Max Vernon Mathews (November 13, 1926 in Columbus, Nebraska, US – April 21, 2011 in San Francisco, CA, US) was an American pioneer of computer music.

Biography
 Max Vernon Mathews was born in Columbus, Nebraska, by two science schoolteachers. His father in particular taught physics, chemistry and biology in the Peru High School  of Nebraska, where he was also the principal. His father allowed him to learn and play in the physics, biology and chemistry laboratories, where he enjoyed making lots of things from motors to mercury barometers. At the age of 9, when students are usually introduced to algebra, he started to study by himself the subject with few other students. That was because the vast majority of population there were farmers and their sons weren't interested about learning algebra, since it isn't useful for the everyday work. In the same way he studied calculus, but he never graduated from high school.

After a period as a radar repairman in the navy, where he felt in love with electronics, Mathews decide to study electrical engineering at the California Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, receiving a Sc.D. in 1954. Working at Bell Labs, Mathews wrote MUSIC, the first widely used program for sound generation, in 1957. For the rest of the century, he continued as a leader in digital audio research, synthesis, and human-computer interaction as it pertains to music performance. In 1968, Mathews and L. Rosler developed Graphic 1, an interactive graphical sound system on which one could draw figures using a light-pen that would be converted into sound, simplifying the process of composing computer generated music.  Also in 1970, Mathews and F. R. Moore developed the GROOVE (Generated Real-time Output Operations on Voltage-controlled Equipment) system, a first fully developed music synthesis system for interactive composition and realtime performance, using 3C/Honeywell DDP-24 (or DDP-224) minicomputers. It used a CRT display to simplify the management of music synthesis in realtime, 12bit D/A for realtime sound playback, an interface for analog devices, and even several controllers including a musical keyboard, knobs, and rotating joysticks to capture realtime performance.

Although MUSIC was not the first attempt to generate sound with a computer (an Australian CSIRAC computer played tunes as early as 1951), Mathews fathered generations of digital music tools. He described his work in parental terms, in the following excerpt from "Horizons in Computer Music", March 8–9, 1997, Indiana University:

In 1961, Mathews arranged the accompaniment of the song "Daisy Bell" for an uncanny performance by computer-synthesized human voice, using technology developed by John Kelly, Carol Lochbaum, Joan Miller and Lou Gerstman of Bell Laboratories. Author Arthur C. Clarke was coincidentally visiting friend and colleague John Pierce at the Bell Labs Murray Hill facility at the time of this remarkable speech synthesis demonstration and was so impressed that he later told Stanley Kubrick to use it in 2001: A Space Odyssey, in the climactic scene where the HAL 9000 computer sings while his cognitive functions are disabled.

Mathews directed the Acoustical and Behavioral Research Center at Bell Laboratories from 1962 to 1985, which carried out research in speech communication, visual communication, human memory and learning, programmed instruction, analysis of subjective opinions, physical acoustics, and industrial robotics. From 1974 to 1980 he was the Scientific Advisor to the Institute de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM), Paris, France, and since 1987 has been Professor of Music (Research) at Stanford University. He served as the Master of Ceremonies for the concert program of NIME-01, the inaugural conference on New interfaces for musical expression.

Mathews was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering and a fellow in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Acoustical Society of America, the IEEE, and the Audio Engineering Society. He received a Silver Medal in Musical Acoustics from the Acoustical Society of America, and the Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et Lettres, République Française.

The Max portion of the software package Max/MSP is named after him (the MSP portion is named for Miller Puckette, who teaches at UC San Diego).

Mathews died on the morning of 21 April 2011 in San Francisco, California of complications from pneumonia. He was 84. He was survived by his wife, Marjorie, his three sons and six grandchildren.

See also
 Qwartz Electronic Music Awards
 Algorithmic composition
 Graphical sound

References

External links

 the GROOVE System on '120 Years Of Electronic Music'
The Digital Computer as a Musical Instrument; Science, Volume 142, Issue 3592, pp. 553–557 1963–11
 Max Mathews at cSounds.com
 Max Mathews received the Qwartz d'Honneur – 2008
 Max Matthews 1926–2011 on Stretta blog
 Max Mathews 1926–2011 by Geeta Dayal, Frieze Magazine, May 9, 2011
 Max Mathews, Computer Music Pioneer, R.I.P.
 Max Mathews interview in Computer Music Journal by Tae Hong Park
 The GROOVE System
Max Mathews Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection March 29, 2007

1926 births
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
2011 deaths
American electrical engineers
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Scientists at Bell Labs
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
California Institute of Technology alumni
People from Columbus, Nebraska
Articles containing video clips

Max Mathews


Toni Michele Braxton (born October 7, 1967) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. She has sold over 70 million records worldwide and is one of the best-selling female artists in history. Braxton has won seven Grammy Awards, nine Billboard Music Awards, seven American Music Awards, and numerous other accolades. In 2011, Braxton was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. In 2017 she was honored with the Legend Award at the Soul Train Music Awards.

In the late 1980s, Braxton began performing with her sisters in a music group known as The Braxtons; the group was signed to Arista Records. After attracting the attention of producers Antonio "L.A." Reid and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds and being signed to LaFace Records, Braxton released her self-titled debut studio album in 1993. The album reached number one on the Billboard 200 chart and sold 10 million copies worldwide. In addition, the singles "Another Sad Love Song" and "Breathe Again" became international successes. The album brought Braxton three Grammy Awards, including the Grammy for Best New Artist.

Braxton experienced continued success with the albums Secrets (1996), which included the U.S. #1 hit singles "You're Makin' Me High/Let It Flow" and "Un-Break My Heart"; and The Heat (2000), which opened at #2 on the Billboard 200 and included the U.S. #2 hit single "He Wasn't Man Enough". Braxton's subsequent studio albums, More Than a Woman (2002), Libra (2005) and Pulse (2010), were released amid contractual disputes and health issues. In 2014, Braxton and longtime collaborator Babyface released a duet album entitled Love, Marriage & Divorce that earned the duo a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album in 2015. Further label changes saw the release of Sex & Cigarettes (2018) under Def Jam/Universal and Spell My Name (2020) under Island.

Braxton is also a television executive producer and personality. She competed in the seventh season of the reality competition series Dancing with the Stars. She has executive produced and starred in Braxton Family Values, a reality television series that aired on We TV from 2011 to 2020. Braxton was also an executive producer of  Tamar & Vince, a spinoff reality TV series starring her younger sister, Tamar.

Early life
Toni Michele Braxton was born in Severn, Maryland, on October 7, 1967. Her father, Michael Conrad Braxton Sr., was a Methodist clergyman and power company worker, and her mother, Evelyn Jackson, a native of South Carolina, was a former opera singer and cosmetologist, as well as a pastor. Braxton's maternal grandfather was also a pastor.

Braxton is the eldest of six siblings. She has a younger brother Michael Jr. (born 1968) and four younger sisters Traci Renee (1971 - 2022), Towanda Chloe (born 1973), Trina Evette (born 1974), and Tamar Estine (born 1977). They were raised in a strict religious household, and Braxton's first performing experience was singing in her church choir.

Braxton attended Bowie State University to obtain a teaching degree, but decided to sing professionally after she was discovered by William E. Pettaway Jr., who reportedly heard her singing to herself while pumping gas.

On her appearance May 24, 2014, broadcast of NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, she stated that she was not singing to herself at the gas station. Pettaway, working as an attendant at the Annapolis service station where she was refueling, recognized her from local performances and introduced himself, saying he wanted to produce her. Although skeptical, Braxton decided to, in her words, "take a chance" and accepted.

Career

1989–1995: The Braxtons, Toni Braxton and breakthrough

Braxton and her four sisters Traci, Towanda, Trina, and Tamar began performing as The Braxtons in the late 1980s and were signed to Arista Records in 1989. Their first single, "Good Life", was released in 1990. Though the song was not successful, it attracted the attention of record executive Antonio "L.A." Reid and record producer Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds. Reid and Babyface recruited her to record a demo of "Love Shoulda Brought You Home", a song that they had written for Anita Baker for the soundtrack of Eddie Murphy's film, Boomerang. Baker, who was pregnant at the time, did not record the song but suggested that Braxton record it. Her recording was later included on the soundtrack along with "Give U My Heart", a duet by Braxton and Babyface. Braxton, meanwhile, was signed to Reid and Edmonds' Arista-distributed imprint, LaFace Records, and immediately began recording her solo debut album.

In July 1993, LaFace released Braxton's self-titled debut album. Primarily produced by Reid, Babyface, and Daryl Simmons, it peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 and entered the top ten of the albums chart in Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The first single, "Another Sad Love Song", peaked at number seven and number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and R&B Singles charts respectively. The album's second single, "Breathe Again", peaked in the top five of both the Hot 100 and R&B singles charts and no 2 in the UK. More singles from Toni Braxton were released in 1994, including "You Mean the World to Me", "Seven Whole Days", and "I Belong to You/How Many Ways".

Braxton's debut album won her several awards, including three Grammy Awards (for Best New Artist and two consecutive awards for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance in 1994 and 1995). She won two American Music Awards (for Favorite Soul/R&B New Artist and Favorite New Adult Contemporary Artist) in 1994 and another one in 1995 (for Favorite Soul/R&B Album). Toni Braxton was certified 8× platinum in USA and has sales of over 10 million worldwide.

1996–1999: Secrets and financial issues
In June 1996, Braxton released her second album Secrets. Motivated "to include a little bit of everything," Braxton reteamed with Babyface, but also worked with R. Kelly, Tony Rich, and David Foster on the album, which she co-produced. A major success, it peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 and reached the top ten on most international charts. After 92 weeks in the charts, Secrets was certified 8× platinum, becoming Braxton's second straight 8 million-seller. Internationally, Secrets sold more than 15 million copies, further cementing Braxton's superstar status. The album's first single, "You're Makin' Me High", marked Braxton's first number-one hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, while follow-up "Un-Break My Heart", a ballad written and composed by Diane Warren, became the biggest hit of Braxton's career yet. It spent eleven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot 100 and enjoyed worldwide top five success.

As a result, Braxton topped several of Billboards year-end charts, and won two Grammy Awards; one for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Un-Break My Heart" and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "You're Makin' Me High" as well as two American Music Awards for Favorite Female Soul/R&B Artist and Favorite Soul/R&B Album. Still waiting on her financial rewards, Braxton eventually launched an unsuccessful lawsuit against Arista and LaFace Records. Soon after, she filed for chapter 7 bankruptcy. Public reaction to these events was very harsh, having been expressed most clearly in an interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show.

Braxton has appeared in two Disney Broadway shows: She made her Broadway debut as Belle in Beauty and the Beast beginning September 9, 1998, when she replaced Kim Huber. During her run in the show Alan Menken wrote and composed a new song for the musical, titled "A Change in Me", which he specially wrote and composed for Braxton, and was still being used in the musical as of late July 2014. She left the production on February 28, 1999, and was succeeded by Andrea McArdle. Her role in Beauty and the Beast marked the first (and only) time a black woman commanded the leading role of Belle on Broadway. (In the UK, Michelle Gayle played the role in the West End.) It also marked the first time a black woman would star in a Disney musical on Broadway. In 1999, the lawsuit against LaFace Records was settled and Braxton was given back all her possessions, giving her time to record The Heat, her first album in four years.

