La Carretera de Nebraska 94, y abreviada NE 94 (en inglés: Nebraska Highway 94) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nebraska. La carretera inicia en el Oeste desde la  en Pender hacia el Este en la  noroeste de Macy. La carretera tiene una longitud de 28,8 km (17.92 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Carretera de Nebraska 94 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Carreteras de Nebraska por sus siglas en inglés NDOR.

Cruces
La Carretera de Nebraska 94 es atravesada principalmente por la  este de Walthill.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de NDOR

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nebraska

Carretera de Nebraska 94


Joachim Grüninger (* 7. Juli 1951) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler. Er spielte auf der Position des Torhüters.

Karriere
Joachim Grüninger kam von der TSG Reutlingen zum SSV Reutlingen 05. In der Saison 1973/74 gehörte er erstmals dem Kader der ersten Mannschaft des SSV, die damals in der 1. Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee spielte, an. Als seine Mannschaft als Württembergischer Amateurmeister in der Endrunde um die Deutsche Amateurmeisterschaft 1974 Deutscher Amateurmeister wurde, stand in den Endspielen gegen den VfB 06/08 Remscheid Grüningers Konkurrent Rolf Kirsch im Reutlinger Tor. Nachdem der SSV Reutlingen in die 2. Bundesliga Süd aufgestiegen war, war Grüninger mit 16 Profispielen in der Saison 1975/76 häufiger für Reutlingen im Einsatz als seine Konkurrenten Rolf Kirsch und Dieter Gust. Nachdem der SSV am Saisonende abgestiegen war, war Joachim Grüninger in der Saison 1976/77 sowohl beim 2:1-Sieg des SSV Reutlingen gegen den SSV Ulm 1846 im Finale um die Württembergische Amateurmeisterschaft als auch in der erfolglosen Aufstiegsrunde zur 2. Bundesliga Stammtorhüter der Reutlinger. Nach seiner Zeit beim SSV Reutlingen wechselte Joachim Grüninger zum TSV Pliezhausen.

Einzelnachweise

Fußballtorhüter (SSV Reutlingen 05)
Deutscher
Geboren 1951
Mann

Joachim Grüninger


Karlo Lwanga, također i: Karlo Lwanga i drugovi, mučenici iz Ugande (Bulim, Buganda, 1. siječnja 1860. – Namugongo, 3. lipnja 1886.) - katolički svetac iz Ugande, mučenik, glavni paž i majordom kralja Mwange II. Slave ga kao sveca i anglikanci i luterani.

Karlo Lwanga rođen je u Kraljevini Bugandi 1. siječnja 1860. Buganda obuhvaća središnji i južni dio afričke države Ugande. Karlo Lwanga je iz plemena Baganda.

Kralj Mwanga II. od Bugande u današnjoj Ugandi, došao je na vlast 1884. godine. Progonio je kršćanske misionare i zahtijevao da odbace kršćansku vjeru ili da se suoče sa smrtnom kaznom. Dao je ubiti 29. listopada 1885. godine Jamesa Hanningtona, prvoga anglikanskoga biskupa istočne Afrike. Tome se usprotivio Joseph Mukasa Balikuddembe, majordom i katolički katehet na dvoru kralja Mwange II. od Bugande. Kralj ga je dao ubiti odrubljivanjem glave i uhitio je sve njegove pristaše 15. studenoga 1885. godine. Kralj je zatim naredio, da Karlo Lwanga, koji je bio glavni paž na dvoru preuzme dužnost ubijenoga Josepha Mukase Balikuddembea (kasnije proglašenog katoličkim svecem, zajedno s Karlom Lwangom i ostalim ugandskim mučenicima). Istoga dana, francuski katolički misionar Pere Giraud krstio je Karla Lwangu i druge paževe, koji su mu bili podređeni. Bilo je kršteno oko sto katekumena.

U to vrijeme, kralj Mwanga II. od Bugande imao je apsolutnu moć i vlast i mogao je pogubiti bez suđenja, koga god je htio. Protivio se kršćanstvu, jer je smatrao da mu kao nešto što je došlo izvana, potkopava temelje kraljevstva. Tražio je od Karla Lwange i drugih paževa, da sudjeluju s njim u homoseksualnim činima. Karlo Lwanga je smatrao, da se to protivi njegovoj vjeri pa je to odbio i štitio ostale paževe, da ni oni ne sudjeluju u tome. Kralj je njihovo odbijanje smatrao nečuvenim poniženjem njemu kao apsolutnom moćniku i tražio ih je, da odbace kršćanstvo i pristanu na homoseksualne čine ili će ih pogubiti. Karlo Lwanga i suradnici deklarirali su se kao kršćani i nisu htjeli odbaciti vjeru pa ih je kralj poslao na stratište. Karlo Lwanga je odvojen, kako bi ga se izdvojeno pogubilo. Za vrijeme pogubljenja, nagovorao je izvršitelja smrtne kazne, da postane kršćanin kao on. Ukupno je tada trinaest katolika i devet anglikanaca živo spaljeno. Prije pogubljenja, Karlo Lwanga je potajno krstio paževe, koji još nisu bili kršteni. Među njima, najmlađi je bio Kizito, koji je imao 14 godina.

Karla Lwangu, Josepha Mukasu Balikuddembea, Kizitu i ostale ugandske katoličke mučenike koji su tada pogubljeni, blaženim je proglasio papa Benedikt XV. 6. lipnja 1920., a prethodno ih je proglasio mučenicima 29. veljače iste godine.

Kanonizaciju 22 mučenika učinio je papa Pavao VI., 18. listopada 1964. u Rimu, za vrijeme Drugoga vatikanskoga sabora. U čast sv. Karla Lwange i drugih mučenika, papa Pavao VI. kao prvi papa posjetio je subsaharsku Afriku u srpnju 1969. godine, uključujući i mjesto mučeništva Namugongo u Ugandi.

Na mjestu njihova mučeništva podignuta je Bazilika ugandskih mučenika, a dan njihova sjećanja u Ugandi je spomendan. Bratovština sv. Karla Lwange osnovana je 1927. godine kao vjerska kongregacija ugandskih muškaraca, koji su se posvetili obrazovanju potlačene mladeži svoje zemlje.

Izvori

Sveci
Kršćanski mučenici
Životopisi, Uganda

Karlo Lwanga


Sacomã est un district situé dans la région sud-est de la municipalité de São Paulo, dans l'État de São Paulo, au Brésil. D'un point de vue culturel et traditionnel, le quartier de Sacomã est lié au quartier d'Ipiranga. La région traditionnellement appelée Sacomã correspond à la zone commerciale située dans les derniers blocs de la rue Silva Bueno, rue Greenfeld, rue Agostinho Gomes et rue Bom Pastor, où se trouve le terminus de bus Sacomã (Ipiranga).

Histoire
Le nom d'origine du quartier était Saccoman, en l'honneur de la famille homonyme d'entrepreneurs français qui possédait l' Estabelecimento Cerâmico Saccoman Frères, la première grande usine de produits céramiques, notamment de tuiles, du Brésil. Une partie de la zone précédemment occupée par l'usine est, aujourd'hui, la Favela Heliópolis.

Région historiquement d'occupation prolétarienne, avec une forte présence d'immigrants italiens au XXe siècle, elle a servi de foyer aux ouvriers des industries d'Ipiranga, de Mooca et du ABC Paulista. De ce quartier part la rodovia Anchieta, point de départ de la ville de São Paulo vers le littoral de São Paulo. Le district borde les districts de Cursino et d'Ipiranga et les municipalités de Diadema, São Bernardo do Campo et São Caetano do Sul. Sacomã est également proche d'autres districts importants de São Paulo, tels que Jabaquara, Saúde, Vila Mariana, Mooca et Vila Prudente.

Il a reçu un nouveau terminus de bus, le terminus Sacomã, avec des bus en provenance de points de la zone sud de São Paulo et ABC. C'est à côté de ce terminus que démarre la première ligne de l'Expresso Tiradentes.

Le 30 janvier 2010, la station Sacomã a été inaugurée, intégrée au terminal de bus Expresso Tiradentes (communément appelé Fura-fila), appartenant à la ligne 2 du métro de São Paulo.

Quartiers

Jardim Ana Maria
Jardim Botucatu
Jardim Celeste
Jardim Clímax
Jardim dos Bandeirantes
Jardim Elísio
Cidade Nova Heliópolis
Jardim Imperador
Jardim Leônidas Moreira
Jardim Liar
Jardim Maria Estela
Jardim Natália
Jardim Patente
Jardim Patente Novo
Jardim Santa Cruz
Jardim Santa Emília
Jardim Santo Antônio do Cursino
Jardim Seckler
Jardim Tropical
Parque Bristol
São João Clímaco
Vila Anchieta
Vila Arapuã
Vila Bandeirantes
Vila Caraguatá
Vila Conde do Pinhal
Vila Cristália
Vila Cristina
Vila das Mercês
Vila Elísio
Vila Henrique Cunha Bueno
Vila Liviero
Vila Marte
Vila Moinho Velho
Vila Moraes
Vila Natália
Vila Quaquá
Sacomã
Vila Romano
Vila Sacomã
Vila Santa Teresa
Vila Vera
Vila Vergueiro
Vila Vermelha

Articles connexes
 Télécommunications à São Paulo

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Page officielle de la sous-préfecture d'Ipiranga

District à São Paulo

Sacomã


Taras Wiktorowicz Romanczuk, (, ; n. 14 noiembrie 1991 în Kovel, Regiunea Volînia, Ucraina) este un  fotbalist profesionist polonez care joacă pe postul de mijlocaș pentru Jagiellonia Białystok în Ekstraklasa poloneză.

El joacă și pentru echipa națională a Poloniei.

Carieră
După ce și-a început cariera la echipa de tineret a lui MFK Kovel. Romanczuk a jucat pentru clubul ucrainean de mini-fotbal Apperkot Kovel, pentru care a debutat în 2010.

