O beija-flor-coroado (Thalurania colombica) é uma espécie de ave da família dos beija-flores Trochilidae. Encontra-se em Belize e Guatemala ao norte do Peru. Os seus habitats naturais são: floresta subtropical ou tropical húmida de baixa altitude, floresta subtropical ou tropical húmida de montanha e floresta secundária altamente degradada.

Taxonomia
O beija-flor-coroado foi formalmente descrita em 1843 pelo ornitólogo francês Jules Bourcier a partir de um espécime coletado na Colômbia. Ele cunhou o nome binomial Ornismya colombica. Esta espécie é agora colocada no gênero Thalurania que foi introduzido por John Gould em 1848.

Sete subespécies são reconhecidas:

 T. c. townsendi Ridgway, 1888 – Guatemala, Belize e Honduras
 T. c. venusta ( Gould, 1851) – Nicarágua ao Panamá
 T. c. colombica ( Bourcier, 1843) - norte da Colômbia e noroeste da Venezuela
 T. c. rostrifera Phelps & Phelps Jr, 1956 – noroeste da Venezuela
 T. c. fannyae ( Delattre & Bourcier, 1846) – ninfa da floresta de coroa verde – leste do Panamá a oeste da Colômbia
 T. c. subtropicalis Griscom, 1932 – Vale do Cauca e Andes próximos (centro-oeste da Colômbia)
 T. c. verticeps (Gould, 1851) – sudoeste da Colômbia e noroeste do Equador
 T. c. hypochlora Gould, 1871 – Woodnymph de barriga de esmeralda – oeste do Equador e noroeste do Peru

A ninfa da floresta de coroa verde T. c. fannyae já foi tratado como uma espécie separada. O woodnymph mexicano foi anteriormente considerado como uma subespécie.

Descrição
O beija-flor-coroado adulta é 10,2 cm de comprimento e pesa 4,5 g. Tem uma coroa violeta, parte superior das costas, ombros e barriga, uma garganta e peito verdes brilhantes, parte inferior das costas verde e uma cauda preto-azulada profundamente bifurcada. A fêmea é 8,4-9 cm de comprimento e pesa 3,5 g. Ela é verde brilhante em cima e verde mais opaco embaixo, com garganta e peito cinza. Sua cauda é arredondada, principalmente verde perto do corpo, mas com uma metade inferior preto-azulada e cantos brancos. Os machos jovens carecem de violeta ou iridescência e são de cor bronze abaixo. As fêmeas imaturas têm franjas amarelas nas penas da nuca, rosto e garupa. A chamada é um kip rápido e agudo.

Distribuição e habitat
O beija-flor-coroado é uma ave comum a abundante de várzeas húmidas e sopés até 2500 m, podendo deslocar-se mais alto quando não está em reprodução.

Comportamento
A fêmea é inteiramente responsável pela construção do ninho e incubação. A ninhada são dois ovos brancos em um ninho de fibra vegetal de 1 a 5 m de altura em um galho horizontal. A incubação leva de 15 a 19 dias e a incubação de mais 20 a 26 dias.

O alimento desta espécie é o néctar, retirado de uma variedade de flores. Os machos se alimentam no dossel, onde suas plantas alimentícias incluem Ericaceae e bromélias epífitas, e defendem flores e arbustos em seus territórios de alimentação. As fêmeas ficam no sub-bosque. Após a reprodução, ambos os sexos podem se concentrar em Helicônias . Assim como outros beija-flores, a ninfa-do-pau também leva pequenos insetos e aranhas como fonte essencial de proteína.

Estudos têm mostrado diferenças territoriais entre machos e fêmeas. Os territórios de ninfas coroadas femininas são de maior qualidade em comparação com os machos. Isso ocorre porque as fêmeas são mais agressivas na defesa de seu território. Os territórios femininos também receberam mais intrusos contrários aos masculinos e produziram maior volume médio de néctar. Esses fatores apontam para o fato de que as ninfas-do-mato-coroadas femininas possuem territórios de alimentação de maior qualidade do que os machos.

Troquilídeos
Aves descritas em 1843
Espécies pouco preocupantes

Beija-flor-coroado


16 Mart Katliamı, 16 Mart 1978 günü İstanbul Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi önünde 7 öğrencinin ölümü, 41 öğrencinin de yaralanmasıyla sonuçlanan bombalı ve silahlı saldırıdır.

İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi 1. sınıf öğrencisi olan Ülkücü öğrencilerin içinde gizlice faaliyet gösteren MİT mensubu bir istihbaratçı, İstanbul Emniyeti'ne geçtiği bilgi notunda, "ülkücülerin 8-10 gün içinde İstanbul Üniversitesi çıkışında solcu öğrencilerin üzerine dinamit atıp, silahlı tarama yapacakları" bildirmiştir.

Olayın faili olan Zülküf İsot ablasına olayı yaptığını itiraf etmiş ve teslim olacağını söylemiştir. Ölenlerin cenaze töreni sırasında görüntü kaydında Zülküf İsot görüntülere yansımış daha sonra ise başka bir ülkücü Latif Aktı tarafından öldürülmüştür. Latif Aktı ise 8 yıl hapis cezası almıştır. Ülkücü itirafcı Ali Yurtaslan ise öğrencilerin üstüne atılan bombayı Ülkü Ocakları 2. başkanı Abdullah Çatlı'nın temin ettiğini itiraf etmiştir.

Emniyet arşivine "7 Mart 1978 tarih, 1.D.2.12780" koduyla girip resmiyet kazanan bilgi notunda belirtilen yer ve tarihte gerçekleşen katliama engel olunmadı. Bilgi notu katliamla ilgili soruşturma ve yargılamalar sürerken hiç ortaya çıkmadı. Olaydan 19 yıl sonra dava ikinci kez açılıncaya, bilgi notunun yazılışının üzerinden 22 yıl geçinceye kadar ortaya çıkmadı.

Şükrü Balcı ve Süreyya San'ın aralarında bulunduğu polis şefleri görevlerinde kayıtsız kalmakla, Reşat Altay ise saldırıya uğrayan öğrencileri dağılma noktasına kadar koruma altında tutması gerekirken üniversite kapısında terk etmekle suçlandılar. İzmit 1. Asliye Ceza Mahkemesi'nde TCK 230 uyarınca görevi ihmalden yargılanıp, delil yetersizliğinden beraat ettiler. Sanık emniyetçiler hakkında verilen tek ceza polis başmüfettişlerinin önerdiği, disiplin cezası niteliğindeki ''ihtar'' cezası olmuştur.

16 Mart Katliamı'nda öldürülen öğrenciler
 Abdullah Şimşek (TİP)
 Baki Ekiz (İGD)
 Cemil Sönmez (TİKP)
 Hamit Akıl (TİP)
 Hatice Özen (DEV-GENÇ)
 Murat Kurt (İGD)
 Turan Ören (İGD)

Ayrıca bakınız

 Türkiye'de sağ-sol çatışması
 12 Eylül Darbesi'ne giden süreç

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 16 Mart Platformu
 16 Mart Beyazıt Katliamı (marksist.com)
 16 Mart Dosyası (evrensel.net)
 16 Mart Beyazıt Katliamı'nı unutmadık (ilericigenclik)

1978'de İstanbul
Türkiye'deki katliamlar
Türkiye'deki bombalı saldırılar
1978'de cinayet
Türkiye'deki silahlı saldırılar
İstanbul'da toplu cinayet

16 Mart Katliamı


Gospa Rabija Bala (turski: Râbi'a Bâlâ Hâtun; ? — siječanj 1324.) bila je turska plemkinja te supruga prvog osmanskog sultana Osmana I.

Životopis

Nije poznato kad je Rabija rođena. Rabija je njezino rodno ime.

Njezin je otac bio slavni šeik i mistik Edebali (poznat i kao Balışeyh). Njegova žena nepoznatog imena bila je Rabijina majka. Edebali je bio vrlo utjecajan mistik te je postao savjetnik sultana Osmana, koji je oženio Rabiju 1289. godine. Rabija je dobila u vlasništvo selo Kozağaç. Njezin i Osmanov sin bio je Alaeddin-paša.

Rabija je umrla godine 1324. te je pokopana pokraj oca.

Izvori i bilješke

Supruge osmanskih sultana

Gospa Rabija Bala


8159 Fukuoka este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8159 Fukuoka este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitami de Kin Endate și Kazuro Watanabe. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,63 ua, o excentricitate de 0,29 și o înclinație de 12,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Note

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

8159 Fukuoka


Haustor je prvi studijski album rock grupe Haustor. Album je objavljen 1981. godine.

Popis pjesama

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Albumi iz 1981.
Albumi sastava Haustor

Haustor (album)


Penafiel  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Norte bölgesine bağlı Tâmega altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 38 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Abragão
 Boelhe
 Bustelo
 Cabeça Santa
 Canelas
 Capela
 Castelões
 Croca
 Duas Igrejas
 Eja
 Figueira
 Fonte Arcada
 Galegos
 Guilhufe
 Irivo
 Lagares
 Luzim
 Marecos
 Milhundos
 Novelas
 Oldrões
 Paço de Sousa
 Paredes
 Penafiel
 Perozelo
 Pinheiro
 Portela
 Rãs
 Rio de Moinhos
 Rio Mau
 Santa Marta
 Santiago de Subarrifana
 São Mamede de Recezinhos
 São Martinho de Recezinhos
 Sebolido
 Urrô
 Valpedre
 Vila Cova

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Penafiel fotoğrafları

Tâmega'nın belediyeleri

Penafiel


est un film japonais réalisé par Norifumi Suzuki, sorti en 1975. Le film relate une version romancée de la vie de Dōshin Sō, le fondateur du Shōrinji kenpō, incarné par Sonny Chiba. Le film parcourt, sur plusieurs années, la vie difficile dans le Japon d'après-guerre.

Synopsis
Après avoir appris en Mandchourie la reddition du Japon à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, un ex-espion japonais retourne au Japon.

Dans les quartiers pauvres d'Osaka subissant l'humiliation de l'occupation américaine, So Doshin protège les plus faibles et les plus démunis. L'ex-espion, fonde une école d'art martiaux où il enseigne le sens de la justice et l'art ancestral de Shaolin pour répandre sa méthode de combat auprès d'une jeunesse japonaise complètement perdue.

