During the American Civil War, the United States of America (USA) was referred to as the Union, also known colloquially as the North, after eleven Southern slave states seceded to form the Confederate States of America (CSA), which was called the Confederacy, also known as the South. The name the "Union" arose from the declared goal of the United States, led by President Abraham Lincoln, of preserving the United States as a constitutional union.

"Union" is used in the Preamble to the United States Constitution, which opens, "We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union ... do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America". In the context of the Civil War, "Union" is also often used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government"; in this meaning, the Union included 20 free states and four southern border slave states, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, though Missouri and Kentucky both had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments with the Confederate government of Kentucky and the Confederate government of Missouri.

The Union Army was a new formation comprising mostly state units, together with units from the regular U.S. Army. Keeping the southern border states in the Union was essential to its winning the war, and Lincoln reportedly said, "I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky".

The Northeast and Midwest provided the industrial resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies and financing the war. The Northeast and Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, and training camps. Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most Northern states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort and suppressed anti-war subversion, particularly that that arose in 1863–64. The Democratic Party strongly supported the war at the beginning in 1861, but by 1862, was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element known as Peace Democrats, led by the extremist "Copperheads". The Democrats made major electoral gains in 1862 in state elections, most notably in New York. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio. In 1864, the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket against Democratic candidate George B. McClellan.

The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare ravaged the countryside. Prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers' wives, widows, and orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered in order to escape the draft and to take advantage of generous cash bounties on offer from states and localities. Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially in parts of New York City, with its massive anti-draft riots of July 1863 and in some remote districts such as the Coal Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania.

Etymology

In the context of the American Civil War, the Union, or the United States, is sometimes referred to as "the North", both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was often called "the South". The Union (the United States) never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacy's secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States. In foreign affairs, the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term "Union" occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the  Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. The subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of "We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union..." Union, for the United States of America, is then repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV, Section 3.

Even before the Civil War began the phrase "preserve the Union" was commonplace, and a "union of states" had been used to refer to the entire United States of America. Using the term "Union" to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the pre-existing political entity.

Confederates generally saw the Union as being opposed to slavery, occasionally referring to them as abolitionists, in reference to the U.S. Navy as the "abolition fleet" and the U.S. Army as "abolition forces".

In 2015, historian Michael Landis called for an end to the use of the term "Union", writing "The employment of 'Union' instead of 'United States,' implicitly supports the Lost Cause, Confederate view of secession wherein the nation of the United States collapsed [...] In reality, however, the United States never ceased to exist [...] The dichotomy of 'Union v. Confederacy' lends credibility to the Confederate experiment and undermines the legitimacy of the United States as a political entity." In 2021, the Army University Press noted that it was replacing usages of the word "Union" with "Federal Government" or "U.S. Government". The Army University Press stated this was "more historically accurate" as "the term 'Union' always referred to all the states together."

Size and strength

Unlike the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area (the Northeast), and more advanced commercial, transportation and financial systems than the rural South. Additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of five to two at the start of the war.

Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources and population. Meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force. However, much of the Union strength had to be used to garrison former-Confederate areas, and to protect railroads and other vital points. The Union's great advantages in population and industry would prove to be vital long-term factors in its victory over the Confederacy, but it took the Union a long while to fully mobilize these resources.

Public opinion

The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism. Historian Allan Nevins writes:
 McClintock states:

Historian Michael Smith argues that as the war ground on year after year, the spirit of American republicanism grew stronger and generated fears of corruption in high places. Voters became afraid of power being centralized in Washington, extravagant spending, and war profiteering. Democratic candidates emphasized these fears. The candidates added that rapid modernization was putting too much political power in the hands of Eastern financiers and industrialists. They warned that the abolition of slavery would bring a flood of freed blacks into the labor market of the North.

Republicans responded with charges of defeatism. They indicted Copperheads for criminal conspiracies to free Confederate prisoners of war and played on the spirit of nationalism and the growing hatred of the slave owners, as the guilty party in the war.

President Lincoln

Historians have overwhelmingly praised the "political genius" of Abraham Lincoln's performance as president. His first priority was military victory. This required that he master entirely new skills as a strategist and diplomat. He oversaw supplies, finances, manpower, the selection of generals, and the course of overall strategy. Working closely with state and local politicians, he rallied public opinion and (at Gettysburg) articulated a national mission that has defined America ever since. Lincoln's charm and willingness to cooperate with political and personal enemies made Washington work much more smoothly than Richmond, the Confederate capital, and his wit smoothed many rough edges. Lincoln's cabinet proved much stronger and more efficient than Davis's, as Lincoln channeled personal rivalries into a competition for excellence rather than mutual destruction. With William Seward at State, Salmon P. Chase at the Treasury, and (from 1862) Edwin Stanton at the War Department, Lincoln had a powerful cabinet of determined men. Except for monitoring major appointments and decisions, Lincoln gave them free rein to end the Confederate rebellion.

Congress

The Republican Congress passed many major laws that reshaped the nation's economy, financial system, tax system, land system, and higher education system. These included: the Morrill tariff, the Homestead Act, the Pacific Railroad Act, and the National Banking Act. Lincoln paid relatively little attention to this legislation as he focused on war issues but he worked smoothly with powerful Congressional leaders such as Thaddeus Stevens (on taxation and spending), Charles Sumner (on foreign affairs), Lyman Trumbull (on legal issues), Justin Smith Morrill (on land grants and tariffs) and William Pitt Fessenden (on finances).

Military and reconstruction issues were another matter. Lincoln, as the leader of the moderate and conservative factions of the Republican Party, often crossed swords with the Radical Republicans, led by Stevens and Sumner. Author, Bruce Tap, shows that Congress challenged Lincoln's role as commander-in-chief through the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. It was a joint committee of both houses that was dominated by the Radical Republicans, who took a hard line against the Confederacy. During the 37th and 38th Congresses, the committee investigated every aspect of Union military operations, with special attention to finding commanders culpable for military defeats. It assumed an inevitable Union victory. Failure was perceived to indicate evil motivations or personal failures. The committee distrusted graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point, since many of the academy's alumni were leaders of the enemy army. Members of the committee much preferred political generals with a satisfactory political record. Some of the committee suggested that West-Pointers who engaged in strategic maneuver were cowardly or even disloyal. It ended up endorsing incompetent but politically correct generals.

Opposition

The opposition came from Copperhead Democrats, who were strongest in the Midwest and wanted to allow Confederate secession. In the East, opposition to the war was strongest among Irish Catholics, but also included business interests connected to the South typified by August Belmont. The Democratic Party was deeply split. In 1861 most Democrats supported the war. However, the party increasingly split down the middle between the moderates who supported the war effort, and the peace element, including Copperheads, who did not. It scored major gains in the 1862 elections, and elected the moderate Horatio Seymour as governor of New York. They gained 28 seats in the House of Representatives but Republicans retained control of both the House and the Senate.

The 1862 election for the Indiana legislature was especially hard-fought. Though the Democrats gained control of the legislature, they were unable to impede the war effort. Republican Governor Oliver P. Morton was able to maintain control of the state's contribution to the war effort despite the Democratic majority. Washington was especially helpful in 1864 in arranging furloughs to allow Hoosier soldiers to return home so they could vote in elections. Across the North in 1864, the great majority of soldiers voted Republican. Men who had been Democrats before the war often abstained or voted Republican.

As the federal draft laws tightened, there was serious unrest among Copperhead strongholds, such as the Irish in the Pennsylvania coal mining districts. The government needed the coal more than the draftees, so it ignored the largely non-violent draft dodging there. The violent New York City draft riots of 1863 were suppressed by the U.S. Army firing grape shot down cobblestone city streets.

The Democrats nominated George McClellan, a War Democrat for the 1864 presidential election but gave him an anti-war platform. In terms of Congress the opposition against the war was nearly powerless—as was the case in most states. In Indiana and Illinois pro-war governors circumvented anti-war legislatures elected in 1862. For 30 years after the war the Democrats carried the burden of having opposed the martyred Lincoln, who was viewed by many as the salvation of the Union and the destroyer of slavery.

Copperheads

The Copperheads were a large faction of northern Democrats who opposed the war, demanding an immediate peace settlement. They said they wanted to restore "the Union as it was" (that is, with the South and with slavery) but they realized that the Confederacy would never voluntarily rejoin the U.S. The most prominent Copperhead was Ohio's Clement L. Vallandigham, a Congressman and leader of the Democratic Party in Ohio. He was defeated in an intense election for governor in 1863. Republican prosecutors in the Midwest accused some Copperhead activists of treason in a series of trials in 1864.

Copperheadism was a grassroots movement, strongest in the area just north of the Ohio River, as well as some urban ethnic wards. Some historians have argued that it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the Republican Party. It looked back to Jacksonian Democracy for inspiration—with ideals that promoted an agrarian rather than industrialized concept of society. Weber (2006) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by fighting the draft, encouraging desertion and forming conspiracies. However, other historians say the Copperheads were a legitimate opposition force unfairly treated by the government, adding that the draft was in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons. Copperheadism was a major issue in the 1864 presidential election—its strength waxed when Union armies were doing poorly and waned when they won great victories. After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864, military success seemed assured and Copperheadism collapsed.

