John Harold Williamson (June 7, 1937 – April 11, 2021) was a British-born economist who coined the term Washington Consensus. He served as a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics from 1981 until his retirement in 2012. During that time, he was the project director for the United Nations High-Level Panel on Financing for Development in 2001. He was also on leave as chief economist for South Asia at the World Bank during 1996–99, adviser to the International Monetary Fund from 1972 to 1974, and an economic consultant to the UK Treasury from 1968 to 1970. He was also an economics professor at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (1978–81), University of Warwick (1970–77), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1967, 1980), University of York (1963–68) and Princeton University (1962–63).

He is best known for defining the "Washington Consensus" in 1989. He made 10 rules that were imposed by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the US government on developing nations. He came to strongly oppose the way those recommendations were actually imposed and their use by neoliberals.

Early life and education
John Harold Williamson was born in Hereford in 1937. He graduated from Hereford High School for Boys and had originally planned to study civil engineering. However, his headmaster convinced him to do economics and he decided to attend the London School of Economics. He graduated with a B.Sc. in economics in 1958.

Following graduation, Williamson served two years of compulsory military service in the Royal Air Force. He conducted operations research at the Department of the Scientific Adviser to the Air Ministry in Whitehall. He then attended graduate school at Princeton University, graduating with a Ph.D. in Economics in 1963. He was influenced by courses he took with well known economists, including Oskar Morgenstern, William Baumol, and Richard E. Quandt. His dissertation, entitled "Patent Licensing and Royalty Terms", explored proposed new theoretical foundations for patent-licensing policy and royalty provisions.

Career
Williamson's first academic posting was at the University of York, where he taught microeconomics. At the time, there were four other professors on the economics department: Alan T. Peacock, Jack Wiseman, John Hutton, and Douglas Dosser. In his fourth year at York, Williamson became a visiting professor in the department of economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he worked alongside Joseph Stiglitz, Charles Kindleberger, Paul Samuelson, and Tony Atkinson.

In October 1968, Williamson was appointed an adviser to the H.M. Treasury. He was in charge of overseeing relations with the European Economic Community, particularly France. He developed new forecasts on how British export markets were predicted to expand following various policy recommendations. There was also a committee, chaired by Sir Douglas Allen, that formed British views on international monetary reform. Exchange rates were the main focus of the Treasury, as the IMF's Special Drawing Rights had recently been introduced.

While serving at the Treasury, Williamson was offered chairs in economics from the University of Manchester, University of Nottingham, and the University of Warwick. He ultimately accepted the latter because he was attracted to the theories and research at newer universities. There he became Honorary Professor and taught courses in international economics and macroeconomics. While at Warwick, Williamson took a leave of absence to serve as an adviser to the International Monetary Fund. He replaced Fred Hirsch as senior adviser. After two years, he returned to Warwick where he published The Failure of World Monetary Reform, 1971–74 (1977). In this capacity, he gained an international reputation for his contributions to the field. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) offered him a post to begin its graduate program in economics. He offered insights into the reasons for Brazil's inflationary environment, beginning the country's path to successful stabilization in 1922.

After serving as visiting professor of economics at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Williamson joined the-then Institute for International Economics as a Senior Fellow in 1981. There, he further developed research on international monetary cooperation. He also published a textbook, The Exchange-Rate System; The Open Economy and the World Economy (1983). He joined the first cohort of scholars at the institute, working alongside William Cline and Gary Hufbauer.

Research
Williamson is the author or editor of over 40 books on international monetary and developing-world debt issues. He has authored/co-authored 56 journal articles, and has been cited around 2,000 times according to Google Scholar. He is ranked by IDEAS RePEc publications monitor in 2019 as among the 2,000 most influential economists of the world of all time.

Exchange rates
Much of Williamson's early career focused on developing a theory of the crawling peg. He has since stated that his primary contribution to the discipline has been his research on exchange rates. The system entailed gradual devaluations of the currency, changing expectations that the currency will devalue and interest rates would be sufficiently high to compensate bondholders. His proposal contrasted with the existing adjustable peg, in which the rate is pegged in the short run. His theories on the crawling peg were well received among economists. Sir Roy Harrod of Christ Church, Oxford University offered him a prestigious post, which Williamson declined. During the early 1970s, Williamson was involved in working with the Committee of Twenty for devising the IMF's strategy to comprehensive systemic reforms. He has continued to modify his theories of intermediate exchange rates with new proposals on monitoring bands and reference rates.

During the 1980s, while working at the Institute for International Economics, Williamson began exploring theories on target zones. He argued that these targets should be based on estimates of the real exchange rate, which would accommodate secular trends in productivity growth, real shocks to the economy, and new information. The main mechanism of adjustment was monetary policy, supported by direct exchange-rate intervention. He worked with Fred Bergsten, then the institute's Director, on ways of helping Latin American countries stabilize their currencies through this process. He argued that intermediate exchange-rate regimes maintain competitiveness in increasingly globalized economies, while also being politically favorable. Beginning in 1985, Williamson worked with Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Richard Darman to develop a comprehensive system of optimal exchange rates ("target zones"). At the 1987 Louvre Accord, the G-5 industrialized nations adopted a system of reference exchange rates that was influenced by proposals of C. Fred Bergsten and John Williamson for a target zone system. Research has shown that Williamson was largely correct in his assessment of altering expectations through his proposal of post-Louvre target zones. Shortly thereafter, however, the target zones were replaced due to the belief that free-floating exchange rates would have been preferred. Williamson challenged this notion through his theories on intermediate exchange rates.

For much of his academic career, he worked on a theory of "intermediate" exchange rates as an intermediate between fixed exchange rates and floating exchange rates. He was a critic of capital liberalization and the bipolar exchange rate. Rüdiger Dornbusch (MIT) summarized this proposal as a "BBC" (band, basket, and crawl). Williamson further coined the concept of "fundamental equilibrium exchange rate" (FEER) in Estimating Equilibrium Exchange Rates (1994) to describe how exchange-rate misalignments resulted in balance-of-payments crises. The IMF began using FEERs as the basis of its exchange-rate policies. There were also adoptions of FEERs in the private sector, most notably the Goldman Sachs desirable effective exchange rates (GSDEERs).

In the 1990s, Williamson continued his policy-oriented contributions. In 1996, Williamson became Chief Economist for South Asia, World Bank. He was invited by the United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan to assess policy reform in Latin America. The project, headed by President of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo, involved assessing options for expanding the roles of the World Trade Organization and the International Labour Organization. The findings of the report, the Report of the High-level Panel on Financing for Development (2001) were discussed at a subsequent conference. The panel found that to secure economic growth and equity, developing countries needed to achieve balanced budgets, ensure macroeconomic discipline, and support human capital investments. This Zedillo Report also recommended that the United Nations organize a series of climate-change conferences. In 2018, he stated that climate change was the number one concern facing economics. Following his retirement, Williamson wrote a book on growth-linked securities. It argues that, instead of fixed interest rates, certain securities should bear an interest rate that positively correlated with the growth of a country. Such an instrument would allow investors to have a vested interest in the economic growth.

Washington Consensus

In 1989, he coined the term "Washington Consensus" to describe policy reforms that the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and U.S. Treasury advocated for emerging-market economies. The term arose from a publication, "What Washington Means by Policy Reform" (1990) that described what countries should do according to the convictions of Washington-based institutions. It became more widely known after a conference at the Institute for International Economics. Many of those who attended, including Allan Meltzer, Richard Feinberg, and Stanley Fischer, were receptive to the idea. The proposal notably received pushback from Rudi Dornbusch, who proclaimed "Williamson surrendered to Washington."

The term gained popularity and continues to be used today, both as Williamson described and in its current-day form. Critics of the Washington Consensus argue that it endorses complete free movements of capital. However, Williamson's 1989 conceptualization of the consensus only included foreign direct investment. He connected these policy recommendations to his advocacy of target zones and limited exchange-rate fluctuations. The list of ten policies involved broad policy recommendations for economic stabilization: liberalization of foreign direct investment (FDI), legal security for property rights, and trade liberalization, among others.

Since the term entered public discourse, it has been misinterpreted and distorted from its original meaning. Williamson claimed that the guidelines were meant to establish economic stability through stable institutions and cooperation. His policies had also been connected to the neoliberal policies of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, whom he disliked. Instead, Williamson argued that these were a series of recommendations—not requirements—for Latin American countries. Some politicians, notably the former finance minister of Brazil Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, recognized that the term had been used outside of the original context. He also felt that advocacy for economic stabilization through his policies were not necessarily neoliberal. He later included an updated set of policy proposals to the Washington Consensus in "What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus?" (2000). Joseph Stiglitz, former Chief Economist of the World Bank and Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, did not object to the Washington Consensus per se, but to the neoliberal policies that policymakers have adopted. He noted, at the time, that the policies were appropriate for some Latin American countries, but not for many others. More recently, economists have recognized that the term was misconstrued from its original meaning, notably with regard to the opening of the capital account. Williamson et al. argued for prudential capital controls for developing countries through international coordination efforts. As Narcís Serra, Shari Spiegel, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, noted "the Washington Consensus has come to be associated with 'market fundamentalism,' the view that markets solve most, if not all, economic problems by themselves—views from which Williamson has carefully distanced himself."

In 2012, scholars debated over a new term to describe China's economic growth. Business executive Joshua Cooper Ramo coined the term Beijing Consensus to frame China's economic development as an alternative to the Washington Consensus. The three guidelines he proposed were: 1. a commitment to innovation, 2. emphasis on sustainable growth through measures alongside GDP, and 3. a policy of self-determination. In turn, Williamson argued that the Beijing Consensus comprised five major points: 1. incremental reform, 2. innovation, 3. export-led growth, 4. state capitalism, and 5. authoritarianism. In light of this change, Williamson argued Western countries should modify their policies through export-led growth, prudential capital controls, and fiscal policies.

Growth-linked securities

In 2006, Williamson published an article describing the benefits of bonds linked to the growth of a country's gross domestic product (GDP). These refer to securities where the issuer (a government) promises to pay the investor returns based on the changes to that country's GDP. In other words, the investor obtains a stake in a country's growth through this "equity-like" feature. Williamson argued that these bonds would help countries obtain stability from capital flight. The idea was also developed by other distinguished economists, including Nobel Prize Laureates Robert Shiller and Joseph Stiglitz. Williamson built on the research conducted by Shiller to discuss how, in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007–9 and the European debt crisis of 2010, economic stability has become all the more important.

Personal life
Williamson married Denise Rosemary Rausch (b. 1940), a scholar at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). He has three children: André Williamson (b. 1968), Daniel (b. 1969), and Theresa (b. 1975).

In 2012, Williamson retired from the PIIE. His Festschrift, Global Economics in Extraordinary Times: Essays in Honor of John Williamson (2012), was edited by C. Fred Bergsten, former assistant to Henry Kissinger on the U.S. National Security Council and assistant secretary for international affairs at the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

Williamson resided in Chevy Chase, Maryland. He was fluent in Portuguese.

Williamson died from multiple system atrophy at his home in Chevy Chase on April 11, 2021, at age 83.