Fiche technique

 Titre : Shaolin Karaté
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Norifumi Suzuki
 Scénario : Isao Matsumoto
 Décors : Shushi Nakamura
 Photographie : Yoshio Nakajima
 Musique : Shunsuke Kikuchi
 Société de production : Tōei
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : Japonais
 Format : couleur - 2,35:1 - 35 mm - son mono
 Genre : action
 Durée : 87 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 Japon :

Distribution
 Sonny Chiba : Dōshin Sō
 Tetsurō Tanba : Nobuyuki Kobayakawa
 Makoto Satō : Kentaro Otaki
 Yutaka Nakajima : Kiku Sakamoto
 Etsuko Shihomi : Miho Tomoda
 Naoya Makoto : Hiroshi Tomoda
 Jun'ichi Tatsu : Miyoshi Bungoi
 Sanae Kitabayashi : Kino Nakano
 Akiko Mori : Masako
 Hōsei Komatsu : Sakai Osa
 Kyōichi Satō : Kaga
 Genji Kawai : Murayama Senzo
 Kazuhide Haruta : Michiomi Nakano
 Asao Koike : Sakae Akamatsu

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film japonais sorti en 1975
Film d'action japonais
Film réalisé par Norifumi Suzuki
Film en japonais
Film de Tōei
Film se déroulant à Osaka

Shaolin Karaté


Metak-šah (nje. Bullet-Schach), najbrži oblik brzopoteznog šaha u kojem natjecatelji u dvoboju imaju manje od tri minute vremena za razmišljanje po igraču i partiju, pri čemu se obično igra jedna minuta po igraču i partiji. Radi se o izoštrenom, strožijem obliku munjevitog šaha. Metak-šah prije svega omiljeno se igra na šahovskim poslužiteljima. Riječ "metak" u imenu je iz engleskog "bullet". Druga oznaka za ovu vrstu šaha je na nje i eng. Lightning-Schach "munjeviti šah", što zbunjuje s već postojećim munjevitim šahom (Blitz-Schach).

Izvori

Literatura
 Hikaru Nakamura, Bruce Harper, Yasser Seirawan: Bullet Chess. One Minute to Mate. Russell Enterprises, Milford 2009.

Vanjske poveznice
Turniri u metak-šahu

Brzopotezni šah

Metak-šah


Olaylar
 2 Mart - V. Louis, daha önce ortak kral iken tek başına Fransa kralı oldu.

Doğumlar
 Kuşeyrî, müderris, mutasavvıf ve yazar (ö. 1072)

Ölümler
 25 Mayıs - Abdurrahman es-Sufî, Farisi gök bilimci (d. 903)

986


Die N594 war von 1933 bis 1973 eine französische Nationalstraße, die zwischen Figeac und Rodez verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 63,5 Kilometer. 1973 wurde der Abschnitt zwischen Figeac und der Kreuzung mit der N662 bei Capdenac-Gare in N140 umnummeriert. Dieser ist seit 2006 abgestuft.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française auf WikiSara, eine Auflistung aller Nationalstraßen (französisch)

594

Route nationale 594


An Potamogeton acutifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Friedrich Link. An Potamogeton acutifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Potamogeton, ngan familia nga Potamogetonaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Potamogeton

Potamogeton acutifolius


Zhou Xuan (fonetski: Džou Sjuen, kineski: 周璇; pinyin: Zhōu Xuán; tradicionalni kineski: 蘇璞; pinyin: Sū pú; Changzhou, Kina, 1. kolovoza 1920. – Šangaj, Kina, 22. rujna 1957.) bila je kultna kineska pjevačica i filmska glumica. Do 1940-ih postala je jedna od sedam velikih kineskih pjevačkih zvijezda i najpoznatija je od njih sedam. Dobila je nadimak "Zlatni glas". Imala je paralelnu filmsku karijeru do 1954. godine. Snimila je više od 200 pjesama i pojavila se u više od 40 filmova tijekom svoje karijere.

Zhou je rođena kao Su Pu (蘇璞), ali je u ranoj dobi odvojena od svojih bioloških roditelja i odgojena od strane posvojitelja. Cijeli je život provela tražeći svoje biološke roditelje, no njezini su biološki roditelji potvrđeni tek nakon njezine smrti. Prema kasnijim obiteljskim istraživanjima, rođak koji je bio ovisnik o opijumu odveo ju je kad je imala 3 godine u drugi grad i prodao obitelji po imenu Wang, koja ju je nazvala Wang Xiaohong. Kasnije ju je usvojila obitelj po imenu Zhou, promijenivši joj ime u Zhou Xiaohong.

U dobi od 13 godina uzela je Zhou Xueen kao svoje umjetničko ime, 'Xueen' (璇) na kineskom znači prekrasan žad.

Godine 1932. Zhou je počela glumiti kao članica Li Jinhuijeve pjevačke i plesne trupe "Bright Moon". Kad je imala dvanaest godina, osvojila je drugo mjesto na pjevačkom natjecanju u Šangaju i zaradila nadimak "Zlatni glas" (金唖子) zbog visokih melodija koje je s lakoćom izvodila.

Zhou je svoju filmsku karijeru započela 1935., a slavu je stekla 1937. kada joj je redatelj Yuan Muzhi dodijelio jednu od glavnih uloga u "Uličnom anđelu". Zhou je ubrzo postala poznata i popularna pjevačica u gramofonskoj eri sve do svoje smrti, pjevajući mnoge poznate melodije iz vlastitih filmova. Unatoč tome što je snimila ukupno 43 filma, njezina najpoznatija izvedba ostao je film iz 1937., "Ulični anđeo".

Godine 1957. umrla je u Šangaju u mentalnoj ustanovi u dobi od 37 godina tijekom antidesničarskog pokreta. Mogući uzrok smrti je encefalitis praćen živčanim slomom. U svom je dnevniku navela, da je patila od cerebritisa.

Izvori

Kineski glazbenici
Kineski filmski glumci

Zhou Xuan


Cihuacoatl (nahuatl. Cihuacoatl; "žena-zmija"), zamjenik tlatoanija, njegov savjetnik, vojni zapovjednik, sudac i predsjednik Velikog vijeća. Naziv dolazi od imena za astečku božicu Cihuacoatl.

Dužnost i službu cihuacoatla uveo je car Montezuma I., odredivši svog brata Tlacaeleltlzina za neklu vrst svoga pomoćnika i suvladara. Nakon tog doba, smijenjuju se te dvije funkcije, tlatoanija i cihuacoatla sve do propasti Astečkog Carstva i obje se nalaze pod kontrolom iste vladajuće dinastije. Posljednji cihauacoatl bio je 1521. godine Don Juan Velázquez, Tlacaeleltlzinov unuk, kojeg je španjolska kolonijalna uprava ujedno bila proglasila 1525. godine za marionetskog vladara (tlatoanija) Tenochtitlana.

Titule
Asteci

Cihuacoatl (naslov)


Dourado es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo, y está localizado en el centro geográfico del estado. Se localiza a una latitud 22º06'00" sur y a una longitud 48º19'03" oeste, estando a una altitud de 706 metros. Su población estimada en 2006 era de 9.244 habitantes.

Demografía
Datos del censo de 2000

 Población Total: 8.606
 Urbana: 7.839
 Rural: 767
 Hombres: 4.403
 Mujeres: 4.203
 Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 41,78
 Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 14,46
 Expectativa de vida (años): 71,99
 Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,63
 Tasa de Alfabetización: 88,10%
 Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,780
 IDH-M Salario: 0,704
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,783
 IDH-M Educación: 0,854
(Fuente: IPEADATA)

Hidrografía

 Río Boa Esperança
 Río Jacaré-Pepira

Carreteras

 SP-215 - Carretera Luís Augusto de Oliveira

Iglesia Católica

El municipio pertenece a la Diócesis de São Carlos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura
 Dourado en el WikiMapia

Localidades de São Paulo

Dourado (São Paulo)


Ruth Prawer Jhabvala  (; 7 May 19273 April 2013) was a British and American novelist and screenwriter. She is best known for her collaboration with Merchant Ivory Productions, made up of film director James Ivory and producer Ismail Merchant.

In 1951, she married Indian architect Cyrus Jhabvala and moved to New Delhi. She began then to elaborate her experiences in India and wrote novels and tales on Indian subjects. She wrote a dozen novels, 23 screenplays, and eight collections of short stories and was made a CBE in 1998 and granted a joint fellowship by BAFTA in 2002 with Ivory and Merchant. She is the only person to have won both a Booker Prize and an Oscar.

Early life
Ruth Prawer was born in Cologne, Germany to Jewish parents Marcus and Eleanora (Cohn) Prawer. Marcus was a lawyer who moved to Germany from Poland to escape conscription and Eleanora's father was cantor of Cologne's largest synagogue. Her father was accused of communist links, arrested and released, and she witnessed the violence unleashed against the Jews during the Kristallnacht. The family was among the last group of refugees to flee the Nazi regime in 1939, emigrating to Britain. Her elder brother, Siegbert Salomon Prawer (1925–2012), an expert on Heinrich Heine and horror films, was fellow of The Queen's College and Taylor Professor of German Language and Literature at the University of Oxford.

During World War II, Prawer lived in Hendon in London, experienced the Blitz and began to speak English rather than German. Charles Dickens' works and Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind kept her company through the war years, and she read the latter book while taking refuge in air raid shelters during the Luftwaffes bombing of London. She became a British citizen in 1948. The following year, her father committed suicide after discovering that 40 members of his family had been murdered during the Holocaust. Prawer attended Hendon County School (now Hendon School) and then Queen Mary College, where she received an MA in English literature in 1951.

Literary career

Years in India
Ruth Prawer moved to India in 1951 after marrying Indian Parsi architect Cyrus Jhabvala. Her first novel, To Whom She Will, was published in 1955. It was followed by Esmond in India (1957), The Householder (1960) and Get Ready for Battle (1963). The Householder, with a screenplay by Jhabvala, was filmed in 1963 by Merchant and Ivory. During her years in India, she wrote scripts for the Merchant-Ivory duo for The Guru (1969) and Autobiography of a Princess (1975). She collaborated with Ivory for the screenplays for Bombay Talkie (1970) and ABC After-school Specials: William - The Life and Times of William Shakespeare (1973).

In 1975, she won the Booker Prize for her novel Heat and Dust, later adapted into a film. That year, she moved to New York where she wrote The Place of Peace. Her husband also moved to US permanently in late 1980s, and the couple lived on the east coast until Ruth's death in 2013.  Cyrus Jhabwala died in Los Angeles in 2014.