Soldiers

Recruiting volunteers

Enthusiastic young men clamored to join the Union army in 1861. They came with family support for reasons of patriotism and excitement. Washington decided to keep the small regular army intact; it had only 16,000 men and was needed to guard the frontier. Its officers could, however, join the temporary new volunteer army that was formed, with expectations that their experience would lead to rapid promotions. The problem with volunteering, however, was its serious lack of planning, leadership, and organization at the highest levels. Washington called on the states for troops, and every northern governor set about raising and equipping regiments, and sent the bills to the War Department. The men could elect the junior officers, while the governor appointed the senior officers, and Lincoln appointed the generals. Typically, politicians used their local organizations to raise troops and were in line (if healthy enough) to become colonel. The problem was that the War Department, under the disorganized leadership of Simon Cameron, also authorized local and private groups to raise regiments. The result was widespread confusion and delay.

Pennsylvania, for example, had acute problems. When Washington called for 10 more regiments, enough men volunteered to form 30. However, they were scattered among 70 different new units, none of them a complete regiment. Not until Washington approved gubernatorial control of all new units was the problem resolved. Allan Nevins is particularly scathing of this in his analysis: "A President more exact, systematic and vigilant than Lincoln, a Secretary more alert and clearheaded than Cameron, would have prevented these difficulties."

By the end of 1861, 700,000 soldiers were drilling in Union camps. The first wave in spring was called up for only 90 days, then the soldiers went home or reenlisted. Later waves enlisted for three years.

The new recruits spent their time drilling in company and regiment formations. The combat in the first year, though strategically important, involved relatively small forces and few casualties. Sickness was a much more serious cause of hospitalization or death.

In the first few months, men wore low quality uniforms made of "shoddy" material, but by fall, sturdy wool uniforms—in blue—were standard. The nation's factories were converted to produce the rifles, cannons, wagons, tents, telegraph sets, and the myriad of other special items the army needed.

While business had been slow or depressed in spring 1861, because of war fears and Southern boycotts, by fall business was hiring again, offering young men jobs that were an alternative way to help win the war. Nonpartisanship was the rule in the first year, but by summer 1862, many Democrats had stopped supporting the war effort, and volunteering fell off sharply in their strongholds.

The calls for more and more soldiers continued, so states and localities responded by offering cash bonuses. By 1863, a draft law was in effect, but few men actually were drafted and served, since the law was designed to get them to volunteer or hire a substitute. Others hid away or left the country. With the Emancipation Proclamation taking effect in January 1863, localities could meet their draft quota by sponsoring regiments of ex-slaves organized in the South.

Michigan was especially eager to send thousands of volunteers. A study of the cities of Grand Rapids and Niles shows an overwhelming surge of nationalism in 1861, whipping up enthusiasm for the war in all segments of society, and all political, religious, ethnic, and occupational groups. However, by 1862 the casualties were mounting, and the war was increasingly focused on freeing the slaves in addition to preserving the Union. Copperhead Democrats called the war a failure, and it became an increasingly partisan Republican effort. Michigan voters remained evenly split between the parties in the presidential election of 1864.

Motivations of soldiers

Perman (2010) says historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer, and die over four years:

The paperwork war

On the whole, the national, state, and local governments handled the avalanche of paperwork effectively. Skills developed in insurance and financial companies formed the basis of systematic forms, copies, summaries, and filing systems used to make sense of masses of human data. The leader in this effort, John Shaw Billings, later developed a system of mechanically storing, sorting, and counting numerical information using punch cards. Nevertheless, old-fashioned methodology had to be recognized and overcome. An illustrative case study came in New Hampshire, where the critical post of state adjutant general was held in 1861–64 by elderly politician Anthony C. Colby (1792–1873) and his son Daniel E. Colby (1816–1891). They were patriotic, but were overwhelmed with the complexity of their duties. The state lost track of men who enlisted after 1861; it had no personnel records or information on volunteers, substitutes, or draftees, and there was no inventory of weaponry and supplies. Nathaniel Head (1828–1883) took over in 1864, obtained an adequate budget and office staff, and reconstructed the missing paperwork. As result, widows, orphans, and disabled veterans received the postwar payments they had earned.

Medical conditions

More soldiers died of disease than from battle injuries, and even larger numbers were temporarily incapacitated by wounds, disease, and accidents. The Union responded by building army hospitals in every state.

The hygiene of the camps was poor, especially at the beginning of the war when men who had seldom been far from home were brought together for training with thousands of strangers. First came epidemics of the childhood diseases of chicken pox, mumps, whooping cough, and especially, measles. Operations in the South meant a dangerous and new disease environment, bringing diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, and malaria. There were no antibiotics, so the surgeons prescribed coffee, whiskey, and quinine. Harsh weather, bad water, inadequate shelter in winter quarters, poor policing of camps, and dirty camp hospitals took their toll. This was a common scenario in wars from time immemorial, and conditions faced by the Confederate army were even worse. What was different in the Union was the emergence of skilled, well-funded medical organizers who took proactive action, especially in the much enlarged United States Army Medical Department, and the United States Sanitary Commission, a new private agency. Numerous other new agencies also targeted the medical and morale needs of soldiers, including the United States Christian Commission, as well as smaller private agencies, such as the Women's Central Association of Relief for Sick and Wounded in the Army (WCAR), founded in 1861 by Henry Whitney Bellows, a Unitarian minister, and the social reformer Dorothea Dix. Systematic funding appeals raised public consciousness as well as millions of dollars. Many thousands of volunteers worked in the hospitals and rest homes, most famously poet Walt Whitman. Frederick Law Olmsted, a famous landscape architect, was the highly efficient executive director of the Sanitary Commission.

States could use their own tax money to support their troops, as Ohio did. Under the energetic leadership of Governor David Tod, a War Democrat who won office on a coalition "Union Party" ticket with Republicans, Ohio acted vigorously. Following the unexpected carnage at the battle of Shiloh in April 1862, Ohio sent three steamboats to the scene as floating hospitals equipped with doctors, nurses, and medical supplies. The state fleet expanded to 11 hospital ships, and the state set up 12 local offices in main transportation nodes, to help Ohio soldiers moving back and forth.

The Christian Commission comprised 6,000 volunteers who aided chaplains in many ways. For example, its agents distributed Bibles, delivered sermons, helped with sending letters home, taught men to read and write, and set up camp libraries.

The Army learned many lessons and modernized its procedures, and medical science—especially surgery—made many advances. In the long run, the wartime experiences of the numerous Union commissions modernized public welfare, and set the stage for large—scale community philanthropy in America based on fund raising campaigns and private donations.

Additionally, women gained new public roles. For example, Mary Livermore (1820–1905), the manager of the Chicago branch of the US Sanitary Commission, used her newfound organizational skills to mobilize support for women's suffrage after the war. She argued that women needed more education and job opportunities to help them fulfill their role of serving others.

The Sanitary Commission collected enormous amounts of statistical data, and opened up the problems of storing information for fast access and mechanically searching for data patterns. The pioneer was John Shaw Billings (1838–1913). A senior surgeon in the war, Billings built two of the world's most important libraries, Library of the Surgeon General's Office (now the National Library of Medicine) and the New York Public Library; he also figured out how to mechanically analyze data by turning it into numbers and punching onto the computer punch card, later developed by his student Herman Hollerith. Hollerith's company became International Business Machines (IBM) in 1911.

Prisoners of war

Both sides operated prison camps; they handled about 400,000 captives, but many other prisoners were quickly released and never sent to camps. The Record and Pension Office in 1901 counted 211,000 Northerners who were captured. In 1861–63 most were immediately paroled; after the parole exchange system broke down in 1863, about 195,000 went to Confederate prison camps. Some tried to escape but few succeeded. By contrast 464,000 Confederates were captured (many in the final days) and 215,000 imprisoned. Over 30,000 Union and nearly 26,000 Confederate prisoners died in captivity. Just over 12% of the captives in Northern prisons died, compared to 15.5% for Southern prisons.

Draft riots

Discontent with the 1863 draft law led to riots in several cities and in rural areas as well. By far the most important were the New York City draft riots of July 13 to July 16, 1863. Irish Catholic and other workers fought police, militia and regular army units until the Army used artillery to sweep the streets. Initially focused on the draft, the protests quickly expanded into violent attacks on blacks in New York City, with many killed on the streets.

Small-scale riots broke out in ethnic German and Irish districts, and in areas along the Ohio River with many Copperheads. Holmes County, Ohio was an isolated parochial area dominated by Pennsylvania Dutch and some recent German immigrants. It was a Democratic stronghold and few men dared speak out in favor of conscription. Local politicians denounced Lincoln and Congress as despotic, seeing the draft law as a violation of their local autonomy. In June 1863, small-scale disturbances broke out; they ended when the Army sent in armed units.

Economy

The Union economy grew and prospered during the war while fielding a very large army and navy. The Republicans in Washington had a Whiggish vision of an industrial nation, with great cities, efficient factories, productive farms, all national banks, all knit together by a modern railroad system, to be mobilized by the United States Military Railroad. The South had resisted policies such as tariffs to promote industry and homestead laws to promote farming because slavery would not benefit. With the South gone and Northern Democrats weak, the Republicans enacted their legislation. At the same time they passed new taxes to pay for part of the war and issued large amounts of bonds to pay for most of the rest. Economic historians attribute the remainder of the cost of the war to inflation. Congress wrote an elaborate program of economic modernization that had the dual purpose of winning the war and permanently transforming the economy. For a list of the major industrialists see .