Honors and awards
 Houblon-Norman Fellowship, Bank of England (2007–08)

Publications
 Growth-Linked Securities (2017)
 International Monetary Reform: A Specific Set of Proposals (2015)
 Who Needs to Open the Capital Account, eds. Olivier Jeanne, Arvind Subramanian, John Williamson (2012)
 Reference Rates and the International Monetary System (2007)
 Trade Relations Between Colombia and the United States, with Jeffrey J. Schott (2006)
 Reference Rates and the International Monetary System, Curbing the Boom-Bust Cycle: Stabilizing Capital Flows to Emerging Markets (2005)
 Dollar Adjustment: How Far? Against What?, edited volume with C. Fred Bergsten (2004)
 The South Asian Experience with Growth, edited volume with Isher Judge Ahluwalia (2003)
 After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth and Reform in Latin America, with Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2003)
 Delivering on Debt Relief: From IMF Gold to a New Aid Architecture, with Nancy Birdsall (2002)
 Exchange Rate Regimes for Emerging Markets: Reviving the Intermediate Option, with Theodore H. Moran (2000)
 A Survey of Financial Liberalization, with Molly Mahar (1998)
 The Crawling Band as an Exchange Rate Regime (1996)
 What Role for Currency Boards? (1995)
 Pension Funds, Capital Controls and Macroeconomic Stability, with Helmut Reisen (1994)
 Estimating Equilibrium Exchange Rates (edited volume) (1994)
 The G-7's Joint-and-Several Blunder, with Beatriz Armendariz de Aghion (1993)
 The Political Economy of Policy Reform (edited volume) (1993)
 The Economic Consequences of Soviet Disintegration (edited volume) (1993)
 Trade and Payments After Soviet Disintegration (1992)
 From Soviet Disunion to Eastern Economic Community?, with Oleh Havrylyshyn (1991)
 Currency Convertibility in Eastern Europe (edited volume) (1991)
 Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? (1990)
 Globalization: The Concept, Causes, and Consequences (1989)
 Voluntary Approaches to Debt Relief (1988)
 World Economic Problems, edited with Kimberly Ann Elliott (1988)
 Capital Flight and Third World Debt, with Donald R. Lessard (1987)
 Targets and Indicators: A Blueprint for the International Coordination of Economic Policy, with Marcus Miller (1987)
 Political Economy and International Money: Selected Essays of John Williamson, edited by Chris Milner (1987)
 Adjusting to Success: Balance of Payments Policy in the East Asian NICs, with Bela Balassa (1987)
 African Debt and Financing, edited with Carol Lancaster (1986)
 Inflation and Indexation: Argentina, Brazil, and Israel (edited volume) (1985)
 Bank Lending to Developing Countries: The Policy Alternatives, with C. Fred Bergsten and William R. Cline (1985)
 A New SDR Allocation? (1984)
 IMF Conditionality, (edited volume) (1983)
 The Lending Policies of the International Monetary Fund (1982)
 Exchange Rate Rules: The Theory, Performance, and Prospects of the Crawling Peg, (edited volume) (1981)
 The Financing Procedures of British Foreign Trade, with Stephen Carse and Geoffrey E. Wood (1980)
 The Failure of World Monetary Reform, 1971-74 (1977)
 The Choice of a Pivot for Parities (1971)
 How to Stop Stop-Go (1966)
 The Crawling Peg (1965)

References

Interviews
 "The World According to John Williamson: Part I", Peterson Perspectives (2012) Link
 William Becker, "Transcript of Interview with John Williamson", The World Bank Group Archives: Oral History Program (2006) Link
 Global Economics in Extraordinary Times: Essays in Honor of John Williamson, eds. John Williamson, C. Fred Bergsten, C. Randall Henning, and Stanley Fischer (2012) Link
 Kurt Schuler, Theresa Williamson, and Robert Yee, "The Washington Consensus in History: An Interview with John Williamson", Center for Financial Stability: Papers in Financial History (2020) Link

Further reading
 Risen, Clay.  "John Williamson, 83, Dies; Economist Defined the 'Washington Consensus': A careful pragmatist, he regretted the way his term, aimed at developing countries, was misinterpreted by free-market ideologues and anti-globalization activists." New York Times April 15, 2021

External links
 John Williamson Biography
 John Williamson's Blog
 The Zedillo report (UN)
 Britannica

1937 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Royal Air Force personnel
20th-century British economists
21st-century British economists
Academics of the University of Warwick
Academics of the University of York
British expatriates in the United States
Deaths from multiple system atrophy
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty
Neurological disease deaths in Maryland
People from Chevy Chase, Maryland
People from Hereford
Peterson Institute for International Economics
Academic staff of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
Princeton University faculty

John Williamson (economist)


Die Chinesische Hortensie (Hydrangea heteromalla), auch als China-Hortensie bezeichnet, ist ein Strauch oder selten ein kleiner Baum aus der Familie der Hortensiengewächse. Sie wird aufgrund der dekorativen Blüten häufig als Zierpflanze verwendet. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Asien und reicht von der gemäßigten bis in die tropische Zone.

Beschreibung
Die laubabwerfende Chinesische Hortensie bildet 2 bis 5 oder mehr Meter hohe Sträucher oder kleine Bäume mit rotbraunen bis bräunlichen, behaarten und später verkahlenden Zweigen, die mit wenigen, ovalen Korkporen besetzt sind.
Die Blätter haben einen 2 bis 4 Zentimeter langen, fein behaarten, violett-rötlichen Stiel. Die Blattspreite ist einfach, 6 bis 19 Zentimeter lang und 3 bis 9 Zentimeter breit, eiförmig, elliptisch oder verkehrt-eiförmig, spitz oder zugespitzt, mit leicht herzförmiger, stumpfer oder gestutzter Basis und einfach oder doppelt gesägtem Blattrand. Die Blattoberseite ist gelblich braun, striegelhaarig oder beinahe kahl, die Unterseite dicht grau-weiß und samtig behaart. Es werden sieben bis neun Nervenpaare gebildet.

Die leicht duftenden, sterilen oder zwittrigen Blüten sind in schirmförmigen, 15 bis 20 Zentimeter breiten, behaarten Trugdolden oder Schirmrispen angeordnet, die bei Fruchtreife eine Breite von 27 Zentimeter erreichen. Die wenigen, länger gestielten sterilen Blüten haben bis fünf 0,7 bis 1,6 Zentimeter lange und 0,5 bis 1,4 Zentimeter breite, weiße oder gelbliche bis rosa, rötliche, ovale, breit-eiförmige oder breit-rundliche, ganzrandige, vergrößerte, petaloide Kelchblätter mit gerundeter oder leicht herzförmiger Basis. Die vielen, kurz gestielten, fertilen und zwittrigen, fünfzähligen Blüten mit doppelter Blütenhülle haben einen 1 bis 1,5 Millimeter langen, trichter- bis glockenförmigen Blütenbecher mit 0,5 bis 1,5 Millimeter langen, dreieckigen Kelchzähnen. Die Kronblätter sind 1,8 bis 2,0 Millimeter lang, weiß bis gelblich und länglich-eiförmig. Die zehn Staubblätter sind ungleich lang, die Staubbeutel sind etwa 0,5 Millimeter groß und rundlich. Der Fruchtknoten ist halbunterständig, die drei oder vier Griffel sind aufrecht, pfriemlich und werden an der reifen Frucht 1 bis 1,3 Millimeter lang. Die Narbe ist klein. Es ist ein Diskus vorhanden.

Die holzigen und vielsamigen Kapselfrüchte sind eiförmig bis rundlich und haben Durchmesser von 2,5 bis 3,5 Millimeter. Die Samen sind 0,7 bis 1,0 Millimeter lang, gelbbraun, oval bis länglich, etwas zusammengedrückt und an beiden Enden mit etwa 0,2 bis 0,5 Millimeter langen Flügeln versehen.

Die Art blüht von Juni bis Juli, die Früchte reifen von September bis Oktober.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 36.

Verbreitung und Ökologie
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von der gemäßigten bis in die tropische Zone Asiens. Man findet die Art in den chinesischen Provinzen Xizang, Yunnan und Sichuan, in Bhutan, Nepal und in den indischen Bundesstaaten Westbengalen, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh und Sikkim. Sie wächst in artenarmen Wäldern auf Berghängen und Bergspitzen in Höhen von 2400 bis 3400 Metern auf mäßig trockenen bis feuchten, schwach sauren bis schwach alkalischen, kiesig- oder sandig-lehmigen Böden an halbschattigen Standorten. Die Art ist meist frosthart.

Systematik
Die Chinesische Hortensie (Hydrangea heteromalla) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Hortensien (Hydrangea) in der Familie der Hortensiengewächse (Hydrangeaceae), Unterfamilie Hydrangeoideae, Tribus Hydrangeae. Sie wurde von David Don 1825 erstbeschrieben.

Sie bildet zusammen mit Hydrangea xanthoneura und Hydrangea bretschneideri eine Sammelart. Häufig wird Hydrangea bretschneideri unter dem Namen Hydrangea heteromalla 'Bretschneideri' nur als Sorte der Chinesischen Hortensie gesehen.

Verwendung
Sie wird aufgrund ihrer dekorativen Blüten häufig als Ziergehölz verwendet.

Literatur

 Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 338.

 Gordon Cheers (Hrsg.): Botanica Bäume & Sträucher. Tandem Verlag GmbH, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8331-2003-9, S. 449.

Weblinks

 Hydrangea heteromalla in der Flora of Nepal.

Einzelnachweise

Hortensiengewächse
Zierpflanze

Chinesische Hortensie


O Estádio 7 de Março () é um estádio multiuso localizado na cidade de Ben Gardane, na Tunísia. Inaugurado em 2000, é oficialmente a casa onde o Union Sportive de Ben Guerdane manda seus jogos oficiais por competições nacionais e continentais. Sua capacidade máxima é de  espectadores.

7 de Março
7 de Março
Estádio

Estádio 7 de Março


توني لوكهيد ، من مواليد 12 يناير 1982، لاعب كرة قدم نيوزلندي.

يلعب مع نادي ويلينغتون فينيكس.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب نيوزلندا لكرة القدم في عام 2003.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية نيوزيلنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2008
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا (سانتا باربرا)
رياضيون من تاورانجا
رياضيون نيوزيلنديون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو الدوري الأسترالي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الأمريكي لكرة القدم
لاعبو الدوري الأمريكي لكرة القدم الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2004
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2012
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس القارات 2009
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم نيوزيلنديون
لاعبو منتخب نيوزيلندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي شيفاز يو إس أي
لاعبو نيو إنجلاند ريفولوشن
لاعبو ويلينغتون فينيكس
مواليد 1982

توني لوكهيد


St Mawes Castle () er en fæstning, der blev opført af Henrik 8. af England ved Falmouth i  Cornwall mellem 1540 og 1542. Den var en del af kongens Device forter, der skulle beskytte mod en invasion fra Frankrig og Det tysk-romerske Rige, og forsvarede Carrick Roads-vandvejen ved mundingen af floden Fal. Borgen blev bygget efter anvisninger af Thomas Treffry i kløverbladsform med et centralt tårn i fire etager og tre bastioner der former platforme til kanoner. Det blev  udstyret med 19 kanoner mod fjendtlige skibe sammen med søsterfæstningen Pendennis Castles på den anden side af flodmundingen. Under den engelske borgerkrig blev St Mawes brugt af kavalererne, der støttede Charles 1., men de måtte overgive borgen til rundhovederne i 1646 i den sidste fase af konflikten.

Fæstningen var i brug i 1700- og 1800-tallet. I begyndelsen af 1850'erne gjorde frygten for en ny konflikt med Frankrig og ny militærteknologi, at man videreudviklede fæstningen. Den blev omdannet til kaserne og der kom store kanonbatterier under den med det seneste inden for søartilleri. I 1880'erne og 1890'erne blev elektroniske søminer lagt ud mellem St Mawes og Pendennis, og en ny hurtigskydende kanon blev installeret på St Mawes for at støtte forsvaret. Efter 1905 blev kanonerne fjernet, og mellem 1920 og 1939 blev den drevet som turistattraktion.

Under anden verdenskrig kom fæstningen atter i brug, og der blev installeret søartilleri og antiluftskyts på borgen for at beskytte mod angreb fra Nazityskland. Med afslutningen af krigen blev St Mawes endnu engang turistattraktion. I 1900-tallet blev den drevet af English Heritage. Borgen har omfattende udskårne dekorationer fra 1500-tallet i form af søuhyrer og gargoiler. Historikeren Paul Pattison har beskrevet St Mawes Castle som "velsagtens den mest perfekte overlevende af alle Henriks forter".

Se også
 Liste over borge og slotte i England

Kildehenvisninger

Litteratur

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 English Heritage visitors' page

Slotte i Cornwall
Device Forts

St Mawes Castle


Apărătoarea Moșului sau În apărarea lui Moș Crăciun (titlu original: Defending Santa) este un film de Crăciun american din 2013 regizat de Brian Skiba. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Dean Cain, John Savage, Jud Tylor și Bill Lewis. Scenariul este scris de George Erschbamer.

Prezentare

În timp ce investighează furtul unui autovehicul în Ajunul Crăciunului, Scott Hanson, șeriful unui mic oraș renumit ca stațiune de schi, dă peste un Moș Crăciun adormit în zăpada din pădure. După ce petrece aproape un an în comă, Moș Crăciun trebuie să facă față unui  proces juridic pentru a-și apăra identitatea. Ca apărătoare a Moșului din oficiu este frumoasa avocată Sarah, de care șeriful Hanson, tatăl unui copil și văduv, este îndrăgostit.