Jhabvala "remained ill at ease with India and all that it brought into her life." She wrote in an autobiographical essay, Myself in India (published in London Magazine) that she found the "great animal of poverty and backwardness" made the idea and sensation of India intolerable to her, a "Central European with an English education and a deplorable tendency to constant self-analysis." Her early works in India dwell on the themes of romantic love and arranged marriages and are portraits of the social mores, idealism and chaos of the early decades of independent India. Writing about her in the New York Times, novelist Pankaj Mishra observed that "she was probably the first writer in English to see that India's Westernizing middle class, so preoccupied with marriage, lent itself well to Jane Austenish comedies of manners."

Life in the United States
Jhabvala moved to New York City in 1975 and lived there until her death in 2013, becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1986. She continued to write and many of her works including In Search of Love and Beauty (1983), Three Continents (1987), Shards of Memory (1995) and East into Upper East: Plain Tales From New York and New Delhi (1998) portray the lives and predicaments of immigrants from post-Nazi and post-World War Europe. Many of these works feature India as a setting where her characters go in search of spiritual enlightenment only to emerge defrauded and exposed to the materialistic pursuits of the East. The New York Times Review of Books chose her Out of India (1986) as one of the best reads for that year. In 1984, she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

In 2005 she published My Nine Lives: Chapters of a Possible Past with illustrations by her husband and the book was described as "her most autobiographical fiction to date".

Reception
Her literary works were well received with C.P. Snow, Rumer Godden and V.S. Pritchett describing her work as "the highest art", "a balance between subtlety, humour and beauty" and as being Chekhovian in its detached sense of comic self-delusion. Salman Rushdie described her as a "rootless intellectual" when he anthologized her in the Vintage Book of Indian Writing, and John Updike described her an "initiated outsider".

Jhabvala initially was assumed to be an Indian among the reading public because of her perceptive portrayals of the nuances of Indian lifestyles. Later, the revelation of her true identity led to falling sales of her books in India and made her a target of accusations about "her old-fashioned colonial attitudes".

Jhabvala's last published story was "The Judge's Will", which appeared in The New Yorker on 25 March 2013.

Merchant Ivory Productions

In 1963, Jhabvala was approached by James Ivory and Ismail Merchant to write a screenplay for their debut The Householder, based on her 1960 novel. During their first encounter, Merchant later said Jhabvala, seeking to avoid them, pretended to be the housemaid when they visited. The film, released by Merchant Ivory Productions in 1963 and starring Shashi Kapoor and Leela Naidu, met with critical praise and marked the beginning of a partnership that resulted in over 20 films.

The Householder was followed by Shakespeare Wallah (1965), another critically acclaimed film. There followed a series of films, including Roseland (1977), Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie's Pictures (1978), The Europeans (1979), Jane Austen in Manhattan (1980), Quartet (1981), The Courtesans of Bombay (1983) and The Bostonians (1984). The Merchant Ivory production of Heat and Dust in 1983 won Jhabvala a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay the following year.

She won her first Academy Award for her screenplay for A Room with a View (1986) and won a second in the same category for Howards End six years later. She was nominated for a third Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay the following year for The Remains of the Day.

Her other films with Merchant and Ivory include Mr. and Mrs. Bridge (1990), Jefferson in Paris (1995), Surviving Picasso (1996), A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (1998) (the screenplay for which she co-authored with Ivory), The Golden Bowl (2000) and The City of Your Final Destination (2009), adapted from the eponymous novel by Peter Cameron and was her last screenplay. Le Divorce which she co-wrote with Ivory was the last movie that featured the trio of Merchant, Ivory and Jhabvala.

In an interview for the British Film Institute, British actor James Wilby claimed that Jhabvala refused to write the screenplay of the 1987 film Maurice despite being "the normal writer" for Merchant-Ivory films. Wilby surmised that Jhabvala may have been uncomfortable with the central subject matter of the film, based on a posthumously published novel by E.M. Forster, which depicted a gay relationship set in Edwardian England. Ivory was reportedly "quite upset" by Jhabvala's decision, given the fact that their friendship was "incredibly close." For her own part, Jhabvala apparently did provide notes for Maurice, but claimed she didn't wish to write the screenplay, as the novel was "sub-Forster and sub-Ivory."

The Merchant-Ivory duo was acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest collaboration between a director and a producer, but Jhabvala was a part of the trio from the very beginning. She introduced the composer Richard Robbins, who went on to score music for almost every production by Merchant-Ivory beginning with The Europeans in 1979, to the duo after meeting him while he was the director of Mannes College of Music, New York. Madame Sousatzka (1988) was the one film she wrote that was not produced by Merchant Ivory.

Selected filmography

Awards and nominations
Academy Awards

Golden Globe Awards

British Academy Film Awards

Writers Guild of America Awards

Other awards
1975: Booker Prize – Heat and Dust
1976: Guggenheim Fellowship
1979: Neil Gunn Prize
1984: MacArthur Fellowship
1984: London Critics Circle Film Awards – Screenwriter of the Year (Heat and Dust)
1990: New York Film Critics Circle Awards – Best Screenplay (Mr. and Mrs. Bridge)
2003: O. Henry Award (Refuge in London)

Personal life
In 1951, Prawer married Cyrus Shavaksha Hormusji Jhabvala, an Indian Parsi architect and, later, head of the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi. The couple moved into a house in Delhi's Civil Lines where they raised three daughters: Ava, Firoza and Renana. In 1975, Jhabvala moved to New York and divided her time between India and the United States. In 1986, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

Death
Jhabvala died in her home in New York City on 3 April 2013 at the age of 85. James Ivory reported that her death was caused by complications from a pulmonary disorder. Reacting to her death, Merchant Ivory Productions noted that Jhabvala had "been a beloved member of the Merchant Ivory family since 1960, comprising one-third of our indomitable trifecta that included director James Ivory and the late producer Ismail Merchant" and that her death was "a significant loss to the global film community".

Literary works

Novels and novellas

Short stories and collections

Critical studies and reviews of Jhabvala's work

Anthologies and encyclopedias

Screenwriting

Other

References

Further reading

External links

1927 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Booker Prize winners
British women screenwriters
English emigrants to India
English emigrants to the United States
English Jewish writers
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
Jewish novelists
MacArthur Fellows
English people of Polish-Jewish descent
American short story writers
American women screenwriters
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award winners
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century English women writers
21st-century American women writers
The New Yorker people

Immigrants to India
Immigrants to the United States
German people of Polish-Jewish descent
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People with acquired American citizenship
Writers from London
Deaths from lung disease
20th-century American women writers
21st-century English women
O. Henry Award winners

Ruth Prawer Jhabvala


În biologie, spermatogeneza reprezintă procesul de formare a spermatozoizilor.
Se desfășoară în tuburile seminifere, în trei zone distincte ale acestora, corespunzător celor trei perioade ale spermatogenezei:
 perioada germinativă: anumite celule ale testiculului, numite spermatogonii, se divid intens, formând numeroase generații de celule;
 perioada de creștere: unele dintre acestea acumulează substanțe nutritive, cresc și devin spermatocite primare;
 perioada de maturație: spermatocitele primare se divid de două ori consecutiv și din fiecare rezultă patru celule (spermatide), care, după unele transformări, devin spermatozoizi.

Din cauză că una dintre cele două diviziuni de maturație este reducțională (meioză), nucleul spermatozoidului va avea numai jumătate din numărul cromozomilor caracteristici speciei (este în fază haploidă).

Spermatogeneza se desfășoară în mod analog cu procesul de ovogeneză și are aceeași semnificație biologică.

Alte articole de consultat
 Anizogamie
 Evoluția reproducerii sexuate
 Glosar de biologie
 Fertilitate oncologică
 Infertilitate
 Infertilitate feminină
 Meioză
 Oocit
 Oogoniu
 Ovogeneză
 Reproducere sexuată
 Sistemul de reproducere feminin
 Sistemul de reproducere masculin
 Sistemul de reproducere uman

Referințe

Legături externe
  Psihologie reproductivă

Aparatul reproducător
Biologia dezvoltării
Fiziologie animală
Genetică
Meioză
Sistemul endocrin al bărbatului

Spermatogeneză


Daniel Francis McComas (born May 26, 1953, in San Juan, Puerto Rico) has served as a  Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly's North Carolina House of Representatives representing the state's nineteenth House district in New Hanover County. After nine terms in the state House, McComas announced that he would not seek re-election in 2012. Then, he resigned before the end of his final term to accept Gov. Beverly Perdue's appointment as chairman of the North Carolina Ports Authority. In that post, he succeeded another former state legislator, Carl J. Stewart, Jr.

A business executive from Wilmington, McComas was the first Hispanic member of the North Carolina General Assembly in 1995. He is a graduate of St. Bonaventure University in New York. In 1998, he received the Razor Walker Award from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington School of Education.

He is the owner and president of MCO Transport, a shipping company based in Wilmington, North Carolina.

References

External links
General Assembly homepage
Campaign website

|-

Living people
1953 births
Politicians from Wilmington, North Carolina
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians

Daniel F. McComas


Os manuscritos de Dunhuang referem-se a uma grande variedade de documentos religiosos e seculares (principalmente manuscritos, mas também incluindo alguns textos impressos em xilogravura) em chinês e outras línguas que foram descobertos nas Cavernas Mogao de Dunhuang, China, durante o século XX. A maioria dos textos sobreviventes vem de um grande esconderijo de documentos produzidos entre o final do século IV e o início do século XI, que foram selados na chamada 'Caverna da Biblioteca' (Caverna 17) em algum momento do início do século XI. A Caverna da Biblioteca foi descoberta por um monge taoísta chamado Wang Yuanlu em 1900, e muito do conteúdo da caverna foi posteriormente levado para a Inglaterra e a França por exploradores europeus como Aurel Stein e Paul Pelliot. Sabendo que os manuscritos de Dunhuang eram tesouros inestimáveis, Stein e Pelliot enganaram Wang e os compraram por muito pouco dinheiro. Eles levaram a maioria desses tesouros da China para a Europa.

Além da Caverna da Biblioteca, manuscritos e textos impressos também foram descobertos em várias outras cavernas do local. Notavelmente, Pelliot recuperou um grande número de documentos das cavernas 464 e 465 na seção norte das cavernas de Mogao. Esses documentos datam principalmente da dinastia Yuan (1271–1368), várias centenas de anos depois que a Caverna da Biblioteca foi selada e estão escritos em vários idiomas, incluindo chinês, tibetano, antigo uigur e tangut.