Financing the war

In 1860 the Treasury was a small operation that funded the small-scale operations of the government through land sales and customs based on a low tariff. Peacetime revenues were trivial in comparison with the cost of a full-scale war but the Treasury Department under Secretary Salmon P. Chase showed unusual ingenuity in financing the war without crippling the economy. Many new taxes were imposed and always with a patriotic theme comparing the financial sacrifice to the sacrifices of life and limb. The government paid for supplies in real money, which encouraged people to sell to the government regardless of their politics. By contrast the Confederacy gave paper promissory notes when it seized property, so that even loyal Confederates would hide their horses and mules rather than sell them for dubious paper. Overall the Northern financial system was highly successful in raising money and turning patriotism into profit, while the Confederate system impoverished its patriots.

The United States needed $3.1 billion to pay for the immense armies and fleets raised to fight the Civil War—over $400 million just in 1862 alone.
Apart from tariffs, the largest revenue by far came from new excise taxes—a sort of value added tax—that was imposed on every sort of manufactured item. Second came much higher tariffs, through several Morrill tariff laws. Third came the nation's first income tax; only the wealthy paid and it was repealed at war's end.

Apart from taxes, the second major source of income was government bonds. For the first time bonds in small denominations were sold directly to the people, with publicity and patriotism as key factors, as designed by banker Jay Cooke. State banks lost their power to issue banknotes. Only national banks could do that and Chase made it easy to become a national bank; it involved buying and holding federal bonds and financiers rushed to open these banks. Chase numbered them, so that the first one in each city was the "First National Bank". Third, the government printed paper money called "greenbacks". They led to endless controversy because they caused inflation.

The North's most important war measure was perhaps the creation of a system of national banks that provided a sound currency for the industrial expansion. Even more important, the hundreds of new banks that were allowed to open were required to purchase government bonds. Thereby the nation monetized the potential wealth represented by farms, urban buildings, factories, and businesses, and immediately turned that money over to the Treasury for war needs.

Tariffs

Secretary Chase, though a long-time free-trader, worked with Morrill to pass a second tariff bill in summer 1861, raising rates another 10 points in order to generate more revenues. These subsequent bills were primarily revenue driven to meet the war's needs, though they enjoyed the support of protectionists such as Carey, who again assisted Morrill in the bill's drafting. The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was designed to raise revenue. The tariff act of 1862 served not only to raise revenue but also to encourage the establishment of factories free from British competition by taxing British imports. Furthermore, it protected American factory workers from low paid European workers, and as a major bonus attracted tens of thousands of those Europeans to immigrate to America for high wage factory and craftsman jobs.

Customs revenue from tariffs totaled $345 million from 1861 through 1865 or 43% of all federal tax revenue.

Land grants

The U.S. government owned vast amounts of good land (mostly from the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the Oregon Treaty with Britain in 1846). The challenge was to make the land useful to people and to provide the economic basis for the wealth that would pay off the war debt. Land grants went to railroad construction companies to open up the western plains and link up to California. Together with the free lands provided farmers by the Homestead Law the low-cost farm lands provided by the land grants sped up the expansion of commercial agriculture in the West.

The 1862 Homestead Act opened up the public domain lands for free. Land grants to the railroads meant they could sell tracts for family farms (80 to 200 acres) at low prices with extended credit. In addition the government sponsored fresh information, scientific methods and the latest techniques through the newly established Department of Agriculture and the Morrill Land Grant College Act.

Agriculture

Agriculture was the largest single industry and it prospered during the war. Prices were high, pulled up by a strong demand from the army and from Britain (which depended on American wheat for a fourth of its food imports). The war acted as a catalyst that encouraged the rapid adoption of horse-drawn machinery and other implements. The rapid spread of recent inventions such as the reaper and mower made the work force efficient, even as hundreds of thousands of farmers were in the army. Many wives took their place and often consulted by mail on what to do; increasingly they relied on community and extended kin for advice and help.

The Union used hundreds of thousands of animals. The Army had plenty of cash to purchase them from farmers and breeders but especially in the early months the quality was mixed. Horses were needed for cavalry and artillery. Mules pulled the wagons. The supply held up, despite an unprecedented epidemic of glanders, a fatal disease that baffled veterinarians. In the South, the Union army shot all the horses it did not need to keep them out of Confederate hands.

Cotton trade

The Treasury started buying cotton during the war, for shipment to Europe and northern mills. The sellers were Southern planters who needed the cash, regardless of their patriotism. The Northern buyers could make heavy profits, which annoyed soldiers like Ulysses Grant. He blamed Jewish traders and expelled them from his lines in 1862 but Lincoln quickly overruled this show of anti-semitism. Critics said the cotton trade helped the South, prolonged the war and fostered corruption. Lincoln decided to continue the trade for fear that Britain might intervene if its textile manufacturers were denied raw material. Another goal was to foster latent Unionism in Southern border states. Northern textile manufacturers needed cotton to remain in business and to make uniforms, while cotton exports to Europe provided an important source of gold to finance the war.

Industrial and business leaders and military inventors

 Matthias W. Baldwin
 Benjamin Bates IV
 John Jacob Bausch
 Andrew Carnegie
 Gardner Colby
 Samuel Colt
 Jay Cooke
 George Henry Corliss
 William Wesley Cornell
 Erastus Corning
 John Crerar (industrialist)
 Charles I. du Pont
 James Buchanan Eads
 John Ericsson
 William P. Halliday
 Benjamin Tyler Henry
 Gouverneur Kemble
 Benjamin Knight
 Robert Knight (industrialist)
 Benedict Lapham
 David Leavitt (banker)
 John Lenthall (shipbuilder)
 Henry Lomb
 William Mason (locomotive builder)
 William Metcalf (manufacturer)
 Samuel Morse
 Asa Packer
 Robert Parker Parrott
 Daniel Pratt (industrialist)
 George Pullman
 Christian Sharps
 David Sinton
 Horace Smith (inventor)
 Christopher Miner Spencer
 George Luther Stearns
 Henry J. Steere
 Ezekiel A. Straw
 John Edgar Thomson
 Cornelius Vanderbilt
 Ezra Warner (inventor)
 Daniel B. Wesson
 Rollin White
 Amos Whitney
 Oliver Winchester
 John F. Winslow
 George Worthington (businessman)

Society

Religion

The Protestant religion was quite strong in the North in the 1860s. The United States Christian Commission sent agents into the Army camps to provide psychological support as well as books, newspapers, food and clothing. Through prayer, sermons and welfare operations, the agents ministered to soldiers' spiritual as well as temporal needs as they sought to bring the men to a Christian way of life. Most churches made an effort to support their soldiers in the field and especially their families back home. Much of the political rhetoric of the era had a distinct religious tone.

The Protestant clergy in America took a variety of positions. In general, the pietistic denominations such as the Methodists, Northern Baptists and Congregationalists strongly supported the war effort. Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans and conservative Presbyterians generally avoided any discussion of the war, so it would not bitterly divide their membership. The Quakers, while giving strong support to the abolitionist movement on a personal level, refused to take a denominational position. Some clergymen who supported the Confederacy were denounced as Copperheads, especially in the border regions.

Methodists

Many Northerners had only recently become religious (following the Second Great Awakening) and religion was a powerful force in their lives. No denomination was more active in supporting the Union than the Methodist Episcopal Church. Carwardine argues that for many Methodists, the victory of Lincoln in 1860 heralded the arrival of the kingdom of God in America. They were moved into action by a vision of freedom for slaves, freedom from the persecutions of godly abolitionists, release from the Slave Power's evil grip on the American government and the promise of a new direction for the Union. Methodists formed a major element of the popular support for the Radical Republicans with their hard line toward the white South. Dissident Methodists left the church. During Reconstruction the Methodists took the lead in helping form Methodist churches for Freedmen and moving into Southern cities even to the point of taking control, with Army help, of buildings that had belonged to the southern branch of the church.

The Methodist family magazine Ladies' Repository promoted Christian family activism. Its articles provided moral uplift to women and children. It portrayed the War as a great moral crusade against a decadent Southern civilization corrupted by slavery. It recommended activities that family members could perform in order to aid the Union cause.

Family

Historian Stephen M. Frank reports that what it meant to be a father varied with status and age. He says most men demonstrated dual commitments as providers and nurturers and believed that husband and wife had mutual obligations toward their children. The war privileged masculinity, dramatizing and exaggerating, father-son bonds. Especially at five critical stages in the soldier's career (enlistment, blooding, mustering out, wounding and death) letters from absent fathers articulated a distinctive set of 19th-century ideals of manliness.

Children

There were numerous children's magazines, such as Merry's Museum, The Student and Schoolmate, Our Young Folks, The Little Pilgrim, Forrester's Playmate and The Little Corporal. They showed a Protestant religious tone and "promoted the principles of hard work, obedience, generosity, humility, and piety; trumpeted the benefits of family cohesion; and furnished mild adventure stories, innocent entertainment, and instruction". Their pages featured factual information and anecdotes about the war along with related quizzes, games, poems, songs, short oratorical pieces for "declamation", short stories and very short plays that children could stage. They promoted patriotism and the Union war aims, fostered kindly attitudes toward freed slaves, blackened the Confederates cause, encouraged readers to raise money for war-related humanitarian funds, and dealt with the death of family members. By 1866, the Milton Bradley Company was selling "The Myriopticon: A Historical Panorama of the Rebellion" that allowed children to stage a neighborhood show that would explain the war. It comprised colorful drawings that were turned on wheels and included pre-printed tickets, poster advertisements, and narration that could be read aloud at the show.

