Milkis (Hangul: 밀키스) es una bebida producida por Lotte Chilsung, una empresa coreana de bebidas. Es una bebida muy popular en Corea del Sur, estando siendo ampliamente disponible en todo el mundo.

Combina muchos de los elementos comunes de las tradicionales bebidas gaseosas tales como jarabe de maíz, azúcar y agua carbonatada con la leche para crear un sabor cremoso, su etiqueta proclama "nueva sensación de bebidas gaseosas". Milkis está disponible en los sabores naranja, fresa, mango, melón y plátano.

Historia
Milkis se puso en marcha en 1989 con una campaña de marketing enorme, sobre todo con la aparición de la estrella de cine de Hong Kong Chow Yun-fat en sus anuncios de televisión. Chow estaba disfrutando de gran popularidad por el éxito de la película A Better Tomorrow, y sus palabras en una frase decían "Saranghaeyo, Milkis!" (사랑해요, 밀키스 Te amo, Milkis!) Con su acento fuerte se convirtió en un gran éxito;. Las ventas se dispararon y el lema sigue siendo uno de los más populares.

Véase también
 Gastronomía de Corea

Referencias

Marcas de refrescos
Bebidas de Corea

Milkis


Iacob G. Lazăr (n. 28 martie 1884, Peșteș, județul Bihor - d. 1951) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918. A devenit ulterior deputat, senator și președinte al Casei Naționale Bihor.

Activitate didactică
A fost profesor la Institutul Teologic Ortodox din Arad între anii 1908-1922, profesor la Facultatea de Drept din Oradea, decan al Facultății de Drept din Oradea (1925-1927), doctor în teologie, profesor de drept bisericesc la Facultatea de Drept din Oradea (1934-1938), profesor la Facultatea de Drept din Cluj, iar de la 1 decembrie 1918 a fost profesor la Facultatea de Teologie a Universității din București.

Activitate politică
A fost deputat și senator din Arad  și delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 18 noiembrie/ 1 decembrie 1918 în calitate de reprezentant al Cercului Arad.

Activitate publicistică
Între anii 1918-1919, Iacob Lazăr a făcut parte din redacția ziarului "Românul" din Arad.

Decorații

1921- a primit Ordinul Coroana României în grad de ofițer

1930- a primit Steaua României în grad de ofițer

Note

Bibliografie
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților. Ioachim Crăciun: Documente la un sfert de veac de la Marea Unire, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005.
 Raze de lumină în cultura orădeană interbelică. coordonator Livia Ghiurcuța, Editura Primus, 2010, p.201-230.

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1884
Decese în 1951
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Profesori români
Deputați români
Senatori români
Oameni din județul Bihor

Iacob Lazăr


DIN 928 er en DIN-Standart for en svejsemøtrik.

Kilde
http://bolte.dk/svejsemoetrikker
DIN-standarder

DIN 928


عقد 610 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 610 و31 ديسمبر 619 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 600 ولحقه عقد 620.

أحداث

 معركة أنطاكية (613)
 يوم بعاث (617)

مواليد

 أنس بن مالك (612)
 عائشة بنت أبي بكر (614)
 الطفيل بن عمرو الدوسي (617)
 زيد بن ثابت (615)
 داجوبيرت الأول (611)
 كاريبيرت الثاني (618)
 أسامة بن زيد (615)
 ليون الثاني (611)
 سراج الدين الوراق (615)
 هرقلوناس (618)
 عبد الرحمن بن خالد بن الوليد (616)

وفيات

 ثيودوريك الثاني (613)
 أغيلولف ملك اللومبارد (616)
 سيجيبيرت الثاني (613)
 سمية بنت خباط (615)
 أنسطاسيوس (616)
 خديجة بنت خويلد (619)
 بونيفاس الرابع (615)
 عبد الله بن محمد (615)
 ثيوديبيرت الثاني (612)
 فابيا إودوكيا (612)
 عنترة بن شداد (615)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 610 ابتداءً من

عقد 610


Kickback.com was an esports platform that allowed users play competitive video games. Players of any skill level could enter ranked matches and compete for a chance to win tournaments using their skills in-game. Kickback integrated on top of popular existing games, where the service adds matchmaking, anti-cheat and support. These features were available to all users, but were made optional for users playing for fun. The site was backed by Y Combinator in 2015.

History
The website kickback.com launched on February 2, 2015, in San Francisco, California by hosting paid tournaments in Minecraft. Players competed against one another in player-versus-player matches for a chance to win prizes. On March 2, 2015, Kickback announced its Y Combinator backing and integration with PayPal. On December 1, 2015, Kickback began allowing users to play Counter-Strike: Global Offensive.

Games offered
Kickback offered a variety of Counter-Strike: Global Offensive minigames. Users are matched player versus player with the objective of defeating an opponent through in-game kills.  The site runs daily events that are free to enter and award real prizes.

References

External links

Online mass media companies of the United States
Esports websites
Internet properties established in 2014
Y Combinator companies

Kickback (video game platform)


Aaron Lewis (født 13. april 1972) er en amerikansk musiker og sangskriver, som er bedst kendt som forsanger i rockbandet Staind, som har udgivet i alt syv studiealbum. Udover sit engagement i Staind har Aaron Lewis udgivet sin debut-soloalbum-EP Town Line den 1. marts 2011.

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra USA
Sangskrivere fra USA

Aaron Lewis


Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (; ; 24 July 1720 – 16 July 1782) was Queen of Sweden  from 1751 to 1771 as the wife of King Adolf Frederick. She was queen mother during the reign of King Gustav III.

Background
Louisa Ulrika was born in Berlin as the daughter of Frederick William I of Prussia and his wife Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, and was thus a younger sister of both Wilhelmine of Bayreuth and Frederick the Great. She was given the Swedish name Ulrika because Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden had been her godmother. She exchanged letters with her godmother, and it was thought that she would marry a future son by Ulrika Eleonora, as Ulrika Eleonora herself had once been considered as a consort for Louisa Ulrika's father. However, Ulrika Eleonora remained childless.

Louisa Ulrika was described as beautiful, intelligent, with a fierce temperament and a strong will. She was given an advanced education in accordance with the French age of enlightenment by the governess Marthe de Roucoulle and the governor Maturin Veyssiére la Croze, both French Huguenots. Her intellectual interests were not opposed by her father who, while disapproving in her brothers interest for learning, did not do so in the case of Louisa Ulrika, who was reportedly a favorite of her father. She and her eldest brother, the future Frederick the Great, had a reasonably good relationship, sharing their interest in science and culture. Her favorites among her siblings were her younger brother Prince Augustus William of Prussia and her sister Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia. At the court of her mother, she was introduced to Voltaire, with whom she engaged in a lifelong correspondence, and Maupertuis. Several dynastic marriages were considered for her from 1732 onward, including Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, Charles III of Spain and Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt, but none came to fruition. She was appointed co-adjutrix of Quedlinburg Abbey with the prospect of becoming a reigning princess-abbess in 1743, a future of which she did not approve.

In 1743, an election was held to appoint a crown prince to the Swedish throne, as Frederick I of Sweden was childless, and the French de facto regent, Cardinal Fleury, suggested a marriage between Louisa Ulrika and the French candidate: Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken. This plans discontinued when Christian lost the election to the Russian candidate, Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp. When negotiations were made to arrange a marriage for the newly elected crown prince Adolf Frederick of Sweden, the first candidate for the match was Princess Louise of Denmark. These plans were revoked when a decision was made to create a triple alliance between Sweden, Russia and Prussia through dynastic marriage. The heir to the Swedish throne was therefore to marry a member of the Prussian royal house, while the heir to the Russian throne was to marry Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst (the future Catherine the Great) who had been selected by Prussia. In accordance with this agreement, Louisa Ulrika or her sister Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia were to be selected for the Swedish match. The Swedish envoy in Berlin, Carl Rudenschöld, inspected them and recommended that the proposal be made to Louisa Ulrika. Frederick the Great himself preferred Anna Amalia for the Swedish marriage: he described Anna Amalia for the Swedish representatives as goodhearted and more suitable for Sweden, while Louisa Ulrika was arrogant, temperamental and a plotting intriguer. It has been suggested that Fredrick's judgment was given because he believed that Anna Amalia would be easier to control as a Prussian agent in Sweden than the strong willed and dominant Louisa Ulrika. After having consulted Adolf Frederick, however, the Swedes chose Louisa Ulrika, and her brother gave his consent on 1 March 1744. She was given tuition about Sweden, was advised not to get involved in politics, and converted to Lutheranism on 28 June.

Crown Princess

On 17 July 1744, Louisa Ulrika and Adolf Frederick were married per procura in Berlin, with her favorite brother August Wilhelm as proxy for the absent groom. She was escorted from Berlin to Swedish Pomerania by the Swedish envoy count Carl Gustaf Tessin, his spouse Ulla Tessin and his wife's niece Charlotta Sparre, who was appointed her maid of honor. In Swedish Pomerania, the entourage was welcomed by the Swedish General Governor of the province and the court of the late queen under the leadership of her Mistress of the Robes, countess Hedvig Elisabet Strömfelt: she kept only her lady-in-waiting Wilhelmine von der Knesebeck and a couple of footmen of her Prussian entourage.

The entourage left from Rügen and arrived in Sweden in Karlskrona, where she was officially welcomed by her spouse, Crown Prince Adolf Frederick of Sweden. On 18 August 1744, they were welcomed by King Frederick I at Drottningholm Palace, where their second wedding ceremony was performed the same day, followed by a ball, a court reception and the consummation of the marriage. Louisa Ulrika and Adolf Frederick reportedly had a mutually good impression of each other at their first meeting, and their personal relationship is described as mutually happy and harmonious. Adolf Frederick is described as introverted, gentle, and submissive. Reportedly, Louisa Ulrika was pleased with him because she immediately felt secure in the fact that she was his superior. Already during their first day together, she informed him that her brother Frederick the Great had plans for the alliance between Sweden, Russia and Prussia, and asked him to raise the subject with the Prussian envoy, which he also agreed to.

Louisa Ulrika was received with enthusiasm in Sweden as the hope for the salvation of succession crisis. At the birth of her first child in 1745, no children had been born in the Swedish royal house in over 50 years and she gained initial popularity with her beauty, wit and interest in science and culture.  Carl Gustaf Tessin described her as "the wisdom of a god in the image of an angel",. Despite French being her native language, she was tutored in Swedish by Carl Jesper Benzelius and mastered it well after only two years. She studied Swedish literature and gathered a Swedish language library, she corresponded with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and created a nature scientific collection. Her arrogant and haughty demeanor, however, eventually made her less popular outside of the royal court.

Upon her arrival, she was granted Drottningholm Palace as her summer residence, where the "Young Court", as it was called, amused themselves with picnics, masquerades and French language amateur theater. The Crown Prince's court was dominated by Carl Gustaf Tessin, who escorted Louisa Ulrika to Sweden and remained an influential favorite during her years as Crown Princess. Adolf Frederick never cared much for Tessin, but Louisa Ulrika had him appointed marshal at court and eventually royal governor of her son Prince Gustav. Tessin was behind many amusements in the circle of the Crown Princess, and it was said that he was only too eager to please Louisa Ulrika in any way possible. There were unconfirmed rumors that Tessin was the lover of Louisa Ulrika during her tenure as Crown Princess. Her son Gustav III later addressed these rumors, that although Count Tessin had been in love with her, his feelings were one-sided and not answered by his mother, as a love affair with a noble contradicted the "natural contempt" which Louisa Ulrika herself as a royal felt for every subject, noble or not. Her circle at court included Henrika Juliana von Liewen, who immediately became her favorite among her ladies-in-waiting; the intellectual Cathérine Charlotte De la Gardie, the scientist Eva Ekeblad, and the witty Anders Johan von Höpken.

From the moment she arrived in Sweden, Louisa Ulrika engaged in political activity. Her political ideal was absolute monarchy, and she disliked the Swedish constitutional monarchy from the moment it was explained to her. She also disliked the system of legal justice. When she, at one point, thought herself exposed to a plot, she wrote: "The laws are so strange, and one does not dare to arrest someone on mere suspicion without proof, which benefit the individual more than the Kingdom." She respected the political ability of Carl Gustaf Tessin, and identified him as an ally in her wish to increase royal power. At Christmas 1744, she visited Tessin and gave him a lantern in the guise of the goddess Diana with the inscription: "Made only to shed light on the political system of the day".

In the circle of her own court, she was surrounded by sympathizers of the Hats. Her favorite Henrika Juliana von Liewen was a prominent sympathizer of the Hats, as was Claes Ekeblad, Hans Henrik von Liewen, Anders Johan von Höpken and other members of her personal circle of friends, and through her court connections, she made an alliance with the Hats (party). Her strategy was to affect the votes in the parliament of the Riksdag through bribes. After the birth of her eldest son in 1746, she accompanied the Crown Prince on an official tour through the country, during which she gathered agents among members of the Caps through bribes. At the visit of the Cap's parliamentary Kalsenius, she described him as: "The biggest villain in the world, but I will not leave until I have bribed him. That is the only means by which one can reach the goal one has in mind." Kalsenius is also confirmed to have voted with the Hats party in the exactly the issues interesting to Louisa Ulrika during the votes in the Riksdag. Her goal was to overthrow the constitution and reintroduce the system of absolute monarchy with enlightened absolutism in Sweden. Her plans were internationally noted already by her creation of the L'Ordre de l'Harmonie, with the motto of unity. Her plans were opposed by Russia and Great Britain, who in 1746, allied with the Caps (party), attempted to stage a coup through their agents in Sweden against the royal house.

