Katrin Zimmermann, auch Kathrin Zimmermann, (* vor 1980) ist eine deutsche Synchronsprecherin und Schauspielerin.

Karriere
In ihrer Tätigkeit als Synchronsprecherin sprach Katrin Zimmermann seit 1994 zahlreiche Rollen, unter anderem die Joyce in Nightwatch – Nachtwache, Goei in der Ecchi-Serie Dragon Girls, die Schwester Onee in Eden of the East sowie Viletta Nu in der Mecha-Hitserie Code Geass. Zimmermann lieh zudem der mörderischen Roberta in Black Lagoon, Haruka Urashima in der romantischen Komödie Love Hina und dem digitalen Wesen Gatomon in Digimon ihre Stimme. Neben vielen verschiedenen Anime-Rollen synchronisierte sie auch schon einige US-amerikanische Schauspielerinnen, wie zum Beispiel Kathryn Hahn, Debra Messing und Marg Helgenberger. 2012 hörte man Zimmermann als Synchronsprecherin von Catherine Dent in der Rolle der Abigail Kelsey in Touch.

Sprechrollen (Auswahl)
Karin Viard
 1997: Ich versteh' nicht, was man an mir findet als Monica
 2000: Die Sache mit dem Sex & der Liebe als Eve
 2005: Wie in der Hölle als Céline
 2008: So ist Paris als Bäckerin
 2011: Familientreffen mit Hindernissen als Albertine (erwachsen)

Kathryn Hahn
 2003–2008: Crossing Jordan – Pathologin mit Profil (Fernsehserie) als Lily Lebowski
 2008: Stiefbrüder als Alice Huff
 2010: Woher weißt du, dass es Liebe ist als Annie
 2016: Happyish (Fernsehserie) als Lee Payne

Filme
 1989: City Hunter: Magnum with Love and Fate – Mari Okamoto als Nina Steinberg
 1996: City Hunter: The Secret Service – Keiko Toda als Rosa Martinez
 2000: Digimon Adventure – Edie Mirman als Gatomon/Angewomon
 2000: Nurse Betty – Tia Texada als Rosa Hernandez
 2005: xxxHOLiC – Ein Sommernachtstraum – Sayaka Oohara als Yuuko Ichihara
 2005: Tsubasa Chronicle: Die Prinzessin des Vogelkäfiglandes – Sayaka Oohara als Yuuko Ichihara
 2006: Maison Ikkoku – Yuuko Mita als Akemi Roppongi
 2007: Ein Sommer mit Coo – Naomi Nishida als Yukari Uehara
 2007: My Blueberry Nights – Cat Power als Katya
 2007: Nanny Diaries – Alison Wright als Bridget
 2007: Utena – The Movie – Kotono Mitsuishi als Juri Arisugawa
 2008: Der Andere – Amanda Drew als Joy
 2008: Nur über ihre Leiche eine immliche erlobt und – Lake Bell als Ashley
 2008: The Women – Von großen und kleinen Affären – Debra Messing als Edie Cohen
 2009: Eden of the East: Air Communication – Kimiko Saito als Onee (Schwester)
 2009: Wonder Woman – Marg Helgenberger als Hera
 2009: Year One – Aller Anfang ist schwer – June Diane Raphael als Maya
 2010: Iron Man 2 – Olivia Munn als Chess Roberts
 2011: Lachsfischen im Jemen – Rachael Stirling als Mary Jones
 2013: Inuk – Elisabeth Skade als Inuks Mutter
 2014: X-Men: Zukunft ist Vergangenheit – Halle Berry als Ororo Munroe/Storm
 2014: Gone Girl – Das perfekte Opfer – Carrie Coon als Margo Dunne
 2015: Maze Runner – Die Auserwählten in der Brandwüste – Lili Taylor als Mary
 2016: Inferno – Sidse Babett Knudsen als Dr. Elizabeth Sinskey
 2017: Guardians – Valeriya Shkirando als Mayor Elena Larina
 2019: Stiller Verdacht – Géraldine Pailhas als Sophie Lancelle
 2017: Schneemann – Genevieve O'Reilly als Birte Becker

Serien
 1998: Mummies Alive – Die Hüter des Pharaos – Cree Summer als Nefertina
 2000: Digimon – Yuka Tokumitsu als Salamon/Gatomon/Angewomon/Nefertimon
 2001: Digimon 02 – Yuka Tokumitsu als Salamon/Gatomon/Angewomon/Nefertimon
 2003–2008: Alias – Die Agentin – Merrin Dungey als Francine Calfo
 2004–2011: The Shield – Gesetz der Gewalt – Catherine Dent als Officer Danielle "Danny" Sofer
 2005–2007: Stargate – Kommando SG-1 – Claudia Black als Vala Mal Doran
 2006: The L Word – Wenn Frauen Frauen lieben – Karina Lombard als Marina Ferrer
 2006–2007: Lost – Kim Dickens als Cassidy
 2006–2010: The Closer – Gina Ravera als Det. Irene Daniels
 2007: Desperate Housewives – Meeghan Holaway als Elizabeth
 2007: Black Lagoon – Michie Tomizawa als Roberta
 2007: Dragon Girls – Kikuko Inoue als Goei
 2007: Gundam Seed – Kotono Mitsuishi als Murrue Ramius
 2007: Love Hina – Megumi Hayashibara als Haruka Urashima
 2007: Tsubasa Tokyo Revelations – Sayaka Oohara als Yuuko
 2007–2009: Numbers – Die Logik des Verbrechens – Diane Farr als Megan Reeves
 2007–2014: Brothers & Sisters – Rachel Griffiths als Sarah Walker Whedon
 2007–2015: Psych – Kirsten Nelson als Karen Vick
 2008: Ghost Whisperer – Stimmen aus dem Jenseits – Mandy June Turpin als Karen Benzing
 2008: Boston Legal – Saffron Burrows als Lorraine Weller
 2008: CSI: Vegas – Karina Lombard als Pippa Sanchez
 2008: Dead Like Me – So gut wie tot – Rebecca Gayheart als Betty Rhomer
 2008: Law & Order – Catherine Dent als Dena Carter
 2008: Ikki Tousen: Great Guardians – Kikuko Inoue als Goei
 2008: ×××HOLiC – Sayaka Oohara als Yuuko Ichihara
 2008–2010: The Wire – Sonja Sohn als Det. Shakima "Kima" Greggs
 2009: Ghost Whisperer – Stimmen aus dem Jenseits – Lesli Kay als Suzanne Zale
 2009: Eleventh Hour – Einsatz in letzter Sekunde – Marley Shelton als Rachel Young
 2009: Kämpfer – Kaori Nazuka als Shizuku Sango
 2010: Ghost Whisperer – Stimmen aus dem Jenseits – Catherine Dent als Laura Bradley
 2010: FlashForward – Kim Dickens als Kate Stark
 2010: Ugly Betty – Rebecca Gayheart als Jordan Dunn
 2010: Zone of Separation – Michelle Nolden als Captain Sean Kovacs
 2010: The Forgotten – Die Wahrheit stirbt nie – Heather Stephens als Lindsey Drake
 2010–2011: Criminal Intent – Verbrechen im Visier – Saffron Burrows als Detective Serena Stevens
 2010–2014: Leverage – Beth Riesgraf als Parker
 2011: Grey's Anatomy – Diane Farr als Lila Davis
 2011: Navy CIS – Catherine Dent als Former NCIS Special Agent Whitney Sharp
 2011: Ugly Betty – Nadia Dajani als Denise Ludwig
 2012: Bones – Die Knochenjägerin – Saffron Burrows als Ike Latulippe
 2012: Dexter – Mariana Klaveno als Carissa Porter
 2012: Dr. Dani Santino – Spiel des Lebens – Nadia Dajani als Margo Ciccero
 2012: Touch – Catherine Dent als Abigail Kelsey
 2012: Star Wars:The Clone Wars – Rajia Baroudi als Königin Miraj Scintel
 2012–2014: Treme – Kim Dickens als Janette Desautel
 2012–2017: Saving Hope – Michelle Nolden als Dr. Dawn Bell
 2013: Grey's Anatomy – Constance Zimmer als Dr. Alana Cahill
 2013: Puella Magi Madoka Magica – Yuuko Gotou als Junko Kaname
 2014: Californication – Maggie Wheeler als Ophelia
 2014: American Horror Story (Staffel 4) – Amazon Eve als Eve
 2014–2016: Penny Dreadful – Eva Green als Vanessa Ives
 2015: Tokyo Ghoul – Rie Kugimiya als Juuzou Suzuya
 2015–2019: Occupied – Die Besatzung – Ane Dahl Torp als Bente Norum
 2016–2022: Bull (Fernsehserie) – Yara Martinez als Isabella "Izzy" Colón
 2016: Homeland – Miranda Otto als Allison Carr
 2016: American Horror Story (Staffel 6) – Adina Porter als Lee Harris
 2017: 24: Legacy – Miranda Otto als Rebecca Ingram
 seit 2017: Zimmer 108 – Inge Paulussen als Kristel Brouwers
 2018–2019: Marvel's Cloak & Dagger – Andrea Roth als Melissa Bowen
 2022: Grey's Anatomy – Kate Walsh als Dr. Addison Montgomery (3. Stimme)

Weblinks

Synchronsprecher
Deutscher
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Frau

Katrin Zimmermann


A Copa Pan-Americana de Voleibol Masculino de 2016 foi a 11.ª edição do torneio organizado pela NORCECA em parceria com a CSV, realizado no período de 21 a 26 de maio, com as partidas realizadas no Ginásio Olímpico Juan de la Barrera, na Cidade do México, no México.

A seleção cubana venceu seu segundo título da competição ao vencer na final única a seleção argentina. O ponteiro cubano Abrahan Alfonso Gavilán foi eleito o melhor jogador do torneio.

Seleções participantes

Formato da disputa
O torneio foi dividido em duas fases: fase classificatória e fase final.

Na fase preliminar as 10 equipes participantes foram divididas em três grupos (o Grupo A e B com 3 equipes e o Grupo B com 4 equipes). Os dois primeiros classificados de cada grupo entraram na fase final, estruturada em quartas de finais, semifinais e final. Os dois eliminados nas quartas de finais das finais passaram para disputa pelo quinto lugar. Os últimos classificados dos grupos A e B e os dois últimos classificados do grupo C entraram na disputa pelo sétimo lugar. Cada grupo foi jogado com um sistema de todos contra todos e as equipes foram classificadas de acordo com os seguintes critérios:
 Maior número de partidas ganhas.
 Maior número de pontos obtidos, que são concedidos da seguinte forma:
 Partida com resultado final 3–0: 5 pontos para o vencedor e 0 pontos para o perdedor.
 Partida com resultado final 3–1: 4 pontos para o vencedor e 1 pontos para o perdedor.
 Partida com resultado final 3–2: 3 pontos para o vencedor e 2 pontos para o perdedor.
 Proporção entre pontos ganhos e pontos perdidos (razão de pontos).
 Proporção entre os sets ganhos e os sets perdidos (relação sets).
 Se o empate persistir entre duas equipes, a prioridade é dada à equipe que venceu a última partida entre as equipes envolvidas.
 Se o empate persistir entre três equipes ou mais, uma nova classificação será feita levando-se em conta apenas as partidas entre as equipes envolvidas.

Fase classificatória
 Todas partidas no horário local (UTC-6).

Grupo A
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 Grupo B

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 Grupo C

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Resultados

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Fase final
 Chaveamento final

 7º – 10º lugar

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 Quartas de final

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 Nono lugar

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 Sétimo lugar

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 Semifinais

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 Quinto lugar

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 Terceiro lugar

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 Final

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Classificação final

Premiações

Individuais
Os atletas que se destacaram individualmente foramː

Most Valuable Player (MVP)
  Abrahan Alfonso Gavilán
Melhor levantador
  Matías Sánchez
Melhores ponteiros
  Jorge Barajas
  Vicente Parraguirre

Melhores centrais
  Fabián Flores
  Luis Sosa
Melhores pposto
  Henry Tapia
Melhor líbero
  Santiago Danani

Ver também
 Copa Pan-Americana de Voleibol Feminino de 2016

Ligações externas

Copa Pan-Americana de Voleibol Masculino
Pan-Americana
Desporto no México em 2016


A garage sale (also known as a yard sale, tag sale, moving sale and by many other names) is an informal event for the sale of used goods by private individuals, in which sellers are not required to obtain business licenses or collect sales tax (though, in some jurisdictions, a permit may be required).

