في اللغويات، «صيغة الفعل» هي مصطلح يستخدم للإشارة إلى مختلف أشكال الأفعال في اللغات. في اللغة الإنجليزية يشير إلى استخدام الفعل في شكل ينتهي ب ing كاسم، كلمة "learning" على سبيل المثال في الجملة " Learning is an easy process for some" هي اسم.

أسماء المصدر في اللغة الإنجليزية

في اللغة الإنجليزية، صيغة الفعل هي شكل مطابق للنعت الحالي الذي ينتهي ب ing، ويمكن أن يتصرف كفعل في جملة بحيث يمكن تعديله من قبل الظرف أو أمتلاكة لمفعول ولكن الجمل ككل أحيانا تتكون من كلمة واحدة فقط، وصيغة الفعل في حد ذاته تعمل كاسم|الظرف أو أمتلاكة لمفعول ولكن الجمل ككل أحيانا تتكون من كلمة واحدة فقط، وصيغة الفعل في حد ذاته تعمل كاسم داخل الجملة الأكبر. على سبيل المثال: Editing this article is easy

في "Editing this article " (على الرغم من أن هذا معروف تقليديا باعتباره جملة، ويشار إليها باعتبارها non finite clause في اللغويات الحديثة)، وكلمة "Editing" تتصرف كفعل؛ وعبارة "this article" هي مفعول ذلك الفعل و"Editing this article " بمثابة جملة اسمية داخل الجملة ككل، على الرغم من أنه فاعل للفعل "is".

ومن الأمثلة الأخرى لصيغة الفعل:

 I like swimming (حيث جائت هنا مفعول مباشر)
 swimming is fun حيث جاء هنا (فاعل)

أنماط الفعل مع صيغة الفعل
الأفعال التي غالبا ما يتبعها صيغة الفعل تشمل appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel, finish, give, hear, imagine, include, justify, listen to, mention, mind, miss, notice, observe, perceive, postpone, practice, quit, recall, report, resent, resume, risk, see, sense, sleep, stop, suggest, tolerate and watchhear, imagine, include ,describe.admit, adore, anticipate
بالإضافة إلى ذلك، غالبا ما تكون هناك حروف جر تليها صيغة الفعل.

على سبيل المثال:

 I quit smoking
 We postponed making any decision
 After two years of deciding, we finally made a decision
 We heard whispering
 They denied having avoided me
 He talked me into coming to the party
 They frightened her out of voicing her opinion
 Touching a Goddess

الأفعال التي تليها صيغة الفعل المضاف لة ing أو صيغة المصدر
مع تغيير طفيف في المعنى

begin, continue, start; hate, like, love, prefer

مع أن أفعال hate, like, love, and prefer عادة ما تكون متبوعة بصيغة المصدر.

 I would like to work there(أإكثر استخداما من working)

وفي هذه الأمثلة، إذا كان فاعل الفعل not{0 فان فاعل الفعل الثاني، يجب أنة يكون مضاف لة ing (بدلا من صيغة المصدر).

فلو واحد شاهد المباريات الرياضية على شاشة التلفزيون، على سبيل المثال، يمكن للمرء أن يتفاعل مع البرامج فقط على النحو التالي:

 I enjoy boxing
 I am ambivalent to swimming
 I love golfing

مع تغيير في المعنى

dread and hate

هذه الأفعال تليها صيغة المصدر، عندما نتحدث بالصيغة الشرطية (عادة عند استخدام التفكير)، ولكن من خلال الفعل المضاف لة ing عندما نتحدث عن الشء بشكل عام

 I dread / hate to think what she will do.
 I dread / hate seeing him

forget and remember

عند ما تستخدم هذه المعاني في الحديث عن المستقبل من وقت معين، نستخدام صيغة المصدر، ولكن عندما ننظر إلى الوراء في الوقت المناسب، نستخدم الفعل مضافا الية ing.

 She forgot to tell me her plans (وقالت إنها لم تقل لي، على الرغم من أنها كان ينبغي عليها ذلك.)
 She forgot telling me her plans (قالت لي، ولكن بعد ذلك نسيت أنها فعلت ذلك.)
 I remembered to go to work (تذكرت أنني بحاجة إلى الذهاب إلى العمل، وهكذا فعلت.)
 I remembered going to work (تذكرت أنني ذهبت للعمل.)

cannot bear

 I cannot bear to see you suffer like this (أنت تعاني الآن.)
 I cannot bear being pushed around in crowds لاأحب هذا على الإطلاق

go on

 After winning the semi-finals, he went on to play in the finals (أكمل الدور نصف النهائي في وقت لاحق، ولعب في نهائيات كأس العالم.)
 He went on giggling, not having noticed the teacher enter (واصل القيام بذلك.)

mean

 I did not mean to scare you off (لم أكن أنوي الخوف منك)
 Taking a new job in the city meant leaving behind her familiar surroundings (وإذا لو أخذت هذه المهمة، فإنها يجب أن تترك وراءها محيطها المألوف.)

advise, recommend and forbid

هولاء تليهم صيغة المصدر عندما يكون هناك فاعل، ولكن من خلال الفعل المضاف لة ing على خلاف ذلك.

 The police advised us not to enter the building, for a murder had occurred (us هو فاعل النصيحة.)
 The police advised against our entering the building our تستخدم لإدخال الفعل المضاف الية ing

consider, contemplate and recommend

هذه الأفعال تليها صيغة المصدر فقط في المبنى للمجهول  أو مع ضمير الفاعل.

 People consider her to be the best. – She is considered to be the best
 I am considering sleeping over, if you do not mind.

regret:

 We regret to inform you that you have failed your exam(صيغة مهذبة وأكثر رسمية من الاعتذار)
 I very much regret saying what I said (كنت أتمنى أن لا أقولة)

try

عندما يستخدم صيغة المصدر، يكون الفاعل مظهر لبذل جهد في شيء ما، أو السعي إلى محاولة القيام بشيء ما. وإذا استخدام الفعل المضاف الية ing يكون الفاعل مظهر في محاولة لفعل شيء ما في اختبار لمعرفة ما يمكن ان يحدث.

 Please try to remember to post my letter
 I have tried being stern, but to no avail

الافعال المضاف إليها ing المسبوقة بالمضاف الية
لما لها من خصائص الاسم، والمضاف إليه هو المفضل لاسم أو ضمير السابق على الفعل المضاف لة ing

 We enjoyed their [genitive] singing

وهذا الاستخدام هو المفضل في الكتابة الرسمية. والهدف من تلك الحالة غالبا ما تستخدم في مكان تملكى، لا سيما في الحالات الطارئة:

 I do not see it making any difference

وفي بعض الحالات، إما أن يكون التملك أو الحالة الموضوعية منطقية:

 The teacher's shouting startled the student (Shouting هو فعل مضاف لة ing، و{teacher's} هو اسما تملكي. و The shouting هي موضوع الجملة
 The teacher shouting startled the student (Shouting هو النعت الذي يصف المعلم. وهذة الجملة تعنى  أن المدرس الذي كان يصرخ فاجأ الطلاب. في هذه الجملة الفاعل هو المعلم نفسة
أي من هذه الجمل يمكن أن تعني أن الطالب مندهش لأن المدرس كان يصرخ.

باستخدام هذه القضية يمكن أن يكون الهدف محرجا إذا الفعل المضاف الية ingمفرد لكن الاسم الآخر جمع. يمكن أن تبدو وكأنها مشكلة مع موضوع اتفاق الفعل للفاعل:

 The politicians' debating was interesting.
يمكن للمرء أن يقرر جعلها جمعا  بحيث debating يمكن أن تكون نعت.

 The politicians debating were interesting

الفعل المضاف الية ing والنعوت الحالية
ما دام هناك تمييز بين الفعل المضاف الية ing والنعوت الحاضرة، فإنه عادة إلى حد ما واضح يكون الفعل المضاف الية ingأو النعت الذي هو الفاعل أو المفعول حرف الجر هو الفعل المضاف الية ing إذا كان يشير إلى أداء عمل ما (ولكن هذة النعوت يمكن أن تستخدم بشكل جوهري في إشارة إلى أداء عمل ما)، في حين أن واحدا يعدل من قبل الاسم أو اسما على الإطلاق هو النعت. المصدر الرئيسي للغموض محتمل عندما يتبع الفعل المضاف الية ing الفعل؛ ففي هذه الحالة، قد يكون من المشاهدة إما صفة أصلية (وفي هذه الحالة يكون هو النعت)، أو كمفعول مباشر أو المسند الاسمي (إما في من الحالات فهو فعل مضاف الية ing). في هذه الحالة، يمكن للتحولات القليلة المساعدة في تميزها. في الجدول التالى، يتم وضع علامة نجمية على الجمل الغير نحوية، في ممارسة لغوية مشتركة؛ تجدر الإشارة إلى أن التحولات تنتج جميع الأحكام النحوية مع معاني مماثلة عندما يطبق على الجمل مع الفعل المضاف الية ing إما الجمل الغير نحوية، أو الجمل ذات المعاني المختلفة تماما، عندما يطبق على الأحكام مع النعوت.

أيا من هذه التحولات هو اختبار تام، ولكن.

الفعل الإنجليزية المضاف الية ing مثل الكلمات في لغات أخرى
الكلمات الإنجليزية التي تنتهي بing غالبا ما تتحول إلى أشباه اصطلاح لغوي إنكليزي في اللغات الأخرى، حيث استخدامها يختلف بعض الشيء مما كان عليه في اللغة الإنجليزية نفسها. في كثير من هذه الحالات، استعارة الكلمات وظيفيا قد تصبح اسما بدلا من فعل مضاف الية ing. على سبيل المثال، camping  هو المخيم في البلغارية، الهولندية، الفرنسية واليونانية والإيطالية، الرومانية، الروسية، والإسبانية؛ باللغة البلغارية، والهولندية والبولندية والروسية parking وموقف للسيارات (وقوف السيارات في الإنجليزية البريطانية)؛ lifting هو عمليات تجميل في البلغارية والفرنسية والألمانية والإيطالية والبولندية والرومانية والإسبانية. الكلمة الفرنسية للشامبو هو (le) shampooing

وصيغة الفعل المضاف الية ing في الثقافة الشعبية

في كتب مولسورث من جيفري ويليانس ورونالد سيرل، سيرل شملت سلسلة من الرسوم الكاريكاتيرية على الحياة الخاصة لصيغة الفعل المضاف الية ing، تهدف إلى محاكاة ساخرة للخيلاء اللغوية للمعلمين اللاتيني 'للسعي بعد الصحة النحوية الصارمة، والصعوبة التي يواجهها الطلاب في استيعاب البناء النحوى.

سمة قصص رينسيفيل لأوين جونسون مدرسا للغة اللاتينية الذي يطالب باستمرار طلابه سواء ما إذا كانت الكلمة صيغة الفعل المضاف الية ing، أو صيغة المصدر.

مراجع

انظر أيضاً

 لغة إنجليزية

قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية

صيغة الفعل (لغة إنجليزية)


In geometry, a striking feature of projective planes is the symmetry of the roles played by points and lines in the definitions and theorems, and (plane) duality is the formalization of this concept. There are two approaches to the subject of duality, one through language () and the other a more functional approach through special mappings. These are completely equivalent and either treatment has as its starting point the axiomatic version of the geometries under consideration. In the functional approach there is a map between related geometries that is called a duality. Such a map can be constructed in many ways. The concept of plane duality readily extends to space duality and beyond that to duality in any finite-dimensional projective geometry.

Principle of duality
A projective plane  may be defined axiomatically as an incidence structure, in terms of a set  of points, a set  of lines, and an incidence relation  that determines which points lie on which lines. These sets can be used to define a plane dual structure.

Interchange the role of "points" and "lines" in

to obtain the dual structure
,
where  is the converse relation of .  is also a projective plane, called the dual plane of .