In February 1748, Louisa Ulrika prepared her first coup d'état to deposed parliamentary rule in favor of absolute monarchy. At that point, the king had taken ill and Russia was engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession. With the support of Tessin and Frederick the Great, Louisa Ulrika and the Hats party agreed to change the constitution in favor of more royal power, should the king die when the Russians were engaged in the war and unable to react. Louisa Ulrika agreed to let the Riksdag keep their power over the laws, while the monarch should be given power of the army, treasury and the foreign policy. The coup was aborted with the peace of the war and the recovery of Frederick I. In foreign policy, she was loyal to Prussia. Her brother Frederick the Great had given her the task to break the alliance between Sweden and Russia in favor of an alliance with Prussia: she made an alliance with Tessin, the Prussian ambassador and the Hats party, convinced Adolf Frederick to state his support for a Prussian alliance, and though she failed in the 1745 vote, the parliament voted for an alliance between Sweden, Prussia and France in 1747.

Queen

In 1751, the night before the death of King Frederick I, Louisa Ulrika prepared a coup d'état with Crown Prince Adolf Frederick and Hans Henrik von Liewen. The plan was, that rather than being confirmed as monarch by the Riksdag of the Estates after having made the royal oath to respect the constitution, Adolf Frederick was to take the initiative and, immediately after the King's death, take control of the royal council and declare himself monarch by inheritance rather than to be elected as such by the Riksdag.

To investigate the preparations of the royal council, Louisa Ulrika personally contacted her favorite, Councillor Carl Gustaf Tessin, in his bed chamber that night. However, Tessin refused to inform her of the plans of the council, and further refused to support her plans of a coup. Upon the moment of the King's death on 25 March, Tessin instead presented Adolf Frederick with a statement of a royal oath to sign before being acknowledged as king. On 26 March 1751, Adolf Frederick made an oath to the Riksdag of the Estates to respect the constitution before being acknowledged as king, in the presence of Louisa Ulrika. Prior to their coronation, Louisa Ulrika, in collaboration with her brother Frederick the Great, tried to prove that the constitution allowed the monarch more power than what the Riksdag had stated, and made clear that she was considering to refuse to allow Adolf Frederick sign the oath. On the day before the coronation, she was eventually forced to allow Adolf Frederick to sign it.

Adolf Frederick and Louisa Ulrika were crowned King and Queen of Sweden at Storkyrkan in Stockholm 26 November 1751. As Queen, Louisa Ulrika had some significance as a patron of culture and science. In 1753, she founded the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, and acted as patron of Carl von Linné, who was given the responsibility for the nature scientific collection at Drottningholm Palace. Her "adoption" of Gustav Badin was, in fact, intended as a form of scientific experiment. She also acted as patron for artists such as Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, Olof von Dalin, Jean Erik Rehn and Johan Pasch. She also had the Drottningholm Palace Theater and the Confidencen theater built: however, being a Francophile, as was the fashion, she did not benefit but rather interrupted the development of the Swedish theater, as she evicted the newly founded Swedish language theater at Bollhuset and replaced it with a French Theatre, the Du Londel Troupe, which was only a benefit for those who could speak French.

Immediately after the coronation, Louisa Ulrika prepared a new coup in favor of absolute monarchy. Queen Louisa Ulrika strongly dominated her husband and the court, and she would likely had been the real ruler during her spouse's reign had Sweden been an absolute monarchy: at this point, however, the King was a mere decoration. This greatly displeased the Queen, herself born in an absolute monarchy. She could not understand nor condone the Swedish parliament, the Riksdag. For her, it was not acceptable for a royal person to have to receive peasants in the royal salons, as she was forced to do with the peasant's representatives from the Riksdag. She was further enraged when the Riksdag forced the King to give up his claims on the throne of Holstein-Gottorp. To display her contempt, she humiliated the representatives of the Riksdag by using the etiquette of the royal court: she stopped their carriages at the Palace gates, forced them to wait for hours while she let those who arrived after them be received, and let them sit on smaller chairs to humiliate them. In the court theatres, the French theatre troupe and the Italian opera company performed plays encouraging the King to take control of his kingdom.

Tessin was no longer in her favor as a political ally, as he wrote in his diary that she no longer discussed politics with him and "claimed that she took no part in politics". She also broke her earlier alliance with the Hats, which opposed her plans of an absolute monarchy. Instead, she formed a new party among the opposition in the Riksdag by promising rewards to her followers in case of a successful coup in favor of royal power. This group was called Hovpartiet (English: 'The Royal Court Party'), the leading members being Carl Gustaf Löwenhielm, Adam Horn, Nils Adam Bielke, Erik Brahe, Eric Wrangel and Gustaf Jacob Horn. In 1753, she planned to stage a coup against the royal council to overthrow the constitution in collaboration with Anders Johan von Höpken, Carl Fredrik Scheffer and Claes Ekeblad, but the plan was aborted when Ekeblad refused. She unsuccessfully tried to convince France to retract their support of the Hats to deprive them of French support in the future conflict she and the Hovpartiet expected with the Hats in the constitution issue by claiming that she did not wish to change the constitution, merely attempting to prove that it did in fact allow for greater royal power than the Riksdag was willing to admit.

The year 1754 was the year of the alienation of Tessin. His favor with the Queen had deteriorated since 1750-51: first, when he used the Riksdag to force her to agree to the engagement between Crown Prince Gustav and Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, when she herself had wished to engage her son to Margravine Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt; and second, when he had betrayed her plans of a coup at the accession of her spouse. The relation between Louisa Ulrika and Tessin was never well seen by Adolf Frederick. Contemporary witnesses state the Tessin was in love with her and "was not always able to conceal his feelings for the Crown Princess". It is unknown whether there was ever any physical relationship between the Queen and Tessin, but Louisa Ulrika herself mention in her memoirs that she had been offended somehow in that aspect. According to Crown Prince Gustav wrote in 1769, that Tessin had made Louisa Ulrika "suggestions far from the reverence one is expected to show toward a sovereign." The Queen felt her pride offended and informed the King, who surprised Tessin on his knees before the Queen. This incident led to the King's animosity toward Tessin and the exile of Count and Countess Tessin from court. The queen only remarked that she missed Countess Tessin.

The question on the replacement of Tessin as the governor of the Crown Prince placed the Queen in conflict with the Riksdag. Tessin was replaced as governor of the Crown Prince with Carl Fredrik Scheffer, a candidate selected by the Riksdag, an appointment which was enforced even after the candidate had been refused by the Queen. In 1755, the Riksdag presented their decision to rectify the loop holes in the constitution which Louisa Ulrika had used to claim that the King had greater constitutional power than the Riksdag had allowed him to practice. They stated that the loop holes in the constitution allowing for royal power would be removed, and that the monarch would no longer be allowed to refuse his signature: if he did so, a stamp with his name would be used. At the same time, a commission of the state begun to investigate political crimes. This resulted in a persecution of the followers of Louisa Ulrika within the Hovpartiet, one of whom, Eric Wrangel, fled to Norway to avoid arrest. Reportedly, this provocation triggered the Queen's plan of a coup d'état, known in history as Coup of 1756.

The first plan was for the royal couple to travel to Uppsala under the pretext of a visit to Drottningholm Palace. In Uppsala, they would summon the regiments of Närke, Värmland and potentially Uppland as well as the Life Guards and march toward the capital. This plan was aborted because of the King's illness in April 1755. To finance the coup, the Queen pawned parts of the Crown Jewels in Berlin. In the three months following her coronation, Louisa Ulrika removed 44 diamonds from the Queen's Crown and replaced them with glass, which she pawned in Berlin as security for a loan by the help of her brother August. At this point, rumors reached the Riksdag. A lady-in-waiting of the Queen, Ulrika Strömfelt, who was a loyal follower of the Hats and not a supporter of absolute monarchy, reportedly informed the Riksdag that parts of the Crown Jewels were missing.

In April 1756, the Riksdag demanded to inventory the Crown Jewels. The queen replied that she refused to allow them to see the Crown Jewels as she regarded them as her private property. At this point, the King was taken ill, and she was thereby given the time to send for the jewels from Berlin. She was finally forced to agree to present them to inventory on 22 June. To prevent this, she and her followers within the Hovpartiet, Hård, Horn and Brahe, planned to stage the coup before that day, despite the protests of king Adolf Frederick. The plan was to bribe members of the public to create riots in the capital. The supporters of Hovpartiet would then take control of the Stockholm guard and garrison, which were also to be prepared through bribes. When the military was called out to deal with the riots, it would seize control over the capital's military headquarters: the Riksdag would be closed and the opposition arrested and a new Riksdag would be summoned, which would be made to approve of a new constitution, reintroducing absolute monarchy.

The 21 June 1756, the royalist Ernst Angel was overheard talking about the plans of a royal revolution while drunk at a tavern. In parallel, one of the royalist officers, Christiernin, attempted to enlist Corporal Schedvin of the garrison in the coup who, however, informed the Hats. On 22 June 1756, the King and Queen left the capital for Ulriksdal Palace to avoid being present during the inventory of the Crown Jewels. That same day, Ernst Angel, Christiernin, Stålsvärd, Puke, Angel and a number of others were arrested. During the interrogation, Ernst Angel revealed the whole plot. When the King and Queen returned to the capital that night, the streets were patrolled by militia. The members of Hovpartiet were arrested or fled to avoid arrest. In July 1756, seven members of the Queen's followers were executed.

The Riksdag of the Estates was well aware that Queen Louisa Ulrika was responsible for the attempted coup d'état, and there were discussions as how to deal with the Queen's guilt. In the end, however, no action was taken against her, possibly with consideration to foreign powers. On 4 August 1756, a delegation from the Riksdag, led by the Archbishop of Uppsala Samuel Troilius, presented Louisa Ulrika with an note, which she was made to reply with a letter of regret. The declaration stated that "she had forgotten her duty to God, her consort and the Kingdom of Sweden and that she was responsible for the blood of the recently executed". She officially replied to the note from the Riksdag with gratitude for the reprimands on the behalf of the good of the nation and herself, and assured "that she had wished no evil upon the Kingdom": Troilius reported that "only God knows if it was said by heart, though one should hope for the best". The Archbishop reported, that he observed "tears of rage and sorrow" in her eyes. In private, Louisa Ulrika regarded the reprimand as a humiliating insult, and wrote to her brother Frederick the Great, that during the interview she attempted to display "all the coldness, all the contempt possible to make in a demonstration [...] In my hardest moments I remind myself that I am the sister of Frederick the Great", and that she regretted nothing but that her revolution had failed. At the same time the King also had a statement read for him by a delegation from the Riksdag, stating that he would be deposed if such an incident was ever to occur again.

In 1757, Sweden entered the Seven Years' War and declared war on Prussia, the birth country of Louisa Ulrika. The Queen opposed the act and regarded is as an insult, especially since she assumed that a Swedish victory over Prussia would result in the deposition of Adolf Frederick in favor of Christian of Zweibrucken-Birkenfeld. However, a potential Swedish defeat was seen by her as a good opportunity for a coup d'état in favor of absolute monarchy, as a defeat would discredit the Riksdag. Therefore, she successfully asked her brother Frederick the Great to ask for her as a mediator in future peace negotiations. When the moment arose in 1760, she could not use it as she lacked necessary funds for bribes. In 1761, however, she managed to secure funds from Great Britain and Prussia, and made an alliance through bribes with the Caps (party) to affect the Riksdag in favor of peace with Prussia.

In January 1762, her suggestion of peace with Prussia was accepted in the Riksdag through her bought parliamentarians there, in exchange for a promise not to take revenge on the Hats (party). She was given the official assignment from the Riksdag to handle the peace negotiations with Prussia and secure that Sweden could keep Swedish Pomerania, a task she performed successfully, and she was officially thanked by the Riksdag for her service to the state in May. As a sign of gratitude for this act, the government paid her debts, which made it possible for her to use her money to affect the voting in the Riksdag through bribes.

In exchange for her service during the war, she demanded the 1756 reform of the constitution be retracted. It was decided that a special Riksdag of the states should be summoned to discuss a revised constitution: it was eventually set to take place in 1764. During the two years prior, Louisa Ulrika negotiated with members of both the Caps and the Hats to prepare for a successful reform in favor of absolute monarchy. She took the part of a mediator between to the two parties to unite them on which constitution to agree upon before the Riksdag was summoned. To prepare foreign powers for a new political system in Sweden, she founded a secret cabinet, Secret de la Reine, to handle her private foreign policy, appointing first Carl Wilhelm von Düben and then Nils Filip Gyldenstolpe in the position of her "foreign minister". She appointed Anders Rudolf Du Rietz as her informal ambassador to Catherine the Great in Russia, and she also had Carl Julius von Bohlen appointed official ambassador of Sweden in Prussia. She secured the support of Russia, France and Great Britain, but failed in securing the necessary funds for bribes to the coming Riksdag. In November 1764, the unity between the Caps and Hats parties was broken due to the suspicions of France (who supported the Hats) and Great Britain (who supported the Caps), which deprived Louisa Ulrika of her alliance with the Hats party.

During the Riksdag of 1765, the Queen attempted to balance the Caps and the Hats by creating a third party of her followers from both parties under her follower Malmstein, which she managed to have elected vice speaker. The election to the Riksdag of 1765 was won by the Caps party. By demonstrating how she could affect the votes in the parliament through her third party, she was able to secure her alliance with the Caps. She also summoned the Ambassador of Russia to Kina Slott to secure support from Russia and its ally Denmark. When the question of the Constitution was finally raised in the Riksdag in August, however, the Caps refused to accept an increased royal power and instead limited the power of the Crown even more. With this, her efforts failed once again.