2000–2002: The Heat, More Than a Woman, and acting debut
After her three-year-long dispute with LaFace and Arista had been settled, Braxton signed a new $20 million contract. In April 2000, her third studio album, The Heat was released. Braxton took a more hands-on approach, co-writing and co-producing a handful of the tracks which saw her adapting a more urban sound. It opened at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 199,000 copies sold in its first week, eventually going double platinum in the United States, while selling over 4 million copies worldwide.  Additionally, the album was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2001 Grammy Awards, while uptempo lead single "He Wasn't Man Enough", a worldwide top ten hit, won for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and was nominated for Best R&B Song.

In 2001, Braxton made her movie acting debut in director Doug McHenry's comedy film Kingdom Come opposite an ensemble also starring LL Cool J, Jada Pinkett Smith, and Whoopi Goldberg A modest box-office success, it grossed $23.4 million worldwide. The same year, Braxton recorded and released the Christmas album Snowflakes which consisted R&B–led original songs co-penned with Keri Lewis and Babyface as well as several remixes and cover versions of Christmas standards and carols. It received a mixed reception by critics, many of whom compared its nature to Braxton's other work but found the stylized production and original material too contemporary to conjure images of Christmas, and failed to reach the upper half of the Billboard 200, eventually going gold in the United States.

In 2002, while gearing up for the release of her fourth studio album, Braxton discovered she was pregnant with her second child. Knowing that she would be unable to promote the album properly, she unsuccessfully lobbied Arista Records to get the label to postpone its release until after she was to give birth. In November 2002,  More Than a Woman was released. Opening to an instant commercial disappointment, the album peaked at number 13 on the US Billboard 200, but was less successful internationally. The first single "Hit the Freeway" failed to impact, resulting in lackluster sales in general and the release of no further singles. More Than a Woman was eventually certified gold in the United States and sold more than 800,000 copies worldwide.

2003–2007: Libra and Las Vegas residency
In April 2003, Braxton abruptly left Arista Records, having been there for 14 years, and immediately signed with Blackground Records, headed by Barry Hankerson, her manager at the time. She then starred in Aida as Aida beginning June 30, 2003, when she replaced actress Simone, until she left the cast on November 16, 2003. In April 2005, Braxton's new label, Blackground/Universal, released "Please", the first single from her fifth album, Libra. The album was originally planned for a June release, but it was pushed back several times and was finally issued on September 27. Libra peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200, selling 114,593 copies in the first week, and peaked at number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album was certified gold in late 2005 and has since sold 679,000 copies worldwide.

 In May 2005, Braxton made an appearance on the season finale of American Idol 5, where she performed Elvis Presley's "In the Ghetto" with soon-to-be winner Taylor Hicks. A month later, "The Time of Our Lives", a duet with classical crossover vocal group Il Divo, was released as a single, serving as the official 2006 FIFA World Cup anthem. Braxton performed the song, which entered the top ten in Switzerland, at the opening ceremony in Berlin on June 9, 2005. In August 2006, Braxton replaced singer Wayne Newton as the Flamingo Las Vegas's new headlining act. The show, entitled Toni Braxton: Revealed, was to be performed six nights a week and was scheduled to run through to March 2007. Braxton later confirmed that she was extending her show through to August 2007. Due to its success, it was reported that Braxton would extend her show through to August 2008, though the show was later cancelled in order for Braxton to focus on her health after being diagnosed with microvascular angina.

On January 12, 2007, Braxton filed a $10 million lawsuit against her former manager Barry Hankerson, alleging "fraud, deception and double dealing", in addition to mismanaging her relationship with Arista Records. According to Braxton's lawsuit, Hankerson placed his personal financial interests ahead of hers by using 'double-talk' to compromise the relationship between Braxton and her former label, with Hankerson allegedly telling Arista that "Braxton no longer wanted to record for Arista," and telling Braxton that "Arista was not interested in working with her anymore". The suit was settled with Braxton being forced to return a $375,000 advance to Hankerson, who would also receive a percentage of the sales of her next album, and Hankerson releasing Braxton from her contract with him. The settlement also temporarily limited the companies with which Braxton could sign. Hankerson claimed that the problems initially arose due to a number of disputes with Braxton and her wish to include her husband in her music.

2008–2012: Pulse and television
Following the abrupt cancellation of her Toni Braxton: Revealed show, Braxton experienced financial difficulties when insurance agency Lloyd's of London refused to honor her policy that she purchased for upwards of $70,000 that included financial compensations for financial losses. Lloyd's responded with a counter-suit seeking damages against her because of an unrelated heart condition that the company was not made aware of at the time the application was filed. When Braxton acknowledged that she did not disclose her full medical history at the time, she got on the hook for all damages because of the cancelled shows, being sued by multiple companies, and had to once again file for bankruptcy. In September 2008, Braxton appeared on the seventh season of American dance competition series Dancing with the Stars; her partner was Alec Mazo. They were voted off in the fifth week of the competition.

In 2009, Braxton signed to Atlantic Records and began work on her next studio album. In February 2010, she was part of the supergroup Artists for Haiti who recorded "We Are the World 25 for Haiti", a remake of the 1985 hit "We Are the World", to help benefit the people of Haiti following the magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake. Three months later, Pulse, her seventh studio album, was released. A collection of up-tempo songs and R&B ballads with production varying from smooth to dance-based styles, it debuted at number nine on the US Billboard 200, selling 54,000 copies in its first week, and topped the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, becoming Braxton's fifth US top-ten album. A moderate chart success elsewhere, it reached the top ten in Switzerland, and the top 20 in Germany and Greece. While critical reception of Pulse was generally positive, its singles "Yesterday", "Hands Tied" and "Make My Heart" achieved moderate chart success.

In 2011, Braxton signed with WE tv for a reality series, Braxton Family Values. Chronicling the lives of Braxton and her sisters Tamar, Traci, Towanda, and Trina, plus their mother Evelyn, the series debuted on April 12, 2011. It received favorable reviews from critics who recognized it as a "guilty pleasure" and spawned several seasons and spin-offs. In September 2011, Braxton parted ways with her long-time manager Vincent Herbert, husband of sister Tamar, and signed a new management deal with Los Angeles-based entertainment/production company The Collective. In March 2012, she released  the standalone single "I Heart You", a dance-pop, EDM and house song that peaked at number one on the US Dance Club Songs. Also that year, Braxton played Rosalie Rosebud, a singer with an over-the-top personality, in the children's musical adventure comedy film The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure alongside Jaime Pressly and Cloris Leachman, and began filming a lead role in the Lifetime Movie Network film Twist of Faith which premiered the following year.

2013–2014: Love, Marriage and Divorce, Broadway return, and biographical film
In 2013, Braxton and longtime creative music partner Babyface began work on their collaborative studio album Love, Marriage & Divorce which was released in February 2014 under Motown Records. It received favorable reviews from music critics, who labeled it as "high-quality R&B", and debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200 and the top of the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with first-week sales of 67,000 copies.  Love, Marriage & Divorce was nominated for World's Best Album at the 2014 World Music Awards and won for Best R&B Album at the 57th Grammy Awards. Lead single "Hurt You" reached number one on the US Adult R&B Songs, becoming Braxton's first song to do so since her 2000 release "Just Be a Man About It". The song also hit number 16 on Billboard Hot R&B/ Hip Hop Airplay chart.

Braxton, alongside Babyface, made her return to Broadway in the musical After Midnight in March 2014. The third in rotation in the role of "Special Guest Star" following Fantasia Barrino and KD Lang, they performed from March 18 to 31, 2014 at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre. In May 2014, Braxton published a memoir, Unbreak My Heart: A Memoir, through Harper Collins Publishers. In it, Braxton discusses her career success and struggles and the self-healing she took charge of after her own diagnosis with the auto-immune disease lupus and her son's diagnosis with autism. In October 2015, Toni along with The Braxtons released the holiday album Braxton Family Christmas on Def Jam Recordings. Comprising cover versions of Christmas standards and carols as well as several original songs, it debuted and peaked at number 27 on the US Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

Lifetime premiered the biographical film Toni Braxton: Unbreak My Heart, based on Braxton's memoir, in January 2016; actress Lex Scott Davis portrayed Braxton in the film. The biopic's premiere generated 3.6 million viewers. In July, Braxton announced that she would embark on a concert tour, titled The Hits Tour, that October. She was hospitalized on October 3, five days before the tour was scheduled to begin, due to complications with lupus, resulting in the cancellation of the tour's first two dates. Braxton was admitted to hospital again on October 15, leading to another tour date cancellation, which was later rescheduled. In December, she announced that the January 2017 concert dates had been canceled.

2017–2019: Sex & Cigarettes, touring, and other ventures
In January 2018, Braxton starred in the Lifetime film Faith Under Fire. In March, her eighth studio album Sex & Cigarettes, her first solo album in eight years, was released on Def Jam Recordings. An adult contemporary R&B album with production from Fred Ball, Babyface, Dapo Torimiro, and Tricky Stewart, it debuted at number 22 on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Sex & Cigarettes received mainly positive reviews from music critics, and was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. Second single "Long as I Live" topped the US Adult R&B Songs, becoming Braxton's eighth chart topper, while breaking a tie with singers Maxwell and R. Kelly to give her sole possession of the second-most number-one's in the chart's 24-year history. It also received Grammy Award nomination for Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song.

Also in 2018, Braxton and Uncle Bud's Hemp products created a joint marketing campaign for the latter's products, which Braxton noted as helpful in her battle against lupus. In April 2018, Braxton and her sisters Trina and Towanda appeared on their sister Traci's single "Broken Things". In November, Braxton and Towanda appeared in the holiday film Every Day is Christmas, which premiered on Lifetime. The same month, she announced her As Long as I Live Tour, a joint concert tour with SWV, which took her to South Africa and the United Kingdom. In June 2019, Braxton headlined the 2019 Pittsburgh Pride festival.

2020–present: New record label and Spell My Name
In April 2020, it was announced that Braxton had signed with Island Records. She released the single, "Do It", her first song under the new deal on April 6, 2020. In May, Braxton released a remix EP for her second single "Dance". On June 26, 2020, Missy Elliott appeared on the official remix to the single "Do It".
Elliott co-produced the track alongside Hannon Lane. On August 4, 2020, Braxton released the music video for "Dance", directed by Mike Ho. On August 27, 2020, Braxton released the song "Nothin'". Braxton's tenth studio Spell My Name was released on August 28, 2020. On October 23, 2020, Braxton released a video for her song "Gotta Move On".

In 2021, Braxton competed on season six of The Masked Singer as "Pufferfish". She was the third to be eliminated during the two-night premiere alongside Dwight Howard as "Octopus" and Vivica A. Fox as "Mother Nature". Despite being unmasked, Braxton kept on a glittered KN95 cloth face mask over her mouth due to her lupus condition. Braxton is an executive producer and star in the 2022 Lifetime movie  The Fallen Angels Murder Club.

Artistry
Braxton has been recognized for her distinctive contralto voice. Her voice has been called "husky, sultry, elegant and sexy." Due to the huskiness of her voice, Braxton often used male singers such as Michael McDonald, Luther Vandross and Stevie Wonder as vocal style models. Chaka Khan and Anita Baker were two of the few female singers that she could stylize. Steve Huey of AllMusic cites a key to Braxton's success is the versatility of her voice, which he states as being "soulful enough for R&B audiences, but smooth enough for adult contemporary; sophisticated enough for adults, but sultry enough for younger listeners; strong enough in the face of heartbreak to appeal to women, but ravishing enough to nab the fellas." In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Braxton at No. 48 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.

Braxton began her career singing traditional R&B and soft rock ballads and love songs on her debut and second albums. However, hip-hop soul and dance music elements begun to get spun into her sound on The Heat, More Than a Woman, and Pulse. She also showcased her classical training while performing in Broadway plays Beauty and the Beast and Aida as well as her duet with Il Divo, "The Time of Our Lives".

