queen's University and in 2009, was awarded an additional two honorary degrees from the University of Calgary and Laurentian University, at the Northern Ontario School of Medicine's charter class graduation. In 2012 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Alberta. Orbinski received an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from St Francis Xavier University in 2014, and the Loyola Medal from Concordia University in 2017.

In 2017, Orbinski was one of the recipients of the Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Awards presented by Canadian Immigrant Magazine.

See also

 Triage: Dr. James Orbinski's Humanitarian Dilemma
 An Imperfect Offering, book by Orbinski
 Dignitas International
 Médecins Sans Frontières

References

External links
Dignitas International - Dr. James Orbinski
Dr. Orbinski - National Speakers Bureau Profile
Access to Medicines Campaign

Living people
Canadian humanitarians
Canadian people of Polish descent
University of Toronto alumni
McMaster University alumni
Trent University alumni
Canadian public health doctors
University of Windsor alumni
Canadian non-fiction writers
1960 births
Médecins Sans Frontières
Officers of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of Ontario
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Decoration

James Orbinski


Numeroase organizații care au utilizat denumirea de "Ku Klux Klan" sau care s-au desprins din alte grupuri asociate acestei mișcări există încă din anii 1860.

Perioada Reconstrucției

În perioada Reconstrucției au existat o serie de grupuri paramilitare supremaciste a căror scop principal era să reziste procesului de reconstrucție. Deși organizația Ku Klux Klan era cea mai cunoscută din acea perioadă, existau și alte grupări care din punct de vedere ideologic nu puteau fi distinse de aceștia.

 Bloody Knights of the Klu Klux Klan
 Chester Conservative Clan
 Conservative Club
 Constitutional Union Guard
 Heggies Scouts
 Innocents Club
 Invisible Empire
 Knights of the Black Cross
 Knights of the Confederacy
 Knights of the Red Hand
 Knights of the Rising Sun
 Knights of the White Camelia
 Knights of the White Carnation
 Ku Klux Klan
 Moderators
 Night Owls
 Order of the Pale Faces
 Red Caps
 Red Shirts
 Regulators
 Southern Cross
 Washington Brothers
 White Brotherhood
 White League
 Yellow Jackets
 Young Men's Democratic Club

1877-1914
Între perioada Reconstrucției și 1915, anul nașterii celui de-al doilea Klan, au existat câteva grupuri "intermediare" a căror stil era similar cu cel al Klanului; acestea acționau în zonele în care procesul de reconstrucție nu a fost inițiat. În unele localități existau așa-numitele "decency committees" care atacau criminalii, prostituatele, bețivii, iar în unele cazuri persoanele de culoare, ameridienii, mexicanii, asiato-americanii, imigranții europeni, catolicii, mormonii, evreii și ateii. Îmbracămintea utilizată de către aceștia era asemănătoare cu cea a Ku Klux Klanului.

 Indiana White Caps
 Whitecapping
 Jaybirds
 Anti-Bald Knobbers
 White Man's Union

1915-1944

În perioada celui de-al doilea Klan, mișcarea Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Inc. a devenit cea mai influentă fracțiune a Klanului. Au existat și alte grupuri independente precum Knights of the Flaming Sword, înființat de William J. Simmons, și Klan of America, înființat de D. C. Stephenson, Grand Dragon în Indiana. În anii '30 au luat naștere primele primele grupuri cu tentă fasciste precum Black Legion și Knights of the White Camelia. În aceeași perioadă, anumite grupuri asociate KKK au încercat să ia legătura cu mișcările pro-naziste și fasciste ca German American Bund și Silver Legion of America.

 American Order of Clansmen
 Associated Klans
 Black Legion
 Knights of American Protestantism
 Knights of the Flaming Sword
 Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Inc.
 Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of Canada
 Knights of Mary Phagan
 Knights of the White Camelia
 Minute Men of America

1944-1954
În perioada dintre sfârșitul celui de-Al Doilea Război Mondial și decizia Curții Supreme cu privire la segregarea din școlile americane, un număr mic de "asociații" locale ale Klanului erau încă active, mare parte din ele în sud-estul SUA. Se materializau primele legături dintre Ku Klux Klan și mișcarea Identitatea Creștină.