Legionovia Legionowo
În februarie 2013, a ajuns la echipa Legionovia Legionowo din liga a treia. A debutat pe 13 aprilie 2013 în timpul unui meciului cu Zawisza Rzgów, când în minutul 46 l-a înlocuit pe Łukasz Prusik. El a marcat primul său gol pe 5 iunie 2013 într-o victorie de 3-0 în campionat cu GKP Targówek. Legionovia a terminat acel sezon ca și câștigătoare a Diviziei a treia a Poloniei, asigurându-și astfel promovarea în I liga.

Jagiellonia
La 21 iulie 2014, a semnat un contract pe un anu cu clubul Jagiellonia Białystok din Ekstraklasacu opțiunea de a-l prelungi pe încă doi. A debutat la 15 august 2014, înlocuindu-l pe Jonatan Straus în minutul 46 în campionat împotriva Legiei Varșovia. A marcat primul său gol pentru Jagiellonia pe 9 noiembrie 2014 în timpul unui meci împotriva lui Ruch Chorzów, scor 2-5.

La 2 iulie 2015, Romanczuk și-a făcut debutul într-un meci din cupele europene într-o victorie cu 1-0 împotriva FK Kruoja Pakruojis în UEFA Europa League. În vara anului 2016, echipa turcă Konyaspor i-a făcut o ofertă pe care a respins-o. A devenit vice-căpitanul echipei după căpitanul Rafał Grzyb.

În timpul sezonului 2016-2017 de Ekstraklasa, Romanczuk a ajutat-o pe Jagiellonia Białystok, să termine pe locul al doilea pentru prima dată în istoria sa în Ekstraklasa, cu 2 puncte în spatele campioanei Legia Varșovia. La începutul lunii ianuarie a anului 2017 a primit premiul pentru cel mai bun mijlocaș defensiv în Ekstraklasa în 2016. În timpul sezonului de Ekstraklasa 2017-2018, el a ajutat-o pe Jagiellonia Białystok să ajungă pe locul al doilea pentru cel de-al doilea sezon, după ce a terminat cu 3 puncte în urma campioanei Legia Varșovia.

La națională
Romanczuk a primit cetățenia poloneză la 15 martie 2018, făcându-l eligibil pentru echipa națională a Poloniei. Taras a fost chemat pentru meciul amical împotriva Nigeriei, debutând ulterior în partida cu Coreea de Sud, în care a jucat 61 de minute înainte de a fi înlocuit de Arkadiusz Milik.

În luna mai a anului 2018 a fost inclus de selecționerul Poloniei, Adam Nawałka, în lotul lărgit format din 35 de jucători, în vederea participării la Campionatul Mondial din 2018 din Rusia, dar nu a făcut parte din lotul final de 23 de jucători.

Viața personală
Romanczuk s-a născut și a crescut în Ucraina, dar și-a petrecut toată cariera de fotbalist profesionist în Polonia. De asemenea, are rădăcini poloneze din partea tatălui: străbunicul său a fost un fermier de la Sobibór și bunica sa s-a născut în Włodawa (1939).

El a primit cetățenia poloneză în martie 2018.

Referințe

Legături externe

Mijlocași
Fotbaliști ai Jagiellonia Białystok
Fotbaliști ucraineni
Fotbaliști internaționali polonezi
Fotbaliști polonezi
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1991

Taras Romanczuk


Monoglycerid er en type glycerid, som består af et glycerolmolekyle, hvortil der er bundet en fedtsyre med en esterbinding.

Organiske forbindelser

Monoglycerid


رونالد ستيفن لودر  (26 فبراير 1944) هو رجل أعمال أمريكي، ورئيس متحف الفن الحديث في نيويورك، ومنذ عام 2007 رئيس المؤتمر اليهودي العالمي.

حياته
رونالد لورد هو من عائلة تجارية، وهو الابن الثاني لجوزيف لودر وإيستي لودر. درس في مدرسة وارتون بجامعة بنسلفانيا، ثم غادر بعدها الولايات المتحدة لمواصلة الدراسة في جامعات باريس في فرنسا، وبروكسل في بلجيكا. بعد انتهاء دراسته أصبح مسؤولا على إدارة أعمال شركة العائلة. تقدر ثروته حوالي 2,7 مليار دولار أمريكي، وصنفته مجلة فوربس الأمريكية في المرتبة 224 لقائمة أغنياء العالم. على الصعيد السياسي فإن لورد مع الحزب الجمهوري الأمريكي ومن المقربين لحزب الليكود الإسرائيلي. في عام 1986 أصبح سفيرا لأمريكيا في النمسا بطلب من الرئيس الراحل رونالد ريغان. أسس عام 1987 مؤسسة رونالد ستيفن لودر التي تمول التعليم اليهودي حالياً في 16 دولة. كما تمول أيضاً منذ عام 1998 مكتب رابطة مكافحة التشهير في أوروبا الذي يقع مقره في فيينا، النمسا. كما أنها تساعد مدرسة يهودية في كولونيا بألمانيا. أسس عام 1994 مركز شركة الإعلام الأوروبية.

الجوائز والشهادات الفخرية
 جائزة فالنبرغ راؤول في برلين، لإسهامه في إحياء الحياة اليهودية في أوروبا الوسطى والشرقية.
 ميدالية الخدمة من الرئيس ألكسندر كواسنيفسكي لجهوده في إعادة بناء البلديات اليهودية في بولونيا.
 الوسام الذهبي الكبير للخدمات لجمهورية النمسا من طرف الرئيس الاتحادي توماس كليستل.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 سيرة رونالد لودر.
 موقع مؤسسة رونالد لودر بالإنجليزية.
 موقع مؤسسة رونالد لودر بالألمانية.

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في القرن 20
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في القرن 21
أصحاب أعمال أمريكيون في مجال مستحضرات التجميل
أصحاب أعمال من مدينة نيويورك
أمريكيون صهاينة
أمريكيون من أصل يهودي تشيكي
أمريكيون من أصل يهودي مجري
أمريكيون يهود في سياسة ولاية نيويورك
القناة العاشرة الإسرائيلية
جامعو فنون أمريكيون يهود
جامعو فنون في القرن 20
جامعو فنون في القرن 21
جمهوريون من ولاية نيويورك
خريجو ثانوية البرونكس للعلوم
خريجو جامعة السوربون
خريجو جامعة بروكسل الحرة
خريجو كلية وارتون لإدارة الأعمال
دبلوماسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
رؤساء تنفيذيون أمريكيون
رؤساء مجلس إدارة أمريكيون من مؤسسات تجارية
سفراء الولايات المتحدة لدى النمسا
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
سياسيون أمريكيون يهود
سياسيون من مدينة نيويورك
فاعلو خير أمريكيون يهود
فاعلو خير من ولاية نيويورك
قادة جامعات في النمسا
محافظون جدد
مسؤولون في وزارة الدفاع الأمريكية
مليارديرات أمريكيون
مواليد 1944
مواليد في نيويورك
مؤسسو شركات أمريكيون
مؤسسو متاحف
ناشطون سياسيون أمريكيون
ناشطون من ولاية نيويورك

رونالد لودر


KV30 සොහොන්ගැබ පිහිටියේ ඊජිප්තුවේ රජුන්ගේ නිම්නයේ ය. මෙය සොයාගන්නා ලද්දේ 1817දී දෙවන අර්ල් බෙල්මෝර්ගේ අනුග්‍රහය යටතේ ජියෝවනී බෙල්සොනි විසිනි. අනතුරුව මෙය බෙල්මෝර් සාමිගේ සොහොන්ගැබ ලෙස හැඳින්විණි.

සොහොන්ගැබේ මුල් හිමිකරුවා හෝ හිමිකරුවන් පිළිබඳ කිසිවක් නොදනී.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්
Reeves, N & Wilkinson, R.H. The Complete Valley of the Kings, 1996, Thames and Hudson, London.
Siliotti, A. Guide to the Valley of the Kings and to the Theban Necropolises and Temples, 1996, A.A. Gaddis, Cairo.

බාහිර සබැඳි
තීබානු සිතියම්කරණ ව්‍යාපෘතිය: KV30  - බොහෝ සොහොන්ගැබ්වල සවිස්තරාත්මක සිතියම් ඇතුළත් ය.

1817 පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සොයාගැනීම්
රජුන්ගේ නිම්නය

KV30


Yem je jedna od woreda u Regiji Južnih naroda, narodnosti i etničkih grupa (RJNNEG) u Etiopiji. Budući da Yem nije dio niti jedne zone u SNNPR-u, smatra se Posebnom woredom, administrativnom jedinicom koja je slična autonomnom području. Yem je dobio ime po narodu Yem, čija se domovina nalazi u ovoj posebnoj woredi (vidi Kraljevstvo Janjero). Na zapadu i sjeveru Yem graniči s regijom Oromia, a od zone Guragea na sjeveroistoku i zone Hadija na istoku odvojena je rijekom Omo. Najviše planine u Yemu su Bor Ama, Azulu i Toba. Administrativno središte worede je Fofa.

Oblik poljoprivrede na temelju poticaja u ovoj woredi temelji se na žitaricama i ensetu. Važni usjevi su teff(?), pšenica, ječam i mahunarke. Ostali važni nepoljoprivredni izvori prihoda uključuju prodaju maslaca i doznake(?). Prema izvješću iz 2004. godine, Yem je imao 12 kilometara asfaltnih cesta, 11 kilometara cesta za sve vremenske uvjete i 31 kilometar cesta za suhe vremenske uvjete, s prosječnom gustoćom cesta od 81 kilometar na 1.000 četvornih kilometara.