The powerful position of Queen Louisa Ulrika deteriorated with the declining health of her spouse, King Adolf Frederick, and the growing maturity of her son, Crown Prince Gustav. She recognized this threat, and when her son was declared an adult in 1762, she unsuccessfully opposed him taking a seat in the royal council. The tense relationship between her and her son, whom she viewed as a political rival, grew when he opposed her will by insisting to honor his engagement to Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, whom he finally married in 1766, instead of marrying a Prussian bride selected by her, which he viewed as a way for her to keep her influence over him and the family. This was illustrated by the Queen's harassment of the Crown Princess when she arrived in Sweden. After the Riksdag of 1766, it was no longer her, but her son the Crown Prince, who became the leader of the followers of absolute monarchy. In 1767, when the French ambassador sketched a suggestion of a Swedish coup d'état, it was, for the first time, the Crown Prince rather than the Queen who was regarded as the natural center figure of the coup.

During the December Crisis of 1768, the King refused to sign a state document, and a Riksdag was summoned to handle the situation.The royalists discussed a coup d'état to deposed the Riksdag and reintroduce absolute monarchy. Louisa Ulrika did not support a coup at that point, but her view was disregarded and the Crown Prince was instead seen as the leader of the opposition: the coup d'état was aborted because the Hats party broke an agreement rather than because of the Queen's opposition to it.

Her arrogance, her political views and her conflicts with the Riksdag made her less and less liked during her tenure as Queen. Carl Gustaf Tessin once said about her: "It seems undeniable, that our Queen would have been the most staunch of republicans, had she been born a subject; but God has let her be born in a position, where one is wary of one's power".

Queen Dowager

In 1771, the King died and she became Queen Dowager. By this time, Louisa Ulrika was immensely unpopular in Sweden. When the news of the old King's death reached her son, the new King Gustav III of Sweden, who was then in Paris, he wrote that the Queen Mother be protected, as "I know how little loved my mother is".

In the Revolution of 1772, her son succeeded where she had failed in 1756 by overthrowing the democracy and reinstating absolute monarchy, His revolution was a great satisfaction to her. Louisa Ulrika wrote to Gustav III to gratulate him to the coup upon which she said: "Yes, you are my son, and you deserve to be". At the time of the coup, she was in Berlin with her daughter. She was present in Swedish Pomerania when the Province gave their allegiance to the new constitution. When her brother, the King of Prussia, told her that the neighboring countries would now attack Sweden, she wrote to him that she would defend the province of Pomerania against him with her own blood.

Louisa Ulrika could, however, never settle with the position of Queen Dowager. She had expected to be the real ruler behind the throne, and when her son made it clear that he would rule independently from her, their relationship worsened. In 1772, he prevented her plans to marry off her second son Charles to Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt, and in 1774, Charles was married to Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp instead. Gustav III paid her debts with the condition that she established her own separate court at Fredrikshof Palace. In 1777, she was forced to sell Drottningholm Palace to her son Gustav.

In 1777–78, the conflict with her son erupted and she was a central figure in the great succession scandal regarding the legitimacy of the Crown Prince. In 1777, her two younger sons, Charles and Frederick Adolf, visited her. They claimed all women at court had lovers, and that with the exception of their mother, they could not think of even one who did not. Louisa Ulrika suggested that surely the Queen must also be an exception. In reply, her sons laughed and asked her if she had not heard of the rumors that Sophia Magdalena had an affair with Fredrik Munck. She became very upset and ordered Prince Charles to investigate if this were true, as his inheritance to the throne would be endangered by "the common offspred of a common nobleman". Charles talked to Munck, Munck talked to King Gustav, Gustav talked to Charles who claimed the whole thing was the fault of the Queen Mother, which resulted in a great conflict between mother and son. When the son of the King was born in 1778, rumours circulated that he was the son of Munck. Louisa Ulrika accused the King of having another man father his child. A great scandal erupted, during which the King even threatened to exile her to Pomerania. In the following conflict, her youngest children, Sofia Albertina and Frederick, who had always been her favourites, took her side against the King. Louisa Ulrika was forced to make a formal statement, during which she withdrew her accusation. The statement was signed by the entire adult royal family except the royal couple; two princes, the princess, the Duchess, and six members of parliament. The relationship with Gustav was not repaired until she was on her deathbed. She died in Svartsjö.

Children
She had the following children:
(Stillborn) (1745)
Gustav III of Sweden (1746–1792)
Charles XIII of Sweden (1748–1818)
Frederick Adolf (1750–1803)
Sophia Albertine (1753–1829)

Ancestry

Notes

Further reading

References

External links

|-

1720 births
1782 deaths
18th-century German people
18th-century German women
18th-century Swedish people
18th-century Swedish women
Louise 1751
House of Hohenzollern
House of Holstein-Gottorp
Swedish people of German descent
Crown Princesses of Sweden
Queen mothers
Prussian princesses
People from Berlin
Burials at Riddarholmen Church
Age of Liberty people
Conservatism in Sweden
Daughters of kings
Women who experienced pregnancy loss
Children of Frederick William I of Prussia

Louisa Ulrika of Prussia


Helmut Gels (* 8. Oktober 1952 in Meppen) ist ein deutscher Politiker (CDU). Er war von 2011 bis 2019 hauptamtlicher Bürgermeister der niedersächsischen Kreisstadt Vechta. Seit 2020 ist Gels Präsident des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes Landesverband Oldenburg.

Leben
Von 1972 bis 1978 war Helmut Gels bei der Luftwaffe der Bundeswehr. Von 1981 bis 1987 studierte er Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Osnabrück. Er war dort in dieser Zeit auch wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht und dem Institut für Kommunalrecht bei Jörn Ipsen. Sein zweites juristisches Staatsexamen absolvierte Helmut Gels am Oberlandesgericht Oldenburg. Seit 1990 ist er Rechtsanwalt. Von 1991 bis 1992 war er Leiter des Rechtsamtes des Landkreises Vechta, von 1992 bis 1993 Richter am Verwaltungsgericht Oldenburg und von 1993 bis 2005 Stadtdirektor in Vechta. Er war auch Geschäftsführer des Vechtaer Jugendreisebüros Höffmann und danach Partner der Steuerberater- und Anwaltskanzlei Gels, Lüschen & Partner in Vechta. Von Mai 2006 bis Oktober 2007 war er Hauptgeschäftsführer und Rechtsanwalt beim Deutschen Schaustellerbund (DSB) in Berlin-Mitte. Er war im Anschluss Mitglied im Stadtrat der Stadt Wolfsburg, dort zuletzt als Leiter des Dezernats für Finanzen, Kultur und Bildung. Sein Amt als Stadtkämmerer unter Oberbürgermeister Rolf Schnellecke kündigte er nach drei Monaten wieder, um zum Deutschen Schaustellerbund zurückzukehren. Dort war er ab Mai 2008 erneut Hauptgeschäftsführer. Für den Deutschen Schaustellerbund führte er zum Beispiel im Juli 2008 in Hannover Verhandlungen mit dem Präsidenten der deutschen UNESCO-Kommission Walter Hirche und Generalsekretär Roland Bernecker über die Aufnahme der deutschen Volksfeste in die Liste der Immateriellen Kulturgüter.

Helmut Gels ist verheiratet und hat zwei Söhne.

Bürgermeisteramt
Schon 2005 bewarb sich Helmut Gels um das Bürgermeisteramt, konnte sich vorab jedoch CDU-intern nicht gegen den Parteifreund Josef Kläne durchsetzen. Zur Bürgermeisterwahl in Vechta am 11. September 2011 trat Helmut Gels gegen den SPD-Kandidaten Hubert Wolking an. Gels gewann die Wahl mit 58,03 Prozent der gültigen Stimmen bei einer Wahlbeteiligung von 53,10 Prozent. Er löste damit Niedersachsens Ex-Landwirtschaftsminister Uwe Bartels ab, der die Bürgermeisterwahl 2005 für sich entschieden hatte und erster SPD-Bürgermeister der Stadt wurde. Bartels konnte 2011 aus Altersgründen nicht mehr kandidieren. Ebenfalls aus Altersgründen trat Gels zur Bürgermeisterwahl 2019 in Vechta nicht mehr an. Sein Nachfolger dort wurde Kristian Kater (SPD).

Engagement
Im Niedersächsischen Städtetag engagierte sich Helmut Gels in seiner Zeit als Stadtdirektor Vechtas als Mitglied des geschäftsführenden Präsidiums, Vorsitzender der Bezirkskonferenz Oldenburg und des Arbeitskreises im ländlichen Raum sowie stellvertretender Vorsitzender des Rechts- und Verfassungsausschusses. Als Bürgermeister ist er im Präsidium des Niedersächsischen Städtetages Stellvertreter des Meppener Bürgermeisters Jan Erik Bohling. Im Deutschen Städtetag war er Mitglied des Sportausschusses.

In der Universität Vechta war er Mitglied des Hochschulrates, in der Karnevalssaison 2005/06 Präsident des Karnevalsvereins Ehrengilde Vechta. Er ist stellvertretender Vorsitzender des Vechtaer Kunstvereins Kaponier. In der Kommunalpolitischen Vereinigung Niedersachsen, einer Unterorganisation der CDU, ist er seit 1999 Mitglied des Arbeitskreises Finanzen.

Helmut Gels wurde am 3. Juni 2020 in Oldenburg (Oldb) zum Präsidenten des DRK-Landesverbandes Oldenburg gewählt.

Weblinks
 Lebenslauf auf der Website der Stadt Vechta (Archivversion vom 9. Juli 2014)

Einzelnachweise

Person (Deutsches Rotes Kreuz)
Präsident (Deutsches Rotes Kreuz)
Bürgermeister (Landkreis Vechta)
Person (Vechta)
CDU-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1952
Mann

Helmut Gels


කෘෂි පරිසර පද්ධතියක් තුළ පාංශු ඛාදනය, පාංශු සාරවත් බව, පාංශු ගුණාත්මකභාවය, ජලය, වල් පැලෑටි, පළිබෝධකයන්, රෝග, ජෛව විවිධත්වය සහ වන ජීවීන් කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා ආවරණ බෝගයක් () රෝපණය කෙරේ.

බොහෝවිට මුදල් බෝග අස්වැන්න නෙලීමෙන් පසු ආවරණ භෝග රෝපණය කරනු ලබයි. ශීත රටවල දී සමහර ආවරණ බෝග ශීත ඍතුව පුරා වර්ධනය වන ඒවා විය හැකිය.

ආශ්‍රිත

නයිට්‍රජන් තිර කිරීම

මූලාශ්‍ර

කෘෂිකර්මය

ආවරණ බෝග


Events from the year 1811 in Canada.

Incumbents
Monarch: George III

Federal government
Parliament of Lower Canada: 7th
Parliament of Upper Canada: 5th

Governors
Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
Governor of New Brunswick: George Prévost
Governor of Nova Scotia: John Wentworth
Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Thomas Duckworth
Governor of Prince Edward Island: Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres

Events
 John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company establishes a post at mouth of the Columbia River.
 British-Canadian fur trader, surveyor, and cartographer David Thompson follows Columbia to Pacific and finishes charting entire length of the river.
 William Price Hunt, leading Astor's overland party, explores Snake River Valley and much of future Oregon Trail.
 When Governor Craig leaves for England, British Canadians detach the horses and draw his carriage to the place of embarkation.
 U.S. President James Madison, in his message to Congress, says: "We have seen the British Cabinet not only persist, in refusing satisfaction demanded for the wrongs we have already suffered, but it is extending to our own waters that blockade, which is become a virtual war against us, through a stoppage of our legitimate commerce."

Births
January 9 – John Ferris, businessman, explorer and politician (d.1884)
March 11 – John Young, politician (d.1878)
May 29 – William Pearce Howland, politician (d.1907)
July 20 – James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, Governor General (d.1863)
August 16 – Luc-Hyacinthe Masson, physician, businessman and politician (d.1880)
October 6 – Eulalie Durocher, catholic nun (d.1849)
December 2 – Jean-Charles Chapais, Conservative politician considered a Father of Canadian Confederation for his participation in the Quebec Conference to determine the form of Canada's government (d.1885)

Full date unknown
Isabella Clark, first wife of John A. Macdonald, premier of the Province of Canada (d.1857)

Deaths

References

Canada
Years of the 19th century in Canada
1811 in North America

1811 in Canada


وضّاح اليمن (توفي 89 هـ/708م) هو عبد الرحمن بن إسماعيل الخولاني، لقب بالوضّاح لوسامته، من شعراء الغزل في العصر الأموي. قيل إنه مات مقتولًا بأمر من الخليفة الوليد بن عبد الملك لتشبيبه بزوجته.

نسبه ونبذة من حياته
 هو: يحيى بن علي علامي عبد الرحمن بن إسماعيل بن عبد كلال بن داذ بن أبي جمد. يمني من خولان منازل شعوب حوالي صنعاء التي لا تزال تحمل هذا الاسم حتى اليوم. ينتهي نسبه إلى حمير فقحطان. أما وضاح فلقب غلب عليه في قصة ليس هنا محل ذكرها وتروي كتب الأدب عن وضاح اليمن أنه كان على جانب كبير من الوضاءة والصباحة واستواء التكوين وأنه أحد ثلاثة من العرب هم وضاح والمقنع الكندي وأبو زبيد الطائي كانوا لا يدخلون أسواق العرب إلا مقنعين خشية العين وقد كان جماله شبيها بجمال ابن أبي ربيعة الشاعر الغزلي المشهور ولعل وسامة وضاح هي التي جعلته العاشق المتيم المدلل.

