Muhamed Bešić (født 10. september 1992 i Berlin, Tyskland) er en Bosnisk fodboldspiller, der spiller som central midtbanespiller for Premier League-klubben Everton F.C..

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Bosnien-Hercegovina
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2014
Personer fra Berlin

Muhamed Bešić


Scepter Records, oft auch kurz Scepter, ist ein US-amerikanisches Plattenlabel. Es wurde 1959 von Florence Greenberg in New York City gegründet.

Geschichte
Greenberg gründete Scepter Records mit einem Startkapital von 4000 Dollar, das sie aus dem Verkauf ihres Plattenlabels Tiara Records an Decca Records erlöste. Zuvor hatte Tiara Records den ersten kleineren Hit der Soulband The Shirelles veröffentlicht. Nachdem die Shirelles bei Decca Records diesen Erfolg nicht mehr wiederholen konnten, kündigte ihnen Decca Records. Greenberg, die noch immer Managerin der Shirelles war, wollte nun die Lieder der Shirelles selbst vermarkten und gründete hierzu Scepter Records.

1962 wurde die Tochtergesellschaft Wand Records gegründet. In den 1960er-Jahren erschienen meist Soul-Titel u. a. von The Isley Brothers, Dionne Warwick und B. J. Thomas auf Scepter, aber auch einige Blues-, Rock- und Jazz-Aufnahmen etwa von Big Bill Broonzy und Thelonious Monk oder eine Version von Venus in Furs.

Scepter Records entwickelte sich zu einem Unternehmen mit 75 Angestellten, mehreren Gospel- und Klassikabteilungen, eigenen Plattenverlagen und Aufnahmestudios. 1976 wurde Scepter Records kurz vor der Insolvenz mit erheblichem Verlust an Springboard International verkauft.

Einzelnachweise

Musiklabel (New York City)
Soul-Label
Independent-Label

Scepter Records


ماركو روسي  لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى جنوى الإيطالي منذ 2004 في مركز الوسط المحوري .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من محافظة لكة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو جنوى
لاعبو ساليرنيتانا
لاعبو فيورنتينا
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم من توسكانا
لاعبو كومو
لاعبو لوتشيزي
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
مواليد 1978

ماركو روسي (مواليد 1978)


جلولي فارس (6 مارس 1909 - 26 أكتوبر 2001)، هو سياسي تولى رئاسة البرلمان التونسي بين 1956 و1964. ولد في الحامة بالجنوب التونسي وتحصل على إجازة في الآداب والحضارة العربية من جامعة باريس بعد أن إنقطع لفترة عن الدراسة ليشتغل كقيّم في المدرسة الصادقية. ترأس في باريس شعبة الحزب الحر الدستوري الجديد الذي إنضم إلى ديوانه السياسي في الخمسينات. عين عام 1955 كوزير للتربية في حكومة الطاهر بن عمار الثانية. وبعد الاستقلال أنتخب كنائب عن دائرة قابس وجربة في المجلس القومي التأسيسي الذي تولى رئاسته في 14 أفريل 1956 خلفا للحبيب بورقيبة الذي اضطلع برئاسة الحكومة. تولى جلولي فارس بصفته رئيس المجلس إعلان نص النظام الجمهورية وتولى الإشراف على سن الدستور الجديد. أنتخب عام 1959 كرئيس لمجلس الأمة الذي أحدث مكان المجلس التأسيسي وبقي في منصبه إلى عام 1964 تاريخ تعويضه بالدكتور الصادق المقدم. أعيد انتخابه كنائب عام 1974 لكنه خسر مكانه في اللجنة المركزية للحزب الاشتراكي الدستوري في المؤتمر الذي أقيم في نفس العام. لم يلعب أي دور سياسي يذكر في نهاية العهد البورقيبي وبعد حركة 7 نوفمبر 1987 كلفه الرئيس زين العابدين بن علي برئاسة المجلس الاستشاري للمقاومين التي حافظ عليها حتى وفاته عام 2001. سميت باسمه عدد من الأماكن من أهمها نهج في منطقة حي النصر بالعاصمة.

مراجع

أعضاء المجلس القومي التأسيسي التونسي
سياسيو الحزب الحر الدستوري الجديد
مواليد 1327 هـ
مواليد 1909
مواليد في الحامة (قابس)
وزراء تربية تونسيون
وزراء تونسيون
وفيات 1422 هـ
وفيات 2001
وفيات في الحامة (قابس)

الجلولي فارس


مقبس 3  وهو مقبس لوحدات المعالجة المركزية بنظام إكس 86 من شركة إنتل.  وهي تطوير لمقبس 2 وصممت للوحدات بجهد كهربائي منخفض. أعادت شركة إنتل ترتيب الإبر لتمكن وحدات المعالجة المركزية بجهد كهربائي 3.3 فوات أن تستخدمه, مثل وحدات إي أم 5x86 من شركة إي أم دي و سي إكس 5x86 من شركة سيريكس (Cyrix). وبتغير الوصلة الداخلية (Jumper) يمكن تغير استخدام هذا المقبس لوحدات بجهد 3.3 فولت إلى وحدات بجهد 5 فولت.

مقابس وحدة المعالجة المركزية

مقبس 3


Josef Otto (* 28. September 1880 in Dieburg; † 21. Januar 1961) war ein deutscher Schwerathlet. Er holte in den Jahren 1896 bis 1926 als Allroundsportler in den Disziplinen Ringen, Stemmen, Diskuswurf, Hammerwurf, Kugelstoßen und Steinstoßen ca. 300 Ehrenpreise, darunter vier Weltmeisterschaften, 30 deutsche und 58 andere Meisterschaften.

Biographie

Josef Otto war der Sohn von Joseph Otto und Anna Maria Otto. Er hatte einen Bruder, Edmund Otto. Mit seiner Frau Regina, geb. Windschmitt, hatte er 4 Kinder, Edmund, Ferdinand, Berta Augusta und Maria Elisabeth.

1896 kam Josef Otto im Alter von 16 Jahren nach Darmstadt. Dort erlernte er das Handwerk des Zimmermanns. Nachfolgend arbeitete er bis 1904 als Polier in Georg Schleidts (1878–1942) Zimmerei. Dieser war damals in der Schwerathletik erfolgreich und begeisterte Joseph Otto für den Kraftsport. Im von Schleidt 1894 gegründeten Athleten-Verein-Darmstadt waren unter anderem sein Bruder Edmund sowie Hermann Gross und Ludwig Eiberger aktiv.

Josef Otto war danach von 1904 bis 1918 als Bühnenmeister beim Darmstädter Landestheater tätig. 1922 übernahm er die Gaststätte Zum Landsberg am Ballonplatz/ Ecke Alexander- und Magdalenenstrasse in Darmstadt. Dort ließ er im Jahr 1926 eine Benzinpumpe vor das Gasthaus setzen, um vom aufkommenden Automobilverkehr zu profitieren. Die mehrfach vergrößerte Anlage fiel dem Bombardement im Zweiten Weltkrieg zum Opfer. Nach dem Wiederaufbau betrieb er die Tankstelle weiter, bis er sie 1956 an seinen Sohn Edmund und seinen Enkel Josef Schlegel übergab.

Sportlicher Werdegang und Erfolge
Um die Jahrhundertwende tat sich Josef Otto mit dem Studenten Speitel aus Pforzheim zusammen und trainierte in den Mittagspausen auf dem Exerzierplatz in Darmstadt mit der großen Eisenkugel (ohne Bleifüllung) und mit dem schweren Eisendiskus.

Bei einem internationalen Sportfest im Frankfurter Palmengarten nahm er erstmals am Diskuswettbewerb teil – damals wurde noch aus einem 2,50 m großen "quadratischen Ring" ohne Drehung geworfen – und belegte hinter zwei Tschechen den dritten Platz.

Otto startete zuerst für den Athletik-Sport-Verein 1895 Darmstadt, später für den Darmstädter SC. Seine ersten Meisterschaften erzielte er 1898 im Ringen und 1899 in Duisburg und München auch im Steinstoßen und Stemmen. In Straßburg erhielt er nach einem dreimaligen Sieg im Diskuswurf, als erster Deutscher warf er über 40 Meter (41,70 m), den sehr begehrten Wanderpreis des damaligen kaiserlichen Statthalters von Elsaß-Lothringen Karl von Wedel.

1906, er hatte schon seine Wettbewerbe abgeschlossen, meldete ihn sein Betreuer zum Hammerwerfen nach. Er kannte das Gerät nicht und wollte dies einmal ausprobieren. Auf Anhieb warf er deutschen Rekord mit über 40 Meter.

1912 konnte er wegen Krankheit nicht an den Deutschen Meisterschaften teilnehmen, sein Bruder Edmund Otto wurde in diesem Jahr Deutscher Meister im Gewichtwerfen.

Ein 1913 in Breslau aufgestellter Weltrekord im Gewichtwerfen –19,70, mit einem 25-Pfund-Gewicht – wurde erst nach 1960 eingestellt.

1926 wurde er noch einmal Deutscher Meister im Stemmen bei den Deutschen Schwerathletik-Meisterschaften in Frankfurt am Main.

Platzierungen

Quellen

Kraftsportler (Deutschland)
Ringer (Deutschland)
Kugelstoßer (Deutschland)
Sportler (Darmstadt)
Deutscher
Geboren 1880
Gestorben 1961
Mann

Josef Otto


Grana may refer to:

Places

Croatia
 Grana, Varaždin County, a village in Varaždin County, Croatia

Germany
 Grana, Germany, a municipality in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

Italy
 Grana, Piedmont, a commune in the Province of Asti
 Grana del Monferrato a river which rises in the Province of Asti

Spain
 Grana, Galicia, a municipality also known as San Bernabé

People
 Ariel Damian Grana (born 1976), Argentinian footballer, also known as Ariel Grana
 César Graña (1919–1986), American sociologist and anthropologist of Peruvian origin
 Hernán Grana (born 1985), Argentine football defender
 Lorena Johana Graña Fernández (born 1997), Uruguayan footballer
 Octavio De La Grana (born 1961), Cuban-American basketball coach
 Pablo Graña (born 1999), Spanish sprint canoeist
 Rosa Graña Garland (1909–2003), Peruvian fashion designer and costumer also known as Mocha Graña
 Saverio (Sam) Grana, Canadian television and film producer and screenwriter

Other uses
 The plural of grano, one 120th of a piastra
 Grana (fashion company), based in Hong Kong
 Grana (singular: granum), thylakoid stacks in chloroplasts
 Grana (cheese), a class of hard cheeses such as Parmigiano-Reggiano and Grana Padano
 Grana (journal), a scientific journal for palynology and aerobiology, published in Stockholm

Grana


Sydney International er en professionel tennisturnering for både mænd og kvinder, som hvert år i januar afvikles i Sydney, New South Wales, Australien. Turneringen kan føre sin rødder tilbage til 1885 og er dermed en af verdens ældste tennisturneringer, der forsat afvikles. Den er siden 2000 blevet afviklet på hardcourt-baner i Sydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre, der blev opført til de olympiske lege i Sydney i 2000, i Sydney-forstaden Homebush, hvor den største arena, "Ken Rosewall Arena", har en kapacitet på 10.000 tilskuere. Siden 2008 har hardcourt-banerne været af typen Plexicushion.

Sydney International er (pr. 2018) kategoriseret som en ATP World Tour 250-turnering på mændenes ATP World Tour og som en WTA Premier-turnering på kvindernes WTA Tour, og den afvikles pt. i ugen inden Australian Open og er derfor en vigtig forberedelsesturnering for mange spillere op til årets første grand slam-turnering.

Historie

Turneringen blev første gang afholdt i 1885 under navnet New South Wales Championships og afviklet i Association Ground i Moore Park, der var en del af Sydney Cricket Ground, hvor den fungerede som mesterskabet for kolonien New South Wales. I 1908 blev ansvaret for turneringen overtaget af New South Wales Tennis Association, som flyttede spillestedet til Double Bay. Fra 1922 til 1999 blev den spillet i White City-komplekset.

I 2000 blev turneringen flyttet til det nyopførte Sydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre, der blev bygget til de Olympiske Lege i 2000, hvor den siden da har haft hjemme.

Navne

Turneringen blev fra starten i 1885 spillet under navnet New South Wales Championships, men siden begyndelsen af den åbne æra i 1969 har turneringen båret navnet New South Wales Open med forskellige tilføjelser som følge af sponsorater. Siden 1995 har navnet været Sydney International, ofte med et tilknyttet sponsornavn.
 New South Wales Chanpionships (1885-1967)
 New South Wales Open (1969-94)
 Marlboro New South Wales Open (?-1977)
 New South Wales Building Society Open (?-1984)
 Family Circle NSW Open (1985-87)
 Holden NSW Open (1990-91)
 Peters NSW Open (1994)
 Sydney International (siden 1995)
 Peters International (1995-96)
 Adidas International (2000-04)
 Medibank International (2005-09)
 Medibank International Sydney (2010-11)
 Apia International Sydney (2012-17)

Vindere og finalister

Herresingle

Damesingle

Herredouble

Damedouble

Kilder / eksterne henvisninger
 Sydney International
 Sydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre

Referencer

Etableret i 1885

Sydney International


Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, (abrevido J. Wash. Acad. Sci.), es una revista ilustrada con descripciones botánicas editada por la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Estados Unidos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas de Estados Unidos
Revistas científicas en inglés
Publicaciones fundadas en 1911


Vražale je naseljeno mjesto u sastavu općine Zenica, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo
Prema popisu 1991. ovdje su živjeli:

 Muslimani - 253 (55,36%)
 Hrvati - 190 (41,58%)
 Jugoslaveni - 14 (3,06%)

Izvor

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Zenica

Vražale


Torai Kamata (født 26. maj 1999) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Blaublitz Akita.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Torai Kamata


est un film américain réalisé par George Fitzmaurice et sorti en 1927.

