The history of baseball can be broken down into various aspects: by era, by locale, by organizational-type, game evolution, as well as by political and cultural influence. The game evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century. This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States. Baseball is popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and East Asia, particularly in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.

References to baseball date back to the 1700s when in England it was referenced in 1744 in the children's book A Little Pretty Pocket-Book by John Newberry, though he was actually referring to the game "rounders". In the early 1800s "baseball" and a game first mentioned in 1828 as the aforementioned "rounders" may have been the same or very similar. During the 1830s and 1840s organized amateur club baseball grew up in eastern United States cities, and the rules innovations made by New York City clubs became the basis for the modern game, far removed from its English ancestor. These clubs formed a national governing body with uniform rules in 1858, the National Association of Base Ball Players. In 1871 the first professional league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, was founded. Five years later, the National League was created; it was followed by the American League in 1901. The first World Series between the champions of the two major leagues was held in 1903, and by 1905 it became an annual event. Baseball early in the 20th century was characterized by low-scoring games, but the dead-ball era ended in the early 1920s with rule changes and the rise of power hitter Babe Ruth. The major leagues had a color barrier that lasted until 1947, when Jackie Robinson made his debut. The major leagues began the process of expansion in 1961 and attendance increased from the mid-1970s to 1994, when a work stoppage led to the cancellation of the World Series.

Professional baseball leagues featured teams from Canada as early as 1877, and the sport spread to numerous countries in the 1800s and 1900s. It was played in the Olympics as a medal sport from 1992 to 2008. Other competitions between national teams include the Baseball World Cup and the World Baseball Classic, which was first held in 2006.

Origins

The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision. A French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, and la balle empoisonnée also appear to be related. Consensus once held that today's baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game (2005), by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England; recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of each other, and that the game's most direct antecedents are the English games of stoolball and "tut-ball". It has long been believed that cricket also descended from such games, though evidence uncovered in early 2009 suggests that cricket may have been imported to England from Flanders.

The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British children's publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, by John Newbery. It contains a rhymed description of "base-ball" and a woodcut that shows a field set-up somewhat similar to the modern game—though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration, and with posts instead of ground-level bases. Block discovered that the first recorded game of "Bass-Ball" took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey. This early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants. Rounders was also brought to the United States by Canadians of both British and Irish ancestry. The first known American reference to baseball appears in a 1791 Pittsfield, Massachusetts town bylaw prohibiting the playing of the game near the town's new meeting house. By 1796, a version of the game was well known enough to earn a mention in a German scholar's book on popular pastimes. As described by Johann Gutsmuths, "englische Base-ball" involved a contest between two teams, in which "the batter has three attempts to hit the ball while at the home plate." Only one out was required to retire a side.

In 1828, William Clarke in London published the second edition of The Boy's Own Book, which included the rules of rounders and contained the first printed description in English of a bat and ball base-running game played on a diamond. The following year, the book was published in Boston, Massachusetts.

By the early 1830s, there were reports of a variety of uncodified bat-and-ball games recognizable as early forms of baseball being played around North America. These games were often referred to locally as "town ball", though other names such as "round-ball" and "base-ball" were also used. Among the earliest examples to receive a detailed description—albeit five decades after the fact, in a letter from an attendee to Sporting Life magazine—took place in Beachville, Ontario, in 1838. There were many similarities to modern baseball, and some crucial differences: five bases (or byes); first bye just  from the home bye; batter out if a hit ball was caught after the first bounce. The once widely accepted story that US Army officer Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown, New York, in 1839 has been conclusively debunked by sports historians. The Doubleday myth appeared after a dispute arose about the origins of baseball and whether it had been invented in the United States or developed as a variation of rounders. The theory that the sport was created in the U.S. was backed by Chicago Cubs president Albert Spalding and National League president Abraham G. Mills. In 1889, Mills gave a speech declaring that baseball was American, which he said was determined through "patriotism and research"; a crowd of about 300 people responding by chanting "No rounders!" The rounders theory was supported by prominent sportswriter Henry Chadwick, a native of Britain who noted common factors between rounders and baseball in a 1903 article. In 1905, Spalding called for an investigation into how the sport was invented. Chadwick supported the idea, and later in the year the Mills commission was formed. Spalding instructed the commission to decide between the American game of "Old Cat" and rounders as baseball's predecessor. Seven men served on the commission, including Mills. Spalding chose the committee's members, picking men who supported his theory and excluding supporters of the rounders claim, such as Chadwick.

In 1845, Alexander Cartwright, a member of New York City's Knickerbocker Club, produced a code of baseball rules now called the Knickerbocker Rules. The practice, common to bat-and-ball games of the day, of "soaking" or "plugging"—effecting a putout by hitting a runner with a thrown ball—was barred. The rules thus facilitated the use of a smaller, harder ball than had been common. Several other rules also brought the Knickerbockers' game close to the modern one, though a ball caught on the first bounce was, again, an out and only underhand pitching was allowed. While there are reports that the New York Knickerbockers played games in 1845, the contest long recognized as the first officially recorded baseball game in U.S. history took place on June 19, 1846, in Hoboken, New Jersey: the "New York Nine" defeated the Knickerbockers, 23–1, in four innings. With the Knickerbocker code as the basis, the rules of modern baseball continued to evolve over the next half-century.

In the United States

Professional leagues develop
In the mid-1850s, a baseball craze hit the New York metropolitan area. By 1856, local journals were referring to baseball as the "national pastime" or "national game." A year later, 16 area clubs formed the sport's first governing body, the National Association of Base Ball Players. In 1863, the organization disallowed putouts made by catching a fair ball on the first bounce. Four years later, it barred participation by African Americans. The game's commercial potential was developing: in 1869 the first fully professional baseball club, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, was formed and went undefeated against a schedule of semipro and amateur teams. They still remain as baseball's only undefeated team during the regular season. The first professional league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, lasted from 1871 to 1875; scholars dispute its status as a major league.

The more formally structured National League was founded in 1876. As the oldest surviving major league, the National League is sometimes referred to as the "senior circuit." Several other major leagues formed and failed. In 1884, African American Moses Walker (and, briefly, his brother Welday) played in one of these, the American Association. An injury ended Walker's major league career, and by the early 1890s, a gentlemen's agreement in the form of the baseball color line effectively barred black players from the white-owned professional leagues, major and minor. Professional Negro leagues formed, but quickly folded. Several independent African American teams succeeded as barnstormers. Also in 1884, overhand pitching was legalized. In 1887, softball, under the name of indoor baseball or indoor-outdoor, was invented as a winter version of the parent game. Virtually all of the modern baseball rules were in place by 1893; the last major change—counting foul balls as strikes—was instituted in 1901. The National League's first successful counterpart, the American League, which evolved from the minor Western League, was established that year. The two leagues, each with eight teams, were rivals that fought for the best players, often disregarding each other's contracts and engaging in bitter legal disputes.

A modicum of peace was eventually established, leading to the National Agreement of 1903. The pact formalized relations both between the two major leagues and between them and the National Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues, representing most of the country's minor professional leagues. The National Baseball Commission was created to oversee Organized Baseball. The World Series, pitting the two major league champions against each other, was inaugurated that fall, albeit without express major league sanction: The Boston Americans of the American League defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League. The next year, the series was not held, as the National League champion New York Giants, under manager John McGraw, refused to recognize the major league status of the American League and its champion. In 1905, the Giants were National League champions again and team management relented, leading to the establishment of the World Series as the major leagues' annual championship event.

As professional baseball became increasingly profitable, players frequently raised grievances against owners over issues of control and equitable income distribution. During the major leagues' early decades, players on various teams occasionally attempted strikes, which routinely failed when their jobs were sufficiently threatened. In general, the strict rules of baseball contracts and the reserve clause, which bound players to their teams even when their contracts had ended, tended to keep the players in check. Motivated by dislike for particularly stingy owner Charles Comiskey and gamblers' payoffs, real and promised, members of the Chicago White Sox conspired to throw the 1919 World Series. The Black Sox Scandal led to the dissolution of the National Baseball Commission and the formation of the office of the Commissioner of Baseball. The first commissioner, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, was elected in 1920. That year also saw the founding of the Negro National League; the first significant Negro league, it would operate until 1931. For part of the 1920s, it was joined by the Eastern Colored League. On May 29, 1922, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case Federal Baseball Club v. National League that MLB's activities were not considered interstate commerce and therefore not subject to federal antitrust law; MLB is the only American major sports league that has such a status, and has not faced any competition since this case; the last competitor was the Federal League, which played as a major league in 1914 and 1915. However, this ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years.

Rise of Ruth and racial integration

Compared with the present, professional baseball in the early 20th century was lower-scoring, and pitchers, including stars Walter Johnson and Christy Mathewson, were more dominant. The "inside game", which demanded that players "scratch for runs", was played much more aggressively than it is today: The so-called dead-ball era ended in the early 1920s with several changes in rule and circumstance that were advantageous to hitters. Strict new regulations governing the ball's size, shape and composition, along with a new rule officially banning the spitball and other pitches that depended on the ball being treated or roughed-up with foreign substances, followed the death of Ray Chapman after a pitch struck him in the head in August 1920. Coupled with superior materials available after World War I, this resulted in a ball that traveled farther when hit. The construction of additional seating to accommodate the rising popularity of the game often had the effect of reducing the distance to the outfield fences, making home runs more common. The rise of the legendary player Babe Ruth, the first great power hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. The club with which Ruth set most of his slugging records, the New York Yankees, built a reputation as the majors' premier team. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern "farm system". A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939 Little League Baseball was founded in Pennsylvania. By the late 1940s, it was the organizing body for children's baseball leagues across the United States.