Caring for war orphans was an important function for local organizations as well as state and local government. A typical state was Iowa, where the private "Iowa Soldiers Orphans Home Association" operated with funding from the legislature and public donations. It set up orphanages in Davenport, Glenwood and Cedar Falls. The state government funded pensions for the widows and children of soldiers. Orphan schools like the Pennsylvania Soldiers' Orphan School, also spoke of the broader public welfare experiment that began as part of the aftermath of the Civil War. These orphan schools were created to provide housing, care, and education for orphans of Civil War soldiers. They became a matter of state pride, with orphans were paraded around at rallies to display the power of a patriotic schooling.

All the northern states had free public school systems before the war but not the border states. West Virginia set up its system in 1863. Over bitter opposition it established an almost-equal education for black children, most of whom were ex-slaves. Thousands of black refugees poured into St. Louis, where the Freedmen's Relief Society, the Ladies Union Aid Society, the Western Sanitary Commission, and the American Missionary Association (AMA) set up schools for their children.

Unionists in Southern and Border states

People loyal to the U.S. federal government and opposed to secession living in the border states (where slavery was legal) and states under Confederate control, were termed Unionists. Confederates sometimes styled them "Homemade Yankees". However, Southern Unionists were not necessarily northern sympathizers and many of them, although opposing secession, supported the Confederacy once it was formed. East Tennessee never supported the Confederacy fully, and Unionists there became powerful state leaders, including governors Andrew Johnson and William G. Brownlow. Likewise, large pockets of eastern Kentucky were Unionist and helped keep the state from seceding. Western Virginia, with few slaves and slave owners, along with a growing industrial base at the time, was so strongly Unionist that it broke away and formed the new state of West Virginia in 1863.

Nearly 100,000 Unionists from the South served in the Union Army during the Civil War and Unionist regiments were raised from every Confederate state except for South Carolina. Among such units was the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, which served as William Sherman's personal escort on his march to the sea. Southern Unionists were extensively used as anti-guerrilla paramilitary forces. During the Reconstruction era (1865–1877), many Southern Unionists became "Scalawags", a derogatory term for white Southern supporters of the Republican Party.

Guerrilla warfare

Besides organized military conflict, the border states were beset by guerrilla warfare. In states bitterly divided, neighbors frequently used the excuse of war to settle personal grudges and took up arms against neighbors.

Missouri

Missouri was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between Union and Confederate forces, and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands. Western Missouri was the scene of brutal guerrilla warfare during the Civil War. Roving insurgent bands such as Quantrill's Raiders and the men of Bloody Bill Anderson terrorized the countryside, striking both military installations and civilian settlements. Because of the widespread attacks and the protection offered by Confederate sympathizers, Federal leaders issued General Order No. 11 in 1863, and evacuated areas of Jackson, Cass, and Bates counties. They forced the residents out to reduce support for the guerrillas. Union cavalry could sweep through and track down Confederate guerrillas, who no longer had places to hide and people and infrastructure to support them. On short notice, the army forced almost 20,000 people, mostly women, children and the elderly, to leave their homes. Many never returned and the affected counties were economically devastated for years after the end of the war. Families passed along stories of their bitter experiences down through several generations—future U.S. President Harry Truman's grandparents were caught up in the raids, and he would tell of how they were kept in concentration camps.

Some marauding units became organized criminal gangs after the war. In 1882, the bank robber and ex-Confederate guerrilla Jesse James was killed in Saint Joseph, Missouri. Vigilante groups appeared in remote areas where law enforcement was weak, to deal with the lawlessness left over from the guerrilla warfare phase. For example, the Bald Knobbers were the term for several law-and-order vigilante groups in the Ozarks. In some cases, they too turned to illegal gang activity.

Kentucky

In response to the growing problem of locally organized guerrilla campaigns throughout 1863 and 1864, in June 1864, Maj. Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge was given command over the state of Kentucky. This began an extended period of military control that would last through early 1865, beginning with martial law authorized by President Abraham Lincoln. To pacify Kentucky, Burbridge rigorously suppressed disloyalty and used economic pressure as coercion. His guerrilla policy, which included public execution of four guerrillas for the death of each unarmed Union citizen, caused the most controversy. After a falling out with Governor Thomas E. Bramlette, Burbridge was dismissed in February 1865. Confederates remembered him as the "Butcher of Kentucky".

Union states
 Washington, D.C
List of Wikipedia articles on Union states and major cities:

 California
 Connecticut
 Delaware*
 Illinois
 Indiana
 Indianapolis
 Iowa
 Kansas
 Kentucky†*
 Lexington
 Louisville
 Maine
 Maryland*
 Baltimore
 Massachusetts
 Michigan
 Minnesota
 Missouri†*
 St. Louis
 Nevada
 New Hampshire
 New Jersey
 New York
 New York City
 Ohio
 Cincinnati
 Cleveland
 Oregon
 Pennsylvania
 Harrisburg
 Philadelphia
 Pittsburgh
 Rhode Island
 Vermont
 Virginia†*
 West Virginia*
 Wisconsin

* Border states with slavery in 1861

†Had two state governments, one Unionist one Confederate, both claiming to be the legitimate government of their state. Kentucky's and Missouri's Confederate governments never had significant control after 1862,  though the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war.

West Virginia separated from Virginia and became part of the Union during the war, on June 20, 1863. Nevada also joined the Union during the war, becoming a state on October 31, 1864.

Union territories

The Union-controlled territories in April 1861 were:
 Colorado Territory
 Dakota Territory
 Indian Territory (disputed with the Confederacy)
 Nebraska Territory
 Nevada Territory (became a state in 1864)
 New Mexico Territory
 Arizona Territory (split off in 1863)
 Utah Territory
 Washington Territory
 Idaho Territory (split off in 1863)
 Montana Territory (split off in 1864)

The Indian Territory saw its own civil war, as the major tribes held slaves and endorsed the Confederacy.

See also
 American Civil War prison camps
 Perpetual Union
 Central Confederacy

Notes

Bibliography

Surveys
 Cashin, Joan E. ed. The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War (2001),
 Fellman, Michael et al. This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath (2nd ed. 2007), 544 page university textbook

 Ford, Lacy K., ed. A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction. (2005). 518 pp. 23 essays by scholars excerpt and text search
 Gallman, J. Matthew. The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front (1994), survey
 Gallman, J. Matthew. Northerners at War: Reflections on the Civil War Home Front (2010), essays on specialized issues
 Heidler, David and Jeanne Heidler, eds, Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002) 2740pp
 McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), 900 page survey; Pulitzer prize
 Nevins, Allan. War for the Union, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize winner; vol 1–4 cover 1848–61; vol 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863; 7. The Organized War, 1863–1864; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865
 Resch, John P. et al., Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront vol 2: 1816–1900 (2005)

Politics
 Bogue, Allan G. The Congressman's Civil War (1989)
 Carman, Harry J. and Reinhard H. Luthin. Lincoln and the Patronage (1943), details on each state
 Donald, David Herbert. Lincoln (1999) the best biography; excerpt and text search
 Engle, Stephen D. Gathering to Save a Nation: Lincoln and the Union's War Governors (u of North Carolina Press, 2016). 725 pp.

 Gallagher, Gary W. The Union War (2011), emphasizes that the North fought primarily for nationalism and preservation of the Union
 Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (2005) excerpts and text search, on Lincoln's cabinet
 Green, Michael S. Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War. (2004). 400 pp.
 Harris, William C. Lincoln and the Union Governors (Southern Illinois University Press, 2013) 162 pp.
 Hesseltine, William B. Lincoln and the War Governors (1948)
 Kleppner, Paul. The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Culture (1979), statistical study of voting patterns.
 Lawson, Melinda. Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (University Press of Kansas, 2002).
 Luthin, Reinhard H. The first Lincoln campaign (1944) on election of 1860
 Neely, Mark. The Divided Union: Party Conflict in the Civil War North (2002)
 Paludan, Philip S. The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1994), thorough treatment of Lincoln's administration
 Rawley, James A. The Politics of Union: Northern Politics during the Civil War (1974).
 Richardson, Heather Cox. The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (1997) online edition
 Silbey, Joel. A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era (1977).
 Smith, Adam I. P. No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North (Oxford University Press, 2006)
 Smith, Michael Thomas. The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North (2011) online review
 Weber, Jennifer L. Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North (2006) excerpt and text search

Constitutional and legal
 Hyman, Harold. A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (Alfred A. Knopf, 1973)
 Neely Jr., Mark E. The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (Oxford University Press, 1991); won the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for History.
 Neely Jr., Mark E. Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War (University of North Carolina Press, 2011); covers the U.S. and the Confederate constitutions and their role in the conflict.