Distribuție
 Dean Cain	...	Șerif Scott Hanson
 Jud Tylor	...	Sarah Walker
 John Savage	...	Judecător Willis
 Gary Hudson	...	Robert Nielson
 Eric Scott Woods	...	William
 Bill Lewis	...	Kris Kringle
 Jamie McRae	...	Susan Hanson
 Cooper Barnes	...	Deputy Sam Bryant
 Jodie Sweetin	...	Beth
 Seth Menachem	...	Mark
 Harry Victor	...	Jack
 Nicole Helen	...	Lisa
 Joseph Walsh	...	Primar Joe Jacobs
 Roz Witt	...	Lorraine
 Barry Jenner	...	Harry

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Alte filme în care Moș Crăciun ajunge în fața unei instanțe judecătorești:
 Miracolul din Strada 34 (1947)
 Miracolul de pe Strada 34 (1994)
 Procesul lui Moș Crăciun (2011)

Filme din 2013
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Brian Skiba
Filme de Crăciun
Filme cu acțiunea în sala de judecată
Filme dramatice americane
Filme fantastice din anii 2010
Filme pentru copii
Filme cu Moș Crăciun

Apărătoarea Moșului


Håkonshallen er en middelalderlig stenhal i Bergen opført i tidlig gotisk stil. Det er en del af fæstningsanlægget Bergenhus. Den blev først opført som kongeligt residens og festhal under Håkon Håkonssons styre af Norge (1217–1263). Første gang man ved hallen blev brugt var under Håkons søn Magnus (senere kendt som Magnus Lagabøte), der anvendte den ved sit bryllup med Ingeborg af Danmark den 11. september 1261.

Bygningen forfaldt i løbet af middelalderen og fra 1683 blev bygningen brugt som kornmagasin. J.C. Dahl "genopdagede" bygningen som kongehal. Foreningen til norske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring fik som sin første hovedopgave at restaurere Håkonshallen. På opdrag af J.C. Dahl fik arkitekt Franz Wilhelm Schiertz udført opmålingstegninger af hallen. I 1873 blev restaureringsarbejdet sat i gang af arkitekt Christian Christie. Arkitektene Peter Blix og Adolph Fischer fuldførte restaureringen i årene 1880–1895. Trappegavlen blev tilbageført på baggrund af det ældste bilde af bygningen, Scholeusstikket fra ca. 1580. Hallen blev udsmykket indvendig med freskoer, gobeliner og møbler efter Gerhard Munthes tegninger (1910–1916).

Da skibet ST Voorbode eksploderede i Vågen i 1944 medførte det omfattende skader på Håkonshallen. Efter nye arkæologiske undersøgelser af arkitekt Gerhard Fischer blev Håkonshallen genopbygget af arkitektene Johan Lindstrøm, Claus Lindstrøm, Jon Lindstrøm og Peter Helland-Hansen i årene 1955–1961.

Håkonshallen forvaltes i dag af Bymuseet i Bergen, som også bestyrer Rosenkrantztårnet (lige ved Håkonshallen), Gamle Bergen, Lepramuseet m.fl. Håkonshallen bruges også en del til koncertvirksomhed, særlig korsang og kammermusik.

Galleri

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Bergen byleksikon på nett, om Håkonshallen
 Kulturnett Hordaland

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Bergen
Fredede bygninger i Norge
Gotik
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg fra middelalderen i Norge

Håkonshallen


Venancio Pérez, surnommé Venancio, né le  à Sestao en Espagne et mort le  à Saint-Sébastien, est un footballeur international espagnol qui occupe essentiellement le poste d'intérieur droit. Évoluant durant sa carrière dans des clubs basques, il dispute la Primera División lors de son passage à l'Athletic Bilbao, un club dont il fait partie de la « segunda delantera histórica ». Il compte 11 sélections et quatre buts avec l'équipe d'Espagne.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Issu d'une famille aux ressources économiques limitées, Venancio travaille dès son plus jeune âge dans les Altos Hornos de Vizcaya, les hauts fourneaux du Pays basque. Grand et athlétique, il joue dans sa jeunesse à la pelote à main nue et ne devient footballeur professionnel qu'à 24 ans.

Carrière de joueur

En club
Venancio commence le football au cours de son service militaire à Vitoria. Il rejoint le SD Erandio en 1944, y a une prime de 700 pesetas et est avec ce club champion de Tercera División en 1944.

Venancio rejoint l'Athletic Bilbao au début de l'année 1945 contre 25 000 pesetas. Il fait ses débuts en Primera División le  à domicile à San Mamés face au Real Oviedo, un match qui se solde par une victoire des visiteurs 1-0. Bilbao remporte en fin de saison la Coupe d'Espagne, Venancio dispute une des deux rencontres des demi-finales de son club mais pas la finale. Ne disputant que peu de rencontres lors de ses premières saisons, il est prêté en 1947 au Barakaldo CF, alors en Segunda División. Pendant ce prêt, c'est José Iraragorri qui est titulaire à son poste à Bilbao.

Rappelé à Bilbao en milieu de saison 1948-1949, il inscrit un doublé pour son premier match officiel lors de la réception du CD Alcoyano le 20 février. Jouant plus régulièrement que lors de son premier passage, il fait partie avec Piru Gaínza, Rafael Iriondo, José Luis Panizo et Telmo Zarra d'une ligne d'attaque ayant marqué le club et étant appelée la segunda delantera histórica. Il remporte la Coupe d'Espagne en 1950 ainsi que la Coupe Eva Duarte la même année, est crédité de la victoire en Coupe d'Espagne en 1955 sans avoir disputé un match de la compétition et est finaliste des coupes d'Espagne 1949 et 1953. Membre de la ligne d'attaque initialement, il dispute un total de 208 matchs pour 93 buts inscrits. Sa position sur le terrain évolue au fil des ans au point de jouer en défense centrale. Une fois sa carrière terminée, Venancio déclare à propos de son club : .

Venancio termine sa carrière après une dernière saison 1955-1956 disputée avec le Barakaldo CF en deuxième division. Il y joue 12 matchs de championnat pour 8 buts marqués.

En sélection
La première sélection en équipe nationale de Venancio Pérez a lieu le  lors d'un déplacement à Dublin pour affronter la République d'Irlande, un match qui se solde par une victoire espagnole 4-1. Sa dernière sélection avec la Roja se déroule le  contre la Turquie à Rome. Cette rencontre est un match d'appui dont le vainqueur se qualifie pour la Coupe du monde de football 1954. Le score étant de deux buts partout à la fin des prolongations, un tirage au sort qualifie la Turquie pour cette phase finale.

Venancio inscrit son premier but en équipe nationale le 19 mars 1953, en ouvrant le score lors d'un amical contre la Belgique à Barcelone (victoire 3-1). Il marque son deuxième but le 12 juillet 1953, en amical contre le Chili (victoire 1-2 à Ñuñoa). Il inscrit son troisième but le 8 novembre 1953, en ouvrant le score lors d'un amical contre la Suède à Bilbao (2-2). Son quatrième et dernier but est marqué le 6 janvier 1954, contre la Turquie, lors des éliminatoires du mondial 1954, où il ouvre à nouveau le score (victoire 4-1).

Ses onze sélections en équipe nationale se soldent par cinq victoires, quatre matchs nuls, et deux défaites.

Après-carrière
Après sa retraite, Venancio s'installe à Bilbao et ouvre un magasin de métallurgie. Marié et ayant deux fils, il meurt à Saint-Sébastien le , à 73 ans.

Palmarès
Venancio Pérez obtient l'essentiel de son palmarès de joueur lorsqu'il évolue à l'Athletic Bilbao. Il remporte en 1950 la Coupe d'Espagne et la Coupe Eva Duarte. Il est également crédité des victoires de son club en Coupe d'Espagne en 1945 bien qu'il ne dispute pas la finale et en 1955 où il ne dispute aucune rencontre de cette compétition. Il participe également aux finales de Bilbao perdues en 1949 et 1953.

Avec le SD Erandio, Venancio Pérez est champion de Tercera División en 1944.

Statistiques
Le tableau ci-dessous résume les statistiques en match officiel de Venancio Pérez durant sa carrière de joueur professionnel.

Notes et références

Sources

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Footballeur international espagnol
Joueur de l'Athletic Bilbao
Joueur du Barakaldo CF
Naissance en avril 1921
Naissance à Sestao
Décès en novembre 1994
Décès à Saint-Sébastien (Espagne)
Décès à 73 ans

Venancio Pérez


(7896) Švejk, denumire internațională (7896) Svejk, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7896 Švejk este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Kleť de Zdeněk Moravec. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,14 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 1,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

7896 Švejk


Forholdet mellem Danmark og Rusland refererer til de udenrigspolitiske interaktioner mellem Den Russiske Føderation og Den Demokratisk Folkerepublik Korea.

Diplomatisk kontakt blev første gang etableret mellem Sovjetunionen (og dermed også det sovjetiske Rusland) og Nordkorea d. 12. oktober 1948 kort efter oprettelsen af folkerepublikken. Selvom de to var tætte allierede under Den kolde krig, er de efter Sovjetunions opløsning gledet fra hinanden. Kim Jong-il besøgte dog Rusland i 2001, 2002 og 2011.

De to stater har en 17 km lang grænse, der løber langs med floden Tumen. Grænsen blev dannet, da zar Alexander 2. overtog territorie fra Kina som en del af Pekingkonventionen i 1860.

Den russiske befolknings syn på Nordkorea bliver gradvist værre. I slut-april 2013 havde 34 % et positivt syn på Nordkorea, mens det tal var på 54 % tidligere den samme måned.

Sammenligning af landefakta

Atomvåben
I marts 1994 under den første nordkoreanske atomkrise foreslog Rusland, at ottepartsforhandlinger skulle afholdes og inkludere både Nord- og Sydkorea, Rusland, USA, Kina, Japan, FN's generalsekretær samt Det Internationale Atomenergiagentur. Siden 2003 har Rusland været en del af Sekspartsforhandlingerne.

I oktober 2006 støttede Rusland FN's sikkerhedsråds Resolution 1718, der fordømte Nordkoreas atomvåbentest i 2006. Efter Nordkorea detonerede endnu et atomvåben d. 25. maj 2009 fordømte Rusland det igen. Ruslands udenrigsminister Sergej Lavrov kaldte det et brud på tidligere resolutioner og Traktaten om ikke-spredning af kernevåben. I samme meddelelse blev testen kaldt for en provokation, der kunne optrappe spændingerne i Nordøstasien.

Under Kim Jong-un foretog landet igen atomvåbentest i 2013. Samme år blev den russiske ambassade samt andre ambassader i landet informeret om, at Nordkorea ikke længere kunne garantere deres sikkerhed. Efter yderligere atomprøversprængninger valgte Rusland i marts 2016 at støtte endnu en resolution fra FN's sikkerhedsråd. Den russiske præsidents presseansvarlige Dmitrij Peskov udtalte, at Nordkoreas åbenhed over for brugen af atomvåben var bekymrende, og at alle parter burde være tilbageholdende.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Russia secretly offered North Korea nuclear technology , by a Special Correspondent in Pyongyang and Michael Hirst, 08/07/2006
 Kim Jong-il's Train  Kommersant, June 24, 2006
 North Korea in Russian policy
 "Soviet Union-North Korea Relations," Wilson Center Digital Archive.
 64th Fighter Air Corps in Korea

Kildehenvisninger

Nordkorea
Ruslands politik

Forholdet mellem Rusland og Nordkorea


Rosa Anna Katharina Mittermaier-Neureuther (; 5 August 1950 – 4 January 2023) was a German alpine skier. She was the overall World Cup champion in 1976 and a double gold medalist at the 1976 Winter Olympics.

Mittermaier competed in alpine skiing from 1967 to 1976, retiring after a highly successful season in which she finished with two Olympic gold medals and ranked first in the World Cup. She remained popular, advertising for sports and as a non-fiction writer. She was known as Gold-Rosi, and she was inducted into Germany's Sports Hall of Fame in April 2006 when it was initiated.

Life and career
Mittermaier was born in Munich and grew up in Reit im Winkl on the . Her father had run there the Passauer Hütte. A certified skiing instructor, he also owned a skiing school from 1966, and was the first to train his daughters.

Racing career
Mittermaier made her World Cup debut in the inaugural season of 1967, and won her first World Cup race two seasons later.

She won two gold medals (downhill and slalom) and one silver (giant slalom) at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck. Her victory in the Olympic downhill was the only downhill win in her international career. Mittermaier was the most successful athlete at those games, along with cross-country skier Raisa Smetanina of the Soviet Union, earning her the nickname of Gold-Rosi within Germany (then West Germany).

In addition to the overall World Cup title, she also won the season title in slalom and combined in 1976. After winning both races at Copper Mountain in Colorado to wrap up the overall and slalom titles, the four-year-old resort immediately named the race course run after her. In addition to her success in international competition, she also won 16 German national titles during her career.

On 31 May 1976, she retired from international competition at age 25, following the very successful 1976 season.

After racing
After her career in sports, Mittermaier joined Mark McCormack's International Management Group as the only German alongside Jean-Claude Killy, Jackie Stewart, and Björn Borg. During her three-year contract, she designed a collection of winter sports clothing and made international appearances for various skiing products. She wrote non-fiction books, often together with her husband. She worked for several charities and occasionally as a commentator for German television for major sporting events. She established a charitable foundation to aid children with rheumatism in 2000.

