24 Ocak kararları, 43. Türkiye Hükûmeti (Kerhen Milliyetçi Cephe Hükûmeti) tarafından 24 Ocak 1980 tarihinde ekonomik literatüre geçen ve yapısal dönüşümleri içeren bir program. Süleyman Demirel, 1979 yılında Başbakanlık müsteşarlığında göreve getirdiği Turgut Özal'a yeni bir ekonomik istikrar programı hazırlama görevi vermiş ve bu program kısa sürede hazırlanmıştı. 24 Ocak 1980'de kamuoyuna açıklandı.

Hedef ve seçilen yöntemler
Ekonomik olarak yaşanan istikrarsızlığı gidermek amacıyla, üretimin azalması ve karaborsacılığın oluşması gibi nedenlerin ortadan kaldırılması için kamu harcamalarının sınırlandırılması, ücretlerin düşürülmesi, serbest döviz kuru gibi ekonomik önlemler alınması kararlaştırılmıştır. 24 Ocak kararları ile 1980 öncesi dönemde uygulanan ithal ikameci büyüme stratejisi terk edilerek, dışa açık büyüme stratejisi uygulamaya konulmuş ve büyüme stratejisi, temel olarak, verimlilikte artış sağlamayı ve iktisadın rekabet gücünü artırmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu çerçevede, piyasa ekonomisinin kurumsallaşması yönünde adımlar atılmıştır.

Kararların içeriği
24 Ocak kararlarının ana hatları şu şekildedir:

 %32,7 oranında devalüasyon yapılarak günlük kur ilanı uygulamasına gidilmiş,
 Devletin ekonomideki payını küçülten önlemler alınmış, KİT'lerdeki uygulamaya paralel olarak tarım ürünleri destekleme alımları sınırlandırılmış,
 Gübre, enerji ve ulaştırma dışında sübvansiyonlar kaldırılmış,
 Dış ticaret serbestleştirilmiş, yabancı sermaye yatırımları teşvik edilmiş, kâr transferlerine kolaylık sağlanmış,
 Yurt dışı müteahhitlik hizmetleri desteklenmiş,
 İthalat kademeli olarak liberalize edilmiş, ihracat; vergi iadesi, düşük faizli kredi, imalatçı ihracatçılara ithal girdide gümrük muafiyeti, sektörlere göre farklılaşan teşvik sistemi ile teşvik edilmiştir.

12 Eylül Darbesi ile ilişkisi
24 Ocak kararları ile 12 Eylül Darbesi arasındaki neden-sonuç ilişkisi üzerine çok sayıda yorum yapıldı. 12 Eylül darbesinin 24 Ocak kararlarını rahat uygulamak için yapıldığını öne süren çok sayıda yorumcu olduğu gibi, olağan koşullarda uygulanması mümkün olmayacak kadar sert olan ekonomik tedbirleri uygulamaya koyabilmenin ancak askerî darbe koşullarında mümkün olabileceğinden darbesinin gerçekleştirildiğini öne sürenler de çoktur.

Kenan Evren ise 12 Eylül Darbesinin 24 Ocak kararlarını uygulamak için değil anarşiyi bitirmek için yapıldığını, ancak askerî yönetimin de kararları uygulamayı mümkün kıldığını belirtmiştir.

Kaynakça

Türkiye'nin ekonomi tarihi
1980'de Türkiye

24 Ocak kararları


An Gastrodia abscondita in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Gastrodia abscondita in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gastrodia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gastrodia

Gastrodia abscondita


The Argentine Navy (ARA; ) is the navy of Argentina. It is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, together with the Army and the Air Force.

The Argentine Navy day is celebrated on May 17, anniversary of the victory in 1814 at the Battle of Montevideo over the Spanish fleet during the war of Independence.

History

1810-1909

The Argentine Navy was created in the aftermath of the May Revolution of May 25, 1810, which started the war for independence from Spain. The navy was first created to support Manuel Belgrano in the Paraguay campaign, but those ships were sunk by ships from Montevideo, and did not take part in that conflict. Renewed conflicts with Montevideo led to the creation of a second fleet, which participated in the capture of the city. As Buenos Aires had little maritime history, most men in the navy were from other nations, such as the Irish-born admiral William Brown, who directed the operation. As the cost of maintaining a navy was too high, most of the Argentine naval forces were composed of privateers.

Brown led the Argentine navy in further naval conflicts at the War with Brazil and the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata.

In the 1870s the Argentine Navy began modernizing itself. At the close of the century, the force included:

 5 armoured cruisers
 4 coastal defence ironclads
 3 second-class, high-speed, British-built cruisers
 7 modern small cruisers and gunboats
 4 destroyers
 22 torpedo boats

The most powerful ships at this time included the Italian-built  and her sister ships: , , and , each at over 6,000 tons. Three older ironclads, , , and  dated from the 1880s and early 1890s.

The navy's ships were built primarily in Italy, Britain, France, and Spain, and were operated by over 600 officers and 7,760 seamen. These were supported by a battalion of marines and an artillery battery.

1910-1982

A naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil and Chile, the most powerful and wealthy countries in South America, began when the Brazilian government ordered three dreadnoughts, battleships. The first, Minas Geraes, was commissioned into the Brazilian navy 1910.

For most of both world wars, Argentina was neutral, only declaring war on the Axis in March 1945. In 1940 Argentina's navy was ranked the eighth most powerful in the world (after the European powers, Japan, and the United States) and the largest in Latin America. A ten-year building programme costing $60 million had produced a force of 14,500 sailors and over a thousand officers. The fleet included two First World War-era (but modernized) American-built s, three modern cruisers, a dozen British-built destroyers, and three submarines, plus minelayers, minesweepers, coastal defence ships, and gunboats. A naval air force was also in operation.

In the postwar period, Naval Aviation and Marine units were put under direct Navy command. With Brazil, Argentina is one of two South American countries to have operated two aircraft carriers: the  and .

The Argentine Navy has been traditionally heavily involved in fishery protection, helping the Coast Guard: most notably in 1966 a destroyer fired on and holed a Soviet trawler that had refused to be escorted to Mar del Plata, in the 1970s there were four more incidents with Soviet and Bulgarian ships followed by other incidents such as the sinking of the Chian-der 3.

The Navy also took part in all military coups in Argentina through the 20th century. During the 1976 to 1983 dictatorship, Navy personnel were involved in the Dirty War in which thousands of people were kidnapped, tortured and killed by the forces of the military junta. The Navy School of Mechanics, known as ESMA, was a notorious centre for torture. Among their more well-known victims were the Swedish teenager Dagmar Hagelin, and French nuns Alice Domon and Léonie Duquet (In October 2007 the Argentine Navy formally handed possession of the school to human rights groups to turn it into a memorial museum).

During this regime, the Navy was also the main supporter of a military solution for the country's two longest-standing disputes: the Beagle Conflict with Chile and the Falkland Islands () with the United Kingdom.

Falklands War, 1982

During the 1982 conflict  the main Argentine naval fleet consisted of modernised World War II era ships (one GUPPY-type submarine, one British-built  carrier, a cruiser, and four destroyers), and newer vessels: two Type 42 destroyers, three French-built corvettes, and one German-built Type 209 submarine. This fleet was supported by several ELMA tankers and transports, as well an ice breaker and a polar transport ship.

New German MEKO type destroyers, corvettes, and Thyssen-Nordseewerke  (Type TR-1700) submarines were still under construction at the time.

After leading the invasion of the Falkland Islands, the Argentine fleet played only a small part in the subsequent conflict. After  sank , the Argentine surface fleet did not venture from a 12-mile (22.2 km) coastal limit imposed by the British.

The Argentine Navy's contribution to the war was principally the initial amphibious assaults on 2 and 3 April; naval aviation Super Étendards armed with Exocet missiles, which sank  and the ; Skyhawks, which sank ; and the Marines, with the 5th Marine Corps Battalion defending Mount Tumbledown. In addition, the Type 42 destroyer , operating off Staten Island, played an important part in the destruction of the British landing ship Sir Galahad on 8 June,; a land-based Exocet battery outside Port Stanley scored a direct hit on  on 11 June; and a Marine Tigercat SAM put a Royal Air Force Harrier (XW 919) out of action on 12 June. Naval aviation also carried out intensive maritime patrols, searching to locate the British fleet for the strike aircraft and British submarines for the anti-submarine Sea King helicopters, while their Lockheed L-188 Electra and Fokker F-28 Fellowship transports reinforced the Port Stanley garrison and evacuated the wounded.