Typically the goods in a garage sale are unwanted items from the household with its owners conducting the sale. The conditions of the goods vary, but they are typically usable. Some of these items are offered for sale because the owner does not want or need the item to minimize their possessions or to raise funds. Popular motivations for a garage sale are for "spring cleaning," moving or earning extra money. The seller's items are displayed to the passers-by or those responding to signs, flyers, classified ads or newspaper ads. In some cases, local television stations will broadcast a sale on a local public channel.  The venue at which the sale is conducted is typically a garage; other sales are conducted at a driveway, carport, front yard or inside a house. Some vendors, known as "squatters," will set up in a high-traffic area rather than on their own property.

Items typically sold at garage sales include old clothing, books, toys, household decorations, lawn and garden tools, sports equipment, and board games. Larger items like furniture and occasionally home appliances are also sold. Garage sales occur most frequently in rural and suburban areas on weekends with good weather conditions, and usually have designated hours for the sale. Buyers who arrive before the hours of the sale to review the items are known as "early birds" and are often professional restorers or resellers. Such sales also attract people who are searching for bargains or for rare and unusual items. Bargaining, also known as haggling, on prices is routine, and items may or may not have price labels affixed. Some people buy goods from these sales to restore them for resale.

Some jurisdictions require that the home owners obtain a permit (which may require a fee), stating the date(s) on which the sale will take place (with allowances in the event of bad weather conditions). The jurisdiction may also place restrictions on the sale, such as the number of sales in a year a person can have (so as to avoid a person running a business without licenses and without collecting sales taxes), where signs may be placed in and around the neighborhood, and even where on the owner's premises a sale may take place.

Advertising for a garage sale

Advertising for the event of a garage sale is typically done by posting a sign, usually made from cardboard or plastic, in a public location. Signs are posted with the intent that people passing by will take note of the event, time, and location of the garage sale. In many cases, signs may feature an arrow or some other means of expressing the direction of the event.

In addition to signs, many people advertise their garage sales in the newspaper in a dedicated section or on websites.

Special community sales
In some areas, garage sales have taken on a special meaning to a community and have become events of special local significance. Large areas of a community then hold a communal garage sale involving numerous families at the same time.

The Highway 127 Corridor Sale, promoted as "The World's Longest Yard Sale," encourages private individuals and professional vendors to conduct simultaneous yard sales along a  corridor spanning five U.S. states.  The headquarters is located at Fentress County Chamber of Commerce in Jamestown, Tennessee. The sale officially starts the first Thursday of August. However, many sellers in the area will start the weekend before.

Running east to west, the Coast-to-Coast yard sale runs along U.S. Route 50 in May of each year. Though not as popular as "The World's Longest Yard Sale," the US 50 Coast-to-Coast sale is in its 16th year.

During the second Saturday in August, a  stretch of U.S. Route 11 becomes a continuous yard sale from Stephens City, Virginia's Newtown Commons south to New Market, Virginia.  The event, in its ninth year, is sponsored by the Shenandoah County Chamber Advisory Group, five chambers of commerce, and two town governments. In years past, the Yard Crawl has attracted people from as far away as Canada.

In Bondi Beach, Australia, the first Garage Sale Trail took place as part of the Sizzle Bondi Community Festival on May 9, 2010, during which 126 garage sales occurred simultaneously. The Garage Sale Trail was designed to reduce the amount of goods dumped instead of sold and re-used.
Since the first event, the Garage Sale Trail has won a Green Globes award for Media Excellence,
and the Wentworth Couriers Business Achiever award. In July 2010, organisers of the Garage Sale Trail announced their intention to take the Garage Sale Trail national and involve thirty local councils across Australia's states and territories potentially making it the largest garage sale in the world.

The now semi-annual City Wide Garage Sale was first held in October 1990 in El Cerrito, California. Local resident and reuse advocate, Marianne Hegeman proposed the citywide garage sale to facilitate garage inspections in the wake of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. City Wide Garage Sales have been replicated in other cities including Albany, California; Mountain View, California; and Eagle Mountain, Utah.

Informal sales also occur across the country. One such example is in the Bismarck-Mandan area. Coinciding with the United Tribes International Pow-wow, it is a tradition for the weekend following Labor Day to be the area's biggest garage sale weekend due to the influx of visitors in the area. On any given year, total garage sales number at least 500, while Fargo, North Dakota surpasses Bismarck as the state's largest city. The only state event that is bigger is the North Dakota State Fair held in Minot, North Dakota, during the last week of July.

In popular culture
The cultural phenomenon of garage and yard sales in the United States has been examined by several artists. The Thunderground Film production Zen and the Art of Yardsailing is a documentary film produced in 2004 that covered aspects of finding bargains as well as the cutthroat practices of professional resellers and the previously-noted "early birds". New Jersey artist Robert A. Emmons, Jr.'s short documentary film Yard Sale, released in 2006, examines the American practice of buying and selling goods in one's front yard and the sociological impact of such activities.

See also
 Car boot sale
 Charity shop
 Estate sale
 Flea market
 Free box
 Jumble sale
 Pawn shop
 White elephant sale
 List of items purchased at junk sales that turned out to be treasures that resold for small fortunes

References

External links

Sale
Non-store retailing
Retail formats
Reuse

Garage sale


نيكاندر هو شاعر وطبيب ونحوي يوناني عاش في القرن الثاني قبل الميلاد وولد في كلاروس قرب كولوفون، حيث توارثت عائلته كهنوتية أبولو، وبرز تحت حكم أتالوس الثالث ملك بيرغاموم، ثم كتب العديد من الأعمال نثرا وشعرا ولقيت اثنان منها الشهرة قديما، وأولها ثيرياكا وهي قصيدة من تفاعيل سداسية من 958 بيتا حول طبيعة الحيوانات السامة والجروح التي تسببها، أما الأخرى فتدعى أليكسيفارماكا تحتوي على 630 بيت تتعامل مع السموم وأمصالها.

تبع نيكاندر في حقائقه منهج أبولودوروس، ومن أعماله الضائعة أيتوليكا وهي عن تاريخ أيتوليا، وعمل هيتيرويومينا وهي ملحمة أسطورية استعملها أوفيد في كتابه ميتامورفوسيس ولخصها أنطونيوس ليبراليس وكذلك كتب جورجيكا وميلوسورجيكا والتي بقيت منها شذرات مهمة يقال ان فرجيل قام بمحاكاتها.

أعمال نيكاندر مجدها شيشرون وحاكاها أوفيد واستشهد بها بليني كثيرا وكذلك فعل كتاب آخرون، لكن سمعته لم تنصف على نحو ملائم كما يبدو، فبلوتارخ يقول أنه لا عمله ينم للشعر بصلة سوى الوزن، وأسلوبه متكلف ومبهم، لكنها تحوي معلومات مهمة حول معتقدات القدماء حول المواضيع المطروحة.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من كولوفون
أطباء إغريق
شعراء القرن 2 ق م
شعراء وشاعرات يونانيون
كهنة يونانيون قدماء
لغويون يونانيون قدماء
مواليد في كولوفون
مؤرخون في القرن 2 ق م
يونانيون في القرن 2 ق م
أطباء يونانيون في القرن 2 ق م

نيكاندر


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 12 Haziran - İmparator Reizei, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 63. imparatoru (ö. 1011)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Yaropolk, Kiev Büyük Knezi (ö. 980)
 Kızıl Erik, Norveç'li kâşif (ö. 1003)

Ölümler
 Fârâbî, ünlü filozof ve bilim insanı, aynı zamanda gök bilimci, mantıkçı ve müzisyen (d. 870)
 Kahir, Abbasi halifesi (d. 899)
 Zoltán, babası Árpád'ın yerine geçen Macarların üçüncü büyük prensi
 Lothair II, İtalya kralı.

950


José Enrique Peña (Montevideo, 7 de mayo de 1963) es un exfutbolista uruguayo que jugaba de mediocampista central. Jugó en diversos clubes de Uruguay y Chile. Integró la selección uruguaya de fútbol, con la que ganó la Copa América de Argentina 1987, donde derrotó en la final a Chile. En este país defendió los colores de Deportes Temuco en 1993.

Es padre del defensa del Liverpool Fútbol Club Agustín Peña y del mediocampista de Atenas de San Carlos Álvaro Peña.

Clubes

Palmarés

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en BDFA
 Ficha en National Football Teams
 Ficha en Playehristory

Nacidos en Montevideo
Futbolistas de Uruguay en la Copa América 1987

Futbolistas del Club Social y Deportivo Huracán Buceo
Futbolistas del Montevideo Wanderers Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Club Nacional de Football en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Temuco en los años 1990

José Enrique Peña


داود راجحة (1947 - 18 يوليو/تموز 2012)، نائب رئيس الوزراء وزير الدفاع السوري برتبة عماد. عُيّن في منصبه وزيرًا للدفاع في 8 أغسطس 2011 في حكومة عادل سفر، وذلك خلفًا للعماد علي حبيب، وذلك بمرسوم جمهوري اعتبر التعديل الأول في حكومة سفر. وأعيد تعيينه بنفس المنصب في 23 يونيو 2012 في حكومة رياض حجاب، واستمر في منصبه حتى مقتله في 18 يوليو/تموز 2012 بتفجير مبنى الأمن القومي.

عن حياته
ولد في دمشق وتعود أصول عائلته إلى عربين في ريف دمشق. تخرج من الكلية الحربية عام 1968 باختصاص مدفعية ميدان، واتبع دورات تأهيلية عسكرية مختلفة بما فيها دورة القيادة والأركان ودورة الأركان العليا. تدرج بالرتب العسكرية إلى رتبة لواء عام 1998 وإلى رتبة عماد عام 2005، وشغل مختلف الوظائف العسكرية من قائد كتيبة إلى قائد لواء وشغل منصب مدير ورئيس لعدد من الإدارات والهيئات في القوات المسلحة ونائبًا لرئيس هيئة الأركان عام 2004. خلال الانتفاضة الشعبية المندلعة في سوريا اعتبر أنّ بلاده تتعرض لمؤامرة كبرى وحرب حقيقية تستهدف كيانها، واتهم الغرب باختلاق الأحداث. وخلال توليه مسؤولية وزارة الدفاع قام الجيش السوري بمحاولة إعادة السيطرة على عدد من المدن السورية التي فقد السيطرة عليها أثناء الثورة السورية 2011، وهو ما جعل اسم راجحة يندرج في قائمة العقوبات الأوروبية والأمريكية والعربية مع 12 وزيرًا آخر، لاتهامه بأنه أحد أبرز المسؤولين عن عمليات القتل والقمع في البلاد.

ويقال أنه قام بزيارة روسيا سرًا كما نقلت تقارير صحفية، بهدف إبرام عقود جديدة للسلاح وتوسيع عقود قديمة، كما قام بزيارة الأسطول الروسي عند زيارته مرفأ طرطوس. وهو أول مسيحي يصل إلى رتبة وزير الدفاع منذ وصول حزب البعث إلى الحكم في سوريا.

التكوين و التعليم العسكري العالي
 دورة الضابط ، سلاح المدفعية، المدرسة الحربية، حمص
 دورة الأركان، سورية
 دورة القيادة و الأركان، سورية
 دورة الأركان العليا (دورة الحرب)، سورية

مقتله
قتل يوم 18 يوليو 2012 في انفجار استهدف مقر الأمن القومي في دمشق، وذلك أثناء اجتماع وزراء ومسؤولين أمنيين كبار، خلال الثورة السورية.

انظر أيضًا
 الحكومة السورية (أبريل 2011).
 الجيش السوري.