في حياة وضاح نساء عاش معهن حياة عاطفية لمسنا آثارها في شعره أولهن امرأة يمنية هي روضة بنت عمرو من كندة وقد نظم فيها شعرا كثيرا ولم يتزوجها ولكن اشتهرت تلك العلاقة التي كانت بينه مع أم البنين بنت عبد العزيز زوجة الخليفة الأموي الوليد بن عبد الملك والتي قُتل بسببها حيث أبلغ أحد العبيد الخليفة أن وضاحا في غرفة أم البنين وكانت قد وضعته في صندوق لتخفيه فأخذ الخليفة الصندوق ودفنه ووضاح داخله.

قصائده
لوضاح قصائد شعر غزلي وتأثر بقصائد امرئ القيس منها قول وضاح:

وهي شبيهة بقول امرئ القيس:

وله في روضة قصيدته الحوارية الجميلة التي قال فيها طه حسين في كتابة حديث الأربعاء الجزء الأول هي أول قصيدة حوارية:

عاش وضاح في عصر الدولة الأموية وهو عصر ازدهر فيه الأدب ازدهارا تعددت فيه مواضيعه واختلفت فيه اتجاهاته ومدارسه وكان فيه شعراء السياسة والهجاء مثل جرير والفرزدق والأخطل وعدي بن الرقاع وغيرهم كما ظهر فيه الشعراء الغزليون والعذريون أمثال عمر بن أبي ربيعة وابن قيس الرقيات والعرجي وجميل بثينة وكثير عزة وغيرهم كثير .

الأسطورة والخيال
عاش وضاح حياة كأنها أسطورية أو خيال فقد أحاط الغموض حياته وكذلك ظروف مماته ولا تكاد تجد وضوحا لحياته في سير الأدب كالبقية من زملائه الشعراء ولعل مرد ذلك إلى العصبية القديمة بين القيسية واليمانية بحيث يجد شاعر الحجاز ما لا يجده شاعر اليمن من العناية أضف أن اليمن كانت تتبع مذهب شيعة علي بن أبي طالب وعدوا للبيت الأموي وقصته المشهورة مع أم البنين مما جعل الرواة يتحفضون في نقل شعره وأعماله خوفا من البيت الأموي حتى إن قصته مع أم البنين لم تكتب إلا في العصر العباسي ويبدو أن موجة الفتح دفعت بوضاح إلى الشام ولكنه ظل يحن إلى روضة ويقول:

وضاح وأم البنين كما وردت في بعض المراجع
أم البنين هي بنت عبد العزيز بن مروان وزوجة الوليد بن عبد الملك وكانت جميلة واستأذنت زوجها ذات يوم للحج فأذن لها ولما بلغت مكة – وكان الوليد قد توعد من تغزل بزوجته أو جواريها ولكنها – كما يقول الدكتور طة حسين في كتابه حديث الأربعاء الجزء الأول - كانت تريد أن يتغزل بها الشعراء كما تغزلوا بأخت زوجها فاطمة بنت عبد الملك امرأة عمر بن عبد العزيز وكما تغزلوا بسكينة بنت الحسين وكما تغزلوا ببنت معاوية من قبل وكما كانوا يتغزلون بكل شريفة وجميلة وردت مكة فطلبت إلى كثير عزة ووضاح أن يذكراها فأما كثير فخاف الخليفة ولكنه ذكر إحدى جواريها تدعى غاضرة أما وضاح فتغزل بأم البنين فحبت وضاح وحبها وطلبت منه أن يتبعها إلى الشام كما يذكر أكرم الرافعي في قصة وضاح تحت سلسلة آفاق عربية طبعة 1960.

تبعها وضاح ومدح زوجها أمير المؤمنين الوليد بن عبد الملك حسب نصيحة حبيبته أم البنين ووعدته أنها ستعمل على حمايته ورفعة شأنة فقربه زوجها وأكرمه علية القوم وكان يتردد على أم البنين وكان جميلا حتى تعلقت به وتعلق بها وشعرن بنات ونساء رجال الديوان بذلك وبدأو يتربصون به - حسب ما تذكر الرواية - ويذكر الدكتور طه حسين أن الوليد أهدى جواهر أعجتبه وأرسلها مع أحد الخدم ودخل الخادم فرأى عندها وضاح فأسرعت ووضعت وضاحا في الصندوق والخادم يرى ثم أخذت الجواهر من الخادم فطمع الخادم وطلب إحدى هذه الجواهر فأبت عليه وسبته فانصرف غاضبا وأخبر الخليفة بما رأى فأظهر الخليفة تكذيبه وأمر بقتله ثم نهض من فوره ودخل على الملكة فإذا بها تتمشط فجلس على الصندوق الذي وصفه له الخادم وطلب منها أن تعطيه إياه فلم تستطع الرفض فأخذه إلى مجلسه وأمر بحفر بئر في هذا المجلس وألقى الصندوق في البئر ثم دفن بالتراب وسوى بها الأرض ورد البساط فوقها كما كان واختفى وضاح.

المراجع

المصادر
 كتاب الأغاني لأبي الفرج الأصفهاني.
 الأدب والثقافة في اليمن عبر العصور لمحمد سعيد جرادة.
 حديث الأربعاء الجزء الأول لطه حسين.
 آفاق عربية وضاح اليمن أو الطيف العائد لأكرم الرافعي طبعة 1960م.

وصلات خارجية
 بوابة الشعراء: ديوان وضاح اليمن

الحب في الأدب العربي
شعراء العصر الأموي
شعراء شبه الجزيرة العربية
شعراء غزل
شعراء يمنيون
شعراء يمنيون في القرن 7
شعراء يمنيون في القرن 8
عرب في القرن 8
مواليد القرن 7
وفيات 708
وفيات 89 هـ
شعراء مقتولون

وضاح اليمن


أومنيا اتش دي omnia hdهاتف ملتيميديا ذكي انتجته سامسونج يعمل باللمس ويعتبر الهاتف الأفضل والأكثر تطورا في العالم لدرجة انه تفوق على هاتف n97 الذي تنتجه نوكيا ويعتبر الهاتف الأول في العالم الذي يلتقط فيديو بدقة ال hd.
نظام التشغيل
بعمل هاتف اومنيا اتش دي بنظام تشغيل سيمبيان السلسلة 60 النسخه9.4
الذاكرة
يتواجد هاتف اومنيا اتش دي بنسختين الأولى بذاكرة 8 جيجا بايت والثانية بحجم 16 جيجا بايت مع إمكانية توسيع الذاكره32 جيجا بايت اضافيه بواسطة بطاقة ذاكره.

الشاشة :يحتوي هاتف اومنيا اتش دي على شاشه تعمل باللمس بتقنبو اموليد سابا سايت بحجم3.7 انش ودقة 360*640 بكسل وبحيوية 16 مليون لون مع زجاج غير قابل للخدش وناقل الي من صوره عموديه إلى صوره افقيه.

وسائل الاتصال
يحتوي هاتف اومنيا اتش دي على واي فاي 802.11 بي جي بتقنية الدي ال ان اه وبلوتوث مع سماعات ستيريو فونيه وفتحة ميكرو يو اس بي داخليه.

الكاميرا
يحتوي هاتف اومنيا اتش دي على كامبرا بدقة 8.0 ميغا بكسل مع فلاش

لقطات الفيديو
يلتقط هاتف اومنيا اتش دي الفيديو بسرعة 720p وهو يعتبر الهاتف الأول في العالم الذي يصور الفيديو بهذه الدقة.

البطاريه
تصل قوة بطارية هاتف اومنيا اتش دي إلى 1500 mAh

سعره
يصل سعرهاتف اومنيا اتش دي إلى 440 يورو تقريبا

المواصفات الكاملة لأومنيا إتش دي

مراجع

أجهزة سيمبيان
مشغل وسائط محمول
هواتف تعمل بشاشة اللمس
هواتف ذكية
هواتف ذكية توقف إصدارها
هواتف سامسونج
هواتف سامسونج الذكية
هواتف محمولة عرضت في 2009

أومنيا إتش دي


Herb Dickieson (born March 8, 1954) is a retired physician and a former educator and politician in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Dickieson was the first and, to date, only member of the New Democratic Party of Prince Edward Island to have sat in the Legislative Assembly.

Dickieson was raised in New Glasgow on a small family farm. He graduated from the University of Prince Edward Island with his B.Sc. in 1979 and received a B.Ed. in 1982.  Dickieson taught high school in Calgary, Alberta for one year before entering medical school at Dalhousie University, from which he graduated with his medical degree in 1987. Dickieson interned in New Brunswick and in Prince Edward Island and established a family medicine practise in O'Leary.

Dickieson was elected leader of the Island New Democrats in March 1995, and led the party in the 1996 and 2000 provincial elections, seeking to be a Member of the Legislature for District 25, West Point-Bloomfield. He was successful in the 1996 election, but was defeated in the 2000 election. Dickieson led the party through the 1990s, but resigned two years after his personal electoral defeat.

Dickieson was a popular politician during his term, even among non-New Democrats, as a voice for change. He was encouraged by many members to run for the federal New Democratic Party in the 2004 federal election and again provincially, he had refused until he announced on September 12, 2014 that he would seek the NDP nomination for Egmont for the 2015 federal election. Dickieson was nominated as the candidate in October 2014. On October 19, 2015, Dickieson was defeated in the election, finishing third behind the winner, Liberal Bobby Morrissey and Conservative incumbent Gail Shea.

Dickieson was involved in local and provincial issues, including concern over the closing of rural post offices, the fate of farmers, and the quality of education, particularly among children. He has served on boards for the promotion of a community youth centre, Chamber of Commerce board of directors, and as Chief of Medical Staff at the Community Hospital in O'Leary. He is also a Past President of the Medical Society of Prince Edward Island.

He resides with his wife Kathleen and family in Howlan.

Electoral record

References

1954 births
Living people
University of Prince Edward Island alumni
Dalhousie University alumni
People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island
New Democratic Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs
New Democratic Party of Prince Edward Island leaders
New Democratic Party candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Prince Edward Island candidates for Member of Parliament

Herb Dickieson


II. općinska nogometna liga Slavonski Brod ("Druga općinska nogometna liga Slavonski Brod") za sezonu 1983./84. je bila liga sedmog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Liga je igrana u dvije skupine:
 "Istok" – 12 klubova, prvak "Posavina" iz Velike Kopanice
 "Zapad" – 12 klubova, prvak "Omladinac" iz Tomice

Istok

 Ljestvica

 Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Zapad

 Ljestvica

 Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 I. općinska liga Slavonski Brod 1983./84.
 III. općinska liga Slavonski Brod 1983./84.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Marinko Vuković: NK "Graničar" Stupnički Kuti : (1928. – 1973. – 2003.) : 75 godina postojanja i 30 godina aktivnog igranja , Stupnički Kuti, 2003.,
 Ilija Maoduš: NK Sapci, Slavonski Brod, 2014., , str. 77, 100

1983-84 2
Slavonski Brod-2

II. općinska nogometna liga Slavonski Brod 1983./84.


Wind je topografsko prezime engleskog podrijetla za nekoga tko je živio u blizini staze, uličice ili ceste. Najpopularnije je u sjeveroistočnoj Engleskoj, posebno u Newcastle upon Tyneu i Sunderlandu. Međutim, popularno je i u Nizozemskoj i Danskoj. Pojavljuje se u nekoliko različitih inačica, među kojima su Waind, Wind, Wynd, Wain i Wean.

Podrijetlo
Wind potječe iz staroengleske riječi "gewind" koja prethodi 7. stoljeću. Opisuje ili osobu koja je živjela na posebno vjetrovitom području poput sjeveroistočne Engleske ili uz "zavojitu" (Engleski: winding) cestu. U srednjovjekovno doba Wind se vjerojatno davao i brzom trkaču ili glasniku.

Prezime Wind prvi je put zabilježeno u: Lancashireu, ceremonijalnom okrugu u sjeverozapadnoj Engleskoj; u Windle with Hardshawom, gradskom naselju; u župi i savezu Prescot, dijelu West Derbyja.

Učestalost i rang u području
Prema internetskom mjestu Forebears.io najveća učestalost prezimena Wind može se naći u Sjedinjenim Državama, a slijede ih Njemačka, Nizozemska i Danska.