Os documentos de Dunhuang incluem obras que vão desde história e matemática até canções e danças folclóricas. Existem também muitos documentos religiosos, a maioria dos quais são budistas, mas outras religiões, incluindo o taoísmo, o cristianismo nestoriano, o judaísmo e o maniqueísmo também estão representadas. A maioria dos manuscritos está em chinês. Outras línguas representadas são khotanês, kuchiano, sânscrito, sogdiano, tangut, tibetano, antigo idioma uigur, prácrito, hebraico e turco antigo. Os manuscritos são um recurso importante para estudos acadêmicos em uma ampla variedade de campos, incluindo história, estudos religiosos, lingüística e estudos de manuscritos.

Leitura adicional

 Les grottes de Touen-Houang 1920. Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.1 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.2 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.3 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.4 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.5 Les grottes de Touen-Houang : vol.6
 Воробьева-Десятовская М.И., Зограф И.Т., Мартынов А.С., Меньшиков Л.Н., Смирнов Б.Л. Описание китайских рукописей Дуньхуанского фонда Института народов Азии. В 2 выпусках / Ответственный редактор Л.Н.Меньшиков. М.: «Наука», ГРВЛ, 1967. Вып. 2. 687 с.
 Воробьева-Десятовская М.И., Гуревич И.С., Меньшиков Л.Н., Спирин В.С., Школяр С.А. Описание китайских рукописей Дуньхуанского фонда Института народов Азии. В 2 выпусках / Ответственный редактор Л.Н.Меньшиков. М.: ИВЛ, 1963. Вып. 1. 778 с.
 Китайские рукописи из Дуньхуана: Памятники буддийской литературы сувэньсюэ / Издание и предисловие Л.Н.Меньшикова. М.: ИВЛ, 1963. (Памятники литературы народов Востока. Тексты. Большая серия. XV.). 75 с.

Links externos

 The International Dunhuang Project

Sítios arqueológicos da China
História da China

Manuscritos de Dunhuang


Regius Professor of Physic henviser til:

 Regius Professor of Physic (Cambridge)
 Regius Professor of Physic (Dublin)

Se også
 Regius Professor of Medicine

Regius Professor of Physic


Cryptanthus, biljni rod iz porodice tamjanikovki, dio potporodice Bromelioideae. Sve ove vrste, ima ih 55, Brazilski su endemi

Opis
Cryptanthus, rod epifita (biljke koje se oslanjaju na druge biljke i imaju zračne korijene izložene vlažnoj atmosferi) iz porodice "ananasa" (Bromeliaceae). Listovi bez peteljke bodljikavih rubova rastu u rozeti izravno iz korijena. Cvjetovi, obično bijeli, nalaze se u gustom grozdu bez peteljki u središtu rozete.

Nekoliko vrsta, posebno C. acaulis i C. zonatus, uzgajaju se u zatvorenom prostoru zbog atraktivnog lišća. Obje vrste imaju listove valovitih rubova koji su s donje strane srebrnasti ili bjelkasti. C. acaulis naraste do oko 15 centimetara (6 inča) i ima od nekoliko do mnogo listova. Trakasti listovi C. zonatus su zelenkastosmeđi ili bakrenasti na vrhu s trakama žutosmeđe ili smeđe boje; biljka je visoka oko 22 cm.

Vrste

 Cryptanthus acaulis (Lindl.) Beer
 Cryptanthus alagoanus Leme & J.A.Siqueira
 Cryptanthus bahianus L.B.Sm.
 Cryptanthus beuckeri É.Morren
 Cryptanthus bibarrensis Leme
 Cryptanthus bivittatus (Hook.) Regel
 Cryptanthus boanovensis Leme
 Cryptanthus brevifolius Leme
 Cryptanthus bromelioides Otto & A.Dietr.
 Cryptanthus capitatus Leme
 Cryptanthus capitellatus Leme & L.Kollmann
 Cryptanthus cinereus D.M.C.Ferreira & Louzada
 Cryptanthus colnagoi Rauh & Leme
 Cryptanthus coriaceus Leme
 Cryptanthus correia-araujoi Leme
 Cryptanthus crassifolius Leme
 Cryptanthus cruzalmensis Leme & E.H.Souza
 Cryptanthus delicatus Leme
 Cryptanthus diamantinensis Leme
 Cryptanthus dianae Leme
 Cryptanthus dorothyae Leme
 Cryptanthus felixii J.A.Siqueira & Leme
 Cryptanthus giganteus Leme & A.P.Fontana
 Cryptanthus grazielae H.Luther
 Cryptanthus guanduensis Leme & L.Kollmann
 Cryptanthus heimenii P.J.Braun & Gonç.Brito
 Cryptanthus ilhanus Leme
 Cryptanthus incrassatus L.B.Sm.
 Cryptanthus lacerdae Van Geert
 Cryptanthus lutherianus I.Ramírez
 Cryptanthus lyman-smithii Leme
 Cryptanthus marginatus L.B.Sm.
 Cryptanthus maritimus L.B.Sm.
 Cryptanthus minarum L.B.Sm.
 Cryptanthus osiris W.Weber
 Cryptanthus pickelii L.B.Sm.
 Cryptanthus praetextus É.Morren ex Baker
 Cryptanthus pseudopetiolatus Philcox
 Cryptanthus reisii Leme
 Cryptanthus reptans Leme & J.A.Siqueira
 Cryptanthus rigidifolius Leme
 Cryptanthus robsonianus Leme
 Cryptanthus santateresinhensis Leme
 Cryptanthus seidelianus W.Weber
 Cryptanthus sergipensis I.Ramírez
 Cryptanthus tabuleiricola Leme & L.Kollmann
 Cryptanthus teretifolius Leme
 Cryptanthus ubairensis I.Ramírez
 Cryptanthus univittatus Leme
 Cryptanthus venecianus Leme & L.Kollmann
 Cryptanthus viridipetalus Leme & L.Kollmann
 Cryptanthus viridovinosus Leme
 Cryptanthus walkerianus Leme & L.Kollmann
 Cryptanthus warren-loosei Leme
 Cryptanthus zonatus (Lem.) Vis.

Izvori

Bromelioideae

Cryptanthus


Piper vicosanum é uma espécie de  planta do gênero Piper e da família Piperaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1966 por Truman G. Yuncker.
São conhecidas as seguintes subspécies de Piper vicosanum Yunck.:

 Piper vicosanum Yunck. var. vicosanum
 Piper vicosanum Yunck. var. scandens

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e arbustiva.

Uso
É usada na medicina popular como anti-inflamatório.

Descrição
Arbusto glabro; pecíolo glabro; lâmina foliar com a base assimétrica, o lado mais curto agudo, o mais longo, arredondado, obtuso, às vezes, levemente cordado; nervuras secundárias 10, impressas na face adaxial, glabras ou obscuramente pubescente em direção à margem; pedúnculo glabro; espiga de 4 cm de comprimento, curto-apiculada; bráctea floral levemente papilosa no ângulos.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima e São Paulo.
A espécie é encontrada nos  domínios fitogeográficos de Floresta Amazônica, Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de cerrado, floresta estacional semidecidual e floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Guimarães, E.F.; Medeiros, E.V.S.S.; Queiroz, G.A. 2020. Piper  in Flora do Brasil 2020.

Ligações externas
 Piper vicosanum no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Piper
Plantas descritas em 1966
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Piper vicosanum


معركة الجوف كانت بلدة الجوف (دومة الجندل وسكاكا) تقع تحت حكم آل رشيد في حائل، ولكن استقلت سكاكا عنه إثر انقلاب قام به الشيخ/ نواف النوري بن شعلان وقد نجح في إحكام سيطرته على المنطقة سنة 1327هـ/1909م, بسبب ضعف الوجود العثماني فيها من جهة, ولانضمام قبائل المنطقة إليه من جهة أخرى، خاصة قبيلة الشرارات القبيلة الرئيسة في منطقة الجوف ووادي السرحان، حيث تشير إحدى الوثائق العثمانية بعد تحالف الشرارات مع الشيخ النوري ابن شعلان تشير إلى أنّ ابن شعلان أصبح قوة لا يستهان بها في المنطقة. واستمر ذلك حتى وقعت معركة الجوف عام 1920م في سكاكا في الجوف عندما ارسل سعود بن عبد العزيز بن متعب الرشيد جيشه بقيادة ابن أخيه زامل لأستعادة الجوف ابن رشيد كان غاضع للترك

مراجع

السعودية في 1908
تاريخ منطقة الجوف العسكري
السياسة السعودية في عقد 1900
تاريخ السعودية العسكري في عقد 1920

معركة الجوف


Forest Hills is a mostly residential neighborhood in the central portion of the borough of Queens in New York City. It is adjacent to Corona to the north, Rego Park and Glendale to the west, Forest Park to the south, Kew Gardens to the southeast, and Flushing Meadows–Corona Park to the east.

The area was originally referred to as "Whitepot". The current name comes from the Cord Meyer Development Company, which bought  in central Queens in 1906 and renamed it after Forest Park. Further development came in the 1920s and 1930s with the widening of Queens Boulevard through the neighborhood, as well as the opening of the New York City Subway's Queens Boulevard Line. Forest Hills has a longstanding association with tennis: the Forest Hills Stadium hosted the U.S. Open from 1915 through 1977 and the West Side Tennis Club offers grass courts for its members. The area's main commercial street, Austin Street, contains many restaurants and chain stores.

Forest Hills is located in Queens Community District 6 and its ZIP Code is 11375. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 112th Precinct. Politically, Forest Hills is represented by the New York City Council's 29th District. It is located within New York's 6th congressional district.

History

Development
The development of adjacent Forest Park, a park on the southern end of Forest Hills, began in 1895. Starting in 1896, the landscape architecture firm of Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot was contracted to provide a plan for the park.

In 1906, the Cord Meyer Development Company, headed by Brooklyn attorney Cord Meyer, bought abutting land made up of six farms (those of Ascan Bakus, Casper Joost-Springsteen, Horatio N. Squire, Abram V. S. Lott, Sarah V. Bolmer, and James Van Siclen). The company then renamed the aggregate  "Forest Hills", after Forest Park. Single-family homes, designed by architects such as Robert Tappan and William Patterson, were constructed on these 600 acres. The roads of Forest Hills were laid out by 1910. The present-day Ascan Avenue in Forest Hills is named after Ascan Bakus.