Personal life and death
Mittermaier was born with a twin sister who died at birth. Her younger sister Evi Mittermaier also competed as an alpine skier and previously lived in a hotel. Rosi and Evi also recorded two albums of Bavarian folk songs together.

In 1980 she married Christian Neureuther, winner of six World Cup slalom races. They are the parents of Felix Neureuther (b. 1984), a World Cup ski racer for Germany, and a daughter Ameli who works as a fashion designer.

Mittermaier died because of cancer in Garmisch-Partenkirchen on 4 January 2023, at the age of 72 years.

Awards
 1976 German Sportswoman of the Year
 1999 Olympic Order
 2001 Goldene Sportpyramide of the
 2005 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 2006 Germany's Sports Hall of Fame
 2007 Bavarian Order of Merit

She was an honorary citizen's of Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Reit im Winkl.

World Cup results

Season standings
Source:

Points were only awarded for top ten finishes (see scoring system).

Season titles

Race victories
 10 wins – (1 GS, 8 SL, 1 K)
 41 podiums – (4 DH, 11 GS, 22 SL, 4 K)

World championship results
Source:

From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing.

At the World Championships from 1954 through 1980, the combined was a "paper race" using the results of the three events (DH, GS, SL).

Olympic results
Source:

Publications
Many of her books were written with her husband Christian Neureuther:

See also
 List of FIS Alpine Ski World Cup women's race winners

Notes

References

Further reading

Biographies

Obituaries

External links

1950 births
2023 deaths
German female alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for West Germany
Olympic gold medalists for West Germany
Olympic silver medalists for West Germany
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
People from Traunstein (district)
Skiers from Upper Bavaria

Rosi Mittermaier


Roland Rohlfs (February 10, 1892 – February 28, 1974) was an American aviator.

Biography
Roland Rohlfs was born in Buffalo, New York on February 10, 1892, the son of Anna Katharine Green, the crime novelist; and Charles Rohlfs, the actor and furniture craftsman.

Rohlfs flew a hydro-aeroplane called the "Dunkirk Fighter" for Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company in 1918. Later that year he broke the flight airspeed record while flying a Curtiss Wasp, his speed was clocked at 163.1 mph (262.4 km/h).

In 1919 he broke another world record when he flew to an altitude of 34,610 feet in a Curtiss L-3 triplane (at - 47 degrees Fahrenheit).

He died on February 28, 1974.

See also
 History of aviation

References

1892 births
1974 deaths
American aviation record holders
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
People from Buffalo, New York

Roland Rohlfs


Antonio de Torquemada (, León, Espagne - 1569), est un écrivain espagnol de la Renaissance.

Biographie
Antonio de Torquemada a étudié les sciences humaines à Salamanque. Entre 1528 et 1530, il vécut en Italie et fut secrétaire du comte de Benavente.
Il composa des ouvrages populaires traduits en France, en Italie et en Angleterre. Ses Colloques satiriques se développent dans un cadre pastoral. Deux de ses œuvres, Don Olivante de Laura et  Jardín de flores curiosas sont mentionnées par Miguel de Cervantes dans la première part de Quichotte . Ses œuvres complètes ont été publiées dans les années 1990 à Madrid.

Publications
Obras completas, Madrid: Turner, 1994-1997.
El Ingenio, o juego de marro, de punto, o damas... (Valence, 1547)
Coloquios satíricos (Mondoñedo, 1553). Il existe une édition moderne, avec une introduction et des notes de Rafael Malpartida Tirado, Biblioteca Castro (publiée à Malaga, Anejos de Analecta Malacitana, 2011)
Don Olivante de Laura (Barcelone: Claude Bornat, 1564)
Manual de escribientes (1574)
Jardín de Flores curiosas, en que se tratan algunas materias de humanidad, philosophia, theologia y geographia, con otras curiosas y apacibles (Salamanca, en casa de Juan Baptista de Terranova, 1570, édition moderne Jardín de flores curiosas, al cuidado de Giovanni Allegra, Madrid: Castalia, 1983.  .

Articles annexes
Celio Malespini

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1507
Décès en 1569
Étudiant de l'université de Salamanque
Écrivain espagnol du XVIe siècle

Antonio de Torquemada


Biserica Sfinții Împărați Constantin și Elena din Târgoviște este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul municipiului Târgoviște. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 65351.31.01.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Dâmbovița
Târgoviște


Der Hallo-Verlag ist Verleger der lokalen Wochenzeitung HALLO, deren Verbreitungsgebiet im Münchener Osten und Südosten liegt. Er hat seinen Sitz in Haar bei München. Die wöchentliche Auflage beläuft sich auf 323.814 Exemplare bei fünf Stadtteilausgaben und zwei Wochenendausgaben, die kostenlos verteilt werden.

Geschichte
Der Hallo-Verlag wurde am 27. März 1968 von Karl Dressel gegründet, mit dem Ziel die Bürger über Geschehnisse in ihren Stadtvierteln und Gemeinden des Münchner Ostens zu informieren. Anfangs erschien die Zeitung ausschließlich in Waldtrudering. Hallo war das erste Medium, das in der in den 1970er-Jahren errichteten neuen Münchner Trabantenstadt Neuperlach erschien. Seit dem Beginn der Errichtung des Stadtteils Messestadt-Riem berichtet die Zeitung auch dort über Geschehnisse. Hallo finanziert sich seit der Gründung ausschließlich über Anzeigen. Seit 1998 gehört der Verlag zur Zeitungsgruppe Münchner Merkur und ist zudem auch Mitglied der Anzeigenblattgruppe Südbayern und des Bundesverbands Deutscher Anzeigenblätter.

Stadtteile und Gemeinden
 Ramersdorf/ Perlach/ Berg am Laim
 Trudering/ Riem/ Haar/ Grasbrunn
 Oberhaching/ Sauerlach/ Taufkirchen/ Unterhaching
 Feldkirchen/Aschheim/ Kirchheim
 Aying/ Brunnthal/ Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn/ Hohenbrunn/ Neubiberg/ Ottobrunn/ Putzbrunn

Sonstiges
Die Auflagenkontrolle der Anzeigenblätter erfolgt durch die BVDA/BDZV (Bundesverband Deutscher Anzeigenblätter/ Bundesverband Deutscher Zeitungsverleger e. V.).

Weblinks
  Webseite

Einzelnachweise

Deutschsprachige Wochenzeitung
Mediengruppe Münchner Merkur tz
Organisation (Haar, bei München)
Medienunternehmen (Landkreis München)
Verlag (Bayern)
Verlag (Ippen-Gruppe)

Hallo-Verlag


An Xanthosoma saguasense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Sydney Bunting. An Xanthosoma saguasense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Xanthosoma, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Venezuela. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Xanthosoma

Xanthosoma saguasense


Jason Bourne este un personaj fictiv creat de romancierul american Robert Ludlum. Bourne este protagonistul unei serii de treisprezece romane (până în 2016) precum și al unor adaptări cinematografice ulterioare. A apărut pentru prima dată în romanul Identitatea lui Bourne (1980), care a fost adaptat pentru televiziune în 1988. Romanul a fost adaptat foarte vag într-un film de lung metraj omonim din 2002, cu Matt Damon în rolul principal.

Biografie
Jason Bourne a avut un trecut chinuit, lucru care-l va influența pe tot parcursul vieții sale. Bourne este doar unul dintre multele pseudonime folosite de David Webb. Webb este ofițer FSO și specialist în lumea Extremului Orient. Înainte de evenimentele din The Bourne Identity, Webb a avut o soție thailandeză numită Dao și doi copii cu numele Joshua și Alyssa. Ei locuiau în Phnom Penh, capitala Cambodgiei. Soția lui Webb și cei doi copii au fost uciși accidental în timpul războiului din Vietnam, când un avion de vânătoare rătăcit a pierdut două bombe. Cu toate acestea, fără ca Bourne să știe, Joshua a supraviețuit. Din cauza neutralității Cambodgiei, nicio țară nu a recunoscut că avionul îi aparține și, prin urmare, nimeni nu și-a sumat responsabilitatea pentru acest incident. Neavând pentru ce să mai trăiască, Webb a mers la Saigon unde, sub îndrumarea atentă a lui Alex Conklin, a terminat antrenamentul de formare pentru o unitate de elită Top Secret a Forțelor Speciale denumită Medusa. În cadrul acestei organizații secrete, Webb era cunoscut doar sub numele de cod, Delta One.

Romane
Trei romane cu Jason Bourne au fost scrise de Ludlum. Universul Jason Bourne a fost extins de Eric Van Lustbader după moartea lui Ludlum.
Ludlum
The Bourne Identity (Identitatea lui Bourne, 1980)
The Bourne Supremacy (Supremația lui Bourne, 1986)
The Bourne Ultimatum (Ultimatumul lui Bourne, 1990)
Lustbader
The Bourne Legacy ( Moștenirea lui Bourne, 2004)
The Bourne Betrayal (2007)
The Bourne Sanction (2008)
The Bourne Deception (2009)
The Bourne Objective (2010)
The Bourne Dominion (2011)
The Bourne Imperative (2012)
The Bourne Retribution (2013)
 The Bourne Ascendancy (2014)
 The Bourne Enigma (2016)

Filme
TV
 Identitatea lui Bourne (1988)
Serie de filme
 Identitatea lui Bourne (2002)
 Supremația lui Bourne (2004)
 Ultimatumul lui Bourne (2007)
 Moștenirea lui Bourne (2012)
 Jason Bourne (2016)

Jocuri video
 The Bourne Conspiracy (2008)

Referințe și note

Personaje fictive

Jason Bourne


الڤاتمة إحدى قرى الجمهورية التونسية، تقع في معتمدية سجنان من ولاية بنزرت. ترقيمها البريدي 7097.

انظر أيضا

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 ولاية بنزرت.

قرى ولاية بنزرت

القاتمة


Henstedt-Ulzburg, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Segeberg iline bağlı kent. 39,47 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 26340 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Volker Dornquast tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.henstedt-ulzburg.de

Segeberg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Henstedt-Ulzburg


Le musée préfectoral de Nzerekoré est un musée de Nzérékoré, en république de Guinée. Il est connu pour sa collection d'objet de cultes animistes.

Histoire

Voir également
 Liste de musées en Guinée

Nzérékoré

Musée préfectoral de Nzerekoré


Ali Murat Güven (d. 7 Mart 1968, İstanbul)  Türk gazeteci, reklam sektöründe metin yazarı ve kreatif yönetmen.

7 Mart 1968'de, basın ve reklamcılık sektöründe faaliyet gösteren bir ailenin ilk çocuğu olarak İstanbul'da doğdu. İlkokulu 50. Yıl Ahmet Merter İlkokulu'nda, ortaokulu ise 50. Yıl Ahmet Merter Ortaokulu'nda bitirdi.

Lise öğrenimine Şehremini Lisesi'nde başladı, Plevne Lisesi'nde tamamladı. 1985 yılında, üçüncülükle kazandığı İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi (o dönemdeki adıyla Basın-Yayın Yüksekokulu) Radyo-TV Bölümü'nde yükseköğrenime başladı.

Profesyonel meslek hayatı
Üniversite eğitimine paralel olarak gazeteciliğe atıldı ve basın sektöründe çalışmaya başladı. 1985-1990 yılları arasında çeşitli kültür-sanat dergileri ve gazetelerde muhabirlik ve editörlük yaptı. Bu süreçte, ağırlıklı olarak sinema ve televizyon dünyası üzerine haberler ve yorumlar kaleme alırken, sinemaya meraklı yakın arkadaşlarıyla birlikte süper 8 mm formatında bir dizi kısa film de çekti. Bunlardan 1987 yılında hazırladığı 9 dakikalık "Pasif Direniş" ile 1989-İFSAK Ulusal Kısa Film Yarışması'nda bir "özendirme ödülü" kazandı.

1989 yılında Anadolu Ajansı'na girerek, bu kurumda bir yıl süreyle polis-adliye muhabiri olarak çalıştı.

Ertesi yıl, haftalık haber dergisi Yörünge'nin kuruluş çalışmalarına katıldı. Sonradan bu dergide iki buçuk yıl süreyle muhabir, editör ve istihbarat şefi olarak görev yaptı.

1990 yılında lisans eğitimini tamamlayarak yüksek lisans sınavına girdi. Sınavı birincilikle kazanarak İstanbul Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü'nde sinema konulu yüksek lisans eğitimine başladı. Ancak, tezini tamamlayamadan okuldan ayrılmak zorunda kaldı ve çalışma hayatına geri döndü.

1992-1993 yılları arasında Batı Almanya'ya giderek, Stuttgart kentinde yayınlanan haftalık bir Türk gazetesinde yazı işleri müdürü olarak çalıştı.