المراجع

أرثوذكس شرقيون سوريون
أرثوذكس مشرقيون سوريون
أشخاص من دمشق
أفراد عسكريون قتلوا في الحرب الأهلية السورية
أفراد عسكريون مغتالون
جرائم قتل في سوريا 2012
جرائم قتل في سوريا عقد 2010
جنرالات سوريون
حاملو وسام الاستحقاق السوري
رؤساء أركان الجيش السوري
سياسيو حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي السوري
سياسيون سوريون مغتالون
شخصيات الحرب الأهلية السورية
مسيحيون سوريون
مواليد 1947
مواليد في دمشق
نظام بشار الأسد
وزراء دفاع سوريون
وفيات 1433 هـ
وفيات 2012
وفيات بسبب الإرهاب في سوريا
وفيات بعبوة ناسفة
وفيات في دمشق

داود راجحة


Luís Eduardo Schmidt eller bare Edu (født 10. januar 1979 i Jaú, Brasilien) er en brasiliansk tidligere fodboldspiller (angriber/midtbane).

På klubplan spillede Edu størstedelen af sin karriere i Spanien, hvor han repræsenterede henholdsvis Celta Vigo og Real Betis. Hos sidstnævnte var han i 2005 med til at vinde den spanske pokalturnering Copa del Rey. Han havde også ophold i hjemlandet hos São Paulo, Internacional og Vitória, inden han sluttede karrieren efter en kort periode i den amerikanske Major League Soccer hos Colorado Rapids.

Edu spillede desuden én for Brasiliens landshold., og deltog desuden med et særligt OL-landshold ved OL 2000 i Sydney.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Fodboldspillere fra Sport Club Internacional
Fodboldspillere fra São Paulo FC
Fodboldspillere fra Real Betis
Fodboldspillere fra Celta de Vigo
Fodboldspillere fra Colorado Rapids

Luís Eduardo Schmidt


Le Centro Deportivo Servicios Industriales de la Marina, plus couramment abrégé en Centro Deportivo SIMA ou encore en CD SIMA, est un club péruvien de football fondé en 1961 et basé dans la ville de Callao.

Histoire
Fondé le  par des ouvriers des Services industriels de la Marine (SIMA) du port de Callao, le Deportivo SIMA accède à la  en 1968. Champion de D2 l'année suivante, il intègre la  en 1970, mais est rapidement relégué.

Il remporte un deuxième championnat de  en 1971 et retrouve une nouvelle fois l'élite. Il s'y maintient jusqu'en 1973 avant d'être à nouveau relégué. Le championnat de D2 ayant été supprimé au milieu des années 1970, il se retrouve au sein de la ligue de district de Callao où il évolue de nos jours.

Résultats sportifs

Palmarès

Bilan et records

 Saisons au sein du championnat du Pérou : 3 (1970 / 1972-1973).
 Saisons au sein du championnat du Pérou D2 : 3 (1968-1969 / 1971).

Personnalités historiques du club

Joueurs

Grands noms
Les internationaux péruviens Tomás Iwasaki et Carlos Oliva ont porté les couleurs du CD SIMA en 1970 et 1972, respectivement.

Entraîneurs

Notes et références

Liens externes
  CD SIMA sur www.globalsportsarchive.com

Club de football à Callao
Club de football fondé en 1961

Centro Deportivo SIMA


An Platanthera chlorantha in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jakob Laurenz Custer, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach. An Platanthera chlorantha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Platanthera

Platanthera chlorantha


Africa Screams este un film de comedie american din 1949 regizat de Charles Barton. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Bud Abbott și Lou Costello.

Distribuție
 Bud Abbott ca Buzz Johnson
 Lou Costello ca Stanley Livington
 Clyde Beatty ca el însuși
 Frank Buck ca el însuși
 Max Baer ca Grappler McCoy
 Buddy Baer ca Boots Wilson
 Hillary Brooke ca Diana Emerson
 Joe Besser ca Harry
 Burton Wenland ca Bobo
 Charles Gemora ca The Ape

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 1949
Filme în limba engleză
Filme de comedie din anii 1940
Filme de comedie americane
Filme de comedie
Filme regizate de Charles Barton
Filme United Artists

Doi nătărăi în Africa


مارغريت (1489 – 1541) ملكة اسكتلندا وهي أكبر بنات هنري السابع ملك إنجلترا من زوجته إليزابيث ابنة إدوارد الرابع، وقد زوجت لجيمس الرابع وقد أثرت عليها الحروب بين اسكتلندا وإنكلترا وموت زوجها ومحاولتها للإبقاء على عرش ابنها فانشغلت بالمؤامرات والدسائس.

زواجها

كانت قد ولدت في ويست مينستر في 29 نوفمبر 1489. وقبل هذا بدأت مفاوضات لتزويجها لجيمس الرابع وهي بعمر ستة سنوات وطالت لعدة سنوات، وكان هنري يتمنى تفادي دعم جيمس لمدعي العرش بركين واربك بمثل هذا التحالف. وفي النهاية تم الزواج في أدنبرة في 8 أغسطس 1503. ولكن هنري السابع الذي كان بخيلا أعطى بنته مهرا ضئيلا والنزاعات بشأن هذا أشعلت الشرر في العلاقات بين المملكتين ولم يعالجها الزواج بالرغم من عقد معاهدة للسلام الدائم. وكامل حياة مارغريت بعد زواجها مع جيمس الرابع كان سلسلة لا تنتهي من الدسائس، أولاً مع فئة سياسية ثم أخرى؛ مرة لمصلحة وطنها الأصلي في أخرى في عداوة معها، وكانت تصرفاتها متأثرة بشكل رئيسي في جميع الأوقات باعتبارات مالية.

توجت مارغريت في أدنبرة في مارس 1504. وحتى عام 1507 لم يكن لديها أطفال؛ بين ذلك التاريخ وعام 1510 أنجبت ابنين وبنتا ماتوا جميعهم صغارا؛ في 1512 ولدت الابن الذي خلف أباه وهو جيمس الخامس؛ وفي 1513 حملت بابن هو ألكساندر وأصبح دوق روس ومات في السنة التالية.

وصايتها على العرش
كان النزاع مع أخيها هنري الثامن على ميراث طالبت به مارغريت كان سببا مساهما للحرب التي قامت قبل أن تنتهي في فلودن حيث قتل جيمس الرابع في 9 سبتمبر 1513 وبوصيته عين مارغريت ولية الأمر الوحيدة على ابنها الرضيع الذي أصبح الملك جيمس الخامس وانقسمت اسكتلندا إلى طرفين أحدهم يساند التحالف مع إنجلترا والآخر مع فرنسا. وكان زعيم الطرف الأخير هو جون ستيوارت دوق ألباني الوريث اللاحق للتاج الإسكتلندي بعد أبناء مارغريت التي مالت بنفسها للفئة الأكبر المناصرة للإنجليز؛ وعندما عاد ألباني إلى اسكتلندا من فرنسا بدعوة من البرلمان الإسكتلندي في ربيع عام 1514 تصاعد النزاع تقريباً إلى حرب أهلية.

زواجها مجددا
بدأت مشاريع مختلفة لزواج مارغريت مجددا وكان لويس الثاني عشر ملك فرنسا والإمبراطور ماكسيمليان ممن تقدموا لطلب يد الأرملة الشابة ثم تزوجت الملكة آرتشيبالد دوغلاس إيرل أنغوس في 6 أغسطس 1514. ونتائج هذا الزواج كانت عزل العديد من أقوى النبلاء خصوصاً إيرل أران وهوم وجعل مارغريت معتمدة كلياً على بيت دوغلاس؛ بينما أصدر المجلس قرارا لإزالة وصايتها على العرش ووصاية الملك لمصلحة ألباني في يوليو 1515. وكان على ألباني يحاصر مارغريت في قلعة ستيرلنج قبل أن تسلم أبنائها مع تعهد بالاستسلام، وعادت مارغريت إلى أدنبرة، وبما أنها لم تعد مسؤولة عن رعاية الملك هربت إلى إنجلترا في سبتمبر حيث بعد شهر أنجبت طفلة من أنغوس وهي مارغريت التي أصبحت فيما بعد كونتيسة لينوكس وأم اللورد دارنلي وجدة جيمس الأول ملك إنجلترا.

في صيف 1516 مارغريت ذهب إلى بلاط أخيها في لندن، بينما أنغوس عاد إلى اسكتلندا حيث عقد سلاما مع ألباني وأعيد إلى أملاكه. وتعقد التنافس بين الفئات الفرنسية والإنجليزية في اسكتلندا بالعداءات الخاصة بين عائلتي هاملتون ودوغلاس، والتي كانت منهما تفرض عائلات مثل أران وأنغوس سلطتها في غياب ألباني في فرنسا، حيث احتجزه فرانسوا الأول بطلب من هنري الثامن. وكانت مارغريت التي تتخاصم مع زوجها على الأمور المالية، اشتركت في بادئ الأمر مع أران وبدأت بالتفاوض لطلاقها من أنغوس. ومن المحتمل أن ألباني الذي كان في روما والذي وجد حليفاً غير متوقع في الملكة الأم ساعدها في هذا، وعزلت مارغريت بشكل مؤقت من الفريق الإنجليزي بمعارضة أخيها هنري لطلاقها.

عندما عاد ألباني إلى اسكتلندا في 1521 كانت شراكته مع مارغريت سببا لاتهامه بأنه كان بهدف لأن يتزوجها نفسه ففضل طلاقها من أنغوس، وتم التلميح حتى بأنها كانت عشيقة ألباني. وبما ألباني كان مدعوما بقوة من قبل البرلمان الإسكتلندي، رأى أنغوس من الضروري أن ينسحب إلى فرنسا حتى عام 1524. أثناء هذه السنوات كانت الحرب قائمة بين الإنجليز والاسكتلنديين على الحدود، لكن في مايو 1524 ألزم ألباني للذهاب إلى فرنسا. واستهدف هنري الثامن ضمان حماية ابن أخته ملك الاسكتلنديين بشكل مستمر؛ بينما مارغريت تأرجحت من فئة إلى فئة دون أي سياسة ثابتة، ما لم تكن تنصيب ابنها، وإعلانه ملكاً، وهو ما نجحت به في يوليو 1524.

سنواتها اللاحقة
كانت الملكة الأم في هذا الوقت قد وقعت في حب هنري ستيوارت، ابن اللورد أفوندال الثاني والذي تزوجته فوراً بعد حصولها على الطلاق من أنغوس في عام 1527. الآن مارغريت وزوجها الجديد الذي أصبح اللورد ميثفين، أصبحا الآن لفترة من الوقت القوة النافذة على مستشاري جيمس الخامس. لكن عندما أحبطت رغبتها لترتيب اجتماع بين جيمس وهنري الثامن في عام 1534 وذلك بمعارضة رجال الدين والمجلس، قررت مارغريت بدافع من الإحباط بكشف بعض الأسرار إلى هنري وأدى هذا إلى اتهامها من قبل ابنها بالخيانة مقابل المال والعمل كجاسوسة إنجليزية. في عام 1537 كانت متلهفة للحصول على طلاقها من ميثفين، ورغبتها كانت على وشك التحقق عندما فشلت بتدخل جيمس. بعد سنتين تصالحت مع زوجها، والذي لم تنجب منه أطفالا؛ واستمرت بتدبير الدسائس في اسكتلندا وإنجلترا إلى أن ماتت في قلعة ميثفين في 18 أكتوبر 1541.

مصادر

آل ستيوارت
أقران ملوك إسكتلندا
أميرات إنجليزيات
أولاد هنري السابع ملك إنجلترا
إسكتلنديات في القرن 15
إسكتلنديات في القرن 16
إسكتلنديون في القرن 15
إسكتلنديون في القرن 16
إنجليز في القرن 15
إنجليز في القرن 16
إنجليز من أصل ويلزي
إنجليزيات في القرن 15
إنجليزيات في القرن 16
بنات ملوك
تيودور
حاكمات في القرن 16
رومان كاثوليك إنجليز
ملكات الأم
مواليد 1489
ناجون من الجدري
نساء في إسكتلندا
نساء من عهد أسرة تيودور
ورثة عرش إنجلترا
وصيات على العرش
وفيات 1541

مارغريت تيودور


The Home Fleet was a fleet of the Royal Navy that operated from the United Kingdom's territorial waters from 1902 with intervals until 1967. In 1967, it was merged with the Mediterranean Fleet creating the new Western Fleet.