Istaknuti ljudi s prezimenom

 Alex Wind (rođen 2001.), američki studentski aktivist
 Bartina Harmina Wind (1891. – 1974.), nizozemska znanstvenica
 Carsten Wind (rođen 1950.), danski gitarist
 Cornelis Wind (1867. – 1911.), nizozemski fizičar
 Diana Wind (rođena 1957.), nizozemska povjesničarka umjetnosti
 Dorothy Wind, američka igračica bejzbola
 Edmund De Wind (1883. – 1918.), kanadski/irski ratni heroj
 Edgar Wind (1900. – 1971.), britanski povjesničar
 Franz Ludwig Wind (1719. – 1989.), švicarski kipar
 Gerhard Wind (1928. – 1992.), njemački slikar
 Günter Wind, njemački znanstvenik
 Hans Wind (1919. – 1995.), finski letački as iz Drugog svjetskog rata
 Hans Christian Wind (rođen 1932.), danski teolog
 Harmen Wind (1945. – 2010.), nizozemski pjesnik
 Henning Wind (rođen 1937.), danski natjecatelj u jedrenju
 Herbert Warren Wind (1916. – 2005.), američki književnik
 Horst-Helmut Wind (1927. – 2009.), njemački moreplovac
 Joachim Frederik Wind (1637. – 1687.), norveški moreplovac
 John Wind (1819. – 1863.), engleski arhitekt
 Jonas Wind (rođen 1999.), danski nogometaš
 Kim Wind (rođen 1957.), danski veslač
 Marlene Wind (rođena 1963.), danska politologinja
 Martin Wind (rođen 1968.), džez-glazbenik
 Patrick Wind (rođen 1968.), njemački skladatelj
 Per Wind (rođen 1955.), danski nogometaš
 Per Wind (rođen 1947.), danski veslač
 Pierre Wind (rođen 1965.), nizozemski kuhar
 Stefanie Wind, američka jezikoslovka
 Susie Wind (rođena 1968.), američka vizualna umjetnica
 Tommy Wind, američki iluzionist
 Torben Wind (rođen 1960.), danski računalni znanstvenik
 Willie Wind (1913. – 1995.), američki umjetnik

Izvori

Prezimena

Wind (prezime)


Candaroğulları Beyliği, Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti'nin yıkılışından sonra Kastamonu ve çevresinde kurulan bir Türkmen beyliğidir.

Denizci özellikleri, Sinop'ta kurdukları tersanenin Osmanlı Devleti'ne katılması ve geliştirilmesi, Osmanlı Donanması'na güç kattı. Kastamonu'nun Küre ilçesindeki bakır ocakları, Beylik daha Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ne ilhak olmadan önce, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun top üretimi için kullanılmıştır.

Tarih
Oghuz Türkleri'nin Kayı şubesinden inen, Beylik, İlhanlı hükümdarı Geyhatu tarafından Eflani'nin Şemseddin Yaman Candar'a ikta verilmesi sonucu 1291 yılında kurulmuştur.

Yaman Candar'dan sonra tahta geçen Süleyman Paşa, Kastamonu ve Sinop'u fethederek beyliğin sınırlarını genişletmiştir.

Yıldırım Bayezid, Anadolu'daki birliği sağlama yolundaki çalışmaları sırasında Candaroğulları topraklarına sahip olmuş, fakat Sinop'ta Candaroğulları Beyliğini devam ettirmiştir.

İsfendiyar Bey Ankara Savaşı'ndan (1402) sonra Timur'un hakimiyetini tanıdı. Bunun karşılığında da eski Candaroğulları toprakları kendisine verildi, böylece Kastamonu'ya yeniden hakim oldu.

İsmail Bey tahta geçtiğinde Kızıl Ahmed Beyin isyan etmesi sonucu beylik sona doğru sürüklendi. Nihayet 1461 yılında II. Mehmed'in Trabzon seferi öncesinde Candaroğulları, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu topraklarına tamamen katıldı.

15. Yüzyılın ortalarında Sinop, Candaroğullarının ve Karadeniz'in en müstahkem kalelerinden biri olup, bir rivayete göre 400 topu vardı; kalede 10.000 muhafız ve 2.000 topçu bulunuyordu; limanında Candaroğullarına ait 900 tonluk bir gemi vardı ki bu gemi, Osmanlılar henüz bu büyüklükte gemi yoktu ve İsmâil Bey'e ait olan bu gemi Osmanlı denizciliğinde benzeri yapılmak üzere bir örnek olmuştu.

Beyliğin Kastamonu-Sinop kolunun sona ermesinin haricinde, Çankırı'nın Çelebi Mehmed tarafından 1417 yılında kendisine tahsis edilmesiyle burada bey olan İsfendiyar Beyin oğlu Kasım, ölümüne kadar (1464) berat yazdıran ve tuğra çektiren bir Bey olarak varlığını sürdürdü.

Candaroğulları Hükümdarları

Kaynakça

Özel

Genel

Kastamonu tarihi
Sinop tarihi
1291
1461

Candaroğulları Beyliği


William Cecil, 1. baron Burghley (født 13. september 1520, død 4. august 1598) var en engelsk statsmand og den førende rådgiver for dronning Elizabeth 1. af England under det meste af hendes styre. Fra 1572 var han rigsskatmester.

Cecil blev født i 1521 i Bourne som søn af Richard Cecil, herre til Burghley House, og Jane Heckington. Han voksede op i Burghley, i Northamptonshire og endelig i Cambridgeshire. Burghley House er i dag et museum. Cecil studerede lov ved University of Cambridge og Gray's Inn, og i 1547 blev han knyttet til Henrik VIIIs hof i London.

I sin tidlige karriere tjente han hertugen af Somerset, en bror af dronning Jane. Efter at hertugen i sin nevø, Edvard VIs regeringstid, faldt i unåde og blev henrettet, mistet Cecil for en tid sin position, men blev snart taget til nåde igen. Han blev slået til ridder i 1550, og overlevede kong Edvards efterfølger, dronning Maria 1. af England, eftersom han konvertere til den katolske tro. Cecil indså imidlertid hurtig potentiale til Marias yngre søster Elisabeth, og forberedte hende på monarkgerningen. Da Elisabeth blev dronning i 1558 blev Cecil udnævnt til hendes minister. Fra begyndelsen var Cecil den eneste Elisabeth stolte på. Cecil var en forsigtig politiker som altid forsøgte at undgå fare. I 1571, kort før Cecils datter Anne ble gift med Edward de Vere, 17. jarl af Oxford, udnævnte dronningen ham til baron af Burghley.

Cecils søn, Sir Robert Cecil, senere jarl af Salisbury, overtog farens rolle som dronningens førende rådgiver efter hans død.

Hans ældste søn, Sir Thomas Cecil, arvet titlen som baron Burghley.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Tudortiden
Lords Keeper of the Privy Seal
Politikere fra England
Briter i 1500-tallet

William Cecil, 1. Baron Burghley


Fra Marin Bodačić, OFM, jedan od dvojice mogućih devetih vikara Bosanske vikarije od 1381. do 1384. godine. Nije sigurno je li to bio fra Marin ili fra Bartul Alvernski. Prije i poslije Bodačićeva mandata vikar je bio fra Bartul Alvernski.

Izvori

Vikari Bosanske vikarije

Marin Bodačić


The Entomological Society of America (ESA) was founded in 1889 and today has more than 7,000 members, including educators, extension personnel, consultants, students, researchers, and scientists from agricultural departments, health agencies, private industries, colleges and universities, and state and federal governments. It serves the professional and scientific needs of entomologists and people in related disciplines. To facilitate communication among members, the ESA is divided into four sections based on entomological interests, and six branches, based on geographic proximity. The national office is located in Annapolis, Maryland.

History
In 1889, the American Association of Economic Entomologists was founded by Charles V. Riley, primarily focusing on economic entomology. In 1906, the Entomological Society of America was organized to address the needs of the broader dimensions of biology, taxonomy, morphology, and faunistic studies of insects.

Governance
Presidents serve for one year with the assistance of the Governing Board.

Executive Secretaries/Executive Directors serve for longer and have included:
19531955  Ashley B. Gurney
19551968  Robert Nelson, also President for 1971
1968?  Wallace P. Murdoch

Publications
ESA publishes nine journals in partnership with Oxford University Press.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Environmental Entomology
Journal of Economic Entomology
Journal of Medical Entomology
American Entomologist
Arthropod Management Tests
Journal of Insect Science
Insect Systematics and Diversity
Journal of Integrated Pest Management

Branches
The six ESA branches include five North American branches: Eastern, North Central, Pacific, Southeastern, and Southwestern. Their members are states/provinces of the US, Canada, and Mexico, with Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Southeastern Branch and the US territories of the Pacific Ocean in the Pacific Branch. All other nations and territories comprise the sixth, International Branch.

References

External links
The Entomological Society of America
Guide to the Entomological Society of America, Southeastern Branch, Records 1937–2010

Entomological Society of America

Entomological Society of America


Dalbeattie (, , ) é uma cidade na Escócia, no vale do rio Urr. É conhecida pela sua abundância de granito cinza e pela sua floresta. O nome da cidade vem do gaélico Dail Bheithe, que significa "prado do vidoeiro" ou Dail bhàite, que significa "prado afogado". Foi fundada no século XVIII como um centro de comércio de madeira e granito. Entre os seus habitantes famosos estão William McMaster Murdoch, o primeiro oficial do Titanic, e Claudia Andujar, uma fotógrafa e ativista suíca-brasileira dos direitos indígenas.

Cidades da Escócia

Dalbeattie


Río Blanco es uno de los siete corregimientos que comprenden zonas rurales del Municipio de Manizales. Posee siete veredas o divisiones limitando con la comunas Tesorito y Ecoturístico Cerro de Oro de la zona urbana de Manizales, con el corregimiento de El Manantial y con los municipios de Villamaria, Neira y Marulanda, siendo el menos poblado pero el más grande de todos los 7 corregimientos.

División
El corregimiento está compuesto por siete veredas las cuales son:

Además en río blanco se encuentran especies de aves como las migratorias, también especies de mamíferos con sus principales características y animales migratorios, además existen las reservas hídricas y su cultura colaborativa con el medio ambiente.

Enlaces externos
 Conoce la Reserva Natural Río Blanco Colombia.travel.
 Río blanco, la reserva forestal de Manizales Turismoytecnologia.com.
 Reserva Río Blanco - Termales Tierra Viva Termalestierraviva.com.

Corregimientos de Manizales

Río Blanco (Manizales)


Le  d'armée est une grande unité de l'Armée française pendant la guerre franco-allemande de 1870. Au , le  d'armée fait partie de l'Armée du Rhin et le  de l'Armée de Châlons.

Chefs du  d'armée
  : Maréchal de Mac-Mahon
  : Général Ducrot

Composition

Références

Corps d'armée français
Corps, 1

1er corps d'armée (France, 1870)


The International Association of  Film and Television Schools (French: Centre international de liaison des écoles de cinéma et de télévision, CILECT) is the association of the world's major film and television schools. It was founded in Cannes in 1955 at the proposal of Marcel L'Herbier (IDHEC President) and Rémy Tessonneau (IDHEC General Director) who gathered together for the first time higher education film school representatives from France, Italy, Poland, Spain, UK, USA and USSR.

Its goals are to provide a means for the exchange of ideas among member schools, and to help them understand the future of education for creative personnel in film, television, and related media. It is dedicated to the creation, development and maintenance of regional and international co-operation among its member schools, and to the encouragement of film and television training in the developing world.

Regional organisations
The Groupement Européen des Ecoles de Cinéma et de Télévision / European Grouping of Film and Television Schools (GEECT) is the organization of CILECT's European members, including schools in Israel, Lebanon and Georgia.
CILECT Ibero América (CIBA) is the organization of Latin American film and Luso-Hispanic CILECT schools.
CILECT Asia-Pacific Association (CAPA) is the regional organization of the CILECT member schools in the Asia-Pacific Region.
CILECT Africa Regional Association (CARA) is the regional organization of the CILECT member schools in the African Region.
CILECT's North American Regional Association (CNA) is the regional organization of the CILECT member schools in Canada and the USA.
CILECT East Africa Regional Association (CEARA) is the regional organization of the CILECT member schools in the East African Region.

References

External links
 Official website

Film schools in France
Cannes
International cultural organizations
Organizations established in 1955
1955 establishments in France

CILECT


Ricardo Longatti França, (Indaiatuba, 25 de maio de 1991), mais conhecido como Ricardo França, é um político brasileiro, filiado ao Podemos (PODE).

Atualmente exerce o cargo de deputado estadual pelo estado de São Paulo, foi eleito em 2022 ao cargo com 64.145 votos.

Biografia
Em 2016, aos 25 anos, foi eleito vereador em Indaiatuba, pelo Partido Republicano Progressista (PRP) com 5.185 votos. Em 2020, foi reeleito como o vereador mais votado da história de Indaiatuba com 7.321 votos.

Nascidos em 1991
Naturais de Indaiatuba
Membros do Partido Republicano Progressista (1989)
Deputados estaduais de São Paulo
Membros do Podemos (Brasil)

Ricardo França (político)


ولد الفنان أكثم عبد الحميد في جبلة, سورية عام 1955.

درس أكثم الفنون الجميلة في جامعة دمشق وتخصص في النحت وتخرج من الكلية سنة 1981.

يعمل أكثم عبد الحميد مدرساً ومديراً للمعهد المتوسط للفنون التطبيقية في دمشق منذ العام 1987.

أعماله مقتناة من قبل وزارة الثقافة السورية، المتحف الوطني بدمشق، وضمن مجموعات خاصة كما أنه مثل سورية في مسابقات عالمية كالمسابقة الدولية للنحت التي نظمتها اليونيسكو في باريس عام 1993.

انظر أيضا

 أحمد معلا
 إلياس الزيات
 جاك وردة
 بسيم الريس

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
خريجو جامعة دمشق
رسامون سوريون في القرن 20
فنانون تشكيليون سوريون
مواليد 1955
رسامون سوريون في القرن 21
أشخاص من جبلة (سوريا)
مواليد في جبلة (سوريا)

أكثم عبد الحميد


برونو تاوت (بالألمانية: Bruno Taut) معماري ألماني (1880-1938) ومخطط عمراني وأحد أشهر المؤلفين في فترة جمهورية الفايمار في ألمانيا (1918 - 1933). أسس مع والترغروبيوس مدرسة الباوهاوس Bauhaus في الفن المعماري، التي تعتمد على إضفاء لمسة جمالية على كل ما هو صناعي وخلق لوحة فنية إبداعية.