Synopsis
Des patriotes californiens s'organisent pour lutter contre un général, dictateur local, dont la fille Elena se trouve dans un couvent.

Fiche technique
 Titre alternatif :
 Réalisation : George Fitzmaurice
 Scénario : Bess Meredyth, Philip Bartolomae d'après l'histoire Rose of the Golden West de Minna Caroline Smith
 Producteur : Richard A. Rowland
 Costumes : Max Rée
 Photographie : Lee Garmes
 Distributeur : First National Pictures
 Durée : 7 bobines
 Date de sortie :

Distribution
Mary Astor : Elena Vallero
Gilbert Roland : Juan
Gustav von Seyffertitz : Gomez
Montagu Love : General Vallero
Flora Finch : Senora Comba
Harvey Clark : Thomas Larkin
Roel Muriel : la mère supérieure
André Cheron : le prince russe
Romaine Fielding : Secretaire
Thur Fairfax : Orderly
William Conklin : Commander Sloat
Christina Montt : Senorita Gonzalez
Cullen Tate

Production
Certaines scènes du film ont été tournées dans la réserve d'État de Point Lobos, Comté de Monterey en Californie.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1927
Film dramatique américain
Film romantique américain
Film américain en noir et blanc
Film muet américain
Film se déroulant en Californie

Rose of the Golden West


Elektrostatička indukcija je pojava kad neko tijelo postane električno u blizini drugog električnog tijela.

Objašnjenje
Približimo li električni vodič A vodiču koji nije električan, a sastavljen je od dva dijela B1 i B2 na kojima vise malene bazgove kuglice, vidjet ćemo da će se kuglice otkloniti (sl. a). Znači, tijelo je postalo električno. Uklonimo li vodič A, kuglice će se opet sklopiti. Približimo li ponovo tijelo A vodiču B1 B2 i odmaknemo li tijelo B1 od B2, vidjet ćemo da će kuglice ostati otklonjene (sl. b). Ovu pojavu tumačimo na ovaj način.

Svaki vodič koji nije električan ima izvjesnu količinu pozitivnog i negativnog elektriciteta. U električnom polju nastane odijeljivanje elektriciteta na vodiču. Zbog gibanja elektrona javlja se na bližoj strani električnog tijela suprotan elektricitet, a na daljoj strani istoimeni elektricitet. Influencijom vodič može postati električan ako ga spojimo sa zemljom dok se još nalazi u električnom polju, pa tu vezu sa zemljom prekinemo prije nego što ga uklonimo iz električnog polja. Vodič ima onda protivan električni naboj od tijela koje ga je proizvelo.

Izvori

Fizika

Elektrostatska indukcija


Karabaş patka (Aythya marila), Anatidae familyasından küçük bir dalıcı ördek türü.

Özellikleri

Uzunluğu 42–51 cm.'dir. Erkek ve dişinin görünümü birbirinden farklıdır. Bu ördek türü, tepeli patka ile karıştırabilinir.

Erkek karabaş patka koyu yeşilimsi, yuvarlak bir başa sahiptir. Erkeğin göğsü, kuyruk alt ve üst tüyleri ile kanat üst-örtü tüyleri siyah renktedir. Vücut yan tüyleri beyaz ve gaga mavimsidir. Sırtı, tepeli patkadan farklı olarak gridir (tepeli patkada siyahtır). Üst kanat uçma tüyleri ile kanat altı beyazdır.

Dişi, tepeli patkaya benzemesine rağmen, ondan gaga dibindeki beyazlık ve karın yanlarının daha açık olması ve tepesinin olmaması ile ayırt edilebilinir. Üst kanat uçma tüyleri, kanataltı ile karın beyazdır. Dişi ve erkeğin gözü sarı ve gagaları mavimsidir.

Üreme ve beslenme

Tek eşlidir. Yuvalarını yerde veya yüzer sazların üzerinde yaparlar. Yuvayı, bitkiler ve tüylerle döşemekte olup bu yuvaya yaklaşık 8-11 yumurta bırakırlar. Kuluçka süresi 26-28 gündür. Yavruların uçma süresi 40-45 gündür. Besinlerini, başlıca bitkiler ve omurgasız hayvanlar oluşturmaktadır.

Dağılımları

Kış konuğudur. Türkiye'de Karadeniz ve Marmara Denizi'nin kıyılarında görülmektedir. Kuzey Amerika, Avrupa ve Asya'da gözlenmekte ve üremektedir.

Dış bağlantılar

Aythya
Türkiye'deki kuşlar
Holarktik biyocoğrafik bölgesi göçmen kuşları
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Karabaş patka


Ruslands Olympiske Komité deltager under Sommer-OL 2020 i Tokyo som bliver afviklet i perioden 23. juli til 8. august 2021.

Russiske atleter kan deltage under flaget for Russian Olympic Committee, ROC.

Medaljer

Medaljevinderne

Referencer

Lande ved sommer-OL 2020
2020

Ruslands Olympiske Komité ved sommer-OL 2020


An Poa bonariensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Poa bonariensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Poa

Poa bonariensis


الأعضاء الحاليون
جميع معلومات الجدول تستند إلى بيانات أوردتها قائمة الأعضاء السكرتاريين لدول الكومنولث، وإن جميع الإحصاءات السكانية هي مبنية على توقعات عام 2007، ما لم يذكر خلاف ذلك.

ملاحظة: يمكن للجدول أن يرتب أبجديًا أو زمنيًا باستخدام

A. الإحصاءات السكانية تستند إلى توقعات عام 2004.
B. الإحصاءات السكانية تستند إلى توقعات عام 2005.

أعضاء موقوفون

أعضاء سابقون

الهدف من رابطة الكومنولث
نجد بأن الدول التي تنضم لقائمة دول الكومنولث لا تشترط بمساحة الدولة أو بنظام الحكم أو بالإقتصاد، حيث بنجد بأن هذه القائمة تضم العديد من الدول الفقيرة والتي لها مساحة صغيرة. وعلي الجانب الآخر نجد بأن هناك دول غنية وإقتصادها قوي توجد في القائمة وايضا دول لها مساحات كبيرة. يصف اعلان سنغافورة سنة 1971م الكومنولث علي إنه الترابط التطوعي بين الدول المستقلة. يتم التشاور ومناقشة العديد من المشاكل التي تعاني منها البلاد والبحث عن إيجاد حلول لها بكافة السُبل الممكنة. تسعي الدول في الرابطة إلي تحقيق التنمية الإجتماعية والإقتصادية الممكنة وإحترام القوانين وتحقيق العدالة والديمقراطية بين الشعوب.

مراجع
عامة
 الكومنولث

متخصصة

وصلات خارجية
 المسار التاريخي للكومنولث

بلدان حسب المنظمات الدولية
تاريخ دول الكومنولث
قوائم متعلقة بالسياسة
قوائم متعلقة بدول الكومنولث

قائمة أعضاء دول الكومنولث


Paraíso es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. La ciudad tiene una población de 5.898 habitantes (IBGE/2010) y área de 155,8 km². Paraíso pertenece a la Microrregión de Catanduva.

Geografía
Se localiza a una latitud 21º00'59" sur y a una longitud 48º46'25" oeste, estando a una altitud de 598 metros.

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2010

Población total: 5.898
 Urbana: 5.188
 Rural: 710
 Hombres: 3.012
 Mujeres: 2.886

Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 37,85

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 7,92

Expectativa de vida (años): 76,18

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,49

Tasa de alfabetización: 87,34%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,793
 IDH-M Salario: 0,691
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,853
 IDH-M Educación: 0,834

(Fuente: IPEADATA)

Hidrografía
 Río de la Onça

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura
 Paraíso en el WikiMapia

Localidades de São Paulo

Paraíso (São Paulo)


Douglas da Silva (n. el 7 de marzo de 1984 en Florianópolis, Brasil) es un futbolista brasileño que juega como defensor central para el Vasco da Gama.

Trayectoria

Empezó en 2001 en las divisiones de base del Avaí FC y sube al elenco profesional del mismo club en 2003, pasó el mismo año al Atlético Paranaense. Desde 2004 jugó fútbol actuando por el Hapoel Kfar Saba israelí hasta el 2008, donde pasó al Hapoel Tel Aviv. En ese club ganó 2 trofeos nacionales, en su última temporada por el equipo Israelí, Douglas fue homenajeado por el club por sus destacadas actuaciones y fue considerado el mejor jugador del país. El 19 de noviembre de 2010 es anunciado como refuerzo del Red Bull Salzburg de la Bundesliga austríaca por cinco años a partir de la temporada 2011. El club austríaco ya conocía su fútbol pues se enfrentaron el 18 de agosto de 2010 ante el anterior club de Douglas, el Hapoel Tel Aviv por la fase clasificatoria de la Champions League, la cual gana el equipo israelí por 2-3 de visita. El 5 de enero de 2011, Douglas da Silva fue chantajeado por un excompañero de equipo. El caso exigió atención de la policía israelí. Debido a eso, su transferencia para el Red Bull Salzburg fue aplazada hasta 11 de enero de 2011. En el comienzo enero de 2013 es enviado a préstamo al Figueirense, al final de temporada no continuó en el Figueirense, después de que la directiva del Red Bull Salzburg quiso que el club brasileño pagase la mayor parte de su salario, él jugador volvió al club austríaco para resolver su futuro. El día 19 de febrero de 2014, a petición del técnico Adílson Batista, con quien trabajó en el Figueirense, fue contratado a préstamo por el Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama. Después de ser titular en la campaña de la Serie B del equipo, rescindió su contrato con el Red Bull Salzburg y renovó con el Gigante de la Colina por 2 temporadas más.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Futbolistas del Avaí Futebol Clube

Futbolistas del Club Athletico Paranaense
Futbolistas del Red Bull Salzburg
Futbolistas del Hapoel Kfar Saba
Futbolistas del Hapoel Tel Aviv
Futbolistas del Figueirense Futebol Clube
Futbolistas del Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama

Douglas da Silva


Alexander Beyer (* 25. Februar 1813 in Posen; † 22. Februar 1878 in Potsdam) war ein preußischer Kommunalpolitiker, 5. Oberbürgermeister von Potsdam und Mitglied des preußischen Herrenhauses.

Leben
Alexander Beyer war Sohn eines preußischen Beamten (Königlicher Geheimer Regierungsrat) und der jüngere Bruder des Generals Gustav Friedrich von Beyer. Seine Schulbildung erhielt er am Königlichen Gymnasium in Posen und durch Privatunterricht. Nach dem Schulabschluss studierte er Jura an der Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität Berlin. Das Studium schloss er 1834 ab. Anschließend trat Beyer in den Staatsdienst ein und bekleidete Funktionen als Regierungsrat in Magdeburg, Düsseldorf, Berlin und Sigmaringen.

Im Jahr 1851 wählte ihn der Potsdamer Stadtrat zum Ersten Bürgermeister der Stadt; am 23. September wurde er vereidigt. Damit war er der fünfte Bürgermeister der Stadt Potsdam. Er löste den bisherigen Bürgermeister B. Gobbin ab. Ein Jahr später erfolgte seine Ernennung zum Oberbürgermeister durch den preußischen König Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Von Ende Februar 1852 bis zum 31. Juli 1854 ließ sich Beyer beurlauben. In dieser Zett wurde er als Fürstlich-Waldeckischer Hofrat berufen,  um eine neue Verfassungsurkunde für das Fürstentum Waldeck auszuarbeiten.

Er kehrte 1854 auf seine Position zurück und erhielt zusätzlich vom König die Ernennung zum Mitglied des preußischen Herrenhaus als Vertreter der Stadt Potsdam auf Lebenszeit. 1863 und 1875 verlängerte der Stadtrat Beyers Amtszeit um jeweils weitere zwölf Jahre.

In Beyers Amtszeit fiel das Wachstum der Stadt in der Phase der Industrialisierung. Da der preußische König seine zweite Residenz in Potsdam hatte, hatte der Hof ein Interesse, den vornehmen Charakter der Stadt als Residenz-, Beamten- und Garnisonsstadt nicht anzutasten. Dies hatte Beyer mit einer Fortentwicklung der Infrastruktur und der Wirtschaftskraft für eine deutlich wachsende Bevölkerung auszubalancieren.

