The European badger (Meles meles), also known as the Eurasian badger, is a badger species in the family Mustelidae native to Europe and West Asia and parts of Central Asia. It is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List, as it has a wide range and a large, stable population size which is thought to be increasing in some regions. Several subspecies are recognized, with the nominate subspecies (M. m. meles) predominating in most of Europe. In Europe, where no other badger species commonly occurs, it is generally just called the "badger".

The European badger is a powerfully built, black, white, brown, and grey animal with a small head, a stocky body, small black eyes, and a short tail. Its weight varies, being 7–13 kg (15–29 lb) in spring, but building up to 15–17 kg (33–37 lb) in autumn before the winter sleep period. It is nocturnal and is a social, burrowing animal that sleeps during the day in one of several setts in its territorial range. These burrows have multiple chambers and entrances, and are extensive systems of underground passages of  length. They house several badger families that use these setts for decades. Badgers are fussy over the cleanliness of their burrow, carrying in fresh bedding and removing soiled material, and they defecate in latrines strategically situated outside their setts or en route to other setts.

Although classified as a carnivore, the European badger is an omnivore, feeding on a wide variety of plant and animal foods, including earthworms, large insects, small mammals, carrion, cereals, and tubers. Litters of up to five cubs are produced in spring. The young are weaned a few months later, but usually remain within the family group. The European badger has been known to share its burrow with other species, such as rabbits, red foxes, and raccoon dogs, but it can be ferocious when provoked, a trait which has been exploited in the now-illegal blood sport of badger-baiting. Badgers can be carriers of bovine tuberculosis, which also affects cattle. In England, badger populations are culled to try to reduce the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, although the efficacy of this practice is strongly disputed, and badger culls are widely considered cruel and inhumane.

Nomenclature
The source of the word "badger" is uncertain. The Oxford English Dictionary states it probably derives from "badge" + -ard, a reference to the white mark on its forehead that resembles a badge, and may date to the early 16th century. The French word  ('digger') has also been suggested as a source. A male badger is a boar, a female is a sow, and a young badger is a cub. A badger's home is called a sett. Badger colonies are often called clans.

The far older name "brock" (), () is a Celtic loanword (cf. Gaelic  and Welsh , from Proto-Celtic ) meaning 'grey'. The Proto-Germanic term was  (cf. German , Dutch , Norwegian ; Early Modern English dasse), probably from the PIE root  'to construct', which suggests that the badger was named after its digging of setts (tunnels); the Germanic term  became  or ,  in Latin glosses, replacing  ('marten' or 'badger'), and from these words the common Romance terms for the animal evolved (Italian , French —now  is more common—, Catalan , Spanish , Portuguese ) except Asturian .

Until the mid-18th century, European badgers were variously known in English as brock, pate, grey, and bawson. The name "bawson" is derived from "bawsened", which refers to something striped with white. "Pate" is a local name that was once popular in northern England. The name "badget" was once common, but only used in Norfolk, while "earth dog" was used in southern Ireland. The badger is commonly referred to in Welsh as a  ('earth pig').

Taxonomy
Ursus meles was the scientific name used by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, who described the badger in his work Systema Naturae.

Evolution
The species likely evolved from the Chinese Meles thorali of the early Pleistocene. The modern species originated during the early Middle Pleistocene, with fossil sites occurring in Episcopia, Grombasek, Süssenborn, Hundsheim, Erpfingen, Koněprusy, Mosbach 2, and Stránská Skála. A comparison between fossil and living specimens shows a marked progressive adaptation to omnivory, namely in the increase in the molars' surface areas and the modification of the carnassials. Occasionally, badger bones are discovered in earlier strata, due to the burrowing habits of the species.

Subspecies
In the 19th and 20th centuries, several badger type specimens were described and proposed as subspecies. , eight subspecies were recognized as valid taxa, but four (canescens, arcalus, rhodius, severzovi) are now considered to belong to a distinct species, the Caucasian badger (M. canescens).

Description

European badgers are powerfully built animals with small heads, thick, short necks, stocky, wedge-shaped bodies and short tails. Their feet are plantigrade or semidigitigrade and short, with five toes on each foot. The limbs are short and massive, with naked lower surfaces on the feet. The claws are strong, elongated and have an obtuse end, which assists in digging. The claws are not retractable, and the hind claws wear with age. Old badgers sometimes have their hind claws almost completely worn away from constant use. Their snouts, which are used for digging and probing, are muscular and flexible. The eyes are small and the ears short and tipped with white. Whiskers are present on the snout and above the eyes.

Boars typically have broader heads, thicker necks and narrower tails than sows, which are sleeker, have narrower, less domed heads and fluffier tails. The guts of badgers are longer than those of red foxes, reflecting their omnivorous diet. The small intestine has a mean length of  and lacks a cecum. Both sexes have three pairs of nipples but these are more developed in females. European badgers cannot flex their backs as martens, polecats and wolverines can, nor can they stand fully erect like honey badgers, though they can move quickly at full gallop.

Adults measure  in shoulder height,  in body length,  in tail length,  in hind foot length and  in ear height. Males (or boars) slightly exceed females (or sows) in measurements, but can weigh considerably more. Their weights vary seasonally, growing from spring to autumn and reaching a peak just before the winter. During the summer, European badgers commonly weigh  and  in autumn.

The average weight of adults in the Białowieża Forest was  in spring but up to  in autumn, 46% higher than the spring low mass. In Woodchester Park, England, adults in spring weighed on average  and in fall average . In Doñana National Park, average weight of adult badgers is reported as , perhaps in accordance with Bergmann's rule, that its size decreases in relatively warmer climates. Sows can attain a top autumn weight of around , while exceptionally large boars have been reported in autumn. The heaviest verified was , though unverified specimens have been reported to  and even  (if so, the heaviest weight for any terrestrial mustelid). If average weights are used, the European badger ranks as the second largest terrestrial mustelid, behind only the wolverine. Although their sense of smell is acute, their eyesight is monochromatic as has been shown by their lack of reaction to red lanterns. Only moving objects attract their attention. Their hearing is no better than that of humans.

European badger skulls are quite massive, heavy and elongated. Their braincases are oval in outline, while the facial part of their skulls is elongated and narrow. Adults have prominent sagittal crests which can reach 15 mm tall in old males, and are more strongly developed than those of honey badgers. Aside from anchoring the jaw muscles, the thickness of the crests protect their skulls from hard blows. Similar to martens, the dentition of European badgers is well-suited for their omnivorous diets. Their incisors are small and chisel-shaped, their canine teeth are prominent and their carnassials are not overly specialized. Their molars are flattened and adapted for grinding. Their jaws are powerful enough to crush most bones; a provoked badger was once reported as biting down on a man's wrist so severely that his hand had to be amputated. The dental formula is .

Scent glands are present below the base of the tail and on the anus. The subcaudal gland secretes a musky-smelling, cream-coloured fatty substance, while the anal glands secrete a stronger-smelling, yellowish-brown fluid.

Fur

In winter, the fur on the back and flanks is long and coarse, consisting of bristly guard hairs with a sparse, soft undercoat. The belly fur consists of short, sparse hairs, with skin being visible in the inguinal region. Guard hair length on the middle of the back is  in winter. Prior to the winter, the throat, lower neck, chest and legs are black. The belly is of a lighter, brownish tint, while the inguinal region is brownish-grey. The general colour of the back and sides is light silvery-grey, with straw-coloured highlights on the sides. The tail has long and coarse hairs, and is generally the same colour as the back. Two black bands pass along the head, starting from the upper lip and passing upwards to the whole base of the ears. The bands sometimes extend along the neck and merge with the colour of the upper body. The front parts of the bands are , and widen to  in the ear region. A wide, white band extends from the nose tip through the forehead and crown. White markings occur on the lower part of the head, and extend backwards to a great part of the neck's length. The summer fur is much coarser, shorter and sparser, and is deeper in colour, with the black tones becoming brownish, sometimes with yellowish tinges. Partial melanism in badgers is known, and albinos and leucists are not uncommon. Albino badgers can be pure white or yellowish with pink eyes, while leucistic ones are the same but with normal eyes instead. Erythristic badgers are more common than the former, being characterized by having a sandy-red colour on the usually black parts of the body. Yellow badgers are also known.

Distribution and habitat
The European badger is native to most of Europe. Its range includes Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Kosovo, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine.

The distributional boundary between the ranges of European and Asian badgers is the Volga River, the European species being situated on the western bank. The boundary between the ranges of the European and Caucasian badgers is in the North Caucasus, but a clear boundary has not been defined, and they are sympatric in some regions, potentially forming a hybrid zone. They are common in European Russia, with 30,000 individuals having been recorded there in 1990. They are abundant and increasing throughout their range, partly due to a reduction in rabies in Central Europe. In the UK, badgers experienced a 77% increase in numbers during the 1980s and 1990s. The badger population in Great Britain in 2012 is estimated to be 300,000.

The European badger is found in deciduous and mixed woodlands, clearings, spinneys, pastureland and scrub, including Mediterranean maquis shrubland. It has adapted to life in suburban areas and urban parks, although not to the extent of red foxes. In mountainous areas it occurs up to an altitude of .

Behaviour and ecology

Social and territorial behaviour

European badgers are the most social of badgers, forming groups of six adults on average, though larger associations of up to 23 individuals have been recorded. Group size may be related to habitat composition. Under optimal conditions, badger territories can be as small as , but may be as large as  in marginal areas. Badger territories can be identified by the presence of communal latrines and well-worn paths. It is mainly males that are involved in territorial aggression. A hierarchical social system is thought to exist among badgers and large powerful boars seem to assert dominance over smaller males. Large boars sometimes intrude into neighboring territories during the main mating season in early spring.

Sparring and more vicious fights generally result from territorial defense in the breeding season. However, in general, animals within and outside a group show considerable tolerance of each other. Boars tend to mark their territories more actively than sows, with their territorial activity increasing during the mating season in early spring. Badgers groom each other very thoroughly with their claws and teeth. Grooming may have a social function. They are crepuscular and nocturnal in habits. Aggression among badgers is largely associated with territorial defence and mating. When fighting, they bite each other on the neck and rump, while running and chasing each other and injuries incurred in such fights can be severe and sometimes fatal. When attacked by dogs or sexually excited, badgers may raise their tails and fluff up their fur.

European badgers have an extensive vocal repertoire. When threatened, they emit deep growls and, when fighting, make low kekkering noises. They bark when surprised, whicker when playing or in distress, and emit a piercing scream when alarmed or frightened.

Denning behaviour

Like other badger species, European badgers are burrowing animals. However, the dens they construct (called setts) are the most complex, and are passed on from generation to generation. The number of exits in one sett can vary from a few to fifty. These setts can be vast, and can sometimes accommodate multiple families. When this happens, each family occupies its own passages and nesting chambers. Some setts may have exits which are only used in times of danger or play. A typical passage has a  wide base and a  height. Three sleeping chambers occur in a family unit, some of which are open at both ends. The nesting chamber is located  from the opening, and is situated more than a  underground, in some cases . Generally, the passages are  long. The nesting chamber is on average , and are  high.