Margaret Sage, the founder of the Russell Sage Foundation, bought  of land from the Cord Meyer Development Company in 1908. This land was to be used for "Forest Hills Gardens", a development on the southern side of Forest Hills. Grosvenor Atterbury, a renowned architect, was given the commission to design Forest Hills Gardens. The neighborhood was planned on the model of the garden communities of England, with its own inn, garage, and post office. It also included narrow, winding roads to limit through traffic. As a result, there are many Tudor-style homes in Forest Hills. The more sprawling ones are located in Forest Hills Gardens, but most are located in the section loosely bounded by 68th Avenue on the north; 72nd Road on the south; 108th Street on the west; and Grand Central Parkway on the east. The construction of this area used a prefabricated building technique. Each house was built from approximately 170 standardized precast concrete panels, fabricated off-site and positioned by crane. The houses were mostly constructed between 1910 and 1917.

The Long Island Rail Road opened a station in Forest Hills in 1911, and the Queens Boulevard trolley line opened two years later. The LIRR station was built with a brick courtyard, a clock tower, and arch-filled underpasses, fitting in with the Forest Hills Gardens section of the neighborhood. Since the railroad and trolley both connected to Manhattan, the presence of these two transportation options spurred development in Forest Hills.

Growth
In 1914, the West Side Tennis Club moved from Manhattan to Forest Hills Gardens. They constructed the Forest Hills Tennis Stadium, a stadium with approximately 13,000 seats, in 1923. The U.S. Open and its predecessor national championships were held there until 1978, making Forest Hills synonymous with tennis for generations. Forest Hills also had a golfing presence for a short time. The Queens Valley Golf Club started constructing a golf course in the neighborhood in 1922 and it was open by 1924. However, the club was closed in 1938 so that developers could build housing atop the site of the course.

Queens Boulevard was widened in the 1920s. Planning for a Queens Boulevard subway line started around this time. There were proposals for two stations in Forest Hills: an express station serving all trains on 71st Avenue, and a local station at 75th Avenue. During the late 1920s, in anticipation of the arrival of the subway, land was bought by developers and was built up. Zoning laws were changed to allow fifteen-story apartment buildings to be built, and made the neighborhood of Forest Hills a more desirable place to live, especially as it was an express stop. Queens Borough President George Harvey predicted that the introduction of the subway to Forest Hills would turn Queens Boulevard into the "Park Avenue of Queens." Excavation for the line started in 1931, and the two subway stops in Forest Hills opened in 1936 along with six other stations on the Queens Boulevard line.

The population nearly doubled in the late 1920s, going from 9,500 residents in 1927 to 18,207 residents three years later. By 1940, after the subway opened, the population had increased to 32,500 residents. By this time, development had largely stopped due to World War II, and about 25 empty lots in Forest Hills Gardens were developed after the war. At the same time, the single-family houses in Forest Hills were being razed to create new apartment buildings. The land in Forest Hills Gardens was fully developed by the 1960s, but there would still be empty lots in Forest Hills itself until the mid-1990s.

Later history
In 1972, residents protested against Forest Hills Houses, a proposed public housing development with three 24-story buildings at 62nd Drive and 108th Street. It was part of Mayor John Lindsay "scatter-site" plan to construct public housing in neighborhoods that had none (as opposed to concentrating public housing in poor neighborhoods). White middle-class residents believed that the public housing would depreciate the community's quality of life because poor residents would move into the housing. Advocates for the project accused residents of racism, since the proposed development's residents would be mostly people of minority races. Lindsay garnered significant opposition due to the controversy surrounding Forest Hills Houses. Mario Cuomo, a lawyer and the future Governor of New York, was assigned to mediate the dispute and succeeded in halving the size of the project. The New York City Housing Authority ultimately implemented a rigorous screening process for prospective residents of Forest Hills Houses, with quotas for elderly and poorer tenants.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the neighborhood became more racially diverse. Discriminatory covenants for prospective Forest Hills Gardens residents were lifted, and immigrants from Iran, India, Israel, and the Soviet Union started residing in Forest Hills.

Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Forest Hills was 86,364, an increase of 1,318 (1.5%) from the 85,046 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of .

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 58.3% (48,822) White, 2.5% (2,086) African American, 0.1% (63) Native American, 24.2% (20,233) Asian, 0.0% (22) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (373) from other races, and 2.1% (1,719) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.4% (10,410) of the population.

The entirety of Community Board 6, which comprises Forest Hills and Rego Park, had 115,119 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 85.4 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged and elderly adults: 31% are between the ages of 25–44, 28% between 45–64, and 19% over 64. The ratio of young and college-aged residents was lower, at 16% and 5% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community Board 4 was $75,447. In 2018, an estimated 16% of Forest Hills and Rego Park residents lived in poverty, compared to 19% in all of Queens and 20% in all of New York City. One in seventeen residents (6%) was unemployed, compared to 8% in Queens and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 50% in Forest Hills and Rego Park, lower than the boroughwide and citywide rates of 53% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Forest Hills and Rego Park is considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Land use

The southern part of Forest Hills contains a particularly diverse mixture of upscale housing, ranging from single-family houses, attached townhouses, and both low-rise and high-rise apartment buildings. South of the Long Island Rail Road, the Forest Hills Gardens area is a private community that features some of the most expensive residential properties in Queens County. Until the 1970s, it was subject to restrictive covenants which, while containing no explicit economic, social or racial restrictions, effectively excluded "working-class people", as noted by Eric P. Nash in his 2002 New York Times book review of A Modern Arcadia. Forest Hills Gardens was named "Best Community" in 2007 by Cottage Living magazine. The adjacent Van Court community also contains a number of detached single-family homes.  There are also attached townhouses near the Westside Tennis Center and detached frame houses near Metropolitan Avenue.

The north side of Forest Hills is home to the Cord Meyer community, which contains detached single-family homes. Teardowns and their replacement with larger single family residences has had a significant impact on the architectural integrity of the area. However, the Bukharian Jewish community, whose members have settled in the area in large numbers since the late 1990s, advocating the changes say the bigger homes are needed for their large extended families.

On the northwestern edge of Forest Hills, on 62nd Drive and 108th Street immediately adjacent to the Long Island Expressway, is the Forest Hills Co-op Houses, a New York City Housing Authority low-income housing project. Its construction provoked controversy among the residents in the more prestigious areas of Forest Hills when it was constructed in the early 1970s.

The southeastern portion of Forest Hills contains Forest Hills South, a complex of 7 Georgian apartment buildings centered around a private English garden, which was formerly a mapped portion of 113th Street prior to the complex's construction in 1939. This enclave was designed by Philip Birnbaum.

Philip Birnbaum and Alfred Kaskel also designed and constructed numerous apartment buildings scattered throughout Forest Hills. These include the Grover Cleveland, the Van Buren Apartments, the Thomas Jefferson, the Maplewood, the Richard Apartments, the Stephen Apartments, the James Madison, the Cedar Apartments, the Howard Apartments, the James Monroe, the Nathan Hale, the St. Regis, the Roanoke, and the Kennedy House. Birnbaum and Kaskel's buildings largely remain standing, and are distinguished by their spacious lobbies, interior courtyards with fountains, curved brick corner terraces, and sunlit exposures. Other notable high-rise apartment buildings include the Continental (on 108th Street), the Pinnacle, Parker Towers, the Windsor and a 17-story luxury condo building completed in 2014, the Aston.

Points of interest
Forest Hills was once the home of the U.S. Open tennis tournament. The event was held at the West Side Tennis Club before it moved to the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows Park, about  away. When the Open was played at the tennis stadium, the tournament was commonly referred to merely as Forest Hills, just as All-England Lawn Tennis Association Championships are referred to simply as Wimbledon. In the 2001 movie The Royal Tenenbaums, Luke Wilson's character plays a tennis match at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills. A pivotal scene in Alfred Hitchcock's 1951 film Strangers on a Train, in which the main character (played by Farley Granger) is a professional tennis player, features a lengthy championship game at the club, with distinctive shots of the surrounding community. The tennis stadium, which hosted numerous music concerts including The Beatles after the U.S. Open departed for Flushing Meadows, resumed hosting music concerts during the summer of 2013 when the British rock band Mumford & Sons played there to an overflowing crowd. Stadium officials have said they will now host as many as six music or cultural events at the stadium each season.

Austin Street is a busy, modern street with shops, cafes, restaurants, and other stores that acts as the center of Forest Hills. It has become a place people visit from other neighborhoods because of its charm.

Two monuments are erected in Forest Hills Gardens: One is a tribute to the victims of World War I, and the other is the mast of the Columbia, the winner of the America's Cup yacht races in both 1899 and 1901.

The Church-in-the-Gardens, St. Luke's Episcopal Church, and United States Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Police and crime
Forest Hills and Rego Park are patrolled by the 112th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 68-40 Austin Street. The 112th Precinct ranked 6th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. The area's low crime rate is attributed to its seclusion and reputation as a "suburb within the city". , with a non-fatal assault rate of 14 per 100,000 people, Forest Hills and Rego Park's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 102 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.

The 112th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 91.5% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 0 murders, 18 rapes, 41 robberies, 53 felony assaults, 69 burglaries, 403 grand larcenies, and 37 grand larcenies auto in 2018.

Fire safety
Forest Hills contains a New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire station, Engine Co. 305/Ladder Co. 151, at 111-02 Queens Boulevard.

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are less common in Forest Hills and Rego Park than in other places citywide. In Forest Hills and Rego Park, there were 66 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 4.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Forest Hills and Rego Park have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly lower than the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Forest Hills and Rego Park is , equal to the city average. Ten percent of Forest Hills and Rego Park residents are smokers, which is lower than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Forest Hills and Rego Park, 19% of residents are obese, 7% are diabetic, and 20% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 20%, 14%, and 24% respectively. In addition, 11% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Ninety-three percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 82% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", higher than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Forest Hills and Rego Park, there are 5 bodegas.

Long Island Jewish Forest Hills is located in Forest Hills.

Post office and ZIP Code
Forest Hills is covered by ZIP Code 11375. The United States Post Office operates the Forest Hills Station at 106-28 Queens Boulevard and the Parkside Station at 10119 Metropolitan Avenue.

Education
Forest Hills and Rego Park generally have a higher percentage of college-educated residents than the rest of the city . The majority of residents (62%) have a college education or higher, while 8% have less than a high school education and 30% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Queens residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Forest Hills and Rego Park students excelling in math rose from 42% in 2000 to 61% in 2011, and reading achievement rose from 48% to 49% during the same time period.

Forest Hills and Rego Park's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is less than the rest of New York City. In Forest Hills and Rego Park, 10% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, lower than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 91% of high school students in Forest Hills and Rego Park graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.