Unter Beyers Ägide erhielt Potsdam seit 1856 eine Gasanstalt und die gasgefeuerte Straßenbeleuchtung, zentrale Wasserversorgung und Kanalisation und die ersten Observatorien auf dem Telegrafenberg 1875/1876 im Süden der Stadt. Hinzu kamen im sozialen Bereich das 1865 gegründete Wilhelmsstift, das Friedrichsstift sowie das katholische Rettungs- und Waisenhaus (beides 1868 gegründet) und das 1872 erbaute St. Josephs-Krankenhaus. Auch die Anlage des Neuen Friedhofes um 1861 geht auf seine Initiative zurück.

Die Stadt Potsdam wuchs von 1861 von etwa 34.000 Einwohnern auf 40.000 Einwohner im Jahr 1881. Neue Bebauung entstand in der Berliner Vorstadt und in der Brandenburger Vorstadt. Das Stadtgebiet wuchs durch Eingemeindung von einigen Gutsbezirken.

Beyer starb am 22. Februar 1878, drei Tage vor seinem 65. Geburtstag im 27. Jahr seiner Amtszeit als Oberbürgermeister. Er ist auf dem Alten Friedhof in Potsdam beigesetzt. Der Grabobelisk ist bis heute erhalten.

Ehrungen
Beyer erhielt den
 Roten-Adler-Orden III. Klasse mit Schleife
 Verdienstkreuz I. Klasse
Die Beyerstraße in Potsdam wurde 1879 nach ihm benannt.

Literatur
 Karlheinz Deisenroth, Der Alte Friedhof zu Potsdam, Rombach Verlag Freiburg i. B. 2013, S. 108ff.
 Kristina Hübener: Stadtentwicklung und Verwaltungspolitik – Potsdams Oberbürgermeister als Gestalter einer kommunaler Leistungsverwaltung zwischen 1850 und 1918/24; KWI Schriften 5 – Die Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Potsdam im Wandel der Zeit S. 75–96; Potsdam 2010 online (pdf; 187 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Landrat (Landkreis Krefeld)
Bürgermeister (Potsdam)
Mitglied des Preußischen Herrenhauses
Träger des Roten Adlerordens 3. Klasse
Preuße
Deutscher
Geboren 1813
Gestorben 1878
Mann

Alexander Beyer (Politiker)


අප රටට බ්‍රසීලියානු ජු-ජිට්සු නැමැති සටන් ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදීමේ ගෞරවය හිමිවන්නේ මෙම මොහුට වේ.

සිෆු මාතෝස්


Hedvig Wiedemann Høst (1887-1973) var en dansk maler og hustru til den berømte bornholmske maler Oluf Høst.

Malere fra Danmark

Hedvig Wiedemann Høst


Fahrünnisa Zeyd (7 Ocak 1901, İstanbul - 5 Eylül 1991, Amman) Türk ressam.

Kabaağaçlızade Mehmed Şakir Paşa'nın kızı, II. Abdülhamit devri sadrazamlarından Cevat Paşa'nın yeğeni ve Halikarnas Balıkçısı'nın kızkardeşi olan Fahrünnisa Zeyd, soyadını Kral I. Faysal'ın kardeşi ve dönemin Irak büyükelçisi olan Emir Zeyd'le evlendikten sonra aldı. Modern üslupta önemli bir ressam olarak tanındığı Fransa'da adını "Fahrelnisa" imlasıyla kullandı.

"Halikarnas Balıkçısı" adıyla tanınan yazar Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı'nın ve gravür sanatçısı Aliye Berger'in kardeşi; seramik sanatçısı Füreya Koral'ın teyzesi; ressam Nejat Devrim'in, tiyatrocu Şirin Devrim'in annesidir.

Dünya çapında bilinen ressam, özellikle geniş ebatta çalıştığı soyut resimleri ve çok renkli kompleks desenleri ile tanınmaktadır. Devasa boylarda tabloları izleyicinin ilgisi üzerinde hakimiyet talep eden bir etkiye sahiptir. Eserleri uluslararası üne sahip pek çok kurumda sergilenmiştir. 2017 yılında Tate Modern Sanat Müzesi Zeid'i "20. Yüzyıl'ın en önemli kadın sanatçılarından biri" olarak tanımladığı bir retrospektif ile anmıştır.

Yaşamı
1901'de İstanbul'da, ailesinin Büyükada'daki köşkünde dünyaya geldi. Babası devlet adamı, asker ve tarihçi Kabaağaçlızade Mehmed Şakir Paşa; annesi Giritli Sare Hanım'dır. "Şakir Paşa ailesi" olarak anılan ve pek çok sanatçı yetiştirmiş olan bu ailenin ortancı kızıdır (Kardeşler sırasıyla: Cevat Şakir, Hakkiye, Ayşe Suad, Fahrelnisa ve Aliye).

14 yaşında resme başlayan sanatçı işgal yıllarında Sanay-i Nefise'nin ilk kadın öğrencileri arasında yer aldı.

İlk evliliğini, Sanay-i Nefise'ye başladığı 1920 yılında, yazar İzzet Melih Devrim ile yaptı. Eşi ile beraber Avrupa kentlerine seyahat etme, yazar ve entelektüellerle tanışma fırsatı buldu. Bu evlilikten Nejat ve Şirin adında iki çocuğu dünyaya geldi. Resim öğrenimini Paris'te Ranson Akademisi Stalbach Atölyesinde ve Türkiye'de Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi Namık İsmail atölyesinde sürdürdü.

İkinci evliliğini 1934 yılında, Irak'ın Ankara temsilcisi ve Irak Kralı I. Faysal'ın kardeşi olan Emir Zeyd ile yaptı; bu evlilikten "Raad" adında bir oğlu dünyaya geldi. Diplomat olan eşinin görevi nedeniyle Türkiye'den ayrılan sanatçı, resim kariyerini Avrupa'nın çeşitli kentlerinde sürdürdü. İlk kişisel sergisini 1944 yılında İstanbul'da kendi evinde açtı. Bu ilk sergiyi Paris, Londra, New York, Brüksel gibi kentlerde açtığı onlarca sergi izledi.

1970 yılında eşinin ölümünden sonra 1976'da, oğlu Raad'ın yaşadığı Amman'a yerleşti. Bu kentte kendi adıyla anılan bir sanat enstitüsü kurdu. Son döneminde portreler üzerinde yoğunlaştı. Eserlerini son olarak 1988'de İstanbul'da, 1990'da Fransa ve Almanya'da sergiledi.

5 Eylül 1991'de hayatını kaybetti. Amman'da El Rağdan Sarayı Kraliyet Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Başlıca yapıtları
 Towards a Storm
 Amman Türk Sefiresinin Portresi
 Soyut Kompozisyon
 Cehennemim, (1950, İstanbul Modern)
 Aliye Berger'in Portresi
 Mevleviler
 Kerbela
 Yılanlı Kadın

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Gökkuşağında iki kuşak: Fahr el Nissa ile Nejad
 Ara Güler'in Fotoğraflarıyla
 A SANAT: FAHRELNİSSA İLE NEJAD-GÖKKUŞAĞINDA İKİ KUŞAK

20. yüzyıl Türk ressamları
1901 doğumlular
1991 yılında ölenler
Notre Dame de Sion Fransız Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Şakir Paşa ailesi
Girit Türkleri
Soyut ressamlar
İstanbul doğumlu sanatçılar
Türk kadın ressamlar

Fahrünnisa Zeyd


Mladen Drijenčić (Vareš, 9. srpnja 1965.), hrvatski bh. bivši košarkaš, danas košarkaški trener

Uspjesi

U Njemačku je stigao kao kao izbjeglica iz BiH. Strojarski tehničar u Krefeldu godine Drijenčić (DPA ga naziva "pripadnikom hrvatske manjine") s obitelji je pobjegao od rata iz rodne BiH. Prvo se smjestio u Krefeldu kod Düsseldorfa), gdje je radio kao strojarski tehničar. Četiri godine potom Drijenčiću je prijetio izgon iz Njemačke, jer nije imao radnu vizu, bez koje nije smio ostati u zemlji. U Njemačkoj je uspio ostati zahvaljujući košarci, jer da nije bilo nje, morao bi napustiti Saveznu Republiku Njemačku. Zaposlio se kao glavni košarkaški trener i stekao uvjete za vizu. U Krefeldu zovu Mr. Basketball. To je bilo zahtjevno jer Njemačka nije bila košarkaška zemlja i teško je bilo naći radnih mjesta u košarci. U veljači 2015. je preuzeo prvu momčad EWE Baskets iz Oldenburga. Dotad je vodio drugu momčad Oldenburga. S prvom momčadi osvojio je Njemački košarkaški kup, senzacionalno trijumfiravši u vlastitoj dvorani protiv izrazitog favorita Bamberga. Mladenov stariji sin Robert Drijenčić je košarkaš i tog je dana branio boje za Oldenburgov podmladak u Berlinu.  Vrlo je angažiran u košarci i za se kaže da "živi košarku". Na oldenbušku klupu došao je kao prijelazno rješenje, a nakon osvajanja kupa klub mu je ponudio novi ugovor.
Do danas je trenirao klubove SC Bayer 05 Uerdingen, Oldenburger Turnerbund i EWE Baskets Oldenburg. Godine 2013. dobio je novo veliko priznanje u Njemačkoj. Bio je pomoćnik njemačkog izbornika Franka Menza na Europskom prvenstvu u Sloveniji.

Izvori

Hrvatski košarkaši iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Bosanskohercegovački košarkaški treneri
Životopisi, Vareš
Hrvati u Njemačkoj

Mladen Drijenčić


Ironbound petnaesti je studijski album američkog thrash metal sastava Overkill. Diskografska kuća Nuclear Blast Records objavila ga je 29. siječnja 2010. godine.

Popis pjesama

 "The Green and Black" - 8:11
 "Ironbound" - 6:33
 "Bring Me the Night" - 4:15
 "The Goal Is Your Soul" - 6:40
 "Give a Little" - 4:41
 "Endless War" - 5:40
 "The Head and Heart" - 5:10
 "In Vain" - 5:12
 "Killing for a Living" - 6:14
 "The SRC" - 5:07

Osoblje

Overkill

 Dave Linsk - gitara, vokali, inženjer zvuka, snimanje
 Derek Tailer - vokali
 DD Verni - bas-gitara, vokali, inženjer zvuka
 Ron Lipnicki - bubnjevi
 Bobby "Blitz" Ellsworth - vokali

Ostalo osoblje

 Rat Skates - logo
 Peter Tägtgren - mix
 Jonas Kjellgren - mastering
 Jon "Jonnyrod" Ciorciari -  snimanje
 Dan Korneff - izdanje
 Travis Smith - omot
 Eddie Malluk - slike

Izvori

Albumi sastava Overkill
Albumi iz 2010.

Ironbound


Operation Medak Pocket (, ), officially called by Croatians Operation Pocket-93 (Operacija Džep-93) was a military operation undertaken by the Croatian Army between 9 – 17 September 1993, in which a salient reaching the south suburbs of Gospić, in the south-central Lika region of Croatia then under the control of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina, was attacked by Croatian forces. The pocket was named after the village of Medak.

The Croatian offensive temporarily succeeded in expelling rebel Serb forces from the pocket after several days of fighting. However, the operation ended in controversy due to a confrontation between the Croatian Army and United Nations peacekeepers as well as accusations of serious Croatian war crimes against local Serb civilians.  Although the outcome of the battle against the Serbs was a tactical victory for the Croatians, it became a serious political liability for the Croatian government and international political pressure forced a withdrawal to the previous ceasefire lines. The area was eventually secured by UN troops.

According to UN and Canadian sources, UNPROFOR personnel and Croatian troops exchanged heavy fire, eventually resulting in the Canadian troops driving off a Croatian assault. In Canada, the battle was considered to be one of the most severe battles fought by the Canadian Forces since the Korean War.

Background

Much of the interior of the Lika region of southern Croatia was captured by the forces of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK) and the Serb-dominated Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) during 1991.
In Lika, almost all of the Croatian population in the Serb-held area was killed, expelled or forced to seek refuge in government-held areas, while the Serbs continued shelling of the Croatian city of Gospić throughout the year from their positions, killing hundreds of civilians. A ceasefire was agreed in the January 1992 Sarajevo Agreement and a United Nations peacekeeping force UNPROFOR was installed to police the armistice lines and act as negotiators, aid-workers, and combat soldiers.

Despite this, sporadic sniping and shelling continued to take place between the two sides. Gospić, which was close to the front lines, was repeatedly subjected to shellfire from the Serbian Army of Krajina (SVK). The town was of great importance in securing lines of communication between Zagreb, Dalmatia and Rijeka. Much of the shelling took place from the Serb-controlled Medak Pocket, an area of high ground near Medak, Croatia approximately four to five kilometres wide and five to six kilometres long which consisted of the localities of Divoselo, Čitluk and part of Počitelj plus numerous small hamlets. The pocket was primarily a rural area with a combination of forest and open fields. It was fairly lightly inhabited before the attack, with about 400 Serb civilians residing in the area and was held by units of the SVK's 15th Lika Corps.