Badgers dig and collect bedding throughout the year, particularly in autumn and spring. Sett maintenance is usually carried out by subordinate sows and dominant boars. The chambers are frequently lined with bedding, brought in on dry nights, which consists of grass, bracken, straw, leaves and moss. Up to 30 bundles can be carried to the sett on a single night. European badgers are fastidiously clean animals which regularly clear out and discard old bedding. During the winter, they may take their bedding outside on sunny mornings and retrieve it later in the day. Spring cleaning is connected with the birth of cubs, and may occur several times during the summer to prevent parasite levels building up.

If a badger dies within the sett, its conspecifics will seal off the chamber and dig a new one. Some badgers will drag their dead out of the sett and bury them outside. A sett is almost invariably located near a tree, which is used by badgers for stretching or claw scraping. Badgers defecate in latrines, which are located near the sett and at strategic locations on territorial boundaries or near places with abundant food supplies.

In extreme cases, when there is a lack of suitable burrowing grounds, badgers may move into haystacks in winter. They may share their setts with red foxes or European rabbits. The badgers may provide protection for the rabbits against other predators. The rabbits usually avoid predation by the badgers by inhabiting smaller, hard to reach chambers.

Reproduction and development

Estrus in European badgers lasts four to six days and may occur throughout the year, though there is a peak in spring. Sexual maturity in boars is usually attained at the age of twelve to fifteen months but this can range from nine months to two years. Males are normally fecund during January–May, with spermatogenesis declining in summer. Sows usually begin ovulating in their second year, though some exceptionally begin at nine months. They can mate at any time of the year, though the main peak occurs in February–May, when mature sows are in postpartal estrus and young animals experience their first estrus. Matings occurring outside this period typically occur in sows which either failed to mate earlier in the year or matured slowly. Badgers are usually monogamous; boars typically mate with one female for life, whereas sows have been known to mate with more than one male. Mating lasts for fifteen to sixty minutes, though the pair may briefly copulate for a minute or two when the sow is not in estrus. A delay of two to nine months precedes the fertilized eggs implanting into the wall of the uterus, though matings in December can result in immediate implantation. Ordinarily, implantation happens in December, with a gestation period lasting seven weeks. Cubs are usually born in mid-January to mid-March within underground chambers containing bedding. In areas where the countryside is waterlogged, cubs may be born above ground in buildings. Typically, only dominant sows can breed, as they suppress the reproduction of subordinate females.

The average litter consists of one to five cubs. Although many cubs are sired by resident males, up to 54% can be fathered by boars from different colonies. Dominant sows may kill the cubs of subordinates. Cubs are born pink, with greyish, silvery fur and fused eyelids. Neonatal badgers are  in body length on average and weigh , with cubs from large litters being smaller. By three to five days, their claws become pigmented, and individual dark hairs begin to appear. Their eyes open at four to five weeks and their milk teeth erupt about the same time. They emerge from their setts at eight weeks of age, and begin to be weaned at twelve weeks, though they may still suckle until they are four to five months old. Subordinate females assist the mother in guarding, feeding and grooming the cubs. Cubs fully develop their adult coats at six to nine weeks. In areas with medium to high badger populations, dispersal from the natal group is uncommon, though badgers may temporarily visit other colonies. Badgers can live for up to about fifteen years in the wild.

Winter sleep
Badgers begin to prepare for winter sleep during late summer by accumulating fat reserves, which reach a peak in October. During this period, the sett is cleaned and the nesting chamber is filled with bedding. Upon retiring to sleep, badgers block their sett entrances with dry leaves and earth. They typically stop leaving their setts once snow has fallen. In Russia and the Nordic countries, European badgers retire for winter sleep from late October to mid-November and emerge from their setts in March and early April. In areas such as England and Transcaucasia, where winters are less harsh, badgers either forgo winter sleep entirely or spend long periods underground, emerging in mild spells.

Diet
European badgers are among the least carnivorous members of the Carnivora; they are highly adaptable and opportunistic omnivores, whose diet encompasses a wide range of animals and plants. Earthworms are their most important food source, followed by large insects, carrion, cereals, fruit and small mammals, including rabbits, mice, rats, voles, shrews, moles and hedgehogs. Insect prey includes chafers, dung and ground beetles, caterpillars, leatherjackets, and the nests of wasps and bumblebees. They are able to destroy wasp nests, consuming the occupants, combs, and envelope, such as that of Vespula rufa nests, since their thick skin and body hair protect the badgers from stings. Cereal food includes wheat, oats, maize and occasionally barley. Fruits include windfall apples, pears, plums, blackberries, bilberries, raspberries, cherries, strawberries, acorns, beechmast, pignuts and wild arum corms.

Occasionally, they feed on medium to large birds, amphibians, fish, small reptiles including tortoises and lizards, snails, slugs, fungi, tubers and green food such as clover and grass, particularly in winter and during droughts. Badgers characteristically capture large numbers of one food type in each hunt. Generally, they do not eat more than  of food per day, with young specimens yet to attain one year of age eating more than adults. An adult badger weighing  eats a quantity of food equal to 3.4% of its body weight. Badgers typically eat prey on the spot, and rarely transport it to their setts. Surplus killing has been observed in chicken coops.

Badgers prey on rabbits throughout the year, especially during times when their young are available. They catch young rabbits by locating their position in their nest by scent, then dig vertically downwards to them. In mountainous or hilly districts, where vegetable food is scarce, badgers rely on rabbits as a principal food source. Adult rabbits are usually avoided, unless they are wounded or caught in traps. They consume them by turning them inside out and eating the meat, leaving the inverted skin uneaten. Hedgehogs are eaten in a similar manner. In areas where badgers are common, hedgehogs are scarce. Some rogue badgers may kill lambs, though this is very rare; they may be erroneously implicated in lamb killings through the presence of discarded wool and bones near their setts, though foxes, which occasionally live alongside badgers, are often the culprits, as badgers do not transport food to their setts. They typically kill lambs by biting them behind the shoulder. Poultry and game birds are also taken only rarely. Some badgers may build their setts in close proximity to poultry or game farms without ever causing damage. In the rare instances in which badgers do kill reared birds, the killings usually occur in February–March, when food is scarce due to harsh weather and increases in badger populations. Badgers can easily breach bee hives with their jaws, and are mostly indifferent to bee stings, even when set upon by swarms.

Relationships with other non-human predators

European badgers have few natural enemies. While normally docile, badgers can become extremely aggressive and ferocious when cornered, making it dangerous for predators to target them. Grey wolves (Canis lupus), Eurasian lynxes (Lynx lynx) and brown bears (Ursus arctos), Europe's three largest remaining land predators, and large domestic dogs (C. familiaris) can pose a threat to adult badgers, though deaths caused by them are quantitatively rare as these predators are often limited in population due to human persecution and usually prefer easier, larger prey like ungulates, while badgers may fight viciously if aware of a predator and cornered without an escape route. They may live alongside red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in isolated sections of large burrows. The two species possibly tolerate each other out of commensalism; foxes provide badgers with food scraps, while badgers maintain the shared burrow's cleanliness. However, cases are known of badgers driving vixens from their dens and destroying their litters without eating them. In turn, red foxes are known to have killed badger cubs in spring. Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are known predators of European badgers and attacks by them on badger cubs are not infrequent, including cases where they have been pulled out directly from below the legs of their mothers, and even adult badgers may be attacked by this eagle species when emerging weak and hungry from hibernation. Eurasian eagle owls (Bubo bubo) may also take an occasional cub and other large raptors such as white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) and greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga) are considered potential badger cub predators. Raccoon dogs may extensively use badger setts for shelter. There are many known cases of badgers and raccoon dogs wintering in the same hole, possibly because badgers enter hibernation two weeks earlier than the latter, and leave two weeks later. In exceptional cases, badger and raccoon dog cubs may coexist in the same burrow. Badgers may drive out or kill raccoon dogs if they overstay their welcome.

Diseases and parasites
Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a major mortality factor in badgers, though infected badgers can live and successfully breed for years before succumbing. The disease was first observed in badgers in 1951 in Switzerland where they were believed to have contracted it from chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) or roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). It was detected in the United Kingdom in 1971 where it was linked to an outbreak of bovine TB in cows. The evidence appears to indicate that the badger is the primary reservoir of infection for cattle in the southwest of England, Wales and Ireland. Since then there has been considerable controversy as to whether culling badgers will effectively reduce or eliminate bovine TB in cattle.

Badgers are vulnerable to the mustelid herpesvirus-1, as well as rabies and canine distemper, though the latter two are absent in Great Britain. Other diseases found in European badgers include arteriosclerosis, pneumonia, pleurisy, nephritis, enteritis, polyarthritis and lymphosarcoma.

Internal parasites of badgers include trematodes, nematodes and several species of tapeworm. Ectoparasites carried by them include the fleas Paraceras melis (the badger flea), Chaetopsylla trichosa and Pulex irritans (the human flea), the lice Trichodectes melis and the ticks Ixodes ricinus, I. canisuga, I. hexagonus, I. reduvius and I. melicula. They also suffer from mange. They spend much time grooming, individuals concentrating on their own ventral areas, alternating one side with the other, while social grooming occurs with one individual grooming another on its dorsal surface. Fleas tried to avoid the scratching, retreating rapidly downwards and backwards through the fur. This was in contrast to fleas away from their host, which ran upwards and jumped when disturbed. The grooming seems to disadvantage fleas rather than merely having a social function.

Conservation
The International Union for Conservation of Nature rates the European badger as being of least concern. This is because it is a relatively common species with a wide range and populations are generally stable. In Central Europe it has become more abundant in recent decades due to a reduction in the incidence of rabies. In other areas it has also fared well, with increases in numbers in Western Europe and the United Kingdom. However, in some areas of intensive agriculture it has reduced in numbers due to loss of habitat and in others it is hunted as a pest.

Cultural significance

Badgers play a part in European folklore and are featured in modern literature. In Irish mythology, badgers are portrayed as shape-shifters and kinsmen to Tadg, the king of Tara and foster father of Cormac mac Airt. In one story, Tadg berates his adopted son for having killed and prepared some badgers for dinner. In German folklore, the badger is portrayed as a cautious, peace-loving Philistine, who loves more than anything his home, family and comfort, though he can become aggressive if surprised. He is a cousin of Reynard the Fox, whom he uselessly tries to convince to return to the path of righteousness.

In Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows, Mr. Badger is depicted as a gruff, solitary figure who "simply hates society", yet is a good friend to Mole and Ratty. As a friend of Toad's now-deceased father, he is often firm and serious with Toad, but at the same time generally patient and well-meaning towards him. He can be seen as a wise hermit, a good leader and gentleman, embodying common sense. He is also brave and a skilled fighter, and helps rid Toad Hall of invaders from the wild wood.

The "Frances" series of children's books by Russell and Lillian Hoban depicts an anthropomorphic badger family.

In T. H. White's Arthurian series The Once and Future King, the young King Arthur is transformed into a badger by Merlin as part of his education. He meets with an older badger who tells him "I can only teach you two things – to dig, and love your home."