With America's entry into World War II, many professional players had left to serve in the armed forces. A large number of minor league teams disbanded as a result and the major league game seemed under threat as well. Chicago Cubs owner Philip K. Wrigley led the formation of a new professional league with women players to help keep the game in the public eye—the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League existed from 1943 to 1954. The inaugural College World Series was held in 1947, and the Babe Ruth League youth program was founded. This program soon became another important organizing body for children's baseball. The first crack in the unwritten rules barring blacks from white-controlled professional ball occurred the previous year: Jackie Robinson was signed by the National League's Brooklyn Dodgers—where Branch Rickey had become general manager—and began playing for their minor league team in Montreal. In 1947, Robinson broke the major leagues' color barrier when he debuted with the Dodgers; Larry Doby debuted with the American League's Cleveland Indians later the same year. Latin American players, largely overlooked before, also started entering the majors in greater numbers. In 1951, two Chicago White Sox, Venezuelan-born Chico Carrasquel and black Cuban-born Minnie Miñoso, became the first Hispanic All-Stars.

Facing competition as varied as television and football, baseball attendance at all levels declined. While the majors rebounded by the mid-1950s, the minor leagues were gutted and hundreds of semipro and amateur teams dissolved. Integration proceeded slowly: by 1953, only six of the 16 major league teams had a black player on the roster. That year, the Major League Baseball Players Association was founded. It was the first professional baseball union to survive more than briefly, but it remained largely ineffective for years. No major league team had been located west of St. Louis until 1958, when the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants relocated to Los Angeles and San Francisco, respectively. The majors' final all-white bastion, the Boston Red Sox, added a black player in 1959. With the integration of the majors drying up the available pool of players, the last Negro league folded the following year. In 1961, the American League reached the West Coast with the Los Angeles Angels expansion team, and the major league season was extended from 154 games to 162. This coincidentally helped Roger Maris break Babe Ruth's long-standing single-season home run record, one of the most celebrated marks in baseball. Along with the Angels, three other new franchises were launched during 1961–62. With this, the first major league expansion in 60 years, each league now had ten teams.

Attendance records, the age of steroids and today

The players' union became bolder under the leadership of former United Steelworkers chief economist and negotiator Marvin Miller, who was elected executive director in 1966. On the playing field, major league pitchers were becoming increasingly dominant again. After the 1968 season, in an effort to restore balance, the strike zone was reduced and the height of the pitcher's mound was lowered from 15 to 10 inches (38.1–25.4 cm). In 1969, both the National and American Leagues added two more expansion teams, the leagues were reorganized into two divisions each, and a new tier of the playoffs, the League Championship Series that decided the World Series participants was instituted. Also that same year, Curt Flood of the St. Louis Cardinals made the first serious legal challenge to the reserve clause. The major leagues' first general players' strike took place in 1972, delaying the season's start for two weeks. In another effort to add more offense to the game, the American League adopted the designated hitter rule the following year. In 1975, the union's power—and players' salaries—began to increase greatly when the reserve clause was effectively struck down, leading to the free agency system. In 1977, two more expansion teams joined the American League. Significant work stoppages occurred again in 1981 and 1994, the former causing a split-season playoff format, and the latter forcing the cancellation of the World Series for the first time in 90 years. Attendance had been growing steadily since the mid-1970s and in 1994, before the stoppage, the majors were setting their all-time record for per-game attendance.

The addition of two more expansion teams after the 1993 season had facilitated another restructuring of the major leagues, this time into three divisions each. Offensive production—the number of home runs in particular—had surged that year, and again in the abbreviated 1994 season. After play resumed in 1995, this trend continued and one non-division-winning wild card team and a second tier of the playoffs, the League Division Series was added, in addition to both leagues now having three divisions each (with the addition of the Central Division). Regular-season interleague play was introduced in 1997 and the second-highest attendance mark for a full season was set. The next year, Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa both surpassed Maris's decades-old single-season home run record, and two more expansion franchises were added. In 2000, the National and American Leagues were dissolved as legal entities. While their identities were maintained for scheduling purposes (and the designated hitter distinction until 2022), the regulations and other functions—such as player discipline and umpire supervision—they had administered separately were consolidated under the rubric of Major League Baseball (MLB).

In 2001, Barry Bonds established the current record of 73 home runs in a single season. There had long been suspicions that the dramatic increase in power hitting was fueled in large part by the abuse of illegal steroids (as well as by the dilution of pitching talent due to expansion), but the issue only began attracting significant media attention in 2002 and there was no penalty for the use of performance-enhancing drugs before 2004. In 2007, Bonds became MLB's all-time home run leader, surpassing Hank Aaron (Bonds finished his career that year with 762 home runs), as total major league and minor league attendance both reached all-time highs. Even though McGwire, Sosa, and Bonds—as well as many other players, including storied pitcher Roger Clemens—have been implicated in the steroid abuse scandal, their feats and those of other sluggers had become the major leagues' defining attraction. In contrast to the professional game's resurgence in popularity after the 1994 interruption, Little League enrollment was in decline: after peaking in 1996, it dropped 1 percent a year over the following decade. With more rigorous testing and penalties for performance-enhancing drug use a possible factor, the balance between bat and ball swung markedly in 2010, which became known as the "Year of the Pitcher". Runs per game fell to their lowest level in 18 years, and the strikeout rate was higher than it had been in half a century.

Before the start of the 2012 season, MLB altered its rules to double the number of wild card teams admitted into the playoffs to two per league. The playoff expansion resulted in the addition of annual one-game playoffs between the wild card teams in each league. MLB's playoffs would be expanded further in 2022, with three Wild Card teams per league (with six teams in each league qualifying now), and turning the Wild Card game into a Wild Card series. Also that season, MLB instituted the universal designated hitter, thus ending the National League use of pitchers batting for themselves.

Around the world

Baseball, widely known as America's pastime, is well established in several other countries as well. The history of baseball in Canada has remained closely linked with that of the sport in the United States. As early as 1877, a professional league, the International Association, featured teams from both countries. While baseball is widely played in Canada and many minor league teams have been based in the country, the American major leagues did not include a Canadian club until 1969, when the Montreal Expos joined the National League as an expansion team. In 1977, the expansion Toronto Blue Jays joined the American League. The Blue Jays won the World Series in 1992 and 1993, the first and still the only club from outside the United States to do so. After the 2004 season, Major League Baseball relocated the Expos to Washington, D.C., where the team is now known as the Nationals.

In 1847, American soldiers played what may have been the first baseball game in Mexico at Parque Los Berros in Xalapa, Veracruz. A few days after the Battle of Cerro Gordo, they used the "wooden leg captured (by the Fourth Illinois regiment) from General Santa Anna". The first formal baseball league outside of the United States and Canada was founded in 1878 in Cuba, which maintains a rich baseball tradition and whose national team has been one of the world's strongest since international play began in the late 1930s (all organized baseball in the country has officially been amateur since the Cuban Revolution). The Dominican Republic held its first islandwide championship tournament in 1912. Professional baseball tournaments and leagues began to form in other countries between the world wars, including the Netherlands (formed in 1922), Australia (1934), Japan (1936), Mexico (1937), and Puerto Rico (1938). The Japanese major leagues—the Central League and Pacific League—have long been considered the highest quality professional circuits outside of the United States. Japan has a professional minor league system as well, though it is much smaller than the American version—each team has only one farm club in contrast to MLB teams' four or five.

After World War II, professional leagues were founded in many Latin American countries, most prominently Venezuela (1946) and the Dominican Republic (1955). Since the early 1970s, the annual Caribbean Series has matched the championship clubs from the four leading Latin American winter leagues: the Dominican Professional Baseball League, Mexican Pacific League, Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League, and Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. In Asia, South Korea (1982), Taiwan (1990) and China (2003) all have professional leagues.

Many European countries have professional leagues as well, the most successful, other than the Dutch league, being the Italian league founded in 1948. Compared to those in Asia and Latin America, the various European leagues and the one in Australia historically have had no more than niche appeal. In 2004, Australia won a surprise silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics. The Israel Baseball League, launched in 2007, folded after one season. The Confédération Européene de Baseball (European Baseball Confederation), founded in 1953, organizes a number of competitions between clubs from different countries, as well as national squads. Other competitions between national teams, such as the Baseball World Cup and the Olympic baseball tournament, were administered by the International Baseball Federation (IBAF) from its formation in 1938 until its 2013 merger with the International Softball Federation to create the current joint governing body for both sports, the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC). By 2009, the IBAF had 117 member countries. Women's baseball is played on an organized amateur basis in numerous countries. Since 2004, the IBAF and now WBSC have sanctioned the Women's Baseball World Cup, featuring national teams.

After being admitted to the Olympics as a medal sport beginning at the 1992 Summer Olympics, baseball was dropped from the 2012 Summer Olympics at the 2005 International Olympic Committee meeting. It remained part of the 2008 Summer Olympics. The elimination of baseball, along with softball, from the 2012 Olympic program enabled the IOC to consider adding two different sports, but none received the votes required for inclusion. While the sport's lack of a following in much of the world was a factor, more important was Major League Baseball's reluctance to have a break during the Games to allow its players to participate, as the National Hockey League now does during the Winter Olympic Games. Such a break is more difficult for MLB to accommodate because it would force the playoffs deeper into cold weather. Seeking reinstatement for the 2016 Summer Olympics, the IBAF proposed an abbreviated competition designed to facilitate the participation of top players, but the effort failed. Major League Baseball initiated the World Baseball Classic, scheduled to precede the major league season, partly as a replacement, high-profile international tournament. The inaugural Classic, held in March 2006, was the first tournament involving national teams to feature a significant number of MLB participants. The Baseball World Cup was discontinued after its 2011 edition in favor of an expanded World Baseball Classic.

References

Sources

History of baseball


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}}ලුණුගල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශය''' ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඌව පළාතේ පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශයකි. එය ග්‍රාම නිලධාරි වසම් 26කින් සමන්විතය.

එහි සුන්දර තේ වතු රාශියකින් සමන්විත වන අතර අද වන විට නිසි නඩත්තුවක් නොමැතිකම නිසා අතිතයේ තරම් සුන්දරත්වයක් නොමැති බව එහි වැසියන්ගේ අදහසයි.කෙසේ වෙතත් අඩාවත්ත,ස්වොලන්ඩ්ස් වතු යාය,හොප්ටන් වතුයාය,මඩොල්සිම වතුයාය ආදි තේ වතු අදටත් සුන්දරත්වයෙන් පරිපුර්ණව දැකිය හැක.මේ අතරින් මඩොල්සිම වතුයාය අතිශය සුන්දර වතුයායක් ලෙස හැදින්විය හැක.