If  and  are isomorphic, then  is called self-dual. The projective planes  for any field (or, more generally, for every division ring (skewfield) isomorphic to its dual)  are self-dual. In particular, Desarguesian planes of finite order are always self-dual. However, there are non-Desarguesian planes which are not self-dual, such as the Hall planes and some that are, such as the Hughes planes.

In a projective plane a statement involving points, lines and incidence between them that is obtained from another such statement by interchanging the words "point" and "line" and making whatever grammatical adjustments that are necessary, is called the plane dual statement of the first. The plane dual statement of "Two points are on a unique line" is "Two lines meet at a unique point". Forming the plane dual of a statement is known as dualizing the statement.

If a statement is true in a projective plane , then the plane dual of that statement must be true in the dual plane . This follows since dualizing each statement in the proof "in " gives a corresponding statement of the proof "in ".

The principle of plane duality says that dualizing any theorem in a self-dual projective plane  produces another theorem valid in .

The above concepts can be generalized to talk about space duality, where the terms "points" and "planes" are interchanged (and lines remain lines). This leads to the principle of space duality.

These principles provide a good reason for preferring to use a "symmetric" term for the incidence relation. Thus instead of saying "a point lies on a line" one should say "a point is incident with a line" since dualizing the latter only involves interchanging point and line ("a line is incident with a point").

The validity of the principle of plane duality follows from the axiomatic definition of a projective plane. The three axioms of this definition can be written so that they are self-dual statements implying that the dual of a projective plane is also a projective plane. The dual of a true statement in a projective plane is therefore a true statement in the dual projective plane and the implication is that for self-dual planes, the dual of a true statement in that plane is also a true statement in that plane.

Dual theorems
As the real projective plane, , is self-dual there are a number of pairs of well known results that are duals of each other. Some of these are:

 Desargues' theorem ⇔ Converse of Desargues' theorem
 Pascal's theorem ⇔ Brianchon's theorem
 Menelaus' theorem ⇔ Ceva's theorem

Dual configurations

Not only statements, but also systems of points and lines can be dualized.

A set of  points and  lines is called an  configuration if  of the  lines pass through each point and  of the  points lie on each line. The dual of an  configuration, is an  configuration. Thus, the dual of a quadrangle, a (43, 62) configuration of four points and six lines, is a quadrilateral, a (62, 43) configuration of six points and four lines.

The set of all points on a line, called a projective range has as its dual a pencil of lines, the set of all lines on a point.

Duality as a mapping

Plane dualities

A plane duality is a map from a projective plane  to its dual plane  (see  above) which preserves incidence. That is, a plane duality  will map points to lines and lines to points ( and ) in such a way that if a point  is on a line  (denoted by ) then . A plane duality which is an isomorphism is called a correlation. The existence of a correlation means that the projective plane  is self-dual.

The projective plane  in this definition need not be a Desarguesian plane. However, if it is, that is,  with  a division ring (skewfield), then a duality, as defined below for general projective spaces, gives a plane duality on  that satisfies the above definition.

In general projective spaces

A duality  of a projective space is a permutation of the subspaces of  (also denoted by  with  a field (or more generally a skewfield (division ring)) that reverses inclusion, that is:
  implies  for all subspaces  of .
Consequently, a duality interchanges objects of dimension  with objects of dimension  ( = codimension ). That is, in a projective space of dimension , the points (dimension 0) correspond to hyperplanes (codimension 1), the lines joining two points (dimension 1) correspond to the intersection of two hyperplanes (codimension 2), and so on.

Classification of dualities

The dual  of a finite-dimensional (right) vector space  over a skewfield  can be regarded as a (right) vector space of the same dimension over the opposite skewfield . There is thus an inclusion-reversing bijection between the projective spaces  and . If  and  are isomorphic then there exists a duality on . Conversely, if  admits a duality for , then  and  are isomorphic.

Let  be a duality of  for . If  is composed with the natural isomorphism between  and , the composition  is an incidence preserving bijection between  and . By the Fundamental theorem of projective geometry  is induced by a semilinear map  with associated isomorphism , which can be viewed as an antiautomorphism of . In the classical literature,  would be called a reciprocity in general, and if  it would be called a correlation (and  would necessarily be a field). Some authors suppress the role of the natural isomorphism and call  a duality. When this is done, a duality may be thought of as a collineation between a pair of specially related projective spaces and called a reciprocity. If this collineation is a projectivity then it is called a correlation.

Let  denote the linear functional of  associated with the vector  in . Define the form  by:

 is a nondegenerate sesquilinear form with companion antiautomorphism .

Any duality of  for  is induced by a nondegenerate sesquilinear form on the underlying vector space (with a companion antiautomorphism) and conversely.

Homogeneous coordinate formulation

Homogeneous coordinates may be used to give an algebraic description of dualities. To simplify this discussion we shall assume that  is a field, but everything can be done in the same way when  is a skewfield as long as attention is paid to the fact that multiplication need not be a commutative operation.

The points of  can be taken to be the nonzero vectors in the ()-dimensional vector space over , where we identify two vectors which differ by a scalar factor. Another way to put it is that the points of -dimensional projective space are the 1-dimensional vector subspaces, which may be visualized as the lines through the origin in . Also the - (vector) dimensional subspaces of  represent the ()- (geometric) dimensional hyperplanes of projective -space over , i.e., .

A nonzero vector  in  also determines an  - geometric dimensional subspace (hyperplane) , by
.
When a vector  is used to define a hyperplane in this way it shall be denoted by , while if it is designating a point we will use . They are referred to as point coordinates or hyperplane coordinates respectively (in the important two-dimensional case, hyperplane coordinates are called line coordinates). Some authors distinguish how a vector is to be interpreted by writing hyperplane coordinates as horizontal (row) vectors while point coordinates are written as vertical (column) vectors. Thus, if  is a column vector we would have  while . In terms of the usual dot product, . Since  is a field, the dot product is symmetrical, meaning .

A fundamental example
A simple reciprocity (actually a correlation) can be given by  between points and hyperplanes. This extends to a reciprocity between the line generated by two points and the intersection of two such hyperplanes, and so forth.

Specifically, in the projective plane, , with  a field, we have the correlation given by: points in homogeneous coordinates  lines with equations . In a projective space, , a correlation is given by: points in homogeneous coordinates  planes with equations . This correlation would also map a line determined by two points  and  to the line which is the intersection of the two planes with equations  and .

The associated sesquilinear form for this correlation is:
 ,
where the companion antiautomorphism . This is therefore a bilinear form (note that  must be a field). This can be written in matrix form (with respect to the standard basis) as:
 ,
where  is the  identity matrix, using the convention that  is a row vector and  is a column vector.

The correlation is given by:

Geometric interpretation in the real projective plane

This correlation in the case of  can be described geometrically using the model of the real projective plane which is a "unit sphere with antipodes identified", or equivalently, the model of lines and planes through the origin of the vector space . Associate to any line through the origin the unique plane through the origin which is perpendicular (orthogonal) to the line. When, in the model, these lines are considered to be the points and the planes the lines of the projective plane , this association becomes a correlation (actually a polarity) of the projective plane. The sphere model is obtained by intersecting the lines and planes through the origin with a unit sphere centered at the origin. The lines meet the sphere in antipodal points which must then be identified to obtain a point of the projective plane, and the planes meet the sphere in great circles which are thus the lines of the projective plane.

That this association "preserves" incidence is most easily seen from the lines and planes model. A point incident with a line in the projective plane corresponds to a line through the origin lying in a plane through the origin in the model. Applying the association, the plane becomes a line through the origin perpendicular to the plane it is associated with. This image line is perpendicular to every line of the plane which passes through the origin, in particular the original line (point of the projective plane). All lines that are perpendicular to the original line at the origin lie in the unique plane which is orthogonal to the original line, that is, the image plane under the association. Thus, the image line lies in the image plane and the association preserves incidence.

Matrix form

As in the above example, matrices can be used to represent dualities. Let  be a duality of  for  and let  be the associated sesquilinear form (with companion antiautomorphism ) on the underlying ()-dimensional vector space . Given a basis  of , we may represent this form by:

where  is a nonsingular  matrix over  and the vectors are written as column vectors. The notation  means that the antiautomorphism  is applied to each coordinate of the vector .

Now define the duality in terms of point coordinates by:

Polarity

A duality that is an involution (has order two) is called a polarity. It is necessary to distinguish between polarities of general projective spaces and those that arise from the slightly more general definition of plane duality. It is also possible to give more precise statements in the case of a finite geometry, so we shall emphasize the results in finite projective planes.

Polarities of general projective spaces
If  is a duality of , with  a skewfield, then a common notation is defined by  for a subspace  of . Hence, a polarity is a duality for which  for every subspace  of . It is also common to bypass mentioning the dual space and write, in terms of the associated sesquilinear form:

A sesquilinear form  is reflexive if  implies .

A duality is a polarity if and only if the (nondegenerate) sesquilinear form defining it is reflexive.

Polarities have been classified, a result of  that has been reproven several times. Let  be a (left) vector space over the skewfield  and  be a reflexive nondegenerate sesquilinear form on  with companion anti-automorphism . If  is the sesquilinear form associated with a polarity then either:
  (hence,  is a field) and  for all  in , that is,  is a bilinear form. In this case, the polarity is called orthogonal (or ordinary). If the characteristic of the field  is two, then to be in this case there must exist a vector  with , and the polarity is called a pseudo polarity.
  (hence,  is a field) and  for all  in . The polarity is called a null polarity (or a symplectic polarity) and can only exist when the projective dimension  is odd.
  (here  need not be a field) and  for all  in . Such a polarity is called a unitary polarity (or a Hermitian polarity).

A point  of  is an absolute point (self-conjugate point) with respect to polarity  if . Similarly, a hyperplane  is an absolute hyperplane (self-conjugate hyperplane) if . Expressed in other terms, a point  is an absolute point of polarity  with associated sesquilinear form  if  and if  is written in terms of matrix , .

The set of absolute points of each type of polarity can be described. We again restrict the discussion to the case that  is a field.
 If  is a field whose characteristic is not two, the set of absolute points of an orthogonal polarity form a nonsingular quadric (if  is infinite, this might be empty). If the characteristic is two, the absolute points of a pseudo polarity form a hyperplane.
 All the points of the space  are absolute points of a null polarity.
 The absolute points of a Hermitian polarity form a Hermitian variety, which may be empty if  is infinite.

When composed with itself, the correlation  (in any dimension) produces the identity function, so it is a polarity. The set of absolute points of this polarity would be the points whose homogeneous coordinates satisfy the equation:
.
Which points are in this point set depends on the field . If  then the set is empty, there are no absolute points (and no absolute hyperplanes). On the other hand, if  the set of absolute points form a nondegenerate quadric (a conic in two-dimensional space). If  is a finite field of odd characteristic the absolute points also form a quadric, but if the characteristic is even the absolute points form a hyperplane (this is an example of a pseudo polarity).

Under any duality, the point  is called the pole of the hyperplane , and this hyperplane is called the polar of the point . Using this terminology, the absolute points of a polarity are the points that are incident with their polars and the absolute hyperplanes are the hyperplanes that are incident with their poles.

Polarities in finite projective planes

By Wedderburn's theorem every finite skewfield is a field and an automorphism of order two (other than the identity) can only exist in a finite field whose order is a square. These facts help to simplify the general situation for finite Desarguesian planes. We have:

If  is a polarity of the finite Desarguesian projective plane  where  for some prime , then the number of absolute points of  is  if  is orthogonal or  if  is unitary. In the orthogonal case, the absolute points lie on a conic if  is odd or form a line if . The unitary case can only occur if  is a square; the absolute points and absolute lines form a unital.

In the general projective plane case where duality means plane duality, the definitions of polarity, absolute elements, pole and polar remain the same.

Let  denote a projective plane of order . Counting arguments can establish that for a polarity  of :

The number of non-absolute points (lines) incident with a non-absolute line (point) is even.

Furthermore,

The polarity  has at least  absolute points and if  is not a square, exactly  absolute points. If  has exactly  absolute points then;
 if  is odd, the absolute points form an oval whose tangents are the absolute lines; or
 if  is even, the absolute points are collinear on a non-absolute line.

