Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA (September 29, 1838 – April 27, 1886) was an American architect, best known for his work in a style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture".

Biography

Early life
Richardson was born at the Priestley Plantation in St. James Parish, Louisiana, and spent part of his childhood in New Orleans, where his family lived on Julia Row in a red brick house designed by the architect Alexander T. Wood. He was the great-grandson of inventor and philosopher Joseph Priestley, who is usually credited with the discovery of oxygen.

Richardson went on to study at Harvard College and Tulane University. Initially, he was interested in civil engineering, but shifted to architecture, which led him to go to Paris in 1860 to attend the famed École des Beaux Arts in the atelier of Louis-Jules André. He was only the second U.S. citizen to attend the École's architectural division—Richard Morris Hunt was the first—and the school was to play an increasingly important role in training Americans in the following decades.

He did not finish his training there, as family backing failed due to the U.S. Civil War.

Career

Richardson returned to the U.S. in 1865, settling in New York that October. He found work with a builder, Charles, whom he had met in Paris. The two worked well together but Richardson was not being challenged. He had little to do and yearned for more. With no work Richardson fell into a state of poverty looking for more work.  One of his first commissions was the William Dorsheimer House on Delaware Ave in Buffalo, NY, which is in the style of the Second Empire with a Mansard roof.  This important commission led to many other commissions.  The style that Richardson developed over time, however, was not the more classical style of the École, but a more medieval-inspired style, influenced by William Morris, John Ruskin and Viollet le Duc. Richardson developed a unique and highly personal idiom, adapting in particular the Romanesque of southern France. His early works, however, were not very remarkable. "There are few hints in the mediocre work of Richardson's early years of what was to come in his maturity, when, beginning with his competition-winning design ... for the Brattle Square Church in Boston, he adopted the Romanesque."

In 1869, he designed the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane (now known as the Richardson Olmsted Complex) in Buffalo, the largest commission of his career and the first appearance of Richardsonian Romanesque style. A massive Medina sandstone complex, it is a National Historic Landmark and, as of 2009, was being restored.

Trinity Church in Boston, designed by Richardson and built 1872–1877, solidified his national reputation and led to major commissions for the rest of his life. Although incorporating historical elements from a variety of sources, including early Syrian Christian, Byzantine, and both French and Spanish Romanesque, it was more "Richardsonian" than Romanesque. Trinity was also a collaboration with the construction and engineering firm of the Norcross Brothers, with whom the architect would work on some 30 projects.

He designed the Ames Monument, which was constructed from 1880 to 1882, and is located at the highest point of the original Transcontinental Railway (the financing of which was spearheaded by Oliver Ames Jr. and his brother Oakes Ames), east of Laramie, Wyoming.  The Ames brothers and family provided generous patronage for Richardson's works, and after Oliver's death, Richardson was commissioned to design the Ames Free Library established in 1883 by a bequeath in Ames's will.

He was well-recognized by his peers; of ten buildings named by American architects as the best in 1885, fully half were his: besides Trinity Church, there were Albany City Hall, Sever Hall at Harvard University, the New York State Capitol in Albany (as a collaboration), and Oakes Ames Memorial Hall in North Easton, Massachusetts.

Despite the success of Trinity, Richardson built only two more churches, focusing instead on the monumental buildings he preferred, plus libraries, railroad stations, commercial buildings, and houses. Of his buildings, the two he liked best, the Allegheny County Courthouse (Pittsburgh, 1884–1888) and the Marshall Field Wholesale Store (Chicago, 1885–1887, demolished 1930), were completed posthumously by his assistants.

Later years
Richardson spent much of his later years in his house at 25 Cottage St. in Brookline, Massachusetts, which had a studio attached.

Richardson died in 1886 at age 47 of Bright's disease. On his last day, he signed an informal will directing the three assistants still remaining to carry on the business, which was soon formalized as Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge. One example includes Richardson's design for the Greater Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce Building. Richardson had won the selection process in 1885 and nearly finalized the work, but after his death his successors completed the project.

He was buried in Walnut Hills Cemetery, Brookline, Massachusetts. Despite an enormous income for an architect of his day, his "reckless disregard for financial order" meant that he died deeply in debt, leaving little to his widow and six children.

Major work

Trinity Church
Richardson's most acclaimed early work is Trinity Church. The interior of the church is one of the leading examples of the arts and crafts aesthetic in the United States. It was at Trinity that Richardson first worked with Augustus Saint Gaudens, with whom he would work many times in the ensuing years. Across the square is the Boston Public Library, built later (1895) by Richardson's former draftsman, Charles Follen McKim. Together these and the surrounding buildings comprise one of the outstanding American urban complexes, built as the centerpiece of the newly developed Back Bay.

Richardson Olmsted Campus
The largest building complex of HH Richardson's career, Richardson Olmsted Complex in Buffalo, New York, United States was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. The first building to display his characteristic style the complex of buildings was designed in concert with the famed landscape team of Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in the late 1800s, incorporating a system of enlightened treatment for people with mental illness developed by Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride. Over the years, as mental health treatment changed and resources were diverted, the buildings and grounds began a slow deterioration. In 2006, the Richardson Center Corporation was formed with a mandate to save the buildings and bring the Campus back to life through a state appropriation.

Today, the Richardson Olmsted Campus is being transformed into a cultural amenity for the city. Arriving in 2018, the Richardson Olmsted Campus will also have the Lipsey Architecture Center of Buffalo. The remaining buildings have been stabilized pending future opportunities.

Building types

Richardson pointedly claimed ability to create any type of structure a client wanted, insisting he could design anything "from a cathedral to a chicken coop." "The things I want most to design are a grain elevator and the interior of a great river-steamboat." However, architectural historian James F. O'Gorman sees Richardson's achievement particularly in four building types: public libraries, commuter train station buildings, commercial buildings, and single-family houses.

Public libraries
A series of small public libraries donated by patrons for the improvement of New England towns makes a small coherent corpus that defines Richardson's style: Winn Memorial Library (Woburn), Ames Free Library (Easton), the Converse Memorial Library (Malden), and the Thomas Crane Public Library (Quincy), (1880–1882) "generally regarded by architectural historians as the masterpiece of Richardson's libraries", the Hubbard Memorial Library (Ludlow, Massachusetts), and Billings Memorial Library on the campus of the University of Vermont. These buildings seem resolutely anti-modern, with the atmosphere of an Episcopalian vicarage, dimly lit for solemnity rather than reading on site. They are preserves of culture that did not especially embrace the contemporary flood of newcomers to New England. Yet they offer clearly defined spaces, easy and natural circulation, and they are visually memorable. Richardson's libraries found many imitators in the "Richardsonian Romanesque" movement.

The Thomas Crane Public Library is regarded as the best of Richardson's libraries. In his earlier libraries, Richardson's approach was to conceive the parts and then assemble them, while in the later ones such as Crane he thought in terms of the whole. Richardson also engaged in a process of simplification and elimination with each successive library, until in Crane "Richardson's concentration on the relation of solid to void, of wall to window, becomes the basis for a harmonious abstraction with scarcely a reference to any past style."

Railroad buildings

Richardson also designed nine railroad station buildings for the Boston & Albany Railroad as well as three stations for other lines. More subtle than his churches, municipal buildings and libraries, they were an original response to this relatively new building type. Beginning with his first at Auburndale (1881, demolished 1960s), Richardson drew inspiration for these station buildings from Japanese architecture that he learned about from Edward S. Morse, a Harvard zoologist who began traveling to Japan in 1877, originally for biological specimens. Falling in love with Japan, upon his return that same year Morse began giving illustrated "magic lantern" public lectures on Japanese ceramics, temples, vernacular architecture, and culture. Richardson incorporated Japanese concepts "in both sihouette and spatial concept", including the karahafu ("excellent gable", but generally poorly translated as "Chinese gable" despite its Japanese origin), the eyelid dormer, and the wide hip roof with extended eaves, all shown by Morse.

Among the few stations still extant, these influences are perhaps best illustrated in his Old Colony station (Easton, Massachusetts, 1881–1884). Here he uses the Syrian arch that became a hallmark of Richardson designs for both the porte-cochère and the windows of the main structure. Reminiscent of a courtyard and temple that Morse illustrated from Nikkō in Tochigi prefecture, Japan, the hip roof on wide, bracketed eaves nearly hides the rough stonework below in shadow. Richardson even included a carved dragon at each end of the beam spanning the arches of windows. The walls "become horizontal planes hovering above one another with bands of windows in between."

Richardson was an early although not the first U.S. architect to look to Japan, but his train stations "form the earliest sustained application of Japanese inspiration in American architecture, an undeniable precursor to Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie house designs". As with his libraries, Richardson evolved and simplified as the series continued, and his famous Chestnut Hill station (Newton, Massachusetts, 1883–1884, demolished circa 1960) featured clean lines with less Japanese influence.

After his death, more than 20 other stations were designed in Richardson's style for the Boston and Albany line by the firm of Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, all draftsmen of Richardson at the time of his death. Many Boston and Albany stations were landscaped by Richardson's frequent collaborator, Frederick Law Olmsted. Additionally, a railroad station in Orchard Park, New York (near Buffalo) was built in 1911 as a replica of Richardson's Auburndale station in Auburndale, Massachusetts. The original Auburndale station was torn down in the 1960s during construction of the Massachusetts Turnpike. The original Richardson stations on the Boston and Albany Highland branch have either been demolished or converted to new uses (such as restaurants). Two of the stations designed by Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge (both in Newton, Massachusetts) are still used by Boston's MBTA (green line) public transit service: and Newton Highlands station and Newton Centre station.

Commercial buildings

The noted Marshall Field Wholesale Store (Chicago, 1885–1887, demolished 1930) is Richardson's "culminating statement of urban commercial form", and its remarkable design influenced Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright, and many other architects. According to Jeffrey Karl Ochsner, who has compiled all of Richardson's architectural works, despite its demolition in 1930, the Marshall Field Wholesale Store "is probably the most famous of Richardson's buildings, one that Richardson himself saw as among his most significant." Architectural critic Henry-Russell Hitchcock states that in the Field Store, Richardson "was, perhaps, never more creative architecturally." Drawing from his own earlier work and both Romanesque and Renaissance precedents, Richardson designed this "massive but integrated" seven-story stone warehouse. Minimizing ornamentation in an era that employed much of it, he stressed what he termed "the beauty of material and symmetry rather than mere superficial ornamentation" with "the effects depending on the relations of 'voids and solids'... on the proportion of the parts." Not requiring the new steel frame technology because of its comparatively low height, Richardson used multi-storied windows topped by arches to tie the stories together, and the regular patterns of the windows to tie the entire building into "a simple and unified solid occupying an entire block."