The  submarine also played a strategic role, nearly sinking the frigate  on 10 May, although she scored no hits. The submarine , after a successful resupply mission, was attacked and disabled off South Georgia, where her crew then surrendered along with the Argentine detachment at Grytviken. She was later scuttled by the British.

Aftermath of the Falklands war

The core of the fleet was reformed with the retirement of all the World War II-era  and s and their replacement with the MEKO 360 and 140 classes designed by the German shipyard Blohm + Voss.

Also, the submarine force greatly reinforced their assets with the introduction of the Thyssen-Nordseewerke (TR-1700) class. Although the original programme called for six units with the last four to be built in Argentina, only the two built in Germany were delivered.

The amphibious force was drastically affected with the retirement of their only LST landing ship  and replacement by a modified cargo vessel, the . This situation was expected to improve in 2006 with the delivery by France of the first of the LPD s but the whole operation was placed on hold by the Argentine Government due to asbestos concerns. In 2010 France offered the  instead.

France also transferred the , now , multi-product replenishment ship (AOR).

In 1988 the A-4 Skyhawk aircraft were withdrawn, leaving the Super Étendard as the only fighter jets in the navy inventory. The already-paid-for A-4Hs bought in Israel as their replacement could not be delivered due to the embargo imposed by the United States after the war. Instead IAI used the money to refurbish the S-2E Trackers to the S-2T Turbo Tracker variant currently in service.

In the 1990s, the embargo was lifted and the Lockheed L-188 Electras (civilian aircraft converted for maritime patrol) were finally retired and replaced with similar P-3B Orions and civilian Beechcraft King Air Model 200 were locally converted to the MP variant.

In 2000 the aircraft carrier  was decommissioned without replacement, although the navy maintains the air group of Super Étendard jets and S-2 Trackers that routinely operated from the Brazilian Navy aircraft carrier  or United States Navy carriers when they are in transit in the south Atlantic during Gringo-Gaucho manoeuvers.

Gulf War and nineties
Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War, sending a destroyer and a corvette in a first deployment and a supply ship and another corvette later to participate in the United Nations blockade and sea control effort in the gulf. Operación Alfil (""), as it was known, carried out more than 700 interceptions and sailed 25,000 miles in the operations theatre.

From 1990 to 1992, the s were deployed under UN mandate ONUCA to the Gulf of Fonseca in Central America. In 1994, the three s participated in Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti.

21st century
In 2003, for the first time, the Argentine Navy (classified as major non-NATO ally) interoperated with a United States Navy battle group when the destroyer  joined the  Carrier Strike Group and Destroyer Squadron 18 as a part of Exercise Solid Step during their tour in the Mediterranean Sea.

In 2010 the construction of four 1,800 ton offshore patrol ships was announced, but never started. Instead, Argentina ultimately opted to acquire four Gowind-class offshore patrol vessels from France. The decision was motivated by the meeting between Argentine President Mauricio Macri and French President Emmanuel Macron at the annual World Economic Forum summit in Davos, Switzerland in 2018. In November 2018, Argentina confirmed the purchase of the patrol vessels. The purchase included the already-built , which in 2016 visited the region on a marketing trip, as well as three new-build vessels. Following their construction in France, all four ships had been delivered to Argentina by 2022.

In October 2012 the Navy's sail training ship  was seized under court order in Ghana by creditors of Argentina's debt default in 2002.
On 15 December 2012 the UN International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ruled unanimously that the ship had immunity as a military vessel, and ordered that "Ghana should forthwith and unconditionally release the frigate ARA Libertad" Four days later Libertad was released from Tema and arrived to the port of Mar del Plata on 9 January 2013.

The Argentine Navy is under-funded and struggling to meet maintenance and training requirements; as a result, only 15 of its 42 vessels are in a condition to sail. The 2013 defence budget allowed for the 15 operational vessels to each spend less than 11 days at sea, while the submarines averaged just over 6 hours submerged in the whole of 2012.  spent 73 days in late 2012 stranded in South Africa for lack of spares. The s are short of spares and their ordnance has expired, while the Antarctic patrol ship  had been under repair for 10 years because of a fire. On 23 January 2013 the Type 42 destroyer  sank at her moorings after having been mothballed for ten years.

The Argentine Navy participates in joint exercises with other friendly navies including Brazil, United States, Spain, France, Canada, South Africa, Italy, Uruguay, and, since the 1990s, Chile. The exercises are routinely held to develop a common operational doctrine. Every year the Argentine and Chilean Navies participate in the Patrulla Antártica Naval Combinada () to guarantee safety to all tourist and scientific ships in transit within the Antarctic Peninsula, where the Navy is also directly responsible for maintaining the Argentine bases there.

San Juan Disaster and Submarine Fleet Renewal Problem

On 15 November 2017, the ARA San Juan (S-42) stopped communicating during a routine transit to port following a military exercise. A search was launched by ISMERLO, however after 15 days of searching the Argentine Navy declared the end of the rescue operation, and solely focused on the recovery of the submarine—not the crew. 44 personnel were on the submarine when it disappeared. The final report made by Argentine congressmen stated that president Mauricio Macri and his defence minister had political responsibilities about what happened to ARA San Juan. Lack of funding for maintenance and personnel training had been identified as a chronic problem for the submarine service. After the San Juan disaster, the submarine service no longer maintained any active vessels.

In 2019, the governments of Brazil and Argentina were working on a transfer deal of the four Tupi IKL209/1400 submarines currently operated by the Brazilian Navy. Two of the Brazilian submarines are currently non operational pending repairs, the other two are still active pending their replacement by the 4 Scorpene type submarines currently under construction. However, in the early 2000s they had been upgraded with new combat systems by Lockheed Martin Maritime Systems and Sensors. This gave the submarines the ability to carry and fire the MK 48 MOD 6AT ADCAP Torpedo. Although there are some reservations about the deal, the defense ministers and admirals of the Argentine Navy were enthusiastic about moving forward with it. The submarines were to be repaired and serviced in the Tandanor drydock facility. If the deal moves forward it would allow Argentina to restore its submarine capability which is currently defunct. As an alternative, in 2021 a Russian delegation visited the TANDANOR shipyard and other defence facilities, reportedly also making an offer to supply either the Improved Kilo-class submarine or the export variant of the Lada-class submarine to the Argentine Navy.

In July 2022, in the context of Argentina's desire to replace its submarine fleet, defence minister Jorge Taiana paid a visit to the Naval Group shipyard in Cherbourg to examine the construction process for the Scorpène-class submarine. Minister Taiana also visited Germany for a meeting with his ministerial counterpart, in order to explore the possibility of acquiring German-built submarines, either independently or in tandem with an interim acquisition of the Brazilian Navy's Tupi-class boats. However, it still remained unclear whether Argentina had either the financial resources or the political will to pursue any submarine replacement.

Maritime Patrol Aircraft Replacement

In 2019, Argentina was also pursuing the procurement of four P-3C Orion aircraft from US Navy surplus stocks since Argentina's fleet of P-3B's were no longer operational since 2019. The package deal was approved in September 2019. The US State Department has cleared the transaction of $78.03m to be carried out as part of a foreign military sale. It includes the delivery of related equipment and services. Argentina will receive four turboprop engines for the aircraft and an additional four turboprop engines. It will also receive communications and radar equipment, Infrared/Electro-optic equipment, and aviation life support systems. The US will provide spares plus repairs, aircraft depot maintenance, and logistical support. Contractors for the deal include Logistic Services International, Lockheed Martin, Rockwell Collins and Eagle Systems. These newer Orions will be up to the latest Orion standard, and provide Argentina with a much needed boost in anti-submarine and maritime surveillance missions.

However, in the aftermath of the inauguration of Alberto Fernández as president in December 2019, the deal appeared to be in limbo with the Navy now apparently considering completing the refurbishment of its older P-3B fleet pending the outcome of further discussions around the P-3C acquisition. As of early 2021, it was planned that, after upgrades, the P-3B would be returned to service starting in 2022. In December 2022, it was reported that the refurbishment of the P-3B was proceeding slower than anticipated and while a revised delivery date of the first upgraded P-3B had been projected for September 2023, that schedule might now face delays. In February 2023 it was reported that Argentina was negotiating with Norway to purchase three or four of its surplus P-3Cs. The agreement to purchase four aircraft was signed in October 2023.

Future of the Fleet

In 2020, the Argentine national government created an interministerial committee with the objective of reassuring national oceans' sovereignty. In 2020, the Ministry of Defence informed Congress of a desire to acquire a Landing Platform Dock (LPD) as well as two naval transport vessels to increase logistical capacity, including in relation to the country's claims and presence in the Antarctic. In March 2023, an agreement was signed by Defence Minister Jorge Taiana for the Tandanor and Río Santiago shipyards to develop a multipurpose landing ship for the Argentine Navy. A polar ship and floating dock were also planned. The landing ship was to begin construction in summer 2023.