Demografija

Popis 2007.
Na temelju popisa stanovništva iz 2007. godine koji je provela Središnja statistička agencija Etiopije (CSA), ova woreda ima ukupno 80.687 stanovnika, od kojih su 40.566 muškarci i 40.121 žene; s površinom od 647,90 četvornih kilometara, Yem ima gustoću naseljenosti od 124,54. Dok su 7.952 ili 9,86% urbani stanovnici, a 106 ili 0,13% stočari. U ovoj je woredi izbrojano ukupno 17.632 kućanstva, što rezultira prosječnim 4,58 osoba u kućanstvu i 17.204 stambenih jedinica. Tri najbrojnije etničke skupine zabilježene u ovoj woredi bile su Yem (90,57%), Oromci (5,41%) i Hadiya (1,27%); a sve ostale etničke skupine činile su preostalih 2,75% stanovništva. Yesma je kao prvi jezik govorilo 72,67% stanovnika, 22,63% govorilo je oromiffu, 2,57% govorilo je amharski, a 1,16% govorilo je hadiju; preostalih 0,97% govorilo je sve ostale prijavljene primarne jezike. 63,05% stanovništva reklo je da je prakticiralo etiopsko pravoslavno kršćanstvo, 27,09% bili su muslimani, a 9,61% su bili protestanti.

Popis 1994.
U popisu stanovništva iz 1994. godine Yem je imao 64.852 stanovnika u 13.643 domaćinstva, od toga 32.382 muškarca i 32.470 žena; 1.065 ili 1,64% stanovništva bili su stanovnici gradova. Tri najbrojnije etničke skupine zabilježene u ovoj woredi bile su Yem (91,87%), Oromo (5,6%) i Hadiya (0,82%); sve ostale etničke skupine činile su 1,71% stanovništva. Jemsu je kao prvi jezik govorilo 79,05% stanovnika, a 19,24% govorilo je oromo; preostalih 1,71% govorilo je sve ostale prijavljene primarne jezike. 71,24% stanovništva reklo je da prakticira etiopsko pravoslavno kršćanstvo, 25,14% bili su muslimani, a 3,48% bili su protestanti. Što se tiče obrazovanja, 29,08% stanovništva smatralo se pismenim; 8,13% djece u dobi od 7 do 12 godina bilo je u osnovnoj školi; 2,33% djece u dobi od 13 do 14 godina bilo je u nižoj srednjoj školi, a 1,82% stanovnika u dobi od 15 do 18 godina bilo je u srednjoj školi. Što se tiče sanitarnih uvjeta, oko 10% urbanih kuća i 19% svih kuća imalo je pristup sigurnoj pitkoj vodi u vrijeme popisa; 69% urbanih i 33% ukupnih imalo je toalete.

Izvori

Posebne worede Etiopije
Regija Južnih naroda, narodnosti i etničkih grupa

Posebna woreda Yem


Salpingophora es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Contiene las siguientes especies:

 Salpingophora bellana (W. Horn, 1905)
 Salpingophora hanseatica (W. Horn, 1927)
 Salpingophora helferi (Schaum, 1863)
 Salpingophora maindroni (W. Horn, 1897)
 Salpingophora rueppelii (Guerin-Meneville, 1847)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Cicindelina

Salpingophora


UEFA's præsidenter er en oversigt over præsidenterne for det europæiske fodboldforbind UEFA. UEFA har haft syv præsidenter siden sin etablering i 1954.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Past presidents, uefa.com, læst 9. marts 2022

UEFA's præsidenter


Murabaha, İslam hukukunda bir satış türüdür. Alış fiyatı veya maliyet üzerine bir miktar  kâr ilâvesiyle yapılan satış muamelesidir.

İslam hukukunda murabahalı satış akdi, güven esasına dayalı akitlerdendir. Bu tür akitlerde alıcı, satıcının beyânının doğruluğuna itimad etmekte ve akdi buna bina etmektedir. Bundan dolayı müşterinin rızasına engel olabilecek en küçük yalan beyan veya açıklanması gereken bir hususun açıklanmaması, akdin oluşmasına engeldir.

Murabaha, Osmanlıda mültezimlerin gelirleri toplatma amacıyla tuttuğu kişilere de denmekteydi.

Ticaret

Murabaha


In theoretical computer science, the subgraph isomorphism problem is a computational task in which two graphs G and H are given as input, and one must determine whether G contains a subgraph that is isomorphic to H.
Subgraph isomorphism is a generalization of both the maximum clique problem and the problem of testing whether a graph contains a Hamiltonian cycle, and is therefore NP-complete. However certain other cases of subgraph isomorphism may be solved in polynomial time.

Sometimes the name subgraph matching is also used for the same problem. This name puts emphasis on finding such a subgraph as opposed to the bare decision problem.

Decision problem and computational complexity
To prove subgraph isomorphism is NP-complete, it must be formulated as a decision problem.  The input to the decision problem is a pair of graphs G and H. The answer to the problem is positive if H is isomorphic to a subgraph of G, and negative otherwise.

Formal question:

Let ,  be graphs. Is there a subgraph  such that ? I. e., does there exist a bijection  such that ?

The proof of subgraph isomorphism being NP-complete is simple and based on reduction of the clique problem, an NP-complete decision problem in which the input is a single graph G and a number k, and the question is whether G contains a complete subgraph with k vertices. To translate this to a subgraph isomorphism problem, simply let H be the complete graph Kk; then the answer to the subgraph isomorphism problem for G and H is equal to the answer to the clique problem for G and k. Since the clique problem is NP-complete, this polynomial-time many-one reduction shows that subgraph isomorphism is also NP-complete.

An alternative reduction from the Hamiltonian cycle problem translates a graph G which is to be tested for Hamiltonicity into the pair of graphs G and H, where H is a cycle having the same number of vertices as G. Because the Hamiltonian cycle problem is NP-complete even for planar graphs, this shows that subgraph isomorphism remains NP-complete even in the planar case.

Subgraph isomorphism is a generalization of the graph isomorphism problem, which asks whether G is isomorphic to H: the answer to the graph isomorphism problem is true if and only if G and H both have the same numbers of vertices and edges and the subgraph isomorphism problem for G and H is true. However the complexity-theoretic status of graph isomorphism remains an open question.

In the context of the Aanderaa–Karp–Rosenberg conjecture on the query complexity of monotone graph properties,  showed that any subgraph isomorphism problem has query complexity Ω(n3/2); that is, solving the subgraph isomorphism requires an algorithm to check the presence or absence in the input of Ω(n3/2) different edges in the graph.

Algorithms
 describes a recursive backtracking procedure for solving the subgraph isomorphism problem. Although its running time is, in general, exponential, it takes polynomial time for any fixed choice of H (with a polynomial that depends on the choice of H). When G is a planar graph (or more generally a graph of bounded expansion) and H is fixed, the running time of subgraph isomorphism can be reduced to linear time.

 is a substantial update to the 1976 subgraph isomorphism algorithm paper.

 proposed in 2004 another algorithm based on Ullmann's, VF2, which improves the refinement process using different heuristics and uses significantly less memory.

 proposed a better algorithm, which improves the initial order of the vertices using some heuristics.

The current state of the art solver for moderately-sized, hard instances is the Glasgow Subgraph Solver (). This solver adopts a constraint programming approach, using bit-parallel data structures and specialized propagation algorithms for performance. It supports most common variations of the problem and is capable of counting or enumerating solutions as well as deciding whether one exists.

For large graphs, state-of-the art algorithms include CFL-Match and Turboiso, and extensions thereupon such as DAF by .

Applications
As subgraph isomorphism has been applied in the area of cheminformatics to find similarities between chemical compounds from their structural formula; often in this area the term substructure search is used. A query structure is often defined graphically using a structure editor program; SMILES based database systems typically define queries using SMARTS, a SMILES extension.

The closely related problem of counting the number of isomorphic copies of a graph H in a larger graph G has been applied to pattern discovery in databases, the bioinformatics of protein-protein interaction networks, and in exponential random graph methods for mathematically modeling social networks.

 describe an application of subgraph isomorphism in the computer-aided design of electronic circuits. Subgraph matching is also a substep in graph rewriting (the most runtime-intensive), and thus offered by graph rewrite tools.

The problem is also of interest in artificial intelligence, where it is considered part of an array of pattern matching in graphs problems; an extension of subgraph isomorphism known as graph mining is also of interest in that area.

See also
Frequent subtree mining
Induced subgraph isomorphism problem
Maximum common edge subgraph problem
Maximum common subgraph isomorphism problem

Notes

References
.
.
. A1.4: GT48, pg.202.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

NP-complete problems
Graph algorithms
Computational problems in graph theory

Subgraph isomorphism problem


Basel-komitéen (The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS)) er en af flere komitéer i regi af Den internationale Clearing-bank (BIS). Basel-komitéen blev etableret af 10 centralbankchefer i 1974. Komitéen danner ramme om drøftelse af banktilsyn og udarbejdelse af vejledende retningslinjer, bl.a. Basel I, Basel II, Basel III og Basel IV.

Medlemslande
Komitéens medlemmer kommer fra Argentina, Australien, Belgien, Brasilien, Canada, Frankrig, Holland, Hong Kong, Indien, Indonesien, Italien, Japan, Kina, Luxemborg, Mexico, Rusland, Saudiarabien, Schweiz, Singapore, Spanien, Storbritannien, Sverige, Sydafrika, Sydkorea, Tyrkiet, Tyskland og USA. Komitéen sekretariatbetjenes af Den internationale Clearing-bank, BIS, i Basel i Schweiz.