Single-family houses
Richardson designed many important single-family residences, but his famous John J. Glessner House (Chicago, 1885–87) is his best and most influential urban house. The Mary Fisk Stoughton House (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1882–1883), the Henry Potter House (St. Louis, 1886–1887, demolished 1958), and the Robert Treat Paine Estate (aka Stonehurst) (Waltham, Massachusetts, 1886) play that role for suburban and country settings. The Glessner House in particular influenced Frank Lloyd Wright as he began developing what would become his Prairie School houses. With his house for Reverend Percy Browne (Marion, Massachusetts, 1881–82) Richardson revived "the old colonial form (of the gambrel roof) to shape the facade of an artistically ambitious house. Perhaps he used the gambrel to signify the humility appropriate to the profession of his client, but in doing so he sanctioned its use for wealthier patrons and by other architects. Within three years the crumpled gambrel profile was showing up everywhere" and became one of the notable features of Shingle Style architecture.

Richardsonian Romanesque

Richardson is one of few architects to be immortalized by having a style named after him. "Richardsonian Romanesque", unlike Victorian revival styles like Neo-Gothic, was a highly personal synthesis of the Beaux-Arts predilection for clear and legible plans, with the heavy massing that was favored by the pro-medievalists. It featured picturesque roofline profiles, rustication and polychromy, semi-circular arches supported on clusters of squat columns, and round arches over clusters of windows on massive walls.

Following his death, the Richardsonian style was perpetuated by a variety of proteges and other architects, many for civic buildings like city halls, county buildings, court houses, train stations and libraries, as well as churches and residences. These include:
 the successor firm of Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, who completed some two dozen unfinished projects and then continued to produce work in the same style, and continued to employ his collaborators the Norcross Brothers for construction and engineering expertise, Frederick Law Olmsted for landscape architecture, and the English sculptor John Evans for stonecarving
 Stanford White and Charles Follen McKim, who worked in Richardson's office as young men, went on to form McKim, Mead and White and moved into the radically different Beaux-Arts architecture style
 Richardson's great admirer Louis Sullivan adapted Richardson's characteristic lessons of texture, massing, and the expressive language of stone walling (see Richardson's noted Chicago building Marshall Field's Wholesale Store), particularly at Chicago's Auditorium Building, and these influences are detectable in the work of Sullivan's own student Frank Lloyd Wright.
 Richardson found sympathetic reception among young Scandinavian architects of the following generation, notably Eliel Saarinen

 The Patrick F. Taylor Library, formerly known as the Howard Memorial Library, was built soon after Richardson's death. It is sometimes called "the only Richardson building located in the South". Residents of New Orleans had wanted an example of Richardson's work, a native son of New Orleans. The office of Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge used a Richardson design which had been submitted and rejected some years earlier for a library in Saginaw, Michigan. This leads some, particularly those in New Orleans, to argue that the building can be said to be by Richardson; the counter argument is that the design was not originally intended for this location and the building was constructed after Richardson's death with no input from the architect beyond the initial design.  The library building is currently part of the Ogden Museum of Southern Art.
 The Amelia S. Givin Library in Mount Holly Springs, PA was designed by James T. Steen, a well known Pittsburgh architect who worked extensively in the Richardsonian Romanesque style.  The Givin Library was built in 1889 in the Richardsonian style.  Its interior was finished in an Orientalism theme which used the 1885 patented Moorish Fretwork screens of Moses Younglove Ransom. The Givin Library is still in use as a public library.

Replicas
Although many structures exist in the Romanesque style and some borrow so heavily that they are often mistaken for Richardson designs, several buildings have been built specifically to mimic a single Richardson structure.
 Wellesley Farms Railroad Station – This structure was built by Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge (draftsmen of Richardson) soon after Richardson's death.  Although this firm built many stations in Richardson's style, they were specifically penalized for this one because it was so similar to Richardson's Eliot station in Newton, Massachusetts. Eliot station was torn down in the 1950s.
 A railroad station in Orchard Park, New York (near Buffalo), was built in 1911 as a replica of Richardson's Auburndale station in Auburndale, Massachusetts. The original Auburndale station, Richardson's first for the Boston & Albany Railroad and which was described by Henry Russell Hitchcock as "the best he ever built", was torn down in the 1960s during construction of the Massachusetts Turnpike.
 The Old Orange County Courthouse in Santa Ana, California, was completed in 1906 and is heavily influenced by Richardson's designs, bearing a strong resemblance to Richardson's Sever Hall at Harvard.
 Castle Hill Light is a lighthouse in Newport, Rhode Island, which is often attributed to Richardson.  Richardson drew a sketch for the lighthouse at that location which may have been the basis for the design, though the actual structure does not include the residence featured in Richardson's sketch.

Chronological list of works

This is a partial list of works by Richardson:
 1867 Church of the Unity – Springfield, Massachusetts
 1867 Western Railroad Offices – Springfield, Massachusetts
 1867 Grace Episcopal Church – Medford, Massachusetts
 1868 Benjamin W. Crowninshield House – Boston, Massachusetts
 1868 H. H. Richardson House – Clifton, Staten Island, New York
 1868 Alexander Dallas Bache Monument – Washington, DC
 1868 William Dorsheimer House – Buffalo, New York
 1869 Agawam National Bank – Springfield, Massachusetts
 1869 Brattle Square Church (now First Baptist Church) – Boston, Massachusetts
 1869 New York State Asylum – Buffalo, New York
 1869 Worcester High School – Worcester, Massachusetts
 1871 Hampden County Courthouse – Springfield, Massachusetts
 1871 North Congregational Church – Springfield, Massachusetts
 1872 Trinity Church – Boston, Massachusetts (National Historic Landmark)
 1872 Frank William Andrews House – Newport, Rhode Island
 1874 William Watts Sherman House – Newport, Rhode Island
 1875 Hayden Building – Boston, Massachusetts
 1875 R. and F. Cheney Building – Hartford, Connecticut
 1875 New York State Capitol – Albany, New York
 1876 Rev. Henry Eglinton Montgomery Memorial – New York City
 1876 Winn Memorial Library – Woburn, Massachusetts
 1877 Oliver Ames Free Library – North Easton, Massachusetts
 1878 Sever Hall – Cambridge, Massachusetts
 1879 Oakes Ames Memorial Hall – North Easton, Massachusetts
 1879 Rectory for Trinity Church – Boston, Massachusetts
 1879 Ames Monument – Sherman, Wyoming
 1880 F.L. Ames Gate Lodge – North Easton, Massachusetts
 1880 Bridge in the Fenway – Boston, Massachusetts
 1880 Stony Brook Gatehouse – Boston, Massachusetts
 1880 Thomas Crane Public Library – Quincy, Massachusetts (National Historic Landmark)
 1880 Dr. John Bryant House – Cohasset, Massachusetts
 1880 Albany City Hall – Albany, New York
 1881 Austin Hall – Cambridge, Massachusetts
 1881 Pruyn Monument – Albany, New York
 1881 Rev. Percy Browne House – Marion, Massachusetts
 1881 North Easton station - Old Colony Railroad Station – North Easton, Massachusetts
 1882 Grange Sard Jr. House – Albany, New York
 1882 Mary Fiske Stoughton House – Cambridge, Massachusetts
 1883 Billings Memorial Library – Burlington, Vermont
 1883 Connecticut River Railroad Station – Holyoke, Massachusetts
 1883 Allegheny County Courthouse and Allegheny County Jail – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 1883 Robert Treat Paine Estate – Waltham, Massachusetts
 1883 Boston & Albany Railroad Station – Framingham, Massachusetts
 1884 Boston & Albany Railroad Station – Newton, Massachusetts
 1884 F.L. Ames Gardener's Cottage – North Easton, Massachusetts
 1884 Immanuel Baptist Church – Newton, Massachusetts
 1884 Ephraim W. Gurney House – Beverly, Massachusetts
 1884 Union Station – Palmer, Massachusetts
 1885 Converse Memorial Library/Building – Malden, Massachusetts (National Historic Landmark)
 1885 Benjamin H. Warder House – Washington, DC
 1885 Bagley Memorial Fountain – Detroit, Michigan
 1885 John J. Glessner House – Chicago, Illinois (National Historic Landmark)
 1885 Boston & Albany Railroad Station – Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts
 1885 Union Passenger Station – New London, Connecticut
 1885 Emmanuel Episcopal Church – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 1886 Lululaund or the Sir Hubert von Herkomer House – Bushey, Hertfordshire, England
 1886 Dr. H.J. Bigelow House – Newton, Massachusetts
 1886 Isaac H. Lionberger House – St. Louis, Missouri

Gallery

Notes

 Breisch, Kenneth A,. Henry Hobson Richardson and the Small Public Library in America: A Study in Typology, MIT Press, 1997
 Floyd, Margaret Henderson, Henry Hobson Richardson:  A Genius for Architecture, Monacelli Press, NY 1997
 Hitchcock, Henry Russell, The Architecture of H. H. Richardson and His Times, Museum of Modern Art, NY 1936; 2nd ed., Archon Books, Hamden CT 1961;  rev. paperback ed., MIT Press, Cambridge MA and London 1966
 Larson, Paul C., ed., with Susan Brown, The Spirit of H.H. Richardson on the Midland Prairies: Regional Transformations of an Architectural Style, University Art Museum, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and Iowa State University Press, Ames  1988
 Meister, Maureen, ed., H. H. Richardson:  The Architect, His Peers, and Their Era, MIT Press, Cambridge MA 1999
 Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, H.H. Richardson: Complete Architectural Works, MIT Press, Cambridge MA  1984
 Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, and Andersen, Dennis A., Distant Corner:  Seattle Architects and the Legacy of H. H. Richardson, University of Washington Press, Seattle 2003
 O'Gorman, James F., Living Architecture:  A Biography of H. H. Richardson, Simon & Schuster, NY 1997
 O'Gorman, James F., H. H. Richardson:  Architectural Forms for an American Society, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1987
 O'Gorman, James F., H. H. Richardson and His Office:  Selected Drawings, David R. Godine, Boston 1974
 Roth, Leland M., A Concise History of American Architecture, Harper & Row publishers, NY, NY  1979
 Shand-Tucci, Douglas, Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800 - 1950, University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA  1988
 Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold, Henry Hobson Richardson and His Works, Dover Publications, Inc. NY  1959 (Reprint of 1888 edition)
 Van Trump, James D., "The Romanesque Revival in Pittsburgh," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 16, No. 3 (October 1957), pp. 22–29
 Wright, Mark, "H. H. Richardson's House for Reverend Browne, Rediscovered," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 68, No. 1 (March 2009), pp. 74–99 https://www.sah.org/docs/default-source/preservation-advocacy/2019-percy-browne-house-jsah-article.pdf

External links

 Richardson's present day successor firm, Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott

 The 53 extent Richardson sites and his Brookline, MA house

.
Architects from Louisiana
Architects from Massachusetts
1838 births
1886 deaths
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Harvard College alumni
Deaths from nephritis
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
Historicist architects
American railway architects
19th-century American architects
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Burials at Walnut Hills Cemetery (Brookline, Massachusetts)

Henry Hobson Richardson


Aleksey Shapurin (* 20. September 1987) ist ein kasachischer ehemaliger Fußballspieler.