Legacy
Toni Braxton became an R&B superstar after the release of her first album. LA Reid stated during an interview with VH1: "We called her the first lady of LaFace. She was our Diva. Clive had Whitney, Tommy had Mariah and we had Toni." BBC called the album "spiritedly, mature soul at its best – and just urban enough to make it the bedroom album for the hip hop generation." Over the span of her career Braxton has sold over 70 million records, including 40 million albums, worldwide. Her hit "Un-Break My Heart", the Diane Warren-penned ballad, spent 11-weeks at number 1. Bob McCann, author of Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television (2010), considered it "simply one of the most haunting R&B records ever made." Reviewer Mark Edward Nero named it one of the best R&B break-up songs and considered it Braxton's "finest moment". He further commented, "damn, this song is so sad it can make people cry for hours at a time."  Braxton is a recipient of seven Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, and nine Billboard Music Awards. She has been cited as an influence by various artists, such as Beyoncé, sister Tamar Braxton, Billie Godfrey, Kelly Clarkson, Leela James, Keyshia Cole, Teyana Taylor, Kehlani,  Sevyn Streeter, Ari Lennox and Anja Nissen.

Braxton's career, she made several impacts on fashion, mostly for her high splits in her dresses. In 2011, Braxton topped the list for the Grammy Award's best dressed of the decade. "I've always gone a little risque with all my other award show outfits." In 2012, Braxton made the list for VH1's 50 Greatest Women in Music. Braxton's 2000 performance at Super Bowl XXXIV is ranked as one of the most memorable Super Bowl performances. Braxton is featured alongside other R&B and pop divas as a primary character on the popular web parody Got 2B Real: The Diva Variety Show. With her Las Vegas residency Toni Braxton: Revealed, she became the first African American performer in Las Vegas to have her act enter the top ten Vegas shows charting. Braxton also made headlines for her Giantto Million Dollar Microphone that she performed every show with. Braxton said: "I think it's a great element to the show. You have to have a little sprinkle of Liberace and this is my little sprinkle of that." Braxton's prop was made up of white gold and encrusted with 650 karats of diamonds. The microphone reportedly cost $1 million.

Braxton has also been seen as a gay icon, with some of her songs becoming gay anthems, such as "Un-Break My Heart", "He Wasn't Man Enough" and "Make My Heart". The singer stated that after the release of "Un-Break My Heart", she "recognized all the support. And it was really wonderful." When asked about her gay fans, Braxton said "I love my boys because my boys help me be a better girl. My choreographer and my video director are gay, and they've been my best friends since I started in the industry. They're my favorite part of the whole industry".

Personal life

Relationships
Braxton met musician Keri Lewis when his group, Mint Condition, opened for her on tour; they married on April 21, 2001. In December 2001, she gave birth to their first child, a son named Denim Cole Braxton-Lewis. In 2002, while gearing up for the release of her fourth studio album, Braxton discovered she was pregnant with her second child; the complicated pregnancy confined her to bed rest. The couple's second son, Diezel Ky Braxton-Lewis, was born in March 2003. As Diezel has been diagnosed with autism, Braxton has become involved with Autism Speaks, serving as their International Spokesperson. In November 2009, Braxton announced that she and her husband had separated. The couple later divorced in July 2013.

In her early 30s, Braxton had an abortion after discovering she was pregnant by then-boyfriend Keri Lewis. In her memoir Unbreak my Heart, Braxton discusses her abortion and guilt, saying that her son Diezel's autism was "God's payback".
In an October 2006 concert at the Flamingo Las Vegas, Braxton broke down in tears while announcing to the audience that just before the concert began she had been told that her son, Diezel, had been diagnosed with autism. Braxton has been outspoken regarding her doctor's failure to diagnose Diezel's condition earlier, contending that if he had been diagnosed earlier he could have received treatment earlier. As well as becoming a spokeswoman for Autism Speaks, she is also a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association.

On July 8, 2015, Braxton's attorney, Antavius Weems, announced that Braxton had settled her contentious child support case with her former husband, Keri Lewis. On June 2, 2016, the city and county officials of Atlanta, Georgia, named June 2 as Toni Braxton Day.

Braxton began dating rapper Birdman in May 2016, and the couple announced their engagement in February 2018. In January 2019, the couple called off the engagement. However, in April 2019, both Braxton and Birdman confirmed that they were still together. But since at least 2022, Braxton has made several television appearances, where she has declared herself single and on the dating scene, which indicates that her relationship with Birdman has ceased.

Health problems
In August 2007, rumors surfaced that Braxton had been diagnosed with breast cancer. She stated to Access Hollywood that the breast cancer rumors were false and that her health was very good. However, in 2008, she had a benign lump removed from her breast. On April 8, 2008, near the end of her two-year run at the Flamingo Hotel, Braxton was briefly hospitalized and the remaining dates on the show, which was scheduled to end on August 23, 2008, were cancelled. Later, while appearing on Season 7 of Dancing with the Stars, she stated, that she has been diagnosed with microvascular angina (small vessel disease).

On November 18, 2010, Braxton revealed to CBS News that she had been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a potentially life-threatening autoimmune disease.

Braxton's uncle died of complications from lupus. While taping her reality series Braxton Family Values, she went into hospital for surgery. Braxton was hospitalized in Los Angeles in December 2012 because of "minor health issues" related to lupus.

Discography

Studio albums
 Toni Braxton (1993)
 Secrets (1996)
 The Heat (2000)
 Snowflakes (2001)
 More Than a Woman (2002)
 Libra (2005)
 Pulse (2010)
 Sex & Cigarettes (2018)
 Spell My Name (2020)

Collaborative albums
 Love, Marriage & Divorce (with Babyface) (2014)

Tours and residencies
Headlining
 Secrets Tour (1996–97)
 Libra Tour (2006)
 2013 Summer Tour (2013)
 The Hits Tour (2016)
 As Long as I Live Tour (2019)

Residencies
 Toni Braxton: Revealed (2006–08)

Awards and nominations

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

See also

 Honorific nicknames in popular music
 List of artists who reached number one in the United States
 List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart
 List of best-selling music artists

References

External links

1967 births
20th-century African-American women singers
20th-century Methodists
21st-century African-American women singers
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Arista Records artists
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Living people
Methodists from Maryland
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Women hip hop record producers

Toni Braxton


1. siječnja
Prva vozila IFOR-a prešla preko pontonskog mosta između Županje i Orašja u Bosnu.
Ponovno uspostavljene telefonske veze između BiH i SRJ nakon tri i pol godine prekida. Veze između BiH i vanjskog svijeta prekinuli bosanski Srbi u ljeto 1992.

2. siječnja
Dva mjeseca nakon izbora, u Zagrebu konstituirana Gradska skupština. Dr. Zdravko Tomac (SDP) predsjednik Skupštine, a Goran Granić (HSLS) - kojeg još treba potvrditi Predsjednik Republike - izabran za gradonačelnika.

3. siječnja
Američki ministar obrane William Perry, u pratnji zapovjednika združenog stožera američke vojske generala Johna Shalikashvilija i zapovjednika NATO snaga u Europi generala Georgea Joulwana, posjetio postrojbe međunarodnih provedbenih snaga kod Županje.

4. siječnja
Hrvatski predsjednik dr. Franjo Tuđman stigao u službeni posjet Bosni i Hercegovini. U Sarajevu svečano ga dočekao predsjednik Predsjedništva BiH Alija Izetbegović.
U Sarajevu održana prva sjednica Zajedničkog vijeća za suradnju Republike Hrvatske i Republike i Federacije BiH. Zaključeno da treba hitno učvrstiti Federaciju BiH.
Hrvatski veleposlanik pri UN-u Mario Nobilo u pismu predsjedavajućem Vijeća sigurnosti odbacio tvrdnju SRJ da postoji teritorijalni spor SRJ i Hrvatske oko Prevlake.

5. siječnja
Gornji dom ruskog parlamenta odobrio odlazak ruskog mirovnog kontingenta u BiH, koji će brojati 1.600 vojnika i 400 časnika.

6. siječnja
U Mostaru, koji je zamišljen kao pokusni primjer u uspostavi Federacije, učestali incidenti, na crti razgraničenja na Bulevaru danas ranjen hrvatski policajac.

7. siječnja
Mostar ponovno podijeljen grad, nakon posljednjih incidenata, Bulevarom - nekadašnjom prvom crtom sukoba Hrvata i Bošnjaka - patroliraju vozila IFOR-a.

8. siječnja
Gradonačelnik istočnog Mostara Safet Oručević zatražio pomoć NATO-a nakon porasta etničkog nasilja u tom gradu, izjavio u Sarajevu glasnogovornik IFOR-a Simon Haselock.

9. siječnja
Predsjednik Tuđman priredio u Predsjedničkim dvorima svečano primanje za članove diplomatsko-konzularnog zbora, te naglasio da će uspjeh u mirnom rješavanju hrvatskih okupiranih područja također djelotvorno utjecati na rješenje krize u BiH.

10. siječnja
Ministar vanjskih poslova Hrvatske dr. Mate Granić u posjetu Beogradu, a u razgovorima s predsjednikom Srbije Slobodanom Miloševićem i ministrom vanjskih poslova SRJ Milanom Milutinovićem dogovoreno otvaranja cestovnog, željezničkog i poštanskog prometa između Hrvatske i SRJ.

11. siječnja
Predsjednik Tuđman odbio potvrditi izbor dr. Gorana Granića za gradonačelnika Zagreba.
Samo tri minute nakon što su srpski teroristi ispalili raketu na sarajevski tramvaj i usmrtili jednu ženu, NATO locirao njihov položaj i uništio ga.
Predsjednik Tuđman u Parizu na pokopu Françoisa Mitterranda.

12. siječnja
U Vijeću sigurnosti UN odgođeno donošenje rezolucije o hrvatskom Podunavlju i rezolucije o Prevlaci.
Srpsko ludilo vlada Ilidžom, u kojoj Srbi danima iskopavaju posmrtne ostatke svoje rodbine kako bi ih ponijeli sa sobom pri napuštanju Sarajeva.

13. siječnja
Američki predsjednik Bill Clinton, nakon obilaska američkih vojnika u Italiji, Mađarskoj i BiH (u Tuzli razgovarao s Alijom Izetbegovićem), posjetio Hrvatsku, gdje je u zagrebačkoj zračnoj luci razgovarao s hrvatskim predsjednikom dr. Tuđmanom.
Armija BiH ušla u dva hrvatska sela u srednjoj Bosni (Alibegovce i Ularice), a snage IFOR-a odvratile obje strane od otvorenog oružanog sukoba.
U Mostaru za novog predsjednika HDZ-a BiH izabran Božo Rajić.

14. siječnja
Ministri Klaus Kinkel, Mate Granić i Muhamed Šaćirbej u Mostaru, a Kinkel izjavio da u sporovima konačnu odluku ima europski upravitelj Hans Koschnik. Ministri postigli suglasnost da se što prije ostvari apsolutna sloboda kretanja, da se odrede granice šest mostarskih općina i da se ujedine policijske snage.

15. siječnja
Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske dr. Franjo Tuđman podnio hrvatskom Saboru izvješće o stanju države i nacije, naglasivši da je velikim političkim i vojnim pobjedama u prošloj godini učvršćena samostalnost hrvatske države.
Vijeće sigurnosti UN, nakon gotovo tjedan dana konzultacija, donijelo dvije rezolucije: o prijelaznoj upravi UN u hrvatskom Podunavlju pod nazivom UNTAES (United Nations Transitional Authority in Eastern Slavonia), te o nastavku privremene prisutnosti promatrača UN na Prevlaci.