Foreign overfishing is a serious concern and, in 2020, the Argentine Navy captured at least two foreign ships allegedly illegally fishing in the South Atlantic. Foreign, mostly Chinese, illegal fishing in Argentine territorial waters has been estimated to cost Argentina between USD$1 billion and $2.6 billion per year. In 2016, the Argentine Coast Guard chased and sank a Chinese fishing boat that was reported to have been fishing illegally in Argentine waters. Partially to address this, a project for the re-focus of two Espora-class corvettes on patrol duties was reportedly under development. One of the corvettes subsequently selected for conversion to the offshore patrol role was ARA Parker.

It remained to be determined how the several envisaged new-acquisition projects would be funded. For instance, the proposed submarine acquisition from Brazil would require extensive refurbishment of the vessels prior to being ready for renewed operational service with the Argentine Navy. As of the end of 2022, the mooted submarine deal with Brazil had not yet been finalised and the process of refurbishment not yet begun. In 2021, one analyst noted that over the past thirty years the Argentine navy has lost many core capabilities, including its aircraft carrier (along with most of its fixed-wing combat aviation), submarines and area air defence vessels. Most of these seemed unlikely to be reconstituted.

Structure

The Argentine navy has four main commands: High Seas Fleet, Submarine Force, Naval Aviation, and Naval Infantry (Marines).

Sea Fleet

Puerto Belgrano Naval Base (, abbreviated BNPB) is the largest naval base of the Argentine Navy, situated next to Punta Alta, near Bahía Blanca, about 700 km (435 mi) south of Buenos Aires. Most of the fleet is based there.

Submarine Force

The Submarine Force Command (, abbreviated COFS) was created when the Navy first started using submarines in 1927. The Tactical Divers Group is under the submarine force command structure. However, as of 2020 there were no operational submarines in service.

Naval Aviation

The Naval Aviation Command (, abbreviated COAN) is the naval aviation branch. Argentina is one of two South American countries to have operated two aircraft carriers. However, neither remain in service. During the Falkland's War, Argentine naval aviation employed the Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard fighter and its Exocet air-to-surface missiles being responsible for the destruction of both HMS Sheffield as well as the merchant vessel Atlantic Conveyor. Efforts to upgrade and retain the Super Etendard in service were initially reported to have been abandoned in 2023 due to a combination of U.K. sanctions impacting the ability to obtain spare parts for the Martin Baker Mk. 6 ejection seats and due France's inability to provide other spare parts for the aging aircraft. Five refurbished aircraft had been delivered from France in 2019. However, these aircraft have not been brought into service due to the spare parts problem. Subsequent to the report that that aircraft would not be brought into service, the Argentine Navy issued a statement that the process had not in fact been abandoned.

Naval Infantry

The Naval Infantry Command () is the Argentine Navy's marine branch. Naval infantry have the same rank, insignia, and titles as the rest of the Navy, and are deployed abroad on UN peacekeeping missions.

Hydrographic Service
The Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service (, abbreviated SHN) provides national hydrographics services.

Ranks

Officers
Rank insignia consists of a variable number of gold-braid stripes worn on the sleeve cuffs or on shoulder-boards. Officers may be distinguished by the characteristic loop of the top stripe (in the manner of British Royal Navy officers). Combat uniforms may include metal pin-on or embroidered collar rank insignia. Rank insignia is worn on the chest when in shipboard or flying coveralls.

Officers are commissioned in either the Command (line) Corps (those who attend the Escuela Naval Militar- Military Naval College) or the Staff Corps (Professional Officers who only attend a short course in the Naval Academy after getting a civilian degree, except for the Paymasters who instead attend the Naval College).

The Line Corps is divided into three branches: the Naval branch (including Surface Warfare, Submarine Warfare and Naval Aviation sub-branches), the Marine Corps branch, and Executive -Engineering- branch. Line Corps' reserve officers are considered Restricted Line ( Escalafon Complementario ) officers in any of the Warfare Communities (Surface, Submarine, Marines, Aviation and Propulsion), and can only raise to OF-4 rank ( Capitan de Fragata ).

All Line Corps officers wear distinctive branch/sub-branch insignia on the right breast. Some Staff Corps officers also wear specialisation badges (Aviation, Surface, Submarine and Marines). Other common insignia is the Naval War College insignia, parachute wings, etc., also worn on the right breast. Medals and Ribbons, if awarded, are worn on the left breast, just above the chest pocket. The rank insignia of Staff Corps' officers is placed over a background colour denoting the wearer's field, such as purple (Chaplains), blue (Engineers), red (Health Corps), white (Paymasters), green (Judge Advocate Officers), brown (Technical Officers, promoted from the ranks) and grey (special branch). The background colour for Command Corps officers is navy blue/black.

Enlisted ratings and Non-Commissioned Officers
Other ranks' insignia (not including Seamen) is worn on either shoulderboards or breast or sleeve patches. Seamen and Seamen Recruits wear their insignia on their sleeves. The shoulderboards denote the wearer's specialty.

Uniform

Beards
Following a global trend, Argentine armed forces have prohibited beards since the 1920s. This was reinforced in the Cold War era when they were deemed synonymous with leftist leanings. The only exception were Antarctic service within the three armed forces as a protection from cold weather, and submarine service within the Navy as a way of saving water. However, shaving was mandatory upon return to headquarters.

In 2000 the Navy broke with this tradition within the Argentine armed forces as Adm. Joaquín Stella, then Navy Chief of Staff allowed beards for officers with ranks above Teniente de Corbeta (Second Lieutenant), according to Section 18.104.22.168 of the Navy Uniform regulations (R.A-1-001). Adm. Stella gave the example himself by becoming the first bearded Argentine admiral since Adm. Sáenz Valiente in the 1920s. Non commissioned officers can wear beards from Suboficial Segundo rank, and upwards. However, beards were prohibited again in 2016, except for some specific office positions.

Equipment

See also

 Argentine Army
 Argentine Air Force
 Argentine Naval Aviation
 Argentine Army Aviation
 Argentine naval forces in the Falklands War
 List of ships of the Argentine Navy
 List of auxiliary ships of the Argentine Navy
 List of senior officers of the Argentine Navy

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading
 Guia de los buques de la Armada Argentina 2005–2006. Ignacio Amendolara Bourdette, , Editor n/a. (Spanish/English text)

External links

 Videos BravoZulu Official news programme
 Fuerzas Navales website
 Organization and equipment on Saorbats.com

Argentina

Argentine Navy


The gelada (Theropithecus gelada, ), sometimes called the bleeding-heart monkey or the gelada baboon, is a species of Old World monkey found only in the Ethiopian Highlands, living at elevations of  above sea level. It is the only living member of the genus Theropithecus, a name derived from the Greek root words for "beast-ape". Like its close relatives in genus Papio, the baboons, it is largely terrestrial, spending much of its time foraging in grasslands, with grasses comprising up to 90% of its diet.

It has buff to dark brown hair with a dark face and pale eyelids. Adult males have longer hair on their backs and a conspicuous bright red patch of skin shaped like an hourglass on their chests. Females also have a bare patch of skin but it is less pronounced, except during estrus, when it brightens and exhibits a "necklace" of fluid-filled blisters. Males average  and females average  in weight. The head-body length is  with a tail of .

The gelada has a complex multilevel social structure. Reproductive units and male units are the two basic groupings. A band comprises a mix of multiple reproductive units and male units; a community is made up of one to four bands. Within the reproductive units the females are commonly closely related. Males will move from their natal group to try to control a unit of their own and females within the unit can choose to support or oppose the new male. When more than one male is in the unit, only one can mate with the females. The gelada has a diverse repertoire of vocalizations thought to be near in complexity to that of humans.

The population of geladas is thought to have dropped from 440,000 in the 1970s to 200,000 in 2008. It is listed as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Taxonomy and evolution

Since 1979,  the gelada is customarily placed in its own genus (Theropithecus), though some genetic research suggests that this monkey should be grouped with its baboon (genus Papio) kin; other researchers have classified the species even more distantly from Papio. While Theropithecus gelada is the only living species of its genus, separate, larger species are known from the fossil record: T. brumpti, T. darti and T. oswaldi, formerly classified under genus Simopithecus. Theropithecus, while restricted at present to Ethiopia, is also known from fossil specimens found in Africa and the Mediterranean into Asia, including South Africa, Malawi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Algeria, Morocco, Spain, and India (more exactly at Mirzapur, Cueva Victoria, Pirro Nord, Ternifine, Hadar, Turkana, Makapansgat, and Swartkrans).