Karriere
Shapurin begann seine Profikarriere bei Zesna Almaty. Nach einigen Leihfristen spielt er seit 2011 für den kasachischen Verein Sunkar Kaskelen.

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (FK Almaty)
Fußballspieler (Tobyl Qostanai)
Fußballspieler (FK Taras)
Fußballspieler (Schetissu-Sunkar Taldyqorghan)
Fußballspieler (Wostok Öskemen)
Sowjetbürger
Kasache
Geboren 1987
Mann

Alexei Schapurin


Fu Mingxia  (born August 16, 1978, in Wuhan, Hubei) is a retired Chinese diver, multiple Olympic gold medalist and world champion.  She won the platform-diving world championship in 1991 at the age of 12, making her the youngest diving champ of all time.  She is also famous for being one of the youngest Olympic diving champions, having earned a gold at the 1992 Barcelona Games when she was just 13 years and 345 days old.  Throughout the 1990s, Fu dominated the sport with her repertoire of extremely difficult dives.  During the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Fu won her fourth gold medal, joining Americans Pat McCormick and Greg Louganis as the world's only quadruple Olympic-diving champions.

Early life and career
Fu Mingxia was born into a working-class family in the city of Wuhan, located along the Yangtze River in central China. Inspired by an older sister, Fu enrolled in gymnastics at a local sports school at the age of 5. Though she was just a child, Fu demonstrated remarkable poise and body control. The coaches, however, felt that she was not flexible enough to make it as a gymnast. Instead, they suggested she pursue diving, though Fu, only about seven years old at the time, could not swim.

Fu made the transition from gymnast to springboard diver and before long was noticed by diving coach Yu Fen, who took Fu to Beijing in 1989 to train at a state-sponsored boarding school as a member of the state diving team. Because of her remarkable talents, she became a part of China's disciplined and highly successful elite sporting programs.

Through a strenuous training program, Fu learned to set aside her fears and progressed quickly. Training sessions averaged four to five hours a day, seven days a week, with the occasional nine-hour day. At times, Fu practiced 100 dives a day. In time, she was gliding so close to the platform during her dives that her short hair often touched the end during her descent toward the water.

In 1990, Fu made her international diving debut, capturing a gold at the U.S. Open and also at the Goodwill Games, held that summer in Seattle. Her daring dives from the top of the 10-meter platform transformed the teeny 12-year-old into a national treasure. However, with pressure mounting, Fu placed third at the Asian Games held in Beijing in the fall of 1990. Following the loss, she changed her routine, adding moves that were technically more difficult, but which she felt more comfortable performing.

By 1991, Fu was talented enough to attend the diving world championships, held in Perth, Australia. The competition was intense, and Fu found herself in eighth place in the final round because she had failed a compulsory dive. Fu pulled herself together, however, and ended up with the title, beating out the Soviet Union's World Cup winner Yelena Miroshina by nearly 25 points. At just 12 years old, Fu became the youngest international champion ever. It is a title she will hold forever because after the competition, swimming's national governing body changed the rules, requiring all competitors of international competitions to be at least 14 years old.

While Fu initially made her mark on the 10-meter platform, she also began competing on the three-meter springboard. In April 1992, she won the gold on the springboard at the Chinese international diving tournament in Shanghai.

Fu made her Olympic debut at the 1992 Games, held in Barcelona, Spain. During the competition, the 154 cm (5'1/2"), 43 kg (94.8 lb) Fu used her youthful fearlessness to beat out older competitors. Fu captured a gold in the platform competition. At 13, she was the youngest medal winner at the Olympics that year-and the second-youngest in the history of the Games. She also qualified as the youngest Olympic diving champion, a title she still holds.

Fu's success in her first Olympics drove her toward her second. In preparing for the 1996 Olympics, held in Atlanta, Fu trained seven hours a day, six days a week. Her only other activities included listening to music, watching television and getting massages. Fu's coaches drilled her hard, but she said she found comfort and peace from the physically and mentally straining regimen through music. Fu was in top form at the 1996 Olympics and shone on both the platform and springboard, taking gold in both events. She was the first woman in 36 years to win both events in a single Olympics.

Awards and accomplishments

1990 Goodwill Games – 10m platform 1st (11 years old)
1991 Asian Games – 10m platform 3rd (12 years old)
1991 World Swimming Championships – 10m platform 1st (12 years old)
1992 Olympic Games – 10m platform 1st (13 years old)
1993 FINA Diving World Cup – 3m springboard 3rd (15 years old)
1994 World Swimming Championships – 10m platform 1st (16 years old)
1994 Asian Games – 3m springboard 2nd (16 years old)
1995 FINA Diving World Cup – 10m platform 2nd (17 years old)
1995 FINA Diving World Cup – 3m springboard 1st (17 years old)
1996 Olympic Games – 10m platform 1st (18 years old)
1996 Olympic Games – 3m springboard 1st (18 years old)
1999 University Games – 10m platform 1st (21 years old)
1999 University Games – 3m springboard 1st (21 years old)
2000 FINA Diving World Cup – 3m springboard 2nd (22 years old)
2000 Olympic Games – 3m springboard synchronized (with Guo Jingjing) 2nd (22 years old)
2000 Olympic Games – 3m springboard 1st (22 years old)

Retirement and comeback
Shortly after Atlanta, the triple-gold-medallist decided to retire and enrolled at Beijing's Tsinghua University to study management science. Fu also got involved in politics and in 1997 served as a delegate to the Communist Party's 15th Congress.

Fu spent about two years off the board. By 1998, however, Fu began diving with the university team, but on her own terms. On her own terms still meant a disciplined training schedule, but she reduced the number of hours per day down to five. Fu found that practicing just for the sake of practicing to be a pointless endeavor.

As a member of the university team, Fu competed in the 1999 Universiade in Palma, Spain, winning both the highboard and springboard titles. Less than a year back into it, she won silver at the Diving World Cup. Fu regained her spot on the national Olympic squad and also took up a new sport - three-meter synchronized diving - as she headed for the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Fu and her partner, Guo Jingjing, practiced together for less than six months, yet earned a silver. The Russian pair that beat them had trained together for years. After the synchronized diving event, Fu went on to compete on the springboard. She won a gold, nailing her final dive, a reverse one-and-a-half somersault, two-and-a-half twist for nines when eights would have been enough to beat out Guo, her teammate. With her four gold medals and one silver, Fu became one of the most decorated Olympic divers of all time. She is one of only three divers to win an Olympic double-double in the individual events: Pat McCormick and Greg Louganis being the other two.

Marriage and motherhood
Fu married Antony Leung, former Financial Secretary of Hong Kong, on July 15, 2002, in Hawaii.  Their marriage was not publicly revealed until July 30, 2002. They have a daughter (born February 26, 2003) and two sons (born December 12, 2004, and April 25, 2008).

Though Fu is no longer diving, she was a member of the Beijing Olympic bid committee for the 2008 Olympics. Beijing won the bid, and Fu went on to serve as an ambassador at the event.

See also
 List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
 List of divers

References
 New York Times, May 4, 1992.
 South China Morning Post, March 6, 1993; March 24, 2002.
 Straits Times (Singapore), February 28, 2003.
 Washington Post, May 22, 1991.

1978 births
Living people
Chinese evangelicals
Hong Kong evangelicals
Chinese female divers
Divers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic divers for China
Olympic gold medalists for China
Olympic medalists in diving
Olympic silver medalists for China
Sportspeople from Wuhan
Tsinghua University alumni
Asian Games medalists in diving
Divers at the 1990 Asian Games
Divers at the 1994 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in diving
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Universiade medalists in diving
FISU World University Games gold medalists for China
Medalists at the 1999 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games

Fu Mingxia


John Carlsen (født 31. december 1961 i Vinderød) er en tidligere dansk cykelrytter. Han kørte professionelt fra 1988-1991.
Efter sin karriere var han sportsdirektør på det danske cykelhold Acceptcard Pro Cycling i begge dets leveår, 1998 og 1999.

Karriere
Carlsen blev professionel i 1988 på det franske hold Fagor, hvor han blev holdkammerat med danske Johnny Weltz og stjerneryttere som Stephen Roche og Robert Millar. Samme sæson debuterede han i Vuelta a España. Senere på året vandt han 1. etape i Portugal Rundt og sluttede på 8. pladsen sammenlagt.

I 1989, stadig for Fagor, fik han sin debut i Giro d'Italia. Her sikrede han sig karrierens største sejr ved at slå til 8. etape, en bjergetape med mål i 2130 meters højde på Gran Sasso d'Italia. Selv om han længe havde ligget i udbrud, formåede han at holde hjem foran de stærke profiler Luis Herrera, Marino Lejarreta og Erik Breukink. Samme år stillede Carlsen for første gang til start i Tour de France med en samlet placering som nummer 53 til følge.

I 1990 skiftede Carlsen til et andet fransk hold, Toshiba. For dem kørte han både Vuelta a España og Tour de France, men udgik af dem begge. Han nåede dog at markere sig i Tour'en, da han hentede en 5. plads hjem på 1. etape.

I 1991 tørnede Carlsen ud for et belgisk hold, Tonton Tapis, hvor han blev genforenet med sin gamle kaptajn Stephen Roche. Også for dem deltog han i Tour de France, men han udgik på 13. etape. Året blev hans sidste som professionel cykelrytter.

Resultater
Kilder:

1982
 Vinder af 4. etape Postgirot Open

1984
 2. plads samlet Tour de Berlin

1985
 4. plads samlet Circuit de Lorraine

1986
 8. plads samlet GP Tell

1987
 3. plads samlet Circuit de Lorraine
 10. plads samlet GP Tell

1988
 8. plads samlet Portugal Rundt
 Vinder af 1. etape

1989
 Vinder af 8. etape Giro d'Italia
 7. plads samlet Tour du Limousin

1990
 9. plads samlet Vuelta a Andalucía
 9. plads samlet Route du Sud

Grand Tour tidslinje

UD = Udgået.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Danmark

John Carlsen


Cougar aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:
 Puma, bir tür memeli hayvan
 Cougar (araç), zırhlı araç
 Eurocopter Cougar, askeri helikopter

Cougar


වසර 143 (CXLIII) යනු,  ජූලියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර   සඳුදා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දකි  (බැඳිය විසින් මුළු දින දසුන දක්වනු ඇත). එකල එය හැඳින්වුනේ, ටුර්ක්වාටුස්ගේ සහ හිපාර්කස්ගේ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික  ධූර වර්ෂය (හෝ, එතරම් ප්‍රචලිත නොවන අයුරින්,  අබ් ඌර්බෙ කෝන්ඩිටා  896 වසර) ලෙසිනි.  මෙම වසර සඳහා 143 යන නාමය භාවිත වීම ඇරඹුනේ මුල් මධ්‍යතන යුගයේදී, වසර නම් කිරීම සඳහා යුරෝපයේ ප්‍රචලිත භාවයට පත් ක්‍රමය ලෙසින් ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ දින දසුන් යුගය ඇරඹීම හා සමගය.

ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ අවුරුදු

143


Henley Royal Regatta (or Henley Regatta, its original name pre-dating Royal patronage) is a rowing event held annually on the River Thames by the town of Henley-on-Thames, England. It was established on 26 March 1839. It differs from the three other regattas rowed over approximately the same course, Henley Women's Regatta, Henley Masters Regatta, and Henley Town and Visitors' Regatta, each of which is an entirely separate event.

The regatta lasts for six days (Tuesday to Sunday) ending on the first weekend in July. Races are head-to-head knock out competitions, raced over a course of . The regatta regularly attracts international crews to race. The most prestigious event at the regatta is the Grand Challenge Cup for Men's Eights, which has been awarded since the regatta was first staged.

As the regatta pre-dates any national or international rowing organisation, it has its own rules and organisation, although it is recognised by both British Rowing (the governing body of rowing in England and Wales) and FISA (the International Federation of Rowing Associations). The regatta is organised by a self-perpetuating body of Stewards, who are largely former rowers themselves. One exception to this rule is that the Mayor of Henley-on Thames Council is an ex-officio Steward. Pierre de Coubertin modelled elements of the organisation of the International Olympic Committee on the Henley Stewards.

The regatta is regarded as part of the English social season.  As with other events in the season, certain enclosures at the regatta have strict dress codes.

Format of competition

Qualifying

Entries for the regatta close at 6:00 pm sixteen days before the Regatta. In order to encourage a high quality of racing, create a manageable race timetable and to ensure that most crews race only once a day, each event has a limited number of places. Qualifying races are held on the Friday before the regatta. The regatta's Committee of Management decides at its absolute discretion which crews are obliged to qualify; the Committee will examine the form and calibre of the entrants and may choose to pre-qualify some of them.

The qualifying races take the form of a timed processional race up the regatta course, with the fastest crews qualifying. Times are released for non-qualifying crews only. This does not stop an enthusiastic band of unofficial timers with synchronised watches working out how fast their first round opposition might be.

If it is apparent that there are a number of outstanding crews in an event, they may be 'selected' by the Stewards, to prevent them from meeting too early in the competition. The regatta insists that selection is not the same as seeding, the main difference being that there is no 'rank order' as is usually the case in, for example, a tennis tournament.

The draw

The draw is a public event that takes place in the Henley Town Hall, normally at 3 pm on the Saturday before the regatta. For each event the names of all selected crews are placed on pieces of paper which are then drawn at random from the Grand Challenge Cup. These crews are then placed on pre-determined positions on the draw chart, as far apart as possible. The remaining qualifying crews are then drawn from the cup, filling in from the top of the draw chart downwards, until all places have been filled.

Racing

Each event in the regatta takes the form of a knockout competition, with each race consisting of two crews racing side by side up the Henley course. The course is marked out by two lines of booms (wooden bars which float on the water, secured between vertical poles), which are placed along the river to form a straight course 2,112 metres long. The course is wide enough to allow two crews to race down with a few metres between them. As such it is not uncommon for inexperienced steersmen or coxswains to crash into the booms, possibly costing their crew the race.

The race begins at the downstream end of Temple Island, where the crews attach to a pair of pontoons. The race umpire will then call out the names of the two crews and start them when they are both straight and ready. Each crew is assigned to row on either the 'Bucks' (Buckinghamshire) or 'Berks' (Berkshire) side of the race course. The coxswains or steersmen are expected to keep their crew on the allocated side of the course at all times during the race, else they risk disqualification. The only exception is when a crew leads by a sizeable margin and is not deemed by the umpire to be impeding the trailing crew.

There are several progress markers along the course. Intermediate times are recorded at two of them – "the Barrier" and "Fawley", in addition to the time to the finish. The regatta has official commentary, which is announced at these points along the course. The commentary is renowned for being unemotional and factual, with the commentator only allowed to announce the rate of striking, which crew is leading, the distance between the crews, and the progress marker which the crews are passing.

The course

Henley Royal Regatta has always been raced over a distance of 'about one mile and 550 yards' from Temple Island upstream towards Henley Bridge. However, four distinct courses have been used over the regatta's history, with smaller changes also being made incrementally. Changes to the course have all been aimed at improving the prospects for fair and safe racing.

The Old Course (1839–1885)

This ran from a point just upstream of Temple Island. At the first regatta in 1839, the finish line was Henley Bridge itself, but it was presumably quickly realised that this had inherent problems. From 1840 onward the finish was moved downstream slightly; eventually a point opposite the lawn of the Red Lion Hotel became the standard finish line. A grandstand was erected for the Stewards and their guests outside the Red Lion. Other spectators could watch from the adjacent roadway (in front of the Little White Hart Hotel) while those with carriages surveyed the scene from a vantage point on Henley Bridge. There were three racing stations (Berkshire, Centre and Buckinghamshire). When only two crews raced, the Centre Station was not used.

The Old Course had a large lefthand bend in the last quarter-mile. This benefited the crew on the Berkshire side of the course not only because they raced a shorter distance but also because they avoided the worst of the river's current. Between 1866 and 1885, 57.7% all races were won by the crew on the Berkshire station, with the Buckinghamshire and Centre crews sharing 42.3%. The course was not boomed or piled, although between 1871 and 1873, poles were roped across the bay on the Berkshire side upstream of Poplar Point, in an attempt to minimise the advantage given to the crew on the Berkshire station.

The New Course (1886–1922)

In 1884, a sub-committee of the regatta's Committee of Management discussed options for reducing the unfairness of the course. Their recommendation was to move the finish line downstream to Poplar Point (thus avoiding the bend) and the start to the bottom of Temple Island. This was not popular with spectators as it made previous viewing points obsolete. The sub-committee also recommending reducing the racing lanes from three to two and extending racing from two days to three. The Committee gained support from the Captains of competing Clubs and the changes were introduced for the 1886 Regatta.

The New Course started just downstream of Temple Island, on the Buckinghamshire side and finished opposite the upstream end of Phyllis Court, very close to the current finish line. There were two slight bends (at Remenham and just after Fawley) and a staggered start to compensate for them. The course was also piled for the first time, although not boomed. Unfortunately, it became apparent that in trying to eliminate the unfairness of the Old Course, a new problem had been introduced. Downstream of Fawley, bushes grew alongside the Buckinghamshire bank and provided shelter from the prevailing wind. The course now ran close to this bank and crew on the Buckinghamshire station gained the advantage of shelter whenever a 'Bushes Wind' was blowing. From 1886 to 1905, Bucks took 59% of wins against 41% on Berks.

To attempt to reduce the effect of the Bushes Wind, the course was narrowed and pushed further to the centre of the river. The width was 135 feet in 1887, in 120 feet in 1888 and then progressively until by 1914 it was down to 100 feet at the start tapering to 80 feet at the finish. In 1899, floating booms secured between the pilings which mark the course were also introduced along part of its length in an attempt to keep spectators from obstructing races.

The Experimental Course (1923) and the Straight Course (1924 onwards)

In around 1920, the Stewards carried out a survey canvassing the idea of a moving the start of the course to the Berkshire side of Temple Island. At the time this channel was a winding, shallow backwater and it would clearly not be possible to lay a course of the full Henley distance without significant alteration to the bank, the island and the riverbed.

For the 1923 regatta, the Stewards therefore decided to try a shorter experimental straight course which started at the top of the island. This produced 53.2% wins on Bucks and 46.8% on Berks, deemed enough of an improvement on the New Course to justify a permanent change. The consent of the landowners of the Berkshire bank and Temple island (Lord Hambleden and W.D. Mackenzie respectively) was obtained to widen and deepen the Berkshire channel;  of material were excavated. The Straight Course was now ready for use.

The Straight Course runs from the upstream end of Temple Island to a point opposite the upstream end of the Phyllis Court. It is  wide. The Straight Course has generally addressed the problems of unfairness: for example, between 1975 and 1984, 50.52% of races were won on Bucks and 49.31% on Berks (with the remainder dead heats). However, when a strong stream is flowing, the Berks station enjoys considerable shelter from the stream, particularly in the last ¼ mile. Conversely, when there is a strong south-westerly wind it is better to be on the Bucks station because it is more sheltered from the wind. The course is now piled and boomed along its entire length, except for crossing points. The booms can present a hazard for the inexperienced coxswain or steersman.

Precise length of the course
When the start and finish positions of the Old Course had become established, the distance between them was found to be 1 mile 570 yds (2,131 metres). However, boats were aligned by their sterns at the start and judged by their bows at the finish. This meant that the course was slightly longer for shorter boats (such as single sculls) than for longer boats (such as eights). The length of an eight was assumed to be twenty yards and as such the course came to be described as "about 1 mile and 550 yards (2,112 metres)", which was the distance covered by an eight.

In 1967 the start of the Straight Course was relocated exactly 1 mile 550 yd from the finish. In the same year, moving pontoons were introduced at the start which allowed all boats, from singles to eights, to be aligned with their bows precisely on the start line. Since then all crews have raced a course of exactly one mile and 550 yards (2,112 metres).

Safety

During the whole regatta, during racing hours there are numerous safety boats provided by the Colwick Park Lifeguards to keep competitors safe. The regatta organisers arrange for a first aid provider to be present, who have an on site hospital-style area.

History

At a public meeting in Henley town hall on 26 March 1839, Captain Edmund Gardiner proposed "that from the lively interest which had been manifested at the various boat races which have taken place on the Henley reach during the last few years, and the great influx of visitors on such occasions, this meeting is of the opinion that the establishing of an annual regatta, under judicious and respectable management, would not only be productive of the most beneficial results to the town of Henley, but from its peculiar attractions would also be a source of amusement and gratification to the neighbourhood, and the public in general."

The regatta was first staged in 1839, and proved so successful that it was expanded the next year from one day to two. As the regatta's popularity has grown it has further expanded: to three days in 1886, four days in 1906 and five days in 1986. The regatta has been known as Henley Royal Regatta since 1851, when Prince Albert became the first royal patron. Since his death, every reigning monarch has agreed to be the patron.

Amateurism

At the regatta's inception it was intended for amateur oarsmen rather than those who rowed professionally. In 1879 Henley produced its first formal definition of an amateur:

In 1884, amateur status for overseas oarsmen was put on the same basis as for home oarsmen, thus ending the concession on racing for money prizes. By 1886 a phrase had also been added debarring any person "engaged in any menial activity".

These rules would become the cause of growing controversy as international entries to Henley increased; most foreign countries having a different definition of amateur. The adoption of Henley's definition of amateur by the Amateur Rowing Association of Great Britain would also cause a 66-year schism in British rowing, when in 1890 a rival National Amateur Rowing Association was set up, with a less restrictive definition of amateurism under which persons who worked in manual labour as their occupation could still be considered amateur rowers.