حياته المهنية
حاول تاوت نشر أفكاره عبر صفحات مجلته «الفجر» (Fruelicht) والعديد من المعارض. وفي معرض أقامه خمسة من التعبيريين عام 1919، بعنوان «معرض لمعماريين مجهولين»، لم يجدوا خيرا من غروبيوس لكتابة مقدمة كاتلوغ المعرض. وقد كانت تلك المقدمة البروفة الأولية للبيان التأسيسي لمدرسة الباوهاوس.
تميز باستعماله للزجاج واهتمامه بالألوان، معروف بعمله النظري أكثر من التطبيقي ويعتبر من مهندسين الفترة الحديثة. ساهم بصفة كبيرة في الفن حيث وضع مع مهندسَين معماريين آخرين برنامجا يحث على مشاركة الشعب في الفن يكونان وحدة واحدة "العمارة هي التي تحي الفن"

أعماله

طرح برونو تاوت عدة أفكار في كتابه «تاج المدينة» (Die Stadtkrone) عام 1919. يقدم تاوت في كتابه هذا تصورا لمدينة مثالية قوامها تجمع حضري حول مبنى مركزي أسماه «تاج المدينة» يقوم مقام كاتدرائيات القرون الوسطى في توسطه لهذا التجمع الحضري، وتشكيله لنواته الإدارية، والثقافية، والرمزية. أما شكل هذا المبنى الذي يشكل النواة المركزية لمدينته المثالية فيعتمد تصميمه على أشكال البلورات واشتقاقاتها. وقد تأثر تاوت في ذلك في كتابات الشاعر بول شيربارت، وأهمها كتاب شيربارت «العمارة الزجاجية» (Glas Architektur) الذي صدر عام 1914.

لتاوت كثير من المشاريع تتمحور أغلبها في مجال الاسكانات والمجمعات السكنية، كما في مجمع «هوفأيزن» للمساكن الشعبية في منطقة نويكولن ببرلين الذي يتخد شكل «حذوة فرس»، والذي أدرج ضمن قائمة مواقع التراث العالمي ضمن الممتلكات السكنية ذات الأسلوب البرليني الحديث.
وبشكل عام فقد اتسمت البيوت قبل تلك الحقبة بالظلمة والضيق والرطوبة، وهو ما حاول المهندسون أن يتوخوه. فجاءت التصاميم الجديدة خارجة عن المألوف وعكست نظريات البناء المعهودة وقتها، الشيء الذي اُعتبر ثورة في هذا المجال. وتميزت تلك المساكن الشعبية بوضع مقاييس جديدة في الحمامات وفصل الغرف وإضافة شرفة للمنزل، علاوة على تزويد كل منزل بتدفئة مركزية. ولم يقف الإبداع عند هذا الحد، بل تجاوزه إلى تخصيص حديقة صغيرة لكل مجمع سكني، وإدماج المحال التجارية والعيادات الطبية والمقاهي، وطبعاً دون نسيان لمسة الألوان المختلفة التي منحت الأبنية نكهة مميزة، إذ كان هدف أولئك المهندسين المعماريين هو «بيت العائلة الصغيرة المثالي».

كما يعتبر الفسطاط الزجاجي (بالإنجليزية: glass pavilion) أحد أشهر مشاريع تاوت، حيث اتخذ تصميمه اتجاها رأسيا بهيئة البرج الصغير، تغطيه قبة بلورية مضلعة تدخل الإضاءة من خلالها إلى وسط الفراغ الداخلي المركزي للمبنى الذي تحتله نافورة صغيرة تنساب منها المياه في مجرى خاص متدرج يقع في منتصف الدرج الصاعد من أسفل إلى داخل فراغ القبة.
ويقدم فسطاط تاوت وبرج أنيشتاين تمثيلا لموضوعيين رئيسيين من الموضوعات التي شغف بها التعبيريون بشكل عام هما موضوعا البرج والكهف، اللذان شكلا المعالم المكانية الرئيسية لرواية الفيلسوف نيتشة.

معرض صور

وصلات خارجية

 مجمع «هوفأيزن» للمساكن الشعبية (Hufeisensiedlung)
 متحف عمارة وسيرة برونو تاوت

مراجع

أشخاص من كونيغسبرغ
ألمان مغتربون في اليابان
ألمان مغتربون في تركيا
الإسكان في ألمانيا
ثقافة فايمار
كتاب عمارة ألمان
كتاب غير روائيين ذكور ألمان
مخططون حضريون ألمان
مدفونون في مقبرة الشهداء في أدرنة قابي
معماريون ألمان
معماريون ألمان في القرن 20
منظرون معماريون
مواليد 1880
مواليد في كونيغسبرغ
وفيات 1938
وفيات في إسطنبول
يهود ألمان
يهود مهاجرون من ألمانيا النازية في إلى سويسرا
معماريون من كونيغسبرغ

برونو تاوت


Davi I Arzerúnio ou Davi I Tornício (desconhecido, Amiuque, Vaspuracânia - 1165, Altamar, Vostã, Região de Vã, Turquia), foi bispo da Igreja Armênia e Católico de Altamar (1113-1165). Era filho de , um curopalata bizantino titular (?-1121), que era filho de Tornício III Arzerúnio (final do ), Príncipe da Fortaleza de Amiuque (atualmente na Turquia) e descendente de  (início do ), terceiro filho(?) de Cacício I de Vaspuracânia (908-943).

Estabelecimento do Catolicato de Altamar
Davi foi anteriormente o Arcebispo de Altamar, no início do . Recusou-se a obedecer ao Católico armênio, recém nomeado, Gregório III Palavuni, então baseado na Cilícia, por causa de sua pouca idade e se proclamou Católico de Todos os Armênios. Em 1113, um Concílio reunido num dos mosteiros das Santas Montanhas da Cilícia, o Mosteiro Vermelho, condenou Davi, no entanto, ele não obedeceu ao Concílio e continuou a reinar em Altamar até sua morte, declarando-o um Catolicato separado.

Ver também

 Catolicato de Altamar
 Catolicato da Grande Casa da Cilícia

Bispos da Turquia
Igreja Apostólica Armênia
Família Arzerúnio

Davi I Arzerúnio


Centrul Monumentelor Naționale (în ) este o instituție publică franceză aflată sub tutela Ministerului Culturii. S-a născut în anul 2000 din Casa națională a monumentelor istorice și preistorice, înființată pe 10 iulie 1914. Conversează, animează și deschide către public 98 de monumente istorice în proprietatea statului francez, care totalizează peste 9 milioane de vizitatori în fiecare an. Are sediul la Palatul Sully în arondismentul 4 din Paris.

Monumentele în gestionare

În anul 2016 s-au adăugat la lista de monumentele Palatul Marinei din Paris și Vila Kérylos de la Beaulieu-sur-Mer.

Aquitania
 Abația La Sauve-Majeure
 Castelul Cadillac
 Castelul Puyguilhem
 Grota de la Pair-non-Pair
 Situri preistorice din Valea Vezerei
 Situl arheologic de la Montcaret
 Turnul Pey-Berland, Bordeaux

 Auvergne
 Castelul Aulteribe
 Castelul Chareil-Cintrat
 Castelul Villeneuve-Lembron
 Arcadele Catedralei Notre-Dame din Puy-en-Velay

 Basse-Normandie
 Abația Mont Saint-Michel
 Castelul Carrouges

 Burgundia
 Abația Cluny
 Castelul Bussy-Rabutin

 Bretania
 Situl megalitic de la Carnac
 Cairn Barnenez
 Casa lui Ernest Renan, Tréguier
 Situl megalitic de la Locmariaquer

 Centre-Val de Loire
 Castelul Azay-le-Rideau
 Castelul Bouges
 Castelul Casteluldun
 Castelul Fougères-sur-Bièvre
 Castelul Talcy
 Arcadele de la Psalette, Tours
 Domeniul lui George Sand, Nohant
 Palatul Jacques-Cœur, Bourges
 Turnul și cripta ale cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Bourges
 Turnul et trezoreria de la cathédrale de Chartres

 Champagne-Ardenne
 Castelul La Motte-Tilly
 Palais du Tau, Reims
 Turnurile catedralei Notre-Dame de Reims

 Franche-Comté
 Catedrala Saint-Jean din Besançon și ceasul său astronomic

 Haute-Normandie
 Abația Notre-Dame du Bec

 Île-de-France (în afara Parisului)
 Bazilica Saint Denis
 Castelul Champs-sur-Marne
 Castelul Maisons-Laffitte
 Castelul Rambouillet
 Castelul Vincennes
 Domeniul National de la Saint-Cloud
 Lăptăria reginei și Casa de scoici, Rambouillet
 Casa Jardies, Sèvres
 Vila Savoye, Poissy

Languedoc-Roussillon
 Orașul medieval Carcassonne
 Fort Saint-André, Villeneuve-lez-Avignon
 Forteresse de Salses
 Oppidum-ul din Ensérune
 Turnul Constance și zidurile, Aigues-Mortes

Midi-Pyrénées
 Abbaye de Beaulieu-en-Rouergue
 Castelul Assier
 Castelul Castelnau-Bretenoux
 Castelul Gramont
 Castelul Montal
 Vila galo-romană de la Montmaurin

 Nord-Pas-de-Calais
 Columna a Marii Armate, Wimille
 Vila Cavrois, Croix

 Paris
 Arcul de Triumf din Paris
 Chapelle expiatoire
 Conciergerie
 Palais-Royal
 Palatul Sully
 Musée des Plans-reliefs
 Panthéon
 Sainte-Chapelle
 Turnurile Catedralei Notre-Dame de Paris`

 Pays de la Loire
 Castelul din Angers
 Casa lui Georges Clemenceau, Saint-Vincent-sur-Jard

 Picardia
 Castelul Coucy
 Castelul Pierrefonds
 Turnurile Catedralei Notre-Dame din Amiens

 Poitou-Charentes
 Abația Charroux
 Castelul Oiron
 Situl galo-roman de la Sanxay
 Turnul Felinarului, Turnul Saint-Nicolas și Turnul Lanțului, La Rochelle

 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
 Abația Montmajour
 Abația Thoronet
 Castelul If
 Arcadele catedralei Saint-Léonce
 Mănăstirea Saorge
 Fortăreața de la Mont-Dauphin
 Situl arheologic de la Glanum
 Trofeul din Alpi, La Turbie

 Rhône-Alpes
 Castelul Voltaire, Ferney-Voltaire
 Mânăstirea regală Brou, Bourg-en-Bresse

Referințe

Legături externe
  Site-ul oficial

Fondări în 2000
Cultura Franței
Turism în Franța

Centrul Monumentelor Naționale din Franța


Iosif Pop Silaghi () a fost un episcop român unit (greco-catolic) al Eparhiei de Oradea Mare.

Mecenat
A fost unul din susținătorii pictorului Nicolae Popescu (1835-1877).

Scrieri
 Scurtă istorie a credinției româniloru, Oradea, 1845; lucrare tradusă în germană de Stephan Ludwig Roth (Joseph Pap, Geschichte des Glaubens der Rumänen, cu o prefață de Stephan Ludwig Roth);
 Catechismușu unirei toturora româniloru, Oradea, 1864.

Note

Nașteri în 1813
Decese în 1873
Oameni din județul Bihor
Episcopi greco-catolici români

Iosif Pop Silaghi


Competiția de handbal de la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 s-a  desfășurat la Olympic Training Center  din Rio de Janeiro, în perioada 6 - 21 august 2016.

Probe sportive
Participanții au concurat pentru cele trei medalii olimpice: aur, argint și bronz, din cele două probe sportive de handbal:
handbal feminin
handbal masculin

Criterii de calificare

Fiecare Comitet Olimpic Național a avut dreptul de a include o echipă în proba masculină și o echipă în proba feminină.

Feminin

Masculin

Sala
Toate meciurile s-au jucat în Future Arena din suburbia Barra da Tijuca a orașului Rio de Janeiro. Future Arena a fost o sală temporară; după jocuri, ea a fost demontată, iar componentele au fost folosite pentru construcția a patru școli.

Tragerea la sorți
Tragerea la sorți a avut loc pe 29 aprilie 2016, la Future Arena din Parcul Olimpic din Barra, Brazilia.

Arbitrii
Pentru conducerea partidelor au fost selectate 15 perechi de arbitri:

Turneul masculin

Competiția a fost alcătuită din două faze: o fază a grupelor, urmată de faza eliminatorie.

Faza grupelor
Echipele au fost împărțite în două grupe de câte șase națiuni și au jucat fiecare împotriva celorlalte adversare din grupă. S-au acordat două puncte pentru victorie și un punct pentru egal. Echipele clasate pe primele patru locuri în fiecare grupă au avansat în sferturile de finală.

Grupa A

Grupa B

Fazele eliminatorii

Turneul feminin

Competiția a fost alcătuită din două faze: o fază a grupelor, urmată de faza eliminatorie.

Faza grupelor
Echipele au fost împărțite în două grupe de câte șase națiuni și au jucat fiecare împotriva celorlalte adversare din grupă. S-au acordat două puncte pentru victorie și un punct pentru egal. Echipele clasate pe primele patru locuri în fiecare grupă au avansat în sferturile de finală.

Grupa A

Grupa B

Fazele eliminatorii

Clasament pe medalii

Note

Legături externe
 Jocurile Olimpice pe pagina IHF
 Pagina oficială a competiției

Sporturi la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
2016
2016 în handbal
Handbal în Brazilia

Handbal la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016


The Arkansas GlacierCats were a short-lived minor-league hockey team located in Little Rock, Arkansas.