සමාජ හා ජනගහන ව්‍යාප්තිය

පාසැල්
 ලුණුගල මහා විද්‍යාලය
 යපම්ම කනිටු විද්‍යාලය
 රාම ක්‍රිෂ්ණා දමිල විද්‍යාලය
 හොප්ටන් දමිල විද්‍යාලය
 මුස්ලිම් විද්‍යාලය

ආගමික ස්ථානයන්
 ලුණුගල ශ්‍රි ලෝනගිරි පුරාණ රජමහා විහාරය
 යපම්ම ශ්‍රී රම්‍ය විජයාරාම විහාරය
 ලුණුගල ශ්‍රි කදිරේෂන් කොවිල
 ලුණුගල ජුම්මා මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිය
 ලුණුගල කතොලික පල්ලිය

රොහල්
 ලුණුගල දිසා රොහල
 යපම්ම රොහල
 අඩාවත්ත බෙහෙත් ශාලාව

බාහිර යොමු
 නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ලුණුගල

ලුණුගල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශය


Nicholas Longworth III (November 5, 1869 – April 9, 1931) was an American lawyer and politician who became Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. A Republican, he was elected to the Ohio Senate, where he initiated the successful Longworth Act of 1902, regulating the issuance of municipal bonds. As congressman for Ohio's 1st congressional district, he soon became a popular social figure of Washington, and married President Theodore Roosevelt's daughter Alice Lee Roosevelt. Their relationship became strained when he opposed her father in the Republican Party split of 1912. Longworth became Majority Leader of the House in 1923, and Speaker from 1925 to 1931. In this post, he exercised powerful leadership, tempered by charm and tact.

Early years and education
Longworth was the son of Nicholas Longworth II and Susan Walker. The Longworth family was an old, prominent, and wealthy family which dominated Cincinnati, Ohio. He had two younger sisters, Anna and Clara. Nicholas Longworth II was the son of Joseph Longworth and grandson of winemaker Nicholas Longworth I, both distinguished citizens of Cincinnati.

Nicholas Longworth III attended the Franklin School, a school for boys in Cincinnati, and then went on to attend Harvard College (Class of 1891), where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon (Alpha chapter) and the Porcellian Club. He was a talented, but not necessarily an industrious student; one friend wrote about him: "His good head made it easy for him to get perfectly respectable marks without doing much of any work." After receiving his bachelor's degree from Harvard, he attended Harvard Law School for one year, but transferred to and received his law degree from Cincinnati Law School in 1894.

Longworth was a violinist, and on their first visit to Bayreuth, his wife Alice Lee Roosevelt reported that "Nick was really a musician and cared deeply for music...." Later she observed that "In Washington, Nick never had much time to play his violin, and in those days there were very few people to play with him. In Cincinnati there were the orchestra, the College of Music, and the Conservatory to draw on, and soon we were having musical parties, at least once, and often two or three times a week. ... We would all have dinner first, the musicians and a few others who cared for music, and afterwards lose no time getting started, by about nine at the latest. From then on music and yet more music until midnight and usually long after." In a letter to Longworth's sister Clara, Leopold Stokowski wrote "Your brother had a rare understanding of music. He penetrated directly into the spirit of music. It was his natural element."

Professional life and entry into politics

Longworth began a law practice in Cincinnati after being admitted to the Ohio bar in 1894. His political career began with a position on the city's Board of Education in 1898.

As the protégé of Republican boss George B. Cox, Longworth was elected to the Ohio General Assembly, serving in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1899 and 1900, then in the State Senate from 1901 to 1903. In 1902 he was instrumental in writing and passing the Longworth Act, a bill regulating the issuance of municipal bonds, which has been labeled "one of the most successful laws in Ohio's history." Longworth was elected to the United States House of Representatives from the First Congressional District of Ohio which included the city of Cincinnati and the surrounding counties.

Longworth, a bachelor when he entered Congress, married Alice Lee Roosevelt, the daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, on February 17, 1906, in a White House wedding that received widespread public attention In 1925, Roosevelt gave birth to a daughter named Paulina Longworth, who was conceived from her affair with Senator William Borah. One family friend said of Paulina, "everybody called her  'Aurora Borah Alice. Biographers and historians have concluded that though Longworth was delighted with Paulina's birth and doted on her, he almost certainly knew that Borah was her father. Longworth also had affairs, but the couple remained married, though Alice's support for the progressive movement while Longworth sided with the conservative wing of the Republican Party caused a political rift between them.

Throughout his political career, Longworth championed issues regarding foreign affairs and the protective tariff. As the progressive Republicans pulled apart from the conservatives in 1910–12, Longworth sided with the conservatives. When they bolted from the party in the 1912 election to support Theodore Roosevelt and establish their own party, Longworth, along with many of Roosevelt's closest political allies, remained firmly behind Republican standard-bearer President William Howard Taft. Longworth agreed more with Taft than Roosevelt on critical issues like an independent judiciary and support for business. As a result of the Republican Party rift, Longworth and his wife Alice found themselves on opposite sides of the divide in the fall campaign. She actively supported her father's third-party presidential candidacy, even though her husband was running for reelection on the Republican ticket. Longworth narrowly lost his House seat to Democratic challenger Stanley E. Bowdle.

Majority leader and Speaker of the House
Longworth returned to Congress in 1915, after defeating Bowdle in an election rematch, and served until his death in 1931. He became House Majority Leader in 1923, and rose to speaker in 1925, succeeding Frederick Gillett, who had been elected to the Senate.

Soon after becoming speaker, he set out to restore to the speakership many of the powers that had been stripped away during the revolt against Joseph Cannon. He also punished 13 progressives who supported Robert M. La Follette instead of Calvin Coolidge in the 1924 election. He expelled the rebels from the GOP caucus, and stripped even the committee chairmen among them of all seniority. Additionally, Longworth took control of the Steering Committee and Committee on Committees and placed his own men on the Rules Committee, guaranteeing that he controlled the work of the House.

Ignoring the progressive wing of the party, Longworth pursued legislation that aimed for balanced budgets and major tax reductions, resisting any new programs that would expand the role of government. However, Longworth defied President Herbert Hoover in 1931 by supporting the long-stalled veterans bonus bill; it passed but Hoover vetoed it, setting up the Bonus March of 1932.

Longworth reached across the aisle to Democrats, forging a productive relationship with John Nance Garner, that party's House minority leader, who relied upon informal methods to strengthen his party's influence. He enjoyed a close rapport with Garner, who said of Longworth, "I was the heathen and Nick was the aristocrat." Together they hosted a daily gathering of Democratic and Republican congressmen in a secluded room in the Capitol, which became known as the "Bureau of Education." This unofficial club provided a place for politicians to relax with a drink and get to know and work with one another across party lines.

Final days and death
Longworth served as speaker until the end of the 71st Congress on March 4, 1931, and was speaker-presumptive for the upcoming 72nd Congress at the time of his death (as he had won reelection in November 1930 and as at the time Republicans retained a narrow 3-seat House majority). He died unexpectedly from pneumonia on April 9 while visiting his friend Dwight Filley Davis (of Davis Cup fame), and Daniel J. Duckett in Aiken, South Carolina. His body was subsequently interred at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati. At a memorial service held at the Library of Congress on May 3, 1931, his old friends Efrem Zimbalist and Harold Bauer played Brahms's D minor sonata.

Character
Donald C. Bacon described Longworth as "Debonair and aristocratic, given to wearing spats and carrying a gold-headed cane. He was perpetually cheerful, quick with a joke or witty retort, and unfailingly friendly. He seemed never to have a care and made hard decisions with such ease and detachment that some people wondered if anything at all really mattered to him."

One particular famous retort is attributed to Longworth. One day, while he was lounging in a chair at the Capitol, another member of the House ran his hand over Longworth's bald pate and commented, "Nice and smooth. Feels just like my wife's bottom." Longworth felt his own head and said: "Yes, so it does."

Journalist Frank R. Kent of The Baltimore Sun wrote of him:

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
Honors: In 1962, the Longworth House Office Building was named in honor of Nicholas Longworth of Ohio, who served as Speaker of the House of Representatives (1925-1931) when the building was authorized.

References

Sources

 Reprint, Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, [1971] – Note.  Clara detested Nick's wife Alice Roosevelt Longworth and she's not even mentioned or pictured in her book on her famous brother.

External links

1869 births
1931 deaths
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Majority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party Ohio state senators
Republican Party members of the Ohio House of Representatives
School board members in Ohio
Ohio lawyers
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
University of Cincinnati College of Law alumni
Politicians from Cincinnati
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
Longworth family
Old Right (United States)

Nicholas Longworth


is a town located in Tagawa District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2016, the town has an estimated population of 10,712 and a density of 240 persons per km². The total area is 44.50 km².

References

External links

Kawara official website

Towns in Fukuoka Prefecture

Kawara, Fukuoka


Giovanni Niccolò Bandiera est un littérateur italien, frère aîné d'Alessandro.

Œuvres
Membre de la Congrégation de l'Oratoire, il a laissé, entre autres ouvrages estimés :
 De Augustino Dato libri II, Rome, 1735, in-4°. C'est une vie du célèbre Agostino Dati, tirée en grande partie de ses ouvrages, et qui en contient un catalogue exact et raisonné.
 Trattato degli studj delle donne, opera d'un accademico intronato, Venise, 1740, in-8°. L'auteur, qui ne se nomma point, et se désigna seulement par le titre de l'académie de Sienne, dont il était membre, y emploie l'érudition et le raisonnement pour prouver que l'étude des arts, des lettres et même des sciences, convient aux femmes autant qu'aux hommes.

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Écrivain italien du XVIIIe siècle
Naissance en 1695
Naissance à Sienne
Décès en 1761
Décès à Rome

Giovanni Niccolò Bandiera


Brascos, también conocido como Paraschos, es un ex-futbolista egipcio, que también poseía la nacionalidad griega. Se desempeñaba como portero.