One well-known incident was the exclusion of future Olympic champion John B. Kelly Sr., who had served an apprenticeship as a bricklayer, from the 1920 regatta. According to the minutes of the regatta's Committee of Management, Kelly was excluded both because he was not eligible under the manual labour rules and because he was a member of Vesper Boat Club, which was banned in 1906 because members of its 1905 Henley crew had raised money to pay for their trip through public donations – making them professionals in the eyes of the Henley Stewards.

Kelly's exclusion was widely reported in newspapers in both the UK and USA, with many seeing it as an attempt to prevent an American from winning the Diamonds. Kelly's son John B. Kelly Jr. would dramatically win the 1947 Diamond Sculls, and his daughter would become the famous Academy Award-winning actress and Princess of Monaco Grace Kelly, keeping the incident in the public eye for decades afterwards.

In 1936, there was a further controversy when the Australian national eight, preparing for the Berlin Olympics, was excluded from the Grand Challenge Cup because the crew was composed of policemen, deemed to be 'manual workers'. The resulting embarrassment persuaded the Amateur Rowing Association and the Stewards of Henley Royal Regatta of the need for change. On 9 June 1937, the offending references to manual labourers, mechanics, artisans and menial duties were deleted from the ARA rules; Henley's rules were changed the following day, coming into effect from the 1938 regatta.

In September 1997, FISA removed all references to amateurism in its rules and in December 1998 Henley followed suit. The regatta is therefore now entirely open.

International participation

The first 'overseas' entry to the regatta was in 1870 when Trinity College, Dublin entered the Grand, Ladies', Visitors' and Wyfold. As Dublin was at that time within the United Kingdom, this was not a foreign entry. TCD won the Visitors' and reached the final of the Ladies'.

The first international competitors came in 1878 when G.W. Lee of New Jersey and G. Lee of Boston entered the Diamonds, Shoe-wae-cae-mette BC of Monroe, Michigan, a crew of French Canadian watermen, entered the Stewards' and Columbia College entered the Stewards' and Visitors'.

Lee of Boston made little progress but Lee of New Jersey lost his heat in a very close race against Tom Edwards-Moss, the eventual winner. Shoe-wae-cae-mette, rowing with then-unusual swivel rowlocks, reached the final of the Stewards' but lost to London Rowing Club.

Columbia won the Visitors' Challenge Cup, becoming the first foreign winners of a Henley trophy.

Unfortunately, there were accusations that both G.W. Lee and the Shoe-wae-cae-mette crew were not amateurs. This led in 1879 to a new, tighter, definition of amateurism (see above) and a requirement that any entries from outside the United Kingdom must be made on or before 1 March and must be 'accompanied by a declaration made before Notary Public with regard to the profession of each member of the crew', and this must be certified by the British Consul, the mayor, or the chief authority of the locality.

Under these new rules, Shoe-wae-cae-mette were refused entry in 1879 as were Hillsdale Boat Club of Michigan in 1882.

The Germania Ruder Club of Frankfurt became the first entry from continental Europe in 1880, losing in a heat of the Grand to London Rowing Club.

Foreign entries grew over the next twenty years, to the consternation of some who felt that the regatta should be restricted to domestic entries only. There were also a number of disputes over amateurism and the two issues were often bound up together, as in this letter to The Times from Edmond Warre, headmaster of Eton College in 1901:

W.H. Grenfell MP proposed a motion for a special meeting of the Stewards that:

He proposed amendments to the rules restricting entries to the United Kingdom, and for the Goblets and Diamonds to British subjects domiciled in the UK. Warre seconded his proposals. The Amateur Rowing Association canvassed its member clubs on the proposal and the results were decisive: all clubs opposed the proposals save for Oxford University Boat Club which supported them with the caveat 'Committee decide against foreign entries provided they can row other than Henley'.

At a special general meeting of the Stewards late in 1901, a motion moved by Colonel Makins 'that in the opinion of this meeting it is inexpedient that any alteration in the rules of the regatta be made at present' was carried by 19 votes to 5.

In 1906, Royal Club Nautique de Gand of Belgium became the first foreign crew to win the Grand Challenge Cup. A different Ghent Club, Sport Nautique de Gand took the Grand in 1907.

In advance of 1908, with the Olympic Regatta to be held on the Henley course in mid-July, the Stewards announced a temporary rule change excluding overseas entries from the 1908 regatta (which would take place two weeks before the Olympics). This led to criticism of the Stewards in the British and American press, particularly since it would not permit the Belgians to defend the Grand. The Stewards pointed out in a letter to The Times that the decision had been taken before the 1907 regatta and after consultation with the Belgians. A letter from Oscar Gregoire, President of the Belgian Rowing Federation was quoted:

Overseas entries and wins at the regatta have continued to multiply. Since the 1960s, the open events in particular have almost exclusively become the province of national squad crews. Up to 2007, the Grand Challenge Cup had been won by overseas crews 46 times: 12 times by crews from Germany, 11 from the US, 9 from the USSR, 4 from Canada, 3 each from Belgium and Australia, 2 from the Netherlands, and 1 each from Switzerland, France, Bulgaria and Croatia.

Crews from the United States have also become frequent winners of the Ladies' Challenge Plate, Temple Challenge Cup and Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup.  In 1927, the Kent School Boat Club of Kent School in Connecticut was the first American secondary school to race at the Henley Royal Regatta.

Women

For most of its history, Henley Royal Regatta has only been open to male competitors but this has changed more recently. Women coxswains of male crews were permitted from 1975 and as such the first female competitor in the regatta was Christine Paul, cox of Furnivall Sculling Club in the Thames Challenge Cup in that year.

There was much discussion about the introduction of events for women. The Stewards felt that they faced a dilemma: on the one hand it was argued that women's rowing would never flourish while there were no women's events at Britain's premier regatta; on the other it was clear that open women's events would be dominated by foreign competitors, while events closed to foreign competitors would not serve the desired purpose. Another difficulty was the length of the course. The standard distance for international women's races was at that time 1000 m. It was clear that races over the full Henley course (2112 m) would not be appealing to women's crews preparing for international championships.

Peter Coni, who was elected as Chairman of the regatta's Committee of Management in 1978, was the first to allow women to race in exhibition races in 1983. However he deemed the experiment a failure and women were excluded until 1996 from the regatta. His ban caused a furore but he asserted that what he called the "women's squealing" was "more noisy, stupid and harmful to their cause than anything I can think of."

In 1978 Kingston Rowing Club sent in an entry for the Double Sculls Challenge Cup in the names of A.Hohl and P.Bird. The crew was in fact Great Britain internationals Astrid Ayling and Pauline Hart, who had made the entry under their maiden names. The regatta realised the subterfuge and Coni made a statement to the press in which he said that it was "sad that a long-established club should think it reasonable behaviour to make a deliberately false declaration". He added that the stewards had no fear of the Sex Discrimination Act.

Exhibition races
In 1979, the Committee announced that there would be exhibition events for women in 1981, with entries by invitation only:

The entries were limited to four in each event (Coxed Fours and Double Sculls); two from abroad and two from the UK. The standard was good, but it was reckoned that the course from the Barrier start (over 600 m longer than the international standard 1000 m) contributed to there being no close verdicts.

In 1982, a Single Sculls Event was added and the start was moved to Fawley so that the course was closer to 1000 m. As the intermediate start installations were required for the shorter distance, the races had to take place during intervals in the normal racing programme (the lunch or tea breaks) which meant that only the dedicated stayed to watch. This was a pity, since the final of the Women's Invitation Single was a highlight of the regatta, with Beryl Mitchell of Thames Tradesmen's Rowing Club (World Silver medallist in 1981) beating Stephanie Foster of Waiariki Rowing Club, New Zealand (World Bronze medallist in 1982) by one length. Astrid Ayling was also able to race legitimately, winning the Invitation Double Sculls event with Rosie Clugston. The time taken to install the start equipment at Fawley combined with the relative lack of crowd interest meant that the Stewards took the decision not to repeat the experiment in 1983.

Introduction of current events

The change of the international distance to 2000 m and the addition of a fifth day to the regatta in 1986 allowed the Committee of Management to revisit the decision. In 1993 the regatta introduced an open Women's Single Sculls event and from 1993–6 this counted as a round of the FISA World Cup. The first winner was Maria Brandin of Sweden and she subsequently won a further four times. Fittingly, the prizegiver in 1993 was Peter Coni. In 1996, the Stewards purchased a silver cup as a challenge trophy and named it the Princess Royal Challenge Cup; it was presented for the first time in 1997.

An invitation event for women's eights was added in 1998. In 2000, this was replaced by an open women's eights event under the same rules as the Grand Challenge Cup. In 2002, the Remenham Challenge Cup was donated by Remenham Club as the trophy for this event. At the 2001 Regatta, an open event for Women's Quadruple Sculls was introduced. In 2003, this event became known as the Princess Grace Challenge Cup in memory of Princess Grace of Monaco. Her father, John B. Kelly Sr., had been controversially excluded from the Diamond Sculls in 1920 because of the regattas rules on amateurism; her brother, John B. Kelly Jr. had won the Diamonds Sculls in 1947 and in 1949. Princess Grace was the Regatta prizegiver in 1981.

At the Stewards' meeting in December 2016, it was agreed to equalise the number of events for Men and Women in the Open category, leading to the creation of three new events: the Women's Fours (Town Challenge Cup), the Women's Pairs (Hambleden Pairs Challenge Cup) and the Women's Double Sculls (Stonor Challenge Trophy). These were raced for the first time at the 2017 Regatta. In December 2019 the stewards announced the Island Challenge Cup (Student Womens Eight's). With a further two events for junior women's and club women's eights announced to run in the 2021 regatta.

Other regattas

1908 Olympic Regatta

Henley hosted the rowing events of the London Olympic Games in mid-July 1908, two weeks after the Royal Regatta. The course was extended  downstream and  upstream, making it  and . Events for single sculls, coxless pairs, coxless fours and eights were offered but only the eights produced an international final.

1919 Peace Regatta
A meeting arranged by Leander Club in January 1919 concluded that it was too soon to revive the regatta but asked the Stewards to arrange a "Peace Regatta" and a four-day regatta was duly staged. Competition was not for the usual Henley trophies but for different cups and some events were restricted to 'armed services' crews. King George V presented a Cup to the victors of eight-oared event for servicemen crews. The Australian first AIF crew won the final against a crew of Oxford university alumni servicemen. In time, and in spite of dogged resistance from the Australian War Memorial, the Victorian Rowing Association petitioned the King to express his intention for the Cup, and at his command the King's Cup became the perennial trophy to be presented to the Australian winning state representative men's eight at the annual Australian Rowing Championships.

1945 Royal Henley Regatta
A two-day 'Royal Henley Regatta' (as opposed to Henley Royal Regatta) was staged between VE Day and VJ Day.  Crews rowed three-abreast over a shortened course beginning at the Remenham Barrier. As in 1919, different trophies to the usual regatta prizes were on offer.