Grupper

Komitéen er opdelt i grupper med hvert sit formål:
 Standardimplementeringsgruppen, The Standards Implementation Group (SIG)
 Undergruppen for operationel risiko "Operational Risk Subgroup" - adresserer sager vedrørende Advanced Measurement Approach for operationel risiko
 Arbejdsgruppen for internationale tilsynsudvalg "Task Force on Colleges" - udvikler vejledningsmateriale vedhørende Basel komitéens arbejde med internationale tilsyns udvalg, såkaldte Supervisory Colleges, som består af medlemmer fra forskellige landes finansielle tilsynsinstitutioner.
Arbejdsgruppen for aflønning "Task Force on Remuneration" - Arbejder for at fremme implementeringen af sunde aflønnings praksisser
 Arbejdsgruppen for tilsyn med internationale tilsyns standarder "Standards Monitoring Procedures Task Force" - Udvikler procedurer til at opnå større effektivitet og konsistens i forbindelse med at implementere og føre tilsyn med overholdelsen af internationale tilsyns standarder.
 Politikudviklingsgruppen, The Policy Development Group (PDG)
 Undergruppe for Risikostyring og modellering "Risk Management and Modelling Group" - bindeled til den finansielle sektor med hensyn til de seneste resultater inden for risikomodeller og risikostyring
 Arbejdsgruppe for forskning "Research Task Force" - Understøtter diskussioner af den nyeste forskning indenfor finansiel stabilitet, mellem økonomer fra medlemsinstitutionerne og den akademiske verden.
 Undergruppen for Trading Book "Trading Book Group" - Evaluerer hvordan risiko momenter i en banks trading book kan opdages af en tilsyns myndighed
 Arbejdsgruppen for likviditet "Working Group on Liquidity" - Arbejder på globale standarder for risikostyring og lovgivning for likviditet
 Undergruppen for bestemmelse af kapital "Definition of Capital Subgroup" - Evaluerer korrekte finansielle instrumenter
 Undergruppen for tilsyn med kapital "Capital Monitoring Group - samordner ekspertisen fra nationale tilsyns institutioner indenfor tilsyn med krav til egenkapital
 Undergruppe for sanering af banker på tværs af grænser "Cross-border Bank Resolution Group" - Sammenligner de nationale politikker, juriske rammer og fordelingen af ansvar i forbindelse med sanering af banker med betydelige operationer på tværs af grænser.
 Arbejdsgruppen for bogholderi "The Accounting Task Force (ATF)" - sikrer at standarder for regnskabsføring og revision hjælper med at fremme sund risikostyring og dermed vedligeholder en sund og sikker bankverden
 Undergruppen for revision "Audit subgroup" - Undersøger centrale revisions problematikker og samarbejder med andre enheder for at fremme standardisering
 Basel konsultationsgruppen "The Basel Consultative Group (BCG)" - Understøtter interaktion mellem finansielle tilsyns institutioner inklusiv dialog med ikke-medlemsstater

Se også
 Regulering af den finansielle sektor

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision at the Bank for International Settlements website
 http://bis2information.org: Practical articles, on BIS2 and risk modelling, submitted by professionals to help create an industry standard.
 BCBS: A History of the Early Years, 1974-1997 by Charles Goodhart (2011), reviewed by The Oxonian Review

Centralbanker
Finansiel økonomi

Basel-komitéen


وانظر أيضا جزيرة أديلايد (نهر سانت لورانس)

جزيرة اديلايد أو جزيرة أديلايده أو جزيرة بلغرانو هي جزيرة كبيرة، وأساسا مغطاة بالجليد، 75 ميلا طولا و 20 ميلا عرضا تقع في الجانب الشمالي من خليج مارغريت قبالة الساحل الغربي لشبه جزيرة أنتاركتيكا. ترتبط الجزيرة بالمطالب الاقليمية الأرجنتينية والبريطانية والشيلية في أنتاركتيكا .

اكتشفت جزيرة اديلايد في عام 1832 من قبل البعثة البريطانية بقيادة جون بسكو.خضعت الجزيرة في الأول لمسح من قبل البعثة الفرنسية لأنتاركتيكا (1908-1910) تحت قيادة جان بابتيست شاركو.

مصدر اسم الجزيرة غير معروف. كتبت المسح البريطانية لأنتاركتيكا في سجلات الدولة ان شاركو سمى الجزيرة «آديلي لاند» بعد العدد الهائل من بطاريق آديلي التي عاشت على ساحلها (طيور البطريق التي سميت على اسم زوجة دومون دورفيل). هذا وقد تحول اسمها إلى جزيرة أديلايد من قبل البريطاني بعثة غراهام لاند (1934 -37). كما كان من المفترض أن اسم الجزيرة كان من قبل بسكو نسبة إلى الملكة اديلايد في المملكة المتحدة.

في الجزيرة محطتان. قاعدة جزيرة اديلايد القديمة (المعروفة أيضا باسم قاعدة تي) أنشئت من قبل مسح تبعيات جزر فوكلاند (FIDS)، الذي أصبح المسح البريطاني لأنتاركتيكا. كانت القاعدة مغلقة بسبب الطريق الغير مستقر وكانت عمليات نقلت إلى محطة روثيرا الجديدة خلال 1976 / 1977، فإن هذه القاعدة لا تزال مفتوحا حتى يومنا هذا. قاعدة باس القديمة تم نقلها إلى سيطرة الشيلي في عام 1984، عندما تم تغيير اسمها قاعدة تنينتي كارفاخال لويس فيلارول. المحطة كانت تستخدم بعد ذلك باعتباره محطة الصيف فقط للشيليين. إلا أن الطريق الثلجي، و'الطريق المنحدر' إلى المحطة من الهضبة كلها حتى أصبحت غير مستقرة إلى أن اوقفت القوة الجوية التشيلية (FACh) جميع أنشطتها هناك. قد زارت القوات البحرية الشيلية المحطة تقريبا كل صيف لضمان الحفاظ عليها جيدة. قام موظفو باس أيضا بزيارة المحطة خلال فصل الشتاء عندما كان الوصول إلى الهضبة سهلا.

نظرا لطول الفترة الزمنية التي كان من سكنوا الجزيرة جيدا رسمها أنتاركتيكا المعايير.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 وبا لرسم الخرائط كتالوج
 الصور في وبا

جزيرة أديلايد
المقاطعة الأرجنتينية بالقارة القطبية الجنوبية
المقاطعة البريطانية بالقارة القطبية الجنوبية
إقليم أنتاركتيكا التشيلي
جزر القارة القطبية الجنوبية

جزيرة أديلايد


The Darker Instinct er det tredje studiealbum fra det svenske rockband Takida. Det blev indspillet på Big Island Sound i Stockholm, Sverige, og det udkom den 2. september 2009.
Albummet gik direkte ind som nummer 1, og blev certificeret guld allerede efter en uge.

Det var på hitlisten i Sverige i 41 uge og blev certificeret platin i løbet af 2010.

Spor
 "Get Me Started" 3:52
 "As You Die" 3:31
 "End Is Near" 3:32
 "Never Alone Always Alone" 4:05
 "The Things We Owe" 3:43
 "Deadlock" 3:27
 "Walk On By" 4:16
 "Caroline" 3:21
 "Hours" 4:11
 "Between the Lines" 3:50
 "Tonight" 3:43
 "Trigger" 4:02
 "Too Late" 4:22

Hitlister

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 The Darker Instinct på Discogs

Album fra 2009
Takida-album

The Darker Instinct


Saltfjorden (lulesamisk: Sáltovuodna) er en bred fjord som går fra Fleinvær vest til Hopen i øst i Bodø og Gildeskål kommuner i Nordland fylke i Norge. I nord er fjorden afgrænset af Bliksvær – Bodølandet, i syd af Nordarnøya – Straumøya – Knaplundsøya. Bodø by ligger på nordsiden af fjorden.

Skrivemåden Saltenfjorden bruges også og er godkendt, men ikke anbefalet af Statens kartverk.

Beskrivelse
I Store norske leksikon er den egentlige Saltfjorden beskrevet til at gå fra Fleinvær til Saltstraumen og Godøystraumen, med en længde av 40 km. Men at fjorden fortsætter indover i Skjerstadfjorden via Saltstraumen med sidearmene Misværfjorden og Saltdalsfjorden helt ind til Rognan. Samlet bliver fjordsystemets længde fra Fleinvær til Rognan 80 km langt. Imidlertid har Farvannsbeskrivelsen «Den norske los» beskrevet at fjorden går fra fra Fleinvær til Hopen mod nordøst. Med denne beskrivelsen er længden af fjorden også cirka 40 km, med en bredde på omkring 4 km mellem Straumøya og Bodøhalvøya. Mod syd er Fleinværfjorden og Beiarkjeften, og i nord Landegodefjorden fjordarme.

Største dybde yderst i Saltfjorden er 500 meter, mens dybden nord for Straumøya varierer mellom 200 og 375 meter midtfjords.

I farvandsbeskrivelsen står der videre at fjorden er meget vejrudsat og at strømmen er stærk. Strømmen går som regel østover langs Straumøya og vestover på nordsiden af fjorden.

Foruden Bodø er der også en større kaj ved asfaltværket i Vikan. Desuden er der en god havn i Seivågen på Straumøya og i Valosen på nordsiden af fjorden.

Det er flere bådruter som krydser fjorden med Bodø havn som udgangspunkt. Den ydre del af fjorden har mange øyr og holme, hvor det største fyr som markerer sejlruten er Tennholmen fyr.

Saltfjorden er forurenet af kadmium, uden at nogen punktkilde er identificeret. Taskekrabbe fanget i et stort område nord for fjorden bør ikke spises.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Nordland
Bodø
Gildeskål

Saltfjorden


Grand Prix Cycliste la Marseillaise 2019 var den 40. udgave af cykelløbet Grand Prix Cycliste la Marseillaise. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 3. februar 2019. Løbet blev vundet af franske Anthony Turgis fra .

Hold og ryttere

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2019
UCI Europe Tour 2019


En alfarería, se denomina parrón, parra o parral a las vasijas de barro con dos asas, boca ancha y vidriado ocasional, empleadas para envasar la miel destinada a la venta. El Diccionario Crítico Etimológico de la Lengua Castellana, de Joan Corominas cita como posible origen: del céltico parium (paria).

Denominaciones mucho más habituales a partir del  para este recipiente son: "mielera" y "tarro de miel", si bien estos pueden estar fabricados en otros materiales, fundamentalmente vidrio y plástico.

Véase también
 Miel de la Alcarria

Referencias

Orzas
Miel
Utensilios de cocina de España

Parrón (recipiente)


Wojciech Samotij est un mathématicien polonais qui travaille en combinatoire, théorie additive des nombres, théorie de Ramsey et théorie des graphes.

Formation et carrière
Samotij étudie à l'Université de Wrocław où, en 2007, il obtient son Master of Science en mathématiques et en informatique. Il obtient un Ph. D.  en 2011 à l'université de l'Illinois à Urbana-Champaign avec une thèse intitulée Extremal Problems In Pseudo-random Graphs And Asymptotic Enumeration, sous la direction de József Balogh. Entre 2010 et 2014, il est post-doct à l'université de Tel Aviv, puis chercheur au Trinity College de Cambridge jusqu'en 2014. Il est depuis professeur associé à l'université de Tel Aviv.