An upper bound on the number of absolute points in the case that  is a square was given by Seib and a purely combinatorial argument can establish:

A polarity  in a projective plane of square order  has at most  absolute points. Furthermore, if the number of absolute points is , then the absolute points and absolute lines form a unital (i.e., every line of the plane meets this set of absolute points in either  or  points).

Poles and polars

Reciprocation in the Euclidean plane

A method that can be used to construct a polarity of the real projective plane has, as its starting point, a construction of a partial duality in the Euclidean plane.

In the Euclidean plane, fix a circle  with center  and radius . For each point  other than  define an image point  so that . The mapping defined by  is called inversion with respect to circle . The line  through  which is perpendicular to the line  is called the polar of the point  with respect to circle .

Let  be a line not passing through . Drop a perpendicular from  to , meeting  at the point  (this is the point of  that is closest to ). The image  of  under inversion with respect to  is called the pole of . If a point  is on a line  (not passing through ) then the pole of  lies on the polar of  and vice versa. The incidence preserving process, in which points and lines are transformed into their polars and poles with respect to  is called reciprocation.

In order to turn this process into a correlation, the Euclidean plane (which is not a projective plane) needs to be expanded to the extended euclidean plane by adding a line at infinity and points at infinity which lie on this line. In this expanded plane, we define the polar of the point  to be the line at infinity (and  is the pole of the line at infinity), and the poles of the lines through  are the points of infinity where, if a line has slope  its pole is the infinite point associated to the parallel class of lines with slope . The pole of the -axis is the point of infinity of the vertical lines and the pole of the -axis is the point of infinity of the horizontal lines.

The construction of a correlation based on inversion in a circle given above can be generalized by using inversion in a conic section (in the extended real plane). The correlations constructed in this manner are of order two, that is, polarities.

Algebraic formulation

We shall describe this polarity algebraically by following the above construction in the case that  is the unit circle (i.e., ) centered at the origin.

An affine point , other than the origin, with Cartesian coordinates  has as its inverse in the unit circle the point  with coordinates,

The line passing through  that is perpendicular to the line  has equation .

Switching to homogeneous coordinates using the embedding , the extension to the real projective plane is obtained by permitting the last coordinate to be 0. Recalling that point coordinates are written as column vectors and line coordinates as row vectors, we may express this polarity by:

such that

Or, using the alternate notation, . The matrix of the associated sesquilinear form (with respect to the standard basis) is:

The absolute points of this polarity are given by the solutions of:

where T. Note that restricted to the Euclidean plane (that is, set ) this is just the unit circle, the circle of inversion.

Synthetic approach

The theory of poles and polars of a conic in a projective plane can be developed without the use of coordinates and other metric concepts.

Let  be a conic in  where  is a field not of characteristic two, and let  be a point of this plane not on . Two distinct secant lines to the conic, say  and  determine four points on the conic () that form a quadrangle. The point  is a vertex of the diagonal triangle of this quadrangle. The polar of  with respect to  is the side of the diagonal triangle opposite .

The theory of projective harmonic conjugates of points on a line can also be used to define this relationship. Using the same notation as above;

If a variable line through the point  is a secant of the conic , the harmonic conjugates of  with respect to the two points of  on the secant all lie on the polar of .

Properties

There are several properties that polarities in a projective plane have.

Given a polarity , a point  lies on line , the polar of point  if and only if  lies on , the polar of .

Points  and  that are in this relation are called conjugate points with respect to . Absolute points are called self-conjugate in keeping with this definition since they are incident with their own polars. Conjugate lines are defined dually.

The line joining two self-conjugate points cannot be a self-conjugate line.

A line cannot contain more than two self-conjugate points.

A polarity induces an involution of conjugate points on any line that is not self-conjugate.

A triangle in which each vertex is the pole of the opposite side is called a self-polar triangle.

A correlation that maps the three vertices of a triangle to their opposite sides respectively is a polarity and this triangle is self-polar with respect to this polarity.

History
The principle of duality is due to Joseph Diaz Gergonne (1771−1859) a champion of the then emerging field of Analytic geometry and founder and editor of the first journal devoted entirely to mathematics, Annales de mathématiques pures et appliquées. Gergonne and Charles Julien Brianchon (1785−1864) developed the concept of plane duality. Gergonne coined the terms "duality" and "polar" (but "pole" is due to F.-J. Servois) and adopted the style of writing dual statements side by side in his journal.

Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788−1867) author of the first text on projective geometry, Traité des propriétés projectives des figures, was a synthetic geometer who systematically developed the theory of poles and polars with respect to a conic. Poncelet maintained that the principle of duality was a consequence of the theory of poles and polars.

Julius Plücker (1801−1868) is credited with extending the concept of duality to three and higher dimensional projective spaces.

Poncelet and Gergonne started out as earnest but friendly rivals presenting their different points of view and techniques in papers appearing in Annales de Gergonne. Antagonism grew over the issue of priority in claiming the principle of duality as their own. A young Plücker was caught up in this feud when a paper he had submitted to Gergonne was so heavily edited by the time it was published that Poncelet was misled into believing that Plücker had plagiarized him. The vitriolic attack by Poncelet was countered by Plücker with the support of Gergonne and ultimately the onus was placed on Gergonne. Of this feud, Pierre Samuel has quipped that since both men were in the French army and Poncelet was a general while Gergonne a mere captain, Poncelet's view prevailed, at least among their French contemporaries.

See also
 Dual curve

Notes

References

Further reading

 F. Bachmann, 1959. Aufbau der Geometrie aus dem Spiegelungsbegriff, Springer, Berlin.

 Coxeter, H. S. M., 1995. The Real Projective Plane, 3rd ed. Springer Verlag.
 Coxeter, H. S. M., 2003. Projective Geometry, 2nd ed. Springer Verlag. .

 Greenberg, M. J., 2007. Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries, 4th ed. Freeman.

 Hartshorne, Robin, 2000. Geometry: Euclid and Beyond. Springer.
 Hilbert, D. and Cohn-Vossen, S., 1999. Geometry and the imagination, 2nd ed. Chelsea.

External links

Projective geometry
Projective geometry

Duality (projective geometry)


Alay Köşkü, Topkapı Sarayı'nın dış suru üzerinde, padişahların geçit yapan alayları seyretmesi için yaptırılan köşktür.

Alay Köşkünün bulunduğu yerde 16. yüzyılda ahşap bir köşk bulunuyordu. Köşkün bugünkü binası II. Mahmud tarafından yaptırıldı. Gülhane Parkı'nın içinden geniş bir rampa ile çıkılan köşk yuvarlak bir hünkar salonu bir sofa ve üç odadan oluşur. Köşkün yedi penceresi bulunmaktadır. Pencere kemerleri üzerindeki on dört satırlık kitabe Keçecizade İzzet Molla tarafından yazılmıştır.

Atatürk'ün emri ile 1926 yılında Güzel Sanatlar Birliği'ne tahsis edilen köşk bir süre de Eminönü Halkevi'nin oyun salonu olarak kullanıldı. 1938'de Topkapı Sarayı Müdürlüğüne bağlanan köşk daha sonra önemli bir tamirden geçti. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı tarafından Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Edebiyat Müze Kütüphanesi olarak yeniden düzenlenerek 12 Kasım 2011 tarihinde hizmete açılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Topkapı Sarayı
İstanbul'daki köşkler
Osmanlı konakları
İstanbul'un Tarihî Alanları
Hocapaşa

Alay Köşkü


Nekropola Vidoštak je nekropola stećaka u istočnoj Hercegovini. Nalazi se u selu Popratima, u zaseoku Vidoštaku, a na području Vojvodine.
Smješteno je ispod ilirskog grada Ošanića. Iz toponima Vojvodine čini se da je bliža okolina Batnoga u Ošanićima bila pripadala vojvodama iz roda Hrabren-Miloradovića. Nekropola ima osamdesetak stećaka raznih oblika i dekora. Jedna ima ikavski tekst na hrvatskoj ćirilici iz 1231. godine, što svjedoči o ranijoj rasprostranjenosti štokavske ikavice u istočnoj Hercegovini. Natpis glasi Miseca marta 11. prestavi se raba božija Marija, a zovom' Divica, popa Dabiživa podružije, va ljeto 6739 (1231). Zbog datiranja sličnog onom kod pravoslavnih srpski su autori ovo tumačili kao argument da je rečeni svećenik pravoslavan.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Stolac

Hercegovačko-neretvanska županija
Nekropole sa stećcima u Bosni i Hercegovini
Građevine u Stocu

Nekropola Vidoštak


Debelo brdo je brdo iznad Sarajeva. Prostire se u općinama Centar i Gornji Kovačići. Na obroncima se protežu Vranjače i Zlatište, te Soukbunar i Kovačići. Prema sjeveru je židovsko groblje. Južno je kula Zlatište. Najviša kota je na 745 metara nadmorske visine.

Debelo brdo je najznačajnije kao arheološko područje na kojem je nađeno prapovijesno gradinsko naselje, antički i kasnoantički odbrambeni objekt. Kao takvo 2005. godine je proglašeno za nacionalnim spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu.

Izvori

Brda u Bosni i Hercegovini
Sarajevo

Debelo brdo (brdo iznad Sarajeva)


Premijer liga BiH je svoje prvo izdanje imala u sezoni 2000./01. Igrala se na području Federacije BiH, odnosno nastala je spajanjem Prve lige NS BiH (13 momčadi) i  Prve lige Herceg-Bosne (9 momčadi). Ligu od 22 kluba je osvojio Željezničar iz Sarajeva.  Liga je za sljedeću sezonu smanjena na 16 momčadi.

Ljestvica

Poveznice

Izvori
 rsssf.com, Bosna i Hercegovina 2000./01.
 sportsport.ba, Premijerliga F BiH 2000./01.
  claudionicoletti.eu, Bosna i Hercegovina - 1. rang prvenstva 2001. - 2010.

2000-01
2000-01
 F 1

Nogometna Premijer liga Federacije BiH 2000./01.


Mehmet Faik Kaltakkıran (1870, Edirne – 2 Ocak 1948), Türk siyasetçi.

Kastamonu ve Trabzon Rüştiyeleri mezunudur. Ziraatçılık, Bağcılık, Bahçıvanlık, Edirne İli Nüfus İdaresi Pasaport Kâtipliği, Konya İli Mektupçuluk Kalemi 2. Mümeyyizliği, İstanbul Reji İdaresi'nde Çevirmenlik, Müdâfaayı Milliye Cemiyeti Üyeliği,  Şeref Aykut, Şevket Dağdeviren ve Kasım Yolageldili ile beraber Trakya-Paşaeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti Kurucu Üyeliği ve Merkez Heyeti Temsilciliği, Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebûsan I., II., III. ve IV. (18 Mart 1920'de İngilizler tarafından tutuklanarak Malta adasına sürgüne gönderildi) Dönem Edirne Mebusluğu, TBMM I., II.,, III., IV., V. ve VI. Dönem Edirne Milletvekilliği, I. Dönem TBMM Başkanvekilliği, Nizamnâme-i Dâhilî Komisyonu Başkanlığı, 2. ve 5. Dönem Ziraat Encümeni Başkanlığı yapmıştır. Seydibeşir Olayı'nın ilk kez gündeme taşıyanlardandır. Kırmızı-yeşil şeritli İstiklal Madalyası sahibidir. Evli ve bir çocuk babasıdır.

Faik Kaltakkıran'ın anıları oğlu Ferit'i genç yaşta kaybetmesi ile yarım kalmıştır. Bu notlar daha sonradan Kırklareli Milletvekili Şevket Ödül tarafından eşi Neyyire Kaltakkıran'dan alınarak Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu'na verilmiştir. Fenn-i Tekvin (Yaratılış bilimi) adlı bir çeviri/derleme kitabı vardır.

Atatürk'ün emriyle oluşturulan İstanbul ve Trakya Şeker Fabrikaları Anonim Şirketi'nin 10 kurucusundan biridir.