1948 Olympic Regatta

The canoeing and rowing events for the 1948 London Olympic Games were contested in early August, a month after the Royal Regatta. The course was widened to accommodate three lanes and shortened to start at the top of Temple Island: the distance was approximately 1980 metres – 20 metres short of the standard international distance. Twenty seven nations competed and events for single sculls, double sculls, coxless pairs, coxed pairs, coxless fours, coxed fours and eights were offered.

The Olympic races in 2012 were held at Dorney Lake.

Spectators

The racing can be viewed from a number of locations along both banks of the Thames. Areas open to the general public are generally on the Berkshire (towpath) side of the river. Viewing opportunities on the other side of the river (Buckinghamshire) side are limited to the Phyllis Court club, private residences and areas for corporate entertainment. A channel of the river remains open throughout the regatta, hence racing can also be viewed from boats although mooring is tightly restricted.

Stewards' Enclosure
The enclosure situated on the Berkshire side, adjacent to the last part of the course and the finish line. It comprises two covered grandstands, a restaurant marquee, several bars, a bandstand and so on – all set in immaculately prepared lawns. It is only open to the Stewards of the Regatta, members of the Stewards' Enclosure and their guests. Overseas competitors are also given the opportunity to purchase tickets.

The Stewards' Enclosure as understood today, an enclosure open to members (elected by the Committee of Management of the Regatta) and their guests, came into being in 1919 with a membership of 300.  This grew to 704 in 1939 and 1,500 in 1956.  In 1980 the Stewards set a ceiling of 5,000.  The waiting list for membership of the Stewards Enclosure is now several years long, although preference is given to people who have previously competed at the regatta. The waiting list has grown rapidly since the 1970s, when membership could be applied for and granted on the same day.

The Stewards' Enclosure is also known for a strict enforcement of its dress code. Men are required to wear a "lounge suit, blazer and flannels, or evening dress, and a tie". In the past, women were required to wear a dress or skirt that covers their knees, and are "encouraged to wear a hat" (although women wearing hats is often frowned upon in higher rowing circles). Anyone not suitably dressed can be refused entry, no matter their prestige in rowing or elsewhere. Mobile phone use is also prohibited. In 2021, following a petition that gained over 1500 signatures, Henley Royal Regatta changed the 189 year old dress code in the Stewards' Enclosure to allow women to wear jackets or blazers with trousers, or trouser suits.

The regatta prizegiving takes place in the Stewards' Enclosure after the conclusion of racing on Sunday.

Regatta Enclosure
The Regatta Enclosure is situated immediately downstream of the Stewards Enclosure and further away from the finish. This enclosure is open to all on payment of the admission fee. Competitors gain free access to this area. There is no dress code.

Remenham Club

Remenham Club is situated a little over halfway along the course on the Berkshire side of the river. It is a social club run by and for members of seven rowing clubs on the Thames (the "Founding Clubs"): Kingston Rowing Club, London Rowing Club, Molesey Boat Club, Staines Boat Club, Thames Rowing Club, Twickenham Rowing Club and Vesta Rowing Club. Remenham Club is open only to its members and guests. It has a similar dresscode to the Stewards Enclosure, though the rules on women's outfits are less restrictive.

Upper Thames Rowing Club
The clubhouse and frontage of the Upper Thames Rowing Club is on the Berkshire side of the river, immediately downstream of Remenham Club. It has historically had an informal atmosphere and no dresscode. It is only open to its members and their guests. In 2011, UTRC initiated the Upper Thames Enclosure to include a fairly relaxed dress code. UTRC lease the land downstream of their clubhouse to retailers, food vendors and bars.

Remenham Farm
Remenham Farm spans the riverside on the Berkshire side of the Thames from opposite the Fawley box to a point just upstream of the Barrier (approximately the 1100 m – 700m points on the regatta course). It is owned by The Copas Partnership.

During the Regatta it runs hospitality enclosures at The Temple Island Enclosure and The Courtyard Enclosure, and bars including the Barn Bar. Remenham Farm is open to the public and entrance fees apply for certain enclosures, boat moorings are also available.

Leander Club

The clubhouse and grounds of Leander Club is situated on the Berkshire side of the river beyond the finish line of the regatta course, between the boat tents and Henley Bridge. Leander Club has a large marquee constructed for the regatta week and holds a large function on the Saturday night of the Regatta. It is open only to its members and their guests and has a formal dress code.

Phyllis Court
The Phyllis Court Club is situated on the Buckinghamshire side of the river, opposite the finish line. It is open only to its members and their guests. Although it has an excellent view of the finish line, it is not generally frequented by rowers, being principally a lawn sports club.

Events

Current events
The following events took place at the 2021 regatta:

Open Men
Grand Challenge Cup (8+)
Stewards' Challenge Cup (4-)
Queen Mother Challenge Cup (4x)
Silver Goblets & Nickalls' Challenge Cup (2-)
Double Sculls Challenge Cup (2x)
Diamond Challenge Sculls (1x)
Intermediate Men
Ladies' Challenge Plate (8+)
Visitors' Challenge Cup (4-)
Prince of Wales Challenge Cup (formerly the Men's Quadruple Sculls) (4x)
Club Men
Thames Challenge Cup (8+)
Wyfold Challenge Cup (4-)
Britannia Challenge Cup (formerly the Henley Prize) (4+)
Student Men
Temple Challenge Cup (formerly the Henley Prize) (8+)
Prince Albert Challenge Cup (formerly the Men's Student Coxed Fours) (4+)
Junior Men
Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup (8+)
Fawley Challenge Cup (4x)
Open Women
Remenham Challenge Cup (formerly the Henley Prize) (8+)
Princess Grace Challenge Cup (formerly the Women's Quadruple Sculls) (4x)
Princess Royal Challenge Cup (1x)
Town Challenge Cup (formerly the Women's Fours) (4-)
Hambleden Pairs Challenge Cup (formerly the Women's Pairs) (2-)
Stonor Challenge Trophy (formerly the Women's Double Sculls) (2x)
Club Women
Wargrave Challenge Cup (8+)
Student Women
Island Challenge Cup (8+)
Junior Women
Prince Philip Challenge Trophy (8+)
Diamond Jubilee Challenge Cup (formerly the Junior Women's Quadruple Sculls) (4x)

Discontinued events

The Town Challenge Cup (men), 1839–1883 (4+)
The District Challenge Cup for Fours, 1840–1847 (4+)
The Silver Wherry for local amateur scullers, 1846–1857 (1x)
The District Goblets for Pair Oars, 1858–1867 (2-)
The Presentation Cup for Fours Without Coxswain, 1869–1872 (4-)
The Public Schools Challenge Cup for Fours, 1879–1884 (4+)
The Special Race for Schools, 1974–1989 (8+)
The Prince Philip Challenge Cup, 1963–2003 (4+)
The Women's Invitation Coxed Fours, 1981–1982 (4+)
The Women's Invitation Double Sculls, 1981–1982 (2x)
The Women's Invitation Single Sculls, 1982 (1x)
The Women's Invitation Eights, 1998–1999 (8+)

See also
 Disher Challenge Cup
 Henley Boat Races
 Henley-on-Todd Regatta
 Leander Club
 Remenham Club
 Rowing on the River Thames
 Royal Canadian Henley Regatta

References

External links

 Henley Royal Regatta
 Henley Royal Regatta official YouTube channel
 Video clips of most finals & semi-finals, 1999 to 2009
 Video clips of most Henley races in 2006
 Virtual Library rowing information

Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom
1839 establishments in England
Venues of the 1908 Summer Olympics
Venues of the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeing venues
Olympic rowing venues
Sport in Buckinghamshire
Sport in Oxfordshire
Regattas on the River Thames
Culture in Oxfordshire
Royal Regatta
History of rowing
Events in Oxfordshire
Recurring events established in 1839
July events
Annual events in England
Rowing competitions in the United Kingdom
English traditions
Rowing in the United Kingdom
Summer events in England

Henley Royal Regatta


(em Portugal: A Criança e a Vida Familiar no Antigo Regime (1988); no Brasil, a tradução foi baseada em uma versão francesa de 1973 que é abreviada da versão original: História Social da Criança e da Família (1ª ed. 1978) é um livro de 1960 sobre a história da infância do historiador francês Philippe Ariès. É considerado o livro mais famoso sobre o assunto e conhecido por seu argumento de que o conceito de "infância" seria um desenvolvimento moderno.

Sinopse
O livro argumenta que a infância como uma ideia mudou ao longo do tempo. Abrange os conceitos de infância, relações adulto-criança e experiência infantil através de culturas e períodos de tempo. Suas fontes mais conhecidas são pinturas medievais que mostram crianças como pequenos adultos. Ariès argumenta que a infância não era entendida como uma fase separada da vida até o século XV e que as crianças eram vistas como pequenos adultos que compartilhavam as mesmas tradições, jogos e roupas.

Suas conclusões mais famosas eram de que a "infância" é uma ideia recente, e que a paternidade na Idade Média era em grande parte distante. Ariès argumenta o seguinte: vínculos de amor de família nuclear e preocupação não existiam na época, e as crianças morriam com muita frequência para se tornarem emocionalmente ligadas. As crianças não eram tratadas como delicadas ou protegidas da sexualidade. Eles passavam tempo com adultos fora das estruturas familiares e nem sempre eram segregadas nas estruturas escolares e familiares. Muitas vezes, elas seriam adotadas por outros como empregados domésticos.

Apesar da fama do livro por sua tese, A Criança e a Vida Familiar no Antigo Regime se concentra mais nos primórdios da escolarização sistematizada e no declínio de uma sociabilidade pública comum. Esse enfoque estende-se da maior crítica do autor à vida moderna e de sua cisão de elementos sociais que ele via como outrora unidos: "amizade, religião, [e] profissão". Dessa forma, Ariès não acreditava que as famílias modernas substituíssem adequadamente o papel da comunidade pública comum.

Legado
Escrevendo para The American Historical Review em 1998, Hugh Cunningham afirma que a influência do livro "permanece profunda" depois de quarenta anos, especialmente no que diz respeito à infância medieval. Ele acrescentou que Ariès conseguiu persuadir seus leitores de que a experiência da infância e seu tratamento como uma etapa da vida evoluíram ao longo do tempo e do lugar. O livro deu início ao estudo da história da infância, o que levou a monografias sobre histórias de aspectos individuais da infância. Uma tradução enganosa do francês sentiment ("sentimento") em "ideia" tornou-se uma das linhas mais conhecidas da tradução, "Na sociedade medieval a ideia de infância não existia", e levou a uma "mini-indústria" de estudiosos medievais refutando esta falsa tese.