The two subspecies of gelada are:
 Northern gelada, T. g. gelada
 Eastern gelada, southern gelada, or Heuglin's gelada, T. g. obscurus

Common Name

The gelada has been referred to by other names, including the "gelada baboon", "bleeding-heart baboon", or simply "baboon", implying a monophyletic relationship with baboons, which historically included (apart from Theropithecus) the genera Papio (true baboons), and Mandrillus (mandrills and drills). Since the 1990s, however, molecular phylogenetic studies  clarified relationships among papionin monkeys, demonstrating that mangabeys of the genus Lophocebus are more closely related to Papio and Theropithecus, while mangabeys of the genus Cercocebus are more closely related to Mandrillus. These findings largely invalidated any scientifically based justification for referring to mandrills and drills as baboons, as doing so while excluding the unbaboon-like Lophocebus mangabeys would create a polyphyletic group. The status of geladas was less clear and the relationships among Papio, Lophocebus, and Theropithecus continue to reflect high levels of uncertainty, which are further complicated by the discovery of the kipunji. Nevertheless, the most recent and extensive phylogenetic study to date demonstrates that, while large fractions of the genome show an alternative history, the dominant relationship across the genome supports a closer relationship between Papio and Lophocebus, with Theropithecus as the outgroup. As a close sister relationship between Papio and Theropithecus is the least-supported scenario in recent studies, i "gelada baboon" and other names implying a close relationship with baboons, with increasing clarity, are not scientifically justified, leading researchers to advocate for the common name to be simply "gelada".

Description

The gelada is large and robust, and it is covered with buff to dark-brown, coarse hair and has a dark face with pale eyelids. Its arms and feet are nearly black. Its short tail ends in a tuft of hair. Adult males have a long, heavy cape of hair on their backs. The gelada has a hairless face with a short muzzle that looks more similar to a chimpanzee's than a baboon's. It can also be physically distinguished from a baboon by the bright patch of skin on its chest. This patch is hourglass-shaped. On males, it is bright red and surrounded by white hair; on females, it is far less pronounced, but when in estrus, the female's patch brightens, and a "necklace" of fluid-filled blisters forms on the patch. This is thought to be analogous to the swollen buttocks common to most baboons experiencing estrus. In addition, females have knobs of skin around their patches. Geladas also have well developed ischial callosities. Sexual dimorphism is seen in this species; males average 18.5 kg (40.8 lb), while females are smaller, averaging 11 kg (24.3 lb). The head and body length of this species is 50–75 cm (19.7–29.5 in) for both sexes. Tail length is 30–50 cm (11.8–19.7 in).

The gelada has several adaptations for its terrestrial and graminivorous (grass-eating) lifestyle. It has small, sturdy fingers adapted for pulling grass and narrow, small incisors adapted for chewing it. The gelada has a unique gait, known as the shuffle gait, that it uses when feeding. It squats bipedally and moves by sliding its feet without changing its posture. Because of this gait, the gelada's rump is hidden beneath, so is unavailable for display; its bright red chest patch is visible, though.

Range and ecology

Geladas are found only in the high grasslands of the deep gorges of the central Ethiopian plateau. They live in elevations  above sea level, using the cliffs for sleeping and montane grasslands for foraging. These grasslands have widely spaced trees and also contain bushes and dense thickets. The highland areas where they live tend to be cooler and less arid than lowland areas. Thus, the geladas usually do not experience the negative effects that the dry season has on food availability. Nevertheless, in some areas, they do experience frost in the dry season, as well as hailstorms in the wet season.

Geladas are the only primates that are primarily graminivores and grazers – grass blades make up to 90% of their diet. They eat both the blades and the seeds of grasses. When both blades and seeds are available, geladas prefer the seeds. They eat flowers, rhizomes, and roots when available, using their hands to dig for the latter two. They consume herbs, small plants, fruits, creepers, bushes, and thistles. Insects can be eaten, but only rarely and only if they can easily be obtained. During the dry season, herbs are preferred over grasses. Geladas consume their food more like ungulates than primates, and they can chew their food as effectively as zebra.

Geladas are primarily diurnal. At night, they sleep on the ledges of cliffs. At sunrise, they leave the cliffs and travel to the tops of the plateaus to feed and socialize. When morning ends, social activities tend to wane and the geladas primarily focus on foraging. They travel during this time, as well. When evening arrives, they exhibit more social activities before descending to the cliffs to sleep. Predators observed to hunt geladas include domestic dogs, leopards, servals, hyenas, and lammergeiers.

Behavior

Social structure

Geladas live in a complex, multilevel society similar to that of the hamadryas baboon. The smallest and most basic groups are the reproductive units, which include up to 12 females, their young, and one to four males, and the all-male units, which are made up of 2-15 males. The next level of gelada societies are the bands, which are made up of two to 27 reproductive units and several all-male units. Herds consist of up to 60 reproductive units that are sometimes from different bands and last for short times. Communities are made of one to four bands whose home ranges overlap extensively. A gelada typically lives around 15 years.

Within the reproductive units, the females tend to be closely related and have strong social bonds. Reproductive units split if they become too large. While females have strong social bonds in the group, a female only interacts with at most three other members of her unit. Grooming and other social interactions among females usually occur between pairs. Females in a reproductive unit exist in a hierarchy, with higher-ranking females having more reproductive success and more offspring than lower-ranking females. Closely related females tend to have a similar hierarchical status. Females generally stay in their natal units for life; cases of females leaving are rare. Aggression within a reproduction unit, which is rare, is usually just between the females. Aggression is more frequent between members of different reproductive units and is usually started by females, but males and females from both sides can join and engage if the conflict escalates.

Males can remain in a reproductive unit for four to five years. While geladas have traditionally been considered to have a male-transfer society, many males appear to be likely to return and breed in their natal bands. Nevertheless, gelada males leave their natal units and try to take over a unit of their own. A male can take over a reproductive unit either through direct aggression and fighting or by joining one as a subordinate and taking some females with him to create a new unit. When more than one male is in a unit, only one of them can mate with the females. The females in the group together can have power over the dominant male. When a new male tries to take over a unit and overthrow the resident male, the females can choose to support or oppose him. The male maintains his relationship with the females by grooming them rather than forcing his dominance, in contrast to the society of the hamadryas baboon. Females accept a male into the unit by presenting themselves to him. Not all the females may interact with the male. Usually, one may be his main partner. The male may sometimes be monopolized by this female. The male may try to interact with the other females, but they are usually unresponsive.

Most all-male units consist of several subadults and one young adult, led by one male. A member of an all-male unit may spend two to four years in the group before attempting to join a reproductive unit. All-male groups are generally aggressive towards both reproductive units and other all-male units. As in reproductive units, aggression within all-male units is rare. As bands, reproductive units exist in a common home range. Within the band, members are closely related and between the units there is no social hierarchy. Bands usually break apart every eight to nine years as a new band forms in a new home range.

Researchers from the University of the Free State  in South Africa, while observing gelada during field studies, discovered that the monkeys were capable of "cheating" on their partners and covering up their infidelity. A nondominant male mates surreptitiously with a female, with both suppressing their normal mating cries so as not to be overheard. If discovered, the dominant male attacks the miscreants in a clear form of punishment. It is the first time that evidence of the knowledge of cheating and fear of discovery have been recorded among animals in the wild. Dr. Aliza le Roux of the university's Department of Zoology and Entomology believes that dishonesty and punishment are not uniquely human traits, and that the observed evidence of this behaviour among gelada monkeys suggests that the roots of the human system of deceit, crime, and punishment lie very deep, indeed.

Mixed-species association was observed between solitary Ethiopian wolves and geladas. According to the study's findings, gelada monkeys typically do not move on encountering Ethiopian wolves, even when they were in the middle of the herd; 68% of encounters resulted in no movement and only 11% resulted in a movement greater than . In stark contrast, the geladas always fled great distances to the cliffs for safety whenever they encountered aggressive domestic dogs.

Reproduction and parenting

When in estrus, the female points her posterior towards a male and raises it, moving her tail to one side. The male then approaches the female and inspects her chest and genital areas. A female will copulate up to five times per day, usually around midday. Breeding and reproduction can occur at any time of the year, although some areas have birth peaks.

Most births occur at night. Newborn infants have red faces and closed eyes, and they are covered in black hair. On average, newborn infants weigh .