Kaynakça

1870 doğumlular
1948 yılında ölenler
Edirne doğumlu siyasetçiler
1908-1912 Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebusanı Edirne üyeleri
1912 Nisan-Ağustos Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebusanı Edirne üyeleri
1914-1918 Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebusanı Edirne üyeleri
Son Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebusanı (1920) Edirne üyeleri
Malta sürgünleri
Kırmızı-yeşil şeritli İstiklâl Madalyası sahipleri
TBMM 1. dönem Edirne milletvekilleri
TBMM 2. dönem Edirne milletvekilleri
TBMM 3. dönem Edirne milletvekilleri
TBMM 4. dönem Edirne milletvekilleri
TBMM 5. dönem Edirne milletvekilleri
TBMM 6. dönem Edirne milletvekilleri
TBMM 1. dönem başkanvekilleri

Faik Kaltakkıran


Oktay Delibalta (* 27. Oktober 1985 in Samsun) ist ein türkischer ehemaliger Fußballspieler, der vier Jahre für Gençlerbirliği Ankara spielte.

Karriere
Oktay Delibalta wurde in der Hafenstadt Samsun geboren und zog als Kind mit seiner Familie nach Istanbul. Hier erlernte er das Fußballspielen in der Jugendabteilung des ehemaligen Erstligisten Sarıyer.

Nachdem er hier, in der dritthöchsten türkischen Spielklasse, Schwierigkeiten hatte, in den Kader der Profimannschaft zu kommen, wechselte er zur Saison 2004/05 zum Ligakonkurrenten Alibeyköyspor. Dort gelang ihm auf Anhieb der Einstieg ins Profi-Team. Kurze Zeit später erkämpfte er sich einen Stammplatz und spielte so durchgehend vier Spielzeiten für diesen Verein.

Zur Saison 2008/09 lief sein Vertrag aus und er erhielt ein Angebot von seinem Heimatverein und damaligen Zweitligisten Samsunspor. Er nahm das Angebot an und wechselte so ablösefrei an die Schwarzmeerküste. Bei Samsunspor gelang ihm umgehend der Sprung in die Stammformation. Hier spielte hier zwei Jahre lang.

Am Ende der Saison 2009/10 lief sein Vertrag aus und ihm lagen mehrere Angebote von Erstligavereinen vor. Delibalta entschied sich für den Hauptstadtverein Gençlerbirliği. Auch hier schaffte er auf Anhieb den Sprung in die Stammformation. Er zählte zu den Leistungsträgern seines Teams und war mit sieben Treffern der zweitbeste Torjäger seiner Mannschaft. Aufgrund der guten Leistungen verlängerte der Klub zur Saison 2011/12 seinen auf zwei Jahre befristeten Vertrag vorzeitig um ein weiteres Jahr. Nachdem Delibalta in der Hinrunde der Saison 2012/13 nicht durchgängig spielen konnte, äußerte er den Wunsch den Verein verlassen zu wollen. So wurde er für die Rückrunde den Ligakonkurrenten Gaziantepspor ausgeliehen.

Zur Saison 2014/15 wechselte Delibalta innerhalb der Süper Lig zum Aufsteiger Mersin İdman Yurdu.

Im Frühjahr 2016 wechselte er zum Ligarivalen Antalyaspor und im Sommer 2016 zum Zweitligisten Şanlıurfaspor. Weitere einjährige Stationen vor Karriereende qaren Gümüşhanespor und Fethiyespor.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Alibeyköy SK)
Fußballspieler (Antalyaspor)
Fußballspieler (Fethiyespor)
Fußballspieler (Gaziantepspor)
Fußballspieler (Gençlerbirliği Ankara)
Fußballspieler (Gümüşhanespor)
Fußballspieler (Mersin İdman Yurdu)
Fußballspieler (Samsunspor)
Fußballspieler (Şanlıurfaspor)
Person (Samsun)
Geboren 1985
Türke
Mann

Oktay Delibalta


Malawis fodboldlandshold repræsenterer Malawi i fodboldturneringer og kontrolleres af Malawis fodboldforbund.

Referencer

Fodboldlandshold i Afrika

Malawis fodboldlandshold


Nükleer enerji mühendisliği, nükleer fizik ve radyasyonun madde ile etkileşimi ilkelerine dayalı olarak atomun çekirdeği üzerine pratik uygulamalar yapan bir bilim dalıdır. Bu mühendislik alanında çalışmalar genel olarak nükleer santrallerin ve reaktörlerin, kısacası nükleer fisyon sistemlerinin ve alt elemanlarının tasarımı, analizi, geliştirilmesi, bakımı, test edilmesi, modellenmesi, inşaatı, işletmeye alınması ve sökülmesi gibi konular üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Nükleer enerji mühendisliği kapsamında aynı zamanda nükleer füzyon, radyasyonun tıbbi uygulamaları, nükleer güvenlik, ısı transferi, nükleer yakıt teknolojisi, nükleer verimlilik, radyoaktif atıklar, atom bombaları ve radyoaktivitenin çevreye olan etkileri üzerine çalışmalar çok yaygın bir şekilde bulunmaktadır. Türkiye'de nükleer enerji mühendisliği dalında lisans eğitimi veren kuruluşlar Hacettepe Üniversitesi ve Sinop Üniversitesi'dir.

Nükleer enerji mühendisliği Bölümünde aşağıdaki konularda araştırma yapmak için gerekli deneyim, bilgi birikimi ve teknik altyapı mevcuttur:

Enerji planlaması
Proje yönetimi ve maliyet analizi
Nükleer teknoloji ve radyasyon konusunda hizmet içi eğitim
Nükleer teknoloji hakkında danışmanlık hizmetleri
Nükleer Kaza Analizleri
Risk ve Güvenilirlik Analizleri
Yakıt Yönetimi Hesaplamaları
Nükleer Reaktör Tasarımı
Halkı Aydınlatma Projeleri
Uzaktan Radyasyon İzleme ve Ölçüm Projeleri
Reaktör Bileşenlerinin Deprem Koşullarında Dinamik Analizi

İlgili konular
 Nükleer enerji

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nükleer Enerji Mühendisliği

Nükleer enerji mühendisliği


The Treaty of Shimoda (下田条約, Shimoda Jouyaku) (formally Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia 日露和親条約, Nichi-Ro Washin Jouyaku) of February 7, 1855, was the first treaty between the Russian Empire, and the Empire of Japan, then under the administration of the Tokugawa shogunate. Following shortly after the Convention of Kanagawa signed between Japan and the United States, it effectively meant the end of Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (sakoku), by opening the ports of Nagasaki, Shimoda and Hakodate to Russian vessels and established the position of Russian consuls in Japan and defined the borders between Japan and Russia.

The isolation of Japan
Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Tokugawa shogunate pursued a policy of isolating the country from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the Dutch and the Chinese and was conducted exclusively at Nagasaki under a strict government monopoly. This policy had two main objectives. One was the fear that trade with western powers and the spread of Christianity would serve as a pretext for the invasion of Japan by imperialist forces, as had been the case with most of the nations of Asia. The second objective was fear that foreign trade and the wealth developed would lead to the rise of a daimyō powerful enough to overthrow the ruling Tokugawa clan.
The first contacts between Japan and Russia were made with the Matsumae clan in Hokkaido by the merchant Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin in 1778 and by official envoy Adam Laxman in 1792. The Russian expedition around the world led by Adam Johann von Krusenstern stayed six months in the port of Nagasaki in 1804–1805, failing to establish diplomatic and trade relations with Japan.

By the early nineteenth century, this policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1844, King William II of the Netherlands sent a letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside. In 1846, an official American expedition led by Commodore James Biddle arrived in Japan asking for ports to be opened for trade, but was sent away.

The Putiatin mission

A few years later, Russia learned that the United States was preparing an expedition to be led by Commodore Matthew Perry, to open Japan by gunboat diplomacy if necessary. If successful, it was feared that this would provide more American influence in the Pacific region and Asia, and to give America the most advantage position in Japan. Russia immediately recommenced plans to send a mission to the Far East. Russian minister of Foreign Affairs Karl Nesselrode assigned Vice-Admiral Euphimy Vasil'evich Putiatin to head the Russian mission. The expedition included several notable Sinologists and a number of scientists and engineers, as well as the noted author Ivan Goncharov, and the Pallada under the command of Ivan Unkovsky was selected as the flagship. Goncharov would use the experience in his Fregat Pallada (1858), in which he described the details of the voyage and the negotiations. It is a valuable description of how the Japanese received and processed foreign trade vessels and the perception of the experience of the Russians.

Pallada departed Kronstadt on October 7, 1852, under orders to return only with a treaty at least as good as the one the Americans had obtained. Also on the Russian agenda was a delimitation of the borders between Japan and Russia in Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

However it became clear during the long voyage that the vessel was unsuited for the expedition, and the newer 52-gun frigate Diana was subsequently dispatched, but Perry and his fleet of Black Ships reached Japan while Putiatin was still between Hong Kong and the Bonin Islands. Despite years of debate on the isolation policy, Perry's visit created great controversy within the highest levels of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Eventually, Putiatin arrived in Japan with his four vessels on August 21, 1853, but at Nagasaki rather than attempting to force his way into Edo Bay as Perry had done. Putiatin and Perry had a somewhat differing approach to negotiating with the Japanese. Perry stressed the firepower of his warships and the possible consequences for Japan. Putiatin chose a more diplomatic and strategic approach in the hopes of undermining the American efforts, advising that he had chosen Nagasaki despite his orders to go to Edo out of respect for Japanese laws and the ardent desire of the Russian Emperor for good relations. Officials sent word to Edo, and while waiting for a response, Putiatin sailed to Shanghai for supplies and for news from home. On his return to Nagasaki, there was still no reply, so he renewed his threat to go directly to Edo. The alarmed Nagasaki bugyō urged Edo to accept Putiatin's terms, as the Russians seemed more accommodating that the Americans, and their huge empire might be used to offset threat posed by Perry. Again, there was no response, partly because the Shōgun himself, Tokugawa Ieyoshi died days after Perry's departure, and was succeeded by his sickly young son, Tokugawa Iesada, leaving effective administration in the hands of the Council of Elders (rōjū) led by Hotta Masayoshi, which was paralyzed with indecision. Putiatin grew increasingly impatient and renewed his threat to sail to Edo, when a response came in the form of the officials Kawaji Toshiakira and Tsutsui Masanori, asking for a delay of three to five years for a counter-proposal.  Disappointed, Putiatin left Japan in November 1853 promising to return in the spring.
Putiatin was not able to return until November 7, 1854. In the meantime, he had surveyed the coast of Korea and the Russian Maritime Province and had learned of the outbreak of the Crimean War, and that the British Royal Navy was hunting for his squadron in the Sea of Okhotsk and the seas around Japan, including Nagasaki. Problems with Pallada caused him to change his flag to the Diana. By the time Putiatin returned, the Americans had already succeeded in opening Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa in early 1854. To prevent a Russian treaty and limit Russian influence, the British approached Japan to ask for Japanese neutrality in the war. Because of a bad translation, the British obtained an unintended Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty in 1854. Instead of Nagasaki, Putiatin chose Osaka Bay, which caused immediate consternation among the Japanese for its proximity to Kyoto. After remaining in Osaka Bay for two weeks, Putiatin set sail for Shimoda.

Putiatin was met in Shimoda by Kawaji and Tsutsui, and negotiations began on December 22, 1854, with Putiatin offering to cede the island of Etorofu to Japan in exchange for trade rights, whereas the Japanese countered that since Kamchatka belonged to Japan, it followed that all of the Kuril Islands were also Japanese as well.

On December 23, 1854, the Ansei Tokai earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.4 on the Richter magnitude scale, shook Japan and surroundings. A 7-meter-high tsunami destroyed most of Shimoda including Putiatin's ships, with the exception of Diana, which was badly damaged and which soon sank as she attempted to sail to Heda for repairs.