Before the First World War, it consisted of the four Port Guard ships. In 1905 it was disestablished, and from 1905 to 1907 remaining ships at a lesser state of readiness were split into the reserve divisions (Devonport Division, Nore Division, and Portsmouth Division). During the First World War, it comprised some of the older ships of the Royal Navy. During the Second World War, it was the Royal Navy's main battle force in European waters.

Pre-First World War

In the first years of the 20th century, the Royal Navy had four 'Port Guard' ships, stationed in the major naval bases, partially to act as flagships for the admirals commanding at those ports. These vessels appear to have been stationed at the Nore, Portsmouth, and Plymouth, as well as one other major base.

On 1 October 1902, the Admiral Superintendent Naval Reserves, then Vice-Admiral Gerard Noel, was given the additional appointment of Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet, and allotted a rear-admiral to serve under him as commander of the Home Squadron. "... the nucleus of the Home Fleet would consist of the four Port Guard ships, which would be withdrawn from their various scattered dockyards and turned into a unified and permanent sea-going command – the Home Squadron – based on Portland. Also under the direction of the commander-in-chief of the Home Fleet would be the Coast Guard ships, which would continue to be berthed for the most part in their respective district harbours in order to carry out their local duties, but would join the Home Squadron for sea work at least three times per year, at which point the assembled force – the Home Squadron and the Coast Guard vessels – would be known collectively as the Home Fleet." Rear-Admiral George Atkinson-Willes was Second-in-Command of the Home Fleet, with his flag in the battleship HMS Empress of India, at this time. In May 1903 Noel was succeeded as Commander-in-Chief by Vice-Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson.

On 14 December 1904, the Channel Fleet was re-styled the Atlantic Fleet and the Home Fleet became the Channel Fleet. In 1907, the Home Fleet was reformed with Vice-Admiral Francis Bridgeman in command, succeeded by Admiral Sir William May in 1909. Bridgeman took command again in 1911, and in the same year was succeeded by Admiral Sir George Callaghan. On 29 March 1912, a new structure of the fleet was announced, which came into force on 1 May 1912. The former Home Fleet, which was organised into four divisions, was divided into the First, Second and Third Fleets as Home Fleets. The Home Fleets were the Navy's unified home commands in British waters from 1912 to 1914. On 4 August 1914, as the First World War was breaking out, John Jellicoe was ordered to take command of the Fleet, which by his appointment order was renamed the Grand Fleet.

Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet
Post holders during the pre-war period were:'''

Second in command
Post holders included:

Chief of staff
Post holders included:

Three Home Fleets, 1912–1914

The Home Fleets were a new organisation of the Royal Navy's unified home commands (First, Second and Third Fleets) instituted on 31 July 1912 to December 1914. The Commander-in-Chiefs of the three home commands reported to the Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleets.

Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleets

Second in command
Post holders included:

On 8 August 1914 units of the Home Fleets were distributed in accordance with Admiralty Fleet Order the majority of elements formed the new Grand Fleet others were assigned to the following units: Channel Fleet, Northern Patrol-Cruiser Force B, 7th Cruiser Squadron-Cruiser Force, 11th Cruiser Squadron-Cruiser Force E, Dover Patrol, Harwich Flotillas, 7th Destroyer Flotilla, 8th Destroyer Flotilla, 9th Destroyer Flotilla, 5th Submarine Flotilla, 6th Submarine Flotilla, 7th Submarine Flotilla and the 8th Submarine Flotilla.

Inter-war period

When the Grand Fleet was disbanded in April 1919, the more powerful ships were grouped into the Atlantic Fleet and the older ships became the "Home Fleet"; this arrangement lasted until late 1919, when the ships of the Home Fleet became the Reserve Fleet.

The name "Home Fleet" was resurrected in March 1932, as the new name for the Atlantic Fleet, following the Invergordon Mutiny. The Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet in 1933 was Admiral Sir John Kelly. The Home Fleet comprised the flagship  leading a force that included the 2nd Battle Squadron (five more battleships), the Battlecruiser Squadron ( and ), the 2nd Cruiser Squadron (Vice-Admiral Edward Astley-Rushton) aboard  (three cruisers), three destroyer flotillas (27), a submarine flotilla (six), two aircraft carriers and associated vessels.

Commander-in-Chief, Home FleetPost holders during the inter-war period were:Second World War
History

The Home Fleet was the Royal Navy's main battle force in European waters during the Second World War. On 3 September 1939, under Admiral Forbes flying his flag in  at Scapa Flow, it consisted of the 2nd Battle Squadron, the Battle Cruiser Squadron, 18th Cruiser Squadron, Rear-Admiral, Destroyers, Rear-Admiral, Submarines (2nd Submarine Flotilla, Dundee, 6th Submarine Flotilla, Blyth, Northumberland), Vice-Admiral, Aircraft Carriers (Vice-Admiral L. V. Wells, with , , and Pegasus), and the Orkney and Shetlands force. Its chief responsibility was to keep Germany's Kriegsmarine from breaking out of the North Sea. For this purpose, the First World War base at Scapa Flow was reactivated as it was well placed for interceptions of ships trying to run the blockade.

The two most surprising losses of the Home Fleet during the early part of the war were the sinking of the old battleship  by the German submarine  while supposedly safe in Scapa Flow, and the loss of the pride of the Navy, the battlecruiser , to the German battleship . 2nd Battle Squadron under Admiral Blagrove was effectively disestablished when he died in the sinking of Royal Oak.

The operational areas of the Home Fleet were not circumscribed, and units were detached to other zones quite freely. However, the southern parts of the North Sea and the English Channel were made separate commands for light forces, and the growing intensity of the Battle of the Atlantic led to the creation of Western Approaches Command. Only with the destruction of the German battleship  in 1944 did the Home Fleet assume a lower priority, and most of its heavy units were withdrawn to be sent to the Far East.

Post holder sources for the Second World War:

Second in command
Post holders included:

Post-Second World War

As the Cold War began, greater emphasis was placed on protecting the North Atlantic sea lanes from the Soviet Union in concert with other Western countries. Admiral Sir Rhoderick McGrigor supervised combined Western Union exercises involving ships from the British, French, and Dutch navies in June–July 1949. Admiral McGrigor flew his flag from the aircraft carrier . Also taking part in the exercises were  and , along with cruisers and destroyers. During the exercise, the combined force paid a visit to Mount's Bay in Cornwall from 30 June – 4 July 1949.

Admiral Sir Philip Vian, Commander-in-Chief from 1950 to 1952, flew his flag in . In late 1951,  joined the fleet as flagship of the 3rd Aircraft Carrier Squadron.

From 1947 to 1957 superfluous battleships and aircraft carriers were assigned to the Training Squadron, Home Fleet headquartered at Portland to provide basic training. The carriers stationed here were mobilised as helicopter carriers for the Suez operation in 1956. In December 1951 the Admiralty authorised the creation of a new Heavy Squadron to be assigned to the Home Fleet, consisting of the battleship Vanguard, aircraft carriers, and cruisers. Its commanding officer was known as Flag Officer, Aircraft Carriers who had administrative responsibility for all the operational carriers; the squadron was disbanded in October 1954.

After the Second World War, the Royal Navy's geographic commands were gradually merged into fewer but larger formations (1954 to 1971). After 1951 the term flotilla applied to the higher command organisation of squadrons in the Home and Mediterranean Fleets. The squadrons of the Home Fleet were grouped under a Flag Officer, Flotillas, Home Fleet, who became the main seagoing flag officer. A similar arrangement applied to the Flag Officer, Flotillas, Mediterranean Fleet. In the Far East the Flag Officer 5th Cruiser Squadron became Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet with similar seagoing duties. Increasingly the term 'Submarine Flotilla' was used to describe the squadrons under command of the Flag Officer Submarines.

The Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet, gained an additional NATO responsibility as Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Atlantic (CINCEASTLANT), as part of Allied Command Atlantic, when the NATO military command structure was established in 1953. CINCEASTLANT was set up at the Northwood Headquarters in northwest London. The Commander-in-Chief Home Fleet still flew his flag however in  at Portsmouth. During Exercise Mainbrace in 1952, NATO naval forces came together for the first time to practice the defence of northern Europe, Denmark and Norway. The resulting McMahon Act difficulties caused by potential British control of the United States Navy's attack carriers armed with nuclear weapons led to the creation of a separate Striking Fleet Atlantic, directly responsible to the commander of the U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet, in his NATO position as SACLANT, by the end of 1952. The submarine tender  was the fleet's flagship in 1956.

In the spring of 1960, C-in-C Home Fleet moved permanently ashore to Northwood, while Flag Officer, Flotillas, Home, retained effective control at sea as the C-in-C's deputy. Cecil Hampshire writes that the ships with the fleet in 1960 included the flagship Tyne,'' a destroyer depot ship which by then was more than 20 years old; carriers Victorious and ; fast minelayer Apollo; seventeen destroyers and frigates; and sixteen submarines. Another aircraft carrier, cruisers Lion and Blake; the first four guided missile destroyers, and other ships were under construction.

In February 1963 all remaining frigate and destroyer squadrons in the Home, Mediterranean and Far East Fleets were merged into new Escort Squadrons. In April 1963, the naval unit at the Northwood Headquarters, in northwest London, was commissioned as  under the command of the then Captain of the Fleet.

In December 1966, all remaining squadrons in the Home Fleet were disbanded. In 1967 the Home Fleet was amalgamated with the Mediterranean Fleet. With its area of responsibility greatly increased, the amalgamated formation was redesignated the Western Fleet.

Commanders-in-Chief

Source for post holders after the Second World War:

Notes

Sources

 Lovell. Tony and Harley, Simon; (2015) "Home Fleet (Royal Navy) - The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org.
 Mackie, Colin. (2017) "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com.
 Maloney, Sean. (1992), Securing Command of the Sea, Masters' thesis, University of New Brunswick. Canada.

Further reading

External links

Fleets of the Royal Navy
Military units and formations of the Royal Navy in World War I
Military units and formations of the Royal Navy in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1902
Military units and formations disestablished in 1967
1902 establishments in the United Kingdom

Home Fleet


Agrimonia pilosa, vrsta turice rasprostranjene po velikim dijelovima Euroazije

Višegodišnja je biljka iz čijeg rizoma nikne jedna ili više razgranatih stabljika koje narastu od 30 do 120 cm visine. Raste po livadama, planinama i uz ceste.

U Aziji se koristi i kao lijek i kao hrana. Listovi i stabljia djeluju analgetski, antibakterijski, protuupalno, antipiretički, adstringentno, kardiotonično, hemostatski, hipoglikemijski i vazokonstriktorno. Agrimonin kojega biljka ima je hemostatik i kardiotonik. Listovi su bogati i vitaminom K.

Izvori

Turica

Agrimonia pilosa


මී මැස්සන් හට වැළඳෙන රෝග සහ අසාමාන්‍ය මී වද තත්වයන්:

බැක්ටීරියා රෝග

දිලීර රෝග

වෛරස

සැක්බෲඩ් වෛරසය

මී මැසි රෝග

මී මැසි රෝග


Drietoma este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Trenčín din regiunea Trenčín. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.268 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Drietoma este atestată documentar din 1244.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Drietoma


Îmi este indiferent dacă în istorie vom intra ca barbari este un film  românesc din 2018 scris și regizat de Radu Jude.  Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ioana Iacob, Alex Bogdan și Alexandru Dabija. A fost propunerea din partea României pentru Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin,  dar nu a fost nominalizat. Filmul este o coproducție a unor companii din România, Germania, Bulgaria, Franța și Republica Cehă. A primit Marele Premiu, Globul de Cristal, la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Karlovy Vary.

Titlul filmului este un citat dintr-un discurs al politicianului Mihai Antonescu în Consiliul de Miniștri, în vara anului 1941, când a început masacrul evreilor de la Odesa..

Prezentare

Filmul examinează masacrul de la Odesa pe Frontul de Răsărit în 1941.