Economic
 Brandes, Stuart. Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America (1997), pp. 67–88; a scholarly history of the munitions industry; concludes profits were not excessive
 Clark Jr., John E. Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat (2004)
 Cotterill, R. S. "The Louisville and Nashville Railroad 1861–1865", American Historical Review (1924) 29#4 pp. 700–715 in JSTOR
 Fite, Emerson David. Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War (1910) online edition, old but still quite useful
 Hammond, Bray. "The North's Empty Purse, 1861–1862", American Historical Review, October 1961, Vol. 67 Issue 1, pp. 1–18 in JSTOR
 Hill, Joseph A. "The Civil War Income Tax", Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol. 8, No.4 (July 1894), pp. 416–452 in JSTOR; appendix in JSTOR
 Lowenstein, Roger. Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War (2022); major scholarly survey; online review
 Merk, Frederick. Economic history of Wisconsin during the Civil War decade (1916) online edition
 Smith, Michael Thomas. The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North (2011) details on Treasury Department, government contracting, and the cotton trade
 Weber, Thomas. The northern railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1999)
 Wilson, Mark R. The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865. (2006). 306 pp. excerpt and text search
 Ziparo, Jessica. This grand experiment: When women entered the federal workforce in Civil War–Era Washington, DC (UNC Press Books, 2017).
 Zonderman, David A. "White Workers and the American Civil War." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History (2021).

Intellectual and cultural
 Aaron, Daniel. The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War (2nd ed. 1987)
 Brownlee, Peter John et al., eds. Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North (2013) online review
 Foote, Lorien and Kanisorn Wongsrichanalai. So Conceived and So Dedicated: Intellectual Life in the Civil War Era North (2015)
 Gallman, J. Matthew. Defining Duty in the Civil War: Personal Choice, Popular Culture, and the Union Home Front (2015) how civilians defined their roles. online review
 Fredrickson, George M. The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (1993)
 Stevenson, Louise A. The Victorian Homefront: American Thought and Culture, 1860–1880 (1991)
 Wilson, Edmund. Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (1962)

Medical
 Adams, George Worthington. Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (1996), 253pp; excerpt and text search
 Clarke, Frances M. War Stories: Suffering and Sacrifice in the Civil War North (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
 Grant, S.-M. "'Mortal in this season': Union Surgeons and the Narrative of Medical Modernisation in the American Civil War." Social History of Medicine (2014)
 Maxwell, William Quentin. Lincoln's Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the U.S. Sanitary Commission (1956) online edition
 Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R. The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine (2012) excerpt and text search

Race
 McPherson, James M. Marching Toward Freedom: The Negro's Civil War (1982); first edition was The Negro's Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union (1965),
 Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the Civil War (1953), standard history excerpt and text search
 Voegeli, V. Jacque. Free But Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War (1967).

Religion and ethnicity
 Brodrecht, Grant R. "Our Country: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War Era." (2018). 288pp.
 Burton, William L. Melting Pot Soldiers: The Union Ethnic Regiments (1998)
 Kamphoefner, Walter D. "German-Americans and Civil War Politics: A Reconsideration of the Ethnocultural Thesis." Civil War History 37 (1991): 232–246.
 Kleppner, Paul. The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Culture (1979).
 Miller, Randall M., Harry S. Stout and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds. Religion and the American Civil War (1998) online edition
 Miller, Robert J. Both Prayed to the Same God: Religion and Faith in the American Civil War. (2007). 260pp
 Moorhead, James. American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869 (1978).
 Noll, Mark A. The Civil War as a Theological Crisis. (2006). 199 pp.
 Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. (2006). 544 pp.

Social and demographic history
 Brownlee, Peter John, et al. Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North (University of Chicago Press, 2013) 193 pp. heavily illustrated.
 Morehouse, Maggi M. and Zoe Trodd, eds. Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources (2013), 29 short essays by scholars excerpt
 Raus, Edmund J. Banners South: Northern Community at War (2011), about Cortland, New York
 Vinovskis, Maris A., ed. Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays (1991), new social history; quantitative studies
 Vinovskis, Maris A., ed. "Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations", Journal of American History Vol. 76, No.1 (June 1989), pp. 34–58 in JSTOR
 Veit, Helen Zoe, ed. Food in the Civil War Era: The North (Michigan State University Press, 2014)

Soldiers
 Geary James W. We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (1991).
 Geary James W. "Civil War Conscription in the North: A Historiographical Review." Civil War History 32 (September 1986): 208–228.
 Hams, Emily J. "Sons and Soldiers: Deerfield, Massachusetts, and the Civil War", Civil War History 30 (June 1984): 157–71
 Hess, Earl J. "The 12th Missouri Infantry: A Socio-Military Profile of a Union Regiment", Missouri Historical Review 76 (October 1981): 53–77.
 Cimbala, Paul A. and Randall M. Miller, eds. Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments. (2002)
 Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. "Cowards and heroes: Group loyalty in the American Civil War." Quarterly Journal of Economics 118.2 (2003): 519–548. Statistical study based on sample of 32,000 Union soldiers. online

 McPherson, James. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (1998), based on letters and diaries
 Miller, William J. Training of an Army: Camp Curtin and the North's Civil War (1990)
 Mitchell; Reid. The Vacant Chair. The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (1993).
 Rorabaugh, William J. "Who Fought for the North in the Civil War? Concord, Massachusetts, Enlistments", Journal of American History 73 (December 1986): 695–701 in JSTOR
 Roseboom, Eugene H. The Civil War Era, 1850–1873 (1944), Ohio
 Scott, Sean A. "'Earth Has No Sorrow That Heaven Cannot Cure': Northern Civilian Perspectives on Death and Eternity during the Civil War", Journal of Social History (2008) 41:843–866
 Wiley, Bell I. The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (1952)

State and local
 Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1863 (1864), detailed coverage of events in all countries; online; for online copies see Annual Cyclopaedia. Each year 1861 to 1902  includes several pages on each U.S. state.
 Tucker, Spencer, ed. American Civil War: A State-by-State Encyclopedia (2 vol 2015) 1019pp excerpt
 Aley, Ginette et al. eds. Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War (2013)
 Bak, Richard. A Distant Thunder: Michigan in the Civil War. (2004). 239 pp.
 Baker, Jean H. The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870 (1973)
 Baum, Dale. The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876 (1984)
 Bradley, Erwin S. The Triumph of Militant Republicanism: A Study of Pennsylvania and Presidential Politics, 1860–1872 (1964)
 Castel, Albert. A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861–1865 (1958)
 Cole, Arthur Charles. The Era of the Civil War 1848–1870 (1919) on Illinois
 Coulter, E. Merton. The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (1926),
 Current, Richard N. The History of Wisconsin: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 (1976).
 Dee, Christine, ed. Ohio's war: the Civil War in documents (2006), primary sources excerpt and text search
 Dilla, Harriette M. Politics of Michigan, 1865–1878 (Columbia University Press, 1912) online at Google books
 Gallman, Matthew J. Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia During the Civil War. (1990)
 Hall, Susan G. Appalachian Ohio and the Civil War, 1862–1863 (2008)
 Holzer, Harold. State of the Union: New York and the Civil War (2002) Essays by scholars
 Hubbard, Mark. Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents (2012) excerpt and text search
 Karamanski, Theodore J. Rally 'Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War (1993).
 Leech, Margaret. Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865 (1941), Pulitzer Prize
 Miller, Richard F. ed. States at War, Volume 1: A Reference Guide for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont in the Civil War (2013) excerpt
 Miller, Richard F. ed. States at War, Volume 2: A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War (2014) excerpt
 Nation, Richard F. and Stephen E. Towne. Indiana's War: The Civil War in Documents (2009), primary sources excerpt and text search
 Niven, John. Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War (Yale University Press, 1965)
 O'Connor, Thomas H. Civil War Boston (1999)
 Parrish, William E. A History of Missouri, Volume III: 1860 to 1875 (1973) ()
 Pierce, Bessie. A History of Chicago, Volume II: From Town to City 1848–1871 (1940)

 Ponce, Pearl T. Kansas's War: The Civil War in Documents (2011) excerpt and text search
 Raus, Edmund J. Banners South: Northern Community at War (2011) about Cortland, New York
 Roseboom, Eugene. The Civil War Era, 1850–1873, History of Ohio, vol.4 (1944) online, Detailed scholarly history
 Siddali, Silvana R. Missouri's War: The Civil War in Documents (2009), primary sources excerpt and text search
 Stampp, Kenneth M. Indiana Politics during the Civil War (1949)
 Taylor, Paul. "Old Slow Town": Detroit during the Civil War (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2013). x, 248 pp.
 Thornbrough, Emma Lou. Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880 (1965)
 Ware, Edith E. Political Opinion in Massachusetts during the Civil War and Reconstruction, (1916). full text online

Women and family
 "Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History", Civil War History (2015) 61#4 pp. 400–444.
 Anderson, J. L. "The Vacant Chair on the Farm: Soldier Husbands, Farm Wives, and the Iowa Home Front, 1861–1865", Annals of Iowa (2007) 66: 241–265
 Attie, Jeanie. Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War (1998). 294 pp.
 Bahde, Thomas. "'I never wood git tired of wrighting to you.'" Journal of Illinois History (2009). 12:129–155
 Cashin, Joan E. "American Women and the American Civil War" Journal of Military History (2017) 81#1 pp. 199–204.
 Giesberg, Judith. Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front (2009) excerpt and text search
 Giesberg, Judith Ann. "From Harvest Field to Battlefield: Rural Pennsylvania Women and the U.S. Civil War", Pennsylvania History (2005). 72: 159–191
 Harper, Judith E. Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia. (2004). 472 pp.
 McDevitt, Theresa. Women and the American Civil War: an annotated bibliography (Praeger, 2003).
 Marten, James. Children for the Union: The War Spirit on the Northern Home Front. Ivan R. Dee, 2004. 209 pp.
 Massey, Mary. Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War (1966), overview North and South; reissued as Women in the Civil War (1994)
 "Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History", Civil War History (2015) 61#4 pp. 400–444.
 Giesberg, Judith. "Mary Elizabeth Massey and the Civil War Centennial." Civil War History 61.4 (2015): 400–406. online
 Rodgers, Thomas E. "Hoosier Women and the Civil War Home Front", Indiana Magazine of History 97#2 (2001), pp. 105–128 in JSTOR
 Silber, Nina. Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War. (Harvard UP, 2005). 332 pp.
 Venet, Wendy Hamand. A Strong-Minded Woman: The Life of Mary Livermore. (U. of Massachusetts Press, 2005). 322 pp.