Ertesi yıl Türkiye'ye dönerek, URT (Ulusal Radyo ve Televizyon A.Ş.) adlı özel bir prodüksiyon şirketinde asistan kameraman ve set sorumlusu olarak çalışmaya başladı.

1994 yılında vatanî görevini yerine getirmek üzere çalışma hayatına ara verdi ve Van-Erciş'te kısa dönem erbaş olarak askerlik yaptı. Askerlik hizmeti sırasında, ağırlıklı olarak Doğu operasyonlarında belge-film kameramanlığı, askerî haber filmlerinin hazırlanması ve fotoğrafçılık gibi teknik hizmetler verdi.

Askerlik dönüşünde Millî Gazete'de editör olarak göreve başladı. Bu gazetede dış haberler servisini yeniden yapılandırmasının yanı sıra, "Asabî Yazılar" ve "Ayrıntı" başlıklarını taşıyan iki ayrı köşede de yazarlık yapmaya başladı.

1995 yılında, o günlerde yayın hayatına yeni başlamış olan Yeni Şafak gazetesine geçti ve bu gazetede yaklaşık bir yıl süreyle istihbarat şefi olarak görev yaptı. 1996 yılında tekrar eski görev yeri olan Millî Gazete'ye döndü ve dış haberler editörlüğü görevini bir süre daha sürdürdü.

1997 yılı başlarında, Star Televizyonu'na transfer oldu ve "Teksoy Görevde" adlı programda muhabir-editör olarak çalışmaya başladı. Bu program kapsamında yüzlerce görüntülü habere ve belgesel nitelikli bölüme muhabir, editör ve metin yazarı olarak katkıda bulundu. 1998 yılında, Teksoy Görevde"nin  "Soğuğun Kalbine Yolculuk" (Kuzey Kutbu Gezisi) adlı bölümünün yapımındaki katkılarından dolayı, İstanbul Medya Mensupları Derneği'nden bir başarı plaketi aldı.

1999 yılında, "Teksoy Görevde" programının sona ermesiyle birlikte reklâm sektörüne yöneldi; çeşitli ajanslarda metin yazarı ve yaratıcı yönetmen olarak görev yaptı. Bu dönemde irili ufaklı ticarî kuruluşlar için hazırlanan 50'nin üzerinde reklâm ve tanıtım filminin metinlerini yazıp yönetti. Bu arada, çeşitli gazete ve dergilere de dışarıdan sinema yazıları yazdı.

2000 yılında, STV için hazırlanan 13 bölümlük "Gurbetteki Vatan" adlı haber programında şef editör ve yönetmenlik yaptı.

2002 yılında, daha önce de çalışmış olduğu Yeni Şafak gazetesine özel haber muhabiri olarak dönüş yaptı. Bu dönemde, özellikle sinema, televizyon ve dinî içerikli hurafelerin iç yüzünü ortaya seren özel haberleriyle ön plana çıktı.
2005 yılı sonbaharında, Yeni Şafak'ın yazı işleri kadrosunda gerçekleşen değişiklik sonrasında, kendisine gazetenin sinema servisini kurma görevi verildi ve her cuma (2008'den itibaren de pazar günleri) düzenli olarak yayınlanan bir sinema sayfası oluşturdu. Ayrıca, bu sayfada film eleştirilerinin yanı sıra köşe yazıları da yazmaya başladı.

2007 yılında, bir eğitim kurumları zincirinin geleneksel olarak ve ülke çapında düzenlediği "medyada yılın en iyileri" başlıklı bir kamuoyu anketi kapsamında "yılın sinema yazarı" seçildi.

Yine aynı yıl Feta Vakfı tarafından dağıtılan geleneksel ödüllerde, terörist bir saldırıda hayatını kaybeden ünlü Arap yönetmen Mustafa Akkad'ın anısına İstanbul'da düzenlediği anma toplantısı nedeniyle "Yılın Vefâ Ödülü"ne layık görüldü.

2010 yılı ekim ayında ise İstanbul-Galatarasaray'da "Beyaz Sinema'nın 40 Yılı" başlıklı, bir hafta süren bir film seçkisi ve söyleşiler dizisi düzenleyerek, Türkiye'de dinî ve ahlâkî duyarlılıklara sahip bir sinema anlayışının temsilcisi konumundaki bir düzine dolayında yapımcı ve yönetmeni bir araya getirdi. Bu sanatçıların geçmişte pek çoğu büyük bir ilgiyle karşılanmış olan yapıtlarının, geniş kapsamlı birer dijital restorasyon sürecinden geçirilerek sinemaseverlerle yıllar sonra yeniden buluşmasını sağladı.

Ali Murat Güven, 2011 Yılı Eylül ayında da bu kez Ankara'da düzenlenen bir başka özgün sinemasal etkinliğin, "Fantasturka / 1. Türk İşi Ulusal Fantastik Filmler Festivali"nin düzenlenmesine öncülük etti. 23-25 Eylül tarihleri arasında Kızılırmak Sineması'nda düzenlenen ve üç gün boyunca yaklaşık üç bin sinema meraklısını ağırlayan festival, gerek birbirinden nadide kısa ve uzun metraj örneklerle bezeli program seçkisi, gerekse kıdemli Yeşilçam yıldızlarının hatıralarını kitlelerle paylaştıkları söyleşileriyle bu kategoride Türkiye'de düzenlenen ilk organizasyon olarak sinema tarihimize geçti. Güven'in bir grup genç sinema gönüllüsüyle omuz omuza ve son derece dar bir bütçeyle organize ettiği "Fantasturka-1", sektörün kıdemli yapımcı, yönetmen ve oyuncularına karşı sergilediği vefa, yanı sıra katılımcılarına her adımda hissettirdiği samimiyet duygusuyla yalnızca izleyicilerden değil medyadan da yoğun bir saygı ve destek görürken, İstanbul'da devam organizasyonlarının düzenlenmesi yönünde ciddi talepler doğurdu.

Türk sinemasına kamera önü ya da ardında emekleri geçmiş her pozisyondan kıdemli sanatçıları ve teknik elemanları gerek yazılarında, gerekse düzenlenmesine öncülük ettiği etkinliklerde mümkün olduğunca onurlandırmaya çalışan Güven, bu yöndeki bir diğer girişimini de 2011 yılı sonlarında, Türk sinemasına 1970'lerin ortalarından bu yana önemli hizmetler vermiş bir yapımcı, senarist ve yönetmen olan İsmail Güneş için ortaya koydu. Güven, "beyaz sinema akımı" olarak adlandırılan sanatsal hareketin Türkiye'deki en önemli isimlerden biri konumundaki bu sanatçı için, 25 Aralık 2011 günü İstanbul-Üsküdar Gençlik Merkezi'nde kendisinin öncülüğünde düzenlenen "İsmail Güneş: Yönetmenlikte 25 Yıl" başlıklı karma etkinlikte ustanın bir dizi önemli filminin gösterilmesine ve yine bu filmlerin setlerinde çekilmiş karelerden oluşan bir fotoğraf sergisi açılmasına aracılık etti. Aynı gün düzenlenen bir törenle Güneş'e de yönetmenlikte çeyrek yüzyılı geride bırakması nedeniyle bir "onur ödülü" sunuldu.

2012 yılı Mart ayında İstanbul-Beyoğlu Tarık Zafer Tunaya Kültür Merkezi'nde düzenlenen, kendisinin de kuratörlüğünü üstlendiği "Hollywood'da Doğulu Bir Öncü" adlı programla, Suriye asıllı Amerikalı yönetmen Mustafa Akkad'ın Türkiye'de ikinci kez geniş kapsamlı olarak anılmasına aracılık etti.

2012 yılı ekim ayında ise kamuoyuna yaptığı yazılı bir açıklamayla, hem Yeni Şafak gazetesindeki köşe yazarlığı ve editörlük görevlerini, hem de sinema yazarlığını bıraktığını duyurdu. İstifası, sinema yazarları camiasında yoğun tartışmalara yol açtı.

2013 yılı Eylül ayında İstanbul'da "Sinemerkez Akademi" adıyla, geniş bir sinema-TV profesyonelleri topluluğuyla birlikte her yaştan öğrencilere görsel sanatlar ve medya eğitimi verdiği özel bir dershane açan Güven, bu tarihten itibaren sektördeki bilgi birikimini genç kuşaklarla paylaştığı yeni bir çalışma alanına yöneldi.

2014 yılında, Siyer Araştırmaları Merkezi ile işbirliği hâlinde, Türkiye sinemacılık tarihinin "Âlemlere Rahmet" başlıklı -adı ve konu başlıklarıyla İslâm dininin peygamberi Muhammed'e ithaf edilmiş- bir kısa film yarışmasını düzenledi.

Profesyonel meslek hayatı boyunca, aralarında Mısır, Peru, Meksika, Grönland, ABD, İngiltere, Fransa, Makedonya, Romanya, Kazakistan, Almanya, Monako,Hollanda, Bulgaristan, İran, Azerbaycan, Türkmenistan, Danimarka, Japonya, Pakistan, Hindistan, Endonezya, Singapur, KKTC, Malezya ve Suudi Arabistan'ın yer aldığı pek çok ülkede görev yapan, bu arada hazırladığı televizyon haberleri nedeniyle Türkiye'nin tamamına yakınını görme fırsatı bulan Ali Murat Güven, aktif gazetecilik hayatını noktaladıktan sonraki dönemde, kendisinin kurup yönettiği Sinemerkez Akademi'de eğitmenlik görevini yürütmekte; ayrıca sinema odaklı bazı kaynak kitapların yazımıyla uğraşmakta, yerel yönetimlerin kültür merkezleri, vakıflar, dernekler, liseler ve üniversitelerde görsel sanatlar üzerine eğitici-öğretici konuşmalar yapmakta, reklam metin yazarlığı ve yönetmenlik çalışmalarını sürdürmektedir.

Evli ve iki kız çocuğu babası olan Güven, iyi düzeyde İngilizce ve orta düzeyde de Almanca bilmektedir. Yazar, 1996 yılından bu yana sarı basın kartı sahibidir.

Çalıştığı medya kurumları
 Tanıtım / Aylık Kültür ve Sanat Dergisi / Editör - Yazar (1985-1989)
 Anadolu Ajansı / Polis-Adliye Servisi / Muhabir (1989-1990)
 Yörünge / Haftalık Haber Dergisi / Yazıişleri Müdürü (1990-1992)
 Denge / Haftalık Siyasi Gazete / Stuttgart-Almanya / Yazıişleri Müdürü (1992-1993)
 URT-Ulusal Radyo ve TV Prodüksiyon A.Ş. / Kameraman (1993-1994)
 Millî Gazete / Dış Haberler Servisi / Editör-Köşe Yazarı (1995-1997)
 Yeni Şafak Gazetesi / İstihbarat Servisi / İstihbarat Şefi (1995-1996)
 StarTelevizyonu / "Teksoy Görevde" Programı / Muhabir-Editör (1997-2000)
 Samanyolu TV / "Gurbetteki Vatan" Programı / Yönetmen (2000)
 Siyah-Beyaz Reklam Ajansı / Metin Yazarı-Yönetmen (2000-2002)
 Yeni Şafak Gazetesi / Haber Merkezi / Özel Haber Muhabiri (2002-2005)
 Yeni Şafak Gazetesi / Sinema Servisi / Editör-Köşe Yazarı (2005-2012)
 Serbest Gazeteci ve Yazar / Reklam Filmleri Yönetmeni / Görsel Sanatlar Eğitmeni (2012-...)

Eserleri
 (Kitap / İnceleme-Araştırma) Türk Sinema Tarihi'nde Tüccar ve Ticaret / İTO (İstanbul Ticaret Odası) Yayınları, 2014, İstanbul
 (Kitap / Biyografi-Nehir Röportaj) Rozetini Satmayan Aynasız / GÜSAM (Güvenlik Stratejileri Araştırma Merkezi) Yayınları, 2014, Ankara
 (Kitap / İnceleme-Araştırma) Türk Sinema Tarihi'nde Polis / Aztek Yayınları, 2015, İstanbul
 (Kitap / Biyografi) Yeşilçam'ın Monşeri: Feridun Çölgeçen / Aztek Yayınları, 2015, İstanbul
 (Kitap / İnceleme-Araştırma) Karun Hazinesi'nin Laneti / Aztek Yayınları, 2015, İstanbul

Kaynakça

1968 doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Resim aranan yazarlar
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
Yaşayan insanlar
İstanbul doğumlu gazeteciler

Ali Murat Güven


Inovce (ungarisch Éralja – bis 1907 sowie 1939–45 Inóc, russinisch Іновце/Inowze) ist eine Gemeinde im äußersten Osten der Slowakei, mit  Einwohnern (Stand ), die zum Okres Sobrance, einem Teil des Košický kraj gehört.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde befindet sich im Ostteil des Vihorlatgebirge am Bach Inovský potok im Einzugsgebiet der Ublianka, nahe der ukrainischen Grenze. Das Ortszentrum liegt auf einer Höhe von  und ist 19 Kilometer von Sobrance gelegen.