16. siječnja
U Splitu dovršena i porinuta u more prva hrvatska podmornica pod imenom Velebit.

17. siječnja
U posjetu Hrvatskoj predsjednik Bugarske Željo Želev. Razgovarao s hrvatskim predsjednikom Tuđmanom. Potpisan Sporazum o prijateljstvu i suradnji.

18. siječnja
Bosanski Srbi jučer se povukli sa svojih položaja na Trebeviću iznad Sarajeva. Pritom spalili svoje bunkere, nastambe i promatračnice.

19. siječnja
Predsjednik Tuđman primio u Zagrebu Richarda Holbrookea - razgovarano o oživotvorenju Federacije BiH i provedbi daytonskih sporazuma. Istaknuta pozitivna uloga Republike Hrvatske, koju SAD smatraju odlučujućom u provedbi spomenutih sporazuma.

20. siječnja
IFOR položio prvi test, u proteklih 30 dana napravio više nego UNPROFOR u tri godine: u roku ispunjena daytonska obveza o povlačenju i razdvajanju snaga HVO-a, Armije BiH i vojske bosanskih Srba.
Američki general-diplomat Jacques Paul Klein, voditelj UNTAES-a, Prijelazne uprave UN-a u istočnoj Slavoniji, obavijestio novinare u New Yorku da će glavni stožer UN-a preseliti iz Zagreba u Vukovar.

21. siječnja
Veleposlanik SAD u Hrvatskoj Galbraith, prilikom posjeta Dubrovniku, istaknuo da je Prevlaka suvereni dio suverene Republike Hrvatske.

22. siječnja
U reintegraciji hrvatskog Podunavlja, nakon razoružanja, uslijedit će uspostava policijske uprave i potom povratak prognanih. Uspostavit će se nacionalna struktura koja je bila prije 1991., a u području ne mogu ostati oni koji su se doselili iz Srbije i BiH, rečeno na konferenciji za novinare hrvatske Vlade u Zagrebu.
Savudrijska vala (Piranski zaljev) i dalje najveći hrvatsko-slovenski spor. Hrvatska nudi Sloveniji najliberalniji režim slobodne plovidbe, ali ne može dati vlastiti teritorij, piše austrijski Kleine Zeitung.
Bosanski Srbi u svibnju i lipnju 1992. na području Brčkog ubili oko 3.000 Muslimana i Hrvata, koji su pokopani u zajedničkoj grobnici blizu tog grada, piše Daily Telegraph.

23. siječnja
Gradonačelnik zapadnog Mostara Mijo Brajković izjavio kako hrvatska strana traži da Mostar bude stolni grad Hrvata u BiH, što je zahtijevano i na početku pregovora o gradu.

24. siječnja
Predsjednik Tuđman primio u Zagrebu šefa misije OESS-a za BiH Roberta Frowicka, te ga upozorio da je temeljni problem za Hrvatsku, iako je problem Mostara velik, uspostava vlade Federacije BiH i vlade BiH.

25. siječnja
Zagrebačka skupština birala novog gradonačelnika, nakon što dr. Goran Granić nije dobio potvrdu od Predsjednika Republike, izabran liberal Jozo Radoš.

26. siječnja
Ministar obrane RH Gojko Šušak primio u Zagrebu budućeg zapovjednika UNTAES-a belgijskog generala Josefa Schoupsa.
Hrvatske izbjeglice nemaju pravo povratka sve dok srpske izbjeglice ne dobiju odgovarajuću odštetu za izgubljenu imovinu i dok im se ne omogući povratak na vjekovna ognjišta, kazao novinarima u Belom Manastiru šef srpskog pregovaračkog tima iz istočne Slavonije Milan Milanović. Slično za NIN rekao i generalni tajnik Srpskog demokratskog foruma u Zagrebu Veljko Džakula.

27. siječnja
U Trstu barem dvije godine djelovala srpska špijunska grupa Zenit, pišu talijanski mediji.
Lord David Owen na predavanju i newyorškom sjedištu UN-a konstatirao kako je Hrvatska najveći pobjednik u ratu, a najveći gubitnik hrvatski Srbi, najviše zbog vlastite nesposobnosti i tvrdoglavosti. Owen rekao i da je multikulturalnost Bosne mit.
Hrvatska strana na heliodromu u Mostaru oslobodila 127 zarobljenika, sada su na redu Srbi i Bošnjaci, kako bi ispoštovali Daytonski sporazum.

28. siječnja
U Londonu otvoreno novo veleposlanstvo Republike Hrvatske.

29. siječnja
Europska unija otvorila pitanje normalizacije odnosa sa SRJ, a pokrenula ga Francuska.

30. siječnja
CIA otkriva nečasnu ulogu britanskog generala i srpskog zaštitnika: Michael Rose sprječavao intervenciju NATO-a protiv bosanskih Srba i za najgroznije zločine, otkriva britanski The Guardian.

31. siječnja
U Palači naroda u Ženevi od danas i službeno prazne prostorije sada već bivše Međunarodne konferencije o bivšoj Jugoslaviji. U stvari njezin rad zamro još prije dvije godine s većim američkim angažmanom u mirovnim pregovorima i osnutkom kontaktne skupine za BiH.
Vijeće sigurnosti UN-a odobrilo slanje u istočnu Slavoniju stotinu vojnih promatrača UN s mandatom od šest mjeseci.
Na sjednici Ustavotvorne skupštine BiH utemeljena Vlada Federacija na čelu s Izudinom Kapetanovićem, te njegovim zamjenikom Dragom Bilandžijom i 12 ministara.

Izvori

1996/1

Kronologija Domovinskog rata: siječanj 1996.


Code Red II is a computer worm similar to the Code Red worm. Released two weeks after Code Red on August 4, 2001, it is similar in behavior to the original, but analysis showed it to be a new worm instead of a variant. Unlike the first, the second has no function for attack; instead it has a backdoor that allows attacks. The worm was designed to exploit a security hole in the indexing software included as part of Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) web server software.

A typical signature of the Code Red II worm appears in a web server log as:

  GET /default.ida?XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  %u9090%u6858%ucbd3%u7801%u9090%u6858%ucbd3%u7801
  %u9090%u6858%ucbd3%u7801%u9090%u9090%u8190%u00c3
  %u0003%u8b00%u531b%u53ff%u0078%u0000%u00=a HTTP/1.0

While the original worm tried to infect other computers at random, Code Red II tries to infect machines on the same subnet as the infected machine.

Microsoft had released a security patch for IIS on June 18, 2001, that fixed the security hole, however not everyone had patched their servers, including Microsoft themselves.

See also

Nimda
Timeline of computer viruses and worms

References

External links
 Original Analysis of Code Red II - analysis by Steve Friedl
 ANALYSIS: CodeRed II Worm - analysis by eEye Digital Security

Exploit-based worms
Hacking in the 2000s

Code Red II


Denham may refer to:

People
Denham (surname)
Denham Price (1940–2013), South African cricketer

Places
In the United Kingdom
 Denham, Buckinghamshire
Denham Aerodrome
Denham Country Park
Denham Film Studios
 Denham railway station
 Denham Roundabout
 Denham, Mid Suffolk, Suffolk
 Denham, St Edmundsbury, Suffolk
 Denham Street, Suffolk
 Corton Denham, Somerset
 Great Denham, Bedfordshire

Elsewhere
 Denham, Western Australia, within Shark Bay
 Denham Town, Kingston, Jamaica
 Denham, Indiana, United States
 Denham, Minnesota, United States
 Den Ham, Twenterand, Netherlands

Other
 Denham baronets, a baronetcy created in 1693

See also
 Dinham (disambiguation)
 Denholm
 Dunham (disambiguation)

Denham


Aegypius jinniushanensis es una especie extinta de buitre del Viejo Mundo que vivió en lo que ahora es China durante mediados del Pleistoceno. Fue descrito por Zihui Zhang, Yunping Huang, Helen F. James y Lianhai Hou in 2012. Esta especie se caracteriza por el menor desarrollo del proceso cigomático y el proceso suprameático, así como un cóndilo occipital mayor, comparados con los del actual A. monachus.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

jinniushanensis
Aves del Pleistoceno
Aves prehistóricas
Aves extintas de Asia
Animales extintos descritos en 2012

Aegypius jinniushanensis


Ligue des communistes peut désigner :
 Ligue des communistes, organisation politique internationale de 1847 à 1852 ;
 Japon :
 Ligue des communistes (comité national) ;
 Ligue des communistes - faction prolétarienne.
 Serbie :
  ;
 Yougoslavie : Ligue des communistes de Yougoslavie, dont les branches sont :
 Ligue des communistes de Bosnie-Herzégovine ;
 Ligue des communistes de Croatie ;
 Ligue des communistes du Kosovo ;
 Ligue des communistes de Macédoine ;
 Ligue des communistes du Monténégro ;
 Ligue des communistes de Serbie ;
 Ligue des communistes de Slovénie.

Voir aussi

Ligue des communistes (homonymie)


Theodore Childress "Chill" Wills (født 18. juli 1902, død 15. december 1978) var en amerikansk skuespiller og en sanger i Avalon Boys Quartet.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Texas
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Chill Wills


المفتشية العامة السعودية، هي الجهة السعودية المسؤولة عن مهمة التفتيش وإصدار التقارير إلى مجلس الوزراء بخصوص عمل إدارات الدولة الأخرى. ويعتبر منصب المفتش العام, كان يربط منصب المفتش العام بوزارة الدفاع والطيران قبل أن يقرر الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود عام 1432هـ فصل المفتشية العامة عن وزارة الدفاع. المفتش العام الحالي هو الأستاذ مازن بن إبراهيم بن محمد الكهموس كونه رئيسا للهيئة الوطنية لمكافحة الفساد، والتي تم تغيير اسمها إلى هيئة الرقابة ومكافحة الفساد.

انظر أيضًا
 ملكية مطلقة
 المفتش العام

انحلالات سنة 2011 في السعودية
وكالات حكومية سابقة في السعودية

المفتشية العامة السعودية


Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness is a 1998 book by neurologist and Zen practitioner James H. Austin, in which the author attempts to establish links between the neurological workings of the human brain and meditation. The eventual goal would be to establish mechanisms by which meditation induces changes in the activity of the brain, which in turn induces a state of mental clarity. For example, Austin presents evidence from EEG scans that deep relaxed breathing reduces brain activity.

The publishers described their book as a "Comprehensive text on the evidence from neuroscience that helps to clarify which brain mechanisms underlie the subjective states of Zen, and employs Zen to 'illuminate' how the brain works in various states of consciousness". Austin starts with a discussion of Zen Buddhism, its goals, and practices. Having laid this groundwork, he then turns to explore the neurological basis of consciousness.

Austin wrote a follow-up, Zen-Brain Reflections.

See also
 Neurotheology
 Rational mysticism

References
James H. Austin, Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness. Reprint edition July 2, 1999. MIT Press.
 James H. Austin, Zen-Brain Reflections. First edition February 14, 2006. MIT Press.