Primary sources
 American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1861 (N.Y.: Appleton's, 1864), an extensive collection of reports on each state, Congress, military activities and many other topics; annual issues from 1861 to 1901
 Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events: Embracing political, military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry, Volume 3 1863 (1864), thorough coverage of the events of 1863
 Angle, Paul M. and Earl Schenck Miers, eds. Tragic Years, 1860–1865: A Documentary History of the American Civil War—Vol. 1 1960 online edition
 Carter, Susan B., ed. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (5 vols), 2006; online at many universities
 Commager, Henry Steele, ed. The Blue and the Gray. The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants. (1950), excerpts from primary sources
 Dee, Christine, ed. Ohio's War: The Civil War in Documents. (2007). 244 pp.
 Freidel Frank, ed. Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (2 vol. 1967)
 Hesseltine, William B., ed. The Tragic Conflict: The Civil War and Reconstruction (1962), excerpts from primary sources online edition
 Marten, James, ed. Civil War America: Voices from the Home Front. (2003). 346 pp.
 Risley, Ford, ed. The Civil War: Primary Documents on Events from 1860 to 1865. (2004). 320 pp.
 Siddali, Silvana R. Missouri's War: The Civil War in Documents (2009), 256pp excerpt and text search
 Sizer, Lyde Cullen and Jim Cullen, ed. The Civil War Era: An Anthology of Sources. (2005). 434 pp.
 Smith, Charles Winston and Charles Judah, eds. Life in the North during the Civil War: A Source History (1966)
 Voss-Hubbard, Mark, ed. Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents (2013) online review
 diaries, journals. reminiscences
 "The Peoples Contest: A Civil War era digital archiving project", access to primary sources from Pennsylvania, especially newspapers and other resources

External links

 Lincoln Administration links
 Civil War Soldiers
 Abraham Lincoln online , texts
 "Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North" visual exhibit at the
 "Financial Measures", by Nicolay and Hay (1889)
 "Lincoln Reelected", by Nicolay and Hay (1889)
 "First Plans for Emancipation", by Nicolay and Hay (1889)
 "Emancipation Announced", by Nicolay and Hay (1889)

American Civil War industrialists
Politics of the American Civil War
Social history of the American Civil War
Social history of the United States
History of the Midwestern United States
History of the Northeastern United States
Unionism

Union (American Civil War)


An Taeniorhachis repens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Arthur Cope. An Taeniorhachis repens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Taeniorhachis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Taeniorhachis

Taeniorhachis repens


محمود عبد الغفار (20 يناير 1961) ممثل مصري، ولد بالجيزة بالقاهرة، عضو نقابة المهن التمثيلية شعبة التمثيل، شارك في العديد من الأعمال السينمائية والتلفزيونية والمسرحية، وعدد من تجارب الإخراج المسرحي في مسرح الهواة.

الأعمال السينمائية

شارك في العديد من الافلام السينمائية مثل رشة جريئة، بليه ودماغه العالية، صعيدي في الجامعة الأمريكية، همام في أمستردام، يا انا يا خالتي، عسكر في المعسكر، الماجيك، على جنب يا أسطى.

الأعمال التلفزيونية والمسرحية

قام بدور الشاعر صلاح جاهين في مسلسل العندليب حكاية شعب، وشارك في العديد من الأعمال التلفزيونية مثل بنت من شبرا، مسلسل الملك فاروق، راجل وست ستات، أبو ضحكة جنان، ملفات سرية، هانم بنت باشا، جمهورية زفتي، والأقدار واللص والكلاب وغيرها من الأعمال المهمة، كما شارك في مسرحية السلطان الحائر لـتوفيق الحكيم إلى جانب العديد من الأعمال المسرحية الأخرى والإذاعية.

المراجع

روابط خارجية

ممثلون مصريون
مواليد 1380 هـ
مواليد 1961
مواليد في الجيزة (مدينة)

محمود عبد الغفار (ممثل، 1961)


Biserica evanghelică fortificată din Nadeș este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul satului Nadeș, comuna Nadeș.

Ansamblul este format din două monumente:
 Biserica evanghelică (), inițial biserică romano-catolică cu hramul Sfântul Martin,
 Incintă fortificată ()

Orga
Orga, aflată în balconul vestic al bisericii, a fost construită în 1807 de Samuel Joseph Maetz și a fost reparată sau restaurată de mai multe ori:
1844 Friedrich și Samuel Binder
1853 Samuel Binder (reconstruire în biserica nouă)
1892 E. Palfy
1931 K. Einschenk
1950 O. Einschenk
1968 J. Mesnyi
În seara zilei de 29 iunie 2017, o parte din tavanul bisericii s-a prăbușit. Nimeni nu a fost rănit, dar s-au produs mari stricăciuni, în special a fost deteriorată orga.

La momentul prăbușirii tavanului, orga era în stare de funcționare, cu defecțiuni la mecanica pedalierului, instrumentul fiind atacat puternic de carii de lemn.

Fiindcă biserica nu dispune de fonduri pentru repararea orgii, resturile acesteia i-au fost predate în octombrie 2018 constructorului de orgi Burkhard Wenzel-Gazdag. După repararea acoperișului și a interiorului bisericii, în locul orgii a fost amplasat un panou care reproduce imaginea orgii înainte de deteriorare.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Mureș
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Martin


Titus Fulvius Iunius Macrianus (died 261), also known as Macrianus Minor, was a Roman usurper. He was the son of Fulvius Macrianus, also known as Macrianus Major.

Career

Although his father was from an equestrian family, Macrianus Minor's mother was of noble birth and her name, possibly, was Iunia. According to the often unreliable Historia Augusta, he had served as military tribune under Valerian.

Macrianus, his father and his brother Quietus, were in Mesopotamia in 260, for the Sassanid campaign of Emperor Valerian, when the Roman army was defeated, and the emperor was captured. With help from his father, who kept the imperial treasure, and by the influence of Balista, Valerian's praefect, Macrianus gained the imperial office together with his brother Quietus, through the election by the army, in contrast with the lawful Emperor Gallienus, son and co-emperor with Valerian, who was far in the West. The two emperors and brothers were recognized in the eastern part of the Empire, having a stronghold in Egypt, the grain supplying province for the city of Rome.

After having temporarily secured the Persian frontier, Macrianus Major and Macrianus Minor moved to the West to attack and eliminate their rival Gallienus. They were however defeated in autumn 261 by Aureolus, and later killed by their own soldiers at the father's request.

Cultural depictions
Macrianus appears in Harry Sidebottom's historical fiction novel series as one of the series' antagonists..

See also
Gallienus usurpers

References

Sources

 Körner, Christian, "Usurpers in the east: The Macriani and Ballista", s.v. "Usurpers under Gallienus", De Imperatoribus Romanis
 Jones, A.H.M., Martindale, J.R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I: AD260-395, Cambridge University Press, 1971

261 deaths
Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
Gallienus usurpers
Imperial Roman consuls
Year of birth unknown
Fulvii
People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
Roman pharaohs
3rd-century Roman usurpers

Macrianus Minor


Matam steht für
Matam (Senegal), Ort in Senegal
Region Matam, Region in Senegal
Département Matam, Département in der Region Matam
Matam (Haifa), Industriegebiet in Haifa, Israel
Matam (Guinea), Stadtbezirk von Conakry
Mätam, Begriff der schiitischen Passionsspiele
Ma'tam (مأتم), (Hussainia), schiitisches Versammlungsgebäude in Bahrain
Siehe auch:
Matham
Mattam

Matam


Der Große Riesenberg ist eine Erhebung im Süden der Stadt Magdeburg.

Der Hügel gehört zur Gemarkung des Stadtteils Salbke und erreicht eine Höhe von 89 Metern. Westlich befindet sich Beyendorf-Sohlen, östlich Westerhüsen. Nördlich des Großen Riesenbergs erstrecken sich die Sohlener Berge, von denen er durch ein Taleinschnitt getrennt ist, zu denen er aber üblicherweise als zugehörig gezählt wird. Im Bereich des Tals verläuft ein alter Hohlweg, von dem vermutet wird, dass er mit Salztransporten aus dem Bereich der Sülze zum an der Elbe bei Pötritz gelegenen Umschlagplatz in Zusammenhang steht.