Nachbargemeinden sind Ruský Hrabovec im Norden, Dubrynytschi-Malyj Beresnyj (UA) im Osten, Beňatina im Süden und Südwesten und Podhoroď im Westen.

Geschichte
Inovce entstand wohl am Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts und wurde zum ersten Mal 1567 schriftlich erwähnt. Es gehörte zum Herrschaftsgebiet des Geschlechts Drugeth mit Sitz in Homenau. 1828 sind 34 Häuser und 251 Einwohner verzeichnet.

Bis 1918 gehörte der im Komitat Semplin gelegene Ort zum Königreich Ungarn und kam danach zur neu entstandenen Tschechoslowakei. 1939–1944 war er als Folge des Slowakisch-Ungarischen Krieges noch einmal Teil Ungarns.

Bevölkerung

Nach der Volkszählung 2011 wohnten in Inovce 213 Einwohner, davon 168 Slowaken, 36 Russinen und drei Ukrainer. Sechs Einwohner machten keine Angabe zur Ethnie.

179 Einwohner bekannten sich zur orthodoxen Kirche, 16 Einwohner zur griechisch-katholischen Kirche, drei Einwohner zur römisch-katholischen Kirche und ein Einwohner zur reformierten Kirche. Sechs Einwohner waren konfessionslos und bei acht Einwohnern wurde die Konfession nicht ermittelt.

Ergebnisse der Volkszählung 2001 (253 Einwohner):

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Griechisch-katholische Holzkirche des Erzengels Michael von 1836, nationales Kulturdenkmal der Slowakei

Persönlichkeiten
 Moritz Bloch (1815–1891), Sprachforscher und Theologe

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in der Slowakei
Ersterwähnung 1567

Inovce


Sólbreki (fræðiheiti: Berardius arnuxii), einnig kallaður suðurbarði, er tegund breka.

Heimildir

Brekar

Sólbreki


Yohan Lachor (født 17. januar 1976 i Aire-sur-la-Lys, Frankrig) er en fransk tidligere fodboldspiller (forsvarer).

Lachors karriere strakte sig fra 1996 til 2011, og de ni af årene blev tilbragt hos RC Lens. Han var med til at sikre holdet det franske mesterskab i 1998. Han havde også ophold hos Sedan, Boulogne samt schweiziske Servette FC.

Titler
Ligue 1
 1998 med RC Lens

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Frankrig
Fodboldspillere fra RC Lens
Fodboldspillere fra US Boulogne
Fodboldspillere fra CS Sedan Ardennes
Fodboldspillere fra Servette FC

Yohan Lachor


was a town located in Satsuma District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,987 and the density of 74.70 persons per km2. The total area was 80.15 km2.

On October 12, 2004, Tōgō, along with the city of Sendai, the towns of Hiwaki, Iriki and Kedōin, and the villages of Kamikoshiki, Kashima, Sato and Shimokoshiki (all from Satsuma District), was merged to create the city of Satsumasendai.

Timeline
 1889 - The village of Kami-Tōgō consisted of 6 neighborhoods (north to south): , , , ,  and .
 1952 - The village of Kami-Tōgō became the town of Tōgō.
 2004 - Tōgō, along with the city of Sendai, the towns of Hiwaki, Iriki and Kedōin, and the villages of Kamikoshiki, Kashima, Sato and Shimokoshiki (all from Satsuma District), was merged to create the city of Satsumasendai.

Transports

Road
National Highway
 Route 267

Schools
Junior High School
 Togo Junior High School
Elementary School
 Togo Elementary School
 Torimaru Elementary School
 Fujikawa Elementary School
 Noze Elementary School
 Yamada Elementary School

Notable people from Togo
 Masakiyo Maezono (Football and Beach Soccer Player)

References

Dissolved municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture

Tōgō, Kagoshima


Polja smrti, hrvatski dokumentarni ciklus iz 1999. i 2000. godine autorice Biljane Čakić-Veselič. Snimila ga je u suradnji sa Savezom Udruga obitelji nestalih i zarobljenih hrvatskih branitelja.

Radnja
Prikazuje ratne strahote rata i bolan život obitelji koje još uvijek traže svoje nestale sinove, čija su tijela negdje po nepoznatim Poljima smrti u Hrvatskoj Kostajnici i drugdje po cijeloj Hrvatskoj.

Izvori

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi o Domovinskom ratu
Filmovi 1990-ih
Filmovi 2000-ih

Polja smrti (dokumentarni ciklus)


Día cero es la segunda canción del álbum Cometas por el cielo y el tercer sencillo de éste. Fue la primera en ser emitida después del sencillo de La niña que llora en tus fiestas a través del programa de radio Del 40 al 1 de Los 40 Principales el 5 de septiembre de 2011. A finales de 2011 el grupo hizo una encuesta a los fanes para saber que canción preferían como segundo sencillo: Cometas por el cielo o Día cero. Esta última estaba ganando por un 55%, pero finalmente el grupo decidió cancelar dicha encuesta y eligieron como segundo sencillo a Cometas por el cielo. El 19 de abril de 2012 se publicó que Día cero sería la canción oficial de la Vuelta Ciclista a España 2012, además de ser el tercer sencillo de Cometas por el cielo.

Acerca de la canción
Fue el mismo grupo quién eligió que fuese la segunda en que se escuchara. Dicha canción ayudó a desmentir que el disco fuese totalmente electrónico, ya que tiene un sonido muy diferente al de La niña que llora en tus fiestas.

De palabras del propio grupo, "Esta canción habla del amargor que deja una fuerte discusión. Sobre todo cuando se dicen cosas que nunca debieron decirse. Cuando llega el silencio y nos damos cuenta de que no teníamos razón buscamos que nos perdonen para aliviar el cargo de conciencia pero las palabras siguen revoloteando por ahí.
Día cero desató un profundo debate dentro del grupo porque su primera versión era totalmente electrónica. Al final decidimos que la canción necesitaba que sonara más a grupo que nunca para apoyar y trasmitir mejor la fuerza de la historia. Acertamos. Nos encanta. Es una de nuestras preferidas."
A finales de agosto del 2012, fue elegida por los internautas como mejor canción del verano en el Espacio de Música de El Corte Inglés.

Videoclip
El videoclip se estrenó en su cuenta de Youtube el día 7 de agosto del 2012. Fue rodado en las ruinas de los Quilmes, en Tucumán (Argentina), durante su gira por América.

Posicionamiento en las listas

Referencias

Canciones de La Oreja de Van Gogh
Vuelta a España 2012
Canciones de la Vuelta a España

Canciones en español
Canciones de España de 2011
Canciones sobre días

Día cero (canción de La Oreja de Van Gogh)


A prova dos 200 metros masculino do Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022 foi disputada nos dias 18 e 19 de agosto de 2022, no Estádio Olímpico de Munique, em Munique na Alemanha.

Recordes
Antes desta competição, os recordes mundiais e do campeonato nesta prova eram os seguintes:

Medalhistas

Cronograma
Todos os horários são locais (UTC+2).

Resultados

Bateria
Qualificação:3 atletas de cada bateria (Q) mais os 3 melhores qualificados (q). Os 12 atletas mais bem posicionados se classificaram diretamente para as semifinais.

Vento:
Bateria 1: -1.0 m/s, Bateria 2: -0.6 m/s, Bateria 3: +0.3 m/s

Semifinal
Qualificação: 2 atletas de cada bateria (Q) mais os 2 melhores qualificados (q). Os 12 mais bem classificados se juntaram aos 12 atletas classificados na fase anterior.

Vento:
Bateria 1: -1.0 m/s, Bateria 2: -0.6 m/s, Bateria 3: +0.3 m/s

Final
A final ocorreu no dia 19 de agosto às 21:20.

Vento: -0,3 m / s

Ligações externas

Site da Associação Europeia de Atletismo

Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022

Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022 - 200 m masculino


مطار الجزائر - هواري بومدين  هو مطار دولي يخدم مدينة الجزائر العاصمة، يقع في بلدية الدار البيضاء على بعد 16 كم في الإتجاه الجنوبي الشرقي لولاية الجزائر. يُسيّر من طرف مؤسسة تسيير مصالح ومنشأت مطار الجزائر (SGSIA) وهي شركة عمومية خاضعة للقانون الجزائري أنشئت يوم 1 نوفمبر 2006، وبمثابة المحور الرئيسي لشركة الخطوط الجوية الجزائرية بما في ذلك الفرع الخاص للشحن وكذلك طيران الطاسيلي.

بخدم مطار هواري بومدين الدولي سكان العاصمة الجزائرية والولايات الوسطى (تيبازة، البليدة، عين الدفلى، المدية وبومرداس وتيزي وزو)، المطار يغطي مساحة قدرها 1200 هكتار من الأراضي ويضم ثلاث محطات الركاب بسعة إجمالية حوالي 18 مليون مسافر سنويا ومدرجين ومنطقة الشحن والخدمات اللوجستية ومرافق للصيانة ويعتبر أهم وأكبر مطار في البلاد.

تاريخ
يرجع تاريخ إنشاء المطار إلى الحرب العالمية الثانية وذلك عندما قام الاحتلال الفرنسي للجزائر ببنائه تزامناً مع بدأ قوات الحلفاء عملياتها في شمال أفريقيا. ومنذ إنشائه سنة 1924، كان يسمى المطار بإسمه الفرنسي مطار الدار البيضاء (Maison Blanche Airport) نسبة للمنطقة الموجود فيها. ابتداءا من يوم 5 يناير 1980 وتخليدا لذكرى رئيس الجزائر الثاني الراحل هواري بومدين سنة 1978، سُمي المطار الأكبر في الجزائر بإسمه.

شركات الطيران

الركاب

الشحن الجوي

تجهيزات المطار
يعتبر مطار هواري بومدين الدولي المطار رقم 1 في الجزائر، وبالتالي فهو يكتسي أهمية اقتصادية واجتماعية كبيرة لتواجده في مدينة الجزائر العاصمة، وهي الأكبر والأكثر ازدحاما. ويتواجد مطار الجزائر في منطقة ذات أهمية إستراتيجية بحيث يتواجد في المنطقة الجنوب-شرقية لمدينة الجزائر العاصمة.

يتكون مطار هواري بومدين الدولي من محطتين، المحطة المحلية (المبنى رقم 2)، المتربع على مساحة 14.126 م² والذي تم تجديده سنة 2007. والمحطة الدولية (المبنى رقم 1) المتربع على مساحة 82.000 م² الذي تم افتتاحه سنة 2006. كما يوجد مدرجين لهبوط الطائرات بطول 3500 م لكل منهما، الأول مسطح بالخرسانة الإسفلتية والثاني بالأسفلت. كما يشمل المطار برج مراقبة الحركة الجوية بالقرب من المحطة المحلية وقاعة شرفية لاستقبال رؤساء الدول والزعماء السياسيين من جميع البلدان ومنطقة للشحن الجوي ومساحة لصيانة الطائرات.

برج المراقبة
برج مراقبة الملاحة الجوية لمطارهواري بومدين الدولي يقع بالقرب من المحطة 2 المخصصة للرحلات الداخلية، وهو المسؤول عن تنظيم حركة الطائرات في المدرج أو حظيرة الطائرات والإشراف والمسئولية عن جميع نواحى المطار من إنارة وإسعاف وإطفاء وكل ما بختص بالملاحة الجوية.

تعرض يوم 29 يوليو 2013 لحريق بسبب شرارة كهربائية بأحد المكيفات الهوائية بقاعة معدات تقنية توجد أسفل البرج، حيث امتدت ألسنة النيران إلى قاعة التجهيزات وتسبب هذا الحادث في شل حركة الملاحة الجوية لبضع ساعات.

المحطات
يوجد بمطار هواري بومدين الدولي محطتين رئيسيتين ومحطة ثانوية:
 المحطة 1: مخصصة للرحلات الخارجية.
 المحطة 2: مخصصة للرحلات الداخلية.
 المحطة 3: مخصصة لرحلات الحج والشارتر.

المحطة 1

مُختصة بالرحلات الدولية بسعة 6 ملايين مسافر. يتم استخدامها من قبل 25 شركة طيران وطنية ودولية، وتم بنائها لتحل محل المحطة الدولية القديمة التي بُنيت سنة 1924 والتي لم تعد تتسع لعدد مستخدمي مطار هواري بومدين الدولي. تم افتتاحها يوم 5 جويلية 2006 من طرف رئيس الجمهورية الأسبق عبد العزيز بوتفليقة بمناسبة ذكرى استقلال البلاد.