Ses domaines d'intérêt incluent diverses branches de la combinatoire extrémale et combinatoire probabiliste et la théorie de Ramsey, ainsi que certains sujets de la théorie des grandes déviations, de la mécanique statistique et de la théorie additive des nombres.

Prix
Il a reçu le prix Kuratowski en 2013, le prix européen de combinatoire en 2013 et le prix George Pólya 2016. Il est conférencier invité au congrès international des mathématiciens de Rio de Janeiro en 2018, avec une conférence conjointe avec József Balogh  et Robert Morris (The method of hypergraph containers).

Publications (sélection)

Références

Liens externes

 Publications de Wojciech Samotij sur zbMATH

Articles liés

 Combinatoire
 Théorie de Ramsey

Professeur à l'université de Tel Aviv
Personnalité en combinatoire
Mathématicien polonais
Universitaire polonais
Lauréat du prix Erdős
Lauréat du prix Georges-Polya

Wojciech Samotij


كيودو   تعني حرفياً طريق القوس هو فن الرماية الياباني، ويعتبر أحد فنون القتال اليابانية الحديثة. يقدر عدد ممارسي هذه الرياضة بنحو نصف مليون شخص بحسب إحصائيات عام 2005، منهم 132760 شخص يحملون رتبة بحسب إحصائيات عام 2005. والهدف في رياضة الكيودو مثل جميع رياضات الرماية الأخرى هو إصابة الهدف. إلا أنه باعتبار أن الكيودو هي رياضة ذات أصول روحية أكثر بالإضافة إلى الأصول العسكرية فإن ممارسة رياضة الكيودو يتراوح بين التركيز على أهمية إصابة الهدف إلى أهمية الشكل الصحيح وجمال جسم الرامي أثناء الرماية.

تنظيم

اتحاد الكيودو الياباني
تأسس عام 1949 ويضم 54 اتحاد محلي موزعة على محافظات اليابان، ويشرف على الامتحانات وترفيعات الرماة.

اتحاد الكيودو الدولي

تأسس اتحاد الكيودو الياباني عام 2006 من قبل اتحاد الكيودو الياباني ولكن نشاطه ما زال ضعيفاً.

اتحاد الكيودو الطلابي في اليابان
تأسس عام 1953، ويضم الطلبة المتدربين في المرحلة الجامعية والمعاهد المتوسطة في جميع اليابان. هذا الاتحاد مستقل عن اتحاد الكيودو الياباني ويقوم بالامتحانات بشكل مستقل.

فرع الكيودو في اتحاد التعليم الرياضي الثانوي
يقوم بالنشاط بالتعاون مع اتحاد الكيودو الياباني. بالإضافة إلى ذلك هناك العديد من الاتحادات الصغيرة والمدارس المستقلة.

الحركات الثمانية الأساسية
يحدد اتحاد الكيودو الياباني أساسيات عملية الرمي بثمان حركات أساسية يطلق عليها اسم شاهو هاسيتسو (射法八節) وهي:
 أشي بومي (足踏み): وتعني حرفياً «خطوة القدم» وتكون بالخطو بالقدم خطوة واحدة والتباعد بين القدمين أثناء مواجهة الهدف.
 دو زوكوري (胴造り) :بعد التباعد بين القدمين يتم وضع وزن الجسم بشكل متساوي على كلا القدمين بهدوء.
 يومي غامايه (弓構え) : تجهيز القوس بالسهم والتحضير للسحب
 أوتش أوكوشي (打起し) : رفع السهم والقوس إلى الأعلى.
 هيكي واكه (引分け) : دفع القوس إلى الأمام وسحب الوتر إلى الخلف بوقت واحد.
 كاي (会) : انتهاء السحب والسهم متوجه نحو الهدف.
 هاناره (離れ) : إطلاق السهم أو جعله ينطلق.
 زانشين (残心، 残身) : شكل الجسم بعد إطلاق السهم.

معرض الصور

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 يومي (قوس)
 يابوسامه

ألعاب رياضية نشأت في اليابان
تاريخ اليابان العسكري
فنون قتال يابانية

كيودو


اللجنة العالمية للدراسات الموريسكية هي لجنة من باحثين أعلن عنها في 21 سبتمبر 1983 بتونس خلال المؤتمر العالمي الثاني للدراسات الموريسكية.

المؤسسون
وقد وقع على الوثيقة التأسيسية خمسون باحثا من بلدان مختلفة من بينهم:
 ناصر الدين سغيدوني من الجزائر، عضو؛
 أحمد أبي عياد من الجزائر، عضو.
 عبد الجليل التميمي من تونس، الرئيس ؛
 محمد نجيب بن جميع من تونس
 أحمد بوشرب وحسين بوزينب ومحمد رزوق من المغرب
 لوي كاردياك، الرئيس الشرفي من فرنسا ؛
 إيفات كاردياك هرموسيلا برنار فانسن من فرنسا ؛
 ألفارو غالمس دي فرانتس ورودولفو خيل غريمو وماركيز فيلانويفا وخوان أراندا دونصيل نيكولاس كابريلانا وغييرمو غوزالبس بوستو ورافاييل كاراسكو من إسبانيا ؛
 لوث لوباث بارلت ، الأمين العام من بورتو ريكو ؛
 ماريا تيريزا نارفاييز من بورتو ريكو ؛

الأهداف
من بين أهداف هذه اللجنة تشجيع وتسهيل والتنسيق ونشر البحوث والدراسات الموريسكية كما نص على ذلك البند الأول من قانونها الأساسي.

الهيئة العلمية
تتكون الهيئة الإدارية للجنة العالمية للدراسات الموريسكية التي أعلن عنها في 21 ماي 2009 من :
 لوي كاردياك، رئيسا شرفيا ؛
 عبد الجليل التميمي، رئيسا ؛
 لوث لوباث بارلت، كاتبة عامة ؛
 وعضوية كل من: أحمد أبي عياد (الجزائر، جمال عبد الرحمن (مصر)، ماريا تيريزا نارفييز (بورتو ريكو)، فدوة الهزيتي (المغرب) بالإضافة إلى عضوين آخرين من فرنسا وإسبانيا.

نشاطها
يتمثل أهم ما قامت به اللجنة في الدعوات التي توجهها رفقة مؤسسة التميمي للبحث العلمي والمعلومات لعقد مؤتمر عالمي للدراسات الموريسكية كل سنتين بتونس، وانعقد آخر تلك المؤتمرات فيما بين 20 و22 ماي 2009.

منظمات بحثية
منظمات أسست في 1983
موريسكيون

اللجنة العالمية للدراسات الموريسكية


George Simpson may refer to:

 Sir George Simpson (HBC administrator) (1792–1860), Scottish explorer and governor of Rupert's Land
Sir George Simpson (condominiums), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 George Buchan Simpson (1820–1892), Scottish art collector, connoisseur and patron of Scottish painters
 George Bowen Simpson (1838–1915), politician and judge in New South Wales, Australia
 George L. Simpson (died 1907), American politician from Virginia
 George Simpson (Canadian politician) (1858–1906), politician in Prince Edward Island, Canada
 George Simpson (Western Australian politician) (1856–1906), member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia
 George Simpson (Queensland politician) (1849–1919), member of the Parliament of Queensland
 George W. Simpson (1870–1951), New York politician and judge
 George Simpson (footballer, born 1876) (1876–1955), English football player for Doncaster Rovers and Chesterfield
 George Simpson (footballer, born 1883) (1883–?), English footballer for Sheffield Wednesday and West Bromwich Albion
 George Simpson (footballer, born 1933) (1933–2012), English football player for Mansfield Town and Gillingham
 Sir George Simpson (meteorologist) (1878–1965), meteorologist for Robert Falcon Scott's Antarctic expedition
 George Simpson (botanist) (1880–1952), New Zealand botanist
 George Goodman Simpson (1896–1990), Australian flying ace
 George Simpson (Royal Navy officer) (1901–1972), British admiral
 George Simpson (sprinter) (1908–1961), American runner
 George Gaylord Simpson (1902–1984), American paleontologist
 George Simpson, Baron Simpson of Dunkeld (born 1942), British businessman
 George Simpson (golfer) (1887–1920), Scottish professional golfer
 George Freeland Barbour Simpson (1874–1958), Scottish physician and gynaecologist

See also
George Simson (1767–1848), MP

George Simpson


Et tilfældigt gensyn er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1992, der er instrueret af Laila C. Debois og Kim Peter Gyldenkvist.

Handling
En moderne stumfilm, krydret med lydeffekter og symfonisk synthesizermusik. På denne ene underligt gennemlyste dag blev meget afsløret... For hende - og for ham.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1992

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Et tilfældigt gensyn


The Schmalkaldic War () was the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (simultaneously King Charles I of Spain), commanded by the Duke of Alba and the Duke of Saxony, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.

Background

In the course of the Lutheran Reformation numerous Imperial States had adopted the new confession, against the opposition of the ruling Catholic House of Habsburg, who recognised these conversions as a quest for increasing autonomy to the detriment of the central Imperial authority.

At the 1521 Diet of Worms Emperor Charles V had Martin Luther banned and the dissemination of his writings prohibited. The edicts of the Diet condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas, subjecting advocates of Lutheranism to forfeiture of all property, half of the seized property to be forfeit to the imperial government and the remaining half forfeit to the party who brought the accusation. While it was understood that Luther was to be eventually arrested and punished, enforcement of this was suspended on account of the strength of his current popular appeal. After the Diets of Nuremberg failed to accomplish the goal of arresting Luther, the Diet of Speyer (1526) reversed course and temporarily suspended the Edict of Worms. This diet was condemned at the Diet of Speyer (1529), provoking the Protestation at Speyer and giving rise to the term "Protestant." This led to the presentation of the Lutheran Augsburg Confession and Catholic Confutatio Augustana at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg. In response to the Confutatio, Philipp Melanchthon prepared the Prima delineatio. Although this was rejected by the Emperor, Melanchthon improved it as a private document until it was signed at a meeting of the Schmalkaldic League as the 1537  Apology of the Augsburg Confession, but the Catholic side did not respond to it until the 1545–63 Council of Trent.