The pocket adjoined Sector South, one of the four United Nations Protected Areas (UNPAs) in Croatia. It was not actually in the UNPA but lay just outside in a so-called "pink zone"—RSK held territory outside the UNPAs, patrolled by UNPROFOR peacekeepers. Prior to the Medak Pocket offensive, Croatian government forces had launched several relatively small-scale attacks to retake rebel Serb-held territory in "pink zones" in the Miljevci plateau incident in June 1992 and the area of the Maslenica bridge in northern Dalmatia in January 1993—the Operation Maslenica.  It has been alleged that the timing of the Maslenica and Medak offensives was owed to the political imperatives of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, who was facing political difficulties following Croatia's intervention in the war in Bosnia.

During Croatian chief of staff Janko Bobetko's visit to Gospić area, he and his team concluded that the situation on that area of the front was unsatisfactory. It was especially critical on Velebit mountain which was held by the members of Special police of the Croatian Ministry of Interior. In case that these positions become overrun, the city of Gospić would become semi-surrounded. Croatian lines were also harassed by constant intrusions of smaller recon-sabotage groups that operated behind enemy lines. On 4 September one such group attacked Croatian positions on Velebit which resulted in two Croatian policemen being killed.

Upon that, general Markač issued the order of making a plan that would prevent further intrusions on territory held by the Special police. When Bobetko learnt about that plan, he suggested fitting it into plan of activities of Croatian Army. From beginning of September, the intensity of artillery attacks on wider area of Gospić also intensified. Bobeko therefore decided to run a small-scale tactical operation, with tasks of partially neutralizing Serb artillery positions around city of Gospić, destroying enemy recon-sabotage group base in Divoselo and shorten the length of Croatian frontline.

The offensive

9–14 September

Croatian offensive involved around 2,500 troops drawn from the Croatian Army's Gospić Operational Zone. It began by preparatory fire of 9th Guards artillery batteries approximately at 06:10 am on 9 September 1993. The attack was designed as the double envelopment maneuver in which tanks and infantry of 9th Guards Brigade of Croatian army starting from Gospić suburb of Bilaj provided one thrust of the attack, while commandos of Special Police of the Croatian Ministry of the Interior (MUP) starting from Velebit mountain provided a second thrust. The MUP units previously held vital Croatian positions on Velebit mountain. These forces were also supported by 111th Brigade of Croatian Army, Gospić Home Guard Regiment and Lovinac Home Guard Regiment.. These two reinforced battlegroups successfully linked up same day at 14:00 hours in village of Rajičevci, therefore surrounding one battalion of Serb millitia and number of Serb civilians in Medak pocket. This was followed by mopping up operations. After two days of fighting the Croatian forces had taken control of Divoselo, Čitluk and part of Počitelj.  The salient was pinched out with the new front line running just in front of the village of Medak.

In accordance with their defense strategy called "Strategy of Real Threat", which envisioned dettering any Croatian attack of self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina by bombarding Croatian cities in retribution, Serb forces began to use long-range artillery (including FROG-7 ballistic missiles and M-87 Orkan) to bombard Karlovac, the Zagreb suburb of Lučko, Samobor and Jastrebarsko on 10 September. These indiscriminate attacks left dozens of civilians killed and wounded with extensive damage to homes and property. Seven civilians were killed and 23 wounded during an artillery attack on downtown Karlovac alone.  On 9  September, Serb forces shelled and damaged an oil refinery in Sisak. On 13 and 14 September, Croatian Air Force MiGs-21 successfully destroyed some of the SVK artillery and rocket batteries on Banovina and Kordun but one of the aircraft was downed by SA-6 near Gvozd. and its pilot, col. Miroslav Peris was killed.

The SVK launched ground counter-attacks which retook some of the captured territory. It also threatened to attack 20 or 30 more targets throughout Croatia unless the captured territory was handed back.  The two sides exchanged heavy artillery fire during 12–13 September, with the UN recording over 6,000 detonations in the Gospić-Medak area.

According to former SVK colonel Milislav Sekulić, one of the reasons for success of Croatian offensive on Medak Pocket was the poor combat readiness of SVK forces in that area. Notably, a month before, "Citizens and fighters of Divoselo" complained to their commanding officer that village defence is basically consisted of 30 people, out of which the youngest was aged 15 and oldest 72. At the same time, some of their men deserted from the frontline only to engage in smuggling and other criminal activities around Knin.

15–17 September

Ceasefire
The offensive attracted strong international criticism and, facing political and military pressure at home and from abroad, the Croatian government agreed to a ceasefire. Major-General Petar Stipetić recalled that he was summoned in Zagreb by chief-of-staff Janko Bobetko on 15 September where he met with him and four other UN officers. Bobetko handed him the ceasefire agreement and after Stipetić put his signature on the page of the document, Bobetko said that he himself would never signed that agreement, which angered Stipetić. Stipetić also said that order of withdrawal caused a lot of anger among Croatian soldiers, although he expected nothing less. According to him, certain commanders warned him not to go to their sector because their men want to kill him for signing the ceasefire. When he came in Gospić, he met with General Ademi who asked him to try to get some time from the UNPROFOR because battlefield sanitation wasn't completed at that point, therefore UNPROFOR gave him three days to fix the battlefield. On 15 September a ceasefire agreement was signed by General Mile Novaković, on behalf of the Serbian side and Major-General Petar Stipetić, on behalf of the Croatian side. The agreement required the Croatian forces to withdraw to their starting lines of 9 September, and for Serb forces to withdraw from the pocket and remain withdrawn thereafter.  The Croatian withdrawal was scheduled for 1200 on 15 September.

In order to oversee the withdrawal and protect local civilians, UNPROFOR sent 875 troops of the 2nd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry Battle Group (2PPCLI BG), its rifle companies consisting of 50% to 80% augmentees from the army reserve, to move into the pocket, accompanied by two French Army mechanized units. The UN forces, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel James Calvin, were instructed to interpose themselves between the Serb and Croatian forces.

Canadian buffer

"Operation Harmony" was the name given to the Canadian participation in UNPROFOR.  The initial Canadian contingent, which deployed in March and April 1992, was drawn primarily from the 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group based in Lahr, Germany.  It was based on troops of the Royal 22e Régiment, along with detachments from the Royal Canadian Regiment and 4 Combat Engineer Regiment.  The Canadians were among the best trained troops at UNPROFOR's disposal, making them a natural choice for this dangerous task. They were equipped with M-113 armoured personnel carriers and carried a mix of M2 .50 caliber machine guns, C6 medium machine guns, C7 assault rifles, C9 light machine guns, and 84 mm Carl Gustav RCL's. The attached Heavy Weapons Support Company brought 81 mm mortars and a specially fitted APC armed with anti-tank guided missiles.

Croatian forces and other officials involved with the Medak Pocket Mission lost confidence in the UN's ability due to failed attacks on forces in the zone of separation between Krajina Serb forces. Earlier that year Croatian troops had launched an attack in order to seize a Peruća Lake power dam and reservoir. The dam was gravely damaged on 28 January 1993, in the aftermath of Operation Maslenica, at 10:48 a.m., when it was blown up in an intentional effort to destroy it by RSK forces.  of explosive was used, causing heavy damage, but ultimately the effort to demolish the dam failed. The Croatian communities in the Cetina valley were nevertheless in great danger of being flooded by the lake water. The actions of Major Mark Nicholas Gray of the Royal Marines, deployed with UNPROFOR, prevented total collapse of the dam as he had opened the spillway channel before the explosion and reduced the water level in the lake by . Subsequently, the Croatian forces intervened and captured the dam and the surrounding area. Consequently, the UN needed muscle in Sector South to rebuild its credibility in the eyes of many across the globe. With their 'tough but fair' reputation, 2PPCLI was sent from the north near Zagreb to the Krajinan region in Southern Croatia, near the Dalmatian Coast territory.

Croatian forces, under the pretext of not receiving authorization from Zagreb, decided to attack the Canadian forces who were moving in between the Serb and Croat forces. Private Scott LeBlanc who was present in the UN forces recalls, "We started taking fire almost immediately from the Croats". When the Canadians began constructing a fortified position, the Croatians fired hundreds of artillery shells at them. The Canadians successfully used breaks in the shelling to repair and reinforce their positions.

The UN forces took control of abandoned Serbian positions but again came under fire from the Croatian lines, with the attackers using rocket propelled grenades and anti-aircraft guns. The UN troops then dug in their positions and apparently returned fire. As night fell, the Croatians attempted several flanking manoeuvres but the Canadians responded with fire against the Croatian infantry.  The French used 20 mm cannon fire to suppress Croatian heavy weapons. The Croatian commander, Rahim Ademi, upon realizing that his forces could not complete their objectives, met with the Canadian commander and agreed to a ceasefire where his troops would withdraw by noon the next day.

According to Croatian version of events, Canadians started moving forward towards Croatian positions, while still having Serb troops right behind their back. The Croatian side interpreted this Canadian move as their non-completing of first phase of the agreement, which among other things included demilitarisation of area around Serb-held positions. At the same time, Serb forces located to the rear of the Canadians sniped Croatian positions; nevertheless, the order was issued not to open fire on UNPROFOR. Croatian soldiers received an order from Brigadier Ademi to fire only in self defence, and not to use heavy weapons and tanks. As the night fell the situation became unclear because Serb troops could not be clearly distinct from UNPROFOR forces, so gunfire was exchanged with the opposing side as a mean of deterrent for any kind of attack on Croatian positions. On the following morning, Brigadier Ademi claimed to have become angry because UNPROFOR forces wanted to provoke his men, take new positions and thus allow Serbs to take their old positions back, so he allowed the implementation of phase two, which meant UNPROFOR troops crossing behind Croatian lines.

When the deadline passed, Canadian forces attempted to cross the Croatian lines, but were stopped at a mined and well-defended roadblock. Calvin held an impromptu media conference with the roadblock as a backdrop, telling journalists that Croatian forces clearly had something to hide. The Croatian high command, realizing they had a public relations disaster on their hands, quickly moved back to their lines held on 9 September.  The withdrawal was finally verified as having been completed by 18:00 on 17 September, bringing the offensive to an end.

The advancing Canadian forces discovered that the Croat army had destroyed almost all of the Serb buildings, razing them to the ground.  In the burning wrecks they found 16 mutilated corpses. The Canadians expected to find many survivors hiding in the woods, but no Serb was found alive. Rubber surgical gloves littered the area, leading Calvin to a conclusion that there had been a clean-up operation. However, UN's investigation suggests that these gloves may have also been ordinary precautionary measures by the Croatians to deal with the legitimate dead and wounded. Photographs of Canadian personnel also shows them using surgical gloves. Everything was recorded and handed over to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY).  ICTY indicted Ademi in 2001, charging him with crimes against humanity, but he was ultimately acquitted.

On 27 April 1998, Calvin reported that "the Croatians reported that 27 of their members were killed or wounded during the fire fights with [his] battle group during the 14 days  in Medak". The same report indicates four Canadians wounded in initial artillery barrage, seven French soldiers were injured by land mines, three French APCs and a front-loader lost to land mines, a Canadian killed and further two injured in collision of their jeep with a Serb truck. Calvin's report does not identify the Croatian casualty report or its source. Various Canadian sources (Ottawa Citizen, Tested Mettle, Chances for Peace) talk about 27–30 Croatian soldiers killed in an apparent clash with Canadian peacekeepers. The source of this number is apparently some kind of information published by Croatian Radio Television as well as video footage broadcast by it. In his study "Human Losses in Operation Medak Pocket", author Miroslav Međimorec claims that he did a search of the entire Croatian Radio Television's archive, but was unable to find the alleged footage or any source of that number. He also holds it possible that the footage no longer exists. Even though the operation was considered a success, due to the emerging Somalia Affair, the clash was not highly publicized at the time. Canadians trained to deal with foreign populations and authorities have to deal with conflicting parties as a non-enemy participant with knowledge and the caution that one side would become the enemy. Canadians are also taught how to deal with human rights violations, especially those that many Canadians had to face in the Medak Pocket where war crimes occurred. Most importantly they have advanced knowledge of law and skills for armed conflict. The Canadian troops showed their ability to immediately stand down when Croatian forces ceased fire and the Canadians reverted to their role as impartial peacekeepers.

The French Lieutenant-General Jean Cot, who was in charge of the operation and Calvin's superior officer, said:
The group that UNPROFOR disarmed were members of the Croatian Special Police who ended up in demilitarised zone and were disarmed at gunpoint. At first they refused to hand over their weapons, but after receiving a radio order from their commander, Mladen Markač, they complied with the request. After that, they were escorted out of the demilitarised zone and handed over to Croatian authorities. Their weapons were afterwards delivered by a Canadian officer who threw them demonstratively in the mud in front of them and walked away without saying a word. Several cases were also recorded of Canadians entering 1.5–2 kilometers too deep behind the agreed lines and crushing Croatian road obstacles using their vehicles. After UNPROFOR took control of the demilitarised zone, Canadians allowed incursions of Serb soldiers in the demilitarised zone, and Serb attacks on Croatian soldiers from there resulted in the wounding of one Croatian soldier. Such behaviour of Calvin's men resulted in increased diplomatic activity in the following days to calm the tense situation in the field. In one such meeting General Bobetko also mentioned other Croatian frustrations with UNPROFOR's peacekeeping prior to the Medak Pocket offensive: ...you knew exactly that Serbian artillery at Sveti Rok, located right behind UNPROFOR's positions permanently pounded our positions. We weren't able to return to that fire because we would then have to hit you. I've personally pointed you out, three or four times that, should this continue, we will not have other choice but to open fire. You were, therefore warned, but you did nothing....- General Janko Bobetko to General Jean Cot

Croatian denial
Several sources deny that Canadian forces engaged in combat at Medak Pocket. The exchange of fire is described as a "minor incident" of sporadic firefights in Croatian sources. Serbian sources also fail to mention "the battle" in their own view of operation Medak pocket.