 Association of Georgia Klans
 Association of Carolina Klans
 Federated Ku Klux Klans
 Florida Ku Klux Klan, Inc.
 Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of America
 Original Southern Klans, Inc.

1954-1969

În perioada mișcării pentru drepturile civile din anii '60, numărul grupurilor Ku Klux Klan a început să crească, motivul fiind reprezentat de procesul de desegregare. Alte subiecte pe care membrii organizației le urau erau contracultura anilor '60, sindicatele, divorțul, evoluționismul, liberalism și așa-numitul iudeo-bolșevismul. În această perioada, Ku Klux Klanul a intrat în contact cu grupări supremaciste precum Citizens' Councils, Partidul Nazist American și National States' Rights Party.

 Association of Arkansas Klans
 Association of South Carolina Klans
 Dixie Klans, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc.
 Gulf Coast Ku Klux Klan
 Imperial Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of Florida
 Militant Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 North Carolina Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy
 U.S. Klans
 United Florida Ku Klux Klan
 United Klans of America
 White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

1970-prezent

În ultimele decade ale secolului XX și primii ani ai secolului XXI au reprezentat o perioadă grea pentru Ku Klux Klan deoarece majoritatea populației respingeau valorile și perspectivele acestora, iar instituțiile au început să-i urmărească penal. O mare parte din fracțiunile Klanului au început să încheie alianțe cu neonaziștii, cu grupurile de skinhead-i și cu cele paramilitare. O serie de subiecte controversate exploatate de aceștia în prezent sunt imigrația ilegală, acțiunea afirmativă, căsătoria între persoane de același sex, avortul, terorismul islamic și rugăciunea în școli.

 American White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Aryan Nations Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Australian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Bayou Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Brotherhood of Klans
 California Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Carolina Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Church of the American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Church of the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Confederate Knights of America
 Columbus Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Constitutional Knights of the KKK
 Dixie Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Georgia Knight Riders, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Federation of Klans
 Empire Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 European White Knights of the Burning Cross
 European White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Imperial Klans of America
 Imperial Russian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 International Brotherhood of the KKK
 Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Justice Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Louisiana White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Kajun Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Kanadian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Keltic Kirk Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Keystone Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Knights Party
 Golden Circle Knighthood of the Ku Klux Klan
 Knights of the Iron Cross
 Knights of the White Camelia
 Knights of Yahweh
 Ku Klos Knights of the KKK
 Ku Klux Klan LLC
 Ku Klux Klan of Colorado
 Ku-Klux-Klan West Germany
 Ku Klux Klan of Texas
 Militia Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Minute men Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Mississippi White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Mystic Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 National Socialist Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Native American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of Bradford County, Florida
 New Jersey Ku Klux Klan
 New Mexico Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 New Order Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Patriot Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Rebel Brigade Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Republic Krusaders of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc.
 Templar Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 Traditional Christian Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 United Kingdom's Knights of the Fiery Cross
 United Northern & Southern Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 United White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
 White Kamellia Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

Vezi și

 Istoria Ku Klux Klan în New Jersey
 Lideri ai Ku Klux Klan
 Ku Klux Klan

Note

Listă de organizații Ku Klux Klan
Liste de organizații

Listă de organizații Ku Klux Klan


Un memorándum de entendimiento (MDE, o MOU por sus siglas en inglés de memorandum of understanding) es un documento que describe un acuerdo bilateral o multilateral entre partes. El mismo expresa una convergencia de deseo entre las partes, indicando la intención de emprender una línea de acción común. A menudo es utilizado en casos en los cuales las partes no desean emprender un compromiso legal o en situaciones en las cuales las partes no pueden crear un acuerdo legalmente obligatorio. Es una alternativa un poco más formal a un acuerdo de caballeros.