In turn several Lutheran states led by Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse met at the town of Schmalkalden, where they established the Schmalkaldic League in 1531. At first, the Nuremberg Religious Peace of 1532 granted religious liberty to members of the Schmalkaldic League. But, in 1544 Charles V returned to Germany from the Italian War after he had signed the Treaty of Crépy and began to forge alliances not only with Pope Paul III but also with Lutheran princes, foremost with Duke Maurice of Saxony, the Albertine cousin of Saxon Elector John Frederick I. In view of the Emperor's preparations for battle, the Schmalkaldic leaders on 4 July 1546 gathered at Ichtershausen. Here they negotiated how the league should deal with the approaching conflict with the emperor. Both John Frederick and Philip of Hesse agreed quickly that the Emperor had larger financial resources and thus could set up a larger army. However, they also noticed that they were positioned to mobilize their troops faster than the emperor because Charles V had not yet concentrated a significant amount of mercenaries. As a result, they decided to wage a preventive war. Since Martin Luther had died in February, this eliminated a major obstacle to their decision. Luther had repeatedly argued against the legality and morality of a war between the Empire and the Schmalkaldic League. To Luther, only a beerwolf type ruler could be legitimately resisted by his own subjects.

The Emperor gathered an army of around 52,000 men (20,000 Germans, 12,000 Italians, 10,000 Spaniards, and 10,000 men from the Netherlands) for his campaign, that was to start on the Danube.

Conflict
The war broke out in Swabia when a united army of several Lutheran Imperial cities occupied the Catholic town of Füssen, a possession of the Augsburg prince-bishops, and made the Imperial forces move toward the fortress of Ingolstadt in the Bavarian duchy. However, plans to invade Austrian Tyrol in order to bar the Emperor from bringing up Italian troops did not meet the approval of the Schmalkaldic princes. Both Duke William IV of Bavaria and the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand I of Habsburg declared themselves neutral in the conflict, allowing Charles V to concentrate a mighty Imperial army without disturbances.

Furthermore, the Schmalkaldic leaders could not resolve upon delivering a battle against the entrenched Imperial troops. On 20 July 1546 Elector John Frederick I and Landgrave Philip I were placed under the Imperial ban, under the pretext that they had deposed the Catholic Duke Henry V of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1542. Duke Maurice of Saxony took the chance and in October with the aid of Ferdinand I of Habsburg, King of Bohemia, invaded the lands of his rival and cousin in Ernestine Saxony, forcing Elector John Frederick I to turn his troops around. He quickly came on from Swabia and liberated Ernestine Saxony with his army, whereafter he in turn invaded Albertine Saxony and the adjacent Bohemian lands. The onset of winter left the armed conflict inconclusive.

In Swabia the Hessian troops took no further action, while the forsaken Imperial cities, like the Lutheran princes Duke Ulrich of Württemberg and Count Palatine Frederick II chose to submit to the Emperor. On 28 March 1547 Charles V set off for Bohemia, where he united forces with his brother King Ferdinand I of Bohemia. Because the Bohemian Lutherans did not provide any military assistance to Elector John Frederick I, as he had hoped for, the Spanish-Imperial forces of Charles V forced him into retreat. Due to disagreement in strategy, the League's defenses were finally routed on 24 April 1547 at the Battle of Mühlberg, where John Frederick I was taken prisoner.

After the battle, which determined the result of the war, only two cities continued to resist: Bremen and Magdeburg. Both cities refused to pay the fines Charles imposed on them and avoided occupation by Imperial troops. In the case of Bremen, 12,000 imperial soldiers under the command of Duke Eric II of Brunswick-Calenberg unsuccessfully laid siege from January until May. This event led to the Battle of Drakenburg on 23 May 1547, as a Protestant army of the Schmalkaldic League was plundering the nearby Principality of Calenberg. His men and supplies exhausted, Duke Eric II and his Imperial forces went to confront the army and were quickly defeated. During the fighting, Eric was forced to swim over the Weser river in order to save his own life. As a consequence of the Battle of Drakenburg, the Imperial troops left northern Germany.

Aftermath

The captured Elector John Frederick I at first was sentenced to death, and, in order to obtain pardon, on 19 May 1547 signed the Capitulation of Wittenberg. He lost the electoral dignity and some minor Ernestine territories to his cousin Maurice, who was declared the new Saxon Elector on 4 June. Maurice with the aid of Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg tried to mediate in favour of his father-in-law Philip I of Hesse. The Landgrave delivered himself up in Halle, where he threw himself on the mercy of the Emperor. Charles V nevertheless had him immediately imprisoned, leaving the Electors disturbed by this show of haughtiness.

Although the Imperial forces were victorious over the Schmalkaldic League, crushing them, the ideas of Luther had by this time so overspread Europe they could not be contained by military force. However, on 15 May 1548 Charles V, feeling at the height of his power, dictated the Augsburg Interim to prepare the reintegration of the Protestants into the Catholic Church. The edict provoked another revolt by the Protestant princes in 1552, known as the Second Schmalkaldic War. This time the Protestant princes were led by Elector Maurice of Saxony and backed by King Henry II of France. Charles V had to flee from the superior Lutheran forces and to cancel the Interim with the Peace of Passau, whereby John Frederick I of Saxony and Philip I of Hesse were released. An official settlement acknowledging the Protestant religion arrived three years later in the form of the Peace of Augsburg. The next year Charles V voluntarily abdicated in favour of his brother Ferdinand I.

See also

 Thirty Years' War
 Confessionalization
 Battle of Mühlberg
 Capitulation of Wittenberg

References

Further reading
 Oman, Charles. A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. London: Methuen & Co. 1937.
 Blockmans, Wim. Emperor Charles V (1500–1558). Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. .

External links
 Protestant Princes against the Papal Beasts from Rome at danarehn.com
 Schmalkaldischer Krieg  at historicum.net
 The Schmalkaldic War – World History at KMLA

Conflicts in 1546
Conflicts in 1547
European wars of religion
Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
1546 in the Holy Roman Empire
1547 in the Holy Roman Empire

Schmalkaldic War


El río Ropotamo (, palabra de la Antigua Grecia que significa «río fronterizo») es un río relativamente corto del sureste de Bulgaria. Se toma su origen en las montañas de Strandzha, recorriendo 48,5 kilómetros hasta desembocar en el mar Negro, entre las localidades de Dyuni y Primorsko.

El río se nota con más frecuencia en sus 30 metros de ancho, la boca que es el hogar de una gran cantidad de especies de flora, más de 100 de los cuales en peligro de extinción en el país. La sección inferior de la Ropotamo es una reserva natural y un área protegida desde 1940. El Ropotamo inferior es una popular atracción turística debido a los lirios de agua y las formaciones rocosas sobre el río, en algunos de los cuales hay nidos de águilas cola blanca.

Honor
Se llama así en honor del glaciar Ropotamo en la isla Livingston, en las Islas Shetland del Sur, Antártida.

Enlaces externos

 Fotos del Ropotamo y la costa

Ropotamo
Sitios Ramsar en Bulgaria
Provincia de Burgas

Río Ropotamo


Resomator ® é o nome comercial registrado de uma técnica americana de liquefação de cadáveres. Baseia-se no processo de cozimento sob pressão do corpo em solução de hidróxido de potássio.

Medicina legal
Química forense

Resomator


Eugène Bellemare (April 6, 1932 — July 6, 2018) was a Canadian politician.

Bellemare was a former Member of Parliament of the Liberal Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, representing the riding of Ottawa—Orléans between 2000 and 2004 and previously Carleton—Gloucester from 1988 to 2000. Bellemare was a former administrator and teacher. He was a former parliamentary secretary to the Minister for International Cooperation. Bellemare lost his riding nomination battle to Marc Godbout for the 2004 election.  He was one of only eight Liberal MPs to lose their party nomination battle for the 2004 election.

His son Michel Bellemare was an Ottawa city councillor.

Before entering federal politics, Bellemare served on the council for the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton from 1980 to 1985 and the township and then city council for Gloucester from 1966 to 1988.

Bellemare endorsed Dalton McGuinty's bid to lead the Ontario Liberal Party in 1996 (Canada NewsWire, 19 August 1996).

References

1932 births
2018 deaths
Eugene
Franco-Ontarian people
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Politicians from Ottawa
21st-century Canadian politicians

Eugène Bellemare


Norio Takahashi (født 15. marts 1971) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Vegalta Sendai og Tokushima Vortis.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Norio Takahashi


Støt Dannerhuset er en film instrueret af Barbara Adler.

Handling
Kort fortalt historie uden ord, produceret til støtte for Grevinde Danner Huset.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1982

Feminisme
Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Støt Dannerhuset


Morfolojinin farklı anlamları ve kullanımları şunlardır:

 Morfoloji (astronomi), astronomik bir nesnenin, nebula, galaksi vb., biçiminin incelenmesi.
 Biçimbilim, sözcüklerin iç yapısının incelenmesi.
 Morfoloji (biyoloji), bir organizma veya organizma bölümünün biçiminin incelenmesi
 Jeomorfoloji, yeryüzü biçimlerini inceleyen bilim.

Bunun yanında, morfolojik, bir nesnenin biçimiyle ilgili özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesini anlatan bir terimdir.

Bu, dış görünüş ile ilgili olabileceği gibi, o nesnenin belli koşullar altındaki (ışık mikroskobu gibi) görünümünü de belirtebilir. Bitki ve hayvanların sınıflandırılmasında, pek çok hastalığın tanımlanmasında morfolojik inceleme vazgeçilmez bir yöntemdir. Morfolojik özelliklerin ayrıma yeterli olmadığı durumlarda her tür başka yöntemden (kristalografiden enzim çözümlemesine, elektriksel özelliklerden DNA çözümlemesine) yararlanılabilir.