Of its 875 soldiers (2PPCLI), only 375 came from the regular unit: the rest were augmentees, 385 Primary Reserve soldiers and 165 from other regular force units. In fact, reserve soldiers made up 70% of rifle company strength during the mission due to the requirement for highly skilled and experienced regular soldiers in support and technical trade positions . This includes 7 out of the 12 platoon commanders who came from reserve battalions as Reserve Entry Scheme Officers (RESO). Nevertheless the 2 PPCLI Battlegroup in Croatia contained the highest concentration of reserve soldiers on an operational mission to date.

Alpha and Bravo Companies, arrived in the area (Sector South's Medak Pocket) from Sector West on September 7, 1993, just 48 hours before the Croatian offensive started.

UNTV reports (1993-09-18) on the actions of CANBAT and CIVPOL after UNPROFOR had successfully crossed Croatian lines to set up a buffer between Croatian and Serbian forces in the Medak pocket. Includes interviews with civilians caught up in the recent Croatian offensive.

In an interview with three CANBAT soldiers they explain that they arrived 48 hours ago and that their task was to observe the area and take up a position on the earth embankment fifty metres from where they had first come in between the opposing sides. They explain that in process of replacing the Serb lines, they came under direct and indirect fire from the Croatian lines and, following the UNPROFOR rules of engagement, they did return fire but with small arms only. The soldiers say that there were no casualties on their side, that the Serbs have a couple of casualties, and they have no knowledge of any Croatian casualties.

Major-general Petar Stipetić, "categorically rejected any insinuations of an armed conflict between Croatian troops and the UN in the Medak Pocket", although, he mentioned an incident on second day of Croatian withdrawal when French APC got stuck in a minefield for which Croatian commander ordered his engineers and medical corps to salvage the French.

In 2002 the Croatian newspaper Nacional published a report claiming that "the armed conflict between the Croatian and Canadian forces in operation Medak Pocket from 9 to 17 September 1993 never happened" and that the Canadians had fired "no more than a couple of shots into the night." The same newspaper also claims that the autopsy on Croatian soldiers killed during the Operation Medak Pocket, revealed that none of them died from the weapons that Canadians had in their arsenal at the Medak Pocket.  Retired Croatian admiral Davor Domazet-Lošo, testifying at 2007 trial of general Mirko Norac, commanding officer of the 9th Guards Brigade in September 1993, and general Rahim Ademi, commanding officer of the Gospić military district at the time, denied Canadian claims of scale of the armed conflict with UNPROFOR and 26 Croatian fatalities resulting from the battle. He went on to say that he wonders if the 26 victims were Serbs since the claim of 26 killed Croats was not true. This was denied by Calvin, and decorated Canadian Army veterans who served at Medak. For their part, the Croatian authorities, both civil and military, during the aftermath of the skirmish with the UN forces and in the years that followed, have never stated that any serious battle with UNPROFOR forces in the Medak area ever occurred and claim that the Canadian forces' version of events is politically motivated. Domazet also invited Canadian side to show where are the graves of 26 Croatian soldiers "that they killed in non existing clash for which they received 800 medals".

Serbian denial
Croatian author Miroslav Međimorec gained access to the battle reports of ARSK 3rd Motorised Brigade (3. mtb), which was stationed near the Canadian UNPROFOR forces on 16 and 17 September 1993. The reports, although written in confusing manner, mention only occasional provocations coming from Croatian side in this period, to which the Serb side answered with small arms fire. The author concluded, based upon this testimony alone, that the clash between Croatian forces and the UN either was not fierce enough to be mentioned by the person writing the report or it did not happen at all.
In his paper Medak Pocket: Canadian Interpretation - Canadian Sources, he wrote that Canadian "soldiers accounts" are filled with event's excitement, "are contradicted by the nature of the firefights" and that they usually come down to bare bragging instead of speaking of the real witnessed event.

Nielsen denial
Retired Royal Danish Army colonel Vagn Ove Moebjerg Nielsen, UNPROFOR commanding officer in the area at the time, but who was not present for the battle nor its aftermath, nor even in the area, testifying at the Ademi–Norac trial, denied that there was any armed conflict between the Canadian and Croatian troops except for a single incident when the Canadians deployed in front of Serb-held positions. Croatian Army fired shots, but the Canadians did not return fire. He added that the firing stopped when Croats realized that they were engaging the UN force.

Canadian view
In Canada, the event has been referred to as "Canada's secret battle". The Medak Pocket was an event that challenged the skill and discipline of an army that had not deployed formed units to fight in a full-scale battle for almost 40 years. Military analysts have since written extensively of the effects the battle at Medak Pocket has had on the Canadian military, including the management of public information regarding the battle, and both the Canadian military's and the Canadian public's perception of what "peacekeepers" were trained to do. The battle did not gain widespread public attention in Canada at the time.

War crimes investigations

The UN immediately began an investigation into the events at Medak. The task was hampered by the systematic destruction that had been carried out by the withdrawing Croatians. The UN forces found that (in the words of an official Canadian study on the incident) "each and every building in the Medak Pocket had been leveled to the ground", in a total of eleven villages and hamlets. UNPROFOR units recovered 18 bodies in the Medak Pocket at the immediate aftermath of the operation. Croatian authorities turned over another 64 bodies which they claimed they recovered at the Medak Pocket which were given to the Serbs authorities. The investigation claimed that one of the factors which complicated the determination of military status was that many civilians wore items of military clothing and many local military wore items of civilian clothing. The Croatians claimed that there were cases of two elderly women killed during the attack. They said that one was killed while operating anti-aircraft battery and onother blew herself up using a grenade to avoid the capture. UN dismissed these claims in their report in 1994., however, several eyewitness on Norac-Ademi trial in 2006 described in detail on how that grenade incident happened.

Investigators from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) determined that at least 100 Serbs had been unlawfully killed and many others had suffered serious injuries; many of the victims were women and elderly people. 29 executed Serb civilians have been identified, as well as five Serb soldiers who had been captured or wounded. More were thought to have been killed, but the bodies were said to have been removed or destroyed by the Croatians. In addition, Serb-owned property was systematically looted and destroyed to render the area uninhabitable. Personal belongings, household goods, furniture, housing items, farm animals, farm machinery and other equipment were looted or destroyed, and wells were polluted to make them unusable. An estimated 164 homes and 148 barns and outbuildings were burned down or blown up. According to several eyewitness on Norac-Ademi trials, one woman was impaled on a stake. Much of the destruction was said to have taken place during the 48 hours between the ceasefire being signed and the withdrawal being completed.

The US Department of State claimed that Croatian forces destroyed 11 Serbian villages and killed at least 67 individuals, including civilians.

Several members of the Croatian military were subsequently charged with war crimes. The highest-ranking indictee was General Janko Bobetko. He was indicted for war crimes by the ICTY in 2001, but died before the case was heard by the court, and in consequence the trial was cancelled.

The wider area was under the jurisdiction of the Gospić Military District, commanded at the time by Brigadier Rahim Ademi. He was also indicted by the ICTY and was transferred there in 2001. In 2004, General Mirko Norac – who was already serving a 12-year jail sentence in Croatia for his role in the Gospić massacre – was also indicted and transferred to The Hague. The two cases were joined in July 2004 and in November 2005 the Tribunal agreed to a Croatian government request to transfer the case back to Croatia, for trial before a Croatian court.

The trial of Mirko Norac and Rahim Ademi began at the Zagreb County Court in June 2007 and resulted in first-degree verdict in May 2008 whereby Norac was found guilty and given a seven-year sentence for failing to stop his soldiers killing Serbs (28 civilians and 5 prisoners), while Ademi was acquitted
on the grounds that, there was a parallel chain of command ran by Domazet Lošo. The appeal went to the Supreme Court of Croatia which rendered its verdict in November 2009, confirming the previous verdict but commuting Norac's sentence by a year. The final appeals were rejected in March 2010. The process was tracked for the ICTY Prosecutor by the OSCE Zagreb office.

Former members of Croatian 9th Guards Brigade Velibor Šolaja and Josip Krmpotić were also found guilty of war crimes in Medak Pocket. Šolaja was given five-year prison sentence for murder of civilians, while Krmpotić was found guilty of arson and destruction of Serb owned houses around Gospić, for which he received a three-year prison sentence. Trial of Josip Mršić is still underway, although he admit killing of an old civilian woman back in 2014.

Aftermath

After the offensive, most of the villages in the area were destroyed and depopulated. Even today, the region is still largely abandoned, though some Serbs have since returned to it. The region remained, in effect, neutral ground between the warring sides until near the end of the war. It was recaptured by the Croatian Army on 4 August 1995 during Operation Storm, which ended in the defeat of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina.

The offensive also exposed serious weaknesses in the Croatian Army's command, control, and communications, which had also been a problem in Operation Maslenica earlier in the year.

The operation caused serious political difficulties for the Croatian government, which was heavily criticised abroad for its actions at Medak. The well-publicised accusations of war crimes, along with the Muslim-Croat bloodshed in Bosnia, led to Croatia's image being severely tarnished; in many quarters abroad, the country was viewed as having moved from being a victim to an aggressor.

The war crimes committed during the operation damaged the credibility of UNPROFOR as well, as its forces had been unable to prevent them despite being in the vicinity at the time. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the UN Secretary-General, admitted that

 "The 9 September 1993 Croatian destruction of three villages in the Medak pocket has, despite the robust action taken by UNPROFOR to secure the withdrawal of Croatian forces, further increased the mistrust of the Serbs towards UNPROFOR and has led to the reaffirmation of their refusal to disarm.  In turn, this refusal to disarm, as required in the United Nations peace-keeping plan, has prevented UNPROFOR from implementing other essential elements of the plan, particularly facilitating the return of refugees and displaced persons to their places of origins in secure conditions."

The 2nd Battalion PPCLI Battle Group, was later awarded the Commander-in-Chief Unit Commendation for its actions in the Medak Pocket, the first Canadian unit ever presented this unit commendation.

Notes

External links
 Case Study – The Medak Pocket by Miroslav Međimorec
 The Medak investigation from the final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts United Nations investigation
  List of additional resources by Miroslav Međimorec
 Opinion of USA Department of State for this matter
   (Testimony of physician and Croatian Army colonel Marko Jagetić at the 2007 Medak Pocket trial)

Conflicts in 1993
Massacres in Croatia
Massacres of Serbs
Persecution of Serbs
Battles of the Croatian War of Independence
Croatian war crimes in the Croatian War of Independence
Military operations involving Canada
Military operations involving France
1993 in Croatia
United Nations operations in the former Yugoslavia
September 1993 events in Europe
Massacres in the Croatian War of Independence

Operation Medak Pocket


Le massacre du Parc-Soubise a lieu le  lors de la guerre de Vendée, pendant la période des colonnes infernales.

Déroulement
Les massacre commis par la colonne républicaine de l'adjudant-général Lachenay, le second du général Grignon. Dans la journée du 31 janvier, celle-ci parcourt la route du Boupère à Mouchamps, brûlant au passage le bourg de Rochetrejoux. À Mouchamps, Lachenay donne l'ordre de brûler le château du Parc-Soubise et de faire fusiller dans la cour tous prisonniers capturés sur la route.

En 1892, le comte Auguste de Chabot relaye le témoignage d'un survivant : . Ce témoignage est celui Jean-Baptiste Mérit — ou Mery — né à Saint-Paul-en-Pareds le  et mort à Boisgoyer, dans la commune de Vendrennes, le  :

Le massacre aurait fait environ 200 morts d'après l'estimation de Mérit.

Suites
La colonne de Lachenay reprend ensuite sa route et bivouaque le lendemain aux Essarts. Quelques jours plus tard, Mouchamps est occupée par des soldats de la brigade du général Bard, mais les Vendéens les chassent de ce poste le  mars. D'après le récit du régisseur Barbot, quelques jours après le massacre un petit groupe de soldats républicains est notamment surpris à l'intérieur du château par des Vendéens :

Notes et références

Références

Bibliographie

Massacre de la guerre de Vendée
1794 en France
Janvier 1794

Massacre du Parc-Soubise


Der Gerichtsbezirk Hietzing ist einer von zwölf Gerichtsbezirken in Wien und umfasst den Wiener Gemeindebezirk Hietzing. Unmittelbar übergeordnete Gerichte zweiter Instanz sind – abhängig von der zu behandelnden Rechtsmaterie – das Landesgericht für Zivilrechtssachen Wien und das Landesgericht für Strafsachen Wien.