A visão popular da tese de Ariès foi desmantelada nas décadas seguintes. Stephen Metcalf, da Slate, descreve uma sistema doméstico "anti-arièsista", cujos praticantes mais notáveis incluem os historiadores Steven Ozment e Nicholas Orme. Orme escreveu Medieval Children, um livro dedicado a refutar a tese de Ariès, o que os críticos concordam que o realizou. Orme concluiu que "as crianças medievais éramos nós mesmos, quinhentos ou mil anos atrás" e que seus pais genuinamente estimavam e sofriam por seus filhos, semelhantes aos pais modernos. Apesar dessas décadas de refutação, a tese de Ariès persiste em não acadêmicos, que associam crianças medievais a "adultos em miniatura".

O livro teve considerável influência acadêmica e iniciou uma tendência nas humanidades em que as ideias estudadas são vistas como causadas pela cultura e não pela natureza, biologia ou pessoa. Metcalf descreveu A Criança e a Vida Familiar no Antigo Regime como um livro "que, virtualmente em contato, incendeia a mente" por sua imaginação, especialmente conforme escrito em 1960, época de expansão da infância. Metcalf afirmou que o método das causas culturais de Ariès influenciou o pensamento de Michel Foucault, que desde então tocou a maioria das disciplinas acadêmicas.

Ver também

 História das mentalidades

Bibliografia

Infância
Livros de 1960
Livros da França
Idade Média
História social


Faïrouz  Malek ou Faïrouz Ohlsson-Malek, est une physicienne franco-algérienne spécialisée en physique nucléaire, physique des particules et cosmologie. Impliquée dans les recherches internationales autour de l'anti-matière, la matière noire ou encore le graviton et  partie prenante des travaux autour de l'amélioration des technologies de calcul au service des expériences du LHC, elle fait partie des chercheurs ayant contribué à la découverte du boson de Higgs. Elle est également connue pour son engagement en faveur de la parité en sciences, ainsi que pour le développement des sciences en Afrique. Elle est membre de l'Académie africaine des sciences. Elle est la nièce du compositeur algérien Ahmed Malek.

Biographie
Faïrouz Malek nait le 6 mars 1964 à Alger, Algérie. Elle est la nièce du compositeur algérien Ahmed Malek qui l'a encouragé à fréquenter le conservatoire central d'Alger et devenir  Pianiste. A 15 ans, elle découvre  à la fois, la magie de la physique  grâce à son inspirante professeure de lycée, et  Marie Curie, unique prix Nobel de Physique dans le dictionnaire Larousse et décide d'être physicienne.

Études
Faïrouz Malek a fréquenté le lycée Omar Racim d'Alger et obtient en 1983 un baccalauréat Mathématiques. Elle entame des études de physique, jusqu'à un diplôme de Magister (Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures) obtenu à l'USTHB  d'Alger en 1987. Elle poursuit ses études en France avec un DEA (aujourd'hui Master 2) en physique puis un doctorat en physique nucléaire et physique des particules, sur la thématique de la fission des hypernoyaux, sous la direction de Hervé Nifenecker . Le doctorat d'Université en physique lui a été décerné en 1990  par l'Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble (Université Grenoble Alpes actuellement - UGA).

Carrière scientifique

En 1991, Faïrouz Malek devient chercheuse permanente au CNRS à l'Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon où elle démarre une activité sur la physique du plasma de quarks et de gluons sur les expériences NA38 et NA50 du CERN. En 1996, elle rejoint le LPSC à Grenoble et intègre l'expérience AMS  portée par la NASA. Celle-ci est un détecteur de physique des particules arrimé à la Station spatiale internationale (ISS) et destiné à la recherche d'antimatière dans l'espace. Ces travaux sont compilés dans un document rédigé pour passer une thèse pour l'habilitation à diriger les recherches. À partir de 2000, elle est membre de l'expérience ATLAS  au Grand collisionneur de hadrons (LHC) du CERN et deviendra la cheffe de l'équipe du LPSC. Elle sera nommée en 2010, cheffe du projet scientifique LCG-France , l'infrastructure française qui va gérer l'incroyable flot de données du LHC  .

Travaux
Faïrouz Malek a contribué aux  expériences NA38 et NA50 du CERN, pour mettre en  évidence le plasma de Plasma quarks-gluons. On compare souvent cet état de la matière à la soupe primordiale quelques secondes après le big-bang. Son observation avec l'expérience NA50 a été révélée en Février 2000. Elle contribue à la préparation et la mise en route de l'expérience  ATLAS du CERN et à partir de la prise de données en 2010, elle participe à la traque du  Boson de Higgs. Elle est notamment la co-autrice d'un des deux articles publiés le 17 septembre 2012 dans la revue Physics Letters B confirmant l'annonce de la découverte du boson de Higgs.

Engagements

Parité en sciences
Fortement engagée sur les questions de parité, elle cofonde à Grenoble en 2002 l'association Parité dans les Métiers Scientifiques et Techniques (APMST qui deviendra Parité Science en 2018) dont elle deviendra sa première présidente. Parité Science  joue aussi le rôle d'antenne de l'association nationale Femmes et Sciences et a fêté ses 20 ans en 2022 . Cette association , dont les objectifs sont de promouvoir les sciences et les techniques, notamment auprès des filles et de défendre les droits à l'égalité des femmes qui se sont engagées

Mandatée par Femmes et Sciences dont elle est membre de son comité d'administration, elle coordonne en 2021 l'exposition « La Science taille XXelles » à Grenoble . L'exposition distingue 21 chercheuses, enseignantes, ingénieures ou techniciennes issues de diverses disciplines scientifiques . Elle défendra la Parité en Science et discutera l'idée derrière l'exposition "La Science taille XX elles" lors de diverses émissions de radio et de télévision.

Elle intervient en mars 2021 lors d'un événement proposé en ligne par le CCSTI Grenoble autour des parcours de femmes dans les sciences, en compagnie notamment de la mathématicienne Constanza Rojas Molina. En novembre de la même année, elle rédige un article sur le thème des  femmes scientifiques réfugiées sur le site de la plateforme européenne des femmes scientifiques (EPWS) et coorganise le 22 Novembre 2022 la session "INTERSECTIONALITY" (Intersectionnalité) de la conférence annuelle de EPWS.

Développement des sciences en Afrique
Très attachée au développement des sciences dans son pays et son continent d'origine , elle participe à plusieurs activités académiques ou de diffusion des sciences dans les pays en voie de développement, notamment à la mise en place d'une exposition sur la Physique des milieux granulaires présentée en 2005 à Oujda, au Maroc. En 2019, faisant le constat lors d'un congrès international que les pays africains n'étaient pas associés aux prospectives scientifiques et techniques, en particulier dans les domaines de la recherche fondamentale et appliquée en physique, elle cofonde en 2020 le projet de « Stratégie Africaine pour la Physique Fondamentale et Appliquée » (ASFAP) notamment aux côtés du physicien  Ketevi Assamagan .

En 2020, elle est élue  (fellow)  membre de l'Académie africaine des sciences.

Autres investissements dans la recherche
Elle prend part à l'exposition « Le Grand Collisionneur - LHC » conçue par le Science Museum de Londres et adaptée par le Palais de la découverte, en partenariat avec le CERN, le CNRS et le CEA ainsi qu'au comité scientifique du projet Quasar, de tourisme culturel et scientifique dans les Hautes-Alpes. En octobre 2010, elle prend part au  anniversaire d'Aconit avec une conférence autour des calculateurs, des réseaux géants et du green computing.

Publications scientifiques
Depuis 1988, Faïrouz Malek est l'autrice ou la co-autrice de plus de 1200 articles, dont la plupart traitent de la physique de l'expérience ATLAS. Parmi l'ensemble de ces articles, 18 ont été cités plus de 500 fois.

Articles de vulgarisation

Distinctions

 De 2000 à 2002, elle est présidente de la section Alpes de la Société Française de Physique ;
 En 2002, elle est présidente de l'association Parité dans les Métiers Scientifiques et Techniques (APMST) à Grenoble.
 À l'occasion des  du CERN, son portrait est présenté, parmi ceux d'autres scientifiques, au Palais de la découverte, du 17 octobre 2014 au 19 juillet 2015 dans l'exposition « Experts en la matière - Regards sur le Cern », ainsi que sur le site « Expérience CERN 360° » ;
 En 2020, elle est élue membre (fellow) de l'Académie africaine des sciences .

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1964
Naissance à Alger
Chercheuse au CNRS
Physicienne française
Physicien algérien du XXe siècle
Physicien algérien du XXIe siècle
Physicien français du XXe siècle
Physicien français du XXIe siècle
Étudiant de l'université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble 1
Université des sciences et de la technologie Houari-Boumédiène
Membre de l'Académie africaine des sciences

Faïrouz Malek


Bucksport can refer to:

 Bucksport, California
 Bucksport, Maine
 Bucksport (CDP), Maine
 Bucksport, South Carolina

Bucksport


المرسى والبحَّار مسلسل درامي مصري تم عرضه عام 2005.

نبذة
يستعرض المسلسل قصة كفاح البطل العربي الذي يمتلك أسطولا من مراكب الصيد في الإسكندرية، لكنه يتعرض لأزمات مالية متكررة، ويحكي عن أحلام فارس في السفر إلى أوروبا، ورفضه فكرة ارتباطه بإبنة خاله التي تحبه وترتبط به عاطفيًا منذ أن انتقلت للعيش مع أسرته بعد وفاة والدها.

طاقم العمل
 يحيى الفخراني بدور العربي كُريم /  فارس
 جميل راتب بدور موريس
 محسنة توفيق بدور أم السعد
 سلوى خطاب بدور سميحة
 أنوشكا بدور ماريا
 شيري عادل بدور ماجدولين / سيمون
 ريهام سعيد بدور ماجدولين (كبيرة)

مراجع

مسلسلات تلفزيونية مصرية بدأ عرضها في 2005
مسلسلات جميل راتب
مسلسلات يحيى الفخراني

المرسى والبحار (مسلسل)


O WTA de Monastir – ou Jasmin Open Monastir, atualmente – é um torneio de tênis profissional feminino, de nível WTA 250.

Realizado em Monastir, no nordeste da Tunísia, estreou em 2022. Os jogos são disputados em quadras duras durante o mês de outubro.

Finais

Simples

Duplas

Ligações externas
 Página oficial

Monastir
Monastir

WTA de Monastir


Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli 2018 var den 23. udgave af cykelløbet Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 7. oktober 2018. Løbet blev vundet af hollandske Bauke Mollema fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Mads Pedersen kørte for

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli 2018


Den lille pige med skøjterne er en dansk børnefilm fra 1985 med instruktion og manuskript af Anne Regitze Wivel.

Handling
En poetisk-dokumentarisk registrering af eliteholdet på isen i Østerbro Skøjtehal. Hovedfiguren er holdets yngste pige. Filmen følger dels hendes træning og dels hendes oplevelser af de store veninder og deres præstationer. Træningen med at lære de obligatoriske trin er hård og slidsom, og de frie løb kan også ende med fald.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1985

Den lille pige med skøjterne


Cornel Dinu ()

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1989
Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață
Oameni din județul Dâmbovița
Fundași
Nașteri pe 9 iunie

Cornel Dinu (fotbalist născut în 1989)


Aceasta este o listă de filme thriller lansate în anii 1990.