The Arkansas GlacierCats were a Western Professional Hockey League (WPHL) franchise in Little Rock, Arkansas. The team was owned by Ed Novess and Dan Hart of Austin, Texas and they played in the WPHL during the 1998–99 and 1999–2000 seasons. Home games were played at the old Barton Coliseum.

The GlacierCats were popular in their first year but were forced to suspend operations permanently in April 2000 largely due to competition by the Arkansas RiverBlades of the East Coast Hockey League who played at the newly opened ALLTEL Arena in North Little Rock, directly across the Arkansas River from downtown Little Rock.

References

Defunct companies based in Arkansas
Sports in Little Rock, Arkansas
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Ice hockey teams in Arkansas
1998 establishments in Arkansas
2000 disestablishments in Arkansas

Arkansas GlacierCats


1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska u sezoni 2016./17. predstavlja 1. rang županijske lige u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji, te ligu petog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
Sudjelovalo je 11 klubova, a prvak je momčad Vihora iz Baške.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
podebljan rezltat - igrano u prvom dijelu lige (1. – 11. kolo)
rezultat normalne debljine - igrano u drugom dijelu lige (12. – 22. kolo)
 prekrižen rezultat  - poništena ili brisana utakmica

Poveznice
 Grevagol - NS Rijeka
 sportcom.hr, 1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska
 1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska
 1. A ŽNL Primorsko-goranska 2016./17.
 MŽNL NS Rijeka 2016./17.
 1. ŽNL Istarska 2016./17.
 ŽNL Ličko-senjska 2016./17.

Izvori

 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2016./17., 5. rang - 1. ŽNL
 grevagol-nsrijeka.com, 1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska 2016./17. - utakmice 22. kola i konačna ljestvica , objavljeno 29. svibnja 2017., pristupljeno 14. srpnja 2017.

2016-17
Primorsko-goranska-1

1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska 2016./17.


Sisinnius (650 – 4. februar 708) var pave fra 15. januar til sin død i 708. Med kun 21 dage som pave er han den person, der har haft posten i femte kortest tid.

Han blev født i Syrien, og hans far hed Johannes (John). De meget beskedne donationer i hans korte tid som pave (42 pund uld og 310 pund sølv, en brøøkdel af private donationer til andre paver på denne tid) tyder på, at han ikke var fra aristokratiet.

Sisinnius blev valgt under det byzantinske pavedømme. Han efterfulgte Pave Johannes 7. efter tre måneders sede vacante. He was consecrated around 15 January 708.

Sisinnius var pave i kun 20 dage. Ifølge Catholic Encyclopedia, "selvom han var så plaget af gigt, at han ikke kunne made sig selv, siges han alligevel at have haft en stærk karakter, og har været i stand til at godt vare på byen". Blandt hans få handlinger som pave var en udnævnelse af en biskop fra Korsika. Han beordrede også at der skulle "brændes kalk for at restaurere dele" af bymuren omkring Rom. Reparationerne, der blev planlagt af Sisinnius blev fuldtført af Pave Gregor 2.

Sisinnius blev begravet i Basilica Sancti Petri, en kirke der stod, hvor Peterskirken senere blev opført. Han blev efterfulgt efter to måneder af Pave Konstantin 1.. Konstantin, der også var syrer, var sandsynligvis Sisinnius' bror.

Referencer

Paver i middelalderen

Pave Sisinnius


Hiroyuki Sugimoto (født 6. oktober 1986) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Thespa Kusatsu og FC Gifu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hiroyuki Sugimoto


2021 තලෙයිබාන් ආක්‍රමණය යනු, තලෙයිබාන් සංවිධානය සහ ඔවුන්ගේ මිත්‍ර සටන්කාමී කණ්ඩායම් විසින් ඇෆ්ගනිස්තාන ඉස්ලාමීය ජනරජය සහ එහි මිත්‍ර පාර්ශවයන්ට එරෙහිව 2021 මැයි 1 දින ඇරඹුනු අවසාන ප්‍රධාන ආක්‍රමණය වන අතර,  එක්සත් ජනපද සහ මිත්‍ර පාර්ශව භට කණ්ඩායම් වලින් බොහෝමයක්  ඇෆ්ගනිස්තානය වෙතින් ඉවත් කර ගැනීම හා සමගාමීව සිදු කෙරුනු මෙය වෙතින්, එම සංවිධානය විසින් තත්ත්වාකාර ලෙසින් රට අත්පත් කර ගැනීම සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්තාන ඉස්ලාමීය එමීර් රාජ්‍යය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම සිදු විය.

ආක්‍රමණයෙහි පළමුවන මාස තුන ඇතුලතදී තලෙයිබාන් විසින් ගම්බද පළාත් වල සැලකිය යුතු ප්‍රගතියක් දැක්වූ අතර, එය විසින් පාලනය කෙරුණු දිස්ත්‍රික්ක ගණන 73 සිට 223 දක්වා ඉහළ දමා ගති.

තලෙයිබාන් සංවිධානයෙහි සීඝ්‍ර අත්පත් කර ගැනීම පිලිබඳව  එක්සත් ජනපදය, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ජර්මනිය සහ රුසියාව  ඇතුළුව බොහෝ රජයන් විමතියට පත් විය. තලෙයිබාන් ජයග්‍රහණය විසින් දේශීය හා ජාත්‍යන්තර ලෙසින් පුළුල් ව්‍යාකූලතා ඇති කරලීය.

ආශ්‍රිත

2021 තලෙයිබාන් ආක්‍රමණය


Türk Tarih Tezi, 1930'lu yıllarda, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün teşvikiyle oluşturulan tarih yorumu. 1930 yılında yüz adet basılan Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları isimli eser Türk Tarih Tezi'nin bildirgesi sayılır. Bu eser doğrultusunda hazırlanan ve 1931-1941 yılları arasında liselerde okutulan dört ciltlik ders kitabı da Türk Tarih Tezi'nin temel metinlerindendir. İslam ve Hristiyan çatışmasına dayalı Osmanlı tarihi tezine ve Türkler aleyhinde yazılan Batılı tarih tezlerine tepki olarak ortaya konmuştur. Bilimsel çevrelerde Türk Tarih Tezi, siyasi gayeler taşıdığı, hayalci veya romantik milliyetçi yönlerinin olduğu savlarıyla eleştirilmiştir.

Yazılma sebepleri
Mustafa Kemal, 1923 yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi Profesörler kuruluna "Ulusal bağımsızlığımızı bilim alanında da tamamlama" görevi verdi. Türk Tarih Tezi, Osmanlı tarih yazımının mirası olan İslam merkezli tarih yorumlarına ve Avrupa merkezli tarih yorumlarına karşı alternatif bir millî yorum geliştirilmesi amacıyla 1930'larda ortaya atılmıştır. Atatürk batılı tarih tezlerinin doğru kabul edilip okullarda okutulması yerine millî bir tarih yazılması gerektiğine inanıyordu. On beşinci yüzyıldan beri, Batılı tarih yazarları medeniyetin başlangıcı yeri olarak Yunan medeniyetini vermekteydi. Bu tarih görüşünde Türkler, Orta Asya'daki göçebe aşiretler olarak anlatılıyordu. Özellikle on dokuzuncu yüzyıldan itibaren bu tez ırkçı antropolojik yaklaşımlarla bir ırk aidiyetine (Sarı ırk, Brakifesal beyaz ırk vb.) oturtulmaya çalışılmıştı.
 Bir Fransız okulunda öğrenci olan Afet İnan, Fransızca tarih kitaplarında Türklerin uygarlık yapıtlarına yer vermediğini ve Türklerden "ikinci dereceden sarı ırktan, istilacı barbar kavim" olarak söz edildiğini Atatürk'e anlatır. Bununla birlikte, Atatürk'ün okuduğu bilinen iki önemli tarih kitabında Türklere ciddi şekilde yer verilir. İlki, Joseph de Guignes tarafından 1756'da Paris'te yayınlanan 5 ciltlik Histoire générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mogols, et des autres Tartares occidentaux eseridir. İkincisi 1920 yılında H. G. Wells tarafından yayınlanmaya başlanan 1208 sayfalık Outline of History adlı eserdir. Yazarın Atatürk tarafından benimsenen "dünya barışının kalıcı olması için düşünceleri" Nutuk'ta adıyla beraber tekrar edilmektedir.

1931-1941 yılları arasında liselerde okutulan dört ciltlik tarih kitabının ön sözünde çalışmanın amacı açıklanmıştı.

Cumhuriyet kurulana dek medreselerde Türk kimliği üzerinde durulmaksızın, sadece padişahların eski seferleri gerçeklerden uzak, abartılı bir hikâye biçiminde veriliyordu. 20. Yüzyıl başlarında dahi üniversitelerde modern ve bilimsel bir tarih öğretilmiyordu. Antropoloji, filoloji, arkeoloji ve benzeri bilimler tarih araştırmalarında kullanılmıyordu. 19. yüzyıl sonunda Orta Asya'da Orhun Yazıtları yabancı bilim adamları tarafından Türkçe olarak okunmuştu.

Atatürk, Türk ulusunu odak alarak Türk tarihini araştırmak, bu şekilde Cumhuriyet'in temel amacı olan ulus-devlet yaratma sürecine tarihsel bir referans oluşturmak için tarih bilimcilerini teşvik etti. Türklerin dünya uygarlıklarının gelişimindeki yeri ile ilgili araştırmalar yapılmasını sağlamak istiyordu.

Ülkenin eski uygarlıklarını ortaya çıkarmak, bugünkü Türk halkıyla Türk kavimlerinin ilişkisini araştırmak, genel Türk tarihinin bilimsel tutarlılık ile yazılmasını sağlamak amaçlardan bazılarıdır.

Yazılması
Atatürk Tarih konusuna çok önem verdiği için Türk Tarih Kurulu'nun kurulmasına öncülük etmişti. 1930 yılında Afet İnan, Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu, Samih Rıfat, Yusuf Akçura, Reşit Galip, Hasan Cemil Çambel, Sadri Maksudi Arsal, Şemsettin Günaltay, Vasıf Çınar ve Yusuf Ziya Özer "batılı yazarlar tarafından yazılmamış" Türk tarihini araştırmak için çalışmalara başladılar. 1930 yılında Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları adlı 606 sayfalık eseri hazırladılar. 606 sayfalık bu çalışma sadece bir ön derlemeydi. Sadece 100 adet bastırılarak ülke çapında bilim adamlarına dağıtılarak incelettirildi. İlk derleme kitabı ilim adamlarınca incelendi, tartışıldı ve değerlendirmeler ve düzeltmeler yapıldı. 1931 yılında 87 sayfalık ikinci kitap Türk Tarihinin Ana Çizgileri-Giriş Bölümü hazırlandı. 4 ciltlik bu çalışma bu sefer 30,000 adet bastırıldı. 4 ciltlik eser 1931-1941 döneminde liselerde tarih derslerinde okutuldu. 1935 yılında Atatürk; Afet İnan ve Hasan Cemil Çambel'e yeni bir araştırma programı dikte etti. Tarih konularında araştırma yapacak bilim adamlarının yetiştirilmesi amacıyla, 1935 yılında, Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi kuruldu. 1937 yılında İkinci Türk Tarih Kongresi toplandı. Bu kongreye yabancı bilim adamları da katıldılar.

Savunduğu tezler
Ön sözünden anlaşılacağı üzere dört ciltlik tarih, Türklerin uygarlığa katkılarını ortaya çıkarmayı açıklamak ister. Avrupa medeniyetinin göçler sonucu Asya'dan gelen insanlar tarafından oluşturulduğunu, Yunan bilim, sanat ve felsefesinin bütün pınarlarının da aslında Anadolu'da olduğunu savunur.

Türk Tarih Tezi, beyaz ırkın kökeninin Orta Asya olduğu hipotezinden yola çıkmaktadır. Buna göre değişik çağlarda, çeşitli göç dalgaları halinde Orta Asya'dan dünyaya yayılan Türklerin de atası olan halklar, dünya medeniyetlerinin önemli bir kısmını kurmuştur. Irklardan bahsederken belirli bir ırkın üstünlüğünü savunmaz. Göçler sonucu ırkların birbirlerine karıştığını anlatır.

Türk Tarih Tezi'nde 19. yüzyıl sonunda ve 20. yüzyıl başlarında yapılmış araştırmalara dayanılarak millî bir tarih yorumu ortaya konmuştu. Tarihte yaşamış büyük medeniyetler kurmuş bazı kavimlerin Türk olduklarına dair kanıtlar ortaya sürülmüştü. Tarih öncesinde uygarlık izlerine rastlanmamış diyarlara medeniyetin, Türklerin de dünyaya yayılmış olduğu Orta Asya'dan yayıldığı fikri savunulmuştur.

Türk Tarih Tezi'ne göre M.Ö. 3000 ile M.Ö. 1200 yılları arasında Orta Asya'dan yurtlarını terk edip Akdeniz havzasına yayılan brakisefaller Türklerin atalarıdır. Dünya medeniyetinin başlangıcını Yunan medeniyetine bağlamak yanlıştır. Etiler (Hittitler) Anadolu'da yaşamış Yunan medeniyetinden daha eski bir medeniyettir. Etrüskler'in İtalya'ya Anadolu'dan gitmiş oldukları kesindir. Orta Asya'dan yayılan göç dalgaları Avrupa'ya da yayılmış ve vahşet ortamı süren kıtaya sırasıyla cilalı taş, bakır, tunç ve demir çağı sanatlarını götürmüşlerdi. Bir Asya kavmi olan Keltler, göç yollarında önemli eserler bırakmışlardı. Ligürler, Kimriler ise Keltlerden önce Avrupa kıtasında Kırım ve Danimarka'ya kadar gitmişlerdi. M.Ö. 2000 yılına kadar Avrupa'da bakır aletler dahi bulamamışken, bu tarihte bronz aletler birdenbire çoğaldığı kazılarda tespit edilmişti. Bronz madeninin kaynağı kalay madeni Asya'da bol miktarda bulunurken Avrupa'da sadece ince bir damar halinde Fransa'da bulunmaktaydı.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1928-1930 yılları arasında Türk Tarih Tezi'nin oluşturulmasında tarihçilere önderlik etmiştir. Atatürk'ün, "Anadolu 7000 yıllık Türk beşiğidir" sözü onun Anadolu'daki Türk varlığının Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi'nden çok öncelere dayandığına olan inancını yansıtmaktadır.