Morfoloji


Lauren Parker, née le  à Belmont (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud), est une paratriathlète australienne concourant en catégorie PTWC pour les athlètes utilisant un vélo couché ou un fauteuil roulant. Elle est médaillée d'argent aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020 à Tokyo et championne du monde en 2021.

Biographie
Lauren Parker commence le triathlon chez les valides à l'âge de 18 ans avant d'avoir un accident lors d'un entraînement. En avril 2017, elle perd le contrôle de son vélo a là une vitesse de 45 km/h et percute la rambarde fortement. Elle souffre de côtes cassées, d'un poumon perforé ainsi que d'une fracture de l'omoplate, du bassin et du dos et perd toute sensation dans les jambes. Lauren Parker se tourne alors vers le paratriathlon et remporte sa première médaille neuf mois après son accident lors des championnats d'Océanie de paratriathlon à St Kilda.

Un an après son accident, aux Jeux du Commonwealth de 2018, elle remporte la médaille de bronze derrière la Britannique Jade Jones et sa compatriote Emily Tapp. En août 2021, Lauren Parker termine deuxième des Jeux de 2020 à moins d'une seconde de la gagnante, l'Américaine Kendall Gretsch. En novembre, elle gagne la médaille d'or aux Mondiaux d'Abou Dabi avec quatre minutes d'avance sur la seconde, la Brésilienne Jessica Ferrera.

Palmarès
Le tableau représente les résultats les plus significatifs (podium) sur le circuit de triathlon handisport depuis 2013.

Références

Liens externes

Triathlète handisport australienne
Médaillée d'argent paralympique australienne
Triathlète aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance en décembre 1988
Naissance en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud

Lauren Parker


La filature Clarenson est une manufacture textile désaffectée située dans la commune d'Elbeuf, en France.

Localisation
L'édifice est situé à Elbeuf, commune du département français de la Seine-Maritime, 2 rue des Echelettes.

Historique
L'édifice est daté du  et est agrandi au début du . Une chaudière, une cheminée et une machine à vapeur sont ajoutés vers 1840. L'usine est dirigée par Georges Petou.

L'usine ferme ses portes en 1961.

L'édifice est inscrit au titre des monuments historiques le 13 janvier 1994.

Description
L'édifice est construit en briques et pan de bois.

Références

 Le patrimoine des communes de Seine-Maritime

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Seine-Maritime
 Liste des monuments historiques de l'arrondissement de Rouen

Liens externes

Monument historique inscrit en 1994
Monument historique dans la Seine-Maritime
Elbeuf
Industrie textile

Filature Clarenson


La cultura de Wietenberg fue una etapa decorativa de la Edad del Bronce en los Cárpatos, que en esa región se vivió entre los años 2300a.C. y 1500a.C. La cultura toma su nombre de Wietenberg, un yacimiento arqueológico situado sobre una colina en Transilvania.

Destacó por sus cerámicas decoradas con acanaladuras paralelas distribuidas en distintos grupos, de manera que formaban diferentes geometrías, destacándose la greca en curva y la espiral. Su principal hito, sin embargo, no es la cerámica sino un altar situado en medio de una población, decorado con los motivos descritos, que crean una gran sensación de relieve.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Wietenberg
Transilvania
Wietenberg
Wietenberg

Cultura de Wietenberg


Godana ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Bonaya Godana (1952–2006), kenianischer Politiker
 Derebe Godana (* 1988), äthiopische Marathonläuferin

Godana


The Mountbatten family is a British dynasty that originated as a British branch of the German princely Battenberg family. The name was adopted on 14 July 1917, three days before the British royal family changed its name from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Windsor", by members of the Battenberg family residing in the United Kingdom, due to rising anti-German sentiment among the British public during World War I. The name is a direct Anglicisation of the German , or Batten mountain, the name of a small town in Hesse. The titles of count and later prince of Battenberg had been granted in the mid-19th century to a morganatic branch of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt, itself a cadet branch of the House of Hesse.

The family includes the Marquesses of Milford Haven (and formerly the Marquesses of Carisbrooke), as well as the Earls Mountbatten of Burma. The late Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, consort of Queen Elizabeth II, adopted the surname of Mountbatten from his mother's family in 1947, being a member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg by patrilineal descent. Lady Louise Mountbatten became Queen Consort of Sweden after marrying Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden.

Origins
The Mountbatten family are a branch of the German house of Battenberg. The Battenberg family was a morganatic branch of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt, rulers of the Grand Duchy of Hesse in Germany. The first member of the House of Battenberg was Julia Hauke, whose brother-in-law Grand Duke Louis III of Hesse created her Countess of Battenberg with the style Illustrious Highness (HIllH) in 1851, on the occasion of her morganatic marriage to Grand Duke Louis' brother Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine. Julia was elevated in her title to Princess of Battenberg with the style Serene Highness (HSH) in 1858.

Two of Alexander and Julia's sons, Prince Henry of Battenberg and Prince Louis of Battenberg, became associated with the British Royal Family. Prince Henry married The Princess Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria. Prince Louis married Victoria's granddaughter, Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, and became the First Sea Lord of the Royal Navy. Due to anti-German feelings prevalent in Britain during World War I, Prince Louis, his children, and his nephews (the living sons of Prince Henry), renounced their German titles and changed their name to the more English sounding Mountbatten. (They rejected an alternative translation, "Battenhill".) Their cousin George V compensated the princes with British peerages. Prince Louis became the 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, while Prince Alexander, Prince Henry's eldest son, became the 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke.

Members

Marquesses of Milford Haven

The marquessate of Milford Haven was created in 1917 for Prince Louis of Battenberg, the former First Sea Lord, and a relation to the British Royal family. He was at the same time made Earl of Medina and Viscount Alderney, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Princess Alice of Battenberg never took the name Mountbatten as she married Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark in 1903; her son, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, took the name upon becoming a naturalised British citizen.
 Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven (1854–1921) m. Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine
 Princess Alice of Battenberg (1885–1969) m. Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark, son of King George I of Greece
 Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark (1905–1981) m. Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
 Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (1906–1969) m. Berthold, Margrave of Baden
 Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark (1911–1937) m. Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse
 Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (1914–2001) m. Prince Christoph of Hesse d. 1943, m. Prince George William of Hanover
 Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark (1921–2021), m. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
 Lady Louise Mountbatten (1889–1965) m. Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
 George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven (1892–1938) m. Countess Nadejda Mikhailovna de Torby
 Lady Tatiana Mountbatten (1917–1988)
 David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven (1919–1970) m. Romaine Dahlgren Pierce div. 1954, m. Janet Mercedes Bryce
 George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven (b. 1961) m. Sarah Georgina Walker div. 1996, m. Clare Steel
 Lady Tatiana Dru (b. 1990) m. Alexander Dru
 Henry Mountbatten, Earl of Medina (b. 1991)
 Lord Ivar Mountbatten (b. 1963) m. Penelope Anne Vere Thompson div. 2011, m. James Coyle
 Ella Mountbatten (b. 1996)
 Alexandra Mountbatten (b. 1998)
 Louise Mountbatten (b. 2002)
 Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979) m. Edwina Ashley
 Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma (1924–2017) m. John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne
 Lady Pamela Hicks (b. 1929) m. David Nightingale Hicks

The heir apparent to the marquessate is the present holder's son Henry Mountbatten, Earl of Medina (b. 1991)

The 1st Marquess's youngest daughter, Lady Louise Mountbatten, married the crown prince of Sweden in 1923. On his accession in 1950 as Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, Louise became Queen consort of Sweden.

Earls Mountbatten of Burma

Earl Mountbatten of Burma is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, created in 1947 for Rear Admiral Louis Mountbatten, 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, youngest son of the 1st Marquess of Milford Haven and the last Viceroy of India. The letters patent creating the title specified the following special remainder to his daughters. The subsidiary titles of the Earldom are Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, of Romsey in the County of Southampton, created 1946, and Baron Romsey, of Romsey in the County of Southampton, created in 1947. Both of these titles, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, have the same special remainder as the Earldom.
 Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979) m. Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley, daughter of Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple and great-granddaughter of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
 Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma (1924–2017) m. John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne
 Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma (b. 1947) m. Penelope Eastwood
 Nicholas Knatchbull, Lord Brabourne (b. 1981)
 Lady Alexandra Hooper (b. 1982) m. Thomas Hooper
 The Hon. Leonora Knatchbull (1986–1991)
 The Hon. Michael-John Knatchbull (b. 1950) m. Melissa Clare Owen, div. 1997, m. Susan Penelope "Penny" Jane Coates, div. 2006
 Kelly Knatchbull (b. 1988)
 Savannah Knatchbull (b. 2001)
 The Hon. Anthony Knatchbull (1952–1952)
 Lady Joanna Zuckerman (b. 1955) m. Baron Hubert Pernot du Breuil, div. 1995, m. Azriel Zuckerman
 Lady Amanda Ellingworth (b. 1957) m. Charles Vincent Ellingworth
 The Hon. Philip Knatchbull (b. 1961) m. Atalanta Cowan, div. 2000, m. Wendy Amanda Leach
 Daisy Knatchbull (b. 1992)
 Frederick Knatchbull (b. 2003)
 John Knatchbull (b. 2004)
 The Hon. Nicholas Knatchbull (1964–1979)
 The Hon. Timothy Knatchbull (b. 1964) m. Isabella Julia Norman
 Amber Knatchbull (b. 2000)
 Milo Knatchbull (b. 2001)
 Ludovic Knatchbull (b. 2003)
 Isla Knatchbull (b. 2005)
 Wilhelmina Knatchbull (b. 2008)
 Lady Pamela Hicks (b. 1929) m. David Nightingale Hicks
 Edwina Brudenell (b. 1961) m. Jeremy Brudenell, div. 2004
 Ashley Hicks (b. 1963) m. Marina Allegra Federica Silvia Tondato, div. 2009, m. Katalina Sharkey de Solis
 Angelica Hicks (b. 1992)
 Ambrosia Hicks (b. 1997)
 Caspian Hicks (b. 2018)
 Horatio Hicks (b. 2019)
 India Hicks (b. 1967)

The heir apparent to the earldom is the present holder's son, Nicholas Knatchbull, Lord Brabourne (born 1981).