Nach dem Anschluss Österreichs 1939 wurde das Gericht in Amtsgericht Hietzing umbenannt und war nun dem Landgericht Wien nachgeordnet. 1945 erhielt es wieder den Namen Bezirksgericht.

Siehe auch

 Gerichtsorganisation in Österreich
 Liste österreichischer Gerichte

Quellen

 Gerichtsdatenbank des Bundesministeriums für Justiz

Einzelnachweise

Hietzing
Hietzing

Gerichtsbezirk Hietzing


Ben Beckman (* 15. Dezember 1987 in Sutton) ist ein englischer Badmintonspieler. Karen Beckman, ebenfalls eine erfolgreiche Badmintonspielerin, ist seine Mutter.

Karriere
Ben Beckman siegte 2009 im Herreneinzel bei den Wimbledon Open und 2010 bei den Croatian International. Bei den englischen Meisterschaften 2011 und 2012 gewann er jeweils Bronze im Einzel. 2012 wurde er auch Dritter bei den Portugal International.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen

http://www.badmintonengland.co.uk/text.asp?section=745&sectionTitle=Ben

Badmintonspieler (England)
Engländer
Brite
Geboren 1987
Mann

Ben Beckman


Guillaume Joseph Dupaix connu sous le nom de Guillermo Dupaix, né à Vielsalm (Duché de Luxembourg), aujourd'hui en Belgique le  et mort à Mexico le , est un archéologue luxembourgeois, un des premiers antiquaires des civilisations mésoaméricaines.

Biographie

Né Guillaume Joseph Dupaix dans le duché de Luxembourg qui faisait alors partie du Saint-Empire, il se destine à l'armée dès son plus jeune age et vit en Espagne jusqu'à ce qu'il obtienne en 1790 les faveurs du roi pour se rendre à la vice-royauté de la Nouvelle-Espagne.

Il est l'auteur d'un vaste ouvrage archéologique publié sous le titre Antiquités Mexicaines. Relation des trois expéditions du Capitaine Dupaix ordonnées en 1805, 1806 et 1807, pour la recherche des antiquités du pays notamment celles de Mitla et de Palenque ; accompagnée des dessins de Castañeda, un livre en trois volumes qui parait à Paris en 1834, enrichi d'illustrations de Luciano Castañeda.

On lui doit aussi Expediciones acerca de los monumentos de la Nueva España, 1805 - 1808, qui n'a été édité pour la première fois qu'en 1969 à Madrid.

En 1808, il est acquitté d'une accusation de déloyauté envers le roi d'Espagne.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

 Foni Le Brun-Ricalens, Leonardo López Luján, Marie-France Fauvet-Berthelot et Élodie Richard, Guillaume Joseph Dupaix (1746-1818) alias Guillermo Dupaix : un Luxembourgeois méconnu aux origines de l'archéologie précolombienne et mexicaine, Archaeologia luxemburgensis , 2014, .
 Leonardo López Luján, El capitán Guillermo Dupaix y su álbum arqueológico de 1794, México, Ediciones del Museo Nacional de Antropología, INAH, 2015.

Liens externes

Antiquaire (sens ancien)
Archéologue
Naissance en janvier 1746
Naissance à Vielsalm
Décès en juin 1817
Décès à Mexico
Décès à 71 ans

Guillermo Dupaix


An Echinochloa macrandra in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni P.W.Michael ngan Joyce Winifred Vickery. An Echinochloa macrandra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Echinochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Echinochloa

Echinochloa macrandra


Uruguay millî futbol takımı, Uruguay'ı uluslararası karşılaşmalarda temsil eder. Uruguay millî takımı 1930'da düzenlenen ilk FIFA Dünya Kupası'nı kazanma başarısı göstermiştir. 1950'de bu mutluluğu ikinci kez yaşayan Uruguay şu anda eski günlerinden uzaktadır. 2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda dördüncülük elde etmiştir. Son olarak Uruguay millî takımı, 43.'sü Arjantin'de düzenlenen 2011 Copa America Şampiyonluğu'yla birlikte kupa sayısını 15'e yükseltmiştir.

Uruguay dünyadaki en önemli ve başarılı 5. ulusal futbol takımıdır. 2 FIFA Dünya Kupası şampiyonluğu, 3 yarı finali ve 1924 ve 1928 senelerinde de iki Olimpiyat Altın Madalyası bunun en önemli sebepleridir. Uruguay 1930 senesinde ilk kez Dünya Kupası organize eden ve bu tarihte kupayı havaya kaldıran ülke olması itibarıyla futbol tarihinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ancak, 20. yüzyılın son yarısında futbolda büyük bir düşüşe geçmiş ve dünya futbolunun önemli güçlerinden biri olma özelliğini yitirmiştir. 2006 yılından itibaren kaptanlığını  West Bromwich Albion'da forma giyen Diego Lugano yapmaktadır. Takım Gök Mavililer anlamına gelen Celeste lakabıyla anılır.

2002 ve 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası'na katılabilmek için baraj maçları oynamak durumunda kalan Uruguay, ilk defasında Avustralya'yı elemeyi başardıysa da, ikincisinde aynı ülkeye penaltılar neticesinde boyun eğmişti. 2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası Güney Amerika eleme grubunda 5. sırada yer alarak üst üste üçüncü kez baraj maçlarına kalan Uruguay, bu defa Kuzey Amerika 4.sü Kosta Rika ile eşleşti. Uruguay, ilk maçta deplasmanda elde ettiği 1-0'lık galibiyetin sağladığı avantajla, evinde oynadığı 2. maçta da 1-1 berabere kalarak Güney Afrika yolculuğuna hak kazandı.

Turnuva tarihi
 Şampiyon   İkincilik   Üçüncülük   Dördüncülük

FIFA Dünya Kupası tarihi

FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası

Güney Amerika Şampiyonası

Copa América

Olimpiyatlar

Panamerikan Oyunları

Mevcut kadro
Aşağıdaki 26 oyuncu 2022 FIFA Dünya Kupası için çağrıldı.

24 Kasım 2022 itibarıyla Güney Kore ile oynanan maçın kadrosu:

Kaynakça

Uruguay millî futbol takımı


Johnstown Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Johnstown Township (Michigan)
 Johnstown Township (North Dakota)

Siehe auch:
 Johnston Township

Johnstown Township


මකර රුව සහිත මකර තොරණ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බෞද්ධ කැටයම් කලාවේ වාස්තු ශිල්පීය කලා කෞශල්‍යය මොනවට විහිදා දක්වන සුවිශේෂී අංගයක් ලෙස සැළකේ.  බොහෝ විට විහාරස්ථානයකට අැතුල් වන ස්ථානයේ හා බුද්ධ ප්‍රථිමා වහන්සේ නමක වටා මකර තොරණ ඉදිකර තිබෙනු දැකගත හැකිවේ.

තොරණ

දෙපසින් මකර රූප දෙකක් යෙදෙන සේ අලංකාර පේකඩ, මල්කම් හා ලියවැලින් සමන්විත වන සේ මකර තොරණ නිමවනු ලැබේ. ප්‍රවිෂ්ඨ ද්වාරවල නිමවෙන ආරුක්කුමය මකර තොරණ මගින් සෞභාග්‍යය, වාසනාව හා එතුලින් ගමන් කරන්නන්ගේ උපද්‍රව අාදිය නිවාරණය වන බව සංකේතවත් කරයි.

මහනුවර යුගය

මහනුවර යුගයේදී මකර තොරණ විවිධ වෙනස්කම් වලට භාජනය විය. එසේම ප්‍රවිශ්ඨ ද්වාර හැරුණු විට මහනුවර යුගයේ බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා වලට පවා අනිවාර්ය අංගයක් ලෙසින් මකර තොරණ එක්කිරීම සිදුවිය. මෙම යුගයේදී මකර තොරණ මැටි බදාම වලින් පමණක් නොව ලී හා ශෛලමයෙන්ද නිර්මාණය කෙරුණි.

මහනුවර යුගයේ මකර තොරණ වල දෙපස මකරුන් දෙදෙනා කීර්ති මුඛ නම් වූ රෞද්‍ර මුහුණකින් (කිහිඹි මුහුණ) මුදුනදී එකිනෙක සම්බන්ධ වේ. මෙහිදී කීර්ති මුඛ ලෙස හඳුන්වන්නේ හින්දු දේව සංකල්පයේ ඊශ්වර දෙවි බව පැවසෙයි. නායක්කර් වංශික රජවරුන් විසින් ඇරඹුණු විහාරස්ථානවලට, ඊශ්වර දෙවිදුන්ගේ අාරක්ෂාව පතා මෙම  කීර්ති මුඛ මුහුණ යොදා අැති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ.  නමුත් තවත් විශ්වාසයකට අනූව වරුණ දෙවියන්ගේ අාරක්ෂාව පතා මහනුවර යුගයේ මකර තොරණ කරවූ බව සඳහන් වේ. වරුණ දෙවිගේ (විෂ්ණු දෙවි) වාහනය මකරා වීමත්, මෙරට බුදු සසුන රැක බලා ගැනීම බුදුන් වහන්සේ විසින් උපුල්වන් දෙවියන්ට පවරනු ලැබුවේය යන විශ්වාසයත් ඊට හේතුවෙන්නට අැතැයි සැළකේ.

තොරණේ දෙපස මකරුන්ගේ හිස වටා විවිධ මෝස්තර දැකගත හැකි අතර මකරුන්ගේ මුඛයෙන් පිටතට පැන නගින ලියවැල් හා සත්ව රූප අාදිය කිහිඹි මුහුණේ මුඛය තුළට යන ආකාරයට නිමවා අැත. මකර තොරණේ දෙපස, පේකඩ, දොරටුපාල රූප හා සිංහ රූප අාදියෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ඇතැම් මකර තොරණවල කිහිඹි මුහුණ දෙපස හිරු සඳු රූපද, දේව රූපද නිර්මාණය කර ඇත. මකර තොරණේ මකරා බොහෝ විට අැතුල් පස ඉහළට සිය මුව අයාගෙන සිටින අයුරින් තිබූවත්, දෙපසට මුව අයා සිටින මකර තොරණද සමහර ස්ථානයන්හී දැකගත හැකිවේ.

රූපාවලිය

රූපාවලිය නම් සංස්කෘත ග්‍රන්ථයට අනූව මකර තොරණේ වූ මකර රූපයේ අඟපසඟ තුළින් සත්ව කොට්ඨාස කිහිපයක අංග ලක්‍ෂණ නිරූපණය වේ. ඒ අනුව මකරාට ඇතකුගේ හොඬවැලක්, සිංහයකුගේ පාද, කිඹුලකුගේ දත්, වඳුරකුගේ ඇස්, ඌරකුගේ කණ්, මත්ස්‍යයකුගේ කඳක් හා ගුරුළෙකුගේ පියාපත්ද පවතී.

ගම්මඩු හා දෙවොල්මඩු ආදී යාගයන් වලදී තොරණ විස්තර ගායනා කිරීමට පළමුව, මකර තොරණ පිළිබඳ ශ්ලෝක සන්න ගායනා කරන බව පැවසෙයි.

මකර තොරණ සම්බන්ධ විද්වත් මත

අාචාර්ය  සෙනරත් පරණවිතාන මහතාට අනුව මකර රූප ද්විත්වයෙන් හා කිඹිසි මුහුණෙන් කාලයත් ඉන් විනාශයත් අර්ථවත් කරයි. සත්ව රූ පේළිය, ලියවැල හා පද්මය මගින් සංසාර චක්‍රයත්, මකරාගේ අංගයන්ගෙන් රූප, ගන්ධ, ශබ්ද, රස, හා ස්පර්ශ යන පංච උපාදානස්කන්ධයනුත්, හිරු හා සඳුගෙන් දිවා රාත්‍රීයත්, දේව හා තාපස රූප මගින් පඨවි, ආපෝ, තේජෝ හා වායෝ යන සතර මහා භූතයනුත්, අර්ථවත් කෙරෙන බව පරණවිතානයන්ගේ අදහස වේ.

අානන්ද කුමාරස්වාමි මහතාගේ මතය අනූව මකරා යනු, ජලය සංඛේතවත් කරන්නක් වන අතර එමගින් එය ජීවයේ හරය සමග වූ සහසම්බන්ධතාවය නිරූපණය කරයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර
Yaksas-1931 - අානන්ද කුමාරස්වාමි

ආශ්‍රිත

මකර තොරණ


Kells (; ) is a town in County Meath, Ireland. The town lies off the M3 motorway,  from Navan and  from Dublin. Along with other towns in County Meath, it is within the commuter belt for Dublin, and had a population of 6,608 as of the 2022 census. It is best known as the site of Kells Abbey, from which the Book of Kells takes its name.

Name
The settlement was originally known by the Irish name , later  or , and it is suggested that the name "Kells" developed from this. An early name for a  or fort at the settlement was , this fort probably being located in the centre of present-day Kells. From the 12th century onward, the settlement was referred to in English and Anglo-Norman as Kenenus, Kenelles, Kenles, Kenlis, Kellis and finally Kells. It has also been suggested that Kenlis and Kells come from an alternative Irish name,  (meaning 'Head Fort'). Kells, Kenlis and Headfort all feature in the titles taken by the Taylor family.