Ortaya konulan bulgularda eski Orta Asya Türk tarzı yaşamın Anadolu'da da var olduğu ortaya çıkarılarak tarihi süreç içinde derinlemesine bir ortaklığa işaret ediliyor.

Teze göre Türk devletleri

Türk Tarih Tezi'ne göre tarihteki Türk devletleri şu şekildedir:
 Orta Asya'da Türk-Hun İmparatorluğu.
 İdil-Tuna arasında İskit İmparatorluğu.
 Ural Dağları ve İdil Nehri arasında Batı Hun Devleti.
 Avrupa Türk-Hun İmparatorluğu ve Avar İmparatorluğu.
 Batı Türkeli ve Kuzey Afganistan'da Akhunlar Devleti.
 Orta Asya'da Gök Türk İmparatorluğu, Tukyu ve Kutluk Devleti.
 Karadeniz'in kuzeyinde Hazar, Bulgar ve başka isimde Türk devletleri.
 Gök Türk İmparatorluğu'ndan sonra, Orta Asya'da çeşitli isimlerde Türk devletleri.
 Aral Gölü güneyinde Samanoğulları Devleti.
 Aral Gölü'nden Hint'e kadar uzanan alanda Gazneliler Devleti.
 Sir Irmağı doğusunda Karahanlılar ve Karahitaylar Devleti.
 İran, Mezopotamya, Anadolu ve Suriye sahalarında Selçuklar Devleti.
 Harzem kıtasında ve bütün İran'da Harzemşahlar (Harizm) Devleti.
 Başkenti Semerkant olan Büyük Timur İmparatorluğu.
 Hindistan'da Babür İmparatorluğu.
 Asya, Avrupa ve Afrika'da Türk-Osmanlı İmparatorluğu.
 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti.

Tartışmalar ve tenkitler

Akademik eleştiriler
Atatürk'ün hazırlanmasına öncülük ettiği Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları kitabının yazarlarından olan Fuad Köprülü, 1940 yılında yazdığı bir yazıda kendisinin de katkıda bulunduğu eseri, Avrupa tarihçiliğinin Türkler aleyhinde yazılmış temelsiz ve olumsuz düşüncelerine karşı bir tepki olarak ortaya çıkan Romantik Nasyonalist bir tarih anlayışı olduğunu yazmıştır.

Romantik milliyetçilik eleştirisi, Atatürk'ün yazılmasını teşvik ettiği tarih görüşünde, dünya uygarlık tarihinin kökenlerinin, sadece Hint-Avrupa lisanı konuşan topluluklara atfedilmesine Türkleri sarı ırk mensup barbarlar olarak gösterilmesine bir tepki olarak ortaya konmuştu. Dünyadaki bütün dillerin kökeninin Türk dilinin kökeni ile ortak olduğu görüşünde olduğu gibi Güneş Dil Teorisi'nde de dile getirilen, tepkisel ve romantik milliyetçi savları içinde barındırmaktaydı.

Türkçü bilim adamı Zeki Velidi Togan 1932 yılında, I. Türk Tarih Kongresinde, tıp doktoru Reşit Galip'in sunduğu bildirgeyi Orta Asya'nın tarihte bir iç deniz olduğu savı nedeniyle eleştirdi. Ardından Türkiye'yi terk ederek Almanya'ya gitti, 1939 yılında tekrar Türk Millî Eğitim Bakanı tarafından Türkiye'ye davet edilinceye kadar yurda dönmedi, akademik çalışmalarına Almanya ve Avusturya'da devam etti.

1990 yılları başında bazı yazarlar, Türk Tarih Tezi'nin, Türk tarihini yüceltmek amacıyla yazıldığını ve aşırılığa kaçıldığını, bilimsel tarafsızlıktan uzak resmî  devlet ideolojisi olduğunu, Kürtleri görmezden geldiğini söyleyerek eleştirdiler.

Turancıların eleştirileri
Turancı fikirlere sahip kişiler Türk Tarih Tezi'ni eleştirmiştir. Turancılara göre Türk Tarih Tezi gerçeklerden uzak ve gayri ilmidir. Çünkü Turancı görüşe göre Orta Asya, Türklerin anayurduydu. Orada yaşayan Türk halklarını esir ırkdaşları olarak kabul ettiler. Rıza Nur Türk Tarihi isimli eserinde Orta Asya'daki tutsak Türkleri kurtarma davasını anlatır. Rıza Nur'a göre Çin, İran ve Rusya'daki tutsak Türklerin kurtarılması gerekmekteydi. Turancılar o dönemde ırkların üstünde Türk ırkı kavramını benimsemişlerdi. Türklük kavramını savaş, savaşçı, alp kavramları üzerinde geliştirdiler. Türk Tarih Tezi'nde Turancı görüşün savunduğu değerlere itibar edilmez. Eski Anadolu medeniyetlerinin Türkler ile bağlarını araştırmaya çalışan romantik bir coşkunluk taşıyan Türk tarih savı, Turancılık akımının ileri gelenlerinden Nihal Atsız tarafından, ilmi gerçeklerden uzak olmakla eleştirilmiştir. Türk tarih savında Hititlerin, Sümerlerin, hatta Yunan medeniyetinin, Orta Asya'dan dünyaya yayılmış bir medeniyetin devamı olduğu izah edilmeye çalışılmıştı. Bu durumda doğal olarak dilleri de Türklerin eski dilleri ile ortak olmalıydı. Nihal Atsız, Türk tarih savını, gayri ilmi olması ve gerçeklerden uzak olması nedeniyle tenkit edilmiştir, ona göre ve  Türkler Orta Asyalı bir ırktır ve Anadolu medeniyetlerini Türkler ile bağdaştırma gayretleri yanlıştır.

Medeniyeti öne çıkaran Türk Tarih Tezi ırk temelini savunan Turancı görüşe ters düşmektedir. Türk Tarih Tezi'nde, millet tanımı, bir ırk aidiyetine dayandırılmaz, onun yerine medeniyetleri esas alır. Atatürk Afet İnan'ın 1930 yılında hazırladığı Medeni Bilgiler isimli kitabındaki öne çıkan ırk aidiyetine olan atfı çıkararak millet tanımını bizzat Dil, kültür ve ülkü birliği ile birbirine bağlı vatandaşların siyasal ve toplumsal kuruluşu şeklinde düzeltir.

Türk Tarih Tezi'ne göre Anadolu, tarih boyunca göçler almış ancak hiç göç vermemiştir. Türkler de buraya gelen kavimlerdendir ve buradaki kültürler ve insan toplulukları ile karışmıştır. Aslında bu topraklarda geçmişte yaşamış kavimler, dünya medeniyetlerinin de membaıdır ve günümüz Anadolu Türk kültürü de antik medeniyetlerin bir devamıdır. Bu sebeple Türk ulusu Hititler, Urartular'ın eserlerinin doğal mirasçılarıdır.

Kemalist Devrim'in tarih tezi içerisinde yer verilmemekle beraber Meksika büyükelçisi Tahsin Mayatepek'in Atatürk'e sunduğu Mayaların dili, kültürü ve tarihi ile ilgili raporların bazılarının bulunması üzerine, Atatürk'ün, Türk Tarih Tezi'nde dile getirilen göç hareketleri ve Kayıp Kıta Mu efsanesi arasında bir bağlantı olduğunu düşündüğü öne sürülmüştür.

Türk Tarih Tezi'ne, ilmi dayanaktan yoksunluk ve milliyetçilik suçlamaları üzerine gelişen eleştirilerin abartılması, Türklerin tarihi ile ilgilenen araştırmacıların ilkel milliyetçilik ve kafatasçılık gibi suçlamaları göğüslemeyi göze almalarını gerektirmiştir.

Tarihe katkıları
Bu çalışmanın, Türkiye'de tarih biliminin gelişimine katkıları da olmuştu. Anadolu medeniyetleri ile Türk tarihi arasında bağların araştırılmasını isteyen Atatürk'ün arkeolojik kazıları, tarihinin araştırılmasını teşvik etmesi, bu konuda bilim adamları yetiştirme gayretleri, tarih konusunda ciddi araştırmalar yapılmasına başlangıç dayanağı olmuştu. Atatürk 1 Kasım 1936 yılında TBMM açılış konuşmasında Alacahöyük'te yapılan kazılarda bulunan eserlerin 5500 yıllık Türk tarihinin aydınlatılmasına ışık tutacağını açıklar.  Bunun sonucunda Türk arkeologların yaptığı kazılardan elde edilen arkeolojik bulgular Hititler ile ilgili yeni bulguların ortaya çıkmasına, bilinenlerin yeniden yazılmasına neden oldu. Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi kuruldu. Çivi yazısı okuyabilen bilim adamları yetişti. Binlerce Hitit tableti okundu. Arkeoloji müzeleri açıldı.<ref>Bilim ve Ütopya Dergisi, Sayı 175, Atatürk ile arkeoloji ve çivi yazılı bilimlerin başlaması</ref> Atatürk'ün bilime ilgisini fark eden A. Einstein, Nazilerin kovduğu bilim adamlarını Türkiye'ye yönlendirmiştir. Bunun sonucunda buraya gelip yaşayan kütüphaneciden profesörlere yüzlerce kişi Türk üniversitelerinin geliştirilmesi sürecine büyük katkılarda bulunmuşlardır.

 Dipnotlar

 Kaynakça
 Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları: Kemalist Eğitimin Tarih Dersleri (1931-1941 yılları arasında liselerde okutulan temel eser), İstanbul, Kaynak Yayınları, 1996, ISBN 975-343-118-X.
 Copeaux, Etienne, Türk Tarih Tezinden Türk-İslam Sentezine, İstanbul, Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, 2000, ISBN 975-05-0451-8
 Şenoğlu, Kemal, Mayatepek Raporları Türk Tarih Tezi ve MU Kıtası, İstanbul, Kaynak Yayınları, 2006
 Doğan Avcıoğlu, Türklerin Tarihi, Birinci kitap, Tekin yayınevi, ISBN 975-478-020-X
 Niyazi Berkes, Türk düşününde batı sorunu, Bilgi, ISBN 9754949421.
 Atatürk, Bilim ve Üniversite, Metin Özata, Tübitak, ISBN 975-403-401-X

 İç bağlantılar
 Güneş Dil Teorisi
 Dalkavuklar Gecesi''
 Mu kıtası
 Atlantis
 Sadri Maksudi Arsal
 Agop Dilaçar

Dış bağlantılar
 Doç. Dr. Ramazan Tosun, Atatürk'ün Türk Tarih Tezi
 Tarih, Türk Tarihi ve Atatürk
 Polat Kaya, Türk dünyasının bilinçli olarak silinmiş geçmişi
 Türklerin Anayurdu Kayıp Mu Kıtası mı?
 İnsan Irkının Saklı Tarihi

Tez
Tezler
Ulusal mistisizm
Sav

Türk Tarih Tezi


Gassaway or the alternate spellings Gasaway or Gazaway may refer to:

People
Dan Gasaway (born 1966), American politician
Nicholas Gassaway (1634–1691), American Colonel of the Provincial Maryland Forces, originator of the family name
Percy Lee Gassaway (1885–1937), American congressman from Oklahoma
Charlie Gassaway (1918–1992), American major league baseball player (pitcher)
Henry Gassaway Davis (1823–1916), 1904 US Vice-Presidential Candidate and Senator from West Virginia
Derrick Dodd, Pen name of American humorist and poet Frank Harrison Gassaway
James Gazaway Ryals Jr. (1855–1885), American university president
Victor Gazaway Willis (1876–1947), Major league baseball player nicknamed "the Georgia Peach"

Places
Gassaway, West Virginia, U.S.
Gassaway, Tennessee, U.S.

Gassaway


බණ්ඩාරනායක විද්‍යාලය ආරම්භ වූයේ වර්ෂ 1918 දීය. එය ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය තුළ පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන පිරිමි පාසැලකි. එය පලාත් සභා විසින් නොව මධ්‍යම රජය විසින් පාලනය වන ද්විතීක අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දෙන ජාතික පාසැලකි. බණ්ඩාරනායක විද්‍යාලය ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටි ජනප්‍රියතම පිරිමි පාසැල වේ.

2006 වර්ෂයේ දී ලංකාවේ බාලක පාසැල් අතුරින් ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රිකයේ විශිෂ්ඨතම පාසැල බවට පත් වීමට ගම්පහ බණ්ඩාරනායක විද්‍යාලය සමත් විය. ශිෂ්‍යයෙකුට සිංහල හා ඉංග්‍රීසි මාධ්‍යයෙන් අධ්‍යාපන කටයුතු වල නිරත වීමට අවස්ථාව පවතී

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාසල්

ගම්පහ බණ්ඩාරනායක විද්‍යාලය