Carrera como jugador

Jugó 12 temporadas en el Olympic El Qanah FC. Desde la 1955-56, hasta la 1966-67.

Selección nacional

Brascos fue el portero titular de la selección nacional de Egipto que ganó la primera Copa Africana de Naciones de fútbol de la historia, jugando los 2 partidos de su combinado y recibiendo sólo 1 gol.

Participaciones internacionales

Clubes

Palmarés

Copas internacionales

Referencias
Ficha del jugador en Football Database.
Ficha del jugador. En Cero a Cero (en inglés)
Resultados y alineaciones de la Copa Africana de Naciones de 1957 en la RSSSF (en inglés)

Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Egipto

Brascos


John Adedayo B. Adegboyega (17. ožujka 1992.), poznatiji pod profesionalnim imenom John Boyega, engleski je glumac najpoznatiji po ulozi Finna u filmskom serijalu Ratovi zvijezda. Boyega je u svojoj domovini postao popularan nakon uloge Mosesa u znanstveno-fantastičnom humorističnom filmu Invazija kvarta iz 2011. godine.

Ostale uloge Johna Boyege do danas uključuju nastup u povijesnoj drami Detroit iz 2017. godine, četiri epizode televizijske serije 24: Live Another Day te drami Imperial Dreams. Boyega je osvojio prestižnu britansku nagradu BAFTA 2016. godine u kategoriji najbolje zvijezde u usponu.

Filmografija

Film
 2011: Attack the Block
 2011: Junkhearts
 2013: Half of a Yellow Sun
 2014: Imperial Dreams
 2015: Ratovi zvijezda: Sila se budi
 2017: The Circle
 2017: Detroit
 2017: Ratovi zvijezda: Posljednji Jedi
 2018: Pacific Rim: Uprising
 2019: Ratovi zvijezda: Uspon Skywalkera
 2021: Naked Singularity
 2022: Breaking
 2022: The Woman King
 2023: They Cloned Tyrone

Televizija

 Da Brick (2011.)
 Becoming Human (2011.)
 Law & Order: UK (2011.)
 My Murder (2012.)
 The Whale (2013.)
 24: Live Another Day (2014.)
 Major Lazer (2015.)
 Saturday Night Live (2015.)
 Tinkershrimp & Dutch (2016.)
 Star Wars Forces of Destiny (2017. - 2018.)
 Watership Down (2018.)
 Serengeti (2019.)
 Small Axe (2020.)

Vanjske poveznice

Britanski filmski glumci
Britanski televizijski glumci

John Boyega


Los gradungúlidos (Gradungulidae) son  una pequeña familia de arañas araneomorfas, que forman parte de la superfamilia de los austroquiloideos (Austrochiloidea) junto con Austrochilidae.

Son de medida media a grande, son  haploginos, pero tienen dos pares de pulmones en libro como los migalomorfos.

Sistemática
Los gradungúlidos son  una pequeña familia y hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011, incluye 7 géneros y 16 especies.
Gradungula Forster, 1955(Nueva Zelanda)
Kaiya Gray, 1987(Australia)
Macrogradungula Gray, 1987 (Queensland)
Pianoa Forster, 1987 (Nueva Zelanda)
Progradungula Forster & Gray, 1979(Australia)
Spelungula Forster, 1987 (Nueva Zelanda)
Tarlina Gray, 1987(Queensland, Nueva Gales del Sur)

Progradungula  es el único género con cribelo de la familia. Es una araña grande con patas muy largas, parecida a  Hickmania, un Austrochilidae.

Referencias
 Platnick, Norman I. (2012): The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History.
 .
 Forster R.R.; Gray M.R. (1979): "Progradungula, a new cribellate genus of the spider family Gradungulidae (Araneae)". Australian Journal of Zoology 27: 1051-1071. Abstract
 Forster, R.R.; Platnick, N.I.; Gray, M.R. (1987): "A review of the spider superfamilies Hypochiloidea and Austrochiloidea (Araneae, Araneomorphae)". Bulletin of the AMNH 185(1):1-116 Abstract  - PDF (50Mb)

Enlaces externos

 Carrai cave spider Progradungula carraiensis

Véase también
 Anexo:Especies de Gradungulidae
 Anexo:Taxonomía de las arañas

Gradungulidae

Gradungulidae


Matthias Aschenbrenner (né en 1972 à Bad Kötzting) est un mathématicien germano-américain. Il est professeur de mathématiques à l'université de Vienne et directeur du groupe de logique. Ses intérêts de recherche incluent l' et la théorie des modèles.

Formation et carrière
Aschenbrenner a obtenu son "Vordiplom" à l'université de Passau en 1996. En 2001, il a obtenu son doctorat de l'université de l'Illinois à Urbana-Champaign, où il était l'élève de . Pour sa thèse, il a reçu le prix Sacks 2001 de l'Association for Symbolic Logic. Après un poste de visiteur à l'université de Californie à Berkeley, Aschenbrenner a rejoint la faculté de l'université de l'Illinois à Chicago en 2003, puis à l'université de Californie à Los Angeles en 2007. Aschenbrenner a rejoint l'université de Vienne en 2020, où il est également directeur du groupe de logique.

Prix et distinctions
En 2012, Aschenbrenner est devenu membre de l'American Mathematical Society. Il a reçu conjointement le prix Karp 2018 avec Lou van den Dries et  « pour leurs travaux en théorie des modèles, en particulier sur l'algèbre différentielle asymptotique et la théorie des modèles des transséries ». En 2018, Aschenbrenner a été conférencier invité au Congrès international des mathématiciens à Rio de Janeiro avec une conférence intitulée « On numbers, germs, and transseries ».

Publications (sélection)
Ideal membership in polynomial rings over the integers, J. Amer. Math. Soc., vol 17, 2004, p. 407–441. Arxiv
avec Christoph Hillar: Finite generation of symmetric ideals, Trans. AMS, vol 359, 2007, p. 5171–5192. Arxiv 2004
avec H. Schoutens: Lefschetz extensions, tight closure, and big Cohen-Macaulay algebras, Israel J. Math., vol 161, 2007, p. 221–310.
avec Raymond Hemmecke: Finiteness theorems in stochastic integer programming, Found. Comput. Math., vol 7, 2007, p. 183–227. Arxiv 2005
avec Christoph Hillar: An Algorithm for Finding Symmetric Gröbner Bases in Infinite Dimensional Rings, Arxiv 2008
avec Stefan Friedl: Residual properties of graph manifold groups, Topology Appl., vol 158, 2011, S. 1179–1191.
avec L. van den Dries, J. van der Hoeven: Towards a model theory for transseries, Notre Dame J. Form. Log., vol 54, 2013, p. 279–310. Arxiv
avec S. Friedl: 3-manifold groups are virtually residually p, Memoirs of the AMS 225, 2013, Arxiv 2010
avec S. Friedl, Henry Wilton: Decision problems for 3-manifolds and their fundamental groups, Arxiv 2014
avec van den Dries, van der Hoeven: The surreal numbers as a universal H-field, J. EMS, Arxiv 2015
avec S. Friedl, Henry Wilton: 3-Manifold Groups, EMS Series of Lectures in Mathematics, vol. 20, European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich, 2015. Arxiv
avec Lou van den Dries, Joris van der Hoeven: Asymptotic Differential Algebra and Model Theory of Transseries, Annals of Mathematical Studies 195, Princeton UP 2017, Arxiv

Références

Liens externes

Personnalité en théorie des modèles
Mathématicien américain du XXIe siècle
Étudiant de l'université de l'Illinois à Urbana-Champaign
Professeur à l'université de Vienne
Membre de l'American Mathematical Society
Naissance en 1972
Naissance à Bad Kötzting
Mathématicien allemand du XIXe siècle

Matthias Aschenbrenner


Tornesch er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende under Kreis Pinneberg i den sydlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Tornesch ligger 16 km nordvest for Hamborg på en geest der rager ind i marsken i dennes udkant. Den grænser op til byen Uetersen og kommunerne Klein Nordende, Ellerhoop, Prisdorf og Heidgraben. Kommunen afgrænses mod syd af vandløbene Pinnau og Bilsbek, mod vest Ohrtbrookgraben og mod øst til tidligere Bundesstraße og motorvejen A 23.

I Tornesch ligger bydelene Ahrenlohe, Esingen og Oha. Flyvepladsen Ahrenlohe ligger i kommunen og krydses af jernbanen Hamborg-Altona–Kiel, der har station i byen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Pinneberg

Tornesch


Mounia Meslem (nascida em Tébessa, a 24 de junho de 1961) é uma política e ministra do governo argelino. Ela desempenha funções como Ministra da Solidariedade Nacional, Família e Assuntos da Mulher.

Nascidos em 1961
Pessoas vivas
Políticos da Argélia
Mulheres na política

Mounia Meslem


La palma de Carey o drácena roja (Cordyline rubra) es una especie de planta perennifolia nativa de Australia. Crece aproximadamente unos 4 metros de altura y se encuentra en bosques de clima templado y bosques húmedos de eucaliptos. su hábitat natural va desde Lismore (Nueva Gales del Sur) hasta cerca de  Bundaberg, Queensland.

Descripción
Esta especie se identifica principalmente por los tallos foliares, planos o algo cóncavos y cuya longitud es de unos 5 a 20 cm. Las hojas, de color verde mate, son estrechamente elongadas y tienen entre 15 a 50 cm de largo por 3 a 5,5 cm de ancho.
La floración se da en verano, las pequeñas flores de color lila surgen del ápice de la planta.El fruto, una baya de color rojo brillante de unos 10 mm de diámetro, surge en panículas de 10 a 40 cm de largo.

Usos y cultivo
Esta especie se reproduce fácilmente a partir de semillas o esquejes de tallo. El cultivo de C. rubra no está tan extendido como el de Cordyline australis, sin embargo también es adecuada para su uso en jardines con suelos húmedos y en semisombra o como planta de interior. Es una planta resistente que tolera la falta de cuidados.
En estado silvestre puede hibridar ocasionalmente con Cordyline petiolaris.