Regizoarea de teatru Mariana Marin (Ioana Iacob) intenționează să realizeze o reconstituire amplă a masacrului de la Odesa. În 1941 comandantul armatei române, Ion Antonescu, a ordonat ca represalii executarea de cetățeni evrei și au fost uciși sute de mii de oameni nevinovați. Mariana vrea să redea toate acestea în fața Palatului Regal din centrul Bucureștiului, dar se confruntă cu unele probleme neașteptate și ridicole, deoarece atât actorii amatori, cât și reprezentanții primăriei au opinii destul de puternice nu numai cu privire la ceea ce s-a întâmplat în realitate, dar și despre modul în care acea realitate ar trebui pusă în scenă și prezentată publicului.

Distribuție
 Ioana Iacob ca Mariana
 Alex Bogdan ca Traian
 Alexandru Dabija ca Movila

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme istorice românești
 Listă de filme despre cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial

Filme din 2018
Filme regizate de Radu Jude
Filme în limba română
Filme despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme istorice din anii 2010
Filme istorice românești
Filme bulgărești
Filme germane
Filme cehe
Filme franțuzești
Filme bulgărești despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme românești despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme germane despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme cehe despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme franțuzești despre Al Doilea Război Mondial


Concierto de almas es una película argentina en blanco y negro dirigida por Alberto de Zavalía sobre guion de Alejandro Casona que se estrenó el 25 de mayo de 1942 y que tuvo como protagonistas a Delia Garcés y Pedro López Lagar.

Sinopsis
Una estudiante de medicina que se enamora de un paciente amnésico renuncia a él para no malograr la felicidad de otra mujer.

Reparto
 Susana Canales ... Marta Valdez
 Chela Cordero
 Rafael Frontaura ... Dr Enrique
 Antonio Gandía
 Delia Garcés ... Alicia
 Pedro López Lagar ... Fernando Valdez
 Carlos Morganti
 Pepito Petray
 Ernesto Raquén ... Alfredo
 Alita Román ... Isabel Valdez
 Teresa Serrador ... madre de Alicia

Comentario
La crónica de La Nación afirmaba que en la película "hay honestidad en los procedimientos y limpieza de recursos" en tanto que la crónica de Prensa decía que "autor, director e inté´pretes cumplen en ella una labor de méritos excepcionales".

Premio
Por este filme la Academia de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de la Argentina le otorgó el premio Cóndor Académico a la mejor actriz de reparto de 1942 a Alita Román.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre Concierto de almas en el sitio del cine nacional

Películas en blanco y negro de Argentina
Películas dramáticas de Argentina

Concierto de almas


Ashby es una estación en las líneas Richmond–Fremont y Richmond–Millbrae del Metro de San Francisco. La estación se encuentra localizada en 3100 Adeline Street en Berkeley, California. La estación Ashby fue inaugurada el 29 de enero de 1973. El Distrito de Transporte Rápido del Área de la Bahía es la encargada por el mantenimiento y administración de la estación.

Descripción
La estación Ashby cuenta con 1 plataforma central y 2 vías. La estación también cuenta con 715 de espacios de aparcamiento.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del AC Transit': Rutas 12, 49 (local); 800 (All Nighter, en la Calle Adeline); F (Transbay, en la Calle Adeline)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Ashby
 Líneas y estaciones del Metro de San Francisco

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1973
Berkeley
Estaciones de la línea Richmond–Fremont
Estaciones de la línea Richmond–Millbrae

Ashby (Metro de San Francisco)


Die Irischen Midlands () sind eine Region in der Republik Irland. Sie besteht aus den Grafschaften Laois, Longford, Offaly und Westmeath.

Ihre Fläche beträgt 6 524 km² (9,5 % der Fläche Irlands) bei einer Bevölkerung von 251 664 (6 % der irischen Bevölkerung). Der Hauptort ist Athlone.

Die Region ist sehr dünn besiedelt und ländlich; Hauptindustrien sind der Abbau von Torf und Holz (letztere macht ein Drittel der gesamten irischen Holzindustrie aus).

Geschichte
Bis zu ihrer Auflösung 2014 bestand eine Regionalverwaltung, die Midlands Regional Authority.

Tourismus und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Die Landschaft ist von Wasserwegen geprägt, allen voran vom Shannon, Irlands längstem Fluss, und dessen Seen (z. B. Lough Ree). Diese Wege sind heute v. a. für den Tourismus interessant (ebenso wie die Wanderwege entlang des Grand Canal und des Royal Canal, die beide vom Shannon zur Liffey in Dublin führen). Ein Monument des frühchristlichen Irland ist die ehemalige Klosteranlage Clonmacnoise in der Nähe von Shannonbridge, Offaly, die direkt am Shannon und einem Esker liegt.

Zwei (ehemalige) Whiskey-Destillerien befinden sich hier: die älteste Whiskey-Destillerie Irlands (gegründet 1757, geschlossen seit 1957, seitdem ein Museum), die Locke's Distillery, in Kilbeggan, sowie die ehemalige Brennerei von Tullamore Dew in Tullamore (1829–1959) (heute das Tullamore Dew Heritage Center).

Bilder

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (County Laois)
Geographie (County Longford)
Geographie (County Offaly)
Geographie (County Westmeath)
Region in Europa

Midlands (Irland)


Patricia Batista da Silva (født den 8. april 1992 i São Paulo) er en brasiliansk håndboldspiller som spiller for Thüringer HC og Brasiliens kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Brasilien

Patricia Batista da Silva


Expeditionen ins Tierreich ist eine deutsche Sendereihe für Tier- und Naturfilme. Sie wird seit 1965 vom Norddeutschen Rundfunk produziert und gehört damit zu den am längsten laufenden Serien des deutschen Fernsehens. Hergestellt werden die Expeditionen-ins-Tierreich-Filme von der Produktionsfirma NDR Naturfilm.

Geschichte
Zu Beginn liefen die Expeditionen ins Tierreich im Deutschen Fernsehen (heute: Das Erste). Der Sender strahlte schon ab 1960 regelmäßig Beiträge des Tierfilmers und Moderators Heinz Sielmann aus, unter anderem unter dem Titel Verhaltensforschung bei Tieren. Ab dem 18. April 1965 wurden die Filme unter dem neuen Serientitel Expeditionen ins Tierreich zusammengefasst. Seit 1968 sendet die ARD sie in Farbe.

Die Sendereihe wechselte mehrfach den Sendeplatz. Zu Anfang liefen die 30-minütigen Beiträge sonntags am späten Abend. Ab den 1970er-Jahren wurde die Sendung auf 45 Minuten verlängert. In den 1980ern rückte der Sendeplatz auf den Dienstag, wo die Reihe in loser Folge um 20:15 Uhr ausgestrahlt wurde.

Nach 172 Folgen überwarf sich Sielmann 1991 mit den ARD-Programmdirektoren und zeigte seine Beiträge zunächst in der neunteiligen RTL-Reihe Sielmann 2000 und anschließend in der neunteiligen Sat.1-Reihe Sielmanns Report. Der NDR setzte Expeditionen ins Tierreich ohne Moderation und mit Beiträgen internationaler Tierfilmer fort. 1993 wurde das neuseeländische Fernsehen Koproduzent. Im Herbst 2001 wurde Sielmann in der 250. Folge geehrt.

Nach dem Ende der Sielmann-Ära wurde der Sendeplatz auf den Donnerstag verlegt. 2007 wurden die Tierfilme im Ersten unter dem Serientitel Erlebnis Erde zusammengefasst (in Staffeln montags 20:15 Uhr und sonntags 16:30 Uhr). Der Serientitel Expeditionen ins Tierreich wurde auf Jörn Rövers Anregung hin für die Tierfilme im NDR übernommen. Seitdem laufen die Expeditionen ins Tierreich auf diesem Sendeplatz mittwochs um 20:15 Uhr im NDR.

Sielmann zeigte unter anderem Pelzrobben, Störche, Rotwild, Seevögel, Eisbären, Insekten, Gorillas, Fischotter, Faultiere und Buntbarsche. Auch die Galapagos-Inseln waren Thema der Sendung. Durch einen Beitrag über Wildschweine wurde der Verhaltensforscher Heinz Meynhardt als "Wildschweinvater" bekannt, der 1981 mit seiner zehnteiligen Fernsehreihe Wildschweingeschichten auf Sendung ging.

Begleitbücher
In loser Reihenfolge wurden Begleitbücher zur Serie veröffentlicht, darunter Expeditionen ins Tierreich (1981, von Heinz Sielmann), Expeditionen ins Tierreich: Eine Entdeckungsreise durch die letzten Wildnisse der Erde (1987, von Heinz Sielmann und Kurt G. Blüchel), Expeditionen ins Tierreich. Das Begleitbuch zur Fernsehserie im Ersten (1999), Expeditionen ins Tierreich. Abenteuer, Geheimnisse, Entdeckungen (2002) und Expeditionen ins Tierreich: Deutschlands große Inseln: Helgoland, Sylt, Rügen, Usedom (2007).

Literatur
 Michael Reufsteck und Stefan Niggemeier: Das Fernsehlexikon. Alles über 7000 Sendungen von Ally McBeal bis zur ZDF Hitparade. Goldmann Verlag, München 2005, ISBN 978-3-442-30124-9.

Weblinks
 Expeditionen ins Tierreich auf ndr.de

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehserie (Das Erste)
Dokumentarreihe
Naturfilm
Norddeutscher Rundfunk (Fernsehen)
Fernsehserie der 1960er Jahre
Fernsehserie der 1970er Jahre
Fernsehserie der 1980er Jahre
Fernsehserie der 1990er Jahre
Fernsehserie der 2000er Jahre
Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre
Fernsehserie der 2020er Jahre

Expeditionen ins Tierreich


Les élections législatives françaises de 1973 se déroulent les  et . Dans le département du Val-d'Oise, cinq députés sont à élire dans le cadre de cinq circonscriptions.

Élus

Positionnement des partis

Rappel des résultats départementaux des élections de 1968

Résultats

Analyse

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats par circonscription

Première circonscription (Pontoise - L'Isle-Adam)

Deuxième circonscription (Cormeilles-Taverny)

Troisième circonscription (Argenteuil-Bezons)

Quatrième circonscription (Montmorency-Enghien)

Cinquième circonscription (Sarcelles - Garges-lès-Gonesse)

Articles connexes
 Liste des circonscriptions législatives du Val-d'Oise
 Liste des députés du Val-d'Oise
 Élections législatives françaises de 1973

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Val-d'Oise
Politique dans le Val-d'Oise

Élections législatives de 1973 dans le Val-d'Oise


El cifrado afín también se le llama cifrado de transformación afín o cifrado monoalfabético genérico. Es un tipo de cifrado por sustitución en el que cada símbolo del alfabeto en claro (el alfabeto del texto en claro) es sustituido por un símbolo del alfabeto cifrado (el alfabeto del texto cifrado) siendo el número de símbolos del alfabeto en claro igual que el número de símbolos del alfabeto cifrado. Para hallar el símbolo del alfabeto cifrado que sustituye a un determinado símbolo del alfabeto en claro, se usa una función matemática afín en aritmética modular. Para poder aplicar la función matemática lo primero que hay que hacer es asignar un orden que a cada símbolo de cada uno de los alfabeto le asocie un número de orden. Una vez establecido esto, la fórmula matemática tiene la siguiente forma:

Donde:
: Identifica el símbolo i del texto cifrado
a: Se la llama constante de decimación
: Identifica el símbolo i del texto en claro
b: Se la llama constante de desplazamiento
n: Es el número de símbolos del alfabeto de cifrado (el orden)

Los valores numéricos de  y  para traducirlos a símbolos de alfabetos, se interpretan como la posición del símbolo en el orden elegido de cada alfabeto.

Sobre los valores de las constantes podemos decir:
  ya que para la sustitución definida para cualquier otro valor de a se puede encontrar un b cuya sustitución es equivalente.
 Para que se defina una sustitución utilizable es necesario que . Además podemos acotar a que , ya que la sustitución definida con valores de  negativos se pueden obtener con el mismo valor de  pero sin el signo.
 Por las propiedades de la aritmética modular, para que este tipo de cifrado sea operativo es necesario que  y  sean primos entre sí, también llamados coprimos o primos relativos (). Esta condición es necesaria para que  tenga inverso de la multiplicación () lo cual es necesario para poder descifrar. Además, se puede demostrar que sea  y sea  definida con  con  y  enteros,  es una biyección si y solo si .