K–12 schools

Public schools
Forest Hills contains the following public elementary schools which serve grades PK–5 unless otherwise indicated:
 PS 101 School In The Gardens
 PS 144 Col. Jeromus Remsen School
 PS 174 William Sidney Mount
 PS 175 Lynn Gross Discovery School
 PS 196 Grand Central Parkway
 PS 220 Edward Mandel
 PS 303 The Academy for Excellence through the Arts (grades PK–4)

The following public middle schools serve Forest Hills:
 JHS 157 Stephen A. Halsey (grades 6–9)
 MS 167 Metropolitan Expeditionary Learning School (grades 6–12)
 JHS 190 Russell Sage (grades 6–8)

There are no zoned high schools in New York City. The following high schools in Forest Hills serve grades 9–12:
 Forest Hills High School
 Queens Metropolitan High School

Private schools
Private schools in Forest Hills include two Catholic schools (Our Lady of Mercy and Our Lady Queen of Martyrs) and The Kew-Forest School, an independent school. Also located in Forest Hills is Yeshiva Gedolah Lubavitch, an ultra orthodox Chabad high school and branch of Tomchei Temimim.

Colleges
Bramson ORT College was an undergraduate college operated by the American branch of the Jewish charity World ORT. Its main campus was in Forest Hills, with a satellite campus in Brooklyn. It closed in February 2017 after failing to meet standards set by the New York State Education Department Board of Regents and losing its accreditation. Touro College/NYSCAS has a branch location in Forest Hills. Plaza College, a small regionally-accredited college offering associates and bachelors degrees, is also located in Forest Hills.

Libraries
The Queens Public Library operates two branches in Forest Hills. The Forest Hills branch is located at 108-19 71st Avenue, while the North Forest Park branch is located at 98-27 Metropolitan Avenue.

Transportation

Public transportation
The following MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes serve Forest Hills:
: to Elmhurst or Old Howard Beach or Hamilton Beach (via Woodhaven Boulevard)
: to Elmhurst or Howard Beach (via Woodhaven Boulevard)
: to East Elmhurst (via 108th Street, Austin Street, and 69th Avenue)
: to Corona via Middle Village (via 62nd Drive (to Corona), 63rd Road (to Forest Hills), 63rd Drive, Penelope Avenue, Eliot Avenue)
: to Elmhurst or Arverne (via Woodhaven/Cross Bay Boulevard)
: to Woodside or Rockaway Park (via Woodhaven/Cross Bay Boulevard)
: to Jamaica, Queens or Williamsburg, Brooklyn (via Metropolitan Avenue)
: to South Jamaica, Queens or East Midtown, Manhattan (via Queens Boulevard)
: to Electchester (via 69th Road/Jewel Avenue)
: to Elmhurst or Queens Village (via Horace Harding Expressway)
: express to Midtown Manhattan (via 69th Road/Jewel Avenue, Sixth Avenue)
: express to Midtown Manhattan (via LeFrak City, Sixth Avenue)
: express to Lower Manhattan (via Queens Boulevard, LeFrak City, Water Street, Church Street)
: express to Midtown Manhattan (via Yellowstone Boulevard, Sixth Avenue)
: express to Midtown Manhattan (via Woodhaven Boulevard, Sixth Avenue)
: express to Midtown Manhattan (via Queens Boulevard, Sixth Avenue)
: express to Midtown Manhattan (via LeFrak City, Third Avenue)
: express to Midtown Manhattan (via Yellowstone Boulevard, Third Avenue)
: express to Midtown Manhattan (via 69th Road/Jewel Avenue, Third Avenue)
: express to Midtown Manhattan (via Woodhaven Boulevard, Madison Avenue)

The following New York City Subway stations serve Forest Hills:
 ()
 ()
 ()
 ()

The neighborhood also has a Long Island Rail Road commuter rail station: the Forest Hills station. The southern part of the neighborhood is also close to the Kew Gardens station in neighboring Kew Gardens.

Road

The main thoroughfare is Queens Boulevard.  The street's width and complexity have led to a large number of pedestrian deaths, earning it the moniker "Boulevard of Death". Metropolitan Avenue is known for its antique shops. The commercial heart of Forest Hills is a mile-long stretch of Austin Street between Yellowstone Boulevard and Ascan Avenue: the latter thoroughfare was named in 1909 by developer Frederick Backus for his own father, Ascan Backus, II.

Parks and recreation
Forest Hills is bordered by two of the largest parks in Queens managed by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation: the  Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, which is the site of two World's Fairs (in 1939 and 1964) and the iconic Unisphere; as well as the  Forest Park. Within Forest Hills, parks and playgrounds include the Yellowstone Municipal Park – Katzman Playground (located on Yellowstone Boulevard, between 68th Avenue and 68th Road); the Annadale Playground (located on Yellowstone Boulevard, between 64th Road and 65th Avenue); the Willow Lake Playground (located off the Grand Central Parkway, between 71st and 72nd Avenues); the Ehrenreich-Austin Playground (located on Austin Street, between 76th Avenue and 76th Drive); and the Russell Sage Playground (located on 68th Avenue, between Booth and Austin Streets).

Access to Flushing Meadows-Corona Park is restricted due to the fact that the Grand Central Parkway bisects the neighborhood and the park proper. Pedestrian access exists over the Grand Central Parkway at the Horace Harding Expressway, 64th Avenue, Jewel Avenue, and 72nd Road. A former entrance at 78th Avenue, leading to Willow Lake and providing pedestrian access to Kew Gardens Hills has been shuttered since 2001.

In popular culture

Forest Hills was featured as the home setting for the comic book superhero Spider-Man, where under the alias Peter Parker he grew up at 20 Ingram Street (). In the comics the home was depicted as a modest, two-story boarding house run by his Aunt May.

The Ramones originated in Forest Hills. The band was recognized with the designation in 2017 of Ramones Way at 67th Avenue and 110th Street, in front of Forest Hills High School.

Simon and Garfunkel both graduated from Forest Hills High School in 1958. The duo performed at Forest Hills Stadium in 1966, 1967, 1968, and two nights in 1970. Paul Simon returned once again to Forest Hills Stadium in 2016 during his Homeward Bound farewell tour.

Billy Eichner wrote the parody song "Forest Hills State of Mind" about the neighborhood.

Notable people

 Jacob Arabo (born 1965), jewelry and watch designer who founded Jacob & Co.
 Awkwafina (born 1988), rapper and actress
 Hank Azaria (born 1964), actor and voice artist
 David Baltimore (born 1938), Nobel Prize-winning virologist
 Walter Becker (1950-2017), half of the musical duo Steely Dan
 Andrew Bergman (born 1945), screenwriter (Blazing Saddles, The In-Laws), writer/director (The Freshman, Honeymoon In Vegas), novelist (Jack LeVine mystery series) and playwright (Social Security, Honeymoon In Vegas).
 Jimmy Breslin (1929-2017), journalist
 Joseph Bowler (born 1928), artist and illustrator
 Daniel Bukantz (1917–2008), Olympic fencer
 Michael A. Burstein (born 1970), science fiction writer
 Dale Carnegie (1888–1955), self-improvement lecturer and author of How to Win Friends and Influence People lived at 27 Wendover Rd in Forest Hills.
 David Caruso (born 1956), actor in CSI: Miami, and NYPD Blue
 Candy Darling (1944–1974), Warhol superstar who appeared in a number of his films
 John R. Dilworth (born 1963), animator and creator of Cartoon Network's Courage the Cowardly Dog
 Sergei Dovlatov (1941–1990), Russian short–story writer and novelist; in 2014, the corner of 63rd Drive and 108th Street was given an honorary designation in his name.
 Walter Egan (born 1948), singer-songwriter ("Magnet and Steel")
 Billy Eichner (born 1978), comedian, actor, and host of Billy on the Street
 Geraldine Ferraro (1935–2011), member of U.S. House of Representatives, television personality
 Art Garfunkel (born 1941), singer-songwriter
 Ernie Grunfeld (born 1955), former player and general manager of the Washington Wizards
 Alan Hevesi (born 1940), disgraced former Comptroller of New York
 Steve Hofstetter (born 1979), comedian/radio personality
 John V. Hogan (1890–1960), radio pioneer
 John Francis Hylan (1848–1936), Mayor of New York City (1918–1925)
 Ethel D. Jacobs (1910–2001), thoroughbred horse owner and breeder, wife of Hirsch Jacobs
 Hirsch Jacobs (1904–1970), thoroughbred jockey, husband of Ethel D. Jacobs
 Donna Karan (born 1948), fashion designer
 Helen Keller (1880–1968), lecturer, author, fundraiser, activist
 Alan King (1927–2004), actor/comedian
 Andrea King (1919–2003), actress
 David Krumholtz (born 1978), actor
 Gary Kurfirst (1947–2009), concert promoter and record producer
 Michael Landon (1936–1991), actor known for his roles on Bonanza and Little House on the Prairie
 Harvey J. Levin (1924–1992), internationally recognized pioneer of communications economics, holder of Long Island's first professorial chair
 Jack Lew (born 1955), United States Secretary of the Treasury from 2013 to 2017
 Trygve Lie (1896–1968), first Secretary-General of the United Nations, serving from 1946 to 1952
 Carol Lynley (1942–2019), actress best known for her role in The Poseidon Adventure
 Jack McAuliffe (1866–1937), world lightweight boxing champion
 Chieli Minucci (born 1958), jazz musician
 Min Xiao-Fen (born 1961), pipa player and vocalist
 Michele "Big Mike" Miranda (1896–1973), consigliere of the Genovese crime family and one of the most powerful New York gangsters in the 1950s and 1960s
 Lore Noto (1923–2002), Off-Broadway producer
 Carroll O'Connor (1924–2001), actor, best known for his role as Archie Bunker on All in the Family
 Marco Oppedisano (born 1971), composer and guitarist
 Rick Overton (born 1954), actor and comedian
 Susan Polgar (born 1969), chess grandmaster
 The Ramones, seminal punk rock band:
 Dee Dee Ramone (1951–2002), bassist and songwriter of the Ramones
 Joey Ramone (1951–2001), lead singer and songwriter of the Ramones
 Johnny Ramone (1948–2004), guitarist of the Ramones
 Tommy Ramone (1952–2014), drummer and record producer of the Ramones
 Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957), psychiatrist known for his theories of Orgone energy
 Renée Richards (formerly Richard Raskind; born 1934), tennis player
 Branch Rickey (1881–1965), Major League Baseball executive
 Thelma Ritter (1902–1969), actress
 Ray Romano (born 1957), actor-comedian, best known for Everybody Loves Raymond
 Dave Rubinstein (1964–1993), punk rock musician
 Chris Rush (1946–2018), stand-up comedian
 Renato Russo (1960–1996), Brazilian bandleader
 Joan Shawlee (née Fulton; 1926–1987), actress
 Michael Simanowitz (1971–2017), member of the New York State Assembly.
 Todd Strauss-Schulson (born 1980), film director, screenwriter, producer, editor, and cinematographer
 Debbie Wasserman Schultz (born 1966), member of the U.S. House of Representatives for .
 Paul Simon (born 1941), singer-songwriter
 Fred Stone (1873–1959), actor
 Tatiana Troyanos (1938–1993), mezzo-soprano known for her work at the Metropolitan Opera
 Bob Tufts (1955-2019), Major League Baseball pitcher
 Jeff Wayne (born 1943), musician known for his musical version of The War of the Worlds
 Katharine Weber (born 1955), novelist, author of five novels, including Triangle and True Confections.
 Leslie West (1945–2020), of the hard rock band Mountain
 Anthony Weiner (born 1964), politician
 Adolph Alexander Weinman (1870–1952), sculptor
 Henry Willson (1911–1978), Hollywood agent
 Jack Wyatt (1917–2008), host of ABC's Confession; Episcopalian priest
 Gideon Yago (born 1978), journalist, former correspondent at MTV and CBS News
 Manuel Ycaza (1938–2018), jockey inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame
 Pia Zadora (born 1953), actress