Taxonomía
Cordyline rubra fue descrita por primera vez por los botánicos alemanes Christoph Friedrich Otto y Albert Gottfried Dietrich en 1848.   y publicado en Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 16: 121. 1848.
Etimología
Cordyline: nombre genérico que deriva de la palabra griega kordyle que significa "club", en referencia a los tallos subterráneos o agrandamiento de los rizomas.

ruber: epíteto latino que significa  «rojo».
Sinonimia
 Charlwoodia rubra (Otto & A.Dietr.) Planch.
 Cordyline rubra f. violascens (Regel) Voss
 Cordyline violascens Regel
 Dracaena rubra (Otto & A.Dietr.) Parm.
 Dracaena zeelandica Baker
 Terminalis rubra (Otto & A.Dietr.) Kuntze

Véase también
 Historia de la Botánica
 Terminología descriptiva de las plantas
 Descripción de las asparagáceas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Drácena roja
 Drácena roja (Cordyline rubra)

rubra
Flora de Nueva Gales del Sur
Flora de Queensland
Plantas descritas en 1848
Plantas descritas por Otto
Plantas descritas por A.Dietr.
Plantas descritas por Kuntze

Cordyline rubra


الحيوان المجتر هو نوع من الحيوانات التي تأكل طعامها عن طريق عملية الاجترار. ومن أشهر هذه الحيوانات البقر، الماعز، الخراف، الزرافة، البايسن، القطاس، الأيل، الجمال، الألبكة، اللاما، النو والظباء.

في الديانات الإبراهيمية، الفرق ما بين الحيوانات النظيفة وغير النظيفة يقع بأن هل أن الحيوان يجتر الطعام أم لا. وفي التوراة، المسموح هو الحيوانات ذات الحوافر والتي تمزق الطعام ثم تبلعه عدة مرات هو شرط محفوظ إلى اليوم في الكاشورات. أما الإسلام فيعتبر أن الثدييات حلال أكلها إن كانت مجترة أو لا، والمحرمات مثل السباع أي الحيوانات التي تاكل اللحوم كالقطط الكبيرة والكلاب وأيضا الخنزير.

انظر أيضا
 قائمة مزدوجات الأصابع حسب العدد

مراجع

 جامعة ولاية كولورادو
 من الويكي مصدر

وصلات خارجية
 Digestive Physiology of Herbivores - جامهة ولاية كلورادو

الظهور الأول في الأبريسيني
مجترات
مزدوجات الأصابع

حيوان مجتر


تحرير المعادن (Mineral Liberation) من بعضها البعض بالسحق هو مجال رئيسى من مجالات تركيز الخامات وهو عملية مكلفة؛ وترتفع التكلفة ارتفاعاً تناسبياً مع نقص حجم جسيمات المنتج. إلا أن تكلفة أي عملية متالورجية لاحقة مثل التسخين والنض وغيرها تنخفض بانخفاض حجم جسيمات المواد الصلبة المُعَالَجَة وذلك بسبب زيادة مساحة سطحها. وبالتالى لابد من التوفيق بين تكلفة الطحن والحجم المثالى للجسيمات كما تتطلبها العمليات اللاحقة. تتم عملية سحق الخامات عادة في ثلاث خطوات: التكسير الأولى والتكسير الثانوى والطحن.

التكسير

يتم التكسير (Crushing) بتحريك سطح فلزى بالنسبة لسطح آخر يكون عادة ثابت. تغذى سطوح التكسير بالمواد وتُفَرّغ منهم بالجاذبية
. ويعتمد اختيار الكسارة على صلادة المادة وعلى حجم جسيمات المنتج المطلوبة. ومن المعدات الشائعة الكسارات الفكية وفيها تكسر كتل الخام بين فكين من صلب صلد، أحدهما مثبت والآخر متحرك، وقد تصل طاقة إنتاج الكسارات الفكية إلى 500 م3/س. وهناك أيضاً الكسارات الدوامية أو المخروطية وسطوح التكسير فيها على شكل مخروطات مقطوعة، يتدحرج أحدهما على السطح الداخلى للآخر فيكسر كتل الخام المحصورة بينهما، وقد تصل طاقة إنتاج هذه المعدات إلى 2000 م3/س. وتوجد أيضاً الكسارات الدرافيلية وفيها ترتطم المواد المُغَذّاة للماكينة بأسنان الدرافيل الدوار وتكبس كذلك بينه وبين لوح الكسارة فتمزق الأسنان الموجودة على سطح الدرافيل المواد لاستكمال تكسيرها. من المعدات الأخرى المستخدمة في تحرير المعادن المحببات وتستخدم صفوف من المطارق لتكسير الخام مع حركة درفلة بطيئة مما ينتج منتجات محببة مع قليل من النواعم. الكسارات التثاقلية ويتم التكسير فيها بفعل التصادم التثاقلى فقط. وتستخدم لتكسير الفحم والمواد سهلة التفتيت معطية نواتج خشنة نسبيا مع قليل من النواعم، وطاقة الإنتاج المعتادة لهذه المعدات هي 1400 طن/س.

الطحن

يتم الطحن (Grinding) بأجسام حرة الحركة مثل كرات أو قضبان الصلب. والمعدات المستخدمة لهذا الغرض هي عبارة براميل ضخمة، أفقية، دوارة، ذات بطانة داخلية يمكن تبديلها، مصنوعة من مادة مقاومة للبِلَى مثل الصلب المسبوك والمطاط. تملئ البراميل حتى تقريبا 40% من حجمها بقضبان صلب سائبة (طاحونة قضبان) أو كرات صلب (طاحونة كرات). وعند دوان الطاحونة تنحدر القضبان أو الكرات فتكسر قطع الصخر التي قد تتواجد في الفراغات بينها. ومن العيوب الأساسية في الطواحين بلَى أدوات الطحن بسبب الاحتكاك والتآكل. ونتيجة للبلى تضاف تزويدات جديدة من أدوات الطحن من وقت لآخر. ولتقليل تكلفة البلي أثناء الطحن يستخدم الطحن الذاتى ونصف الذاتى وفيها تستخدم قطع كبيرة من المادة الجارى طحنها كأدوات طحن بدون أو مع كرات الصلب. ويمكن أن يجرى الطحن في وجود أو غياب الماء. وتنفذ العملية عادة في الماء بسبب مشكلات الغبار المصاحبة لطحن المواد الصلبة (مشكلات صحية وانفجار ومخاطر النار) وكذلك لأن الطحن الرطب يحتاج لطاقة أقل مقارنة بالطحن الجاف ولكنه مصحوب بزيادة البِلَى مما يعد عيباً في الطحن الرطب.

انظر أيضآ
 علم الفلزات
 بصريات المعادن
 مجهر بتروغرافي

المصادر

 F. Habashi, Metals from Ores. An Introduction to Extractive Metallurgy, Métallurgie Extractive Québec, Québec City, Canada 2003.

عمليات تعدينية

تحرير المعادن


The Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard (Étendard is French for "battle flag", cognate to English "standard") is a French carrier-borne strike fighter aircraft designed by Dassault-Breguet for service with the French Navy.

The aircraft is an advanced development of the Étendard IVM, which it replaced.  The Super Étendard first flew in October 1974 and entered French service in June 1978.  French Super Étendards have served in several conflicts such as the Kosovo war, the war in Afghanistan and the military intervention in Libya.

The Super Étendard was also operated by Iraq (on a temporary lease) and Argentina, which both deployed the aircraft during wartime. Argentina's Navy use of the Super Étendard and the Exocet missile during the 1982 Falklands War led to the aircraft gaining considerable popular recognition. The Super Étendard was used by Iraq to attack oil tankers and merchant shipping in the Persian Gulf during the Iraq-Iran War.  In French service, the Super Étendard was replaced by the Dassault Rafale in 2016.

Development
The Super Étendard is a development of the earlier Étendard IVM which had been developed in the 1950s. The Étendard IVM was originally to have been replaced by a navalised version of the SEPECAT Jaguar, designated as the Jaguar M; however the Jaguar M project was stalled by a combination of political problems and issues experienced during trial deployments on board carriers. Specifically, the Jaguar M had suffered handling problems when being flown on a single engine and a poor throttle response time that made landing back on a carrier after an engine failure difficult. In 1973, all development work on the Jaguar M was formally cancelled by the French government.

There were several proposed aircraft to replace the Jaguar M,  including the LTV A-7 Corsair II and the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk. Dassault pulled some strings with the French government and produced its own proposal to meet the requirement. According to Bill Gunston and Peter Gilchrist, Dassault had played a significant role in the cancellation of the Jaguar M with the aim of creating a vacancy for their own proposal – the Super Étendard. The Super Étendard was essentially an improved version of the existing Étendard IVM, outfitted with a more powerful engine, a new wing and improved avionics. Dassault sold its plane as the only fully French-made candidate, and as cheaper than the other contestants, using modern technology already proven in existing Dassault planes. Dassault's Super Étendard proposal was accepted by the French Navy in 1973, leading to a series of prototypes being quickly assembled.

The first of three prototypes to be built, an Étendard IVM which had been modified with the new engine and some of the new avionics, made its maiden flight on 28 October 1974. The original intention of the French Navy was to order a total of 100 Super Étendards, however the order placed was for 60 of the new model with options for a further 20; further budget cuts and an escalation in the aircraft's per unit price eventually led to only 71 Super Étendards being purchased. Dassault began making deliveries of the type to the French Navy in June 1978.

In the first year of production, 15 Super Étendards were produced for the French Navy, allowing the formation of the first squadron in 1979. Dassault produced the aircraft at a rough rate of two per month.

The Argentine Navy was the only export customer. Argentina placed an order for 14 aircraft to meet their requirements for a capable new fighter that could operate from their sole aircraft carrier. In 1983, all manufacturing activity was completed, the last delivery to the French Navy taking place that year.