Por ejemplo, podemos modelizar el cifrado César, suponiendo el orden natural del alfabeto de  símbolos, por la siguiente ecuación:

En este cifrado, la clave viene definida por los valores enteros  y , y por el orden usado en el alfabeto de cifrado y en el alfabeto en claro, ambos alfabetos son el mismo número de símbolos, m. Por tanto es un cifrado de clave simétrica.

Para descifrar habrá que realizar el proceso inverso que se puede describir con la función matemática  donde  representa al inverso multiplicativo en aritmética modular (el menor número que ).

Este tipo de cifrado se ha generalizado para su uso como cifrador de bloque en los llamados cifradores afínes por bloques.

Clasificación
Podemos clasificar los cifradores afines según los valores de a y b:
 Si  se dice que el cifrado es por desplazamiento puro. Con ello la función matemática queda . Por tanto para descifrar tenemos que realizar la operación  donde  es el inverso de la adición en el conjunto de los enteros módulo n. Por ejemplo si  y  entonces  ya que se tiene que cumplir .
Observar que si a=1 y b=0 y el alfabeto en claro y el alfabeto cifrado son iguales y con el mismo orden definido, entonces cada símbolo se sustituirá por sí mismo y por tanto no habrá cifrado.

 Si  se dice que el cifrado es por decimación pura. Con ello la función matemática queda . Por tanto para descifrar tenemos que realizar la operación  donde  es el inverso de la multiplicación en el conjunto de los enteros módulo n.

 Si  y  se dice que el cifrado es por sustitución afín. Por tanto en la función matemática  al despejar para poder descifrar obtenemos , la última igualdad aplicando propiedad elemental de aritmética modular.

Ejemplo
Supongamos que a=5 y b=15 y usamos el alfabeto castellano con m=27 en el orden habitual como alfabeto en claro y como alfabeto cifrado. Usando el cifrado afín definido de esa forma el símbolo 'a' se convertirá en  y, por tanto, el carácter asociado será el que ocupa la posición 20 empezando desde 0, la 's'.
Aplicando el mismo algoritmo podemos obtener que el texto cifrado de 'plantanuclear' es 'ntsdlspctmsb'.

Para descifrar aplicamos la fórmula de descifrado. Para a=5 (mod m=27) el inverso multiplicativo en aritmética modular es . Por tanto para s=20 tenemos . El carácter que ocupa la posición 1 del alfabeto es la 'a'.

Criptoanálisis
El cifrado afín es vulnerable a ataques criptoanalíticos, los más habituales son:
 El análisis de frecuencias
 La búsqueda en el espacio de claves

Análisis de frecuencias
El cifrado afín, como cualquier otro cifrado por sustitución, es vulnerable a ataques por análisis de frecuencias.

Ejemplo
Por ejemplo, supongamos que observando un texto cifrado podemos inferir que usa un alfabeto de cifrado con m=26 símbolos, lo que nos lleva a suponer que ha usado el alfabeto del inglés. En el inglés los caracteres más frecuentes son la E y después la T. Si suponemos el orden habitual entonces E=4 y T=19. Analizando una cantidad suficiente de mensaje cifrado obtenemos que, por ejemplo, las más frecuentes son la V y después la E. Si suponemos el orden habitual V=21 y E=4. Del resultado anterior podemos ver que probablemente la E esté siendo sustutida por la V y la T por la E. Por tanto podemos obtener las siguientes congruencias:

Si restamos de la primera ecuación la segunda, obtenemos lo siguiente:

resolviendo obtenemos:

Sustituyendo a en la primera ecuación original obtenemos:

despejando

A partir de estos valores puedo hallar el inverso multiplicativo, por ejemplo usando el algoritmo de Euclides extendido, .
Ahora toca verificar nuestras suposiciones, si aplicando los valores obtenidos obtenemos un texto inteligible entonces habíamos acertado en nuestras suposiciones, en otro caso habremos fallado y será necesario hacer otras suposiciones.

Búsqueda en el espacio de claves
La función de Euler nos da el número de enteros de  que tienen inverso para la multiplicación. Aplicando dicha fórmula a n=27 el valor de la función de Euler es 27*(1-1/3)=18. De este resultado podemos concluir que el número de posibles cifradores definidos con n=27 es 27(posibles valores de b)*18(posibles valores de a)=486. Este valor es realmente pequeño y un ordenador podría probar todas las posibles combinaciones muy rápidamente.

Para hacer crecer este valor podemos usar una clave para que nos sirva como un desplazamiento adicional para cada símbolo. En esta situación, el cifrador se convierte en un cifrador de sustitución monoalfabético general en el que cada símbolo del alfabeto en claro es susituido por un símbolo del alfabeto cifrado. En este tipo de cifradores las posibles sustituciones son n!=27! (el número de las posibles permutaciones). Por ejemplo, si la clave es "HOLA" al primer símbolo de texto cifrado obtenido por la función, se le aplicará un desplazamiento de 8 (la H ocupa la octava posición), y así se sigue sucesivamente y cuando se acabe la clave volvemos a empezar.

Implementaciones en C

Cifrado
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

/*Este código (creado por Arget) compilado tal cual está se convierte en un
  cifrador afín usado de la siguiente manera:
  affine-cipher a b plaintext
  Siendo 'a' y 'b' las claves y 'plaintext' el texto a cifrar.
  De manera predeterminada considera este alfabeto
  ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
  Con A=1; B=2... sin embargo se puede modificar siguiendo las intrsucciones,
  Para usar la 'Ñ' el valor de 'm' se debe modificar por 27 así como
  descomentar/modificar las líneas indicadas. También se puede configurar
  fácilmente para usar A=0;B=1...
  Si se obtiene una '@' es debido a que el valor cifrado es 0, y al realizar
  la conversión para el ASCII se debe sumar 64: 0 + 64 = 64, valor de '@'*/

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    int a = atoi(argv[1]),
        b = atoi(argv[2]),
        i = 0,
        m = 26, //m = 27 para usar Ñ
        len = strlen(argv[3]);
    char* plaintext;
    plaintext = (char*) malloc(len);
    strcpy(plaintext, argv[3]);

    char ciphertext, x;

    i = 0;
    while(i < len)
    {
        x = toupper(plaintext[i]) - 64;//A=1; Cambiar 64 por 65 para A=0.
        //if(x > 14) x++;//Para usar 'Ñ''
        ciphertext = ((a * x + b) % m) + 64; //Quitar "+ 64" si se usa 'Ñ' / Cambiar 64 por 65 para A=0
        printf("%c", ciphertext); //Cambiar "%c" por "%i\n" cuando se usa 'Ñ'
        i++;
    }

    free(plaintext);
    return 0;
}

Descifrado
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h> //toupper()

/*
Descifrador de cifrado afín por Arget.
Uso:
affine-decipher a b ciphertext
Usa el siguiente alfabeto
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Con A=1, B=2...
*/

int cim(int a, int m);

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    if(argc == 1) exit(-1);

    int a = atoi(argv[1]),
        b = atoi(argv[2]),
        m = 26,
        i,
        len = strlen(argv[3]),
        x,
        ai = cim(a, m);
    char* ciphertext;
    ciphertext = (char*) malloc(len);
    strcpy(ciphertext, argv[3]);

    if(!ai){printf("Error!");exit(-2);}

    for(i = 0; i < len; i++)
    {
        x = ciphertext[i] - 64;
        x = ((ai * abs((x - b))) % m) + 64;
        printf("%c", x);
    }

    return 0;
}

int cim(int a, int m)
{
    int b, //Almacena el valor de b en (a * b)(mod m)
        x; //Almacena el resultado de la op.

    for(b = 0; b < m; b++)
    {
        x = (a * b) % m;
        if(x == 1)
            return b;
    }
    return 0;
}

Referencias
 Jorge Ramió Aguirre, Aplicaciones criptográficas. Libro guía de la asignatura de Seguridad Informática. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Enero 1998.

Cifrados clásicos

Cifrado afín


Dacht-i-Navar es un grupo volcánico de 15 domos de lava traquiandesita ubicado al suroeste de Kabul, en el país asiático de Afganistán. Los domos de lava se encuentran a lo largo de la margen sur del Dacht-i-Navar.

La fecha de su última erupción es desconocida.

Un terremoto de magnitud 6 grados golpeó el Grupo Dacht-i-Navar el 6 de octubre de 2008.

Véase también
Geografía de Afganistán
Vakak

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Imágenes de satélite

Volcanes de Afganistán
Montañas de Afganistán

Dacht-i-Navar


Tim Lee Carter  (* 2. September 1910 in Tompkinsville, Monroe County, Kentucky; † 27. März 1987 in Glasgow, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1965 und 1981 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Tim Carter besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat und danach bis 1934 das Western Kentucky State College. Anschließend studierte er bis 1937 an der University of Tennessee. Nach einem Medizinstudium wurde er als Arzt zugelassen. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges war er als Militärarzt bei einer Infanterieeinheit eingesetzt. Danach arbeitete er bis 1964 als Arzt in Tompkinsville.

Carter war Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1964 wurde er im fünften Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 3. Januar 1965 die Nachfolge von Eugene Siler antrat. Nach sieben Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zum 3. Januar 1981 acht zusammenhängende Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. In diese Zeit fielen unter anderem das Ende des Vietnamkrieges und die Watergate-Affäre. Carter hatte sich schon früh für einen Truppenrückzug aus Vietnam eingesetzt. Er war auch einer der ersten republikanischen Kongressabgeordneten, die am Plan einer bundesweiten Krankenversicherung arbeiteten. Carter war auch Mitglied der sogenannten Shafer-Kommission, die sich mit Drogenproblemen befasste.

1980 verzichtete Carter auf eine weitere Kandidatur. In den folgenden Jahren bis zu seinem Tod war er noch auf lokaler Ebene politisch tätig. Er starb am 27. März 1987 in Glasgow und wurde in Tompkinsville beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1910
Gestorben 1987
Mann

Tim Lee Carter


In Western astrology, astrological signs are the twelve 30-degree sectors that make up Earth's 360-degree orbit around the Sun. The signs enumerate from the first day of spring, known as the First Point of Aries, which is the vernal equinox. The astrological signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces. The Western zodiac originated in Babylonian astrology, and was later influenced by the Hellenistic culture. Each sign was named after a constellation the sun annually moved through while crossing the sky. This observation is emphasized in the simplified and popular sun sign astrology. Over the centuries, Western astrology's zodiacal divisions have shifted out of alignment with the constellations they were named after by axial precession of the Earth while Hindu astrology measurements correct for this shifting. Astrology (i.e. a system of omina based on celestial appearances) was developed in Chinese and Tibetan cultures as well but these astrologies are not based upon the zodiac but deal with the whole sky.

Astrology is a pseudoscience. Scientific investigations of the theoretical basis and experimental verification of claims have shown it to have no scientific validity or explanatory power. More plausible explanations for the apparent correlation between personality traits and birth months exist, such as the influence of seasonal birth in humans.

According to astrology, celestial phenomena relate to human activity on the principle of "as above, so below", so that the signs are held to represent characteristic modes of expression. Scientific astronomy used the same sectors of the ecliptic as Western astrology until the 19th century.

Various approaches to measuring and dividing the sky are currently used by differing systems of astrology, although the tradition of the Zodiac's names and symbols remain mostly consistent. Western astrology measures from Equinox and Solstice points (points relating to equal, longest, and shortest days of the tropical year), while Hindu astrology measures along the equatorial plane (sidereal year).

Western zodiac signs

History

Western astrology is a direct continuation of Hellenistic astrology as recorded in Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos in the 2nd century. Hellenistic astrology in turn was partly based on concepts from Babylonian tradition. Specifically, the division of the ecliptic in twelve equal sectors is a Babylonian conceptual construction. This division of the ecliptic originated in the Babylonian "ideal calendar" found in the old compendium MUL.APIN and its combination with the Babylonian lunar calendar, represented as the "path of the moon" in MUL.APIN. In a way, the zodiac is the idealisation of an ideal lunar calendar.