If a new male assumes mastery of a harem, females impregnated by the previous leader have an 80% likelihood of aborting, in a phenomenon known as the Bruce effect. Females come into estrus quickly after giving birth, so males have little incentive for practising infanticide, although it does occur in some communities in the Arsi region of Ethiopia, which may be an incentive for females to abort and avoid investing caring for an infant that will most likely be killed.

Infanticide in geladas remains fairly uncommon, though, compared to many primates that live in one-male units such as gorillas or gray langurs. The females that cancel their pregnancy are thought to bond with the new leader faster. When a male loses his position as dominant harem master, the females and new leader may allow him to remain in the social unit as a nonbreeding resident to act as a babysitter. This way, the ex-leader can protect any infants he had fathered from being killed by the new leader, the females can protect the infants fathered by him, and when the new leader faces a potential rival, the ex-leader will be more inclined to help support him in keeping rivals at bay.

Mortality among infants occurs at its highest in the wet season, but on average, over 85% of infants survive to their fourth birthday, one of the great advantages of living in an environment with a food source few other animals can exploit, so is unable to sustain many large predators.

Females that have just given birth stay on the periphery of the reproductive unit. Other adult females may take an interest in the infants and even kidnap them. An infant is carried on its mother's belly for the first five weeks, and thereafter on her back. Infants can move independently at around five months old. A subordinate male in a reproductive unit may help care for an infant when it is six months old.

When herds form, juveniles and infants may gather into play groups of around 10 individuals. When males reach puberty, they gather into unstable groups independent of the reproductive units. Females sexually mature at around three years, but do not give birth for another year. Males reach puberty at about four to five years, but they are usually unable to reproduce because of social constraints and wait until they are about eight to ten years old. Average lifespan in the wild is 15 years.

Communication
Adult geladas use a diverse repertoire of vocalizations for various purposes, such as: contact, reassurance, appeasement, solicitation, ambivalence, aggression, and defense. The level of complexity of these vocalizations is thought to be near that of humans. They sit around and chatter at each other, signifying to those around that they matter, in a way, to the individual "speaking". To some extent, calls are related to the status of an individual. In addition, females have calls signaling their estrus. Geladas communicate through gestures, as well. They display threats by flipping their upper lips back on their nostrils to display their teeth and gums, and by pulling back their scalps to display the pale eyelids. A gelada submits by fleeing or presenting itself.

Conservation status and human interactions
The gelada is considered a crop pest by farmers near Simien National Park. In 2005, they caused an average of  of crop damage per animal. The geladas had a distinct preference for barley.

In 2008, the IUCN assessed the gelada as least concern, although their population had reduced from an estimated 440,000 in the 1970s to around 200,000 in 2008. It is listed in Appendix II of CITES. Major threats to the gelada are a reduction of their range as a result of agricultural expansion and shooting as crop pests. Previously, these monkeys were trapped for use as laboratory animals or hunted to obtain their capes to make items of clothing. As of 2008, proposals have been made for a new Blue Nile Gorges National Park and Indeltu (Shebelle) Gorges Reserve to protect larger numbers.

References

External links

 ARKive - Images of the gelada (Theropithecus gelada)
 Primate Info Net Theropithecus gelada Factsheet

Papionini
Primates of Africa
Mammals of Ethiopia
Endemic fauna of Ethiopia
Simien Mountains
Fauna of the Horn of Africa
Mammals described in 1835
Taxa named by Eduard Rüppell

Gelada


Kl. 13.03 - Frank Boysen er en dansk kortfilm fra 2007, der er instrueret af Søren Grinderslev Hansen.

Handling
Forsikringsmanden Frank Boysen får et opkald kl. 00. En dame fra helvede fortæller ham, at han skal dø kl.13.03. Frank Vågner næste morgen i troen på, at det hele var en drøm, men opdager efterhånden at opringningen var ægte. Frank prøver at ændre sin skæbne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2007

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Kl. 13.03 - Frank Boysen


O segundo turno da eleição presidencial na Turquia ocorreu em 28 de maio de 2023. O presidente turco é o chefe de Estado e de governo. Foi a primeira vez que os eleitores votaram para presidente e parlamento no mesmo dia.

O Conselho Superior Eleitoral (YSK) deferiu as candidaturas do presidente Recep Tayyip Erdoğan e dos deputados Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, Sinan Oğan e Muharrem İnce. Como nenhum candidato presidencial recebeu mais da metade dos votos válidos na primeira votação, ocorrida em 14 de maio, um segundo turno entre Erdoğan e Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu foi realizado, resultando na reeleição de Erdoğan.

Contexto
As eleições gerais turcas anteriores aconteceram em 24 de junho de 2018 e marcaram a transição do país do sistema parlamentarista para o presidencialismo. A mudança havia sido aprovada por estreita margem no referendo de 2017. A eleição resultou na vitória do presidente incumbente Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, que ocupava o cargo desde 2014. Apesar disso, o partido governista, o Partido da Justiça e Desenvolvimento (AKP) perdeu sua maioria absoluta na Grande Assembleia Nacional pela primeira vez desde 2015, forçando Erdoğan a se apoiar no Partido de Ação Nacionalista (MHP) para aprovar suas propostas legislativas.

Desde 2020, houve rumores de que uma eleição antecipada poderia ser convocada. Em janeiro de 2023, o AKP mencionou que as eleições poderiam ocorrer em 16 ou 30 de abril ou mesmo em 14 de maio. No mesmo mês, Erdoğan assinalou como possível data o dia 14 de maio de 2023, uma referência simbólica à vitória do primeiro-ministro Adnan Menderes nas eleições legislativas de 14 de maio de 1950, quando derrotou o partido governista CHP. Em fevereiro, os sismos que atingiram o país geraram discussões sobre a viabilidade de tal data. No entanto, em 10 de março, Erdoğan assinou um decreto que confirmou o primeiro turno para 14 de maio e o segundo, havendo, para 28 de maio.

No período pré-campanha, as pesquisas de opinião indicaram um declínio no apoio a Erdoğan, no contexto da crise econômica em curso. Em julho de 2022, um levantamento do Metro registrou a aprovação do presidente em 41,5% e a desaprovação em 53,7%. Em outubro, a inflação anual atingiu 85,5%, o maior nível em 25 anos, mas desacelerou para 57,7% em fevereiro de 2023. Em março de 2023, a fraturada oposição turca se uniu para designar um único candidato à presidência, sendo escolhido o deputado Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu.

Sistema eleitoral
O presidente da Turquia é eleito pelo voto popular direto. Para vencer no primeiro turno, um candidato necessita receber 50%+1 dos votos. Caso este patamar não seja atingido, um segundo turno entre os dois candidatos mais votados é realizado. A primeira eleição direta para a presidência turca ocorreu em 2014, após um referendo em 2007 abolir o sistema anterior, no qual o presidente era eleito pela Grande Assembleia Nacional. O mandato é de cinco anos, havendo o limite de dois mandatos consecutivos.

Os candidatos à presidência devem ter pelo menos 40 anos de idade e ter concluído o ensino superior. Qualquer partido político que tenha obtido 5% dos votos nas eleições parlamentares anteriores pode apresentar um candidato, embora os partidos que não atingiram este limite possam formar alianças e apresentar candidatos conjuntos desde que juntos tenham angariado 5% dos votos. Os independentes podem concorrer se coletarem 100.000 assinaturas do eleitorado.

Candidatos
Em 31 de março de 2023, o Conselho Superior Eleitoral (YSK) anunciou a lista de candidatos elegíveis para a eleição presidencial. No dia seguinte, o órgão divulgou o número eleitoral atribuído a cada candidato: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 1; Muharrem İnce, 2; Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, 3; e Sinan Oğan, 4. A seguir, a relação dos postulantes à presidência turca:

Elegibilidade de Erdoğan
Antes de 2018, os presidentes serviram como chefes de Estado em um sistema parlamentar. Após o referendo constitucional de 2017, os poderes presidenciais aumentaram e passou a também desempenhar as funções de chefe de governo. Neste contexto, alguns juristas e políticos da oposição afirmaram que Erdoğan era inelegível para disputar a presidência em 2023, visto ter sido eleito nas duas eleições anteriores. Por outro lado, outros juristas argumentaram que, considerando que o presidencialismo foi introduzido em 2018 e um novo cargo foi criado, à exceção do nome, o pleito de 2018 marcou o primeiro mandato de Erdoğan. A partir de janeiro de 2023, a oposição lançou protestos contra a elegibilidade do presidente. Em março, os principais partidos oposicionistas interpuseram um recurso pedindo a anulação da candidatura de Erdoğan perante o Conselho Superior Eleitoral (YSK), mas o órgão rejeitou os argumentos e manteve o deferimento da candidatura. O YSK julgou que o primeiro mandato de Erdoğan teve início em 2018.