Design

The Super Étendard is a small, single-engined, mid-winged aircraft with an all-metal structure. Both the wings and tailplane are swept, with the folding wings having a sweepback of about 45 degrees, while the aircraft is powered by a non-afterburning SNECMA Atar 8K-50 turbojet with a rating of 49 kN (11,025 lbf). Its performance was not much better than the Étendard IV, but its avionics were significantly improved.

The main new weapon of the Super Étendard was the French anti-shipping missile, the Aérospatiale AM 39 Exocet. The aircraft had a Thomson-CSF Agave radar which, amongst other functions, was essential to launch the Exocet missile. One of the major technical advances of the Super Étendard was its onboard UAT-40 central computer; this managed most mission-critical systems, integrating navigational data and functions, radar information and display, and weapons targeting and controls.

In the 1990s, significant modifications and upgrades were made to the type, including an updated UAT-90 computer and a new Thomson-CSF Anemone radar which provided nearly double the range of the previous Agave radar.  Other upgrades at this time included an extensively redesigned cockpit with HOTAS controls, and airframe life-extension work was undertaken; a total of 48 aircraft received these upgrades, at a rate of 15 per year. During the 2000s, further improvements included significantly improved self-defence ECM capability to better evade enemy detection and attacks, cockpit compatibility with night vision goggles, a new inertial data system partly integrating GPS, and compatibility with the Damocles Laser designator pod.

The Super Étendard could also deploy tactical nuclear weapons; initially these were unguided gravity bombs only, however, during the 1990s the Super Étendard was extensively upgraded, enabling the deployment of the Air-Sol Moyenne Portée, a ramjet-powered air-launched nuclear missile. The aircraft was also refitted with the ability to operate a range of laser-guided bombs and, to enable the type to replace the retiring Étendard IV in the reconnaissance mission, the Super Étendard was fitted to carry a specialist reconnaissance pod as well. However, the aircraft is unable to perform naval landings without jettisoning unexpended ordnance.

Operational history

Argentina

The Argentine Naval Aviation decided to buy 14 Super Étendards in 1979 after the United States put an arms embargo in place, due to the Dirty War and refused to supply spare parts for Argentina's fleet of A-4Q Skyhawks. Between August and November 1981, five Super Étendards and five anti-ship sea-skimming Exocet missiles were shipped to Argentina. The Super Étendards, armed with Exocet anti-ship missiles played a key role in the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982. The 2nd Naval Squadron was stationed at the Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego naval air base; during the conflict.  The threat posed to British naval forces led to the planning of Operation Mikado and other proposed infiltration missions to raid the airbase, aiming to destroy the Super Étendards to prevent their use. A total of four Super Étendards were operational during the conflict.

A first attempt to attack the British fleet was made on 2 May 1982, but this was abandoned due to in-flight-refuelling problems. On 4 May, two Super Étendards, guided by a Lockheed P-2H Neptune, each launched one Exocet at the British destroyer , with one missile crippling Sheffield. On 25 May, another attack by two Super Étendards resulted in two missiles hitting the merchant ship , which was carrying several helicopters and other supplies to the front line. The Exocets that struck Atlantic Conveyor had been inadvertently redirected by decoy chaff deployed as a defensive measure by other ships; Both Sheffield and Atlantic Conveyor sank whilst under tow some days later following these Exocet strikes.

On May 30 two Super Étendards, one carrying Argentina's last remaining Exocet, escorted by four A-4C Skyhawks each with two 500lb bombs, took off to attack the carrier HMS Invincible.  The missile was shot down by a Sea Dart fired by HMS Exeter.

Following the end of the conflict, by 1984 Argentina had received all the 14 Super Étendards ordered, and Exocets with which to arm them. Super Étendards performed qualifications on the aircraft carrier ARA 25 de Mayo until the ship's final retirement.  Since 1993, Argentine pilots have practised on board the neighbouring Brazilian Navy's aircraft carrier . Touch-and-go landing exercises were also common on US Navy carriers during Gringo-Gaucho manoeuvres and joint exercises.

In 2009, an agreement was signed between Argentina and France to upgrade Argentina's remaining fleet of Super Étendards. An earlier proposal to acquire former French Naval Super Étendards was rejected due to high levels of accumulated flight hours; instead equipment and hardware would be removed from retiring French airframes and installed into Argentine aircraft, effectively upgrading them to the Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM) standard. By March 2014, while the Argentine Navy continued to seek the upgrade kits for 10 of its 11 remaining Super Étendards; this ambition appears to have been complicated by several factors, France has been non-committal regarding the sought sale; critically, political developments between France and the UK may potentially allow the UK to obstruct the supply of military equipment to Argentina such as the upgrade kits and the Exocet missile.

In 2017 five Super Étendard Modernisé were purchased from France to bolster the fleet at a cost of €12.5 million, along with a simulator, eight spare engines, and a large batch of spares and tooling. However, while these aircraft were delivered in 2019, as of 2020 they still await the delivery of key spare parts and may not be in operational service for a further two years. In 2021, it was reported that the aircraft also remained non-operational due to problems obtaining components for the Martin Baker ejection seats manufactured in the U.K.. As a result, alternative parts were being sought in the United States. In early 2022, it was reported that the spare parts problem remained unresolved and the aircraft remained in storage.

France

Deliveries of the Super Étendard to the French Navy started in 1978, with the first squadron, Flottille 11F becoming operational in February 1979. As they offered no air combat capabilities France had to extend useful life of its Crusaders fighters, as no replacement option was found.

In total, three operational squadrons and a training unit were equipped with the Super Étendard. The Super Étendards would operate from both of France's aircraft carriers at that time,  and ; either carrier's air wing typically comprised 16 Super Étendards, 10 F-8 Crusaders, 3 Étendard IVPs, 7 Breguet Alizé anti-submarine aircraft, as well as numerous helicopters.

The first fighting operational missions took place in Lebanon during Operation Olifant. On 22 September 1983, French Navy Super Étendards operating from Foch bombed and destroyed Syrian forces positions after a few artillery rounds were fired at the French peace keepers. On November 10, a Super Étendard dodged a Syrian SA-7 shoulder-launched missile near Bourj el-Barajneh while flying over Druze positions. On 17 November 1983, the same airplanes attacked and destroyed an Islamic Amal training camp in Baalbeck after a terrorist attack on French paratroopers in Beirut.

From 1991, the original pure attack Étendard IVMs were withdrawn from French service; though the reconnaissance version of the Étendard IV, the IVP, remained in service until July 2000. In response, the Super Étendards underwent a series of upgrades throughout the 1990s to add new capabilities and update existing systems for use in the modern battlefield. Designated Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM), the first combat missions for the type came during NATO's Allied Force operations over Serbia in 1999 flying 400 combat missions. An Étendard IVPM from the Flottile 16.F was hit by a Serb SAM on 15 April 1994, while flying a reconnaissance mission over Gorazde, Bosnia, as part of Operation Deny Flight. The pilot managed to safely land on Clemenceau despite heavy damage on its tailpipe, elevators and fin.

The SEM also flew strike missions in Operation Enduring Freedom. Mission Héraclès starting 21 November 2001 saw the deployment of the aircraft carrier  and its Super Étendards in Afghanistan. Operation Anaconda, starting on 2 March 2002 saw extensive use of the Super Étendard in support of French and allied ground troops. Super Étendards returned to operations over Afghanistan in 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010–2011. One of their main roles was to carry laser designation pods to illuminate targets for Dassault Rafales.

In March 2011, Étendards were deployed as a part of Task Force 473, during France's Opération Harmattan in support of UN resolution 1973 during the Libyan conflict. They were paired again with Dassault Rafales on interdiction missions. The final Super Étendards in French naval aviation were in one "flottille" (squadron) called flottille 17F.  All Super Étendards were retired from French service on 12 July 2016 to be replaced by the Dassault Rafale M, 42 years after the subsonic attack jet performed its first flight. The Super Étendard's last operational deployment from Charles de Gaulle was in support of Opération Chammal against Islamic State militants in Iraq and Syria, which began in late 2015. On 16 March 2016, the aircraft undertook its final launch from Charles de Gaulle ahead of its final withdrawal from service in July.

Iraq

A total of five Super Étendards were loaned to Iraq in 1983 while the country was waiting for deliveries of Agave-equipped Dassault Mirage F1s capable of launching Exocet missiles that had been ordered; the first of these aircraft arrived in Iraq on 8 October 1983. The provision of Super Étendards to Iraq was politically controversial, the United States and Iraq's neighbour Iran were vocal in their opposition while Saudi Arabia supported the loan; the aircraft were seen as an influential factor in the 1980–88 Iraq-Iran War as they could launch Exocet strikes on Iranian merchant shipping traversing the Persian Gulf. The Super Étendards began maritime operations over Persian Gulf in March 1984; a total of 34 attacks were carried out on Iranian shipping through the rest of 1984. Tankers of any nationality that were carrying Iranian crude oil were also subject to Iraqi attacks.

Iraq typically deployed the Super Étendards in pairs, escorted by Mirage F1 fighters from bases in Southern Iraq; once inside the mission zone, the Super Étendards would search for targets using their onboard radar and engage suspected tankers at long range without visual identification.  While tankers would typically be struck by a launched Exocet, they were often only lightly damaged. On 2 April 1984, an Iraqi Super Étendard was reportedly shot down by a AIM-7E-2 missile fired by an Iranian F-4 Phantom II piloted by Khosrow Adibi over Kharg Island.  Separately, on 26 July and 7 August 1984, claims of Super Étendard losses to Iranian Grumman F-14 Tomcats were reported. Iran claimed a total of three Super Étendards to have been shot down by Iranian interceptors; France stated that four of the five leased aircraft were returned to France in 1985.

Operators

 Argentine Navy originally received 14 aircraft, of which few are currently operational.  A further 5 ex-French navy aircraft (Modernisé spec) were acquired for operational service and training/spare parts in 2017; these aircraft remain non-operational as of 2021. On 17 May 2023, on the occasion of the 209th anniversary of the Argentine Navy, Argentinean Minister of Defense Jorge Taiana, announced the withdrawal from service of all the Super Étendards of the Aviación Naval Argentina.

 French Navy received 71 aircraft; retired from active service on 12 July 2016.