External links
Your Brain on Religion: Mystic visions or brain circuits at work? (Newsweek article on Austin and neurotheology, May 2001)
Interview with the author (James H. Austin, M.D. discusses Zen and the Brain)
Excerpts from the book

1998 non-fiction books
Neuroscience books
Psychology books
Books about Zen

Zen and the Brain


الطريق السيارة المغاربية هي طريق سيارة من المزمع أن تربط بين الدول الخمس للمغرب العربي، وتشتمل هذه الطريق في مسارها الكامل على محورين، محور أطلسي نواكشوط - الرباط ينطلق من العاصمة الموريتانية نواكشوط ليعبر الساحل الشمالي الموريتاني ثم العيون وأكادير ومراكش والدار البيضاء وصولا إلى العاصمة الرباط التي تمثل نقطة التقاطع مع المحور الآخر وهو المحور المتوسطي الرباط - طرابلس الذي ينطلق من الرباط ليعبر مكناس وفاس و وجدة في المملكة المغربية، وتلمسان ووهران والشلف والجزائر العاصمة وسطيف وقسنطينة وعنابة في الجمهورية الجزائرية، وطبرقة وجندوبة وباجة وتونس العاصمة ونابل والحمامات وسوسة وصفاقس وقابس ومدنين وبن قردان في الجمهورية التونسية، وصولاً إلى العاصمة طرابلس في ليبيا.

و كان مسؤولو اتحاد المغرب العربي قد اتفقوا في سنة 2005 على ضرورة الإسراع في إنجازها بتحديد أجل 2010 لإنجاز أهم جزء منها وهو الرابط بين أكادير جنوب المغرب والعاصمة الليبية طرابلس مروراً بالرباط والجزائر العاصمة وتونس العاصمة وهذا ما لم يتم في الأجل المحدد له بسبب تأخر الجزئين الليبي والتونسي.

المسار المفصل

الجزء الموريتاني
يعتبر إنجاز هذا الجزء أمراً غير واقعي لتواضع إمكانات التمويل الموريتانية ولارتباط إنجازه بإنجاز جزء الصحراء الغربية من قبل المملكة المغربية وكلاهما ذو مردودية اقتصادية ضعيفة نظراً لطول هذا الجزء وبالتالي ارتفاع كلفته، بالإضافة إلى قلة عدد السكان على مساره، فمجموع سكان الصحراء الغربية وموريتانيا بالكاد يبلغ حوالي خمسة ملايين نسمة.

الجزء المغربي (1040 كلم)

الجزء المغربي من الطريق السيار المغاربي يمتد على طول 1040 كلم من مدينة أكادير في الجنوب الغربي والواقعة على المحيط الأطلسي إلى مدينة وجدة في الشمال الشرقي والواقعة على مسافة 12 كلم من الحدود المغربية الجزائرية. وقد اكتمل في سنة 2011 بعد افتتاح المقطعين المكملين لهذه الطريق وهما من الجنوب الغربي الطريق السيار أغادير - مراكش في سنة 2010 ومن الشمال الشرقي الطريق السيار فاس - وجدة في سنة 2011.
 ط س 7 : أغادير - مراكش (230 كلم في 2010)
 ط س 7 : مراكش - الدار البيضاء (220 كلم في 2007)
 ط س 3 : الدار البيضاء - الرباط (88 كلم في 1987)
 ط س 2 : الرباط - فاس (182 كلم في 1999)
 ط س 9 : فاس - وجدة (320 كلم في 2011)

كما كانت المغرب قد أنجزت طرقاً سيارة أخرى لا تنتمي لمسار الطريق السيار المغاربية مثل الطريق السيار رقم 1 (ط س 1) الرابط بين العاصمة الرباط وطنجة في أقصى الشمال وطولها 223 كلم وكذا الطريق السيار الرابط بين الدار البيضاء والجديدة بطول 85 كلم.

وفي انتظار إعادة فتح الحدود المغربية-الجزائرية، من المزمع تشييد المقطع الرابط بين وجدة والحدود بطول 20 كلم قصد الربط بين شبكتي الطرق السيارة المغربية والجزائرية.

الجزء الجزائري (1720 كلم)

يمثل الجزء الجزائري من هذه الطريق أطول أجزاء الأقطار المغاربية الخمسة، ويربط بين الحدود المغربية والحدود التونسية مروراً بالمدن الجزائرية الكبرى مثل (من الغرب إلى الشرق) تلمسان وهران الشلف غليزان البليدة الجزائر العاصمة البويرة برج بوعريريج سطيف قسنطينة عنابة.

تم تسليم شطره الغربي في شهر مايو سنة 2010.
 المقسم الغربي: الحدود الجزائرية المغربية - الشلف (365 كلم في 2009) عبر تلمسان ووهران
 المقسم الأوسط: الشلف - برج بوعريرج (435 كلم في 2009) عبر الجزائر العاصمة
 المقسم الشرقي: برج بوعريرج - الحدود الجزائرية التونسية (365 كلم في 2009) عبر سطيف وقسنطينة وعنابة
كما كانت الجزائر قد أنجزت سابقاً طرقاً سريعة أخرى لا تنتمي لمسار الطريق السريعة المغاربية مثل الطريق السريعة الرابطة بين الجزائر العاصمة وتيزي وزو الجزائر العاصمة والبليدة الجزائر العاصمة وتيبازة و

ولعوانة والميلية بولاية جيجل.
وهي في طريق إنجاز طريق سيار الهضاب العليا البالغ طوله 1300 كم ويعتبر مشروع القرن 2 بعد الطريق السيار شرق-غرب والذي يربط بينهما 8 محاور للطرق السريعة شمال جنوب ويعتبر الطريق السريع الوحيد في المغرب العربي الذي فيه 3 مسالك + مسلك الطوارئ وقد بلغت كلفت المشروع ب 17 مليار دولار.

الجزء التونسي (790 كلم)

القسم المنجز من هذا الطريق بالجمهورية التونسية هو بوسالم - وادي زرقة - مجاز الباب - تونس العاصمة - الحمامات - سوسة - صفاقس - قابس وطوله 572 كلم.

و لإتمام جزئها من الطريق السريعة المغاربية، تعمل تونس على إنجاز بقية الجزء الشمالي الغربي الرابط بين مدينة بوسالم وصولا إلى الحدود التونسية الجزائرية، بالإضافة إلى بقية الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي الرابط بين مدينة قابس والحدود التونسية الليبية حيث يصل طول المقاطع المتبقية من المشروع والتي ما زالت لم تدخل حيّز الاستغلال 218 كلم مع موفى جويلية 2018 بنسبة إنجاز جمليّة بلغت 72%.
انطلقت تونس في إنشاء كافة الأقساط المتبقية ضمن المشروع والذي يندرج في مراهنتها على أهمية المشاريع الكبرى للبنى التحتية في تحفيز الاستثمار والنهوض بالاقتصاد التونسي
  الطريق السيارة  تونس العاصمة - الحدود التونسية الجزائرية (201 كلم):
 ط س 3 : تونس العاصمة - مجاز الباب - وادي زرقة (67 كلم أنجزت في 2006)
 ط س 3 : وادي زرقة - بوسالم (54 كلم أنجزت في 2016) عبر باجة
 ط س 3 : بوسالم - الحدود التونسية الجزائرية (80 كلم بصدد الإنجاز) عبر جندوبة
  الطريق السيارة  تونس العاصمة - الحدود التونسية الليبية (589 كلم):
 ط س 1 : تونس العاصمة - الحمامات (51 كلم أنجزت في 1986)
 ط س 1 : الحمامات - مساكن (92 كلم أنجزت في 1994) عبر سوسة
 ط س 1 : مساكن - صفاقس (97 كلم انجزت في 2008)
 ط س 1 : صفاقس - قابس (154 كلم أنجزت في 2018)
 ط س 1 : قابس - مدنين (103 كلم بصدد الإنجاز)
 ط س 1 : مدنين - بن قردان (57 كلم أنجزت في 2018)
 ط س 1 : بن قردان - الحدود التونسية الليبية (35 كلم أنجزت في 2021)

كما كانت تونس قد أنجزت سابقا طريقا سريعة أخرى لا تنتمي لمسار الطريق السريعة المغاربية وهي الطريق السيارة رقم 4 الرابطة بين تونس العاصمة وبنزرت في أقصى الشمال وطولها 50 كلم.
وستشرع تونس أيضا في المرحلة المقبلة في إنجاز عدة طرق سيارة كالطريق السيارة الرابطة بين تونس العاصمة وقفصة في الجنوب الغربي وطولها 383 كلم، والطريق السيارة الواصلة بمدينة الكاف عبر ط س 3 ومدينة تطاوين عبر ط س 1، والطرق السريعة غرب-شرق الرابطة بين الولايات الغربية والساحلية والطريق الحزامية بإقليم تونس الكبرى.

الجزء الليبي (200 كلم)
هو الجزء الذي يوصل بين بوابة رأس اجدير الليبية على الحدود بين تونس وليبيا وطرابلس العـاصمة الليبية وهي الأقصر مسافة بين جميع الدول المشاركة في هذا المشروع الضخم حيث أن المسافة لا تتجاوز 250 كليو متر.

الطريق السريعة المغاربية والاتحاد من أجل المتوسط
عند بعث الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط في 13 يوليو 2008 والمتضمن من جملة أعضائه الأقطار المغاربية الخمسة، تم ضم مشروع الطريق السريعة المغاربية إلى المشاريع المدرجة في جدول أعماله وهذا من شأنه أن يبعث الأمل في التسريع في نسق إنجاز الجزء التونسي الذي يتقدم باستمرار ولكن ببطء حتى يربط هذا الجزء الحدود الجزائرية التونسية بالحدود التونسية الليبية، وقد تسرع أيضاً في ربط أغادير الواقعة في جنوب المغرب بموريتانيا، أما الجزائريون فلن يكونوا بحاجة إلى دعم الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط بما أن جزأهم سيكتمل في 2012 بينما يكتمل جل الجزء المغربي في 2010.

الانعكاسات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية
تعبر الطريق السريعة المغاربية أكثر من 55 مدينة كبيرة يفوق عدد سكانها 50 مليون نسمة (من بين ال89 مليون مغاربي) و 22 مطاراً دولياً وأهم الموانئ ومحطات القطار وأهم الجامعات وأكبر المستشفيات العمومية والخاصة وأهم المناطق الصناعية والمدن السياحية.

ستشكل هذه الطريق السريعة العصب الرئيسي لاقتصاد منطقة المغرب العربي نظراً لجدواها الاقتصادية الكبيرة إذ ستمكن من الترفيع في ظروف الراحة والسلامة المرورية واختصار الوقت ومن التخفيض في كلفة نقل البضائع وكلفة نقل المسافرين للتسوق والسياحة والتداوي والدراسة والاستثمار داخل هذه المنطقة سواء من مدينة إلى أخرى داخل نفس الدولة أو بين مدن دول مغاربية مختلفة، كما ستمكنها من تنمية المناطق البعيدة عن العواصم ومن تكثيف التبادل المغاربي في كل المجالات.

ومن ناحية أخرى فإن إنجاز نفق جبل طارق في مياه البحر عبر مضيق جبل طارق بين المغرب وإسبانيا والذي هو بصدد الدراسة حاليا سيعطي لهذه الطريق أهمية إضافية، حيث سيربط المغرب العربي بأوروبا.

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 المغرب العربي
 اتحاد المغرب العربي
 الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط
 مشاريع كبرى في تونس

مراجع

الطرق السيارة في المغرب
المغرب العربي
النقل في موريتانيا
طرق حرة
طرق سيارة في الجزائر
طرق في تونس
طرق في ليبيا

الطريق السيارة المغاربية


Baetis rhodani este o insectă efemeropteră a cărei larvă de 5-13 mm trăiește pe fundurile apelor curgătoare de munte sau deal. Este comună în Europa și în România. Larvele au corpul alungit, cilindric, abdomenul este prevăzut cu șapte perechi de branhii foliacee izolate și trei perechi de cerci, dintre care cel median mai scurt, iar cei marginali cu numeroși peri. Durata larvară este de 1 an. Prezintă interes, fiindcă larvele constituie hrana unor specii de pești.