Campanha

Pesquisas de opinião

Primeiro turno

Segundo turno

Resultados

Como nenhum candidato recebeu a maioria dos votos válidos, um segundo turno entre os dois mais votados, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan e Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, foi agendado para 28 de maio. Foi a primeira vez que a Turquia realizarou um segundo turno. Erdoğan foi reeleito com aproximadamente 52% dos votos válidos.

2023
Turquia
Turquia
Eleição
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Eleição presidencial na Turquia em 2023


An Hypolytrum jenmanii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Hypolytrum jenmanii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hypolytrum, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 H. j. jenmanii
 H. j. serratifolium

Mga kasarigan

Hypolytrum

Hypolytrum jenmanii


Champeix ist eine französische Gemeinde des Départements Puy-de-Dôme in der Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Administrativ ist sie dem Arrondissement Issoire im Kanton Le Sancy.

Geografie
Der traditionelle Handelsort in der Auvergne mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) liegt an den mit Weinreben bepflanzten Hängen des Tales der Couze Chambon an der Weggabelung, bei der die beiden Straßen von Issoire (11 Kilometer) und Clermont-Ferrand (21 Kilometer) in die Bergstraße in Richtung des Monts-Dore-Massives einmünden.

Da sich die Ortschaft in einem engen, von Hügeln eingeschlossenen Tal befindet, kann sie sich kaum noch ausbreiten.

Geschichte
Toponyme des Ortes im Mittelalter waren: Champeils (1214) und Champelhs (1373).

Wappen
Blasonierung: Auf Rot ein kleiner, silberner, schwarz gemauerter Turm eingeschlossen in einem "C" derselben Farbe; das Ganze gekrönt von einer güldenen Krone.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Die romanische Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche (Église Sainte-Croix), die das Dorfbild dominiert, dient heute der Gemeinde als Pfarrkirche. Früher war sie die Klosterkirche der Kamaldulenser. Der Bau ist seit 1926 ein französisches Kulturdenkmal.
 Die Burg  Château du Marchidial war im 12. Jahrhundert die zweite Residenz des Dauphin der Auvergne. Der Donjon wurde 1633, wie so viele in der Region, auf Geheiß Richelieus geschleift. Ab dem Jahre 1988 wurde sie von einem örtlichen Verein restauriert. Der dazugehörige Garten hat sich als Touristenattraktion entwickelt. Die Burganlage ist seit 2006 ein französisches Kulturdenkmal.
 Die Burgkapelle Église Saint-Jean du Marchidial stammt aus dem 12. Jahrhundert. Das Innere ist mit Fresken aus dem 13. und 17. Jahrhundert dekoriert, welche 1993 restauriert wurden. Die Kapelle und das dazugehörige Pfarrhaus sind seit 2006 ein französisches Kulturdenkmal.
 Teile der Stadtbefestigung
 An der Route de Plauzat steht eine weitere Kapelle, die aus dem 19. Jahrhundert stammt.
 Am Dorfeingang steht der Menhir Pierre Fichade, der seit 1889 ein französisches Kulturdenkmal ist.

Söhne der Gemeinde
 Antoine-Grimald Monnet (1734–1817), Geologe und Generalinspekteur des Bergbaus
 Charles Mannay (1745–1824), katholischer Theologe, Kleriker, und Bischof von Trier

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Ersterwähnung 1214

Champeix


Miloš Forman (doğum adıyla Jan Tomáš Forman) (d. 18 Şubat 1932, Čáslav - ö. 13 Nisan 2018), Çekoslovak göçmeni Amerikalı film yönetmeni, senarist, oyuncu ve akademisyen.

1975'te çektiği Guguk Kuşu (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest) ve 1984'te yönettiği Amadeus filmleri ona En İyi Yönetmen Akademi Ödülü'nü getirdi, Skandalın Adı Larry Flynt (The People vs. Larry Flynt) filmiyle de bu ödüle aday gösterildi.

1951-1956 yılları arasında Prag'daki Müzik ve Dramatik Sanatlar Akademisi ile Film Akademisinde (FAMU) eğitim gördü. 1960'lı yılların başındaki Çekoslovak sineması bağlamında, Milos Forman'ın ilk filmleri olan Černý Petr (Maça Ası) ve Konkurs bir devrim olarak nitelendi. Bu filmlerde Çek yazarlarının ve geç yeni gerçekçilik akımının, özellikle Ermanno Olmi'nin etkileri oldukça belirgindi. Forman bu ilk filmlerinde sosyalist sanat kavramının ifadeleri olarak benimsendi. Mevcut şartlar Forman'ı Çek Yeni Dalgası'nın tartışmasız yıldızı haline getirdi. Üslubu, oyuncu-dışı foyunculerin duyarlı kullanımı; canlandırma, doğal seslendirme ve yarı doğaçlama diyaloglar ile Çek folk-rock'ı ve genel anlamda müziğe yönelik şaşmaz bir kulak şeklinde karakterize edilebilir. Bütün bu temel özellikler Bir Sarışının Aşkları ile Koşun İtfaiyeciler adlı filmlerinde daha da belirgindir. 1968 sonrasında Koşun İtfaiyeciler yasaklanmış ve Forman Batı'da kalmaya karar vermişti. Burada, kendi özgün fikrinden kaynaklanarak yaptığı tek Amerikan filminin senaryosu üzerinde çalışmaktaydı; diğerleri edebiyat uyarlamasıdır. Amerika öncesi Forman'ın izleri, en başarılı filmi olan ve Ken Casey'in öyküsünü kökten değiştirerek kendi objektif ve komik vizyonuna getirdiği Guguk Kuşu filminde kolaylıkla gözlemlenebilir. Bu film 1975 yılında Oscar kazandı. Aynı yıl Forman, Amerikan vatandaşlığına geçti.

Forman sinisizimle suçlanmıştır; ancak Forman'ın vizyonu Bohumil Hrabal, Hasek veya Skvorecki gibi Çek edebiyatının siniklerinin ideoloji karşıtı, realist ve Hümanist geleneğinden gelmektedir. Forman'ın yönetiminin etkisi bazı Kuzey Amerika filmlerinde bile hissedilebilir; ancak kalıcı önemi, yaptığı üç Çek filminden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu filmlere, Amerika'yı Amerikalılara duyarlı bir yabancının gözlerinden göstermek amaçlı cesur bir çaba olan Taking Off adlı filmi de eklenmelidir.

Forman, çalışmalarını en çok satan kitap ve oyunların uyarlamaları yönünde sürdürmüştür.

Kişisel Yaşamı
Forman, bir yaz oteli işleten Anna Švábová Forman'ın oğlu olarak Çekoslovakya'daki (şimdi Çek Cumhuriyeti) Čáslav'da doğdu. Gençken biyolojik babasının profesör Rudolf Forman olduğuna inanıyordu. Nazi işgali sırasında Rudolf Forman yasaklı kitapları dağıttığı için tutuklandı ve 1944'te Mittelbau-Dora toplama kampında Gestapo tarafından sorgulanırken öldü.  Forman'ın annesi bir önceki yıl Auschwitz'de öldü. Forman, 16 yaşındayken toplama kamplarının görüntülerini görene kadar kendilerine ne olduğunu tam olarak anlamadığını söyledi.

Forman daha sonra iki amca ve aile arkadaşları tarafından yetiştirildi. Ağabeyi Pavel bir ressam idi ve 1968 Çekoslovakya'nın işgalinden sonra Avustralya'ya göç etti. Forman daha sonra biyolojik babasının aslında Holokost'tan kurtulan Yahudi mimar Otto Kohn olduğunu [ve Forman'ın matematikçi Joseph J.Kohn'un üvey kardeşi olduğunu keşfetti.

Forman gençliğinde tiyatro yapımcısı olmak istedi. Savaştan sonra Poděbrady'deki King George yatılı okuluna gitti, burada arkadaşları Václav Havel, Mašín kardeşler ve gelecekteki film yapımcıları Ivan Passer ve Jerzy Skolimowski'yle tanıştı. Daha sonra Prag'daki Sahne Sanatları Akademisi'nde senaryo yazarlığı okudu. Laterna Magika'nın yaratıcısı Alfréd Radok'un asistanıydı. Film yapımcısı ve arkadaşı Passer ile birlikte, 1968 yazında Varşova Paktı'nın Çekoslovakya işgali sırasında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri için Avrupa'dan ayrıldı.