 Iraqi Air Force was loaned five French aircraft between 1983 and 1985; one was lost during the Iran–Iraq War, the remainder returned to France in 1985.

Specifications

See also

Current squadrons
 Flottille 17F
 2da Escuadrilla Aeronaval de Caza y Ataque

Notes

Bibliography
 Burden, Rodney A., Michael A. Draper, Douglas A. Rough, Colin A Smith and David Wilton. Falklands: The Air War. Twickenham, UK: British Air Review Group, 1986.  .
Carbonel, Jean-Christophe. French Secret Projects 1: Post War Fighters. Manchester, UK: Crecy Publishing, 2016
 Cooper, Tom.  Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat.  Osprey Publishing, 2004. .
 Donald, David and Jon Lake. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London, Aerospace Publishing, single volume ed., 1996. .
 Freedman, Lawrence.  The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The 1982 Falklands War and Its Aftermath.  Routledge, 2005. .
 Friedman, Norman.  The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems, 5th ed.  Naval Institute Press, 2006. .
 Grolleau, Henri-Paul. "The Aéronavale Spearhead". Air International, January 2008, Vol 64 No 1. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634, pp. 38–43.
 Gunston, Bill and Peter Gilchrist. Jet Bombers: From the Messerschmitt Me 262 to the Stealth B-2. Osprey, 1993. .
 Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, 13–19 December 2011, pp. 26–52.
 Huertas, Salvador Mafé. "Super Étendard in the Falklands: 2ª Escuadrilla Aeronaval de Caza y Ataque". Wings of Fame. Volume 8, 1997. London: Aerospace Publishing. .
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 Ripley, Tim. "Directory: Military Aircraft". Flight International, 25–31 May 2004. Sutton, UK: Reed Business Press, pp. 38–73.
 Taylor, John W.R. (ed). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. .

Further reading

External links

 Super Étendard on Federation of American Scientist (FAS)
 Super Étendard on Global Aircraft
 Super Étendard on Global Security

1970s French fighter aircraft
Super Etendard
Carrier-based aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Cruciform tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1974
Mid-wing aircraft
Third-generation jet fighter

Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard


Kızılgüney, Antalya ilinin Gazipaşa ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin tarihi ve isminin verilişi hakkında birçok rivayet olamasına rağmen bunlardan en muteber olanı; Köylü Koca Mevlüt ve Kara Ahmet'in anlattğı "Sakallı Teke Olayı'dır. Köylüler 150 yıl kadar önce bugünkü Şahinler mahallesi'nin Kızılcık Mevkiinde yaşarlardı.  Bir gün yörük ağası sabah namazını kılmak ve  ulu atalara dua etmek için kalkıp abdest alırken su, ağanın yüzünde donar. Bunun üzerine ağa "andolsun daha sıcak bir yere göçüp gideceğim." der. Ağa tası tarağı toplayı bugünkü mahallenin merkezinin bulunduğu yerin kuzeyine gelir ve her tarafı orman olan bu yerde su aramaya başlar. Birkaç gün geçtikten sonra tekenin birinin sakalının ıslanmış olduğunu görür ve tekeyi takip eder, tekenin su içtiği yeri bulur buraya yerleşir. Bundan sonra buraya geldikleri yerden esinlenerek "Kızıl" ve daha güney olduğu için "Güney" ile birlikte "Kızılgüney" ismini verirler.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 198 km, Gazipaşa ilçesine 18 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Gazipaşa'nın mahalleleri

Kızılgüney, Gazipaşa


Takhisis, Ejderha Mızrağı evrenindeki hayali karakterlerden biridir. O Krynn dünyasının kötülük tanrıçasıdır. O kötülüğün ana tanrıçası ve karanlık pantheonun başıdır.

İsimleri ve formları
Krynn'de yaşayanlar arasında, Ejderhakraliçe (elfler arasında), Tahripçi Nilat (barbar ovalarında), Tamex, Hatalı Maden (cüceler arasında), Mai-tat, Çok Yüzlü (Ergoth halkı arasında), Birçok ve Hiçbir Rengin Kraliçesi (Solamnia Şövalyeleri arasında), Karanlık Kraliçe, Kaos Leydisi, Karanlık Savaşçı ve Gölge Büyücüsü isimleriyle tanınır.

Takhisis genellikle beş başlı, her baş kötü bir ejderhanın renginde olan (yeşil, siyah, mavi, kırmızı ve beyaz), ejderha formunda karşımıza çıkar. Ejderha formu dışında hiçbir erkeğin ona karşı koyamayacağı kadar çekici ve güzel bir kadın olarak da karşımıza çıkar. Bir diğer formu ise Karanlık Savaşçı olarak bilinir.

Takhisis, Paladine ve Gilean'ın küçük kız kardeşidir. Takhisisin eşi Sargonnas ile birlikte iki çocuğu vardır. Nuitari ve Zeboim'in annesidir. Nuitari'nin annesi olmasından dolayı siyah cübbeliler ona saygı duyar.

Tutkusu

Takhisis en sık planlarıyla dengeyi bozan ve kendisi için dünyayı ele geçirmeye iddialı bir Tanrıçadır. Üçüncü ejderha savaşından sonra Huma Dragonbane tarafından dünyadan sürülmüş ve mühürlenmiştir. O zamanını Abyss'te geçirsede dünyaya dönmek için sürekli bir yol aramaktadır. Mızrak savaşının ve daha sonra Kaos Savaşı ve Ruhlar Savaşının nedeni budur.

Raistlin Majere Takhisis'i yok edip onun yerine kötülüğün baş tanrısı olmayı dener ve bir paralel evrende başarılı olur. Ancak büyülü savaşlar sonunda Krynn'in yok olur. Raistlin'in kardeşi Caramon bir zaman yolculuğu aletiyle zamanda yolculuk eder ve kardeşini gittiği yoldan vazgeçirir. Ancak bunun bedeli Raistlin için ağır olur. Takhisis'in Abyss'den çıkmasını önlemek için kendisini feda eder.

Ruhlar savaşı

Kaos savaşı sonunda diğer tanrı ve tanrıçalara birlikte Krynn'den kaçtı süsü vermiştir. Fakat ejderha Skie'nin yardımı ile dünyayı onlardan kaçırmıştır. Diğerleri bunun farkına vardığında Takhisis çok uzaklaşmıştı. Ancak diğer tanrılar Krynn'ı bulurlar ve Takhisis'e ceza olarak ölümlü bir bedene hapsederler. Dengenin bozulmaması için Paladine'da tanrılığından vazgeçer ve kendini ölümlü yapar. Takhisis Elf kralı Silvanoshei öldürür.

Ayrıca bakınız

Ejderha Mızrağı karakterleri
Krynn Tanrıçaları
Edebiyat karakterleri

Takhisis


En claymore-mine er en amerikansk antipersonelmine, der anbringes over jorden på et stativ af korte ben. Den udløses med fjernkontrol eller med snubletråd. Minen er retningsbestemt og udslynger et stort antal stålkugler (omkring 700) i en bue på 60° ud til en afstand af omkring 100 meter. Minen blev udviklet i perioden 1952-1956 af Norman McLeod og er opkaldt efter et skotsk højlandssværd. Minen anvendes i mange lande, herunder Danmark hvor den dog kun findes med fjernudløsning for at overholde Ottawakonventionen om forbud mod brug af anti-personelminer.

Typen er kopieret af mange lande.

Landminer

Claymore-mine


Quinto es una estación ferroviaria situada en el municipio español de Quinto, en la provincia de Zaragoza, comunidad autónoma de Aragón. Las instalaciones disponen de servicios de viajeros de Media Distancia.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 384,4 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico que une Miraflores con Tarragona, entre las estaciones de Pina de Ebro y de La Zaida-Sástago, a 153 metros de altitud. El tramo es de vía única y está electrificado.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 1 de diciembre de 1878 con la apertura del tramo Pina de Ebro-La Zaida de la línea férrea que unía Zaragoza con Val de Zafán por parte de una pequeña compañía fundada en 1869 que respondía al nombre de Ferrocarril de Zaragoza a Escatrón y Val de Zafan a las Minas de la cuenca minera de Gargallo-Utrillas. En 1881 la línea que también era conocida como el Ferrocarril del Mediterráneo fue adquirida por la compañía de los Directos de Barcelona a Zaragoza la cual fue absorbida por MZA en 1894 con el propósito de conectar en Zaragoza su línea desde Barcelona por Tarragona con la que venía de Madrid. Esta última gestionó la estación hasta que en 1941, la nacionalización del ferrocarril en España supuso la integración de MZA en la recién creada RENFE.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
Renfe Operadora presta servicios de Media Distancia gracias a sus trenes Regional Exprés en los trayectos:

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Media Distancia Aragón en la web de Renfe.

Quinto
Quinto
Quinto
Quinto

Estación de Quinto


Guy Vaughan Black, Baron Black of Brentwood (* 6. August 1964 in Chelmsford, Essex) ist ein britischer Politiker (Conservative Party) und Life Peer. Er ist seit September 2005 Geschäftsführender Direktor (Executive Director) der Telegraph Media Group.

Leben und Karriere
Black wurde als älterer von Zwillingen geboren. Er wuchs in Brentwood, Essex auf und besuchte dort die Brentwood School. Er studierte am Peterhouse College der University of Cambridge. Er graduierte dort 1985 mit einem Double First-Class Honours-Abschluss im Fach Geschichte; zuvor hatte er den Sir-Herbert-Butterfield-Preis für Geschichte gewonnen.