Note

Ephemeroptera
Efemeroptere din România

Baetis rhodani


Los oquirocerátidos (Ochyroceratidae) son una familia de arañas araneomorfas, que forman parte de la superfamilia de los leptonetoideos (Leptonetoidea), junto con los telémidos y leptonétidos.

Son arañas con seis ojos que habitan entre la hojarasca del suelo de los bosques tropicales de Sudáfrica, el Caribe y Asia, especialmente en la zona Indo-Pacíficoa.

Construyen pequeñas telarañas en sábana alrededor de hojas, palos y troncos, y es característico el hecho que llevan sus huevos en los quelíceros hasta que salen las crías. Como mínimo una especie, Theotima minutissima, de 0'9 mm, tiene capacidad partenogenética.

Sistemática
Con la información recogida hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011, Ochyroceratidae cuenta con 14 géneros y 161 especies:</small>
 Althepus Thorell, 1898 (Sur de Asia)
 Dundocera Machado, 1951 (Angola)
 Euso Saaristo, 2001 (Seychelles)
 Fageicera Dumitrescu & Georgescu, 1992 (Cuba)
 Flexicrurum Tong & Li, 2007 (China)
 Leclercera Deeleman-Reinhold, 1995 (Sur de Asia)
 Lundacera Machado, 1951 (Angola)
 Merizocera Fage, 1912 (Sur de Asia)
 Ochyrocera Simon, 1891 (México hasta Perú)
 Ouette Saaristo, 1998 (Seychelles)
 Psiloderces Simon, 1892 (Sur de Asia)
 Roche  Saaristo, 1998 (Seychelles)
 Speocera Berland, 1914 (Sur de Asia, Sur América, África)
 Theotima Simon, 1893 (Sur y centro de América, África, Asia, Islas del Pacífico)

Referencias

 Platnick, Norman I. (2012): The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History.

Bibliografía
 Baptista, R.L.C. (2003): "Speocera eleonorae sp. n., the first troglomorphic spider from Brazilian caves (Araneae: Ochyroceratidae)". Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 7: 221-224. PDF

Véase también
 Anexo:Especies de Ochyroceratidae
 Anexo:Taxonomía de las arañas

Enlaces externos

 National Geographic (2004): "New" Spider Species Weaves Uncommonly Regular Webs

Ochyroceratidae

Ochyroceratidae


L'équipe du Ghana féminine de hockey sur gazon est la sélection nationale du Ghana représentant le pays dans les compétitions internationales féminines de hockey sur gazon.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques
Le Ghana n'a jamais participé à un tournoi féminin de hockey sur gazon des Jeux olympiques.

Coupe du monde
Le Ghana n'a jamais participé à la Coupe du monde.

Coupe d'Afrique des nations
2005 :
2009 :
2013 :
2017 :
2022 :

Jeux africains
1995 :
2003 :

Jeux du Commonwealth
2018 :

Notes et références

Ghana
Équipe du Ghana
Hockey sur gazon au Ghana
Sport féminin au Ghana

Équipe du Ghana féminine de hockey sur gazon


Cross country equestrian jumping is an endurance test that forms one of the three phases of the sport of eventing; it may also be a competition in its own right, known as hunter trials or simply "cross-country", although these tend to be lower-level, local competitions.

The object of the endurance test is to prove the speed, endurance and jumping ability of the true cross-country horse when he is well trained and brought to the peak of condition. At the same time, it demonstrates the rider's knowledge of pace and the use of this horse across country.

Course

Length and types of obstacles

The cross-country course is approximately two and three quarter to four miles (6 km) long, comprising some twenty-four to thirty-six fixed and solid obstacles. Obstacles usually are built to look "natural" (out of logs, for instance), however odd materials and decorations may be added to test the horse's bravery. Obstacles can include all those that might be found if riding across the countryside, including water, trees, logs, ditches, banks and ditches

All obstacles or compulsory passageways are flagged, with a red flag on the right and a white flag on the left. A black stripe on the red flag indicates that it is an option for the obstacle, and another route may be taken if the rider so chooses, without penalty. All obstacles are numbered, and the color of the numbering can indicate which level the fence is for if multiple levels are competing at the event. (for example, white numbers on a green background indicate that the fence is on the Preliminary level course, however, in British eventing, this color combination would indicate the intermediate track, so riders should always check the course map for course markers).

Design
Cross-country courses for eventing are held outdoors through fields and wooded areas. The terrain is unique for each course, which usually incorporates the course into the natural terrain of the area, and therefore events in certain parts of the world may be held on mostly flat land, while others are over very strenuous hills.

Good course designers will use the terrain to either help the inexperienced horse and rider at the lower levels to prepare for an obstacle, or to make an obstacle more difficult for the experienced competitors. For example, the designer may place a fence at the opening of a wooded area, resulting in a lighting difference between the takeoff and landing side. This requires careful riding and a confident horse. Designers may make an obstacle more difficult by placing it along the side of a steep hill, at the top of a mound (so the horse can not see the landing until he is about to take off, testing bravery), or use the natural trees and ditches to force riders to take slightly more difficult lines to their fences.

A good course designer will be able to incorporate the obstacles into the landscape so that they seem natural, yet still fairly test the horse and provide the horse an option to run-out if the rider makes a mistake. Most designers use accuracy fences, such as skinnies (fences with a narrow face) and corners, to make the rider's job more difficult, while still being very "horse-friendly."

All courses begin with a "start box," where the horse and rider wait as the time keeper begins to count-down to their start time. They are not allowed to go out the front of the box before the timer reaches zero on the count-down, nor are they allowed to have a flying start. The first few fences of most well-designed courses are usually straightforward and inviting, such as a large log or

roll-top, which helps to build the horse and rider's confidence, get them settled in a galloping rhythm, and beginning to focus on the job at hand. The technicality of the obstacles then begins to increase, and elements such as banks, ditches, and water are introduced. The final fences of a course are usually slightly easier, to allow the horse and rider to finish on a good note, before they gallop across the finish.

Footing
Good footing is very important to most riders, as it helps decrease the wear-and-tear the sport has on their horses and avoid injury that may occur due to deep or slippery ground. The rider should always take care to note the footing while walking the course, and adjust the planned route to avoid patches that are especially boggy, slippery, or rough, and to avoid holes that may be present.

Footing is never used to make a course more difficult (for example, a fence is never purposely placed in a boggy area or one with sharp rocks). Instead, most competitions go out of their way to keep the footing safe, and many of the larger events may "groom" the footing to get it to the appropriate firmness.

Walking
Riders walk a cross-country course, usually between 1-3 times, before they actually ride it. This allows them to evaluate the course and determine how each jump needs to be ridden. While walking the course, riders need to be sure to pay attention to:

Conditioning

Conditioning is an essential part of preparing a horse for cross-country. Although the lowest levels may not require anymore riding than the usual 5 or 6 days each week used to train the horse, all upper level horses are placed into strict conditioning programs. Most riders plan their schedule around per-determined events, taking into consideration the length of the particular course, the climate in which they will have to run their horse, the speed that will be required, and the terrain over which they will be traveling (such as hills). In extreme situations, such as when riders had to condition their mounts for the intense heat at the Athens Olympics, horses will be shipped in early to certain locations to help their body  adjust.

The rider must also consider the starting condition of the horse, the breed which they will be competing (heavier breeds will require more conditioning than most Thoroughbreds), and most importantly, the individual horse. Horses which have been brought to peak fitness before will generally be easier to get back to top condition than a horse that has never had to work at that level. Some horses need more distance work and others more speed work. Determining these factors is generally done through experience.

Training for cross-country
All horses are started with distance work, at a slow speed (usually a walk or trot), to improve endurance. This "base" of fitness is vital to ensure the horse is physically sound enough to progress to more rigorous work, such as galloping. Horses who do not have a base are much more at risk for soft tissue injury. After a base has been placed on the horse, riders add in galloping sets to improve cardiovascular fitness. Most riders use interval training, in which the heart rate is raised to a certain level before the horse is allowed a rest, and then the horse is again asked to work before the heart has a chance to fully recover. This can improve the cardiovascular fitness of the horse with less overall galloping, helping to maintain the horse's soundness.

Work up an incline (hill work) is often favored over longer stretches of galloping for improving fitness, because it requires the horse to work harder while placing less wear-and-tear on their body. Through experience, a rider may gauge the difficulty of a hill and determine what its comparative worth is to galloping on a flat surface.

To condition the horse's bones, riders may walk on roads or other hard surfaces. However, this is generally only used when the ground conditions are quite soft. Although popular in Britain, most American riders do not do road work. If used too much, it can encourage arthritis.

Some riders also have access to equine treadmills or swimming pools. Treadmills can sometimes be adjusted to have a slight incline, allowing the horse to work without the added weight of the rider. Swimming is an excellent form of conditioning, and allows the rider to increase the horse's cardiovascular and muscular condition without adding undue stress to the bones or soft tissue.

Considerations
Riders should always be wary of the ground conditions. Conditioning on hard ground can cause lameness problems, both short and long-term. Conditioning on deep, heavy footing (such as right after a rain) increases the pull on the tendons, and may lead to soft tissue damage. Conditioning on slippery ground increases the risk that the horse will slip and have a soft-tissue injury. In general, older horses do better on softer footing, which is kinder to any joint problems they may have. Younger horses, which may not have the same strength of  soft tissue, are best worked on slightly firmer ground.

The rider should also take care to slowly increase the amount of work. As a general rule, the distance may be increased or the speed may be increased, but not both at once. Pushing a horse too fast can lead to injury or lameness. The rider should also be aware of the horse's breathing, and feel how tired the animal is underneath. Horses conditioning for the upper levels are often conditioned with heart rate monitors, so the rider will have a great insight into the horse's condition over time.

The rider should always be willing to cut back conditioning work if the horse feels exhausted or if he has a very high respiration rate. Heat and humidity make work much harder, so should be considered while conditioning. Horses that are pushed too hard may injure themselves or may overheat, which can be deadly if not correctly cared for.

The rider must also understand that the muscling and improved cardiovascular fitness that is seen within a month or two of conditioning work does not indicate that the horse's entire body is at the same peak. Soft tissue can take several months to condition, and bone, up to a year.

Ideal cross-country mount
At the lowest levels, most horses can be trained to successfully negotiate a cross-country course and, with proper conditioning, can usually make the time. As the rider moves up the levels, however, cross-country requires that the horse be very quick-thinking and well-trained, as the course increasingly becomes more technical and difficult to negotiate. The horse must also be very agile, and able to get out of a rough spot should a mistake occur. With proper training, the horse can develop what is referred to as a "fifth leg," or an ability to save himself from falling, even if he trips over a fence or has a "sticky" jump.

Horses at the upper levels need to be bold and brave, willing to jump a variety of obstacles (at the highest level, cars and trucks are sometimes on course). Horses are taught to think for themselves, and the high degree of obedience that is required in dressage is not always desirable, as the horse must not always be looking to the rider for help. However, the horse must still be very ride-able and adjustable: horses that "take over" on cross-country and ignore their rider are usually not able to get through the more technical questions.

As horses move up the levels, their jumping ability becomes increasingly more important. Although horses do not need to have a very "round" jump—indeed, large bascule is often detrimental to an event horse while on cross-country because it wastes energy and time, and also makes certain jump efforts, such as drop fences, bigger than they really are—the horse should have a safe jump, with the forearms parallel to the ground or higher. The horse should also have enough scope to clear the obstacles, which although they never get exceedingly high (maximum of 3"11") can be very wide.