By the 4th century BC, Babylonian astronomy and its system of celestial omens influenced the culture of ancient Greece, as did the astronomy of Egypt by late 2nd century BC. This resulted, unlike the Mesopotamian tradition, in a strong focus on the birth chart of the individual and the creation of Horoscopic astrology, employing the use of the Ascendant (the rising degree of the ecliptic, at the time of birth), and of the twelve houses. Association of the astrological signs with Empedocles' four classical elements was another important development in the characterization of the twelve signs.

The body of the Hellenistic astrological tradition as it stood by the 2nd century is described in Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos. This is the seminal work for later astronomical tradition not only in the West but also in India and the Islamic sphere and has remained a reference for almost seventeen centuries as later traditions made few substantial changes to its core teachings.

Western astrological correspondence chart

The following table shows the approximate dates of the twelve astrological signs, along with the classical and modern rulerships of each sign. By definition, Aries starts at the First Point of Aries which is the location of the Sun at the March equinox. The precise date of the Equinox varies from year to year but is always between 19 March and 21 March. The consequence is the start date of Aries and therefore the start date of all the other signs can change slightly from year to year. The following Western astrology table enumerates the twelve divisions of celestial longitude with the Latin names. The longitude intervals, are treated as closed for the first endpoint (a) and open for the second (b) – for instance, 30° of longitude is the first point of Taurus, not part of Aries. The signs are occasionally numbered 0 through 11 in place of symbols in astronomical works.

The twelve signs are positioned in a circular pattern, creating a pattern of oppositions related to different philosophically polarized attributes. Fire and air elements are generally 180 degrees opposed in Western astrology, as well as earth and water elements. Not all systems of astrology have four elements,    notably the Sepher Yetzirah describes only three elements emanating from a central divine source. Spring signs are opposite to autumn ones, winter signs are opposite to summer ones and vice versa.
 Aries is opposite to Libra
 Taurus is opposite to Scorpio
 Gemini is opposite to Sagittarius
 Cancer is opposite to Capricorn
 Leo is opposite to Aquarius
 Virgo is opposite to Pisces

Polarity
In Western astrology, the polarity divides the zodiac in half and refers to the alignment of a sign's energy as either positive or negative, with various attributes associated to them as a result. Positive polarity signs, also called active, yang, expressive, or masculine signs, are the six odd-numbered signs of the zodiac: Aries, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Sagittarius, and Aquarius. Positive signs make up the fire and air triplicities. Negative polarity signs, also called passive, yin, receptive, or feminine signs, are the six even-numbered signs of the zodiac: Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Scorpio,  Capricorn, and Pisces. Negative signs make up the earth and water triplicities.

The three modalities
The modality or mode of a given sign refers to its position in the season it is found in. Each of the four elements manifests in three modalities: cardinal, fixed, and mutable. Since each modality comprehends four signs, they are also known as Quadruplicities. For example, the sign Aries is found in the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, so practitioners of astrology describe it as having a cardinal modality. The combination of element and modality provides the signs with their unique characterizations. For instance, Capricorn is the cardinal earth sign, impressing its association with action (cardinal modality) in the material world (earth element).

Triplicities of the four elements

The Greek philosopher Empedocles identified fire, earth, air, and water as elements in the fifth-century BC. He explained the nature of the universe as an interaction of two opposing principles, love and strife, manipulate the elements into different mixtures that produce the different natures of things. He stated all the elements are equal, the same age, rule their own provinces, and possess their own individual character. Empedocles said that those born with nearly equal proportions of the elements are more intelligent and have the most exact perceptions.

The elemental categories are called triplicities because each classical element is associated with three signs The four astrological elements are also considered as a direct equivalent to Hippocrates' personality types (sanguine = air; choleric = fire; melancholic = earth; phlegmatic = water). A modern approach looks at elements as "the energy substance of experience" and the next table tries to summarize their description through keywords. The elements have grown in importance and some astrologers begin natal chart interpretations by studying the balance of elements in the location of planets (especially the Sun's and Moon's ascendant signs) and the position of angles in the chart.

Celestial body rulerships

Rulership is the connection between planet and correlated sign and house. The conventional rulerships are as follows: Aries (Mars), Taurus (Venus), Gemini (Mercury), Cancer (Moon), Leo (Sun), Virgo (Mercury), Libra (Venus), Scorpio (Pluto), Sagittarius (Jupiter), Capricorn (Saturn), Aquarius (Uranus), and Pisces (Neptune).

Dignity and detriment, exaltation and fall

A traditional belief of astrology, known as essential dignity, is the idea that the Sun, Moon, and planets are more powerful and effective in some signs than others because the basic nature of both is held to be in harmony. By contrast, they are held to find some signs to be weak or difficult to operate in because their natures are thought to be in conflict. These categories are Dignity, Detriment, Exaltation, and Fall.

 Dignity and Detriment: A planet is strengthened or dignified if it falls within the sign that it rules. In other words, it is said to exercise Rulership of the sign. For example, the Moon in Cancer is considered "strong" (well-dignified). If a planet is in the sign opposite which it rules (or is dignified in), it is said to be weakened or in Detriment (for example, the Moon in Capricorn). This may also be termed a "debility".

In traditional astrology, other levels of Dignity are recognised in addition to Rulership. These are known as Exaltation, Triplicity, Terms or bounds, and Face or Decan, which together are known as describing a planet's Essential dignity, the quality or ability of one's true nature.

 Exaltation and Fall: A planet is also strengthened when it is in its sign of exaltation. In traditional horary astrology, this denotes a dignity just less than rulership. Exaltation was considered to give the planet's significance(s) the dignity of an honoured guest: the centre of attention but constrained in power. Examples of planets in their Exaltation are: Saturn (Libra), Sun (Aries), Venus (Pisces), Moon (Taurus), Mercury (Virgo, although some disagree with this classification), Mars (Capricorn), Jupiter (Cancer). A planet in the opposite sign of this is in its fall, and thus weakened, perhaps more than Detriment. There is discord as to the signs in which the two extra-Saturnian planets may be considered to be exalted.

The following table summarizes the positions described above:

In addition to essential dignity, the traditional astrologer considers Accidental dignity of planets. This is placement by house in the chart under examination. Accidental dignity is the planet's "ability to act". So we might have, for example, Moon in Cancer, dignified by rulership, is placed in the 12th house it would have little scope to express its good nature. The 12th is a cadent house as are the 3rd, 6th and 9th and planets in these houses are considered weak or afflicted. On the other hand, Moon in the 1st, 4th, 7th, or 10th would be more able to act as these are Angular houses. Planets in Succedent houses of the chart (2nd, 5th, 8th, 11th) are generally considered to be of medium ability to act. Besides Accidental Dignity, there are a range of Accidental Debilities, such as retrogradation, Under the Sun's Beams, Combust, and so forth.

Additional classifications

Each sign can be divided into three 10° sectors known as decans or decanates, though these have fallen into disuse. The first decanate is said to be most emphatically of its own nature and is ruled by the sign ruler. The next decanate is sub-ruled by the planet ruling the next sign in the same triplicity. The last decanate is sub-ruled by the next in order in the same triplicity.

While the element and modality of a sign are together sufficient to define it, they can be grouped to indicate their symbolism. The first four signs, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, and Cancer, form the group of personal signs. The next four signs, Leo, Virgo, Libra, and Scorpio form the group of interpersonal signs. The last four signs of the zodiac, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces, form the group of transpersonal signs.

Dane Rudhyar presented the tropical zodiac primary factors, used in the curriculum of the RASA School of Astrology. The tropical zodiac is the zodiac of seasonal factors as opposed to the sidereal zodiac (constellation factors). The primary seasonal factors are based on the changing ratio of sunlight and darkness across the year. The first factor is whether the chosen time falls in the half of the year when daylight is increasing, or the half of the year when darkness is increasing. The second factor is whether the chosen time falls in the half of the year when there is more daylight than darkness, or the half when there is more darkness than daylight. The third factor is which of the four seasons the chosen time falls in, defined by the first two factors. Thus
 The spring season is when daylight is increasing and there is more daylight than darkness.
 The summer season is when darkness is increasing and there is more daylight than darkness.
 The autumn season is when darkness is increasing and there is more darkness than daylight.
 The winter season is when daylight is increasing and there is more darkness than daylight.

Western sign gallery

Indian astrology

In Indian astrology, there are five elements: fire, earth(Land), air, water, and ether. The master of fire is Mars, while Mercury is of land, Saturn of air, Venus of water, and Jupiter of ether.

Jyotisha recognises twelve zodiac signs (Rāśi), that correspond to those in Western astrology. The relation of the signs to the elements is the same in the two systems.

Nakshatras

A nakshatra (Devanagari: नक्षत्र, Sanskrit , a metaphorical compound of  'map/chart', and  'guard'), or lunar mansion, is one of the 27 divisions of the sky identified by prominent star(s), as used in Hindu astronomy and astrology (Jyotisha). "Nakshatra" in Sanskrit, Kannada, Tulu and Tamil and Prakrit also, thus, it refers to stars themselves.

Chinese zodiac signs

Chinese astrological signs operate on cycles of years, lunar months, and two-hour periods of the day (also known as shichen). A particular feature of the Chinese zodiac is its operation in a 60-year cycle in combination with the Five Phases of Chinese astrology (Wood, Fire, Metal, Water and Earth).
Nevertheless, some researches say that there is an obvious relationship between the Chinese 12-year cycle and zodiac constellations: each year of the cycle corresponds to a certain disposal of Jupiter. For example, in the year of Snake Jupiter is in the Sign of Gemini, in the year of Horse Jupiter is in the Sign of Cancer and so on. So the Chinese 12-year calendar is a solar-lunar-jovian calendar.

Zodiac symbolism
The following table shows the twelve signs and their attributes.

The twelve signs

In Chinese astrology, the zodiac of twelve animal signs represents twelve different types of personality. The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of the Rat, and there are many stories about the Origins of the Chinese Zodiac which explain why this is so. When the twelve zodiac signs are part of the 60-year calendar in combination with the four elements, they are traditionally called the twelve Earthly Branches. The Chinese zodiac follows the lunisolar Chinese calendar and thus the "changeover" days in a month (when one sign changes to another sign) vary each year. The following are the twelve zodiac signs in order.

  Rat (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Water): Rat years include 1900, 1912, 1924, 1936, 1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008, 2020, 2032. The Rat also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Rat are 11pm – 1am.
  Ox (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Earth: Ox years include 1901, 1913, 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009, 2021, 2033. The Ox also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Ox are 1am – 3am.
  Tiger (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Wood): Tiger years include 1902, 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010, 2022, 2034. The Tiger also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Tiger are 3am – 5am.
  Rabbit (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Wood): Rabbit Years include 1903, 1915, 1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, 2011, 2023, 2035. The Rabbit also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Rabbit are 5am – 7am.
  Dragon (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Earth): Dragon years include 1904, 1916, 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012, 2024, 2036. The Dragon also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Dragon are 7am – 9am.
  Snake (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Fire): Snake years include 1905, 1917, 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013, 2025, 2037. The Snake also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Snake are 9am – 11am.
  Horse (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Fire): Horse years include 1906, 1918, 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014, 2026, 2038. The Horse also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Horse are 11am – 1pm.
  Goat (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Earth): Goat years include 1907, 1919, 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003, 2015, 2027, 2039. The Goat also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Goat are 1pm – 3pm.
  Monkey (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Metal): Monkey years include 1908, 1920, 1932, 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016, 2028, 2040. The Monkey also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Monkey are 3pm – 5pm.
  Rooster (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Metal): Rooster years include 1909, 1921, 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017, 2029, 2041. The Rooster also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Rooster are 5pm – 7pm.
  Dog (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Earth): Dog years include 1910, 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006, 2018, 2030, 2042. The Dog also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Dog are 7pm – 9pm.
  Pig (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Water): Pig years include 1911, 1923, 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007, 2019, 2031, 2043. The Pig also corresponds to a particular month in the year. The hours of the Pig are 9pm – 11pm.