Notes

References

External links

 Forest Hills Neighborhood Profile, About.com

Central Asian American culture in New York (state)
Jewish communities in the United States
Jews and Judaism in Queens, New York
Neighborhoods in Queens, New York
Russian communities in the United States
Russian-American culture in New York City
Russian-Jewish culture in New York City
Uzbekistani-American culture
Russell Sage Foundation

Forest Hills, Queens


Kibele veya Kybele (Magna Mater: Tanrıların anası), Anadolu kökenli bir ana tanrıçadır. Ana tanrıça inancı, birçok kültürde farklı isimlerle yer alır. Yunan anakarasında Rhea, özellikle Roma dönemi Mısır kültüründe İsis ve Yunan adaşı gibi bekaretle değil, doğurganlık ve bereketle ilişkilendirilen Efes Artemis'i (İyon Kibelesi), belli başlı ana tanrıça figürleridir.

Ana Tanrıça Kültü

Tarihte, Akdeniz çevresinde, Asya'da ve kuzey ülkelerinde birçok kültür ve uygarlıkta çeşitli Teoforik isimlerle anılan bir Ana Tanrıça kültü ile karşılaşmak mümkündür. Anadolu'da yapılan kazılar, ana tanrıça figürünün MÖ 6500 - 7000'lere kadar dayandığını ortaya çıkartmıştır. Analığı, üremeyi, dişiliği, hayatın sürmesini ve dolayısıyla bereketi simgeleyen tanrıça, ayakta, oturmuş ya da uzanmış olarak betimlenir; düzgün vücudu her zaman tasvir konusudur.

Heykellerin bir bölümünde doğum yaparken görülür. Otururken ya da doğum anındaki bazı heykellerde yanında iki leopar veya aslan bulunur. Ana tanrıçanın kutsal hayvanı olan leopar, hayvanların kraliçesi olduğunu ve doğa üzerindeki sınırsız egemenliğini simgeler. Bazen kollarında, çeşitli efsanelere göre tanrıçanın hem çocuğu, hem de sevgilisi olan Attis'i taşır.

Anadolu'da

Kibele figürünün kökeni Anadolu'da çok eski dönemlere dayanır. Örneğin Hitit ve Hurriler tarafından tapınılan Kubaba, tartışmalı da olsa, çok sonraları oluşacak Kibele'ye öncülük eden figürlerden biri sayılır Bu heykel 1958 yılında Konya'nın Çumra ilçesindeki Çatalhöyük köyünde bulunmuştur. En yaygın kullanımı Frig uygarlığındadır. Frigya mitolojisinde bir ana tanrıça olan Kibele'ye genellikle dağ zirvelerinde tapınılırdı. Doğa ile özdeşleştirilmiş, özellikle bazı vahşi hayvanlarla ilişkilendirilmiştir.

Anadolu'da çok sayıda Kybele anıtı vardır. Afyon-Eskişehir civarında yer alan açık hava tapınaklarında niş içinde, iki yanında arka ayakları üzerinde birer aslan duran ana tanrıça kabartması bulunur. Ana tanrıçaya tapınmaya gelenlerin, bereket ve doğurganlıktan pay almak için Kybele'nin ve aslanların üreme organlarına dokunarak aşındırdıkları görülmektedir.

Frigya'da
Anadolu'da Kibele'yi baş ilahe (ana tanrıça) olarak kabul eden bir topluluğun vecde dayalı bir organizasyon biçimini Frigyalılar döneminde kazandığı sanılmaktadır. Eski metinler Koribantlar denilen Frigyalı Kibele rahiplerinin psişik yeteneklere sahip olduklarını, tılsımlı taşlar kullandıklarını ve kendilerini hadım ettiklerini bildirmektedir. Enerjik etkinliğe sahip olduklarına inanılan bu tılsımlı taşlardan en ünlüsü vaktiyle Pessinus'ta bulunan, Kibele kara-taşı olarak bilinir. Friglerde bereket ve çoğalmanın simgesi olmuştur. Bu inanış daha sonra Yunanlara ve Araplara geçmiştir. (Hübel, Kıble, Karataş)

Diğer uygarlıklar

Kybele inancı daha sonraki uygarlıkları da büyük ölçüde etkilemiştir. Özellikle Yunan ve Roma mitolojisinde, Frigya dönemindeki bazı tapınma ritüelleri aynı formda kültik olarak devam etmiş, Kibele'nin özellikleri farklı tanrı ve tanrıçalarda yeniden hayat bulmuştur. Bunun en bilinen örneği Yunan mitolojisindeki Artemis'tir; Artemis Roma mitolojisinde Diana adını almıştır.

Kybele, edebiyatta en çok sözü edilen tanrıçalardan biridir. Özellikle Romalı yazarlar Kybele'den çok sık bahsetmişlerdir.

Mitoloji

Doğumu
Kybele, Zeus'un rüyasında gördüğü ve kendisine hakim olamayacak kadar etkileyici bir varlıktır. Aslı tanrıça değildir. Çift cinsiyetlidir yani iki cinsi de etkisi altında tutabilecek kadar cazibelidir. Zeus'un rüyası gerçeğe döner ve Kybele ortaya çıkar. Zeus Kybele'nin tehlikeli olduğunu bildiği için öldürülme taraftarıdır ama Afrodit böyle güzellikteki bir varlığın öldürülmesine izin vermez. Sonuçta Kybele'nin erkeklik organı hadım edilir, bu organ düştüğü yerden badem ağacı olur ve bu ağacın ilk mahsülde toprağa düşen meyvesinden bir erkek doğar. Bu doğar doğmaz keçiler arasında kalır ve kendini keçi zanneder. Bir çiftçinin bunu fark etmesi üzerine çiftçi ona insan olduğunu söyler ve şart koşup kızıyla evlendirir. Bir süre sonra Kybele kendi parçası olan bu erkeği bulur ve kendi yanına almak ister ama çiftçi vermez. Kybele de hem çiftçiyi hem de kendi parçasını zehirler. Bu olayla Kybele Amazon kadınlarının temsili olmuştur.

Attis ve Kibele
Attis Kybele'nin sevgilisidir. Ancak Kybele'ye verdiği sözü unutarak Pessinus Kralı'nın kızını sever. Onunla evlendikleri gece düğüne Tanrıça Kybele de davet edilir. Ancak Kybele düğüne geldiğinde ve Attis ile karşı karşıya kaldığında Attis ne yapacağını bilemez. Kybele'ye olan sözünü unuttuğu için duyduğu pişmanlıktan ötürü cinsel organını orada keser ve kanlar içinde kıvranmaya başlar. Sevgilisinin böyle acı içinde kıvranmasına daha fazla dayanamayan Kybele Attis'i bir çam ağacına dönüştürerek ona sonsuzluğu bağışlar. Çam ağacının her mevsim yeşil kalmasının sebebi budur.

Pessinus Mabedi'nde Tanrıça Kybele adına her sene düzenlenen şenliklerde de bu tapınakta rahip olmak isteyen erkeklerin hadım edilmesinin ve kesilen cinsel organlarının bir çam ağacı altına gömülmesinin kökeni budur. Bu inanış daha sonra sami ırkında (Arap ve Yahudiler) cinsel organı değil ama ucunu (erkeklerde praeputium, kadınlarda klitoris) kesme şeklinde günümüze kadar devam etmiştir.

Roma

Romalılar, bir türlü Kartacalıları yenilgiye uğratamaz. Kahinler aracılıyla zaferin ancak Frigyadaki Pessinus Kibele tapınağınından, tanrıçanın kara heykelini Roma'ya getirebilirlerse mümkün olacağını öğrenirler. Romalılar da taşı ve beraberinde getirdiği Kibele kültürünü Roma'ya taşırlar.

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Frig Vadisi
 Sibel (mitoloji)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Side'de Ana Tanrıça Kibele bulundu

Frigya tanrıları
Yunan tanrıçaları
Roma tanrıçaları
Dağ tanrıçaları
Ana tanrıçalar

Kibele


مطبعة خليل نصر هي أول مطبعة عرفتها الأردن عام 1922، تأسست في حيفا عام 1909 وقد نشر صاحبها خليل نصر اللبناني الأصل صحيفة يومية عام 1919 أطلق عليها اسم الأردن. ومن الجدير بالذكر أن العدد الأول لهذه الصحيفة كان العدد الخير لصحيفة «جراب الكردي» التي كان يصدرها خليل نصر شراكة مع باسيلا الجدع في حيفا.

لظرف ما نقل خليل نصر مطبعته إلى عمّان عام 1922  بعيد الفترة التي دخل إليها الأمير عبد الله بن الحسين وإنشاء إمارة شرق الأردن عام 1921، وقد أطلق عليها مطبعة الأردن.

تلاها إنشاء مطبعة الحكومة بعد ثلاث سنين في الأردن عام 1925.