A villainous badger named Tommy Brock appears in Beatrix Potter's 1912 book The Tale of Mr. Tod. He is shown kidnapping the children of Benjamin Bunny and his wife Flopsy, and hiding them in an oven at the home of Mr. Tod the fox, whom he fights at the end of the book. The portrayal of the badger as a filthy animal which appropriates fox dens was criticized from a naturalistic viewpoint, though the inconsistencies are few and employed to create individual characters rather than evoke an archetypical fox and badger. A wise old badger named Trufflehunter appears in C. S. Lewis' Prince Caspian, where he aids Caspian X in his struggle against King Miraz.

A badger takes a prominent role in Colin Dann's The Animals of Farthing Wood series as second in command to Fox. The badger is also the house symbol for Hufflepuff in the Harry Potter book series. The Redwall series also has the Badger Lords, who rule the extinct volcano fortress of Salamandastron and are renowned as fierce warriors. The children's television series Bodger & Badger was popular on CBBC during the 1990s and was set around the mishaps of a mashed potato-loving badger and his human companion.

An unnamed badger is part of Bosnian Serb writer Petar Kočić's satirical play Badger on Tribunal in which local farmer David Štrbac attempts to sue a badger for eating his crops. It is actually highly critical towards Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of the 20th century. In honor of Kočić and his Badger, satirical theater in Banja Luka is named Jazavac (Badger).

Heraldry

European badger appears on the coat of arms of the municipality of Luhanka in Central Finland, referring to the former importance of the fur trade in the locality. The badger is also the title animal of the Nurmijärvi municipality in Uusimaa, Finland, where it is a very common mammal.

Hunting

European badgers are of little significance to hunting economies, though they may be actively hunted locally. Methods used for hunting badgers include catching them in jaw traps, ambushing them at their setts with guns, smoking them out of their earths and through the use of specially bred dogs such as Fox Terriers and Dachshunds to dig them out. Badgers are, however, notoriously durable animals; their skins are thick, loose and covered in long hair which acts as protection, and their heavily ossified skulls allow them to shrug off most blunt traumas, as well as shotgun pellets.

Badger-baiting

Badger-baiting was once a popular blood sport, in which badgers were captured alive, placed in boxes, and attacked with dogs. In the UK, this was outlawed by the Cruelty to Animals Act of 1835 and again by the Protection of Animals Act of 1911. Moreover, the cruelty towards and killing of the badger constitute offences under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992, and further offences under this act are inevitably committed to facilitate badger-baiting (such as interfering with a sett, or the taking or the very possession of a badger for purposes other than nursing an injured animal to health). If convicted, badger-baiters may face a sentence of up to six months in jail, a fine of up to £5,000, and other punitive measures, such as community service or a ban from owning dogs.

Culling

Many badgers in Europe were gassed during the 1960s and 1970s to control rabies. Until the 1980s, badger culling in the United Kingdom was undertaken in the form of gassing, to control the spread of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Limited culling resumed in 1998 as part of a 10-year randomized trial cull which was considered by John Krebs and others to show that culling was ineffective. Some groups called for a selective cull, while others favoured a programme of vaccination, and vets support the cull on compassionate grounds as they say that the illness causes much suffering in badgers. In 2012, the government authorized a limited cull led by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), however, this was later deferred with a wide range of reasons given. In August 2013, a full culling programme began where about 5,000 badgers were killed over six weeks in West Somerset and Gloucestershire by marksmen with high-velocity rifles using a mixture of controlled shooting and free shooting (some badgers were trapped in cages first). The cull caused many protests with emotional, economic and scientific reasons being cited. The badger is considered an iconic species of the British countryside, though is not endangered. It was claimed by shadow ministers that "The government's own figures show it will cost more than it saves...", and Lord Krebs, who led the Randomised Badger Culling Trial in the 1990s, said the two pilots "will not yield any useful information". A scientific study of culling from 2013 to 2017 has shown a reduction of 36–55% incidence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle.

Tameability

There are several accounts of European badgers being tamed. Tame badgers can be affectionate pets, and can be trained to come to their owners when their names are called. They are easily fed, as they are not fussy eaters, and will instinctively unearth rats, moles and young rabbits without training, though they do have a weakness for pork. Although there is one record of a tame badger befriending a fox, they generally do not tolerate the presence of cats and dogs, and will chase them.

Uses

Badger meat is eaten in some districts of the former Soviet Union, though in most cases it is discarded. Smoked hams made from badgers were once highly esteemed in England, Wales and Ireland.

Some badger products have been used for medical purposes; badger expert Ernest Neal, quoting from an 1810 edition of The Sporting Magazine, wrote;
The flesh, blood and grease of the badger are very useful for oils, ointments, salves and powders, for shortness of breath, the cough of the lungs, for the stone, sprained sinews, collachs etc. The skin being well dressed is very warm and comfortable for ancient people who are troubled with paralytic disorders.

The hair of the European badger has been used for centuries for making sporrans and shaving brushes. Sporrans are traditionally worn as part of male Scottish highland dress. They form a bag or pocket made from a pelt and a badger or other animal's mask may be used as a flap. The pelt was also formerly used for pistol furniture.

References

Works cited

External links

 ARKive Photographs and video
 The Badger Trust – representing over 80 British badger groups
 Scottish Badgers
 Steve Jackson's Badger Pages – Facts about and photos of the badgers of the world
 Badgerland – The Definitive On-Line Guide to Badgers (Meles meles) in the UK
 Badgerwatcher.com – A guide to watching badgers in the UK
 Wildlife Online – Natural History of the European Badger
 Lancashire Badger Group.
 Dublin and Wicklow Badger Group
 Science & Nature: Animals, BBC.
 Badgers in the Netherlands, Badgergroup Brabant Foundation.
Badger Survey in the Netherlands 2000–2001, The Census Foundation.
Waarneming.nl Originally a Dutch site, but you can change language at the top of the page. Sightings, pictures and distribution maps of European badgers in the Netherlands.
 Badgers in France, L'assiociation Meles.
 A video of an adult european badger. This is a close up video showing their behavior
 Video of a European Badger feeding on peanuts by its sett
 Video of an evening's badger-watching in mid-Wales, U.K.

Badgers and TB in the UK
 DEFRA (UK government department) position on badgers and TB
 Executive summary of the Krebs Report Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle and Badgers 1997
 The Randomised Badger Culling Trial
 Godfray Report, Independent Scientific Review of the Randomised Badger Culling Trial and Associated Epidemiological Research, March 2004. PDF format
 National Farmers Union proposals to control badgers (would involve repeal of the 1992 act) July 2005
 NFBG (now Badger Trust) response to the National Farmers Union proposals, August 2005

Claims of continued badger-hunting in the UK
 Allegations of lamping (among other practices) were made in the appendix to the NFBG (now Badger Trust) response to the Krebs Report

Mammals described in 1758
Badgers
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Azerbaijan
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of the Middle East
Fauna of Turkey
Fauna of Syria
Fauna of Lebanon
Articles containing video clips
Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Fauna of Albania

European badger


Župna kuća, župni stan ili župni dvor naziv je za mjesto u kojem obitavaju župnik, kapelan i ostali svećenici iz pojedine župe. Najčešće se nalazi odmah uz ili u blizini župne crkve. Naziva se i rektoratom župe.

Biskupovo prebivalište naziva se biskupski stan ili biskupski dvor, a nadbiskupovo nadbiskupski stan ili nadbiskupski dvor.

Župni, biskupski i nadbiskupski dvor nazivaju se crkvenim rektoratima ili klerskim kućama.

U Anglikanskoj Crkvi naziva se vikarijat, jer se župa naziva vikarija, a poglavar župe vikar.

U protestantizmu je uvriježen naziv pastorijat ili pastorova kuća.

Ako u pojedinoj katoličkoj župi djeluju i redovnici, a nema samostana, i oni žive u župnom dvoru. Takav se oblik stanovanja najčešće veže uz časne sestre koje u manjim župama djeluju kao ispomoć župniku ako nema kapelana.

Povezani članci
 Župnik
 Župna crkva
 Pastor
 Vikar

Vanjske poveznice

Kršćanski vjerski objekti

Župna kuća


229900 Emmagreaves este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
229900 Emmagreaves este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Mayhill de Norman Falla. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,58 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 6,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 229001-230000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2009
Centura de asteroizi

229900 Emmagreaves


Jakob Bothe (Fráncfort del Meno, 8 de octubre de 1964-Berlín, 17 de enero de 2013), conocido bajo el seudónimo de Jakob Arjouni, fue un escritor alemán.

Biografía
Arjouni creció en Fráncfort. En 1985, tras el abitur, hizo varios viajes al sur de Francia y empezó a estudiar en Montpellier. En 1985 se instaló en Berlín y adoptó el apellido de su esposa. Su primera novela Feliz cumpleaños, turco fue llevada al cine más tarde por Doris Dörrie. Murió a la edad de 48 años después de una larga pelea contra el cáncer de páncreas.

Bibliografía
 Happy Birthday, Türke!, Diogenes, 1985
 Mehr Bier, Diogenes, 1987
 Ein Mann ein Mord, Diogenes, 1991
 Edelmanns Tochter, 1996
 Magic Hoffmann, Diogenes, 1996
 Ein Freund, Diogenes, 1998
 Kismet, Diogenes, 2001
 Idioten. Fünf Märchen, Diogenes, 2003
 Hausaufgaben, Diogenes, 2004
 Es gibt in Deutschland so wenige Leute, die mit Humor ernsthaft sind, Meranier-Gymnasium Lichtenfels, 2006
 Chez Max, Diogenes, 2006
 The show must go on?, Diogenes, 2008
 Der heilige Eddy, Diogenes, 2009
 Cherryman jagt Mr. White, Diogenes, 2011

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Jakob Arjourni

Novelistas de Alemania del siglo XX
Novelistas de Alemania del siglo XXI
Escritores de Alemania del siglo XX
Escritores de ciencia ficción de Alemania
Escritores de género policiaco
Nacidos en Fráncfort del Meno
Fallecidos en Berlín
Fallecidos por cáncer de páncreas en Alemania

Jakob Arjouni


Kenneth Dale "Taco" Cockrell (born April 9, 1950) is a retired American astronaut, engineer and a veteran of five Space Shuttle missions. He served as Chief of the Astronaut Office from 1997 to 1998.

Pre-NASA career
Cockrell was born in Austin, Texas to Buford Dale Cockrell and Jewell Moorman. Growing up, he spent some time living in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. He graduated from Rockdale High School in nearby Rockdale, Texas in 1968. He earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1972 and received his commission in the United States Navy that same year. He also earned a master's in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida in 1974. He was trained as a pilot and was stationed from 1975 to 1978 aboard the aircraft carrier . Cockrell then became a test pilot for several years before serving two tours of duty aboard . In 1987, Cockrell resigned from the Navy and joined the Aircraft Operations Division of Johnson Space Center as a research pilot.

NASA experience
Selected by NASA in January 1990, Cockrell became an astronaut in July 1991. His technical assignments to date include: duties in the Astronaut Office Operations Development Branch, working on landing, rollout, tires and brakes issues; CAPCOM in Mission Control for ascent and entry; Astronaut Office representative for Flight Data File, the numerous books of procedures carried aboard Shuttle flights. He also served as Assistant to the Chief of the Astronaut Office for Shuttle operations and hardware, Chief of the Astronaut Office Operations Development Branch, and Chief of the Astronaut Office. He served one year as Director of Operations, Russia, in Star City, Russia. He served as the liaison between the Astronaut Office and the training organization at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City. Cockrell is currently the Assistant Director, Flight Crew Operations, for aircraft operations. In addition, he serves as an instructor pilot in the T-38 airplane.