Unmittelbar südöstlich des Hügels liegt das Flurstück Die Semmel, südlich das Gebäude einer ehemaligen Ziegelei mitsamt einer alten Tongrube.

Direkt über den Gipfel verläuft eine Hochspannungsfreileitung. Dadurch wird die Spitze des Großen Riesenbergs von Bewuchs freigehalten. Es besteht insofern eine gute Sicht in südliche Richtungen.

Anders als es der Namen suggeriert ist der Große Riesenberg auch in der näheren Umgebung nicht die höchste Erhebung. Die Sohlener Berge erreichen eine Höhe von 97,8 Metern, der weiter südlich gelegene Frohser Berg 115,5 Meter. Etwas südlich des Großen Riesenbergs befindet sich der Kleine Riesenberg.

Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs befand sich auf dem Großen Riesenberg zumindest von 1941 bis 1945 die Schwere Reserve-Batterie Flakabteilung 629. Die ab 1943 als Schwere Flakbatterie s3/205/III geführte Einheit war mit vier 8,8 cm-Geschützen bewaffnet und verfügte an ihrem westlichen Ende über eine Scheinwerfereinheit sowie einen Sperr- oder Fesselballon. Außerdem wurde ein Würzburg-Radar eingesetzt. Vermutlich in der Nacht vom 27. auf den 28. März 1943 erfolgte der erste Einsatz der Batterie. Im Wirkungsbereich der Batterie, der sich jedoch mit den Bereichen anderer Batterien überlappte, wurden drei Abschüsse alliierter Flugzeuge registriert. Am 21. Januar 1944 stürzte eine britische Halifax bei Frohse, am 24. März 1944 eine britische Lancaster nördlich von Welsleben und am 12. August 1944, nach anderen Angaben am 12. September 1944, eine US-amerikanische B-17 bei Ottersleben ab. Kurz vor Kriegsende wurde die Flak abgezogen.

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Magdeburg)

Großer Riesenberg


José Ruiz y Blasco (Türkçe: Oze Ruiz i Blasco) (d. 1838 - ö. 1913) İspanyol ressam ve resim öğretmeni ve Pablo Picasso'nun babasıdır.

Kronoloji
 1838 (ya da 1858?): Málaga yakınlarında doğdu.
 1880: Çocukluk aşkı María Picasso y López (Türkçe: Marya Pikasso i Lopez) ile evlendi (1855-1939).
 1881: Pablo'nun (Pablito) Málaga'da doğumu
 1884: Dolores'nin (Lola) Malaga'da doğumu
 1887: Concepción'un (Conchita) Málaga'da doğumu (1891'de 4 yaşındayken öldü)
 1888 / 89: Pablo'yu ressamlık konusunda özel olarak eğitti.
 1891: Conchita (Türkçe: konçita)'nın ölümü. La Coruña (Türkçe: la korunya)'ya "Bella's Arts"'taki bir resim öğretmenliği pozisyonunu kabul etmek için taşınma (ve yerel müzede küratörlük)
 1892: Pablo onun öğrencilerinden biri
 1895: Barselona Güzel Sanatlar Okulu'nda ("La Lonja")(Türkçe: la lonya) profesörlük unvanını alır. Pablo kendi yolunda ilerler.
 1896: Görünüşte Pablo'nun üstün yeteneği sonucunda ressamlığı bırakır (Pablo ayrıca olağan bir mücadele işareti göstererek babasının soyadı yerine annesinin evlilik öncesi soyadıyla resimlerini imzalamıştır.).
 1913: Öldü.

1838 doğumlular
1913 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl İspanyol ressamları
20. yüzyıl İspanyol ressamları

José Ruiz y Blasco


Le référendum contre l'augmentation du financement de Frontex par la Confédération suisse a lieu le . Il vise à permettre à la population suisse de se prononcer sur l'arrêté fédéral du  validant la reprise du règlement de l'Union européenne sur le sujet.

Objet

L'arrêté soumis au référendum prévoit une augmentation du financement de la Suisse à l'agence européenne Frontex de 24 millions de francs suisses par année en 2021 à 61 millions d'ici à 2027 et le passage d'une moyenne de 6 postes à plein temps mis à disposition par la Suisse à 40.

Historique
La Suisse finance et participe aux missions de l'agence Frontex depuis 2011. Le parlement européen a validé un nouveau règlement sur les gardes-frontières et garde-côtes le 13 novembre 2019. Le Conseil fédéral suisse a transmis un message au parlement suisse, le 26 août 2020, lui proposant l'approbation de ce règlement. Lors de la session d'automne 2021, le parlement adopte un arrêté fédéral portant approbation dudit règlement. Le 27 octobre 2021, des organisations annoncent le lancement d'un référendum contre cet arrêté.
Le 12 janvier 2022, le Conseil fédéral précise que le référendum fera partie des objets de votation du 15 mai 2022 si la récolte de signature aboutit.
Le 20 janvier 2022 le comité référendaire dépose 62 000 signatures à la Chancellerie fédérale.

Campagne

Avant la validation définitive par la Chancellerie fédérale du nombre de signatures requis pour la tenue du référendum, la conseillère fédérale Karin Keller-Sutter annonce la tenue probable du référendum lors d'une réunion informelle des ministres européens chargés de la justice et des affaires intérieures les 3 et 4 février 2022 à Lille.

Le 25 février, les personnes s'opposant à l'augmentation du financement de Frontex tiennent une conférence de presse. Les recommandations du Conseil fédéral et du parlement sont présentées en conférence de presse le 2 mars.

Le 26 mars, en congrès à Echarlens (FR), les jeunes UDC décident de recommander le rejet de la loi sur Frontex. Le 9 avril, l'UDC rejette le référendum et approuve l'augmentation financière prévue par l'arrêté.

Le 1er avril, un sondage commandé par la SRG SSR à l'entreprise gfs.bern donne l'arrêté tel que voté par le parlement accepté par 63 % des votants.

Le vendredi 22 avril des personnes s'opposant à l'arrêté ont bloqué pendant une heure le siège de l'Office fédéral de la douane et de la sécurité des frontières (OFDF) à Berne avec une banderole indiquant «Frontex tue et l'OFDF s'en rend complice.». Le lendemain, une manifestation de plus d'un millier de personnes ont défilé pour le rejet de l'arrêté dans cette même ville.

Le jeudi 28 avril, le directeur de l'agence Frontex Fabrice Leggeri démissionne . Sans lien avec la votation, l'incidence de cet événement sur cette dernière est diversement interprétée. Les partisans de l'arrêté y voient une démonstration de la capacité de réforme de l'institution alors que pour les personnes qui y sont opposées, il s'agirait d'une reconnaissance des dysfonctionnements dénoncés.

Le mardi 3 mai, les conseillers fédéraux Karin Keller-Sutter et Ueli Maurer reconnaissent dans une interview donnée à la presse l'existence de refoulements illégaux (pushback) de la part des employés de Frontex mais les décrivent comme isolés. Le lendemain, un ex-agent suisse de Frontex témoigne lui aussi dans la presse des dysfonctionnements de l'agence. Il en relève au moins trois : la diversité des interprétations des normes par les agents sur le terrain selon leur formation nationale reçue (qui va de longues ou presque inexistantes), la corruption des agents qui reflète aussi les diversités des rémunérations dans les contextes nationaux, et enfin la difficulté de la communication entre les agents, les instances nationales et l'agence qui s'illustre par le manque de prise en compte des problèmes signalés.

Avis favorables à l'arrêté

Le Conseil fédéral défend l'arrêté en mettant en avant principalement le fait que le rejet de celui-ci remettrait en cause la participation de la Suisse à la Convention de Schengen.

Le section genevoise du parti Le Centre met en avant trois arguments. Premièrement, l'augmentation des moyens de l'agence a pour but de corriger ses dysfonctionnements et garantir le respect des droits humains. Deuxièmement, La Suisse pourra mieux défendre les droits fondamentaux en participant à Frontex plutôt qu'en restant à l'extérieur. Finalement, un Non aggraverait encore nos relations avec l'Union européenne.

Avis opposés à l'arrêté

Les membres du comité référendaire s'opposent à l'arrêté au regard des violations des droits humains dont l'agence Frontex serait à l'origine et aussi en raison de la nature en elle-même du mandat confié à l'agence qui consisterait en une logique de militarisation des frontières extérieures de l'Europe induisant la criminalisation de la migration et obligeant les personnes migrantes à s'exposer à l'exploitation criminelle.
Par ailleurs, la menace de l'exclusion des accords Schengen en cas de refus de l'arrêté est dénoncée comme manipulatoire. La Confédération suisse a déjà signé avec beaucoup de retard plusieurs mesures européennes sans que cela n'entraîne des exclusions automatiques. Le refus de l'arrêté donnerait, selon les opposants, simplement au Conseil fédéral le mandat de renégocier cette augmentation en y ajoutant de nouvelles exigences.

Un autre courant, qui veut se distinguer du comité référendaire, s'oppose également à l'arrêté mais en mettant en avant inefficacité de l'agence.

Résultats

Notes et références

Liens externes
.

 .

.