تنتشر المحطة 1 الدولية على مساحة تقدر بـ82.000 م² وتتكون من طابق أرضي خاص بقاعة الانتظار الرئيسية ومناطق التسجيل وطابقين منفصلان بهما صالات داخلية ومقاهي خاصة بالمسافرين. وتم تصميم هذه المحطة على شاكلة مبنى المحطة 1 ب الموجودة في مطار فرانكفورت الدولي والتي بُنيت وفق المعايير الدولية مما يجعلها من أحدث المرافق في العالم العربي وأفريقيا، بما في ذلك الجسور الجوية 14 الوحيدة على المستوى الوطني والتي تربط الطائرات مباشرة بالصالات الداخلية لهبوط المسافرين والعكس أيضا، والتي عوضت الطريقة السابقة المعمولة في المحطة القديمة وهي النقل بالحافلات.

المحطة 2

مختصة بالرحلات المحلية بسعة 2.5 مليون مسافر. يتم استخدامها من طرف شركتين وطنيتين هما الخطوط الجوية الجزائرية وطيران الطاسيلي. قبل 2006، كانت تستخدم كمحطة دولية ولكنها لم تعد تستوعب عدد المسافرين المتزايد. تم افتتاحها يوم 3 نوفمبر 2007 بعد عملية التحديث والصيانة وتوسيع طاقة استقبال المسافرين على الخطوط الداخلية.

تشمل أجنحة المحطة المحلية علاوة على البهو الرئيسي، منطقة للتسجيل مزودة بـ20 جهازا حديثا، منطقة تجارية تضم 12 محلا تجاريا، قاعة للركوب بـ8 منافذ تضم أيضا قاعة للانتظار وأخرى للصلاة، فضاء لإستقبال الأمتعة عبر ثلاث أفرشة متحركة وقاعة خاصة بالمسافرين على الدرجة الأولى.

أما خارج المرفق فقد تمت تهيئة حظيرة للسيارات تتسع لـ900 سيارة ومحطة خاصة بـسيارات الأجرة وأخرى لحافلات خدمة المسافرين تتنقل بين المحطتين 1 و 2.

المحطة 3

مختصة برحلات الشارتر والحج بسعة مليون مسافر. يتم استخدامها من طرف الخطوط الجوية الجزائرية.

المدارج

مطار هواري بومدين لديه مدرجين طويلين متخصصان من أجل جعل حركة المرور أكثر سلاسة والسماح لسلامة المرور أفضل، منها المدرج الشرقي 05/23 بطول 3500 م وعرض 60 م مُسطح بالخرسانة الإسفلتية في اتجاه الشمال والجنوب الغربي، والمدرج الغربي 09/27 بطول 3500 م وعرض 45 م مُسطح بـالإسفلت في اتجاه الشرق والغرب.

في عام 2015، تعامل المدرجين مع 80.366 حركة طائرات منها 44.363 للشبكة الدولية (في الوصول والمغادرة).

الهياكل الأساسية الأخرى
 كما يتواجد بالمطار أيضا:
 منطقة هبوط هيلوكوبتير.
 قاعة شرفية، لإستقبال الرؤساء والشخصيات الكبيرة من جميع أنحاء العالم.
 منطقة شحن.
 مساحة وحظائر لركون وصيانة الطائرات.
 مساحة عمليات المطار، مثل مكاتب شركات الطيران العالمية.

التوسعات والمشاريع الحالية

بسبب الحركية المتزايدة في مطار هواري بومدين بمرور السنوات، أطلقت المديرية العامة لشركة تسيير الخدمات والهياكل القاعدية للمطارات الجزائرية سنة 2008 دراسة تحت عنوان "المخطط المدير لمطار الجزائر"، تتعلق بتحديد الفترة التي سيكون فيها المطار الدولي هواري بومدين غير قادر على الإستيعاب، وتحديد الحلول الملائمة لتنمية الهياكل القاعدية لإستقبال الطائرات الكبيرة مثل إيرباص إيه 380.

المحطة الغربية

بُرمج إطلاق أشغال محطة المطار الجديدة التي تتسع لـ10 ملايين مسافر سنويا سنة 2014 بتكلفة تقدر بـ330 مليون € وتُستلم في أواخر سنة 2018، مما يرفع طاقة الاستيعاب إلى 16 مليون سنويا. تقع المحطة الجديدة على يسار المحطة الدولية الحالية بالجهة الغربية للمطار بمحاذاة القاعة الشرفية.

يتضمن المشروع الجديد المتربع على قطعة أرض تقدر مساحتها بـ65 هكتار، مبنى محطة للمسافرين تتربع على مساحة تزيد عن 214 ألف متر مربع وموقف للطائرات وآخر للسيارات بقدرة استيعاب تصل إلى 4500 مكان وممرات جانبية للطائرات تربطها مباشرة مع مدرجي الإقلاع، بالإضافة إلى ذلك سيكون لديها أكثر من 120 نقطة تسجيل و 84 نقطة تفتيش وتسعة بساطات متحركة ويسمح لأول مرة استقبال طائرات إيرباص إيه 380.

عهد تنفيذ هذا المشروع إلى شركة الصين للإنشاءات الهندسية (CSCEC)، وهي شركة تشييد عمومية صينية 25. يتم تمويلها من قبل شركة إدارة المطارات في الجزائر العاصمة (45 مليار دينار جزائري) والخزينة العمومية.

برج المراقبة
14 أكتوبر 2013، انطلقت أشغال إنجاز برج جديد للمراقبة الجوية بمطار هواري بومدين الدولي في خطوة لتطوير وتحديث هياكل الطيران بالمطار، ويندرج هذا المشروع ضمن خمس مشاريع لبناء أبراج مراقبة في كل من مطارات قسنطينة ووهران اللذين انطلقت الأشغال بهما إضافة إلى مطارات غرداية وتمنراست.

منطقة الشحن (قيد الدراسة)
يضاف إلى ذلك منطقة شحن جديدة حيث أن الدراسات بشأنه لا زالت جارية، وسيتم الاعتماد على مكان الشحن بالمطار وتقييم السوق المحتملة، للتأكيد على أحسن تنظيم وتحفيز لعملية الشحن خاصة عبر المشروع الجديد المسمى «قرية البضائع». بغية الرفع من الحجم السنوي للشحن الذي لا يتجاوز 2000 طن في السنة، بسبب ضيق مساحات التخزين الواقعة بالمطار.

الوصول إلى المطار
السيارات وسيارات الأجرة

 المطار متصل مباشرة بالطريق السيار شرق غرب عبر الطريق الوطني 5 (ط و 5) والذي يربط أرجاء العاصمة من الجنوب على بعد 38 دقيقة حسب سيولة حركة المرور، وهو نادرا ما يكون نظرا لتشبع حركة المرور وكثرة مرتاديه.
 مخترق طريق المطار والذي يربط المطار مباشرة بالطريق الوطني 11 (ط و 11) والذي يربط أرجاء العاصمة من الشمال على بعد 35 دقيقة حسب سيولة حركة المرور، على الرغم من التباطؤ في في الطريق السريع مما يتسبب في تأخير 9 دقائق.
 الطريق الاجتنابي الجنوبي (أ61) يسمح بربط المطار مباشرة بأنحاء العاصمة الغربية وولاية البليدة.

الحافلات

تقوم مؤسسة النقل الحضري وشبه الحضري لمدينة الجزائر بتوفير 3 خطوط للحافلات انطلاقاً من المطار، ويختلف سعر التذكرة على حسب الوجهة (عموماً ما بين 20 و 45 دينار):

 الخط 39: المطار - ساحة أودان.
 الخط 100: المطار - ساحة الشهداء في وسط المدينة كل 30 دقيقة.
 الخط 178: المطار - المحطة الطرقية.

القطار

يمكن الوصول للمطار عبر خط القطار الجديد والذي يربط بين محطة القطار آغا ومحطة القطار في المطار، من الساعة 5 صباحاً إلى غاية الساعة 9 ليلا، بسعر 50 دينار، وتتراوح المدة الزمنية التي يستغرقها القطار للوصول للمدينة 20 دقيقة، بمعدل 34 رحلة يومياً.

تم إطلاق سنة 2014 مشروع خط نقل بشبكة مترو الجزائر يربط مطار هواري بومدين الدولي بمحطة مترو مخصصة للمطار عبر الخط 1 والذي يمتد على مسافة تقدر بـ9.5 كلم و بـ9 محطات وصولا إلى محطة الحراش، وسيتم تسليمه وبرمجة أولى الرحلات مع نهاية 2021.

إحصائيات

مراجع

انظر أيضا

 قائمة مطارات الجزائر.

مراجع

النقل في الجزائر العاصمة
تأسيسات سنة 1924 في الجزائر
مبان ومنشآت في الجزائر العاصمة
الجزائر الدولي
مطارات الجزائر
مطارات أسست في سنة 1924

مطار هواري بومدين الدولي


Ursula Seidl (verheiratete Ursula Calmeyer-Seidl; * 11. September 1939 in Saarbrücken) ist eine deutsche Vorderasiatische Archäologin.

Nach dem Abitur in Saarbrücken studierte Ursula Seidl zunächst im Sommersemester 1957 an der Universität des Saarlandes Alte Geschichte und Vorgeschichte, im Wintersemester 1957/58 an der Universität München Klassische Archäologie, Ägyptologie und Hethitologie. Seit dem Sommersemester 1958 studierte sie an der Freien Universität Berlin Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Klassische Archäologie und Altorientalische Philologie. 1963/64 studierte sie in Paris. Sie wurde 1966 in Berlin bei Anton Moortgat mit der Dissertation "Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs" promoviert. 1967/68 erhielt sie ein Reisestipendium des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts.

Zunächst war sie als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin von Ernst Heinrich tätig, dann mit der Aufarbeitung von Kleinfunden aus den deutschen Grabungen in Ḫattuša beschäftigt. Insbesondere beschäftigte sie sich mit Bronzearbeiten aus Urartu und Assyrien.

Sie war mit dem Vorderasiatischen Archäologen Peter Calmeyer (1930–1995) verheiratet.

Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)
 Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs, in: Baghdader Mitteilungen 4, 1968, S. 7–220
 Erweitert: Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs. Symbole mesopotamischer Gottheiten, Freiburg, Schweiz, Universitäts-Verlag 1989. ISBN 3-525-53717-4; ISBN 3-7278-0603-6 Google Books
 Gefäßmarken von Boǧazköy, Berlin, Mann 1972. ISBN 3-7861-2190-7
 Die Elamischen Felsreliefs von Kūrāngūn und Naqš-e Rustam. Berlin, Reimer 1986. ISBN 3-496-00789-3
 Bronzekunst Urartus, Mainz, von Zabern 2004. ISBN 3-8053-3265-3

Literatur
 Barthel Hrouda, Wolfram Nagel, Eva Strommenger: Vorderasiatische Altertumskunde. Forschungsinhalte und Perspektiven seit 1945, Köln u. a., Böhlau 2009, S. 31–32

Vorderasiatischer Archäologe
Mitglied des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
Deutscher
Geboren 1939
Frau

Ursula Seidl


Oingo Boingo var et Amerikansk new wave band der spillede fra 1972 til 1995

Albummer

Singler og EP'er

Musikgrupper fra USA
Musikgrupper fra 1972
Musikgrupper opløst i 1995

Oingo Boingo


Taliani ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Corrado Taliani (* 1930), italienischer Diplomat
 Emidio Taliani (1838–1907), italienischer Kardinal der römisch-katholischen Kirche
 Francesco Maria Taliani de Marchio (1887–1968), italienischer Diplomat

Siehe auch:
 Tagliani

Taliani


Mount Marcy (Mohawk: Tewawe'éstha) is the highest point in the U.S. state of New York, with an elevation of .  It is located in the Town of Keene in Essex County. The mountain is in the heart of the Adirondack High Peaks region of the High Peaks Wilderness Area. Its stature and expansive views make it a popular destination for hikers, who crowd its summit in the summer months.

Lake Tear of the Clouds, at the col between Mounts Marcy and Skylight, is often cited as the highest source of the Hudson River, via Feldspar Brook and the Opalescent River, even though the main stem of the Opalescent River has as its source a higher point two miles north of Lake of the Clouds, and that stem is a mile longer than Feldspar Brook.

History
The mountain is known as Tewawe'éstha ("it pierces") in Mohawk and Tahawus ("cloud-splitter") in Algonquin.