A veteran of five space flights, Cockrell has logged over 1,560 hours in space. He served as a mission specialist on STS-56 (April 8–17, 1993), was the pilot on STS-69 (September 7–18, 1995), and was the mission commander on STS-80 (November 19 to December 7, 1996, STS-98 (February 7–20, 2001), and STS-111 (June 5–19, 2002).

Cockrell was reassigned in February 2006 to Flight Crew Operations' Aircraft Operations Division (AOD) at Ellington Field, as the WB-57 High Altitude Research Program Manager. He manages NASA's two WB-57F research airplanes and serves as pilot for research flights. In addition, he is a T-38 Instructor Pilot for astronaut flight training.

Spaceflight experience

STS-56

STS-56 carrying ATLAS-2 was a nine-day mission aboard the  during which the crew conducted atmospheric and solar studies in order to better understand the effect of solar activity on the Earth's climate and environment. STS-56 launched April 8, 1993 and landed April 17, 1993. Mission duration was 9 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 21 seconds.

STS-69

STS-69 was a 10-day mission aboard the . The primary objective of STS-69 was the successful deployment and retrieval of a SPARTAN satellite and the Wake Shield Facility (WSF). The WSF was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of using a free-flying platform to grow semiconductors, high temperature superconductors and other materials using the ultra-high vacuum created behind the spacecraft. STS-69 launched September 7, 1995 and landed September 18, 1995. Mission duration was 10 days, 20 hours, 28 minutes.

STS-80

STS-80 was a 17-day mission aboard the . During STS-80 the crew deployed and retrieved the Wake Shield Facility (WSF) and the Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ORFEUS) satellites. The ORFEUS instruments, mounted on the reusable Shuttle Pallet Satellite, studied the origin and makeup of stars. STS-80 launchedNovember 19, 1996 and landed December 7, 1996. Mission duration was a record-breaking 17 days, 15 hours, 53 minutes.

STS-98

STS-98 was a 12-day mission aboard the . The STS-98 crew continued the task of building and enhancing the International Space Station by delivering the U.S. laboratory module Destiny. The Shuttle spent seven days docked to the station while Destiny was attached, and three spacewalks were conducted to complete its assembly. The crew also relocated a docking port, and delivered supplies and equipment to the resident Expedition-1 crew. STS-98 launched February 7, 2001 and landed February 20, 2001. Mission duration was 12 days, 21 hours, 20 minutes. Unacceptable weather conditions in Florida necessitated a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

STS-111

STS-111 was a 13-day mission aboard the . The STS-111 mission delivered a new ISS resident crew and a Canadian-built mobile base for the orbiting outpost's robotic arm. The crew also performed a late-notice repair of the station's robot arm by replacing one of the arm's joints. It was the second Space Shuttle mission dedicated to delivering research equipment to the space platform. STS-111 also brought home the Expedition-Four crew from their -month stay aboard the station. STS-111 launched June 5, 2002 and landed June 19, 2002. Mission duration was 13 days, 20 hours and 35 minutes. Unacceptable weather conditions in Florida necessitated a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

Awards
Cockrells awards include the National Defense Service Medal, Naval Aviator Badge, and the Naval Astronaut Badge.

Personal life
Cockrell has two children and lives in Friendswood, Texas. His recreational interests include: sport flying, snow and water skiing. He was also called Taco by his fellow astronauts.

References

 Spacefacts biography of Kenneth Cockrell

External links
 Dog Crew II patch

1950 births
Living people
University of West Florida alumni
People from Austin, Texas
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Aviators
NASA civilian astronauts
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Military personnel from Texas

Kenneth Cockrell


Im äußersten Westen Siziliens enden im Kopfbahnhof Trapani zwei eingleisige Eisenbahnstrecken, die beide ihren Ursprung in Palermo haben: erstens die 1881 eröffnete Bahnstrecke Palermo–Trapani über Castelvetrano und zweites die erst 1937 fertiggestellte, 53 km lange Stichstrecke Alcamo Diramazione–Trapani über Segesta, die die Verbindung der beiden Städte Palermo–Trapani um gut 60 km verkürzt. Trapani hat außer diesem Endbahnhof keine weitere Bahnhöfe. Er wird von der staatlichen Rete Ferroviaria Italiana betrieben. Der Bahnhof befindet sich im Zentrum der Stadt; der Bahnhofsvorplatz bildet die Piazza Umberto I. Von dort aus erreicht man in wenigen Fußminuten das Stadtzentrum sowie den Hafen. Es gibt werktäglich je 22 Zugankünfte und -abfahrten.

Bahngebäude

Das neoklassizistische, durchgängig zweigeschossige Hauptgebäude besitzt an seiner Stirnseite eine leicht hervorspringende, fünfachsige Front, der nördlich und südlich je drei weitere Achsen angestellt sind. Die Gebäudeseiten sind zweiachsig. Von den zentralen fünf Achsen des Hauptgebäudes besaßen deren äußere beiden Bögen Durchgänge zur Innenseite des Gebäudes. Heute ist nur noch der nördlichere der beiden dafür vorgesehen. Der Giebel wird zentral durch eine Uhr in Höhe der umlaufenden Balustrade gekrönt.

Auf dieses Hauptgebäude zulaufend enden vier Bahngleise, deren beiden äußere Bahnsteige besaßen. Der Raum zwischen den Gleisenden und dem Gebäude ist mit einer parkähnlicher Grünanlage und hohen alten Bäumen gestaltet. Das südlichste dieser vier Gleise besitzt parallelliegend eine ältere Güterhalle, dessen Existenz nicht auf Personenverkehr an diesem Gleis schließen lässt. Das nördlichste der vier Gleise ist heute mit Gleis 4 bezeichnet, dem sich weiter nach Norden drei weitere bezeichnete und in Betrieb befindliche Gleise (1–3) anschließen.

An dieses in Nord-Süd-Richtung gestreckte Hauptgebäude schließen sich im gleichen Baustil zwei Seitenschiffe an, die aus drei dreiachsigen, alternierend versetzten Gebäudeteilen bestehen. Auch von diesen beiden Seiten besteht Zugang zu den Gleisen. An dem Nordflügel schließt ein weiterer, wieder im 90°-Winkel gedrehter Teil aus fünf Achsen an.

Bahngelände
Zum Bahngelände gehören umfangreiche Gleisanlagen, von denen einige heute nicht mehr genutzt werden. Dazu zählt eine Drehscheibe und einige Abstellgleise, die früher zur Fahrzeugwartung genutzt wurden nahe der Via Vespiri am Nordrand sowie mehrere Gütergleise sowie ein Verbindungsgleis zum Hafen am Südrand des Bahngeländes. Geografisch abgegrenzt wird das Bahngelände im Osten durch einen Bahnübergang der Via Capitano Salvatore Bruno, die in die Via Alberto Tipa übergeht. Von hier an führen die beiden Streckengleise ohne weitere Weichen für etwa zwei Kilometer parallel, bevor sie sich nach Osten bzw. Süden trennen.

Weblinks

 Youtube-Video vom Bahnhofsumfeld

Trapani
Bauwerk in Trapani
Trapani

Bahnhof Trapani


Vincė Vaidevutė Margevičienė (* 12. Mai 1949 in der Oblast Irkutsk, Sowjetunion)  ist eine litauische Biologin und  Politikerin, Mitglied des Seimas, Vizebürgermeisterin der Stadtgemeinde Kaunas.

Leben
Vincė Vaidevutė wurde in einer nach Sibirien deportierten Familie geboren. Ihr Vater starb dort. 1960 kam sie mit der Mutter in die Litauische SSR. 1967 absolvierte sie die Jugendarbeitsabendsschule in Vilnius und 1972 das Studium der Biologie und Chemie an der Universität Vilnius und wurde Lehrerin. Von 1997 bis 1999  studierte sie das Masterstudium der Verwaltungswissenschaften an der Technischen Universität in Kaunas. Von 1968 bis 1972 war sie jüngere wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Institut für Biochemie an der Lietuvos mokslų akademija. Von 1995 bis 1997 war sie Mitglied im  Stadtrat Kaunas und stellvertretende Bürgermeisterin. Von 2004 bis 2008 und von 2008 bis 2012 war sie Mitglied im Seimas.

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied des Ausschusses für Staatsverwaltung und Kommunen (Litauen)
Mitglied des Sozialausschusses (Litauen)
Stellvertretender Bürgermeister (Kaunas)
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Litauer
Geboren 1949
Frau
Absolvent der Technischen Universität Kaunas

Vincė Vaidevutė Margevičienė


Linda Edna Cardellini (n. 25 iunie 1975, Redwood City, Statele Unite) este o actriță de film, de televiziune și de voce americană. Este cunoscută pentru roluri în seriale precum Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000), Spitalul de urgență (2003–2009) și Bloodline (2015–2017). Rolul Sylviei Rosen în Mad Men (2013–2015) i-a adus o nominalizare la premiul Emmy pentru cea mai bună actriță într-un serial dramatic. Cardellini este, de asemenea, cunoscută pentru reprezentarea Velmei Dinkley în seria live action Scooby-Doo (2002–2004), a lui Cassie în Brokeback Mountain (2005) și a Laurei Barton în Răzbunătorii: Sub semnul lui Ultron (2015). Ca actriță de voce s-a remarcat în serii animate precum Un show obișnuit (2012–2015), Ciudățeni (2012–2016) și Sanjay și Craig (2013–2016).

Filmografie

Filme

Seriale

Videoclipuri muzicale

Jocuri video

Premii și nominalizări

Note

Legături externe

 Linda Cardellini pe IMDb
 Linda Cardellini pe Facebook
 Linda Cardellini pe Instagram
 Linda Cardellini pe Twitter

Nașteri pe 25 iunie
Nașteri în 1975
Actrițe de film americane
Americani de origine italiană

Linda Cardellini


154378 Hennessy este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
154378 Hennessy este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Apache Point Observatory în cadrul programului Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,44 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 0,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 154001-155000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

154378 Hennessy


Mask is a 1985 American biographical drama film directed by Peter Bogdanovich, starring Cher, Sam Elliott, and Eric Stoltz with supporting roles played by Dennis Burkley, Laura Dern, Estelle Getty, and Richard Dysart. Cher received the 1985 Cannes Film Festival award for Best Actress. The film is based on the life and early death of Roy L. "Rocky" Dennis, a boy who had craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, an extremely rare genetic disorder known commonly as lionitis due to the disfiguring cranial enlargements that it causes. Mask won the Academy Award for Best Makeup at the 58th ceremony, while Cher and Stoltz received Golden Globe Award nominations for their performances.

Plot
In 1978 Azusa, California, Rocky Dennis, a boy with craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, is accepted without question by his freewheeling biker mother's boyfriend, his "extended motorcycle family," and his maternal grandparents who share his love of baseball card collecting; but is treated with fear, pity, awkwardness, and teasing by those unaware of his humanity, humor, and intelligence.