2022 en Suisse
Suisse

Référendum en Suisse
Suisse

Référendum contre l'augmentation du financement de Frontex par la Confédération suisse


Bendfeld, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 4,41 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 210 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 48 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Ingo Lage tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-probstei.de

Kaynakça

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Bendfeld


The Tear Garden is a psychedelic/experimental/electronic band, formed by Edward Ka-Spel of The Legendary Pink Dots and cEvin Key of Skinny Puppy in 1985 after Key served as a sound engineer on tour in Canada for Ka-Spel. An EP, The Tear Garden,  was released that same year. The pair have since released a number of records with the assistance of various guest musicians. Their most recent release, The Brown Acid Caveat, was released in July 2017.

History
The Tear Garden released the album Tired Eyes Slowly Burning in 1987. It featured contributions from Skinny Puppy members Dwayne Goettel, Nivek Ogre, and Dave Ogilvie. The record featured a nearly 17 minute long track titled "You and Me and Rainbows", described by AllMusic's Sean Carruthers as "monolithic... but worth every second". A reissue of the album included the groups first EP, The Tear Garden, with the rest of the album. Members of the Legendary Pink Dots would henceforth contribute to Tear Garden and in 1992 they released the full-length album The Last Man to Fly. Another EP, Sheila Liked the Rodeo, much of which was recorded during the same sessions as The Last Man to Fly, was released in 1993. Only a few tracks feature Ka-Spel's vocals.

With the collapse of Skinny Puppy in 1995 and cEvin's primary commitment over, he and The Tear Garden released To Be an Angel Blind, the Crippled Soul Divide in 1996, followed by Crystal Mass in 2000. Crystal Mass marked a departure for the group, with more focus seemingly directed toward sound and production than the traditional staple, the lyrics. In 2002 a limited edition compilation of previously unreleased songs, Eye Spy with My Little Eye came out on Key's Subconscious Communications label. A best of, For Those Who Would Walk with the Gods is also available.

The Tear Garden have never toured, which has limited their commercial potential. The only live performance of Tear Garden material by members of both Skinny Puppy and the Legendary Pink Dots was on April 14, 1988 in Leiden, Holland and May 1, 1988 at Foyer St. Arbogast in Strasbourg France, during Skinny Puppy's Head Trauma tour, for which Edward Ka-Spel was the opening solo act. At the end of Ka-Spel's set cEvin Key joined him on guitar and keyboards for a performance of the song "The Centre Bullet". The Legendary Pink Dots have performed "Isis Veiled" as an almost necessary encore at every show during their last few tours.

In March 2008, after having successfully collaborated in 2007 on The Secret Experiment, cEvin Key made mention that Edward Ka-Spel was due to show up in Los Angeles sometime soon and that new material could possibly arise from any presumed meeting of the pair.

Early in 2017, it was announced that the group would celebrate their 30th anniversary with the release of a new album, The Brown Acid Caveat. The album would be accompanied with the release of the rarities collection album Eye Spy Vol.2.

Members
cEvin Key - keyboards, guitar, bass guitar, drums
Edward Ka-Spel - vocals, keyboards

Discography

Albums

EPs

Collections

Compilations

References

External links
Official Tear Garden discography
Litany.net - Skinny Puppy fansite that also offers info on The Tear Garden
Subconscious Communications
Tear Garden fan site on Myspace

1986 establishments in British Columbia
Canadian electronic music groups
Musical groups from Vancouver
Musical groups established in 1986
Psychedelic musical groups

The Tear Garden


Egon Endres ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Egon Endres (Jurist) (1902–1983), deutscher Jurist und Politiker (CDU)
 Egon Endres (Sozialwissenschaftler) (* 1960), deutscher Sozialwissenschaftler

Egon Endres


Ior Bock [ˈiːɔr ˈbɔkː] (eigentlich Bror Holger Bertil Svedlin; * 17. Januar 1942 in Porvoo; † 23. Oktober 2010 in Helsinki) war ein finnlandschwedischer Exzentriker, Fremdenführer, Schauspieler und Mythenerfinder.

Leben
Bock begann seine Karriere als Kleindarsteller und Lichttechniker am Svenska Teatern in Helsinki. Von 1973 bis 1998 arbeitete er als Fremdenführer auf der Insel Suomenlinna, wo er Führungen durch die dortige mittelalterliche Burg machte, die sich bald großer Beliebtheit erfreuten.

Im Jahre 1984 erregte er großes öffentliches Interesse mit der Behauptung, Bewahrer einer uralten Kultur zu sein, die Einblicke in die heidnischen Traditionen Finnlands sowie die finnische Mythologie gebe. Mit seiner Familiensaga könne "die Geschichte der gesamten Menschheit" erklärt werden. Neben dem mythischen Lemminkäinen, einer Sagengestalt aus dem finnischen Nationalepos Kalevala, ist ein Held der Familiensaga ein "Necklas", der auf einem Rentiergespann über das Land reist. Diese Geschichten sind als die Bock-Saga bekannt.

1987 begann Bock in seinem Heimatort Sipoo mit Ausgrabungen auf der Suche nach einem antiken Tempel, der dem Lemminkäinen geweiht gewesen sei. Die Baufirma Lemminkäinen und die Sparkasse von Sipoo finanzierten zunächst die Grabungen. Gefunden wurde zwar eine große Höhle, aber kein Tempel und keine archäologischen Objekte.

Am 23. Oktober 2010 wurde Ior Bock, der durch eine frühere Messerattacke gelähmt war, im Alter von 68 Jahren durch mehrere Messerstiche getötet. Ein 29-jähriger Gehilfe Bocks wurde festgenommen, 2011 vor Gericht für nicht schuldfähig befunden und in sein Heimatland Indien abgeschoben.

Die Bock-Saga
Laut der Bock-Saga gab es das Volk der Aser, das der Legende nach seit Millionen von Jahren in einem Land namens Odenmaa lebte. Inmitten dieses Landes soll es eine Stadt namens Hel gegeben haben, die auf sieben Hügeln und sieben Inseln errichtet worden war. Auf einer dieser Inseln, Odensö, habe sich auf dem Hügel Lysnarberriet der Tempel Heligedom befunden. In diesem Tempel soll es einen Punkt gegeben haben, der auf dem exakten Nordpol lag. Man habe ihn Walhalla genannt. Die Aser brachten ein weiteres Volk, die Vaner hervor. Diese besiedelten laut Ior Bock den Rest der Welt.

Die Erde soll zu dieser Zeit eisfrei gewesen sein, bis sich die bis dato exakt senkrecht stehende Erdachse vor 50 Millionen und 10.028 Jahren neigte und eine Eiszeit verursachte. Odenmaa sei jedoch eisfrei geblieben und die Menschen überlebten. Als das Eis wieder zurückging, hätten sie wieder Kontakt zu anderen Völkern aufgenommen und ihnen ihre Kultur gebracht.

Publikationen
 mit Juha Javanainen (Hrsg.): Bockin perheen saaga. SynchroniCity, Helsinki 1996, ISBN 952-5137-00-7,

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 als Ior Svedlin
 1981: Kiljusen herrasväki (Miniserie)
 1982: Rauta-aika (Miniserie)
 1982: Viapori-Uusi Atlantis (Dokumentarfilm / Fernsehserie)
 1990: A-Studio (Fernsehserie)
 1991: Temppeli (Dokumentarfilm / Fernsehserie)
 2002: Madventures (Dokumentarfilm / Fernsehserie)

Literatur
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Die Arktische Heimat in den Veden. Die Herkunft der Arier aus einem milden Klima im Norden. Forsite, 2010
 Carl Borgen: Die Bock-Saga. Eine Einführung. C.P.H. Borgen, 2018, ISBN 978-1079656008. PDF
 Petra Schaaf: Als das Paradies am Nordpol lag. Bock Saga – Märchen oder Wahrheit? Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2019, ISBN 978-3-7494-8031-9.

Weblinks

 Ior Bock, a brief biography (englisch)
 Webpräsenz von Ior Bock (finnisch)

 Goldener Bocksgesang. Ein Althippie aus Helsinki will in Finnland den Goldschatz des Nikolaus heben. In: Der Spiegel, 6. Dezember 1993

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Autor
Pseudonym
Literatur (Finnland)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Heimatforscher
Mystiker
Person (Esoterik)
Mordopfer
Kriminalfall 2010
Kriminalfall in Finnland
Finne
Finnlandschwede
Geboren 1942
Gestorben 2010
Mann

Ior Bock


Steal This Album!, System of a Down'ın üçüncü stüdyo albümü.

Albüm çıkmadan önce albümün parçaları çalınarak Toxicity 2 adında bir albüm korsan yollarla piyasaya sürüldü. Bu nedenle albümün ismi Bu Albümü Çal! anlamına gelen Steal This Album! oldu.

Toxicity albümüne göre daha sert bir müziğe sahip olan albümün prodüktörlüğünü Rick Rubin yaptı.

Şarkı Listesi

Personel
System of a Down
 Serj Tankian — Vokal, klavye, theremin
 Daron Malakian — Gitar, vokal, ud
 Shavo Odadjian — Bas gitar, geri vokal
 John Dolmayan — Bateri, geri vokal

Liste konumları
Albüm

Tekliler

Kaynakça

2002 albümleri
System of a Down albümleri
Yapımcısı Rick Rubin olan albümler

Steal This Album!