En algunos casos dependiendo de las palabras exactas, los MDE pueden tener el poder vinculante de un contrato; en lo que respecta a la ley, no es preciso que esto sea aclarado en los contratos para que los mismos sean legalmente vinculantes. El hecho de que un documento sea un contrato legalmente vinculante solo depende de la presencia o no de ciertos elementos legales en el texto del documento. Situaciones tales como el incluir cláusulas específicas de liberación de efectos legales, o falla del MDE de incluir los elementos necesarios para que sea un contrato válido (tal como la ausencia de consideración en jurisdicciones de derecho anglosajón (common law), por ejemplo llevan a que el MDE no tenga el poder legal de un contrato).

En derecho privado

En Estados Unidos, en el ámbito del derecho privado, un MDE es un sinónimo común de una carta de intención. Un ejemplo de esto es el MDE entre Bush y Kerry para los debates presidenciales del 2004.

Dentro de una empresa o agencia gubernamental

Muchas compañías y agencias gubernamentales utilizan los MDE para definir las relaciones entre departamentos, agencias o compañías.
En el Reino Unido, tales MDE a menudo son denominados concordatos. Un ejemplo es el «Concordato entre los organismos que inspeccionan, regulan y auditan la salud o sistemas médicos» del año 2004. A menudo, el término es utilizado en el contexto de devolution; por ejemplo, el concordato de 1999 entre el Departamento Central del Medio Ambiente, Alimentos y Temas rurales y la Dirección Escocesa del Medio Ambiente.

En el derecho público internacional

En las relaciones internacionales, los MDE caen dentro de la categoría de tratados y deben ser registrados en la base de datos de tratados de las Naciones Unidas, sólo si existe intención de generar obligaciones legales entre las partes. En la práctica, y a pesar de la insistencia de la sección Legal de Naciones Unidas de que el registro debe realizarse para evitar la «diplomacia secreta», a veces, los MDE son confidenciales. Desde un punto de vista legal, el título de MDE no significa necesariamente que el documento sea vinculante o no de acuerdo al derecho internacional. Para determinar si un MDE en particular está concebido para ser un documento legalmente vinculante (por ejemplo, un tratado), se debe analizar la intención de las partes como también la posición de los firmantes (por ejemplo, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores vs. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente). Un análisis cuidadoso del texto permitirá aclarar la naturaleza exacta del documento. La Corte Internacional de Justicia ha dado algunos lineamientos en cuanto a la determinación sobre el estatus legal de un documento en el caso testigo Qatar v. Bahrain, 1 de julio de 1994.

Ventajas

Una ventaja de los MDE comparados con otros instrumentos formales es que, dado que se pueden evitar las obligaciones bajo el derecho internacional, los MDE pueden ser implementados en muchos países sin necesidad de conseguir una aprobación por parte del parlamento. Por lo tanto, a menudo los MDE son utilizados para modificar y adaptar tratados existentes, en cuyo caso estos MDE poseen un estatus de tratados de facto. Sin embargo, la decisión sobre su ratificación es determinada por las leyes internas de las partes y depende en gran medida del tema bajo consideración.
Los MDE que se mantienen confidenciales (o sea, que no se registran en las Naciones Unidas) no pueden ser exigibles ante un organismo de las Naciones Unidas, y se puede concluir que, en estos casos, no se han establecido obligaciones según el derecho internacional. Tal como fue obvio en el caso Catar vs. Baréin, pueden surgir disputas sobre el estatus del documento cuando una de las partes intenta hacer cumplir sus cláusulas o acuerdos.

Aunque pocas veces se observan MDE de características multilaterales, los acuerdos de aviación internacional son MDE .

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Guía de escritura de Memorandums de entendimiento Department of Homeland Security SAFECOM Program MoU Writing Guide.
 Memorándum de entendimiento sobre la condicionalidad de las normas del sector financiero julio de 2012.

Documentos

Memorándum de entendimiento


{{Titre mis en forme|Saison 19 d''}}

La dix-neuvième saison d''' est diffusée pour la première fois aux États-Unis sur la chaîne TBS à partir du . En France, la saison est disponible depuis le 21 décembre 2022 sur la plateforme de streaming Disney+.

Épisodes

19

Saison 19 d'American Dad!