Rocky's mother, Florence "Rusty" Dennis, is determined to give Rocky as normal a life as possible, in spite of her own wild ways as a member of the Turks biker gang, as well as her strained relationship with her father. She fights for Rocky's inclusion in a mainstream junior high school, and confronts a principal who would rather classify Rocky as intellectually disabled and relegate him to a special education school, despite the fact that his condition has not affected his intelligence.

At Rocky's semi-annual physical, Rocky claims to be feeling pretty well despite recurring headaches that his mother can remedy by simply singing to them. A young doctor tells Rusty that Rocky's life expectancy is limited to six more months, which Rusty scoffs at, exclaiming that many other doctors have made claims about Rocky's condition that were completely unfounded.

Rocky thrives at school, making friends by assisting a fellow student and tutoring his classmate for $3 per hour. Rocky is asked by the principal to accept a job as a counselor's aide at Camp Bloomfield, a summer camp for blind children. At his graduation from junior high, Rocky takes home academic achievement prizes in mathematics, history, and science.

Rocky feels the need to leave his chronically depressed and drug-addicted mother, and helps her break her drug habit. At camp, Rocky falls in love with Diana Adams, a blind girl who cannot see (but feels) his deformed skull and is entranced by Rocky's kindness and compassion. Rocky uses his intelligence to explain to Diana words like "billowy," "clouds," "red," and "green" by using cotton balls as a touchable vision of "billowy clouds," a warm rock to explain "red" and "pink," and a frozen rock to explain "icy blue." At the end of camp, Diana introduces Rocky to her parents, who are quickly flabbergasted by Rocky's deformed appearance, and in response forbid Diana to spend time with him.

Later, Rocky faces the pain of separation from the two people to whom he feels closest. His lifelong dream of a motorbike trip through Europe collapses when his best friend Ben, who was to come with him, reveals to him that he is permanently moving back to Michigan to go live with his father. However, Rocky feels better after taking a bus trip by himself to visit Diana at the equestrian stables, located near Griffith Park. Diana reveals to Rocky that her parents had prevented her from receiving his phone messages and are sending her to a private boarding school for the blind. Despite this, Rocky vows that no matter how separated they're going to be, they will always love each other and will always be together.

One evening, when Rocky's biker family is visiting, Rocky is fighting a fierce headache and quietly withdraws to his room, removes the tacks from his map of Europe, and goes to bed. The next morning, Rusty tries to wake up Rocky for school and flies into a fit of grief-stricken rage when she realizes he has died. After destroying the kitchen, Rusty mourns the death of Rocky and says, "Now you can go anywhere you want, baby." as she re-pins his map of Europe.

The film ends with Rocky's biker family, Rusty, Gar, and Dozer, visiting his grave, leaving flowers and some 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers baseball cards by his headstone, as Rocky's voice is heard reciting the poem he wrote earlier for English class.

Cast

Production
Rusty Dennis sold the film rights to Rocky's life story for $15,000, most of which went to pay medical bills for her son Joshua, who was undergoing treatment for AIDS. She originally hoped the film would focus on Rocky's life and intrepid personality rather than giving equal emphasis to her story, but was won over by Cher's role, stating: "Cher depicted the way I am very well. I always thought I was perfectly normal, that the rest of the world is nuts."

In 1984, camp scenes for the movie were filmed at Camp Bloomfield. Campers and staff got a preview of the finished film at Universal Studios in February of 1985.

Bogdanovich had originally intended to use several songs by Bruce Springsteen, the real Rocky Dennis' favorite singer. But due to an impasse at the time between Universal Pictures and Springsteen's label, Columbia Records, the songs were pulled from the film and replaced with songs by Bob Seger for the original theatrical release. Rusty Dennis was unhappy with this, and voiced her displeasure in a 1985 appearance on San Francisco talk show, People Are Talking, saying: "I don't think [Rocky] even knew who Bob Seger was". Bogdanovich sued Universal for $19 million, alleging the film studio switched the music without his approval in violation of his final cut privilege. The Springsteen songs were eventually restored for the 2004 director's cut DVD of the film.

Reception

Box office
The film was a box office success, garnering  in total. It placed in the number 13 spot on its opening weekend, but moved up to the third spot in its third week, and eventually the second spot in its fourth week, where it remained for two consecutive weeks.

Critical reception
Reviews were mostly positive. The film has a 93% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.

Roger Ebert wrote of the film, "A wonderful movie, a story of high spirits and hope and courage," with Stoltz's performance establishing a believable character that transcends his deformity and Cher's characterization of Rusty as "one of the most interesting movie characters in a long time." Gene Siskel described Mask as "superb" and also singled out Cher's portrayal of Rusty as the heart of the film, but criticized the marketing campaign that kept Stoltz's face secretive as a revival of a freak show mentality. Dolores Barclay of the Associated Press declared Mask was "directed with great sensitivity by Peter Bogdanovich" and carried by Cher and Stoltz's performances but believed the depiction of Rusty's biker friends was "perhaps a bit too sanitized to be believable." A contrasting review by Vincent Canby in The New York Times read in part, "Mask is one of those movies that try so hard to get their supposedly universal message across (don't we all hide behind a mask of one sort or another?) that they are likely to put your teeth on edge more often than they bring one little, lonely teardrop to the eye."

Awards
Michael Westmore and Zoltan Elek won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling in the 58th Academy Awards.

The film was nominated by the American Film Institute for the 2006 list AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers.

See also

 The Elephant Man (film)
 Wonder (film)
 "The Post-Modern Prometheus"—An episode of The X-Files that makes references to this film.

References

External links

1985 drama films
1985 films
1980s American films
1980s biographical drama films
1980s English-language films
American biographical drama films
American coming-of-age films
Drama films based on actual events
English-language biographical drama films
Films about disability
Films about disability in the United States
Films about mother–son relationships
Films directed by Peter Bogdanovich
Films set in 1978
Films set in California
Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup
Universal Pictures films

Mask (1985 film)


Czysta (deutsch Wittbeck, slowinzisch Čĩstå) ist ein Dorf in der Gemeinde Smołdzino im Powiat Słupski (Kreis Stolp) der polnischen Woiwodschaft Pommern.

Geographische Lage
Czysta liegt in Hinterpommern, etwa 20 Kilometer nordnordöstlich der Stadt Słupsk (Stolp), sieben Kilometer südwestlich des Kirchdorfs Smołdzino (Schmolsin) und anderthalb Kilometer südlich des Jezioro Gardno (Garder See) an der Ostsee.

Geschichte
Czysta war früher ein altes Lehen der Familie Bandemer. Um 1784 gab es in Wittbeck zwei Vorwerke, fünf Kossäten und insgesamt zwölf Haushaltungen. Das Dorf bestand aus zwei Teilen, Wittbeck A und Wittbeck B. Wittbeck A mit einem Vorwerk und zwei Kossäten, Wittbeck B mit einem  Vorwerk und drei Kossäten sowie Rotten A fielen nach dem Tod des Friedrich Wilhelm von Bandemer dessen ältestem Sohn zu, der Wittbeck A und Wittbeck B  im Jahr 1733 an Werner Ernst von Lettow verpfändete. Diese Güter wurden jedoch am 7. Oktober 1738 für 3.560 Reichstaler von der Witwe des Valentin von Bandemer wieder eingelöst. Deren einziger Sohn, der Hauptmann Joachim Bogislav von Bandemer,  besaß um 1784 Wittbeck A und Rotten B.
Wittbeck B gehörte um 1784 dem Leutnant Carl Friedrich Bogislav von Bandemer. Wittbeck A und B gehörten im Jahr 1804 Wilhelm von Bandemer. 1838 kaufte der Justizrat Friedrich August Ludwig Messerschmidt von Arnim das Gut für 16.500 Taler. Die letzten Besitzer der Güter Wittbeck und Wittstock waren 1884 der Leutnant Horn und seit 1909 der Rittmeister a. D. Georg Steifensand auf Schwuchow. Nach 1924 wurde Wittbeck aufgesiedelt.

Im Jahr 1925 standen in Wittbeck 32 Wohngebäude. Im Jahr 1939 lebten in Wittbeck 271 Einwohner in 57 Haushaltungen, und die Gemeinde hatte insgesamt 40 landwirtschaftliche Betriebe.

Vor 1945 gehörte Wittbeck zum Amtsbezirk Schmolsin im Landkreis Stolp, Regierungsbezirk Köslin, der Provinz Pommern. Die Gemeindefläche war 388 Hektar groß. Wittbeck war der einzige Wohnort in der Gemeinde Wittbeck.

Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs besetzte am 9. März 1945 die Rote Armee kampflos das Dorf. Unter der sowjetischen Besatzung hatten die Dorfbewohner viel zu leiden. Als Folge des Krieges übernahmen anschließend Polen das Dorf und die deutschen Dorfbewohner wurden vertrieben. Wittbeck wurde in Czysta umbenannt.

Später wurden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 140 und in der DDR 64 aus Wittbeck vertriebene Dorfbewohner ermittelt.

Das Dorf gehört heute zum Powiat Słupski der Woiwodschaft Pommern (bis 1998 Woiwodschaft Słupsk). Es hat heute etwa 160 Einwohner.

Kirche
Die vor 1945 in Wittbeck anwesende Bevölkerung war evangelisch. Im Jahr 1925 hatte Wittbeck einen Bewohner katholischer Konfession. Wittbeck  gehörte zum Kirchspiel Groß Garde und damit zum Kirchenkreis Stolp-Altstadt.

Schule
Die Kinder aus Wittbeck besuchten die Volksschule in Wittstock.

Literatur
 Karl-Heinz Pagel: Der Landkreis Stolp in Pommern. Lübeck 1989, S. 1021–1023 (Ortsbeschreibung Wittbeck, PDF)

Weblinks
 Die Gemeinde Wittbeck im ehemaligen Kreis Stolp (Gunthard Stübs und Pommersche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 2011)

Einzelnachweise

Ort der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Ort in Pommern
Gmina Smołdzino

Czysta (Smołdzino)


A Rua Sete de Setembro (Popularmente conhecida apenas como Rua Sete) é uma rua localizada na capital Vitória, é ponto de referência para eventos que ocorrem anualmente na cidade, conta também com alguns bares e lojas pela sua extensão.

História
Com pouco mais de 600m de comprimento e localizada no Centro Histórico da cidade de Vitória, capital do Espírito Santo, a antiga Rua da Várzea

foi rebatizada durante as comemorações do centenário da Independência do Brasil, em 1922, para Rua Sete de Setembro - afetivamente conhecida como Rua Sete.

No final do século XIX, era um caminho que ligava os fundos de grandes propriedades (Vintém, Nascimento e Mulundu), sendo pavimentada em 1895. No início do século XX, trajeto do bonde da cidade, a rua sediava importantes órgãos públicos como a prefeitura e a empresa de energia elétrica.

Na década de 1950, houve intensa instalação de comércios, tendo a Galeria Shopping 7 e a sua escada rolante (a primeira da cidade) como um marco histórico e que se encontram, ainda que pouco utilizadas, até os dias de hoje. Em 1977, seu trecho inicial, entre as praças Costa Pereira e Ubaldo Ramalhete Maia, foi convertido em rua de pedestres - também primeira da cidade que hoje contempla o projeto Rua Viva em outras localidades.