Forman'ın ilk karısı Çek film yıldızı Jana Brejchová idi. Štěňata (1957) filmi sırasında tanıştılar. 1962'de boşandılar. Forman'ın ikinci eşi Çek aktris Věra Křesadlová ile ikiz oğulları vardı. 1969'da ayrıldılar. Oğulları Petr ve Matěj (1964 doğumlu) ikisi de tiyatroya katıldılar. Forman, 28 Kasım 1999'da Martina Zbořilová ile evlendi.

Forman, Columbia Üniversitesi'nde film profesörü olarak görev yaptı. 1996'da asteroit 11333 Forman'ın adını aldı.1994'te şiirler yazdı ve otobiyografi Turnaround'u yayınladı. Kısa bir hastalıktan sonra 13 Nisan 2018 Cuma günü Warren, Connecticut'taki evinin yakınındaki Danbury Hastanesinde 86 yaşında öldü.

Kaynakça
 Miloš Forman - Avrupa Filmleri Festivali
 Yeres, Artun (derleyen) (2004). "Göstermenin Sorumluluğu". İstanbul: Donkişot Yayınları. s. 157. ISBN 975-6511-25-7

Filmleri
 Maça Ası (Černý Petr, 1963)
 Bir Sarışının Aşkları (Lásky jedné plavovlásky, 1966)
 Koşun İtfaiyeciler (Hoří, má panenko, 1968)
 Taking Off (1971)
 Guguk Kuşu (1974)
 Hair (1979)
 Ragtime (1981)
 Amadeus (1984)
 Valmont (1989)
 The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996)
 Man on the Moon (1999)
 Goya's Ghosts

Dış bağlantılar

1932 doğumlular
Čáslav doğumlular
2018 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı erkek oyuncular
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı erkek oyuncular
Çekoslovak film yönetmenleri
Çek film yönetmenleri
Amerikalı film yönetmenleri
Amerikalı senaristler
Amerikalı erkek sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı film yapımcıları
Çekya Yahudisi asıllı Amerikalılar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Çekoslovak göçmenler
Prag Sahne Sanatları Akademisinde öğrenim görenler
Columbia Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
En İyi Yönetmen Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
Gümüş Ayı Ödülü sahibi film yönetmenleri
Akira Kurosava Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen Los Angeles Sinema Eleştirmenleri Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
BAFTA En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
Légion d'honneur şövalyeleri
David di Donatello Ödülü sahipleri
Directors Guild of America Ödülü sahipleri
Avrupa Film Ödülü sahipleri
Liyakat Madalyası (Çekya) sahipleri
Kohen
Amerikalı erkek senaristler

Miloš Forman


Porte de Champerret () is a station on Paris Métro Line 3.

Location
The station is located under Boulevard Berthier between Rue de Courcelles and Avenue de Villiers. Oriented along a northeast–southwest axis, it is situated between the Louise Michel and Pereire stations and is extended by an old terminal loop.

History
The station is named after the Porte de Champerret, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers Wall of Paris on the way to the hamlet of Champerret, which was merged with the commune of Levallois-Perret in 1867. The station was opened on 15 February 1911, when the line was extended from Pereire and was the western terminus of the line until its extension to Pont de Levallois – Bécon on 24 September 1937. It then became a transit station with the commissioning of the extension to the current terminus at Pont de Levallois - Bécon. The turning loop, under which the new tunnel passes, is now used as a depot.

As part of the RATP's Renouveau du métro program, the station's corridors were renovated on 21 September 2002.

In 2018, 3,431,010 travelers entered this station, which placed it at the 158th position of the metro stations for its frequency.

Passenger

Access
The station has three entrances divided into four metro outlets, each embellished with a Dervaux type balustrade:
 access 1 - "Place Stuart-Merrill" comprising two fixed staircases indicated by the same mast with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle, emerging at the eastern corner of this place near the Square Jérôme-Bellat;
 access 2 "Avenue Stéphane-Mallarmé - Espace Champerret", consisting of a fixed staircase lined and an ascending escalator, located in the heart of Place Stuart-Merrill, occupied by a dedicated bus station;
 access 3 - "Avenue de Villiers", consisting of a fixed staircase decorated with a Dervaux candelabra, located at the right of no. 141 of this avenue.

Station layout

Platforms
Porte de Champerret is a station with a particular configuration. Because of its status as a former terminus, it has four tracks, distributed in two identical half-stations (one per direction) with two tracks framing an island platform under an elliptical vault, layout which it shares with Château de Vincennes on line 1 and Porte de la Villette on line 7. The tracks framing the axial pedestal are used by ordinary traffic on the line, the other two being dedicated to a depot for trains and giving access only to the old terminal loop westbound.

The decoration is classic with bevelled white ceramic tiles covering the walls, the vault, and the tunnel exits, while the lighting is provided by tubes and spotlights. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is inscribed on enameleld plates, in capital letters on the side walls and in Parisine font on the platforms as well as the central wall. The seats are yellow motte style.

Bus connections
The bus station near the station is the terminus of several bus lines. The station is served by lines 84, 92, 93, PC, 163, 164 and 165 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N16 and N52 of Noctilien bus service.

Nearby
 Espace Champerret
 Square Jérôme-Bellat
 Église Sainte-Odile
 Square Sainte-Odile

Gallery

References

Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro stations in the 17th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1911

Porte de Champerret station


Gönnebek er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Bornhöved i den nordlige del af Kreis Segeberg. Kreis Segeberg ligger i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Gönnebek ligger omkring 15 km øst for Neumünster. Mod øst går motorvejen A21 fra Bad Segeberg mod Kiel og mod nord går Bundesstraße B430 fra Neumünster mod Plön. Nærmeste banegård er i Rickling.

Ved Gönnebek ligger floden Schwales kilder. I kommunen ligger en gravhøj fra bronzealderen der blev udgravet i 1884 og regnes for et af de vigtigste fundsteder i Schleswig-Holstein.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtet websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Segeberg

Gönnebek


Čestaljevo je naseljeno mjesto u općini Konjic, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

Popisi 1961. – 1991.
Do 1995. naselje je bilo u sastavu općine Kalinovika.

Izvori

Naselja u Hercegovačko-neretvanskoj županiji
Konjic

Čestaljevo (Konjic, BiH)


كفرتاي هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء المتن في محافظة جبل لبنان.

وصلات خارجيّة

 موقع كفرتيه على الإنترنيت

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء المتن
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
مدن لبنان

كفرتاي


Red Cliff or Red Cliffs may refer to:

Places
 Red Cliffs, Victoria, Australia
 Chibi, Hubei, China
 Red Cliff, Greenland, Robert Peary's base during his Second Greenland Expedition
 Red Cliff, East Riding of Yorkshire, UK, a boulder clay cliff and  archaeological site
 Red Cliff, Colorado, US
 Red Cliff Bridge
 Red Cliff, Wisconsin, US

Other
 Battle of Red Cliffs (208–209 AD), a battle near modern Chibi City, China
 Red Cliff (Peking opera), an opera based on the Battle of Red Cliffs
 Red Cliff (film), a 2008 Chinese film based on the Battle of Red Cliffs
 Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, a band of Ojibwe Indians in Wisconsin
 Xin Zhan: Red Cliff, a 2008 EP by Tibetan-Chinese singer Alan Dawa Dolma

See also
 Redcliff (disambiguation)
 Redcliffe (disambiguation)
 Rotes Kliff ("Red Cliff")

Red Cliff


Özgür Düşünce ve Eğitim Hakları Derneği, kısaca Özgür-Der, 28 Şubat sürecinde gerçekleşen tasfiyelere karşı kuruldu. 1999 yılından bu yana İstanbul merkezli olarak, insan hakları ve özgürlükler alanında faaliyet göstermekte olan Özgür-Der, aynı adla anılan siyasal-toplumsal bir İslami harekettir. Özgür Der, başörtüsü yasağının yanı sıra F Tipi, işçi hakları vb. konular üzerine düzenlenen eylemliliklere katıldı, kampanyalar organize etti.

Siyasal çalışmalar
Özgür-Der insan hakları alanındaki çalışmalarının yanında; baskı ve yasaklara karşı toplumsal muhalefetin üretilmesi, muhalif çabaların birbirleri ile irtibat ve diyalog kurmaları, toplumsal bir dönüşümün öncülüğünün yapılması amaçları ile siyasal, kültürel, akademik çalışmalar sürdürmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Özgür-Der

Ayrıca bakınız
 Haksöz
 Hamza Türkmen
 Rıdvan Kaya

İslami hareketler
1999'da kurulan dernekler ve vakıflar
İstanbul merkezli dernekler

Özgür Düşünce ve Eğitim Hakları Derneği


Det 11. Besøg er en dansk kortfilm fra 1997, der er instrueret af Mark Julius Nielsen efter manuskript af Mads Tobias Olsen.