An increase in level will also lead to an increase in the difficulty of the cross-country test: the course will be longer, with a greater number of jumping elements, more physically demanding terrain, and a faster speed required to make the time. Therefore, upper level horses must be able to achieve a high level of speed and stamina through training. Horses that are heavily muscled, such as draft horses, or those with short strides will require a greater amount of energy to complete the course and may not have the speed needed, regardless of the training they receive. Horses must also have good conformation and be naturally sound, as poorly-conformed horses will not be able to physically hold up to the demands that are placed on them. Most horses that compete today are Thoroughbreds, Thoroughbred-crosses (including the Irish Horse), and lightly built Warmbloods, or Warmbloods with a high degree of Thoroughbred blood, such as the Trakehner. However, should the horse possess the qualities needed to get around an upper-level course, breed is considered secondary to athletic ability.

Scoring
Because the lowest score wins, each combination of horse and rider seeks to complete the cross-country with as few penalties as possible. If larger faults occur, such as multiple refusals, the horse will be eliminated (E) from competition and will not be allowed to finish the course. Elimination has also been subdivided in the United States to include Technical Elimination (TE), if a mistake is made that is unrelated to the horse (for example, jumping two fences in the wrong order). Riders may also choose to retire (R) on course if their horse is having a poor run. This prevents the rider from continuing the competition, but is often a good choice if the horse is physically or mentally over faced by the challenges. Mandatory Retirement (MR) occurs if the horse falls, even if he is not noticeably injured, to help protect the horse's welfare. Withdrawing (W) only occurs if the horse is taken out of competition when he is not on course. Rider may be disqualified (DQ) if they endanger their mount or other people on course. The United States added Dangerous Riding penalties in 2007, to be added at the discretion of the ground jury if a rider is going around the course in an unsafe manner (for example, at an extreme speed).

Disobediences from the horse
 First refusal or crossing tracks (circling) in front of an obstacle: 20 penalties per obstacle
 2nd refusal or crossed tracks at the same obstacle: 40 additional penalties
 3rd refusal or crossed tracks at the same obstacle (an "obstacle" includes all its elements): elimination
 4th cumulative refusal or crossed tracks on the entire course: elimination

Errors on course
 Jumping obstacles in the wrong order (#5 before #4, or element B before A): elimination
 Jumping a fence in a direction which is not flagged: elimination
 Omission of a jump or compulsory passage: elimination
 Note: the only time a competitor may jump an obstacle twice in a row is if a refusal occurs at a second element (B) and the rider can not approach "B" without re-jumping "A" (a bounce, for example)
 Note: the horse is only allowed to jump from a standstill if the obstacle's height is no higher than 30 cm (for example, banks and ditches). Jumping any other obstacles from a standstill (a "prolonged halt") counts as a refusal.
 Note: horses are allowed to step sideways, but any step back is considered a refusal.

Falls

 Fall of Rider: Elimination
 Fall of horse (quarters and shoulder touches ground): Mandatory retirement
 Note: riders may dismount at any time on course without penalty. Dismounts attributed to attempting an obstacle are penalized as a fall.

Time faults
 Every second commenced above the optimum time, rounded up to the nearest second: 0.4 penalties/sec
 Exceeding the allowed time (2× the optimum time): elimination
 In the United States, going too fast for the level will result in "Speed Faults": 0.4 penalties/sec for every second under the Speed fault time
 Trying to increase one's time, or "willful delay," to avoid speed faults (circling, serpentining, walking, or halting between the final fence and the finish): 20 penalties

Other reasons for elimination
 Rider without headgear or a fastened harness strap
 Improper saddlery (for example, riding with a running martingale and no rein stops)
 Overtaking another rider on course in a dangerous manner (for example, jumping a fence at the same time as the other rider)
 Willful obstruction of an overtaking competitor
 Failure to stop on course when signaled
 Horses head and front shoulder outside of the flags
 In lower level cross country competitions, failure to wear medical armband (at discretion of Ground Jury)

Levels of Eventing

In the United States, eventing begins at the Beginner Novice level, followed by Novice, Training, Preliminary, Intermediate, and then Advanced.
Levels in the UK begin with BE80(T) - a training level event which runs slightly differently from normal classes, then BE90 (formerly known as Intro), then BE100 (formerly Pre-novice). In 2009, the Intro and Pre Novice classes were renamed BE90 and BE100 (the numbers relate to the height of the cross country fences in centimeters) in the hopes of making the sport easier to understand for the general public. In 2010, British Eventing introduced "Foundation Points" at the BE90 and BE100 levels in order to prove a horse's success at the lower levels. Levels then continue from Novice, through Intermediate to Advanced at which success points are awarded to the top finishers (the number of finishers receiving points depends on the number of competitors in the event). A horse will accumulate points throughout its career (regardless of rider) and when a certain number of points have been reached the horse must compete at the next level up.  Exceptions to this are the 'open' classes, at which any horse can compete regardless of career success and also a horse may be allowed to compete in an event as hors concours, which means not eligible to be placed or awarded prizes or points. BE100+, Intermediate-Novice and Advanced-Intermediate are interim classes where the dressage and show jumping runs at the higher level, with the cross-country at the lower level. For example, an Intermediate-Novice class uses an Intermediate dressage test and Intermediate standard Show Jumping, but the cross-country takes place round a Novice level track. These classes are intended to help horse and rider step up to a higher level without the initial risk of the more demanding cross-country. The highest level of Cross Country is 5* forms part of international 3 day eventing.

Types of cross country obstacles

There are many different types of cross county obstacles, all designed, in some degree, to imitate or resemble obstacles that a horse and rider could theoretically encounter in actual cross-country riding.  Some obstacles are single jumps, or "verticals"  made of different types of materials.  Some may have multiple elements taken in a single jump, such as triple bars or oxers, sometimes called "spread" fences.  Water obstacles are also usually used on most courses, as are Log jumps. Yet others are Combinations of several elements including logs, banks, water, and ditches.

See also
 Eventing
 Indoor cross-country

References

Sources
 2007 United States Equestrian Federation Rules for Eventing. pp 39–42, 65.
 Wofford, James C. Training the Three-Day Event Horse and Rider. Doubleday Equestrian Library, New York, NY. Copyright 1995.

Articles containing video clips
Eventing
Individual sports

Cross-country riding


An Dryadella gnoma in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carlyle August Luer. An Dryadella gnoma in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dryadella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dryadella

Dryadella gnoma


Sveti Cezarej, ili Cezarij, (Afrika, oko 85. – Terracina, Italija, 1. studenog 107.) bio je rimski đakon i kršćanski svetac, a pogubljen je tijekom vladavine cara Trajana.

Bio je zatvoren u vreću i bačen u more jer se bio suprotstavljao poganskim ritualima tijekom kojih su prinošene ljudske žrtve. katolički crkveni povjesničar  mons. Francesco Lanzoni smatrao da legenda o mučeništvu sv. Cezareja ima "malo ili nimalo temelja". ("poco o niun fondamento") Teolog i crkveni povjesničar Louis Ellies Dupin tvrdi da su djela sv. Cezareja, sv. Nereja, sv. Ahileja, sv. Domitile, sv. Hijacinta, sv. Zenona, sv. Makarija, sv. Eudoksija, svi od reda zapravo bajke kao i one o 11.000 kršćanskih vojnika i 11.000 kršćanskih djevica.

U župnoj crkvi sv. Andrije u Mošćenicama (Mošćenice) nalazi se slika sv. Andrije i sv. Cezareja.

Zapisnik kanoničke vizitacije iz 1658. godine navodi da su se u malom prozoru u sklopu oltara posvećenu zaštitniku crkve u istoimenoj kapeli čuvale relikvije sv. Cezareja mučenika te još nekoliko kutijica s manjim moćima svetaca. Stopalo svetog Cezareja mučenika čuvalo se u sandali izrađenoj od njemačkog srebra. Relikvija je navodno donesena iz Akvileje.

Izvori

Talijanski sveci
Rimske religije
Kršćanski mučenici

Sveti Cezarej


Hedwig Pauly-Winterstein (* 16. Oktober 1866 als Hedwig Pauly in Breslau; † 22. August 1965) war eine deutsche Schauspielerin.

Leben
Die Schauspieler-Tochter wollte ursprünglich Sängerin werden und besuchte daher in Berlin das Stern'sche Konservatorium. Da ihre Stimme jedoch nicht operntauglich war, wendete sie sich Ende der 80er Jahre dem Theater zu und begann ihre Schauspielerlaufbahn in Krefeld. 1890 wechselte Hedwig Pauly nach Magdeburg, eine Spielzeit später nach Bremen. Dort durfte sie erstmals tragende Rollen der Klassik spielen, darunter die Desdemona, das Gretchen, das Klärchen und die Hero. 1894 folgte die Künstlerin einem Ruf an das Deutsche Theater Berlin. An diesem Theater reüssierte sie auch in modernen Stücken, etwa als Agnes in Henrik Ibsens Brand. 1898 ging Hedwig Pauly an das Residenztheater, 1900 wechselte sie an die Secessionsbühne, wo sie mit der Schwanhild in Komödie der Liebe ihren Einstand gab.

Zu dieser Zeit, kurz vor der Jahrhundertwende, ehelichte sie den Kollegen Eduard von Winterstein. In der deutschen Hauptstadt war Hedwig Pauly, die sich nunmehr Pauly-Winterstein nannte, in den folgenden Jahren des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts ein langjähriges Mitglied des Schiller-Theaters. Mit Beginn der 20er Jahre kehrte die Künstlerin der Bühne weitgehend den Rücken zu und konzentrierte sich in diesem gesamten Jahrzehnt auf die Arbeit vor der Filmkamera. Dort sah man sie zumeist in mütterlichen Rollen, gelegentlich aber auch als Dame von Adel. In Ernst Lubitschs Historiendrama Anna Boleyn war sie die erste Ehefrau Heinrich VIII., Königin Katharina.

Filmografie
 1920: Lady Godiva
 1920: Anna Boleyn
 1920: Präsident Barrada
 1923: Alles für Geld
 1923: Tragödie der Liebe, vier Teile
 1924: Der kleine Herzog
 1925: Gräfin Mariza
 1925: Der Bastard
 1925: Bismarck, 1. Teil
 1926: Staatsanwalt Jordan
 1926: Der Herr des Todes
 1927: Die Geliebte
 1927: Dirnentragödie
 1928: Weib in Flammen
 1929: Ludwig der Zweite, König von Bayern
 1930: Ihre Majestät die Liebe

Weblinks

Literatur
 Ludwig Eisenberg's Großes Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert. List, Leipzig 1903, S. 755.

Filmschauspieler
Stummfilmschauspieler
Deutscher
Geboren 1866
Gestorben 1965
Frau

Hedwig Pauly-Winterstein


Şam Üniversitesi (Arapça: جامعة دمشق Jāmi'atu Dimashq), Suriye'nin başkenti Şam'da bulunan ülkenin en büyük ve en eski modern üniversitesi.