من أعمالها
 طباعة ونشر دراسة بالرفاه والبنين مشاركة مع مصطفى وهبي التل عام 1934.
 طباعة ونشر صحيفة جراب الكردي في حيفا
 طباعة ونشر صحيفة الأردن في حيفا ثم في الأردن

مراجع

تاريخ الأردن
دور نشر في الأردن
صحافة الأردن
تاريخ الصحافة

مطبعة خليل نصر


Super Sunday may refer to:

Sports
Super Sunday or "Super Bowl Sunday", the Sunday of the National Football League's championship game in the United States, the Super Bowl
Super Sunday or Ford Super Sunday, a live Sunday afternoon Premier League football broadcast on Sky Sports in the UK

Other
Super Sunday (TV series), a 1980s American cartoon anthology series from Sunbow and Marvel Productions featuring Hasbro characters
Super Sunday (phone-a-thon), the annual phone-a-thon fundraising drives held by Jewish federations throughout North America, on various Sundays of the year.
Super Sunday (computer game), a 1986 video game published by Avalon Hill for the Apple II and Commodore 64
"Super Sunday", in New Orleans, refers to one of the annual celebrations staged by Mardi Gras Indian tribes, and held in Uptown, Downtown, or the west bank of New Orleans

See also
Super Soul Sunday, an American daytime television talk show hosted by Oprah Winfrey

Super Sunday


Reise, Reise, Rammstein adlı Alman metal grubunun çıkardığı dördüncü özgün stüdyo albümüdür.

Albüm Şarkı Listesi

Bilgi

Albüm kapağında bulunan Almanca Flugrekorder. Nicht Öffnen yazısı, uçaklarda bulunan karakutuların üzerinde yazan "Uçuş kayıtları. Açmayın" anlamına gelmektedir.

Albümde bulunan Mein Teil parçası Türkçe karşılık olarak "benim parçam" anlamına gelmektedir ve cinsel organı ifade etmektedir. Parça albümden önce Almanya'da yaşanan bir olaydan esinlenmiştir. Kendine Usta Kasap ismini veren bir katil, gazete ve radyolara ilan vermiştir. İlanında "Kesilmek üzere 18-30 yaş arası bir kurban aranıyor" denilmektedir. İlana bir kişi karşılık vermiştir ve kurban olmuştur. Katilin kendi sesi olan ilan parçanın girişinde de bulunmaktadır.

Albümde Reise, Reise şarkısından hemen önce bir Hidden Track (Gizli Parça) bulunmaktadır.
Parça Japon uçağı JAL123'e ait bir orijinal karakutu kaydıdır. Uçak 12 Ağustos 1985 tarihinde düşmüştür. Karakutu kaydının tam metni şu şekildedir:

UÇAK: Tokyo Japonya sefer 123 . Acil yardım...ah... başımız belada. Haneda'ya dönmek için izin istiyoruz. Uçuş seviyesini 2 2 0 olarak ayarlayın.KONTROL KULESİ: İsteğiniz onaylandı.
UÇAK: Radar yönü Oshima lütfen.KONTROL KULESİ: Sağa dönün, başı 090'a getirin, radar yönü Oshima.

Yayımlanma tarihi

Chartlar

Personel

Grup Üyeleri
Till Lindemann – Vokal
Richard Z. Kruspe – Solo gitar, geri vokal
Paul Landers – Ritim gitar, geri vokal
Oliver Riedel – Bass
Christoph Schneider – Bateri
Christian Lorenz – Klavye

Diğer
Viktoria Fersh – Vokal (7. parça)
Bärbel Bühler – Klarnet (10. parça)
Michael Kaden – Akordiyon (1 ve 7. parça)
Olsen Involtini – Yaylı düzenek (9 ve 10. parça)
Sven Helbig – Yaylı düzenek (1 ve 9. parça), koro (2, 6 ve 8 parça)
Kinderchor Canzonetta – Koro (6. parça)
Dresdner Kammerchor – Koro (2, 6 ve 8. parça), Andreas Pabst tarafından yürütüldü.
Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg – Orkestra bölümleri, Wolf Kerschek tarafından yürütüldü ve Nucleus, Jens Kuphal tarafından koordine edildi.
Köpenicker Zupforchester – Mandolin (10. parça)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Şarkıların sözleri ve Jeremy Williams tarafından İngilizce'ye  yapılmış tercümeleri
 Grubun resmi sitesi (İngilizce)
 Grubun resmi sitesi (Almanca)
 Rammstein Türkiye Fan Platformu

Rammstein albümleri
Metal albümleri
Almanca albümler
Havacılık ile ilgili eserler
2004 albümleri

Reise, Reise


Panama Kanalı, Orta Amerika'nın en güney ülkesi Panama topraklarında yer alır ve Atlas Okyanusu ile Büyük Okyanus'u birbirine bağlayan su kanalıdır.

Fransa tarafından 1881 yılında başlanan Kanal inşası, mühendislik sorunları ve yüksek işçi ölüm oranları nedeniyle durduruldu. Fransızların başarısız girişiminden sonra, 4 Mayıs 1904'te ABD projeyi devraldı. İnşaat ABD tarafından tamamlanarak, Kanal 15 Ağustos 1914'te hizmete açılmıştır. 77 kilometre uzunluğundaki Kanalın yapımı sırasında, sıtma ve sarıhumma gibi hastalıklardan büyük toprak kaymalarına kadar her türlü güçlükle karşılaşılmış ve yaklaşık 27.500 Kanal çalışanı bu süreçte can vermiştir. Bu Kanal Güney Amerika ve Kuzey Amerika'yı birbirinden ayırır.

Panama Kanalı'nın yönetiminden sorumlu olan hükûmet ajansı Panama Kanalı Otoritesi, vizyonlarını küresel bağlantı lideri ve yönlendiricisi olarak gösterirken; misyonlarını Panama'nın refahına sürdürülebilir bir katkıda bulunmak ve ürünleri global pazarlarla buluşturmak olarak belirlemişlerdir. 2019 yıllık raporuna göre Panama Kanalı'nın ülke hazinesine yaptığı doğrudan katkı 1.786 milyar dolardır. Yine bu rapora göre Panama Kanalı'nın 144 ticaret rotası, 1700 liman ve 160 ülke ile bağlantısı bulunmaktadır. Ulusal ekonomiye sunduğu toplam katkı payı ise 2.889 milyar dolardır. GSYİH oranlarına baktığımızda 104,1 milyar dolar ile dünya sıralamasında 83. sırada bulunan Panama, sektör dağılımında %82'lik bir hizmet sektörü ile ve Panama Kanalı'nın da etkisiyle iş gücünün %64'ünden fazlasının hizmet sektöründe çalışmasıyla birlikte gelir dağılımındaki adaletsizlik konusunda Latin Amerika'daki en kötü ülkelerden biridir. Her ne kadar Panama Kanalı'nı genişletme projesi kanalın kapasitesini büyük oranda artırmış olsa da güçlü ekonomik performans geniş çapta bir refaha ulaşılmasını sağlayamamıştır.

Bugün New York'tan San Francisco'ya giden bir geminin, Panama Kanalını kullanarak 9.500 km yol yapması, Horn Burnu'nun dolaşılmasını zorunlu kılan eski günlerdeki 22.500 km yola oranla büyük bir kolaylıktır.

Açılışından 2002 yılına dek, yaklaşık 800.000 geminin geçtiği tahmin edilen Panama Kanalı'ndan her yıl 14.000'den fazla gemi geçmekte olup taşınan yük miktarı 203 milyon tonu bulmaktadır.

Kanal boyunca yolculuk yaklaşık 9 saat sürmektedir. Ayrıca kanalda bulunan indirgeçli kaldırgaç sayesinde aşılması zor olan noktalarda gemiler ilerleyebilmekte ve hareketlenme kazanabilmektedir.

Panama Kanalı dünyanın mühendislik harikasıdır ve en pahalı Kanaldır. Kanal, bölgenin sosyoekonomik koşullarını geliştirmiştir. Panama Kanalı ile Panama halkının refah seviyesi yükselmiştir. Kanal ülkenin gelişimine önemli katkılar sağlamıştır.

Panama Kanalı deniz seviyesinden 28 metre yukarıdadır. Sıvıların dengesi kanunundan faydalanılarak gemiler Kanal içinde yavaş yavaş yükseltilir ve aynı methotla diğer tarafa doğru indirilir.

Yapılışı
Panama Kanalı için ilk girişim 1 Ocak 1881'de yapıldı. Proje, Süveyş Kanalı'nın inşasını gerçekleştiren Ferdinand de Lesseps'in önderliğinde deniz seviyesi kanalı olarak tasarlandı.

Kanal yapımının ilk yıllarında organizasyon eksiklikleri ve kazım sonucunda ortaya çıkan atıkları nakledecek araç bulunmaması sonucu ilk ciddi sorunlar oluşmaya başlamıştır. Bütün bunların yanında ortaya çıkan toprak kaymaları ile büyük zorluklarla karşılaşılmıştır. Toprak kaymalarının engellenmesi için Kanalın belli bölgelerinde kazı derinliği azaltılmak zorunda kalınmıştır.

26 Haziran 2016 tarihinde genişletilmiş bir Panama Kanalı tekrar faliyete girmiştir.

İnşaatı

Fransız girişimi
Çevre şartları, projenin zorluğu, maliyet vs. nedeniyle $287,000,000 para ve tahminen 22,000 insan (kaza ve hastalık sebebiyle) kaybedildi. İklim koşulları ve nem nedeniyle çoğu araç zarar görmüş ve paslanmıştı. Sivrisinekler aracılığıyla bulaşan sıtma ve sarıhumma hastalıkları işçiler arasında yayılmaya başladı. Teknik, sağlık ve finansal sorunlar nedeniyle Fransızların bu girişimi başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı. 1889 yılında şirket battı ve 15 Mayıs'ta çalışmalar yasaklandı. Panama skandalı olarak bilinen bu olay sonucunda Charles De Lesseps (Ferdinand de Lesseps'in oğlu) suçlu bulundu ve beş yıl hapse mahkûm edildi, fakat karar daha sonra iptal edildi.

Amerikan girişimi

Fransızların "başarısız" girişiminden sonra ABD yönetimi 4 Mayıs 1904'te resmi olarak inşayı üstlendi. Kanal, 15 Ağustos 1914'te hizmete açılmıştır.

WikiLeaks

WikiLeaks internet sitesinde yayınlanan ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri diplomatik belge sızıntısı olarak bilinen belgelere göre ABD, Panama Kanalı'nın genişletilmesi ihalesinin, ihaleyi kazanan İspanyol Sacyr Vallehermoso firmasından alınarak Amerikalı Bechtel firmasına verilmesi için Panama hükûmetine baskı yapmış.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kanal
 Nikaragua Kanalı

Kaynakça

Kaynakça

Panama Kanalı