Marquess of Carisbrooke

Marquess of Carisbrooke was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, created in 1917 for Prince Alexander of Battenberg, eldest son of Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom and Prince Henry of Battenberg. He was made Viscount Launceston, in the County of Cornwall, and Earl of Berkhampsted at the same time, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The titles became extinct upon Lord Carisbrooke's death in 1960, as he had no sons.
 Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke (1886–1960) m. Lady Irene Denison, daughter of William Denison, 2nd Earl of Londesborough
 Lady Iris Mountbatten (1920–1982) m. Captain Hamilton Joseph Keyes O'Malley, div. 1946, m. Michael Neely Bryan, div. 1957, m. William Alexander Kemp

His siblings were:
 Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (1887–1969), m. Alfonso XIII of Spain
 Lord Leopold Mountbatten (1889–1922)
 Prince Maurice of Battenberg (1891–1914)

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the son of Princess Alice of Battenberg and grandson of the 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, took the name Mountbatten when he became a naturalised British subject. Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten married Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King George VI of the United Kingdom, on 20 November 1947. In 1952, on the accession of his wife as Queen Elizabeth II, there was some dispute regarding the dynasty to which descendants of Elizabeth and Phillip would belong. Queen Mary (the new Queen's grandmother) expressed to Prime Minister Winston Churchill her aversion to the idea of the House of Mountbatten succeeding the House of Windsor as the royal dynasty, and so it remained Windsor.
 Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1921–2021) m. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
 King Charles III (b. 1948) m. Lady Diana Spencer, div. 1996, m. Camilla Parker Bowles
 William, Prince of Wales (b. 1982) m. Catherine Middleton
 Prince George of Wales (b. 2013)
 Princess Charlotte of Wales (b. 2015)
 Prince Louis of Wales (b. 2018)
 Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (b. 1984) m. Meghan Markle
 Prince Archie of Sussex (b. 2019)
 Princess Lilibet of Sussex (b. 2021)
 Anne, Princess Royal (b. 1950) m. Captain Mark Phillips, div. 1992, m. Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence
 Prince Andrew, Duke of York (b. 1960) m. Sarah Ferguson, div. 1996
 Princess Beatrice of York (b. 1988) m. Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi
 Princess Eugenie of York (b. 1990) m. Jack Brooksbank
 Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (b. 1964) m. Sophie Rhys-Jones
 Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2003)
 James, Earl of Wessex (b. 2007)

Mountbatten-Windsor

Mountbatten-Windsor is the personal surname of some of the descendants of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh under an Order in Council issued in 1960, which has not been applied consistently. While the order specifically applies the surname "Mountbatten-Windsor" to Elizabeth's male-line descendants not holding royal styles and titles, "Mountbatten-Windsor" has been formally used by some of her descendants who do hold royal styles. The surname was first officially used by Princess Anne in 1973, in the wedding register for her marriage to Mark Phillips. Prince William and his wife Catherine used the names "Monsieur et Madame Mountbatten-Windsor" when filing a French lawsuit against the French magazine Closer. Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and his wife Meghan named their children Archie Mountbatten-Windsor and Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor from birth, although the children formally became a prince and princess on the accession of their grandfather to the throne on 8 September 2022.

Mountbatten-Windsor differs from the official name of the British royal family or royal house, which remains Windsor. The adoption of the Mountbatten-Windsor surname applies only to members of the royal family who are descended from Elizabeth, and not, for example, to her cousins, or descendants of her sister, Princess Margaret.

Legacy
The city of Ottawa, Ontario, erected Mountbatten Avenue in memory of the 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. A Royal Canadian Sea Cadets corps, RCSCC No. 134 Admiral Mountbatten, was named after him in 1946. A  bronze statue by Franta Belsky of Lord Mountbatten of Burma was erected in 1983 outside the Foreign Office, overlooking Horse Guards Parade. The earl is dressed in the uniform of an Admiral of the Fleet.

The Mountbatten Institute (formerly known as the Mountbatten Internship Programme), an organization based in New York and London dedicated to fostering work experience and cultural exchange by placing international graduate students abroad to earn postgraduate and degrees was set up by his eldest daughter, Patricia, 2nd Countess Mountbatten. It was named in honour of the countess's father, the 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma.

Despite the family's well-known connections with the Royal Navy, the Mount Batten Peninsula, overlooking the Royal Naval Base of Devonport, England, is not named after them but after Sir William Batten, a 17th-century Surveyor of the Navy.

Coats of arms

Family tree

See also
 Battenberg family
 Mountbatten-Windsor
 Mountbatten class hovercraft
 Mountbatten Medal
 The Mountbatten School And Language College
 Mountbatten Institute
 Edward Iwi

References

External links

Tribute & Memorial Website to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

Battenberg family

Mountbatten
British monarchy

Mountbatten family


Küçük panda veya diğer bir adıyla kızıl panda (Ailurus fulgens), etçiller (Carnivora) takımından çok ürkek ve tehlike altında olan bir tür. Üstünü yalayarak temizlerken bir kediyi andırdığı için "Kedi ayısı" da denilir. Zoolojik sınıflandırılmasının ayrıntıları hâlâ tartışılmaktadır.

Özellikleri
Küçük pandanın uzunluğu 120 cm ve ağırlığı 4,5 kg'a varır. Ömrü doğal ortamında 9-10 yıla, hayvanat bahçesinde ise 14 yıla varabilir.

Dış görünüşü ile ilk bakışta bir rakuna benzer ama rakundan daha hafiftir. Üstü kızıl kahverengi veya bakırımsı kahverengi, altı ise parlak siyah renktedir.  Yüzü genelde beyaz renktir ve kızıl kahverengi gözyaşı damlalarını andıran işaretler vardır. Burnu kısa ve siyah renk, kafası yuvarlağımsı ve kulakları orta büyüklükte ve sivri olur. Kuyruğu siyah-beyaz halkalıdır.

Küçük panda pek ses çıkarmaz. Kendi aralarında iletişim kurmak için ötermiş ya da gıcırdarmış gibi sesler çıkarırlar.

Yayılımı
Küçük panda Himalaya'nın doğusunda Nepal'den Çin'in Yunnan iline kadar uzanan bir coğrafyada yaygındır. Bu bölge içerisinde ılıman alanlarda 10-25 °C, dev ormangülü rhododendron, büyük bambu ya da meşe ormanlarını ve 2000–4600 m yüksekliği tercih eder.

Davranış
Küçük panda çok yetenekli bir tırmanıcıdır. Geceleri yiyecek arayışına çıkar, gündüzleri ise ağaçların dallarında uyuyarak geçirir. Sıcak havaya hiç katlanamaz; 25 dereceden daha sıcak havalarda sorun yaşayabilir. Zaten bu yüzden bütün gününü yüksek ağaç dallarında ya da mağaralarda uyuyarak geçirir.

Tehlike sezdiklerinde ulaşılamayan ağaç dallarına ya da kayalık aralıklarına kaçarlar. Kaçmaya imkânları olmadığı takdirde iki ayak üstünde durarak olduklarından daha büyük görünmeye çalışır ve sivri tırnaklı ön ayakları ile kendilerini savunurlar, ve düşmanlarının üzerinde böylece bayağı derin yaralar bırakabilirler. Küçük panda tehlikeli bir hayvan değildir, ama köşeye sıkıştırıldığında kendini savunmasını iyi bilir.

Beslenme
En fazla yediği madde bambu filizleridir. Ayrıca kökler, otlar, meyveler, tohumlar, fındıklar yer ve ara sıra böcek, küçük kemiriciler, kuş yavruları avlar ve yumurta yer.

Üreme
Küçük panda genelde yalnız yaşar ve ancak aralık ile şubat aylarındaki üreme zamanında bir eş arayışına çıkar. 120-140 gün süren bir gebeliğin sonunda 1-4 arasında yavru dünyaya getirirler. Yavrular 12 hafta yuvaya bağlı kalır ve en erken 18 ay sonra kendileri üreyebilir olgunluğa ulaşırlar. Erkek, yavruların bakımında çok nadir yardımcı olur.

Çin'in güneybatısında çok fazla avlanılmıştır. Küçük pandanın postu ile halk tarafından çok tutulan şapkalar, kuyruğu ile de toz almak için küçük süpürgeler üretilmiştir. Küçük pandanın yaşadığı bölgenin insanları onun postunun kullanımını hatta geleneklerinin kaçınılmaz bir parçası haline getirmişlerdir; evlenen bir damat düğün eğlencesinde küçük panda postu taşımaktadır. Ayrıca yasa dışı avlanıp yurt dışındaki hayvanat bahçelerine cüz'i bir fiyat karşılığı satılmakta ve yaşadığı ormanlar hızla daraltılmaktadır

Küçük panda UICN tarafından 1996 yılında tehlike altında türler listesine eklenmiş, ve bugün bulunduğu tüm ülkelerde koruma altına alınmıştır.

Sınıflandırma
Küçük pandanın zoolojik sınıflandırılması kolay değildir ve bu yüzden sınıflandırılması çok kez değiştirilmiştir. Frédéric Georges Cuvier adlı bilimcinin 1825 yılında bu türü bilim dünyasına ilk kez tanıştırdığından bu yana, sınıflandırılmasının her noktası çok kez tartışılmıştır. Hatta küçük pandanın etçiller takımına ait olduğundan şüphelenenler bile vardır. İlk başta sırf dış görünüşleri dikkate alınarak rakungiller familyasına yerleştirilmiştir. Daha yeni zamanlarda DNA analizleri yapılmış ve ayıgiller familyasına uygun görülmüştür. En yeni moleküler biyolojik araştırmalar yapıldıktan sonra tek başına Ailiridae adında bir familyaya konulmuştur. Ama tartışmalar hala devam etmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Dev panda

Dış bağlantılar
 natur-lexikon.com - Artikel und Fotos von Dr. Stephan Roscher
 das-tierlexikon: Kleiner Panda

Durumu hassas hayvanlar
Doğu Asya faunası
Güney Asya'daki memeliler
Yünnan'da doğa tarihi
1825'te tanımlanan omurgalılar

Küçük panda