Antes dos anos 2000, houve um processo de abandono e desprestígio do Centro Histórico, incluindo a Rua Sete. Revitalizada no governo de João Coser (2005-2012), a região vem sendo reconhecida pelos seus valores históricos, sociais e culturais, com uma diversidade imensa de programação nos teatros, cinema alternativo (Sesc Glória), Viradão Cultural, carnaval de rua, bares boêmios, estabelecimentos com músicas populares e autorais, etc.

Reconhecido como um porto de resistência, abrigou e abriga histórias e personalidades da cidade como Stael Mageski, Papo Furado, Waguinho, Regional da Nair, entre tantos outros.

Ruas e avenidas de Vitória (Espírito Santo)

Rua Sete de Setembro (Vitória)


Trías ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Eugenio Trías (1942–2013), spanischer Philosoph
 Fernanda Trías (* 1976), uruguayische Schriftstellerin

Trías


900 (nine hundred) is the natural number following 899 and preceding 901. It is the square of 30 and the sum of Euler's totient function for the first 54 positive integers. In base 10 it is a Harshad number. It is also the first number to be the square of a sphenic number.

In other fields
900 is also:

 A telephone area code for "premium" telephone calls in the North American Numbering Plan (900 number)
 In Greek number symbols, the sign Sampi ("ϡ", literally "like a pi")
 A skateboarding trick in which the skateboarder spins two and a half times (360 degrees times 2.5 is 900)
 A 900 series refers to three consecutive perfect games in bowling
 Yoda's age in Star Wars

Integers from 901 to 999

900s
 901 = 17 × 53, centered triangular number, happy number
 902 = 2 × 11 × 41, sphenic number, nontotient, Harshad number
 903 = 3 × 7 × 43, sphenic number, triangular number, Schröder–Hipparchus number, Mertens function (903) returns 0, little Schroeder number
 904 = 23 × 113 or 113 × 8, refactorable number, Mertens function(904) returns 0, lazy caterer number, number of 1's in all partitions of 26 into odd parts
 905 = 5 × 181, sum of seven consecutive primes (109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149), smallest composite de Polignac number
 "The 905" is a common nickname for the suburban portions of the Greater Toronto Area in Canada, a region whose telephones used area code 905 before overlay plans added two more area codes.
 906 = 2 × 3 × 151, strobogrammatic, sphenic number, Mertens function(906) returns 0
 907 = prime number
 908 = 22 × 227, nontotient, number of primitive sorting networks on 6 elements, number of rhombic tilings of a 12-gon
 909 = 32 × 101, number of non-isomorphic aperiodic multiset partitions of weight 7

910s
 910 = 2 × 5 × 7 × 13, Mertens function(910) returns 0, Harshad number, happy number, balanced number, number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order 7 under separate row and column permutations
 911 = Sophie Germain prime number, also the emergency telephone number in North America
 912 = 24 × 3 × 19, sum of four consecutive primes (223 + 227 + 229 + 233), sum of ten consecutive primes (71 + 73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109), Harshad number.
 913 = 11 × 83, Smith number, Mertens function(913) returns 0.
 914 = 2 × 457, nontotient, number of compositions of 11 that are neither weakly increasing nor weakly decreasing
 915 = 3 × 5 × 61, sphenic number, Smith number, Mertens function(915) returns 0, Harshad number
 916 = 22 × 229, Mertens function(916) returns 0, nontotient, strobogrammatic, member of the Mian–Chowla sequence
 917 = 7 × 131, sum of five consecutive primes (173 + 179 + 181 + 191 + 193)
 918 = 2 × 33 × 17, Harshad number
 919 = prime number, cuban prime, prime index prime, Chen prime, palindromic prime, centered hexagonal number, Mertens function(919) returns 0

920s
 920 = 23 × 5 × 23, Mertens function(920) returns 0, total number of nodes in all rooted trees with 8 nodes
 921 = 3 × 307, number of enriched r-trees of size 7
 922 = 2 × 461, nontotient, Smith number
 923 = 13 × 71, number of combinations of 6 things from 1 to 6 at a time
 924 = 22 × 3 × 7 × 11, sum of a twin prime (461 + 463), central binomial coefficient
 925 = 52 × 37, pentagonal number, centered square number
 The millesimal fineness number for Sterling silver
 926 = 2 × 463, sum of six consecutive primes (139 + 149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167), nontotient
 927 = 32 × 103, tribonacci number
 928 = 25 × 29, sum of four consecutive primes (227 + 229 + 233 + 239), sum of eight consecutive primes (101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137), happy number
 929 = prime number, Proth prime, palindromic prime, sum of nine consecutive primes (83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127), Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part
 An area code in New York.

930s
 930 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 31, pronic number
 931 = 72 × 19; sum of three consecutive primes (307 + 311 + 313); double repdigit, 11130 and 77711; number of regular simple graphs spanning 7 vertices
 932 = 22 × 233, number of regular simple graphs on 7 labeled nodes
 933 = 3 × 311
 934 = 2 × 467, nontotient
 935 = 5 × 11 × 17, sphenic number, Lucas–Carmichael number, Harshad number
 936 = 23 × 32 × 13, pentagonal pyramidal number, Harshad number
 937 = prime number, Chen prime, star number, happy number
 938 = 2 × 7 × 67, sphenic number, nontotient, number of lines through at least 2 points of an 8 × 8 grid of points
 939 = 3 × 313, number of V-toothpicks after 31 rounds of the honeycomb sequence

940s
 940 = 22 × 5 × 47, totient sum for first 55 integers
 941 = prime number, sum of three consecutive primes (311 + 313 + 317), sum of five consecutive primes (179 + 181 + 191 + 193 + 197), Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part
 942 = 2 × 3 × 157, sphenic number, sum of four consecutive primes (229 + 233 + 239 + 241), nontotient, convolved Fibonacci number
 943 = 23 × 41
 944 = 24 × 59, nontotient, Lehmer-Comtet number
 945 = 33 × 5 × 7, double factorial of 9, smallest odd abundant number (divisors less than itself add up to 975); smallest odd primitive abundant number; smallest odd primitive semiperfect number; Leyland number
 946 = 2 × 11 × 43, sphenic number, triangular number, hexagonal number, happy number
 947 = prime number, sum of seven consecutive primes (113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151), balanced prime, Chen prime, lazy caterer number, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part
 948 = 22 × 3 × 79, nontotient, forms a Ruth–Aaron pair with 949 under second definition, number of combinatory separations of normal multisets of weight 6.
 949 = 13 × 73, forms a Ruth–Aaron pair with 948 under second definition

950s
 950 = 2 × 52 × 19, nontotient, generalized pentagonal number
 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Argentina
 951 = 3 × 317, centered pentagonal number
 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Finland
 952 = 23 × 7 × 17, number of reduced words of length 3 in the Weyl group D_17, number of regions in regular tetradecagon with all diagonals drawn.
 952 is also 9-5-2, a card game similar to bridge.
 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Finland
 953 = prime number, Sophie Germain prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, centered heptagonal number
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Croatia
 954 = 2 × 32 × 53, sum of ten consecutive primes (73 + 79 + 83 + 89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113), nontotient, Harshad number, sixth derivative of x^(x^x) at x=1.
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Bulgaria. Also one of the Area Codes in the South Florida Area
 955 = 5 × 191, number of transitive rooted trees with 17 nodes
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Sri Lanka
 956 = 22 × 239, 		number of compositions of 13 into powers of 2.
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Chile
 957 = 3 × 11 × 29, sphenic number, antisigma(45)
 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Taiwan and China
 958 = 2 × 479, nontotient, Smith number
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Colombia
 The millesimal fineness number for Britannia silver
 959 = 7 × 137, composite de Polignac number
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Cuba

960s
 960 = 26 × 3 × 5, sum of six consecutive primes (149 + 151 + 157 + 163 + 167 + 173), Harshad number
 country calling code for Maldives, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Greece
 The number of possible starting positions for the chess variant Chess960
 961 = 312, the largest 3-digit perfect square, sum of three consecutive primes (313 + 317 + 331), sum of five consecutive primes (181 + 191 + 193 + 197 + 199), centered octagonal number
 country calling code for Lebanon, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Slovenia
 962 = 2 × 13 × 37, sphenic number, nontotient
 country calling code for Jordan, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Hong Kong
 963 = 32 × 107, sum of the first twenty-four primes
 country calling code for Syria, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Hungary
 964 = 22 × 241, sum of four consecutive primes (233 + 239 + 241 + 251), nontotient, totient sum for first 56 integers
 country calling code for Iraq, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Iran, happy number
 965 = 5 × 193
 country calling code for Kuwait, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Israel
 966 = 2 × 3 × 7 × 23 = , sum of eight consecutive primes (103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131 + 137 + 139), Harshad number
 country calling code for Saudi Arabia, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Ukraine
 967 = prime number, prime index prime
 country calling code for Yemen, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Malaysia
 968 = 23 × 112, nontotient, Achilles number, area of a square with diagonal 44
 country calling code for Oman, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Mexico
 969 = 3 × 17 × 19, sphenic number, nonagonal number, tetrahedral number
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Pakistan, age of Methuselah according to Old Testament, anti-Muslim movement in Myanmar

970s
 970 = 2 × 5 × 97, sphenic number, heptagonal number
 country calling code for Palestinian territories, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Mexico
 971 = prime number, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part
 country calling code for United Arab Emirates, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in the Philippines
 972 = 22 × 35, Harshad number, Achilles number
 country calling code for Israel, one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Portugal
 The Sum of Anti-Factors of 972 = number * (n/2) where n is an Odd number. So, it is a Hemi-Anti-Perfect Number. Other such Numbers include 2692, etc.
972 has Anti-Factors = 5, 8, 24, 29, 67, 72, 216, 389, 648

Sum of Anti-Factors = 5 + 8 + 24 + 29 + 67 + 72 + 216 + 389 + 648 = 1458 = 972 * 3/2
 973 = 7 × 139, happy number
 country calling code for Bahrain, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Romania,
 974 = 2 × 487, nontotient, 974! - 1 is prime
 country calling code for Qatar, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Thailand
 975 = 3 × 52 × 13
 country calling code for Bhutan, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Turkey
 976 = 24 × 61, decagonal number
 country calling code for Mongolia, ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and the British Virgin Islands
 977 = prime number, sum of nine consecutive primes (89 + 97 + 101 + 103 + 107 + 109 + 113 + 127 + 131), balanced prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Stern prime, strictly non-palindromic number
 country calling code for Nepal
 EAN prefix for ISSNs
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Egypt
 978 = 2 × 3 × 163, sphenic number, nontotient, number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 11 nucleotides
 First EAN prefix for ISBNs
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Nigeria
 979 = 11 × 89, the sum of the five smallest fourth powers:
 Second EAN prefix for ISBNs. Also for ISMNs
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Indonesia