The mountain was named after Gov. William L. Marcy, the 19th-century Governor of New York, who authorized the environmental survey that explored the area.  Its first recorded ascent was on August 5, 1837, by a large party led by Ebenezer Emmons looking for the source of the East Fork of the Hudson River. Today the summit may be reached by multiple trails. Though a long hike by any route, a round-trip can be made in a day.

Vice President (and former governor) Theodore Roosevelt was at his hunting camp, Tahawus, on September 14, 1901, after summiting Marcy, when he was informed that President William McKinley, who had been shot a week earlier, had taken a turn for the worse. Roosevelt and his party hiked ten miles (16 km) down the southwest face of the mountain to Newcomb, New York, where he hired a stage coach to take him to the closest train station at North Creek. At some point along the route, Roosevelt learned that McKinley had died, and so the new president took the train to Buffalo to be sworn in. The route from Newcomb to North Creek has been designated as the Roosevelt-Marcy Trail.

Routes

Mount  Marcy is the tallest of the High Peaks of the Adirondack Mountains. The majority of the mountain is forested, although the final few hundred feet is above the tree line. The peak is dominated by rocky outcrops, lichens, and alpine shrubs. There are two plaques at the top commemorating the centennial of the first dated climb as well as the mountain summit itself.

The shortest and most frequently used route up the mountain is from the northwest, the Van Hoevenberg Trail, which starts at the Adirondak Loj near Heart Lake. From there it is 7.4 miles (11.2 km) to the summit, a lengthy 14.8-mile (22.4 km) roundtrip which can nevertheless be done in a day.

The summit via the Johns Brook Trail from the Garden parking north of the mountain in Keene Valley is an 18-mile (28.8 km) round trip, which may be broken at Johns Brook Lodge.

A lengthier southern approach can be made from either of the two major trailheads for the southern High Peaks, Upper Works or Elk Lake.

Visibility on the summit occasionally affords very distant views of most of the Monteregian Hills volcano chain in Quebec's St. Lawrence Valley as far north as Mont St. Hilaire. Views of Burlington, Vermont and Lake Champlain adorn the surrounding Green Mountains with visibility extending far beyond the Southern Adirondacks as well.

Climate
Mount Marcy has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb) as defined by the Köppen climate classification system. Since 1981 at Mount Marcy (elevation ), the highest air temperature was  on August 3, 1988, and the highest daily average mean dew point was  on August 1, 2006. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was  on September 16, 1999. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature on Mount Marcy (elevation ) is . Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was  on January 27, 1994. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values below . The average annual snowfall total (Sep-May) is about .

Ecology

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Mount Marcy would have a dominant vegetation type of Northeastern Spruce/Fir (96) with a dominant vegetation form of Northern Conifer Forest (22). The plant hardiness zone on Mount Marcy (elevation ) is 3b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of . The spring bloom typically peaks around May 30 and fall color usually peaks around September 19.

Gallery

See also

List of mountain peaks of North America
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of U.S. states by elevation
Adirondack Park
High Peaks Wilderness Area

References

External links

Mount Marcy hike and trip report. June 2010.

Mountains of Essex County, New York
Hudson River
Adirondack High Peaks
Highest points of U.S. states
Mountains of New York (state)
North American 1000 m summits

Mount Marcy


Delivering the Black deseti je studijski album njemačkog power metal sastava Primal Fear. Album je objavljen 24. siječnja 2014. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Frontiers Records.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Primal Fear
Mat Sinner – bas-gitara, prateći vokali, produciranje
Ralf Scheepers – vokali, dodatni producent (vokala)
Randy Black – bubnjevi, udaraljke
Magnus Karlsson – gitara, klavijature, dodatni producent (glazbe)
Alex Beyrodt – gitara
Dodatni glazbenici
Liv Kristine – prateći vokali (na pjesmi 9)
Ostalo osoblje
Achim Koehler – snimanje
Jacob Hansen – miksanje, mastering
Oliver Barth – video (bonus DVD)
Sinja Mueller – pomoćni snimatelj
Jobert Mello – omot albuma, ilustracije
Alex Kuehr – fotografija

Izvori

Albumi sastava Primal Fear
Albumi iz 2014.

Delivering the Black


ASCII (borið fram "askí"), skammstöfun fyrir American Standard Code for Information Interchange, er stafalykill fyrir rafræn samskipti. Fyrsta útgáfa staðalsins var gefin út af Bandaríska staðlaráðinu 1963 með 7 bita lykla fyrir 26 bókstafi enska stafrófsins, bæði hástafi og lágstafi, og önnur rittákn. Lykillinn byggðist á ritsímalykli og var upphaflega notaður í símrita en síðan tekinn upp í tölvur. Hann var endurskoðaður nokkrum sinnum til 1987 þegar nýr 8-bita stafalykill, ISO 8859-1, var gefinn út. ASCII var samt algengasti stafalykillinn á Internetinu til 2007 þegar UTF-8 varð algengari. UTF-lyklarnir eru samhæfðir við ASCII og ISO 8859-1.

Heimildir

Stafalyklar
Staðlar

ASCII


Reppinghausen ist ein Ort der Gemeinde Marienheide im Oberbergischen Kreis in Nordrhein-Westfalen.

Lage und Beschreibung
Der Ort Reppinghausen ist heute Teil von Marienheide und liegt am östlichen Ortsrand von Marienheide. Nachbarorte sind Eberg, Stülinghausen und Späinghausen. Im Südosten des Ortes entspringt der in die Leppe mündende Esternsiepen.

Geschichte
Seit der Preußischen Uraufnahme aus dem Jahr 1840 ist Reppinghausen auf topografischen Karten verzeichnet. Seit 1947 weisen die topografischen Karten die Ausdehnung von Marienheide in Richtung Reppinghausen aus. 1990 ist der Ort bereits von der Marienheider Ortsbebauung umschlossen.

Busverbindungen
Über die im Ort gelegene Haltestelle der Linien 320 und 336 (VRS/OVAG) ist Reppinghausen an den öffentlichen Personennahverkehr angebunden.

Einzelnachweise

Ortsteil von Marienheide
Ersterwähnung 1840

Reppinghausen


Edistianska biskupija (lat. Dioecesis Edistianensis) je naslovna biskupija Katoličke Crkve. Trenutni naslovni biskup je Johannes Kreidler.

Od 1970. do 1980. biskup Pavao Žanić bio je naslovni biskup ov biskupije.

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Edistianska biskupija


Un cabale es una forma de complot urdido por un grupo de personas unidas en el marco de un proyecto secreto o reservado, y que tiene por objetivo conspirar para que triunfen sus opiniones y sus intereses, en el seno de un Estado o de una determinada comunidad.

Origen del término

La palabra cabale surge primero en Inglaterra, en los reinos de Jacobo I y de Carlos I, a efectos de designar una doctrina esotérica o un secreto. Este término deriva de la palabra hebrea Kabbale, que se refiere a la interpretación mística y esotérica de la Biblia hebrea.

En el , la palabra se difunde en los medios políticos, y particularmente en la llamada Cabale de los Importantes en Francia, y en el Ministerio de la Cabale o Ministerio del Cabale (Cabal Ministry) en Inglaterra.

Uso del término

Esta expresión ha sido particularmente empleada en cuanto a la actividad teatral, para señalar un complot cuyo objetivo es hacer caer una obra, o menospreciar o ridiculizar a un actor. Pero también se la ha aplicado en un sentido bien diferente, cuando se quiere expresar que se ha aplaudido a rabiar, o cuando se quiere invitar a aplaudir mucho, o a mucho elogiar una obra o un autor.

Como un ejemplo de lo antedicho, puede señalarse a la obra El Cid de Pierre Corneille. Sólo la providencial ausencia de esta última entre 1808 y 1813, período en el que sobre todo estuvo en la corte del zar Alejandro I de Rusia, puso una pausa en esta rivalidad entre las dos actrices, y en los cabales que en este marco se ponían en juego.

Casi la misma reflexión puede aplicase a las maneras de reaccionar y de actuar de la escuela romántica y de la escuela clásica, luego de las grandes luchas que, hacia 1830, llevaron incluso escenas de pugilato al teatro, así como demostraciones grotescas contra las obras de Jean Racine.

Algo más tarde, los cabales de cierta duración se dieron especialmente en teatros de provincia, donde los espectadores eran, en buena medida, los mismos cada día. En París, donde ya no había como antes un público de habituales pues los asistentes cambiaban invariablemente cada día mientras las obras quedaban por largo tiempo en cartel, las conspiraciones de esta clase fueron bastante más difícil de urdir. No obstante ello y algunas veces, las rivalidades de intereses, las pasiones políticas o religiosas, en algunas raras ocasiones las convicciones literarias, hicieron surgir incluso en París cabales más o menos efímeros, por causa de los cuales algunos silbidos o abucheos se hacían sentir unos pocos días, y luego se acallaban.

En cuanto al uso de los aplausos en los cabales, en esa época dejaron de tener excesiva influencia.

Por su parte, también es interesante señalar que se dio el nombre de cabales literarios, a los grupos e intereses formados en el seno de la Academia Francesa, o en el entorno de la misma, con el objetivo de mejorar las chances de elección de un determinado candidato a un determinado cargo, en casos que el mérito de las obras o de los antecedentes del candidato no fueran suficientes como para obtener el éxito necesario. De esta forma, candidaturas de escritores y de poetas de real valía, sucumbieron frente a cabales que favorecían a personas con un perfil mucho más político que artístico.

Entre las "gentes de letras" (en francés: "gens de lettres"), también se formaron asociaciones de admiración mutua y de apoyo mutuo, que en prioridad reservaban sus lisonjas y sus elogios a ciertas personas, y/o a ciertas obras, y a las que mejor conviene el nombre genérico de camarillas (en francés: "coteries").

En un determinado momento, este concepto se puso suficientemente a la moda en Europa, pues incluso traspasó las fronteras francesas. Entre otras, recuérdese por ejemplo una obra de 1783-1784 del dramaturgo alemán Friedrich von Schiller: Cabale y Amor (o Intriga y Amor), en alemán Kabale und Liebe, en francés Cabale et Amour, en inglés Intrigue and Love.

En 1777 y durante la revolución estadounidense, corresponde también citar un supuesto complot conocido como cabale de Conway (en inglés: "Conway Cabal"). Este asunto refiere a una serie de críticas relativas a las competencias militares y a las acciones del general en jefe George Washington. Si bien con la perspectiva histórica, algunos de los argumentos que en este marco se manejaron son atendibles, existen pocas pruebas sólidas que permitan concluir que en esa época efectivamente tuvo lugar un verdadero complot, premeditado y bien planificado, orientado a desacreditar a la recién citada personalidad americana.

Bibliografía
 (en francés) Fernand Baldensperger, « Encore la 'cabale de Phèdre': Leibniz du mauvais côté?», Modern Language Notes, noviembre 1943, n° 58 (7), p. 523-26.
 (en francés) Mikhail Boulgakov, Monsieur de Molière. Suivi de La cabale des dévots, Paris, Laffont, 1972.
 (en francés) Georges Couton, « Britannicus, tragédie des cabales», Mélanges d'histoire littéraire: Offerts à Raymond Lebègue par ses collègues, ses élèves et ses amis, Paris, Nizet, 1969, p. 269-77.
 (en francés) Jean Dagens, « Hermétisme et cabale en France de Lefèvre d'Étapes à Bossuet», Revue de Littérature Comparée, 1961, n° 35, p. 5-16.
 (en inglés) Alvin Eustis, « A Nineteenth-Century Version of the 'Cabale de Phèdre'», Modern Language Notes, noviembre 1952, n° 67 (7), p. 446-50.
 (en inglés) Don Fader, « The 'Cabale du Dauphin,' Campra, and Italian Comedy: The Courtly Politics of French Musical Patronage around 1700», Music & Letters, agosto de 2005, n° 86 (3), p. 380-413.
 (en francés) Herbert G. Folkes, « Le Duc de Saint-Simon et les cabales dévotes d'après une lettre inédite de 1729», Revue d'Histoire Littéraire de la France, 1966, n° 66, p. 480-487.

Véase también
 Cabale de la dorsal (backbone cabal en inglés), fue un grupo de administradores que impusieron la reestructuración de Usenet, y entre otras cosas en el origen señalaban "il n'y a pas de cabale !", o sea, dejaban sentado que allí no había conspiración.
 Kabbale o Cábala.
 Camarilla (conciliábulo).
 Camarilla (grupo de cortesanos).
 Grupo de presión (Lobby).
 Grupo de interés.
 Cofradía.
 La cofradía de David.
 The Coterie.
 Ministerio de la Cabale

Fuente principal
 Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des littératures, Paris, Hachette, 1876 (en francés).

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Conspiraciones
Cabala
Historia del teatro

Cabale