Handling
En kort historie om en dag i en miljø-kriminels liv efter at staten har overtaget rollen som miljøets og moralens vogter.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1997

Det 11. Besøg


Sunnudagur selstúlkunnar er norskur söngur. Söngurinn heitir á frummálinu Sætergjentens Søndag  og höfundur norska textans er  Jørgen Moe. Ljóðið fyrst gefið út á norsku árið  1850. Höfundur lagsins er fiðluleikarinn Ole Bull. Steingrímur Thorsteinsson þýddi ljóðið svona á íslensku árið 1905:

Sunnudagur selstúlkunnar

Á dagsólar horfi ég hækkandi skeið,

að hámessu fer nú að líða:

Með kirkjufólkshópnum mér ljúf væri leið,

mig langar svo ákaft til tíða.

Þá sól yflr kamb-skarðið beint þarna ber,

Það boðar mér fjalls upp í salinn,

Í kirkjunni samhringt að klukkunum er,

Svo kveður við hljómur um dalinn.

Hér hvarfla ég einmana á hamranna braut,

Og heyri' aðeins bjöllurnar klingja;

Þær sæturnar neðra með sylgjur og skaut,

sig sýna þar klukkurnar hringja;

Og svo kemur Oddur minn þá einnig þar,

hann þeysir á Jarp yfir móinn,

Og fer þá af baki svo fimur og snar

og forsælis bindur hann jóinn.

Hann hjalar og blístrar við blakkinn sinn,

með blíðlæti' og ögn við dvelur,

Og frjálslega djarfur svo fer hann inn,

og framarla sæti sér velur.

Hann beygir sig niður og bæna sig fer

og brátt lyftir augum sem þýðast,

En hvert hann þein rennir — það minst leynist mér,

ég man, hvar hann unir þeim tíðast.

Það ekkert hér gagnar að opna kver

Og uppkirja sálm á heiði.

Svo hátt er til loftsins og hljóðið þver,

Í hálendis tóm og eyði.

Ó, sælt væri' í dag að sameina raust,

við sjafnans og annara hreima,

Það vildi' ég að komið væri nú haust

og væri ég aftur þar heima!

Tilvísanir

Sunnudagur selstúlkunnar


Filip 6. kan henvise til flere regenter med dette navn:

 Filip 6. af Frankrig (1293-1350)
 Felipe 6. af Spanien (født 1968)

Filip 6.


El Sony Ericsson Xperia Play es un teléfono inteligente de gama alta perteneciente a la marca Sony Ericsson de la serie Xperia. Este es el primer teléfono celular en contar con la Certificación de PlayStation y funciona bajo el sistema operativo Android 2.3 Gingerbread.

Este móvil fue anunciado en el Super Bowl el 6 de febrero del 2011. El 13 de febrero de 2011, en el Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2011, se confirmó que saldría a la venta en el mes de marzo del mismo año.

En Estados Unidos, el Xperia Play se comenzó a vender en Verizon y en AT&T. En México, estaba disponible por la telefonía móvil Telcel. En el Reino Unido, empresas como O₂, Vodafone, Orange, T-Mobile y Three confirmaron la venta de este artículo. En Canadá, el servicio es exclusivamente por Rogers Wireless.

Historia
Su fecha de lanzamiento fue el 1 de abril del 2011 en el Reino Unido y en España, el 26 de mayo en Estados Unidos, el 28 de abril en Canadá, en Indonesia el 29 de julio y el 18 de septiembre salió con la red 4G en AT&T.

Características
El dispositivo es totalmente diferente al Xperia X10 debido a que se puede deslizar, siendo el único móvil en el mundo que posee una bandeja de teclas dedicadas exclusivamente a videojuegos esto es lo que lo hace único en su gama y lo que marca una gran diferencia con los demás teléfonos inteligentes del mercado, esto es debido a que la experiencia de juego es más realista y entretenida, teniendo un gran parecido a un PlayStation Portable Go en pocas palabras te ofrece lo mejor de ambos mundos ya sea como un teléfono inteligente o como una consola portable. Las características de este teléfono móvil son las siguientes:

 El deslizador cuenta con D-pad en la parte izquierda del aparato, y también contiene los botones de un control de PlayStation (, ,  y ) en el lado derecho, un touchpad rectangular en el medio, los botones "Start" y "Select" en la esquina derecha, un botón de opciones en la esquina izquierda, y los botones L1 y R1 en la parte de atrás del teléfono.
 En la parte de delante del Teléfono inteligente, tiene una pantalla táctil, y abajo contiene cuatro botones, (Atrás, Opciones, Inicio y Búsqueda).
 CPU 1 GHz Scorpion ARMv7
 Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8x55 chipset
 Adreno 205 GPU 245 MHz
 Pantalla de 4 pulgadas con una resolución de 480x854 píxeles y 16.777.216 colores.
 Cámara de 5.1MP con flash led.
 Cámara Frontal VGA
 Memoria RAM de 512MB.
 Memoria interna de 400MB (expandible hasta 32GB por medio de microSD).
 Salida de audio Jack (conector) 3.5 mm.
 Sistema Operativo Android 2.3 Gingerbread con actualización a Android 4.0

Software

PlayStation Suite
Este teléfono móvil cuenta con los gráficos parecidos a los de PlayStation Portable y los juegos se podrán descargar por medio de PlayStation Suite. La interfaz de XrossMediaBar fue renovada por la de un PlayStation Portable. También se pueden descargar juegos por medio Android Market. Gracias a Playstation Pocket, podremos utilizar en este dispositivo juegos del PlayStation original. Los precios rondarían por los $10.

Anuncio oficial
El 6 de febrero del 2011, Sony Ericsson creó el evento del lanzamiento del Xperia Play en la página oficial de Facebook y el 13 de febrero del mismo año, se anunciaron los detalles.

Actualizaciones de Android
Inicialmente salió con android 2.3.2 Gingerbread

El 8 de septiembre del 2011, Sony Ericsson confirmó que el Xperia Play contará con una actualización disponible de Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich. La información complementaria de esta actualización se anunció el 15 de noviembre del mismo año. Sin embargo, el portal oficial de Sony canceló esta actualización, argumentando que no podían garantizar una experincia consistente y estable con Ice Cream Sandwich, sobre todo con respecto a los juegos.
Asimismo, hubo un contrato con la empresa Mojang (empresa más conocida por el juego Minecraft) para hacer el primer Minecraft PE para Android, pero solo era para Xperia Play porque el contrato era exclusivo.

Sony Ericsson "patrocinó" actualizaciones hasta Android© 2.3.4 Gingerbread, pero hasta el momento no ha recibido más actualizaciones.

Véase también
 PlayStation Portable
 PlayStation Vita
 Teléfono inteligente
 N-Gage

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 [Sonyericsson]

Dispositivos Android
Teléfonos inteligentes
Teléfonos móviles Sony Ericsson
Teléfonos móviles táctiles
PlayStation

Sony Ericsson Xperia Play


Paulius Saudargas (* 13. März 1979 in Kaunas) ist ein litauischer konservativer Politiker, Mitglied des Seimas, seit November 2020 Parlamentsvizepräsident im 13. Seimas.

Leben
Von 1997 bis 2001 absolvierte Paulius Saudargas das Bachelorstudium der Physik und von 2001 bis 2004 das Masterstudium der Biophysik an der Vilniaus universitetas. 2007 promovierte er im Institut für Physik in Vilnius im Gebiet der fotoelektrischen, elektroakustischen und spektroskopischen Erforschung von Bacteriorhodopsin.

Seit 2008 vertritt Paulius Saudargas den Wahlbezirk Justiniškės im Seimas, und wurde 2020 für eine vierte Legislaturperiode gewählt. Er gehört der Partei Vaterlandsbund – Christdemokraten Litauens an und ist seit 2009 im Präsidium der Partei.

Saudargas ist mit Milda Saudargė verheiratet. Sein Vater, Algirdas Saudargas ist ebenfalls Politiker.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Seimas-Mitglied (21. Jahrhundert)
Stellvertretender Vorsitzender des Seimas
Mitglied des Europaausschusses (Litauen)
Mitglied des Umweltschutzausschusses (Litauen)
Mitglied des Rechtsausschusses (Litauen)
Mitglied des Ausschusses für Entwicklung der Informationsgesellschaft (Litauen)
Stellvertretender Parteivorsitzender der TS-LKD
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Person (Kaunas)
Litauer
Geboren 1979
Mann

Paulius Saudargas