The Russian delegation now found itself stranded in Japan, and while the diplomats renegotiated, Russian sailors and technicians worked with Japanese carpenters to build a new vessel at Heda to enable the delegation to return to Russia.

On February 7, 1855, the long-awaited Russo-Japanese treaty of friendship was signed at the Chōraku-ji Temple in Shimoda by Putiatin as Russian Imperial Ambassador and Japanese representative Controller Moriyama Einosuke signing the Dutch-language version (the official version), Iosif Antonovich and  signing the Chinese-language version, and Toshiakira Kawaji and Tsutsui Masanori signing the Japanese-language version.

Patterned after Perry's Kanagawa Treaty and the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty, the Shimoda Treaty contained many of the same provisions; however, perhaps out of sympathy or out of a favorable impression of Putiatin, the terms agreed upon by Japan were slightly more generous than that granted to the Americans and the British.

The Japanese found Putiatin to be a civilized and righteous man. Putiatin remarked to his Japanese colleague Tsutsui:
"If we would compare our age, you have the wise age of my father for I only have the age of your son. I offer my hand so I can serve my father and this way will not lose the way of trust."

The schooner Heda was launched on April 14 and Putiatin was able to sail back to Russia, on May 8, 1855. The Japanese government ordered later six more ships to be built on the model of the Heda, thereby contributing to the development of western-style shipbuilding in Japan.

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia (1855)
The "Shimoda Treaty" has nine articles:

The treaty opened Nagasaki, Shimoda and Hakodate to Russian ships for supplies and repairs, for a consul to be stationed at one of these ports, and for most favored nation status. The official border between Japan and Russia was set as in between Etorofu and Urup, with the status of Sakhalin left undetermined. An unequal treaty, it also provided for the extraterritoriality of Russians in Japan.

Consequences of the treaty

Although Putiatin was lionized after his return to St Petersburg, and was elevated to the title of Count, he was also criticized for the lack of a commercial agreement with Japan, and was forced to return in 1857 and again in 1858 to negotiate new treaties, which expanded on Russian commercial rights and extraterritoriality.  One of the most important features of the 1855 Treaty of Shimoda was the agreement that the Kuril Islands were to be divided between Russia and Japan at a line running in between Etorofu and Urup, and the treaty is still frequently cited to this date by the Japanese government as one of its justifications in the current Kuril Islands dispute.

Monument to the treaty

A memorial sign in honor of the 150th anniversary of the establishment of the Russian-Japanese relations was opened in Kronstadt in 2005. The monument is a black stone where on the Russian and Japanese languages described a brief history of the Putiatin mission. The monument was opened by the Consul General of Japan in St. Petersburg and St. Petersburg Governor.

See also
Relations between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire
History of Japan
History of Russia
Convention of Kanagawa
Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
 List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868

References
 Edgar Franz: Philipp Franz Von Siebold and Russian Policy and Action on Opening Japan to the West in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. Deutsches Institut für Japanstudien. Judicium Verlag, München, 2005,

External links
Sources are found in the discussion.
Internetlinks:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology interactive site on the history of Japan starting from Commodore Perry
Portraits of modern Japanese historic figures on a site of the National Diet Library, Japan
Article concerning Northern Territories Day in the Koizumi Cabinet E-Mail Magazine
 MOFA (Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) site dealing with the Northern Territories issue
MOFA (Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) site dealing with the Northern Territories issue
Subject dealing with the Southern Kuril Islands- Northern Territories Dispute by Andrew Andersen, Department of Political Science, University of Victoria
Timeline of Sakhalin
Russian article about Putiatin
Lieutenant James D. Johnston in chapter 16 of his book "China and Japan" on ""Golownin's Captivity in Japan and Release (1811-1813)"
 "Relations with Russia", Asahi Shimbun newsarticle
German blogg on the Kuril Islands
Open syllabus "Moderne geschiedenis van Japan" property of the Japanese Studies section, University of Louvain (KULeuven)
History of the Northern Territories on the website of the prefectural government of Hokkaidō aimed at argumenting the Japanese right in the Northern Territories

1855 treaties
Unequal treaties
Boundary treaties
Treaties of the Russian Empire
Treaties of the Tokugawa shogunate
1855 in Japan
1855 in the Russian Empire
Japan–Russia border
Japan–Russia treaties
History of Sakhalin
February 1855 events

Treaty of Shimoda


الشيخ بركة قرية سورية تتبع ناحية سنجار في منطقة معرة النعمان في محافظة إدلب. بلغ عدد سكانها 1,256 نسمة في عام 2004 حسب إحصاء المكتب المركزي للإحصاء.

تقع إلى الشرق من بلدة جرجناز، أراضيها زراعية خصبة تزرع أشجار الزيتون ولوز وفستق حلبي والعديد من المحاصيل الزراعية ويعمل عدد من سكانها بالزراعة. يوجد فيها مدارس تعليم ابتدائي ومرحلة التعليم الإعدادي، كما يوجد فيها بلدية تقدم الخدمات التنظيمية للبلدة وللمواطنين، ويتبع لبلدة الشيخ بركة عدة قرى ومزارع .

سميت بهذا الاسم نسبة للشيخ بركة المدفون فيها.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة معرة النعمان
قرى محافظة إدلب

الشيخ بركة


Înălțimile (Colinele) Vizovice (în original, în cehă, Vizovická vrchovina) este o unitate geomorfologică din Moravia estică, parte a regiunii geomorfologice mai mari a Carpaților din regiunea munților de mai joasă înălțime a Carpaților slovaco-moravieni. Cele mai înalte vârfuri ale grupului sunt Klášťov (cu 753 m altitudine), Spletený vrch (cu 565 m altitudine) și Rýsov (cu 542 m altitudine). Zona corespunde reliefului zonelor joase, dealurilor și colinelor.

Descriere

Înălțimile Vizovice aparțin bazinului hidrografic al râului Morava, ale cărui principali afluenți sunt Dřevnice and Olšava. Se învecinează cu Carpații Albi și cu Înălțimile Hostýnské și cu Colinele Vsetín. Pădurile sunt mixte, având ca specii cele mai reprezentative stejarul, fagul și molidul.

Administrativ, întreaga zonă aparține regiunii Zlín.

Bibliografie
 Geographical Topic Dictionary, Academia, Praha, 1993. ISBN 80-200-0445-9

Legături externe

 Moravske Karpaty
 Treking.cz

Bazinul hidrografic Morava
Geografia regiunii Zlín
Dealuri
Lanțuri montane ale Cehiei
Lanțuri montane ale Carpaților de Vest

Înălțimile Vizovice


Die Grüne Schildmantis (Rhombodera basalis) ist eine Fangschrecke aus der Familie der Mantidae. Sie kommt in Indien und in Südostasien vor.

Merkmale

Weibchen werden bis zu 12 Zentimeter lang, Männchen dagegen bis zu 10 Zentimeter, damit ist die Grüne Schildmantis eine verhältnismäßig große Fangschrecke. Die Grundfarbe ist grün. Markant ist das schildartig verbreiterte Halsschild, dem die Grüne Schildmantis ihren Namen verdankt.

Vorkommen
Außer in Teilen Indiens ist die Grüne Schildmantis in den Ländern Thailand und Malaysia sowie in Indonesien auf den Inseln Java und Borneo verbreitet. Dort lauert sie auf Pflanzen auf erreichbare Beute.

Lebensweise

Die Weibchen erreichen eine Lebensdauer von neun Monaten, Männchen eine von sechs Monaten. Nach der Paarung legt das Weibchen nach 30 Tagen eine oder zwei Ootheken, aus diesen schlüpfen nach einiger Zeit 30 bis 50 Larven.

Die Grüne Schildmantis ernährt sich von kleinen bis zu großen Insekten und Spinnen. Dazu gehören auch viele Schmetterlingsarten. Nur wenige ungenießbare Gattungen werden verschmäht.

Häufig wird die Grüne Schildmantis in ihrem natürlichen Lebensraum von Pferdehaarwürmern der Gattung Chordodes befallen.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Wilhem de Haan in Coenraad Jacob Temminck [Hrsg.]: Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Overzeesche Bezittingen. 2, 1842 (Erstbeschreibung).
 Reinhard Ehrmann: Mantodea: Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster 2002, ISBN 3-931587-60-6.

Weblinks

Mantinae (Unterfamilie)

Grüne Schildmantis


Here And Now es el séptimo álbum de estudio de la banda canadiense de rock Nickelback. Fue publicado el 21 de noviembre de 2011. El 26 de septiembre de 2011 fueron lanzados los primeros dos sencillos del disco: "When We Stand Together" y "Bottoms Up. Ambas canciones fueron puestos a disposición para su descarga el 27 de septiembre de 2011. La primera pista del disco, "This Means War", fue lanzado el 10 de noviembre de 2011 como el tercer sencillo. La portada del álbum tiene al Reloj de vapor en el cual marca las 11:21 (que es la fecha del lanzamiento del álbum) Ubicado en Vancouver. El álbum debutó en el número dos en los US Billboard 200 vendiendo aproximadamente 227 000 copias en su primera semana, sólo un 0,18 % por debajo del álbum de Michael Bublé Christmas. El 10 de abril de 2012, Nickelback inició su gira mundial Here And Now Tour.

Recepción

Críticas

El álbum recibió críticas mixtas de los críticos profesionales. De acuerdo con Metacritic, el disco ha recibido una puntuación promedio de las reseñas de 51/100, basado en 9 opiniones. Consequence of Sound calificó con el álbum dos estrellas, de un máximo de 5, indicando que "Here and Now podría ser un paso por encima del último esfuerzo, pero igualmente un paso lo suficientemente alto como para colgar a sus creadores en una viga del granero." Por el contrario el Sitio Web de entretenimiento y música Canadiense Rockstar Weekly premio al álbum como un 5 estrellas llamándolo "por mucho el mejor álbum Canadiense del 2011".

Desempeño comercial
El álbum ha superado tanto el las listas de HMV Canadá CD como el US iTunes Album Chart en su primera semana en venta.
El álbum debutó en el número 10 en las listas del Reino Unido. El 16 de diciembre de 2011, el álbum fue certificado Oro por British Phonographic Industry (BPI) para los envíos de 100 000 copias en el Reino Unido.

Canciones
El 26 de septiembre de 2011 se reveló la lista de las canciones.

Personal

Músicos
 Chad Kroeger: Voz, guitarra
 Ryan Peake: Guitarra, Piano en Lullaby
 Mike Kroeger: bajo
 Daniel Adair: Batería

Personal adicional
 Brian Howes - Producción, Guitarra adicional
 Rob Dawson - Guitarra acústica en Lullaby
 Joey Moi - producción, ingeniería
 Jay Van Poederooyen - ingeniería, mezcla
 Scott Cooke - ingeniería, edición
 Chris Lord-Alge - mezcla
 Randy Staub - mezcla
 Keith Armstrong - asistencia de mezcla
 Zach Blackstone - asistencia de mezcla
 Nik Karpen - asistencia de mezcla
 Gail Marowitz - dirección de arte
 Travis Shinn - fotografía
 Brennan Brousseau - portada

Posiciones en la lista

Posiciones
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Listas (2011)
! Máxima Posición
|-
|Albums Chart
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|49
|-
| Canadian Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|Danish Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|19
|-
| Finland Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|7
|-
| France Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|77
|-
| Album Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
|Irish Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|26
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|-
| Italy Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|-
|| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|12
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|7
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|-
|Russian Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|44
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|Albums charts
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
| Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
| UK Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
| Rock Albums Chart
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| Billboard 200
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
| Billboard Top Rock Albums
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| Billboard Top Hard Rock Albums
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| Billboard Top Modern Rock/Alternative Albums
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| Billboard Top Internet Albums
| style="text-align:center;"|2

Referencias

Billboards

Álbumes de 2011
Álbumes de Nickelback
Álbumes de Roadrunner Records
Álbumes certificados de multi platino por la Australian Recording Industry Association
Álbumes certificados de oro por la Bundesverband Musikindustrie
Álbumes certificados de oro por la Recording Industry Association of America
Álbumes certificados de oro por la British Phonographic Industry
Álbumes en inglés

Here And Now


Vojislav Šešelj (Sırpça: Војислав Шешељ) (d. 11 Ekim 1954, Saraybosna), Bosnalı Sırp siyasetçi ve hukukçu. Sırbistan'da Sırp Radikal Partisi'nin kurucusudur.