Seine berufliche Karriere umfasst Tätigkeiten in der Politik und in den Medien. Von 1985 bis 1986 war er als Berater im Bereich Firmenkundengeschäft (Corporation Banking Division) bei der Barclays Bank (BZW) tätig. Seine erste politische Berufstätigkeit war von 1986 bis 1989 im Conservative Research Department, welches er verließ, um Sonderberater (Special Advisor) des Energieministers (Secretary of State for Energy) John Wakeham zu werden, der zu diesem Zeitpunkt die Privatisierung der Stromindustrie vorantrieb. Von 1988 bis 1992 war Black Ratsmitglied (Councillor) des Brentwood District Council. Nach der Unterhauswahl 1992 war er vier Jahre im Öffentlichen Dienst tätig. Von 1992 bis 1994 war er Finanzdirektor (Account Director) bei der Lobby-Firma Westminster Strategy in London; von 1994 bis 1996 war er Stellvertretender Direktor (Associate Director) von Lowe Bell Good Relations, einer Marketing- und Public Relations-Firma. 1996 wurde er wieder für John Wakeham als Direktor der Press Complaints Commission (PCC) tätig. Während dieser Zeit war er für die Verschärfung des Verhaltenskodexes (Code of Practice) der Presse nach dem Tod von Diana, Princess of Wales 1997 und für den Schutz der Privatsphäre der Prinzen William und Harry tätig. Während der Verabschiedung des Human Rights Act kämpfte er erfolgreich für einen besonderen Schutz der Freiheit der Rede.

Im Dezember 2003 wurde er Kommunikationsdirektor (Director of Communications) der Conservative Party und Pressesekretär des Oppositionsführers Michael Howard. Er kehrte nach der Unterhauswahl 2005 in den Bereich Medien zurück und trat im September 2005 in die Telegraph Media Group als Executive Director ein. Im September 2009 wurde er Vorsitzender (Chairman) des Press Standards Board of Finance, der für die Finanzierung der PCC und für die Überwachung des Selbstregulierungssystems der Presse verantwortlichen Körperschaft.

Er ist Direktor (Director) des Advertising Standards Board of Finance (ASBOF), welches eine ähnliche Rolle bei der Gründung der Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) spielte. Black ist seit 2009 Vorsitzender (Chairman) des Commonwealth Press Union Media Trust, welcher sich für den Erhalt und den Ausbau der Pressefreiheit innerhalb des Commonwealth einsetzt. Er ist seit 2007 Mitglied des Treuhandrates (Trustee) des Imperial War Museum und wurde 2009 zum Mitglied des Verwaltungsrates (Council) des Royal College of Music ernannt. 2010 wurde er Mitglied der The Guild of St Bride's, Fleet Street. Bis zu seinem Rücktritt im Januar 2009 war er Mitglied des Treuhandrates (Trustee) der Sir Edward Heath Charitable Foundation.

Mitgliedschaft im House of Lords
Black wurde am 9. Juli 2010 zum Life Peer als Baron Black of Brentwood, of Brentwood in the County of Essex, ernannt. Seine offizielle Einführung ins House of Lords erfolgte am 13. Juli 2010 mit Unterstützung von John Wakeham und Jonathan Marland, Baron Marland. Seine Antrittsrede hielt Black am 21. Juli 2010 zur Rolle von älteren Frauen in der Gesellschaft und den besonderen Problemen, die durch Osteoporose verursacht werden.

Als Themen von politischem Interesse nennt er auf der Webseite des Oberhauses Medien und Kultur, Gesundheit, Bildung, Energiepolitik und Tierschutz. Als Staaten von Interesse gibt er die Staaten des Commonwealth und Italien an.

Black ist Mitglied der Association of Conservative Peers. In einer Rede im House of Lords am 25. November 2010 wandte er sich massiv gegen den Gebrauch von "Erfolgshonoraren" (Conditional Fee Agreements) in Rechtsfällen, die den Schutz der Privatsphäre und den Tatbestand der Verleumdung betreffen. Er sagte: "Derzeit gibt es keine schlimmere Bedrohung der Pressefreiheit und des Rechts auf Informationsfreiheit als die uneingeschränkte Nutzung von Conditional Fee Agreements durch Klägeranwälte, unterstützt von der toxischen Kombination von 100 %-Erfolgsprämien und nachträglichen Haftpflichtversicherungen".

Black ist an Sitzungstagen relativ regelmäßig anwesend.

Weitere Ämter
Beim Mayor of London's Fund for Young Musicians ist er Mitglied des Treuhandrates (Trustee). Er ist Vizepräsident auf Lebenszeit (Life Vice-President) der Northern Ireland Schools Debating Competition. Er ist Schirmherr und Förderer (Patron) der Peterhouse Politics Society.

Ehrungen
1997 wurde Black Fellow der Royal Society of Arts. Außerdem ist er Mitglied des Chartered Institute of Public Relations seit 2007.

Privates
Black heiratete am 11. Februar 2006 in der Islington Town Hall in einer standesamtlichen Zeremonie, an der zahlreiche Vertreter aus der Politik und den Medien teilnahmen, seinen langjährigen Lebensgefährten Mark Bolland, den früheren stellvertretenden Privatsekretär (1997–2002) von Prinz Charles. Er lebt seitdem mit ihm in einer eingetragenen Lebenspartnerschaft. Trauzeugen waren Murdoch MacLennan (Chief Executive der Telegraph Media Group) und Rebekah Brooks, damals Herausgeberin der Boulevardzeitung The Sun.

Seine privaten Interessen sind Musik und Musikmachen, Lesen (hauptsächlich historische Biografien), Wein und Reisen nach Umbrien.

Black ist der erste offen homosexuell lebende Peer der Conservative Party. Black setzt sich auch politisch für die Rechte von Homosexuellen ein; beispielsweise 2011 mit einer Kampagne gegen Homophobie beim Gipfeltreffen der Regierungschefs der Commonwealth-Staaten (Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting) in Perth.

Weblinks
 The Lord Black of Brentwood Biografie bei Debretts
 Guy Black, Baron Black of Brentwood Offizielle Webseite des House of Lords
 Guy Black, Baron Black of Brentwood bei theyworkforyou
 Guy Black, Baron Black of Brentwood bei The Public Whip

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Life Peer
Mitglied des House of Lords
Conservative-Party-Mitglied
Kommunikationsmanager
Medienmanager
Brite
Geboren 1964
Mann

Guy Black, Baron Black of Brentwood


Klaus Martin Schwab, (d. 30 Mart 1938, Ravensburg, Almanya) Alman iktisatçı. Dünya Ekonomik Forumu'nun kurucusu ve yönetim kurulu başkanıdır.

Hayatı
Klaus Schwab, 30 Mart 1938'de Yukarı Svabya'nin Ravensburg kentinde doğdu. 1930'ların başında, Schwab'ın ailesi İsviçre'ye göç etmişti. Adolf Hitler'in şansölyesi olarak hükümete gelmesinin ardından,  Klaus Schwab'ın babası, Escher Wyss Anonim Ortaklığı'nın Ravensburg'taki türbin  fabrikasının satış müdürü oldu ve aile Ravensburg'a taşınarak Almanya'ya geri döndü. Klaus Schwab, İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın alevlenmesinden tam bir yıl önce, burada doğdu. Hem Almanya, hem de İsviçre vatandaşı bir aile olarak, Schwablar tatil dönemlerinde İsviçre'ye seyahat edebilme ayrıcalığına sahipti. Schwab, Wädenswil'de ilkokula başladığı zaman İsviçre'ye geri döndü. Aile daha sonra Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti'ne geri taşındı. Schwab, 1957'de Ravensburg'da Spohn-Gymnasium'dan mezun oldu.

Schwab 1972-2002 yılları arasında Cenevre Üniversitesi'nde işletme profesörlüğü yaptı. 1971 yılında Dünya Ekonomik Forumu'nu kâr amacı olmayan bir kurum olarak kurdu. Kurumun amacının dünyanın durumunu düzeltmek, geliştirmek olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Foruma her yıl dünyanın önde gelen politikacıları, iş insanları ve entelektüelleri katılmaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 FFUB biyografisi
 Schwab Vakfı sitesi
 FT biyografisi

1938 doğumlular
İsviçreli iş insanları
Yaşayan insanlar

Klaus Schwab


Yüksekyayla, Samsun ilinin Terme ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1895 yılı kayıtlarında Çangeriş olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri Evci köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 19 Eylül 1941'de köy statüsü kazandı. 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra yeniden mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Samsun il merkezine 90 km, Terme ilçe merkezine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yüksekyayla Köyü Kültür ve Yardımlaşma Derneği

Terme'nin mahalleleri

Yüksekyayla, Terme


Gal Costa  é o quinto álbum de estúdio da carreira solo da cantora brasileira Gal Costa, lançado em 1974."Cantar" foi lançado em agosto de 1974, ao mesmo tempo em que Gal estreava o show de mesmo nome. Ela vinha de uma fase de trabalhos muito explosivos ("Fa-Tal - Gal a Todo Vapor" e "Índia", discos e shows) que foram grandes sucessos entre o público jovem e moderno que a acompanhava Gal desde o Tropicalismo.

Descrição
"Cantar" foi produzido por Caetano Veloso e Perinho Albuquerque. O disco não tinha o mesmo perfil dos trabalhos anteriores de Gal, pelo contrário, era um trabalho suave, joão-gilbertiano. Apesar de trazer no repertório canções típicas de sua fase anterior, de compositores como Jorge Mautner e Péricles Cavalcanti, Gal já apontava pra sua nova fase, mais voltada para música que para a atitude. Um disco destacado como importante pela reafirmação da Gal Costa bossa-novista apresentada ao público pelo disco "Domingo", em 1967, em parceria com Caetano Veloso.

Recepção
O público da cantora não gostou, e o disco não emplacou, assim como o show, embora tenha sido bem recebido pela crítica. O LP foi eleito em uma lista da versão brasilieira da revista Rolling Stone como o 91º melhor disco brasileiro de todos os tempos.

Faixas

Álbuns de Gal Costa
Gal Costa
Gal Costa
Álbuns em língua portuguesa

Cantar (álbum de Gal Costa)


302542 Tilmann este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
302542 Tilmann este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Maik Meyer. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,60 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 3,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 302001-303000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

302542 Tilmann


Ňagov este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Medzilaborce din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 420 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Ňagov este atestată documentar din 1557.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Ňagov


Olaylar
 Publius Septimius Geta, babası Septimius Severus ve kardeşi Caracalla ile birlikte 3'lü yönetimde Roma İmparatoru oldu.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

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