In 1929,  became the town's official name in both Irish and English. Following the creation of the Irish Free State, a number of towns were renamed likewise.  has been the official Irish-language form of the place name since 1969. In 1993, Kells was re-adopted as the town's official name in English.

History

Before Kells was a monastery, it was the site of a royal site inhabited by the High King Cormac mac Airt who moved his residence from the Hill of Tara, for reasons scholars are not yet sure about.

Kells was an important place on one of the five ancient roads that came out of Tara – this road being named  and which ran from Tara to Rathcrogan, another royal site, in County Roscommon.

About 560 AD, Colmcille (later known as Columba) a prince of the royal house of the Northern Uí Néill family acquired Kells in recompense of a fault acted against him by his cousin the High King Diarmuid MacCarroll, who granted him the Dún of Ceannanus to establish a Monastery.

The present monastery at Kells is thought to have been founded around 804 AD by monks from St Colmcille's monastery in Iona who were fleeing Viking invasions.

In 1152, the Synod of Kells completed the transition of the Colmcille's establishment from a monastic church to a diocesan church. A later synod reduced the status of Kells to that of a parish. Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, Hugh de Lacy was granted the Lordship of Meath in 1182. The religious establishments at Kells continued to flourish under their Anglo-Norman overlords. In the  fifteenth century the parish of St. Columba's was  granted to the Archdeacon of Meath and his successors.

Kells became a border town garrison of the Pale and was the scene of many battles between the Kingdom of Breifne and the Hiberno-Normans (who had heavily intermarried). From 1561 to 1801, the constituency of Kells returned two MPs to the Irish House of Commons. During the Irish rebellion of 1641, Kells was burned by the O'Reilly clan during their attacks on the Pale.

The period of the Great Famine saw the population of Kells drop by 38% as measured by the census records of 1841 and 1851.  The Workhouse and the Fever Hospital were described as full to overflowing.

Places of interest
The Kells monastic site, including the Kells Round Tower, is associated with St Colmcille (also known as Columba), the Book of Kells, now kept at Trinity College, Dublin, and the Kells Crozier, exhibited at the British Museum. The round tower and five large Celtic crosses can still be viewed today. Four of the crosses are in the churchyard of St Columba's Church. The other Celtic cross was positioned in the middle of a busy crossroads until an accident involving a school bus. It now stands in front of a former courthouse. A roof protects the cross from the elements. A replica also stands safe from the elements inside the museum.

Close by the graveyard of St. Columba's church stands a small stone roofed oratory, known as St. Colmcille's House. This probably dates from the 11th century. Access to the monks' sleeping accommodation aloft is by ladder.  This small rectangular building is positioned at one of the highest points in the town.

Just outside the town of Kells on the road to Oldcastle is the hill of Lloyd, named after Thomas Lloyd of Enniskillen, who camped a large Williamite army here during the wars of 1688–91 against the Jacobites. Here also stands a 30m high building called the Spire of Lloyd, which is an 18th-century lighthouse folly. The area around the tower has been developed as a community park (the People's Park), and includes the Paupers' Grave. Mass is celebrated there annually, and the cemetery is a reminder of the workhouse and extreme poverty engendered by changes in farming practice in the 19th century and during the Great Famine.

Population
The population of Kells town, as of the 2022 census of Ireland, was 6,608. In the period between the 1996 and 2022 census, the population almost doubled.

Transport

Roads
Until the opening of the new motorway in June 2010, Kells stood as a busy junction town on the old N3 road with over 18,000 vehicles passing through the town each day. Kells was a renowned traffic bottleneck from both the N3 national primary route (Dublin, Cavan, Enniskillen and Ballyshannon) and N52 national secondary route (Dundalk, Tullamore and Nenagh) passing through the town centre. The new M3 motorway (opened June 2010) significantly reduces the journey time to Dublin, as well as the numbers of vehicles in the town.

Bus
Kells is served by a regular bus service run by Bus Éireann, the 109, 109A and 109X, which takes about 1.5 hours to Busáras in Dublin.
In October 2022 Bus Éireann's Dundalk to Ardee route 167 was extended to Mullingar via Kells. There are several services daily in each direction.

Railway
The original Kells railway station, serving a line between Oldcastle and Drogheda via Navan, opened on 11 July 1853. It was closed for passenger traffic on 14 April 1958 and finally for all traffic on 1 April 1963.

"Meath on Track" are seeking reinstatement of the Navan railway link, and on to Dublin.

Film
The Butcher Boy was filmed at Headfort House. Other films set in Kells include the Oscar-nominated animated film The Secret of Kells.

The Hollywood actress Maureen O'Hara was a native of Kells. Her father Charles came from the town, although Maureen grew up in Dublin. Charles was born in a house at the bottom of Farrell Street in the town, a building that now houses a supermarket, carpet shop and apartments. She visited the town on 26 May 2012 to receive the freedom of the town and to unveil a bust in her honour.

Events
Since 2014, Kells has been home to the documentary film festival, the "Guth Gafa International Documentary Film Festival".

Hay Festival Kells was home to Ireland's only Hay Festival, which then transmuted into the current Hinterlands festival.

Education
St. Ciaran's Community School Kells, Navan Road, Kells is a mixed secondary school in Kells which first opened in September 1988 and has around 640 students in attendance. It was first formed by the amalgamation of the Christian Brothers Secondary School and Kells Vocational School.

Eureka secondary school Kells, Navan Road, Kells was first opened by Sisters of Mercy secondary education for girls in Kells in classrooms attached to the Convent in 1924. The school moved to the existing site at Eureka House in 1956 and is planning a move once again to the Cavan road site in 2018.

St. Colmcille's Boys National school is an all-boys school on the Navan Road, first opened by the Christian Brothers on 20 January 1845. The present school was opened in 1976 and the Brothers, because of a fall-off in vocations, withdrew from the school in 1985.

Music
Songwriters from the area include Jim Connell (b.1852 in Crossakiel) who wrote the Socialist anthem "The Red Flag", and Dick Farrelly (1916–1990), who wrote the "Isle of Innisfree". Other musicians from Kells include Mícheál Ó Domhnaill (1951–2006), who was a member of The Bothy Band, Relativity, and Nightnoise, and Eamon Carr (b.1948), who is the drummer in the band Horslips. Irish indie rock bands Ham Sandwich and Turn are also associated with Kells.

Notable people

Thomas Betagh (1737–1811), Jesuit priest and educationist was born and bred in Kells.
Alice Stopford Green (1847–1929), Irish historian and nationalist.
Damien McGrane (born 1971), professional golfer is a Kells man.
Denis Hurley, rugby player, was born and bred in Kells.
Myles Dungan, broadcaster, historian and journalist is from Kells.
Xabi Alonso, Spanish World Cup winning footballer spent time here learning English in a school exchange programme when he was a teenager
Ray Butler, Fine Gael politician

See also
Kells, County Kilkenny
Kells, County Antrim
List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland
Market Houses in the Republic of Ireland
North Meath RFC

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Kellsonline.ie, News & Event Guide to Kells
VisitingKells, Tourist Information on Kells

Towns and villages in County Meath
Former urban districts in the Republic of Ireland
Former boroughs in the Republic of Ireland

Kells, County Meath


NGC 7172 est une galaxie spirale particulière vue par la tranche et située dans la constellation du Poisson austral. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 7172 a été découverte par l'astronome britannique John Herschel en .

La classe de luminosité de NGC 7172 est I. Elle est de plus une galaxie active de type Seyfert 2. Elle renferme également des régions d'hydrogène ionisé (HII).

À ce jour, seule une mesure non basée sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donne une distance d', ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble.

Noyau actif
NGC 7172 est une galaxie traversée, depuis notre point de vue, par une épaisse bande de poussière sombre, obscurcissant son noyau. Le noyau de NGC 7172 était à l'origine considéré comme classique, mais des observations ultérieures ont révélé qu'il émettait des rayons X et qu'il était une source infrarouge puissante et présentant des variations. Le noyau est classé comme étant de type Seyfert 2 dans le spectre optique, mais d'autres observations réalisé dans d'autres longueurs d'onde suggèrent qu'il pourrait en fait s'agir d'un noyau de type Seyfert 1, entouré d'un tore de poussière moléculaire ou caché derrière l'épaisse bande de poussière.

Groupe compact de Hickson 90
NGC 7172 forme avec les galaxies NGC 7173, NGC 7174 et NGC 7176 le groupe compact de Hickson HCG 90. On pense que NGC 7172 subit également les effets de marée engendrés par ses voisines.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

  NGC 7172 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

7172
Constellation du Poisson austral
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie particulière
Galaxie active
Galaxie de Seyfert
Objet céleste découvert en 1834
Objet céleste découvert par John Herschel

NGC 7172


John Taylor (c. 1480 – 1534) was Master of the Rolls of the Court of Chancery from 1527 to 1534, following a successful career as a priest and civil servant.

Taylor would have been notable just for the circumstances of his birth: he was the firstborn of healthy triplets who all survived to adulthood, which was virtually unheard of in the 15th century. He was awarded doctor of decrees and of the sacred canons beyond sea at the University of Cambridge in 1520;<ref>Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, John Venn/John Archibald Venn Cambridge University Press  [https://archive.org/details/p1alumnicantabri04univuoft/page/204/mode/2up > (10 volumes 1922 to 1953) Part II. 1752–1900 Vol. iv. Saal – Zuinglius, (1927) p204 ]</ref> and incorporated at Oxford in 1552.

King Henry VII met John and his brothers Rowland and Nathaniel in their childhood and undertook responsibility to educate the three boys if they came to manhood; this informal act and others like it later inspired Queen Victoria's Royal Bounty for Triplets, which continued until the reign of Elizabeth II.  There is note in the Royal Privy Purse expenses of 1498 "for the wages of the King's Scoler John Taillor at Oxenford."

During his lifetime, Taylor donated money towards the building of St. James Church in Barton-under-Needwood, Staffordshire, the village where he grew up.  Construction began in 1517 and was completed in 1533.  The John Taylor High School, a specialty science school founded in Barton-under-Needwood in 1957, was named in his honor.

Career
In 1503, Taylor was ordained Rector at Bishop's Hatfield, and then became Rector of Sutton Coldfield in 1504.  He served as one of the Royal Chaplains at Henry VII's funeral, 21 April 1509, and was afterwards appointed by King Henry VIII as the King's Clerk and Chaplain—he was later one of the commissioners to decide if Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was valid.  In 1511, he was made Clerk of the Parliament.

Taylor was appointed as Archdeacon of Derby in 1515, then as Royal Ambassador to Burgundy and France and Prolocutor of Convocation.  In 1516, he was appointed Archdeacon of Buckingham, and was conferred the degrees of Doctor of Civil Law and Doctor of Canon Law at Cambridge in 1520.  He was one of ten chaplains present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520.  In 1528 he became Archdeacon of Halifax.

From 1527 to 1534 he was Master of the Rolls of the Court of Chancery. This position was the third most senior judicial position in England (after Lord Chancellor and Lord Chief Justice).

Death and burial
According to John Stow's Survey of London'' (1598), he was buried in St. Anthony's Hospital, St Benet Fink, in the City of London.

References

1480s births
1534 deaths
16th-century English Roman Catholic priests
Archdeacons of Buckingham
Archdeacons of Derby
16th-century English diplomats
Masters of the Rolls
15th-century English people
16th-century English judges
Triplets
People from Barton-under-Needwood
Clerks of the Parliaments

Year of birth uncertain

John Taylor (Master of the Rolls)


Umberto Benigni (* 30. März 1862 in Perugia; † 27. Februar 1934 in Rom) war ein Priester und Kirchenhistoriker, der im bzw. für den Vatikan arbeitete.

Biographie
Umberto Benigni war der Sohn eines städtischen Beamten und besuchte schon als Kind das Priesterseminar in Perugia, wo er 1884 zum Priester geweiht wurde und ab 1885 Dozent für Kirchengeschichte war. Daneben wurde Benigni früh im kirchlichen Journalismus aktiv: zunächst in seiner Heimatregion, ab 1893 als Chefredakteur der katholischen Tageszeitung L'Eco d'Italia auch landesweit. Seine Beiträge orientierten sich an der Soziallehre von Leo XIII. Als es zu Spannungen mit Tommaso Reggio, dem Erzbischof von Genua, kam, siedelte er 1895 nach Rom über, wo er zunächst als Assistent der Vatikanischen Bibliothek historische Forschungen betrieb. 1900 wurde er Mitarbeiter des vatikannahen Blattes La Voce della Verità; 1901 übernahm er dessen Leitung. 1901 wurde Benigni auch Professor für Kirchengeschichte am "Seminarium Romanum". Einer seiner Studenten war zeitweise Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli. Lehraufträge an anderen römischen Ausbildungsstätten kamen hinzu, ebenso 1902 die Gründung der Zeitschrift Miscellanea di storia ecclesiastica e studi ausiliari (etwa: Vermischtes aus der Kirchengeschichte und Hilfsstudien).