Savaş suçları ve insanlığa karşı suçlar nedeniyle Eski Yugoslavya Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi tarafından suçlanmıştır. Davası Lahey'de sürmekte olan Šešelj, Birleşmiş Milletler'in görevlileri tarafından teslim edilmemiş, kendi seçimiyle Şubat 2003'te Lahey'e uçmuştur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Profile: Vojislav Šešelj , bbc.co.uk
Vojislav Šešelj ICTY indictment, icty.org
ICTY Tribunal Update, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 4 November 2005, No. 428
"Lawyer Warns Šešelj Trial May Collapse" , ICTY Tribunal Update, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 20 February 2009, No. 589.
Vojislav Šešelj official website
"Vojislav Šešelj in his own words"
"War crime suspects go for win in Serb poll"
"Vojislav Šešelj: Milošević's hard-line ally"
Šešelj goes on trial at The Hague over Serbian crimes"
"Serb Nationalist's Trial Begins in The Hague"
"Chetnik leader's war crimes trial"
"Serbia's Šešelj incited ethnic cleansing"

1954 doğumlular
Saraybosna doğumlular
Yugoslavya doğumlular
Sırp siyasetçiler
Sırp milliyetçileri
Bosnalı siyasetçiler
Bosna-Hersek Sırpları
Yugoslavlar
Kanser olan kişiler
Yaşayan insanlar
Savaş suçları
Bosna Savaşı'nda kişiler
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Eski Yugoslavya Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi tarafından mahkûm edilen kişiler
Başbakan yardımcıları

Vojislav Šešelj


T61 ou T.61 peut signifier :
 Effet toxique de substances nocives absorbées par le biais de fruits de mer, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 Slingsby T.61 Falke, un planeur britannique.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

T61


David Gauthier est un philosophe canadien né en 1932. Il est professeur émérite de l'université de Pittsburgh .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Philosophe canadien du XXIe siècle
Naissance en septembre 1932
Éponyme d'un objet céleste

David Gauthier


Roza Salih (nascida em 1989, no sul do Curdistão) é uma política escocesa de origem curda e ativista de direitos humanos. Em 2005, aos 15 anos, ela co-fundou o Glasgow Girls com colegas da Drumchapel High School, na região norte da cidade de Glasgow, na Escócia. As meninas de Glasgow fizeram campanha para impedir que a Agência de Fronteiras do Reino Unido realizasse incursões ao amanhecer e detivesse e deportasse crianças, impedindo com sucesso a deportação de sua amiga de escola, Agnesa Murselaj, uma cigana de Kosovo. Roza Salih, que nasceu no sul do Curdistão, é co-fundadora da Solidariedade Escocesa com o Curdistão.

Em maio de 2021, ela se apresentou como candidata nas eleições de 2021 para o Parlamento Escocês, sendo a principal candidata do Partido Nacional Escocês (PNE) na região de Glasgow. Em maio de 2022, ela foi eleita conselheira do PNE para a ala da Grande Pollok no Conselho da Cidade de Glasgow, a primeira ex-refugiada a ser eleita para um cargo político na Escócia.

Infância e educação
Roza Salih chegou à Escócia em 2001 para pedir asilo. Sua família fugiu do sul do Curdistão, no Iraque, depois que seu avô e dois tios foram executados por se oporem a Saddam Hussein, que ainda estava no poder.

Roza Salih frequentou a Drumchapel High School e depois se formou com honras em Direito e Política pela Strathclyde University (também na cidade de Glasgow, na Escócia), em 2013, onde também foi vice-presidente de Diversidade e Advocacia da Associação de Estudantes. Ela foi eleita para o Comitê de Estudantes Internacionais da União Nacional de Estudantes (UNE) e para o conselho de administração de estudantes da UNE do Reino Unido.

Ativismo
Em março de 2005, quando ainda era aluno da Drumchapel High School, Roza Salih fez campanha com amigos da escola para impedir que a Agência de Fronteiras do Reino Unido realizasse incursões ao amanhecer, levando crianças em idade escolar para Yarl's Wood e depois deportando-as. Além de fazer lobby junto ao governo escocês e ao Ministério do Interior, as Garotas de Glasgow, como ficaram conhecidas, desenvolveram um sistema de alerta precoce com amigos e vizinhos para alertar uns aos outros sobre incursões dos oficiais de imigração.

Em 2016, ela trabalhou com o Conselho Escocês de Refugiados e a Comissão de Estratégia Educacional para fazer campanha pelo financiamento de bolsas de estudo para requerentes de asilo. Ela é co-fundadora da Solidariedade escocesa com o Curdistão e viajou para regiões curdas na Turquia como parte de uma delegação de sindicalistas e ativistas de direitos humanos.

Em 2017, Roza Salih foi nomeada membro do Congresso Sindical Escocês.

Em abril de 2021, ela criticou as propostas da secretária do Interior do Reino Unido, Priti Patel, para a reforma da imigração, que veria os requerentes de asilo penalizados se viajassem para o Reino Unido através de outro país no qual poderiam ter pedido asilo primeiro. Roza Salih disse: "Tendo passado pelo sistema de asilo do Reino Unido - e experimentado em primeira mão como ele é profundamente falho - estou chocada que o governo do Reino Unido esteja planejando dobrar em vez de consertar os problemas. A Escócia deixou claro que não quer nada com as políticas migratórias tóxicas de Boris Johnson e Priti Patel e quer um sistema de asilo baseado nos princípios de justiça, dignidade e respeito". Ela continuou dizendo: "Essas práticas e novas propostas mostram a dura realidade do ambiente hostil dos Conservadores. Suas tentativas consistentes de reverter ou simplesmente abandonar as obrigações de direitos humanos e violar a lei internacional são uma vergonha. Infelizmente, colocar hostilidade sobre a humanidade é agora a norma para este governo Tory."

Carreira política
Roza Salih disse que se juntou ao Partido Nacional Escocês (PNE) porque vê paralelos entre a luta do Curdistão pela autodeterminação e a independência escocesa. "A independência sempre esteve no meu sangue", disse ela ao Jornal i . "O povo curdo quer independência e autonomia e nós lutamos por isso - literalmente, pessoas morreram pela causa. Aqui é apenas uma assinatura em um referendo e as pessoas podem fazer isso em um país democrático. De volta para casa, você tem que lutar por isso e morrer por isso." Roza Salih trabalhou anteriormente no escritório eleitoral de Chris Stephens, o MP do PNE de Glasgow South West.

Em 2017, ela se apresentou como candidata do PNE para a ala de Garscadden/Scotstounhill na eleição para o conselho da cidade de Glasgow, mas não foi eleita.

Ela faz parte da Comissão de Justiça Social do PNE e concorreu à indicação do partido para Clydebank e Milngavie nas eleições para o Parlamento Escocês de 2021, mas perdeu para Marie McNair, uma vereadora de Clydebank. Em 5 de março de 2021, Roza Salih foi selecionada como a candidata número um do PNE para a região de Glasgow. Se ela tivesse sido bem-sucedida, ela teria sido a primeira refugiada a ser eleita para Holyrood, mas o PNE venceu todos os constituintes da cidade, então não recebeu nenhum assento na lista.

Ela foi eleita conselheira do PNE no distrito de Greater Pollok, na cidade de Glasgow, nas eleições locais escocesas de 2022 e agora é uma Bailie.

Prêmios e reconhecimento
Um musical das Glasgow Girls foi co-produzido pelo The National Theatre of Scotland, Theatre Royal Stratford East, Citizens Theatre e Richard Jordan Productions. Escrito por David Greig e dirigido e composto por Cora Bissett, estreou no Citizens Theatre em Glasgow em 2012. No elenco original de 2012, o papel de Roza Salih foi interpretado por Amiera Darwish.

Em 2017, ela foi homenageada pela Saltire Society como uma Outstanding Woman of Scotland.

Em dezembro de 2022, a BBC nomeou Roza Salih como uma das 100 mulheres mais inspiradoras do mundo naquele ano.

Veja também

 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Referências

Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2022
Nascidos em 1989
Pessoas vivas
Ativistas da Escócia
Políticos da Escócia
Curdos
Ativistas dos direitos humanos

Roza Salih


In telecommunications, in-band signaling is the sending of control information within the same band or channel used for data such as voice or video. This is in contrast to out-of-band signaling which is sent over a different channel, or even over a separate network.  In-band signals may often be heard by telephony participants, while out-of-band signals are inaccessible to the user. The term is also used more generally, for example of computer data files that include both literal data, and metadata and/or instructions for how to process the literal data.

Telephony
When dialing from a land-line telephone, the telephone number is encoded and transmitted across the telephone line in form of dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF). The tones control the telephone system by instructing the telephone switch where to route the call. These control tones are sent over the same channel, the copper wire, and in the frequency range (300 Hz to 3.4 kHz) as the audio of the telephone call. In-band signaling is also used on older telephone carrier systems to provide inter-exchange information for routing calls. Examples of this kind of in-band signaling system are the Signaling System No. 5 (SS5) and its predecessors, and R2 signalling.

Separating the control signals, also referred to as the control plane, from the data, if a bit-transparent connection is desired, is usually done by escaping the control instructions. Occasionally, however, networks are designed so that data is, to a varying degree, garbled by the signaling. Allowing data to become garbled is usually acceptable when transmitting sounds between humans, since the users rarely notice the slight degradation, but this leads to problems when sending data that has very low error tolerance, such as information transmitted using a modem.

In-band signaling is insecure because it exposes control signals, protocols and management systems to end users, which may result in falsing.  In the 1960s and 1970s, so-called phone phreaks used blue boxes for deliberate falsing, in which the appropriate tones for routing were intentionally generated, enabling the caller to abuse functions intended for testing and administrative use and to make free long-distance calls.

Modems may also interfere with in-band signaling, in which case a guard tone may be employed to prevent this.

Voice over IP
In voice over IP (VoIP), DTMF signals are transmitted in-band by two methods. When transmitted as audio tones in the voice stream, voice encoding must use a lossless coder, such as μ-law or A-law pulse-code modulation, to preserve the integrity of frequency signals. Still, this method proved often unreliable and was subject to interference from other audio sources.  The standard method is to digitally remove DTMF tones from the audio at the source and from the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) voice stream and encode them separately as a digital information payload, often termed named telephone events (NTE), according to RFC 4733. Such DTMF frames are transmit in-band with all other RTP packets on the identical network path.

In contrast to in-band transmission of DTMF, VoIP signaling protocols also implement out-of-band method of DTMF transmission. For example, the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), as well as the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) define special message types for the transmission of digits.

Other applications
As a method of in-band signaling, DTMF tones were also used by cable television broadcasters to indicate the start and stop times of local insertion points during station breaks for the benefit of cable companies. Until better, out-of-band signaling equipment was developed in the 1990s, fast, unacknowledged, and loud DTMF tone sequences could be heard during the commercial breaks of cable channels in the United States and elsewhere.

These DTMF sequences were sent by the originating cable network's equipment at the uplink satellite facility, and were decoded by equipment at local cable companies. A specific tone sequence indicated the exact time that the feeds should be switched to and away from the master control feed, to locally-broadcast commercials. The following is an example of such a sequence by a cable company that communicated the following to the cable company's broadcast equipment:

SWITCH TO LOCAL NOW - SWITCH TO LOCAL NOW - PREPARE TO SWITCH BACK - PREPARE TO SWITCH BACK - SWITCH BACK TO NATIONAL NOW - SWITCH BACK TO NATIONAL NOW - "IF YOU HAVEN'T SWITCHED BACK TO NATIONAL NOW, DO SO IMMEDIATELY"

DTMF signaling in the cable industry was discontinued because it was distracting to viewers, and was susceptible to interference when DTMF tones were sounded by characters in television shows. For example, a character dialing a Touch-Tone telephone in a television show could cause the cable company computers to switch away from a "hot feed" to dead air, and the cost of human-imperceptible signaling technologies decreased.