The five elements

 Wood: The wood person has high morals, is self-confident, expansive and co-operative, with wide and varied interests and idealistic goals. The direction associated with Wood is East, and the season is spring, which makes it the fixed element for the animal signs Tiger and Rabbit.
 Fire: The fire person has leadership qualities, dynamic passion, and is decisive, self-confident, positive, and assertive. The direction associated with Fire is South, and the season is summer, which makes it the fixed element for the animal signs Snake and Horse.
 Earth: The earth person is serious, logical and methodical, intelligent, objective and good at planning. The direction associated with Earth is Center.  The season for Earth is the changeover point of the four seasons.  It is the fixed element for the animal signs Ox, Dragon, Goat and Dog.
 Metal: The metal person is sincere, has fixed values and opinions, is strong of will, and has eloquence of speech.  The direction associated with Metal is West.  The season for Metal is Autumn.  It is the fixed element for the animal signs Monkey and Rooster.
 Water: The water person is persuasive, intuitive, and empathetic.  The water person is objective and often sought out for their counsel.  The direction associated with water is North.  The season for Water is Winter.  It is the fixed element for the animal signs Rat and Pig.

The five elements operate together with the twelve animal signs in a 60-year calendar. The five elements appear in the calendar in both their yin and yang forms and are known as the ten Celestial stems. The yin/yang split seen in the Gregorian calendar means years that end in an even number are Yang (representing masculine, active, and light), those that end with an odd number are Yin (representing feminine, passive and darkness), subject to Chinese New Year having passed.

See also
 Influence of seasonal birth in humans

Notes

References
Arroyo, Stephen (1975). Astrology, Psychology and The Four Elements. California: CCRS Publications
Arroyo, Stephen (1989). Chart Interpretation Handbook. California: CCRS Publications.
Bobrick, Benson (2005). The Fated Sky: Astrology in History. Simon & Schuster. 369 pp.
Caiozzo, Anna (2003). Images of the Sky. Paris-Sorbonne. Signs and Constellations.
Eric Francis (2016). "Why Your Zodiac Sign is Not Wrong"
Hone, Margaret (1978). The Modern Text-Book of Astrology. Revised edition. England: L. N. Fowler & Co. Ltd.
Johnsen, Linda (2004 March). A Thousand Suns: Designing Your Future with Vedic Astrology. Yes International Publishers.
Mayo, Jeff (1979). Teach Yourself Astrology. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Rochberg, Francesca (1998), "Babylonian Horoscopes", American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. i–164. . .
Rudhyar, Dane (1943). Astrological Signs – The Pulse of Life.
Sachs, Abraham (1948), "A Classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 271–290. . .
Sutton, Komilla (1999). The Essentials of Vedic Astrology. England: The Wessex Astrologer Ltd.

Signs
Technical factors of astrology

Astrological sign


Stakendorf er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Probstei i den nordlige del af Kreis Plön. Kreis Plön ligger i den østlige/centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Stakendorf er beliggende ved Østersøen, 4 km øst for Schönberg (Holsten). Et delområde af Stakendorf ligger ved Schönberger Strand og derfra er der omkring 2 km til hovedbyen.

Nærmeste Bundesstraße er B 502, der udgår ved Schönberg omkring fem kilometer mod vest og fører til delstatshovedstaden Kiel 25 kilometer væk.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Plön

Stakendorf


Biserica de zid cu hramul "Sfinții Voievozi", oraș Băile Olănești, județul Vâlcea, a fost construită în anul 1810. Biserica se află pe noua listă a monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: .

Istoric și trăsături
Biserica cu hramul "Sfinții Voievozi" din cătunul Valea cu Case, Olănești, a fost înălțată în anul 1810 de către megieșii satului, fugiți de peste Olt, împreună cu protopopul Ion Armeanu și paharnicul Alexandru Olănescu al III-lea, logofăt în Divanul țării. Inițial, ctitoria a fost pictată de către zugravul Ion din Teiuș, cunoscut în regiune pentru calitățile sale. Pentru o perioadă lipsesc date cu privire la acest edificiu, actele de arhivă fiind distruse la inundațiile din anul 1895. Catagrafia din 1845 menționează că Marin, fiul preotului Stroe, Constantin, fiul preotului Vasile, Vasile, fiul lui Eftimie Brănescu, Stroe, fiul diaconului Tănasie și diaconul Barbu, fiul lui Nectarie păstoreau biserica în acele vremuri.

Edificiul face parte din bisericile fără turlă pe naos, de formă dreptunghiulară, cu absida altarului heptagonală, pridvor deschis pe patru stâlpi cilindrici, cu coarde de lemn și învelitoare de tablă. Din temele abordate la pictura interioară se numără Zidirea lui Adam și Evei, reprezentările iconografice ale lui Moise, Solomon, Platon sau Dreptul Lazăr. În pronaos se păstrează chipurile paharnicului Alexandru și al soției sale Bălașa, cu cei doi fii ai lor, ținând în mâini ctitoria familiei. În ceea ce privește exteriorul, se remarcă înfățișarea fațadei pridvorului, bogat decorată cu ornamente florale.

În anul 1954, biserica a fost acoperită cu șiță, iar în anul 1973 a fost acoperită cu tablă, odată cu alte lucrări de restaurare la interior, în timpul păstoririi preotului Gheorghe Oprescu. Ulterior, datorită stării de degradare avansată a picturii, a fost necesară o nouă restaurare a acesteia, fapt realizat în anul  1998 de preotul Nicolae Popa.

Dintre preoții slujitori pot fi amintiți Nicolae Brănescu, Nicolae Pârvulescu, Nicolae Constantinescu, Constantin Găiculescu, Toma Gorgonie ieromonah, Dumitru Stanca și Constantin Marica.

Note

Bibliografie
 Istoricul bisericii "Sfinții Voievozi" - parohia Olănești Sat II

Vezi și
 Olănești, Vâlcea

Legături externe
 Fișă de monument
 Monumente istorice din România Fișă de monument

Imagini

Biserici din județul Vâlcea
Monumente istorice din județul Vâlcea
Biserici din secolul al XIX-lea din România

Biserica Sfinții Voievozi din Olănești


Tysklands U/19-fodboldlandshold er Tysklands landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 21 år og administreres af Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB).

U/19-fodboldlandshold
U/19-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Tysklands U/19-fodboldlandshold


Theodor Emil von Sydow (født 15. juli 1812 i Freiberg, død 13. oktober 1873 i Berlin) var en tysk kartograf. Han var søn af Friedrich von Sydow.

Efter at være trådt ind i den preussiske hær blev han 1833 lærer i geografi og krigsvidenskab ved 8. division og blev senere (1843) forflyttet til Berlin, hvor han holdt militærgeografiske forelæsninger ved Krigsakademiet. I 1867 blev han chef for den geografisk-statistiske afdeling af Generalstaben. Blandt hans kartografiske arbejder er især hans vægkort kendte. De udkom i en mængde udgaver under titlen Sydow—Habenicht, methodischer Wandatlas. Endvidere kan fremhæves Methodischer Handatlas für das wissenschaftliche Studium der Erdkunde (Gotha 1870) og Sydow—Wagner, metodischer Schulatlas (udgivet efter hans død af Hermann Wagner, Gotha 1893).

Kilder

Kartografer fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1800-tallet

Emil von Sydow


مظلة هبوط ذهبية (أو براشوت ذهبي)، اتفاق يتم بين الشركة وأحد الموظفين (عادةً ما يكون موظف في الإدارة التنفيذية) ينص على أن يحصل الموظف على مكافئات مجزية في حال إنهاء العقد. في بعض الأحيان يجب أن تنطبق شروط معينة من أجل تحقيق الاتفاقية، إلا أنه عادة لا يذكر سبب لإنهاء الاتفاقية.
في الآونة الأخيرة، استخدم المصطلح لوصف حزمة تعويضات الرئيس التنفيذي (وغيره من المدراء التنفيذيين) غير المرتبطة بالتغيير في ملكية الشركة (ويعرف هذا أيضاً بالمصافحة الذهبية). قد تشمل الفوائد مكافأة نهاية الخدمة، مكافأة نقدية، خيار الأسهم، أو فوائد أخرى.

مراجع

اندماج واستحواذ
إدارة
تعويض تنفيذي
فصل من الخدمة
مصطلحات الأعمال

مظلة هبوط ذهبية


Pozlata u vatri   je tehnika pozlaćivanja korištena još u antičko doba, te je sve do 19. stoljeća bila najvažnija tehnika pozlaćivanja metalnih predmeta. Prvi je spomen
tehnike u knjizi Naturalis historia Plinija Starijeg.

Brojni su antički predmeti pozlaćeni u vatri i dan danas u razmjerno dobrom stanju pa se je tehnika smatrala vrlo trajnom i otpornom. Mekoća sjaja dobivala se na predmetima ručnim poliranjem kamenom za poliranje. Na taj su se način uklanjale i smanjivale mikroskopske neujednačenosti materijala. Tehnika je prije svega korištena na srebru, bakru, mjedi i bronci.

Tehnika
Za rad se koristio amalgam,  tj. slitina zlata i žive. Isti se mogao prirediti na više načina - primjerice topljenjem određene količine čistog zlata i 6 puta veće količine žive. Moglo se raditi i sa zlatom u obliku praha, folije ili listića koji bi se na slaboj vatri izribali zajedno sa 6 - 8 puta većom količinom žive. Priređeni amalgam bio je konzistencije mekog tijesta i topio se na daleko nižoj temperaturi od čistog zlata.

Predmeti koje će se pozlatiti prvo bi se uronili u takozvanu živinu vodu - razrijeđenu otopinu žive u dušičnoj kiselini. Na tako priređenu podlogu nanosio se potom amalgam, najčešće pomoću četke od mjedene žice. Predmet se zatim ugrijao na žaru od drvenog ugljena te bi se za to vrijeme amalgam ujednačeno rastrljao po predmetu, najčešće pomoću zečje šape. Živa bi najvećim dijelom isparila te bi na predmetu tako dobili sloj zlata koji se potom još morao ispolirati, najčešće alatom za poliranje od hematita ili ahata. Kako bi još poboljšali boju predmeta isti se može obraditi i nanošenjem pozlatarskog voska. Osim pčelinjeg voska ovaj sadrži i crveni oker, verdigris, bakrene opiljke, kalij alumij sulfat, sumpornu kiselinu i boraks. Ova obrada još više intenzivira boju pozlate i izgleda da do toga dolazi zbog potpunog raspršivanja zaostale žive.

Nakon 1840. odnosno uvođenja galvanske pozlate postupak se sve manje i manje koristio prije svega zbog štetnosti živinih para na zdravlje pozlatara. Danas se ovaj postupak najčešće koristi u obnavljanju crkvenog metalnog posuđa te predmeta namijenjenih tržištu umjetnina i antikviteta. U Aziji (Kina, Indija, Nepal) postupak se još uvijek uvelike i kontinuirano koristi.

Literatura
 Anheuser,K. Im Feuer vergoldet: Geschichte und Technik der Feuervergoldung und der Amalgamversilberung,Darmstadt 1999.

Vanjske poveznice
 Film o pozlati u vatri u Nepalu
 Prezentacija uporabe postupka za obnovu jednog ciborija

Umjetnička obrada metala

Pozlata u vatri


Friksiyonel işsizlik, işgücü piyasasındaki hareketlilikten kaynaklanan olası işsizlik oranına friksiyonel işsizlik denir. Mevsimlik ya da daimi işçilerin daha iyi koşullar için mevcut işlerini bırakıp iş aramaları friksiyonel işsizliğe dahil olur. Tam istihdam durumundaki bir ekonomide bile friksiyonel işsizlik mevcuttur.Buna doğal işsizlik oranı da denir. Friksiyonel işsizlik=araştırma işsizliği+uyum işsizliği şeklinde de formule edilebilir.

Ekonomi terimleri

Friksiyonel işsizlik


El XVII Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato se celebró en Antibes (Francia) en el año 1977 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Tiro Deportivo (ISSF) y la Federación Francesa de Tiro Deportivo.

Resultados

Masculino

Femenino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados oficiales (en inglés).

P 1977

Campeonato Mundial de Tiro al Plato de 1977