980s
 980 = 22 × 5 × 72, number of ways to tile a hexagon of edge 3 with calissons of side 1.
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Venezuela
 981 = 32 × 109
 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Singapore
 982 = 2 × 491, happy number
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa
 983 = prime number, safe prime, Chen prime, Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part, Wedderburn–Etherington number, strictly non-palindromic number
 One of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Malaysia
 984 = 23 × 3 × 41
 ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Bangladesh
 985 = 5 × 197, sum of three consecutive primes (317 + 331 + 337), Markov number, Pell number, Smith number
 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Belarus
 986 = 2 × 17 × 29, sphenic number, nontotient, strobogrammatic, number of unimodal compositions of 14 where the maximal part appears once
 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Taiwan and China
 987 = 3 × 7 × 47, sphenic number, Fibonacci number, number of partitions of 52 into prime parts
 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Argentina
 988 = 22 × 13 × 19, nontotient. sum of four consecutive primes (239 + 241 + 251 + 257). A cake number.
 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Hong Kong.
 989 = 23 × 43, Extra strong Lucas pseudoprime
 one of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in Portugal

990s
990 = 2 × 32 × 5 × 11, sum of six consecutive primes (151 + 157 + 163 + 167 + 173 + 179), triangular number, Harshad number
best possible VantageScore credit score
991 = prime number, sum of five consecutive primes (191 + 193 + 197 + 199 + 211), sum of seven consecutive primes (127 + 131 + 137 + 139 + 149 + 151 + 157), Chen prime, lucky prime, prime index prime
992 = 25 × 31, pronic number, nontotient; number of eleven-dimensional exotic spheres.
country calling code for Tajikistan
993 = 3 × 331
country calling code for Turkmenistan
994 = 2 × 7 × 71, sphenic number, nontotient, number of binary words of length 13 with all distinct runs.
country calling code for Azerbaijan
995 = 5 × 199
country calling code for Georgia
Singapore fire brigade and emergency ambulance services hotline, Brunei Darussalam fire service emergency number
996 = 22 × 3 × 83
country calling code for Kyrgyzstan
997 = largest three-digit prime number, strictly non-palindromic number. It is also a lucky prime.
998 = 2 × 499, nontotient, number of 7-node graphs with two connected components.
country calling code for Uzbekistan

999 = 33 × 37, Kaprekar number, Harshad number
In some parts of the world, such as the UK and Commonwealth countries, 999 (pronounced as nine, nine, nine) is the emergency telephone number for all emergency services
999 was a London punk band active during the 1970s.

References

Integers

900 (number)


La Ruta Estatal de Nevada 115, y abreviada SR 115 (en inglés: Nevada State Route 115) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nevada. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  hacia el Norte en la Stillwater Avenue en Fallon (Nevada). La carretera tiene una longitud de 7,8 km (4.821 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de Nevada 115 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Nevada por sus siglas en inglés Nevada DOT.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Nevada DOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nevada

Ruta Estatal de Nevada 115


Olaylar

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 11 Mart - Elagabalus, Roma imparatoru (d. 203)
 11 Temmuz - Bardesanes, Geç antik çağ'da yaşamış Süryani filozof ve gnostik (d. 154)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Hierocles, Roma İmparatoru Elagabalus'un gözdesi
 Julia Soaemias, Roma İmparatoru Elagabalus'un annesi ve onun küçüklüğünde Roma İmparatorluğu saltanat vekili (d. 180)

222


Coup de foudre garanti (Love, Guaranteed) est un film américain réalisé par Mark Steven Johnson et sorti en 2020.

Synopsis
À Seattle, Susan, une avocate, décide de défendre Nick, qui attaque une application de rencontre promettant de trouver l'amour mais a échoué malgré 986 rendez-vous.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Coup de foudre garanti
 Titre original : Love, Guaranteed
 Réalisation : Mark Steven Johnson
 Scénario : Elizabeth Hackett et Hilary Galanoy
 Musique : Ryan Shore
 Photographie : José David Montero
 Montage : Kathryn Himoff
 Production : Rachael Leigh Cook, Margret H. Huddleston, Stephanie Slack et Dan Spilo
 Société de production : Off Camera Entertainment
 Pays de production :
 Genre : Comédie romantique
 Durée : 90 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 Monde :  (sur Netflix)

Distribution
 Rachael Leigh Cook  : Susan Whitaker
 Damon Wayans Jr.  : Nick Evans
 Heather Graham  : Tamara Taylor
 Caitlin Howden  : Melanie
 Brendan Taylor  : Gideon
 Sebastian Billingsley-Rodriguez : Oliver
 Sean Amsing  : Roberto
 Lisa Durupt  : Denise
 Alvin Sanders  : Jerome
 Jed Rees  : Bill Jones
 Kandyse McClure  : Arianna
 Colin Foo :
 Quynh Mi : Rita Wu
 Claire Hesselgrave  : Pam

Production

Accueil
Le film a reçu un accueil défavorable de la critique. Il obtient un score moyen de 39 % sur Metacritic.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2020
Comédie romantique américaine
Film réalisé par Mark Steven Johnson
Film distribué par Netflix
Film se déroulant à Seattle
Film sur les sites de rencontre

Coup de foudre garanti


Super Animal Royale é um videogame indie de battle royale desenvolvido pela Pixile Studios e publicado pela Modus Games, com compatibilidade no Microsoft Windows, macOS, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Nintendo Switch e Stadia. Se jogam 64 jogadores por partida (com as possibilidades de jogar no modo singular, em dupla, e em time de quatro pessoas), com personagens animais antropomórficos que usam várias armas, de fogo ou não, com uma perspectiva 2D que foi construído usando o serviço Unity. Os designers do jogo são Michael Silverwood e Chris Clogg; Jake Butineau é o compositor das músicas que compõem o jogo.

Versões
Houve uma primeira versão inicial do jogo, publicado no Steam como acesso antecipado em 12 de Dezembro de 2018, sendo que foi lançada uma versão de demonstração gratuita dele no mês seguinte, Janeiro de 2019. No Xbox One e Xbox Series X/S apareceu uma versão disponível no Xbox Game Pass em 1° de Junho de 2021. O jogo saiu do acesso antecipado no Steam e foi lançado em 26 de Agosto de 2021 no Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 e PlayStation 5.

Jogabilidade
Super Animal Royale é um jogo de tiro em 2D, onde até 64 pessoas jogam competindo até que tenha a última pessoa, dupla ou time em pé. O jogo contém uma variedade de armas, de reais até armas imaginárias. Cada pessoa pode personalizar seus personagens com roupas, chapéus, animais companheiros e armas diversificadas completando missões e objetivos. Os jogadores podem desbloquear mais personagens coletando o DNA de várias espécies de diferentes tipos de animais que você ganha após cada partida. É possível subir de nível para o jogador ter chance de começar a descobrir novos DNAs de animais que ainda não eram possíveis de ganhar.

Ao entrar em um lobby, os jogadores esperam durante cerca de 1 minuto até a partida começar enquanto eles ficam em uma área sem combate. Cada combatente salta de paraquedas de uma grande águia no campo de batalha, que vão coletando armas, coletes, munições, itens e mais objetos para tentar sobreviver. Os jogadores começam com uma katana como primeira arma, podendo achar armas ou munições automáticas e semiautomáticas, como também podem coletar granadas para explodir nos outros combatentes, bananas para fazer o adversário escorregar e bombas de cheiro de gambás para ir tirando a vida do adversário com o tempo. Também poderão ser achadas bolas de hamster para poder rolar e ir mais rápido pelo mapa, ao mesmo tempo podendo atropelar outros combatentes; como também tem uma ave terrestre que os oponentes podem montar e atacar outros jogador com ela. O gás super skunk vai se aproximando cada vez mais do meio do círculo de vida, forçando os jogadores irem se aproximando, pois o gás super skunk vai tirando a vida dos combatentes ao pouco.

Desenvolvimento
O jogo começou a ser desenvolvido em outubro de 2017 pela Pixile Studios. O jogo foi inspirado em jogos semelhantes de tiro, como H1Z1 e PUBG. O designer-chefe Michael Silverwood e o  desenvolvedor-chefe Chris Clogg construíram o jogo no Unity e criaram uma mecânica de linha de visão de esconder os jogadores nas sombras dos objetos, assim, modificando um plug-in Unity existente para ajudar no desempenho. De acordo com Silverwood, ele gostou muito da ideia de personagens coloridos e que parecem bonitos, mas totalmente violentos na batalha.

Referências

Links externos

 Super Animla Royale - site oficial (em inglês)
 Pixile Studios - site oficial (em inglês)

2021 nos jogos eletrônicos
OS X
Jogos para Nintendo Switch
Jogos para PlayStation 4
Jogos para PlayStation 5
Jogos para Stadia
Jogos eletrônicos sobre animais
Jogos para Windows
Jogos para Xbox One
Jogos para Xbox Series X e Series S
Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos no Canadá

Super Animal Royale


Gordon Rugby Football Club es un club de rugby australiano, ubicado de la costa norte de Sídney. El club, que es llamado Highlanders, juega en el estadio del suburbio de Chatswood, el Chatswood Oval y compite en la Unión de Rugby de Nueva Gales del Sur (New South Wales Rugby Union), que también es llamada NSWRU.

Historia
El equipo original fue fundado en 1927 en la costa norte de Sídney. El club fue disuelto en 1930 y al año siguiente, muchos de sus jugadores fueron transferidos a la recién formada Roseville Junior Rugby Union Football Club, cuyo estadio era el Chatswood Oval. En la temporada de 1935, el club ganó el Metropolitan Junior Club Championship y la Copa Kentwell, y en su segundo año, la Copa Bourke.
Tras el éxito del club fue admitido en la Grade Competition y en el mismo año cambió su nombre por el de Gordon District Rugby Union Football Club.
En 1949, el club adoptó una nueva camiseta que incorporó los famosos cuadros escoceses, además de su canción A Gordon For Me, haciendo hincapié en la fuerte influencia escocesa en el club.

Canción
La canción del club, al igual que muchas características del equipo están fuertemente influenciadas con la cultura escocesa. La canción contiene la melodía de la canción popular escocesa del mismo nombre.

A Gordon for Me

I'm Georgie McHugh of the Gordon RUI'm fond of a lassie and drappie or twoOne day when out walking I chanced to seeA bonnie wee lass wi' a glint in her ee.
Says I to the lassie will ye walk for a whileI'll buy ye a bonnet and we'll do it in style,My kilt is the tartan of the Gordon RUShe looked at me shyly and said, Is that true?

Coro

A Gordon for me, a Gordon for meIf you're not a Gordon you're no use to me,The Eastwoods are braw, the Randwicks an a'But the cocky wee Gordon's the pride of them all.
I courted that girl on the Banks of the DeeAnd made up my mind she was fashioned for me,And soon I was thinking how nice it would beIf she would consent to get married to me.
The day we were wed the grass was so green,The sun was as bright as the light in her een,Now we've two bonnie lassies who sit on her kneeWhile she sings the song that she once sang to me.

Coro

A Gordon for me, a Gordon for meIf you're not a Gordon you're no use to me,The Eastwoods are braw, the Randwicks an a'But the cocky wee Gordon's the pride of them all.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página web oficial del Gordon RFC

Equipos de rugby de Australia
Deporte en Sídney

Gordon Rugby


Nossa Senhora da Boa Fé Portekiz'de Évora belediyesine bağlı olan, 33,62 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 376 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Évora

Nossa Senhora da Boa Fé


An Anthurium crassifolium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nicholas Edward Brown. An Anthurium crassifolium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium crassifolium


Stephan Wollo, auch Voillo oder Woilo (* in Lothringen; wirksam ca. 1649–1670 in Deutschland) war ein wandernder französischer Glockengießer des 17. Jahrhunderts, 1658–1668 wohnhaft in Lübeck.