In-band signaling applies only to channel-associated signaling (CAS).  In common channel signaling (CCS) separate channels are used for control and data, as opposed to the shared channel in CAS, so all control is out-of-band by definition.

In computer data, the term refers to embedding any kind of metadata directly within regular data. These uses have similar tradeoffs as in telecommunications, such as opening an attack surface vs. simplifying processing. A few of many examples:

 Embedding a magic number at the very start of files, to signal the format or language of the following data.
 Embedding a NULL character as in C strings, to signals the end of the string (as opposed to keeping that information outside the string).
 Embedding markup within text, whether to categorize parts of the text, provide processing or formatting instructions, or for other purposes.
 Reserving some characters in regular expressions, such as "*", to have special processing meanings, rather than representing literals.
 Embedding control codes in computer terminal input as a means of device control, allowing command-line users to issue single-character commands directly, e.g.  issues a ^D code, causing command-line programs to expect no further input from the user, and therefore to quit.

When out-of-band communication is unavailable, one of two techniques may be used to preserve network transparency.
 Encapsulation: The bundling of the control data in the packet's header and then removing the header (and/or footer) of the packet at the far end, restoring the data to be the same as the original.
 Bit stuffing: The insertion of non-information or escape characters to modify, synchronize and justify the data so it never looks like signaling information (and remove the stuffed bits and escape codes at the far end, restoring the data to be the same as the original).

See also
 Control character
 Escape sequence
 In-band control
 Line signaling
 Out-of-band control
 Quindar tones
 +++ (modem)

References

Network management
Telephony signals

In-band signaling


Gree Electric Appliances Inc. din Zhuhai este un producător chinez de aparate electrocasnice cu sediul central în Zhuhai, provincia Guangdong. Este cel mai mare producător de aer condiționat din lume. Compania oferă două tipuri de aer condiționat: aparate de aer condiționat de uz casnic și aparate de climatizare comerciale. Compania produce, de asemenea, ventilatoare electrice, dozatoare de apă, radiatoare electrice, mașini de gătit orez, purificatoare de aer, fierbătoare electrice, umidificatoare și plite cu inducție, pe lângă alte produse. Distribuie produsele sale în China și în străinătate sub numele de brand Gree.

Note

Legături externe
 Site oficial
  - Site web partener oficial Romania

Fondări în 1989
Companii din China

Gree Electric


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Dačov Lom enthält die sechs nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Dačov Lom im Okres Veľký Krtíš.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Dacov Lom


Der Rivière Magog () ist ein Fluss in der Verwaltungsregion Estrie im äußersten Süden der kanadischen Provinz Québec.

Flusslauf
Der Fluss entwässert bei Magog den Lac Memphrémagog. Er fließt über eine Strecke von 31,8 km in nordöstlicher Richtung nach Sherbrooke, wo er in den Rivière Saint-François mündet.

Wasserkraftwerke
Es liegen mehrere Staudämme sowie sieben Wasserkraftwerke entlang dem Flusslauf. Diese werden von den beiden Energieversorgern Hydro-Magog und Hydro-Sherbrooke betrieben.
Die Wasserkraftwerke nutzen das Gefälle des Rivière Magog von 64 m und besitzen eine installierte Leistung von etwa 14 MW.
Der Rock Forest-Damm staut den Fluss zum Lac Magog auf.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Rivière Magog bei Natural Resources Canada

Fluss in den Appalachen
Estrie
Sherbrooke

Rivière Magog


Zečak je jedan od najatraktivnijih vrhova Samoborskog gorja, visine 795 m, iznad sela Pavkovići. S njega se pruža jedan od najljepših pogleda u Samoborskom gorju prema Japetiću, Noršić Selu i Svetoj Geri. Sam vrh je lijepa i velika prostrana livada, sa šumom na rubu.

Iako sam put prema vrhu vodi većinom kroz šumu, presijecaju ga gorske livade prepune leptira i šumskog cvijeća. Prilaz vrhu je lagan i nije naporan, a moguć je i iz sela, pošto su zadnje kuće nekoliko desetaka metara od samog vrha. Greben na kojem se nalazi Zečak se proteže dalje prema jugu, te predstavlja razvodnicu između Save i Kupe.

Zečak je kontrolna točka 6.2 Hrvatske planinarske obilaznice, 6. kontrolna točka Jaskanskog planinarskog puta, te 10. kontrolna točka Samoborskog scoutskog puta. Žig se nalazi uzidan na kamenu na vrhu, te u kutiji na drvetu. Za preporuku je krenuti iz Slavetića, pošto je to najatraktivnija staza.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Stranica HPS

Planinski vrhovi u Hrvatskoj
Žumberak

Zečak


Hans-Ulrich Rudel (2 Temmuz 1916; Landeshut, Niederschlesien, bugünkü Polonya'nın Kamienna Góra kasabası –  18 Aralık 1982; Rosenheim, Bavyera), II. Dünya Savaşı'nın Alman bombardıman uçak pilotu.

2 Haziran 1916'da Konradswaldau'da doğdu 4 Aralık 1936'da Alman Hava Kuvvetlerine girdi. Haziran 1938'de subay ve kıdemli bir askeri öğrenci olarak Graz ben./Sturzkampfgeschwader 168'e katıldı. Rudel, zorlu yeni teknikler öğrendi ve bu yüzden 1 Ocak 1939 tarihinde, muharebe uçuşuna uygun kabul edilerek, operasyonel keşif eğitimi için Hildesheim Keşif Uçuş Okulu'na nakledildi. O tarihte Teğmen rütbesine atandı. Eğitimini tamamladıktan sonra Prenzlau de Fernaufklärungsgruppe 121'e (Uzun Menzilli Keşif Grubu) tayin edildi.

II. Dünya Savaşı'nın başında Polonya Seferi sırasında, Breslau'dan Polonya üzerinde uzun menzilli keşif görevleri için (gözlemci olarak) uçtu. Rudel 11 Ekim 1939 tarihinde 2. Sınıf Demir Haç madalyası kazandı. Oberleutnant (üsteğmen) olarak Britanya Savaşını geçirdi.

Rudel, Sovyetler Birliği'nin Alman işgali sırasında, 23 Haziran 1941'de yaptığı ilk dört savaş misyonlarında uçtu. Gösterdiği pilot becerileri ile 18 Temmuz 1941 tarihinde 1. Sınıf Demir Haç madalyası kazandı. 23 Eylül 1941 tarihinde, Stuka pilotu olarak Leningrad bölgesinde Kronstadt Limanı'ndaki bir hava saldırısı sırasında, Sovyet savaş gemisi Marat'ı batırdı. Savaş gemisini 1,000 kg bomba kullanarak vurmuştur.

Aralık sonunda, onun misyonunu 400 uçakla ve Ocak 1942'de Şövalye Haçı aldı. 10 Şubat 1943 tarihi itibarıyla 1000 sorti yapan tarihte ilk pilot oldu. Kursk Savaşı'nda 1943 sonbaharı boyunca 100 tankı tahrip ettiği iddia edilmiştir.

Kasım 1944 yılında, kalçasından yaralandı ve alçılı haldeki bacağı ile sonraki misyonlarında uçmaya devam etti.

8 Şubat 1945 günü, 40 mm'lik kabuk parçası uçağına çarptı. Sağ ayağından kötü şekilde yaralandı ve Alman hatlarına iniş yaptı. Hayatını kurtarmak için birlikte uçtuğu Dr. Ernst Gadermann, tarafından kanamasını durdurarak, Rudel'in bacağını diz altından ampute etmiştir.

25 Mart 1945 tarihinde operasyonlardan döndü ve Savaşın sonuna kadar 26 tank daha imha ettiği iddia edilmiştir.

II. Dünya Savaşı'nın nerede ise tüm cephelerinde görev almış ve 7 savaş uçağı düşürmüştür. Fakat asıl ününü kullandığı ju 87 tipi savaş uçağı ile Doğu cephesinde yer hedeflerine yaptığı saldırılarda edinmiştir.

Çıktığı toplam 2530 görev uçuşu sonucu 519 Rus tankını, 1 savaş gemisini, 1 destroyeri, 70 botu, 800'den fazla motorlu aracı, 150'den fazla topu imha etmiştir. Bunların dışında Rus sabit hedeflerine ağır hasar vermiştir.

Stalin tarafından kellesine 100.000 Ruble ödül konulan Hans Ulrich Rudel, savaş sonunda Sovyetlerin eline düşmemeye kararlı olarak 8 Mayıs 1945'te ABD güçlerine teslim oldu. Savaş kamplarında esir olarak on bir ay tutuklu kaldı. Amerikalılar tarafından serbest bırakılarak, 1948 yılında Arjantin'e taşındı.

Savaştan sonra
Savaştan sonra, bir süre için  Arjantin Cumhurbaşkanı Juan Peron ve Üçüncü Reich hayranı Paraguay diktatörü Alfredo Stroessner ile yakın arkadaşı ve sırdaşı haline gelerek Güney Amerika'ya taşındı. Bir bacağı eksik olsa da, tenis ve kayak yaparak aktif bir sporcu oldu ve hatta Amerika'daki en yüksek tepe olan Aconcagua'ya (6.962 metre veya 22.841 feet) tırmandı. Ziyareti sırasında azılı Nazi toplama kampı doktoru ve savaş suçlusu Josef Mengele ile tanıştı.

1953 yılında döndüğü Batı Almanya'da neonazi faaliyetlere katılarak ve milliyetçi siyasi parti, Alman Reich Partisi'nin (Deutsche Reichspartei) önde gelen bir üyesi oldu. Almanya'ya dönmeden önce, Kasım 1949 yılında Buenos Aires'te Dürer-Verlag tarafından yayımlanan ("Bununla birlikte" ya da "her şeye rağmen") Trotzdem başlıklı bir savaş günlüğü yayınladı. Rudel, bilinen bir Nazi olduğundan kitabının yayınlaması için izin verilmesi Almanya'da tartışmaya yol açtı. Kitapta, Ulusal Sosyalist politikayı destekledi. Bu kitap daha sonra yeniden düzenlenerek, Sovyetler Birliği'nin Alman işgalini destekleyen Stuka Pilot denilen anılarının bir kitap şeklinde yoğun olarak ABD'de yayınlandı.

Hans-Ulrich Rudel savaş sonrası Almanya'da başarılı bir iş insanı oldu. 1976 yılında, Rudel Skandalına dahil olan İki yüksek rütbeli Bundeswehr generali, Karl Heinz Franke ve Walter Krupinski, erken emekliliğe zorlandı.

Hatıralarını 1958 yılında "Stuka Pilotu" adı ile yayınlayan Rudel, 18 Aralık 1982'de Rosenheim'da ölmüştür.  22 Aralık 1982 tarihinde Dornhausen'e gömülmüştür. cenazesinde yas tutanlar Nazi selamı vererek fotoğraflandı ve Nazi sembollerinin sergilenmesini yasaklayan bir yasa altında incelenmiştir.

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Alman Ordusunda alınabilecek en yüksek madalyası olan Altın Meşe Yaprağı, Kılıç ve Elmas ilaveli Şövalye Demir Haçı (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit goldenem Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten) savaş boyunca sadece bir tane Hans-Ulrich Rudel'e verilmiştir.

Hans-Ulrich Rudel ile ilgili resim galerisi

Kaynakça
 Hans Ulrich Rudel, Trotzdem, Verlag Schütz, 1950.
 Hans Ulrich Rudel, Mein Kriegstagebuch. Aufzeichnungen eines Stukafliegers, Winkelried-Verlag, 2006.