Während Benignis Unterrichtstätigkeit entstanden viele Lehrbücher und Spezialstudien, die Fleiß, Gelehrsamkeit, ein besonderes Interesse am christlichen Orient sowie vor allem an kirchlicher Sozialgeschichte erkennen lassen (Hauptwerk: Storia sociale della chiesa, 7 Bände ab 1907). Ab 1902 übernahm Benigni auch Ämter an der römischen Kurie: 1906 berief man ihn zum Untersekretär der "Kongregation für die außerordentlichen Angelegenheiten der Kirche", die dem Staatssekretariat unter Kardinalstaatssekretär Rafael Merry del Val (1865–1930) zugeordnet war. Hier war Benigni rege tätig während der Regentschaft Pius' X. Diese war geprägt vom Vorgehen gegen den Modernismus (1907 Enzyklika "Pascendi Dominici gregis", 1910 "Antimodernisteneid"). Benigni richtete für die Presse einen vatikanischen Lesesaal ein; dort wurden Journalisten mit ausgewählten Materialien versorgt (ab 1907 das Tagesbulletin La Correspondenza di Roma, ab 1909 bis 1912 La Correspondance de Rome [ND in 3 Bänden mit Geleitwort von E. Poulat, Mailand 1971]; 1913–14 Cahiers romains [Römische Hefte]). So gelang es Benigni, vielfältigen direkten und indirekten Einfluss zu gewinnen. Die Correspondance de Rome sei das Presseerzeugnis, klagte die Kölnische Volkszeitung 1914, "welches in der Verdächtigung und Verleumdung der großen Mehrheit der deutschen Katholiken am weitesten gegangen ist."

Neben seiner publizistischen Tätigkeit knüpfte Benigni in ganz Westeuropa ein konspiratives Netzwerk aus Priestern und Laien, die ihn über modernismusverdächtige Theologen, katholische Literaten und Kulturschaffende "informierten", das heißt diese denunzierten. Das Netzwerk hatte verschiedene Unterverbände. Dieser Geheimbund und Nachrichtendienst hieß "Sodalitium Pianum" (in Frankreich bekannt als "La Sapinière") und hatte eine formelle Satzung. Kardinalstaatssekretär del Val verhinderte eine kanonische Errichtung des Bundes und zeigte eine gewisse Distanz zu Benignis Aktivitäten. Nicht zuletzt in Deutschland erhob sich Protest gegen eine so operierende "integralistische Verschwörung". 1911 schied Benigni mit seiner Organisation aus eigenem Wunsch aus dem Gefüge des Staatssekretariates aus. Ab dem Amtsantritt von Benedikt XV. im März 1914 und dem Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs nahm Benignis Einfluss ab. 1921 löste die zuständige Kongregation das Sodalitium auf; als Grund nannte sie "geänderte Umstände".

Benigni war innerkirchlich zunehmend isoliert und näherte sich in seinen letzten Lebensjahren der faschistischen Bewegung an (1923 Gründung der "Entente romaine de défence sociale"). In ihr erblickte er einen Verbündeten für seine antimodernistischen und antiliberalen Ziele.

1926–1929 gab er das Werk Meurtre rituel chez les Juifs (Ritualmorde bei den Juden) heraus (laut Hagemeister, 2017, ist der Autor Erwin Brandt, hier also falsch zugeordnet).

1934 starb Benigni in Rom.

Die meisten heutigen Kirchenhistoriker beurteilen sein Wirken und seine Persönlichkeit sehr negativ. Gewürdigt werden seine Intelligenz, sein Fleiß und seine organisatorische Begabung, kritisiert werden sein Antisemitismus, die berechnende Kühle seines Charakters und das konspirative Vorgehen gegen innerkirchliche Gegner. Umstritten bleibt in der Forschung, wieweit Pius X. Benignis Wirken im Einzelnen gekannt und gebilligt hat. Benignis Nachlass im Archiv des Vatikans ist für die Forschung gesperrt.

Sonstiges
Eugenio Pacelli, später (März 1939 bis Oktober 1958) Papst Pius XII., wurde im März 1911 Untersekretär von Pietro Gasparri, am 1. Februar 1914 dessen Sekretär als Nachfolger von Umberto Benigni. Ob Pacelli auch am Sodalitium Pianum beteiligt war, ist umstritten.

Schriften
 Meurtre rituel chez les Juifs, Belgrad, 1926–1929
 Miscellanea di Storia e Cultura Ecclesiastica, 1906
 Storia Sociale della Chiesa

Siehe auch
 Ultramontanismus

Bibliographie

 Gérard Bavoux: Le porteur de lumière. Les arcanes noirs du Vatican. Pygmalion, Paris 1996, ISBN 2-85704-488-7.
 Fergus Corry: In the Vanguard of Catholic Anti-Modernism, 1907–21. Sodalitium Pianum, La Correspondance de Rome and Mgr. Umberto Benigni. Toronto 1995 (unveröffentlichte Magisterarbeit, Regis College and University of Toronto 1995).
 Roland Götz: "Charlotte im Tannenwald". Monsignore Umberto Benigni (1862–1934) und das antimodernistische "Sodalitium Pianum". In: Manfred Weitlauff, Peter Neuner (Hrsg.): Für euch Bischof – mit euch Christ. Festschrift für Friedrich Kardinal Wetter zum siebzigsten Geburtstag. EOS-Verlag, St. Ottilien 1998, ISBN 3-88096-292-8, S. 389–438.
 Maria Teresa Pichetto: L'antisemitismo di mons. Umberto Benigni e l'accusa di omicidio rituale. In: Italia Judaica. Gli Ebrei nell'Italia unita 1870–1945 (= Pubblicazioni degli Archivi di Stato. Saggi 26). Atti del IV Convegno Internazionale Siena, 12–16 giugno 1989. Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Ufficio Centrale per i Beni Archivistici, Rom 1993, ISBN 88-7125-059-1, S. 431–444.
 Émile Poulat: Catholicisme, démocratie et socialisme. Le mouvement catholique et Mgr Benigni de la naissance du socialisme à la victoire du fascisme. Casterman, Tournai 1977, ISBN 2-203-29054-4.
 Nina Valbousquet: Catholique et antisémite. Le réseau de Mgr Begnini – Rome, Europe, Etats-Unis, 1918–1934. Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris 2020.

Weblinks

 François Ducaud-Bourget: La maçonnerie noire ou La vérité sur l'intégrisme. Auf der Website von Les Amis du Christ Roi de France, Rom 1954 (pdf, franz.; 222 kB)

Quellen

Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Kirchenhistoriker
Person des Antisemitismus
Geboren 1862
Gestorben 1934
Mann

Umberto Benigni


رامية هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء بنت جبيل في محافظة النبطية.

تبعد رامية (بنت جبيل) 126 كلم (78.2964 ميل) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. ترتفع 580 م (1902.98 قدم - 634.288 ياردة) عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة 617 هكتاراً (6.17 كلم²- 2.38162 ميل²).

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة النبطية
قرى جبل عامل
قضاء بنت جبيل
مدن لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء بنت جبيل

رامية


Laki borbeni zrakoplov

Svaki borbeni zrakoplov definiran unutar donje granice praktične radne mase, cijene i kompleksnosti.
U modernoj literaturi najčešći je pojam "zrakoplov niske mase" kako bi se implicirali veća pokretljivist i borbene karekteristike zrakoplova.
Konceptualno gledano riječ je o zrakoplovima donje polovice praktične radne mase čije su karakteristike pomno optimirane u svrhu postizanja visoke učinkovitosti i kvalitete konstrukcije uz zadovoljavajuća novćanja izdvajanja.
Koncept lakog borbenog zrakoplova višestruko je dokazan kao opcija kojom je moguće poraziti i veće zrakoplove uz značajnu prednost u smislu ekonomske održivosti što daje veliku važnost ovom konceptu.

Primjeri lakog zrakoplova
MiG-21
Mirage III
Northrop F-5
F-86 Sabre
Saab Draken
JAS 39 Gripen
F-16
Mitsubishi F-2
FA-50
Chengdu J-10

Izvori

Ratno zrakoplovstvo
Zrakoplovi lovci

Laki borbeni zrakoplov


Forza Motorsport este un joc video de curse de simulare dezvoltat de Turn 10 Studios și publicat de Microsoft Game Studios pentru sistemul de jocuri video Xbox. Forza Motorsport a fost lansat pe 3 mai 2005 în America de Nord și pe 13 mai 2005 în Europa pe consola Xbox, este primul joc video din (seria Forza). Jocul dispune de peste 200 de mașini și mai multe cursuri de cursa în lumea reală și ficțiune. De asemenea Forza Motorsport se poate conecta la multiplayer pe Xbox Live. Forza Motorsport a primit recunoștință universală în conformitate cu revizuirea site - ului de agregare Metacritic și a obținut premiu de vânzări de aur de la Asociatia Editorilor de Software pentru Divertisment si Leisure (ELSPA), care indică vânzări de cel puțin 200.000 de exemplare în Regatul Unit. Grupul NPD a raportat ca, în luna de lansare, jocul a fost vândut peste 100.000 de exemplare în America de Nord.

Gameplay

Forza Motorsport este un joc video de simulare cu curse. Jucatorii concurează în evenimente din întreaga lume utilizând mașini de licență reală pe o varietate de cursuri din lumea reală și ficțiune. Aceasta are un mod arcade, însemnând mai mult pentru jocul rapid al curselor și un mod de carieră, care se concentrează pe jocul pe termen lung.

Jocuri video din 2005
Jocuri Microsoft
Jocuri online
Jocuri multiplayer
Jocuri pentru Xbox
Jocuri video dezvoltate în Statele Unite

Forza Motorsport


Albert Hofmann (11 Ocak 1906 - 29 Nisan 2008), LSD'nin (liserjik asit dietilamid) mucidi olan İsviçreli bilim insanı.

1938'de İsviçre'nin Basel kentinde Sandoz İlaç Firması'nın laboratuvarlarında şizofreni ve kan akışını hızlandırıcı için ilaç yapımı için çalışıyordu. Bunun için kır gezintilerine çıkıp çeşitli otlar topluyordu.

LSD'nin öyküsü
Bu kır gezilerinden birinde Çavdar mahmuzu ile karşılaştı. Çavdar mahmuzu(Claviceps purpurea) genel olarak arpa, buğday, çavdar ve mısır gibi tahıl ürünleri üzerinde asalak olarak yaşayan zehirli bir mantardır. Eski Roma ve Çin'de hastalıkların, özellikle yılancık hastalığının tedavisinde kullanılan bir bitkidir. Bu mantarlar çeşitli kimyasal sentezlerden sonra "asit" tabir edilen hale dönüşür. Elde edilişi bakımından sentetik, etkileri bakımından halüsinojen olarak sınıflandırılır. Çalışmaları sırasında bir gün birkaç damla kendisine damlatınca etkilerini kendisi de görmüştür.

Bisiklet günü
Tarihe "Bisiklet Günü" olarak geçen 19 Nisan 1943 gününün öğleden sonrasında Albert Hofmann bisikletle laboratuvardan evine dönerken, çevresindeki alemin nasıl ansızın değişiverdiğini şöyle anlatıyordu: "Önümdeki her şey dalgalanıyordu, her şey içbükey bir aynadan yansıyan bozuk görüntülere dönüşüyordu. Sanki olduğum yerde pedal çeviriyor, bir türlü yol alamıyordum." 37 yaşındaki kimyager Hofmann o gün, tarihin ilk LSD yolculuğunu (trip) yaşıyordu. Evine ulaştığında öleceğini zannetti. Oda çevresinde fırıldak gibi dönüyor, duvarlar zıplıyordu. Aşina nesneler tuhaf, korkunç biçimler almaya başlamıştı. Eşyalar sürekli hareket ediyor, garip oyunlar oynuyordu. Birkaç saat sonra, "harikulade" diye tanımladığı bir tesir hissetmeye başladı. Ertesi gün ruh hali mükemmeldi, "Sanki önümde yepyeni bir hayat uzanıyordu, sanki dünya yeniden yaratılmıştı" diyordu.

Çalışmalarının ABD'deki gelişimi
1947'de CIA'in MKULTRA-LSD adını verdiği bir projeyle silah silahı olarak kullanılıp kullanılmayacağı araştırıldı. Bunun için LSD CIA eliyle halka dağıtıldı. Çiçek Çocuklar denilen 68 kuşağının ilk etapta yasal olarak kullandığı bir halüsinojendi. Gece Yarısı Operasyonu ile CIA LSD'yi fahişelere vererek deneyler yaptı.

Hoffman 29 Nisan 2008 Salı günü evinde kalp krizi geçirerek 102 yaşında ölmüştür.

1906 doğumlular
Basel doğumlular
2008 yılında ölenler
İsviçre'de kalp krizinden ölenler
İsviçreli kimyagerler
LSD
100 yaş üstü İsviçreliler
Psikedelik ilaç aktivistleri
Psikedelik ilaç araştırmacıları
Zürih Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler

Albert Hofmann