Leben und Werk
Die näheren Lebensdaten von Stephan Wollo sind nicht bekannt. Er wird in der Literatur als Bruder des ebenfalls aus Lothringen stammenden Wandergießers Claudius Voillo angesehen, der zuletzt 1646 bis 1650 im Raum zwischen Weser und Ems tätig war.

Auf den Glocken Wollos findet sich immer wieder der Hinweis auf seine Herkunft als Wandergießer "aus Lothringen". Ab 1658 ist der römisch-katholische Wollo mit Wohnsitz in Lübeck in der Hartengrube im Domviertel nachgewiesen. Die Gießereihäuser lagen in Lübeck seit dem 14. Jahrhundert im Nordwesten der Stadt, so dass es sich bei der Adresse um einen reinen Wohnsitz gehandelt haben wird. Wollo arbeitete von 1649 bis 1667 mit dem ebenfalls aus Lothringen stammenden Wandergießer Nikolaus Gage als Gesellschafter zusammen. Stephan Wollo ist erstmals im Jahr 1648 beim Guss einer Glocke für St. Nicolai in Neuenkirchen, heute Ortsteil von Bahrenfleth, noch an zweiter Stelle nach einem "C. Gage" genannt. C. Gage seinerseits war 1647 mit Claudius Voillo und Gottfried Baulard als dritter Gießer am Guss der Glocke für die evangelisch-reformierte Kirche in Weenermoor beteiligt. Die 82 Zentimeter hohe Glocke in Bahrenfleth ist bereits mit Pelikanen verziert, einem Motiv der Reformation, das in seinen späteren Glockengüssen immer wiederkehrt.

Erster nachgewiesener gemeinsamer Guss einer Glocke von Stephan Wollo mit Nikolaus Gage ist derjenige für die Dorfkirche Schlagsdorf im Hochstift Ratzeburg. Beide gießen in der Folge gemeinsam bis 1667 24 dokumentierte Glocken und eine Fünte. Auf allen gemeinsamen Güssen wird Stephan Wollo an erster Stelle vor Nikolaus Gage genannt.

Neben zahlreichen Glocken in Holstein und Mecklenburg gossen Wollo und Gage auch die bronzene Tauffünte in der Dorfkirche Schlagsdorf. Sie wurde aus im Dreißigjährigen Krieg zerstörten Glocken 1652 nach gotischem Vorbild neu gegossen und gehört damit zu den spätesten Bronzefünten in Nordostdeutschland. Den von den vier Evangelisten getragenen Kessel zieren Halbreliefs der Zwölf Apostel zwischen Schrift- und Schmuckbändern. Gitter und Deckel, die früher dazugehörten, haben sich nicht erhalten. Der Umstand, dass Stephan Wollo und Nicolaus Gage hauptsächlich als Glockengießer arbeiteten, wird zu der im Vergleich zu den Vorbildern schlankeren Form des Beckens geführt haben.

Eine Liste der gemeinsam mit Nikolaus Gage gegossenen Glocken findet sich in dessen Biografie.

Literatur
 Gottlieb Matthias Carl Masch: Geschichte des Bisthums Ratzeburg. F. Aschenfeldt, Lübeck 1835 (books.google.com)
 Richard Haupt: Die Bau und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Schleswig-Holstein
 Band I, Kiel 1887
 Band II, Kiel 1888
 Band III, Kiel 1889
 Herzogtum Lauenburg. Ratzeburg 1890
 Annuaire de la société d'histoire et d'archéologie de la Lorraine. Band 3–4. Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de la Lorraine, Metz 1891.
 Revue historique de la Lorraine. Band 42. Société d'archéologie lorraine et du Musée historique lorrain, Musée historique lorrain, Nancy 1893, S. 166.
 Friedrich Schlie: Die Kunst- und Geschichts-Denkmäler des Grossherzogthums Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
 Band 2: Die Amtsgerichtsbezirke Wismar, Grevesmühlen, Rehna, Gadebusch und Schwerin. Schwerin 1898. (Neudruck: Schwerin 1992, ISBN 3-910179-06-1)
 Band 3: Die Amtsgerichtsbezirke Hagenow, Wittenburg, Boizenburg, Lübtheen, Dömitz, Grabow, Ludwigslust, Neustadt, Crivitz, Brüel, Warin, Neubukow, Kröpelin und Doberan. Schwerin 1896.
 Theodor Hach: Lübecker Glockenkunde. Max Schmidt, Lübeck 1913 (Veröffentlichungen zur Geschichte der Freien und Hansestadt Lübeck 2), S. 236–239
 Georg Krüger (Bearb.): Kunst- und Geschichts-Denkmäler des Freistaats Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Band II: Das Land Ratzeburg. Neubrandenburg 1934; Nachdruck Stock & Stein, Schwerin 1994, ISBN 3-910179-28-2.

 Georg Troescher: Kunst- und Künstlerwanderungen in Mitteleuropa, 800–1800. Band: Französische und niederländische Kunst und Künstler in der Kunst Deutschlands, Österreichs und der deutschsprachigen Schweiz. Verlag für Kunst und Wissenschaft, 1954.
 Werner Neugebauer: Schönes Holstein. 4. Auflage. Verlag Lübecker Nachrichten, Lübeck 1967.
 Hartwig Beseler (Hrsg.): Kunsttopographie Schleswig-Holstein. Neumünster 1974.

Glockengießer
Franzose
Gießer (Lübeck)
Geboren im 17. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 17. Jahrhundert
Mann
Person (Lothringen)

Stephan Wollo


An Elymandra androphila in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Elymandra androphila in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymandra, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elymandra

Elymandra androphila


Ioan Asan al II-lea () a fost un țar al Țaratului Bulgar.

Note

Legături externe

 Borders of Bulgaria during the reign of Ioan Asen II
 Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers

Nașteri în 1195
Decese în 1241
Țari ai Bulgariei
Monarhi ortodocși
Istoria Traciei

Ioan Asan al II-lea


Hovedartikel: Nibe Kommune
Nibe Kommune eksisterede fra 1970 til 2006 og havde i denne periode i alt ni valgte byråd.

Byråd 1970-74

Efter kommunalvalget den 3. marts 1970 så stemmefordelingen sådan ud:

Mandatfordeling

Konstituering
 Egon Rokkedal (ØVR), borgmester
 Thorvald Mathiasen (A), 1. viceborgmester
 Niels Jacobsen (ØVR), 2. viceborgmester
 Olav Jungersen (V), formand for kulturudvalget
 Helmuth Brager (A), formand for socialudvalget
 Anders Sondrup (ØVR), formand for ejendomsudvalget
Ændringer i perioden
 1972: Jacob Poulsen (C) afløses af Willy Christensen (C).

Byråd 1974-77
Efter kommunalvalget den 5. marts 1974 så stemmefordelingen sådan ud:

Mandatfordeling

Konstituering
 Erik Rokkedal (V), borgmester
 Willy Christensen (C), 1. viceborgmester
 Thorvald Mathiasen (A), 2. viceborgmester
 Laurits Kjærsgaard (Z), formand for kulturudvalget
 Anders Sondrup (V), formand for socialudvalget
 Helge Bundgaard Nielsen (V), formand for teknik-.og miljøudvalget
 Marinus Pedersen (V), formand for ejendomsudvalget
Ændringer i perioden

Byråd 2002-06
Efter kommunalvalget den 20. november 2001 genvandt borgmester Jens Østergaard Madsen og sikrede tilmed Venstre absolut flertal i byrådet. Denne periode var den sidste i Nibe Kommunes historie. Byrådsperioden gik fra 1. januar 2002 til 31. december 2006.

Stemmefordeling

Kilde: KMD Valg - Nibe Kommune - 20. november 2001.
Mandatfordeling

Kilde: KMD Valg - Nibe Kommune - 20. november 2001.

Konstituering
 Jens Østergaard Madsen (V), borgmester
 Tina French Nielsen (V), 1. viceborgmester
 Elin Møller (A), 2. viceborgmester, formand for teknik- og miljøudvalget
 Jack Jensen (V), formand for kulturudvalget
 Børge Hansen (V), formand for socialudvalget
Kilde:
Ændringer i perioden
 2005: Morten Poulsen (V) afløser Børge Hansen (V) som formand for socialudvalget.
 18. januar 2006: Mogens Ove Madsen (F) afløses af Anne Mette von Barnekow (løsgænger, tidl. F).

Referencer

Litteratur

Byråd

Nibe Byråd


Jeg som vi er en film instrueret af Helle Pagter Kristensen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2007

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Jeg som vi


Le coup d'État de 1931 au Salvador a lieu le 2 décembre 1931. Le coup d'État renverse le président Arturo Araujo et conduit à la création du Directoire civique du Salvador, qui marque le début de l'autoritarisme militaire au Salvador.

Renversement du pouvoir et junte militaire
Les forces armées salvadoriennes renversent le gouvernement du président démocratiquement élu, Arturo Araujo, candidat du Parti travailliste. Au cours de son administration, le Salvador est confronté à des tensions politiques et à des troubles publics. Les réformes fiscales ont également échoué en raison de la résistance de la classe aisée.

La goutte d'eau occasionnant le coup d'État est une tentative de réduction du budget militaire qui rencontre une forte résistance de la part des officiers militaires. Le gouvernement étant incapable de payer les salaires des officiers militaires, l'armée organise le coup d'État pour renverser l'administration d'Arturo Araujo à 22 heures le 2 décembre 1931.

Les officiers militaires établissent le Directoire Civique en tant que gouvernement provisoire dont les membres sont : le colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, le colonel Juan Vicente Vidal, le colonel Joaquín Valdés, le capitaine Manuel Urbina, le capitaine Visitación Antonio Pacheco, le lieutenant Joaquín Castro Canizales, le lieutenant Carlos Rodríguez, le sous-lieutenant Julio Cañas, le sous-lieutenant José Alonso Huezo, le sous-lieutenant Miguel Hernández Saldaña, le sous-lieutenant Héctor Montalvo et le sous-lieutenant  Juan Ramón Munés.

Héritage
Le Directoire est dissous le 4 décembre et Maximiliano Hernández Martínez assume la présidence en tant que « Président par intérim ». Il deviendra plus tard officiellement président le  mars 1935.

Le coup d'État conduit au massacre de paysans salvadoriens qui suit en 1932, où Feliciano Ama et Farabundo Martí mènent des paysans salvadoriens pauvres dans une rébellion communiste contre le gouvernement de Martínez, faisant 25 000 morts.

Les États-Unis n'ont pas reconnu la légitimité de l'accession au pouvoir ou au gouvernement de Hernández Martínez en raison du traité de paix et d'amitié d'Amérique centrale de 1923 et n'ont reconnu son gouvernement qu'après que son gouvernement ait réprimé le soulèvement communiste au début de 1932.

Notes et références

Dictature militaire
Histoire du Salvador
Salvador 1931
Décembre 1931
1931 au Salvador

Coup d'État de 1931 au Salvador