1903 yılında açılan Tıp Fakültesi ve 1913 yılında kurulan Hukuk Fakültesinin birleştirilmesiyle 1923 yılında Şam Üniversitesi meydana gelmiştir. 1958 yılına kadar Suriye Üniversitesi adını taşımış daha sonra bu isim Şam Üniversitesi olarak değiştirilmiştir. 2006 yılında 2.200 civarında öğretim görevlisi, 86.000 kadar öğrencisi ile eğitime devam etmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi sitesi

1923'te kurulan üniversiteler

Şam Üniversitesi


هذه المقال عن لاعب كرة القدم ريكي، إن أردت المقال المتعلق بالعلاج بالطاقة انظر ريكي (علاج الطاقة)

ريكي  (مواليد 11 أغسطس 1980 في آرنخويث - إسبانيا) لاعب كرة قدم إسباني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى ديبورتيفو لاكورونيا الإسباني منذ 2006 في مركز المهاجم كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الوسط المهاجم والجناح الأيسر .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من آرنخويث
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو ديبورتيفو لاكورونيا
لاعبو ريال مدريد ج
لاعبو ريال مدريد كاستيا
لاعبو ريال مدريد
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم من منطقة مدريد
لاعبو نادي خيتافي
لاعبو نادي غرناطة
لاعبو نادي غوادالاخارا (إسبانيا)
مواليد 1980
مواليد في آرنخويث

ريكي


Thomas Patrick Moore (* 1797 im Charlotte County, Virginia; † 21. Juli 1853 in Harrodsburg, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1823 und 1829 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Thomas Moore besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Danach zog er mit seinen Eltern nach Harrodsburg in Kentucky. In seinem neuen Heimatstaat setzte er seine Ausbildung mit einem Studium an der Transylvania University in Lexington fort. Während des Britisch-Amerikanischen Krieges von 1812 war Moore Offizier in der United States Army. Dabei stieg er bis zum Major in einer Infanterieeinheit auf. Politisch wurde Moore Mitglied der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei. In den Jahren 1819 und 1820 saß er als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. In den 1820er Jahren schloss er sich der Fraktion um den späteren Präsidenten Andrew Jackson an, aus der 1828 die Demokratische Partei hervorgehen sollte.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1822 wurde Moore im siebten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1823 die Nachfolge von John Speed Smith antrat. Nach zwei Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zum 3. März 1829 drei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Von 1825 bis 1827 war er Vorsitzender des Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business. Seine Zeit im Kongress war geprägt von den heftigen Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Anhängern seiner Partei und denen von Präsident John Quincy Adams.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus wurde Moore von dem inzwischen zum Präsidenten gewählten Andrew Jackson zum Gesandten in Kolumbien ernannt, wo er die Nachfolge von William Henry Harrison antrat. Dieses Amt bekleidete er bis April 1833. Inzwischen war er bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1832 im fünften Distrikt von Kentucky erneut in das US-Repräsentantenhaus gewählt worden. Diese Wahl wurde aber von Robert Letcher angefochten. Daraufhin wurden Neuwahlen ausgeschrieben, die Letcher gewann. Während des Mexikanisch-Amerikanischen Kriegs war Thomas Moore Oberstleutnant in der US Army. In den Jahren 1849 und 1850 war er Delegierter auf der Versammlung zur Überarbeitung der Verfassung von Kentucky. Thomas Moore starb am 21. Juli 1853 in Harrodsburg.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei
Botschafter der Vereinigten Staaten in Kolumbien
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1797
Gestorben 1853
Mann

Thomas Patrick Moore


Sogliano Cavour (im lokalen Dialekt: Sughiànu) ist eine südostitalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Lecce in Apulien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 23,5 Kilometer südsüdöstlich von Lecce im südlichen Salento. Sogliano Cavour gehört zur Graecia Salentina, in der noch immer Griko gesprochen wird. In diesem Dialekt wird die Gemeinde auch Sughiàna genannt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Apulien

Sogliano Cavour


الليشمانيا الدونوفانية  هو نوع من الطفيليات الأوالي المسببة لداء الليشمانيات الحشوي بشري المنشأ. يعتبر الإنسان المستودع الطبيعي المثبت الوحيد لليشمانيا الدونوفانية. ينتشر هذا الطفيلي في الهند وبنغلادش وشمال الصين و منشوريا و مصر و السودان وسري لانكا. كما تسبب الليشمانيا الدونوفانية داء الليشمانيات الجلدي التالي لكالا آزار وأحياناً داء الليشمانيات الجلدي الأولي. ينتقل الطفيلي بواسطة عدة أنواع من الحشرات من جنس الفاصدة، وقد تبين أنها يمكن أيضاً أن تصيب الكلاب.

المراجع

أنواع وصفت في 1903
طفيليات البشر
طلائعيات طفيلية
مثقبيات

ليشمانيا دونوفانية


Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1952.

Explorations
 Site of Kerkouane discovered by Charles Saumagne.
 Archaeological exploration of Maijishan Grottoes begins.

Excavations
 Alberto Ruz Lhuillier opens the tomb of Pacal the Great at Palenque.
 Major excavations begin at Viking burial site of Lindholm Høje.
 Excavations at Jericho led by Kathleen Kenyon begin (continues to 1958).
 Excavations at the Palace of Nestor in Pylos resume (first started in 1939) by Carl Blegen (continues to 1969).
 Oscar Broneer discovers and begins excavations of the Temple of Poseidon in Isthmia.

Publications
 J. G. D. Clark - Prehistoric Europe: the Economic Basis.
 David Knowles and J. K. S. St Joseph - Monastic Sites from the Air.

Finds
 In Schleswig, Germany, Windeby I and Windeby II, bog bodies, were discovered in a peat bog during a span of three months.
 Another bog body, known as "Grauballe Man" is discovered in Grauballe, Denmark.

Events
Grahame Clark is elected to the Disney Professorship of Archaeology in the University of Cambridge.
August 23 - Glyn Daniel begins to present Animal, Vegetable, Mineral? on BBC Television, a game show often featuring other archaeologists and archaeological artefacts.
 Michael Ventris deciphers Minoan Linear B.

Births
 March 30 - Alan Vince, British archaeologist (d. 2009)

Deaths
 Alfred Foucher, French scholar and archaeologist (b. 1865)

References

Archaeology
Archaeology
Archaeology by year

1952 in archaeology


Adorigo Portekiz'de Tabuaço belediyesine bağlı olan, 10,55 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 420 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Tabuaço'nun bucakları

Adorigo


Stories in Tea Cups este un film românesc din 2015 regizat de Mirona Radu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2015 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2015
Filme documentare românești

Stories in Tea Cups


Kolçak yalnız başparmağı ayrı, diğer dört parmağı bir örülmüş yün eldiven.

Kolçak şunlardan birini de ifade edebilir:

 Kolçak (mobilya) - Koltuk veya iskemlenin kol konacak parçası.
 Kolçak (kadın giyimi) - Kadınların dirseklerine kadar taktıkları basmadan yapılan süs eşyası.
 Kolçak (giyim) - Ceket veya gömlek kollarının kirlenmesine engel olmak için bilekten dirseğe kadar geçirilen eğreti kolluk.
Kolçak (zırh): Zırhın kola geçirilen parçası.

Kaynakça

Kolçak (anlam ayrımı)


Stéfane Perraud, né le  à Paris, est un artiste français qui vit et travaille à Montreuil.

Biographie
Diplômé de l'École des arts décoratifs de Paris, il commence sa carrière de plasticien en 2007 après avoir été scénographe/vidéaste notamment avec Maurice Bénichou, Claude Buchwald et Eli Commins.

Il développe depuis plusieurs années des œuvres où l'art, la science et la fiction se rencontrent et s'interrogent. Dans cette exploration, il nourrit son travail de physique nucléaire, de géographie, mais aussi de science-fiction, de romantisme politique, d'ethnologie, de littérature contemporaine et archaïque, de techniques de pointe, anciennes ou perdues.

Son domaine de recherche, lié à l'énergie de la matière et de la lumière, le pousse régulièrement à collaborer avec des écrivains et des scientifiques. Son travail ouvre un dialogue parfois fictif, avec l'imperceptible et l'inframince. Ceci dans la perspective de relier les diverses activités de l'âme humaine avec l'intimité de la matière. Ses outils et formats de prédilection sont des hybridations qu'il puise et déconstruit dans les nouveaux médias et les sciences.

Parcours
Ses travaux, ont été notamment exposés au Collège des Bernardins, à la Friche Bel de Mai, au Centquatre, au Musée des arts-décoratifs de Paris, à Maison Particulière à Bruxelles, à la Chambre Blanche au Québec, à La Triennale de Milan, et au Centre d'Art de l'Université de Manoa à Hawaï. Il participe à de nombreuses expositions collectives et foires d'art contemporain telles que Yia Art Fair, Drawing Now Art Fair, Volta Basel, Art Paris, Choices Paris...

Avec l'écrivain Aram Kebabdjian, il collabore à la création d'œuvres hybrides entre fiction narrative et installation plastique: Soleil noir, Isotopia, Zone bleue. Leurs travaux sont présentés et soutenus par diverses institutions, comme le Musée de la chasse à Paris, la Biennale Némo ou le BAL à Paris. En 2021, ils exposent leurs recherches autour de l'histoire et de la matière nucléaire dans l'exposition Demi Vie au Lieu unique à Nantes.

Œuvres principales

 Zone bleue, installation de réalité virtuelle, en collaboration avec Aram Kebabdjian, 2021, Voyage à Nantes, Biennale Némo.
 Archives Gamma, avec Aram Kebabdjian, installation, performance, 2021.
 Sylvia, Installation sonore et visuelle au Collège des Bernardins, Nuit Blanche, Paris, France.
 Dessins hautes fréquences, machine à dessin, mur pignon de l'Hôtel Drawing Lab, rue de Richelieu à Paris, 2017.
 Isotopia, cycle d'œuvres sur le nucléaire, exposé au centre universitaire de Villeneuve d'Asc, et à Hawaï, 2015, 2017.
 Corps de Métier, Musée des Arts-décoratifs de Paris.
 Plus bleu que le bleu, installation multimédia, 2013.
 Flux, rosace illuminée Gare de l'Est, Paris, 2013.
 Lignes de faille, dessins électroniques, à la Galerie Plateforme à Paris et à la Galerie de Roussan à Paris, 2011-2015
 Lueurs, Église Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois de Paris, Nuit Blanche, 2008

Collaborations
Depuis 2003, il collabore régulièrement avec artistes dans le milieu du théâtre, de la danse et de la performance, notamment avec Trajal Harrell, dans la création visuelle pour In the Mood for Franky au Moma à New York en 2016, et Monkey off My Back or the Cat's Meow au Schauspiele Haus de Zurich en 2021. Puis avec le metteur en scène Eli Commins (Writing Spaces et la série Breaking) et le chorégraphe Ali Moini.

Publications

 "Zone bleue (3620)"/"Zone bleue (2052)", avec textes d'Aram Kebabdjian, AOC, coll. "les imprimés d'AOC", 2021.
 Invisible et insaisissable, invisible et intangible, ed. Centre des arts d'Enghien-les-Bains, Dominique Roland, 2011.
 Images Interactives, de Jean-Paul Fourmentraux, Art contemporain, recherche et création numérique, La Lettre volée, coll. « Essais », 2016.
 Mutations, d'Éric-Sébastien Faure-Lagorce, Les Arts Décoratifs – UCAD; Illustrated édition, 2015.
 Un immeuble une œuvre, 2015-2020, Alexia Guggemos, Emmanuelle Aublanc, In Fine Ed.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1975

Stéfane Perraud


NGC 255 este o galaxie spirală, posibil și barată, situată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în 27 noiembrie 1785 de către William Herschel. De asemenea, a fost observată încă o dată în 10 septembrie 1831 de către John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 254
 NGC 256

Legături externe
 NGC 255 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 255 pe WikiSky

Galaxii spirale
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1785
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de William Herschel

NGC 255