1916 doğumlular
1982 yılında ölenler
Alman Naziler
Alman neo-Naziler
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Nazi Almanyası'nın pilotları
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Nazi Almanyası'nın askerleri
As pilotlar
Alman amputeler
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Alman as pilotlar
Alman antikomünistler

Hans-Ulrich Rudel


Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a blood disorder that results in blood clots forming in small blood vessels throughout the body. This results in a low platelet count, low red blood cells due to their breakdown, and often kidney, heart, and brain dysfunction. Symptoms may include large bruises, fever, weakness, shortness of breath, confusion, and headache. Repeated episodes may occur.

In about half of cases a trigger is identified, while in the remainder the cause remains unknown. Known triggers include bacterial infections, certain medications, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, and pregnancy. The underlying mechanism typically involves antibodies inhibiting the enzyme ADAMTS13. This results in decreased break down of large multimers of von Willebrand factor (vWF) into smaller units. Less commonly TTP is inherited, known as Upshaw–Schulman syndrome, such that ADAMTS13 dysfunction is present from birth. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and blood tests. It may be supported by measuring activity of or antibodies against ADAMTS13.

With plasma exchange the risk of death has decreased from more than 90% to less than 20%. Immunosuppressants, such as glucocorticoids, and rituximab may also be used. Platelet transfusions are generally not recommended.

About 1 per 100,000 people are affected. Onset is typically in adulthood and women are more often affected. About 10% of cases begin in childhood. The condition was first described by Eli Moschcowitz in 1924. The underlying mechanism was determined in the 1980s and 1990s.

Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of TTP may at first be subtle and nonspecific. Many people experience an influenza-like or diarrheal illness before developing TTP. Neurological symptoms are very common and vary greatly in severity. Frequently reported symptoms include feeling very tired, confusion, and headaches. Seizures and symptoms similar to those of a stroke can also be seen. Other symptoms include, but are not limited to jaundice or paleness of the skin, a fast heart rate or shortness of breath, or dots on the skin known as petechiae. High blood pressure has also been observed as a symptom.

As TTP progresses, blood clots form within small blood vessels (microvasculature), and platelets (clotting cells) are consumed. As a result, bruising, and rarely bleeding can occur. The bruising often takes the form of purpura, while the most common site of bleeding, if it occurs, is from the nose or gums. Larger bruises (ecchymoses) may also develop. The classic presentation of TTP, which occurs in less than 10% of people, includes five medical signs. These are:
 Fever
 Changes in mental status
 Thrombocytopenia
 Reduced kidney function
 Hemolytic anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia).

Causes
TTP, as with other microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (MAHAs), is caused by spontaneous aggregation of platelets and activation of coagulation in the small blood vessels. Platelets are consumed in the aggregation process and bind vWF. These platelet-vWF complexes form small blood clots which circulate in the blood vessels and cause shearing of red blood cells, resulting in their rupture and formation of schistocytes. The two best understood causes of TTP are due to autoimmunity (acquired TTP), caused by autoantibodies targeting ADAMTS13, or congenital TTP: an inherited deficiency of ADAMTS13 (known as the Upshaw–Schulman syndrome).

Autoimmune
In 1998, the majority of cases were shown to be caused by the inhibition of the enzyme ADAMTS13 by antibodies. Knowledge of this relationship between reduced ADAMTS13 and the pathogenesis of TTP is credited to two independent groups of researchers (Furlan and Tsai) who published their research in the same issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

ADAMTS13 is a metalloproteinase responsible for the breakdown of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein that links platelets, blood clots, and the blood vessel wall in the process of blood coagulation. Very large vWF multimers are more prone to lead to coagulation. Hence, without proper cleavage of vWF by ADAMTS13, coagulation occurs at a higher rate, especially in the microvasculature, part of the blood vessel system where vWF is most active due to high shear stress.

Genetic

TTP may also be congenital. Such cases may be caused by mutations in the ADAMTS13 gene. This hereditary form of TTP is called the Upshaw–Schulman syndrome (also spelled Upshaw–Schülman). People with this inherited ADAMTS13 deficiency have a surprisingly mild phenotype, but develop TTP in clinical situations with increased von Willebrand factor levels, e.g. infection. Reportedly, less than 5% of all TTP cases are due to Upshaw–Schulman syndrome. People with this syndrome generally have 5–10% of normal ADAMTS-13 activity.

Secondary

Secondary TTP is diagnosed when the person's history mentions one of the known features associated with TTP. It comprises about 40% of all cases of TTP. Predisposing factors are:
 Cancer
 Bone marrow transplantation
 Pregnancy
 Medication use:
 Antiviral drugs (acyclovir)
 Certain chemotherapy medications such as gemcitabine and mitomycin C
 Quinine
 Oxymorphone
 Quetiapine
 Bevacizumab
 Sunitinib
 Platelet aggregation inhibitors (ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel)
 Immunosuppressants (ciclosporin, mitomycin, tacrolimus/FK506, interferon-α)
 Hormone altering drugs (estrogens, contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy)
 HIV-1 infection

The mechanism of secondary TTP is poorly understood, as ADAMTS13 activity is generally not as depressed as in idiopathic TTP, and inhibitors cannot be detected. Probable etiology may involve, at least in some cases, endothelial damage, although the formation of thrombi resulting in vessel occlusion may not be essential in the pathogenesis of secondary TTP. These factors may also be considered a form of secondary aHUS; people presenting with these features are, therefore, potential candidates for anticomplement therapy.

Pathophysiology
The underlying mechanism typically involves autoantibody-mediated inhibition of the enzyme ADAMTS13, a metalloprotease responsible for cleaving large multimers of von Willebrand factor (vWF) into smaller units. The increase in circulating multimers of vWF increases platelet adhesion to areas of endothelial injury, particularly where arterioles and capillaries meet, which in turn results in the formation of small platelet clots called thrombi. As platelets are used up in the formation of thrombi, this then leads to a decrease in the number of overall circulating platelets, which may then cause life-threatening bleeds. Red blood cells passing the microscopic clots are subjected to shear stress, which damages their membranes, leading to rupture of red blood cells within blood vessels, which in turn leads to microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and schistocyte formation. The presence of the thrombi reduces blood flow to organs resulting in cellular injury and end organ damage.

Recovery
Depression is common in those recovering from TTP; 59% of recovered TTP patients screened positive for depression within 11 years after recovery.

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis
TTP is a form of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body, which can lead to microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. This characteristic is shared by two related syndromes, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Consequently, differential diagnosis of these TMA diseases is essential. Both TTP and HUS are characterized by fever, anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, and neurological symptoms. Generally, TTP has higher rates of neurological symptoms (≤80%) and lower rates of renal symptoms (9%) than HUS (10–20% and 90%, respectively).

Unlike HUS and aHUS, TTP is known to be caused by a defect in the ADAMTS13 protein, so a lab test showing ≤5% of normal ADAMTS13 levels is indicative of TTP. ADAMTS13 levels above 5%, coupled with a positive test for shiga-toxin/enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), are more likely indicative of HUS, whereas absence of shiga-toxin/EHEC can confirm a diagnosis of aHUS.

Treatment
Due to the high mortality of untreated TTP, a presumptive diagnosis of TTP is made even when only microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia are seen, and therapy is started. Transfusion is contraindicated in thrombotic TTP, as it fuels the coagulopathy. Since the early 1990s, plasmapheresis has become the treatment of choice for TTP. This is an exchange transfusion involving removal of the person's blood plasma through apheresis and replacement with donor plasma (fresh frozen plasma or cryosupernatant); the procedure must be repeated daily to eliminate the inhibitor and abate the symptoms. If apheresis is not available, fresh frozen plasma can be infused, but the volume that can be given safely is limited due to the danger of fluid overload. Plasma infusion alone is not as beneficial as plasma exchange. Corticosteroids (prednisone or prednisolone) are usually given. Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody aimed at the CD20 molecule on B lymphocytes, may be used on diagnosis; this is thought to kill the B cells and thereby reduce the production of the inhibitor. A stronger recommendation for rituximab exists where TTP does not respond to corticosteroids and plasmapheresis.

Caplacizumab is an alternative option in treating TTP as it has been shown that it induces a faster disease resolution compared with those people who were on placebo. However, the use of caplacizumab was associated with increase bleeding tendencies in some studied subjects.

People with refractory or relapsing TTP may receive additional immunosuppressive therapy, e.g. vincristine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine A, or splenectomy.

Children with Upshaw-Schulman syndrome receive prophylactic plasma every two to three weeks; this maintains adequate levels of functioning ADAMTS13. Some tolerate longer intervals between plasma infusions. Additional plasma infusions may be necessary for triggering events, such as surgery; alternatively, the platelet count may be monitored closely around these events with plasma being administered if the count drops.

Measurements of blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase, platelets, and schistocytes are used to monitor disease progression or remission. ADAMTS13 activity and inhibitor levels may be measured during follow-up, but in those without symptoms the use of rituximab is not recommended.

Prognosis
The mortality rate is around 95% for untreated cases, but the prognosis is reasonably favorable (80–90% survival) for people with idiopathic TTP diagnosed and treated early with plasmapheresis.

Epidemiology
The incidence of TTP is about 4–5 cases per million people per year. Idiopathic TTP occurs more often in women as well as people of African descent, and TTP secondary to autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus occurs more frequently in people of African descent, although other secondary forms do not show this distribution. Although Black people are at an increased risk for TTP, its presentation in Black people does not have any distinguishable features compared to those of other races. Pregnant women and women in the post partum period accounted for a notable portion (12–31%) of the cases in some studies; TTP affects about one in 25,000 pregnancies.

History
TTP was initially described by Eli Moschcowitz at the Beth Israel Hospital in New York City in 1924. Moschcowitz ascribed the disease (incorrectly, as now known) to a toxic cause. Moschcowitz noted his patient, a 16-year-old girl, had anemia, small and large bruises, microscopic hematuria, and, at autopsy, disseminated microvascular thrombi. In 1966, a review of 16 new cases and 255 previously reported cases led to the formulation of the classical pentad of symptoms and findings (i.e., thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, neurological symptoms, kidney failure, fever); in this series, mortality rates were found to be very high (90%).

While a response to blood transfusion had been noted before, a 1978 report and subsequent studies showed blood plasma was highly effective in improving the disease process. In 1991, plasma exchange was reported to provide better response rates compared to plasma infusion. In 1982, the disease had been linked with abnormally large von Willebrand factor multimers. The identification of a deficient protease in people with TTP was made in 1998. The location of ADAMTS13 within the human genome was identified in 2001.

References

External links

Coagulopathies
Autoimmune diseases
Rare diseases
Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
Syndromes affecting blood
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura


Metal Lords é um filme de 2022 dirigido por Peter Sollett. Sua história segue dois melhores amigos do ensino médio e amantes da música metal, Hunter e Kevin, que decidem começar uma banda de metal, contra as normas da sociedade. Foi lançado na Netflix em 8 de abril de 2022.

Elenco

Scott Ian, Tom Morello, Kirk Hammett e Rob Halford aparecem em papéis especiais como eles mesmos representando a consciência de Kevin

Recepção
No consenso do agregador de críticas Rotten Tomatoes diz: "se não for bem cru, Metal Lords continua sendo uma visão bem-humorada e agradável da adolescência e do poder de mudança de vida da música." Na pontuação onde a equipe do site categoriza as opiniões da  grande mídia e da mídia independente apenas como positivas ou negativas, o filme tem um índice de aprovação de 62% calculado com base em 67 comentários dos críticos. Por comparação, com as mesmas opiniões sendo calculadas usando uma média aritmética ponderada, a nota alcançada é 6/10.

Em outro agregador, o Metacritic, que calcula as notas das opiniões usando somente uma média aritmética ponderada de determinados veículos de comunicação em maior parte da grande mídia, tem uma pontuação de 59/100, alcançada com base em 20 avaliações da imprensa anexadas no site, com a indicação de "revisões mistas ou neutras".

Ligações externas
 Netflix

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2022
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Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de comédia dramática da década de 2020
Filmes originais da Netflix
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Metal Lords