Note

1990

1990
Thriller

Listă de filme thriller din anii 1990


Le canal du nerf hypoglosse (ou canal hypoglosse ou canal de l'hypoglosse ou canal condylien antérieur), est un canal osseux de l'os occipital creusé transversalement dans la partie latérale de l'os occipital.

Structure anatomique
Le canal du nerf hypoglosse se situe au-dessus de la partie moyenne du condyle occipital
Son entrée endocrânienne se trouve au-dessous et en arrière du tubercule jugulaire.
Sa sortie exocrânienne s'ouvre au fond de la fosse condylienne antérieure (ou fossette condylienne antérieure ou fossette précondylienne).
Il donne le passage au nerf hypoglosse (nerf crânien XII), au rameau méningé de l'artère pharyngienne ascendante et à une veine émissaire du plexus basilaire.

Embryologie et Variations
Le canal hypoglosse se forme durant le stade embryonnaire du développement chez les mammifères.

Les variations embryonnaires conduisent parfois à la présence de plus de deux canaux lors de la formation de l'os occipital.

Rôle
Il donne le passage au nerf hypoglosse (nerf crânien XII), au rameau méningé de l'artère pharyngienne ascendante et à une veine émissaire du plexus basilaire.

Aspect clinique
L'étude du canal hypoglosse aide au diagnostic des tumeurs de la base du crâne comme les néoplasmes du glomus jugulaire volumineux, les myélomes et le méningiome.

Les études du canal hypoglosse tournent autour du développement de techniques de forage pour obtenir une voie d'accès chirurgical sur cette zone du cerveau.

Recherche
Le canal hypoglosse a récemment été utilisé pour tenter de déterminer du langage humaine. Les chercheurs ont découvert que les hominidés qui vivaient il y a 2 millions d'années avaient un canal de la même taille que celui des chimpanzés d'aujourd'hui. Certains scientifiques supposent ainsi qu'ils étaient incapables de parler. Cependant, les H. sapiens archaïques d'il y a 400 000 ans avaient un canal de la même taille que celui des humains modernes, ce qui signifierait qu'ils auraient pu avoir la capacité de langage parlé. Certains Néandertaliens avaient également le canal hypoglosse de la même taille que l'archaïque H. sapiens. Cependant, des études récentes impliquant plusieurs espèces de primates n'ont pas réussi à trouver des preuves concluantes d'une relation entre sa taille du canal et le langage parlé.

Galerie

Notes et références

Crâne

Canal du nerf hypoglosse


Palloseura Kemi Kings (eller PS Kemi) er en finsk fodboldklub fra byen Kemi. HIFK spiller i den finske liga .

Fodboldklubber i Finland
Etableret i 1999

Palloseura Kemi Kings


Biçimsel dil kuramı, teorik bilişimin temel dallarından biridir. Bir biçimsel dil, abece denilen belli bir küme Σ üzerinde kurulan dizilerden oluşur. Biçimsel dilleri tanımlamak için ifadeler, gramerler ya da tanımlanan dile ait olan dizileri kabul eden otomatlar kullanılır. Bunun yüzünden otomat kuramı ile ilişkisi çok önemlidir.

Biçimsel diller, Chomsky sınıflandırmasına göre 4 sınıfa ayırılır:
 Tip 3 Düzenli diller
 Tip 2 Bağlamdan bağımsız diller
 Tip 1 Bağlama duyarlı diller
 Tip 0 Özyinelemeli sayılabilir diller

Her sınıf, daha küçük sayılı sınıfların bir alt kümesidir. Tip 0 en genel sınıftır, Turing makine ve bilgisayar programıyla sayılanan her dilli kapsar.

Bu sınıflandırma (hiyerarşi), dillerin dizilerini türeten gramer ya da kabul eden makinaların hesaplama gücüne göre yapılmıştır.

Uygulama

Teorik bilişim bilimi bakımından önemli olan bu madde pratikte programlama dilleri kullanarak bilgisayar programları üretilmesini sağlayan derleyici ve yorumlayıcı yazılımlarının hazırlanmasında önemli bir rol oynar. Biçimsel dil kuramı, sıfırdan bir programlama dili geliştirmek isteyen bir bilgisayar programcısının ilk öğrenmesi gereken konulardan biridir. Mesela alttaki Tip 2 grameri Java, C, C++ dillerinde kullanılan kayan nokta (İngilizce: floating point) sayılarından oluşan biçimsel dili tanımlar; bu dil 3.1415 ya da 1.40239846e-45f gibi sayıların yazılış şekillerini gösterir.

 FloatingPointLiteral:
        Digits . [Digits] [ExponentPart] [FloatTypeSuffix]
        . Digits [ExponentPart] [FloatTypeSuffix]
        Digits ExponentPart [FloatTypeSuffix]
        Digits [ExponentPart] FloatTypeSuffix
 Digits:
        Digit
        Digits Digit
 Digit:
        0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
 ExponentPart:
        ExponentIndicator SignedInteger
 ExponentIndicator: one of
        e E
 Si gnedInteger:
        [Sign] Digits
 Sign: one of
        + -
 FloatTypeSuffix: one of
        f F d D

Formal dilleri
Teorik bilgisayar bilimi

Biçimsel dil kuramı


Veronika Fischer ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Veronika Fischer (* 1951), deutsche Sängerin
 Veronika Fischer (Erziehungswissenschaftlerin) (* 1951), deutsche Erziehungswissenschaftlerin und Hochschullehrerin
 Veronika Fischer (Politikerin) (1964–2012), deutsche Politikerin (CDU)
 Veronika Fischer (Autorin) (* 1987), deutsche Autorin, Journalistin und Philosophin

Veronika Fischer (Begriffsklärung)


"Nina" é uma canção escrita pelo cantor e compositor inglês Ed Sheeran e pelo cantor norte-irlandês Johnny McDaid, em seguida, foi gravada pelo primeiro para o seu segundo álbum de estúdio, × (2014), no qual apareceu como a sexta faixa. A música foi produzida por Jake Gosling. "Nina" mostra elementos de "Welcome to My World" de Wretch 32, escrita por Jermaine Scott, Isra Andja-Diumi Lohata e Jay Lee Robert Hippolyte.

Em uma crítica faixa-a-faixa da Billboard, o escritor Jason Lipshutz declarou: "Após a rápida verificação de nomes como Stevie Wonder e Bon Iver "Re: Stacks", Sheeran mais uma vez tenta se esconder do mundo com uma garota, mas O mundo (da música) continua afastando-o do amor. Com notas de piano descendentes e um gancho pop brincalhão, este deve ser marcado como um futuro single."

Créditos e pessoal
Os créditos seguintes foram adaptados do encarte do álbum × (2014):
Ed Sheeran — vocais, violão, guitarra elétrica, palmas, composição
Jake Gosling — produção, engenharia, programação, bateria, percussão, piano e palmas
Johnny McDaid — composição
Geoff Swan — engenharia
Mark "Spike" Stent — mixagem
Ruadhri Cushnan — mixagem
Stuart Hawkes — masterização
Matthew Gooderham — engenheiro assistente
Ed Howard — palmas
Chris Leonard — guitarras, palmas e baixo

Desempenho nas tabelas musicais
Tabelas semanais

Certificações e vendas

Ligações externas

"Nina" no Spotify

Canções de 2014
Canções gravadas por Ed Sheeran
Canções compostas por Ed Sheeran
Canções compostas por Johnny McDaid

Nina (canção)


Moulin de la Chaussée à Saint-Maurice
 Moulin à eau de la Chaussée

Moulin de la Chaussée (homonymie)


En la mitología griega, Hípaso  (en griego Ἴππασος) es el nombre de varios personajes:

Hípaso, nombre compartido por los padres de varios héroes de la Guerra de Troya:
 Hípaso, padre de Hipomedón con la ninfa Ocírroe.
 Hípaso, padre de Cárope y Soco.
 Hípaso, padre de Agelao el milesio.
 Hípaso, padre de Cérano el licio.
 Hípaso, padre de Hipsénor.
 Hípaso, padre de Demoleón el lacedemonio.
 Hípaso, padre de Apisaón el peonio.
 Hípaso, padre de dos anónimos, conocidos solo por su patronímico Hipásidas -  aurigas:
 Hípaso, el auriga de Pamón (hijo de Príamo)
 Hípaso, un auriga griego asesinado por Deífobo.
Hípaso, hijo de Éurito, uno de los cazadores del jabalí de Calidón.

Hípaso de Pelene, ciudad del Peloponeso, padre de Áctor, Ífito, Asterión, Anfión, y Naúbolo. A los cuatro últimos se les atribuye una paternidad diferente.

Hípaso, un centauro muerto a manos de Teseo en la boda de Pirítoo e Hipodamía.

Hípaso, uno de los hijos de Príamo.

Hípaso, un tesalio muerto por Agenor en la Guerra de Troya.

Hípaso, hijo de Ceix, muerto en batalla mientras luchaba junto a Heracles contra Éurito.

Hípaso, hijo de Leucipe. Fue asesinado por ella y su compañero Minias.

Hípaso de Fliunte Se opuso a sus conciudadanos, que deseaban aceptar la oferta del dorio Régnidas que ofreció a los fliasios que se quedaran en sus asentamientos y le hicieran rey, y repartir las tierras entre ellos y sus dorios. Hípaso y los suyos, les exhortó a defenderse, pero ante la negativa de su pueblo, huyó con los que quisieron a la Isla de Samos. De este Hípaso era cuarto descendiente el filósofo Pitágoras, hijo de Mnesarco, hijo de Eufrón, hijo de Hípaso.

Referencias

Personajes de la mitología griega

Hípaso


Energy bars are supplemental bars containing cereals, micronutrients, and flavor ingredients intended to supply quick food energy. Because most energy bars contain added protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and other nutrients, they may be marketed as functional foods. Manufacturing of energy bars may supply nutrients in sufficient quantity to be used as meal replacements.

Nutrition
A typical energy bar weighs between 30 and 50 g and is likely to supply about 200–300 Cal (840–1,300 kJ), 3–9 g of fat, 7–15 g of protein, and 20–40 g of carbohydrates — the three sources of energy in food. In order to provide energy quickly, most of the carbohydrates are various types of sugars like fructose, glucose, maltodextrin and others in various ratios, combined with complex carbohydrate sources, such as oats or barley. Proteins come mostly in the form of whey protein. Fats sources are often cocoa butter and dark chocolate.

Usage
Energy bars are used in a variety of contexts. Energy bars may be used as an energy source during athletic events such as marathons, triathlons and other activities which require a high energy expenditure for long periods of time. They are also commonly used as meal replacements in weight-loss programs. They may be used as a snack. For those who are malnourished, energy bars, such as Plumpy'nut, are an effective tool for treating malnutrition.

See also

 Candy bar
 Protein bar
 Energy gel
 Sports drink
 High energy biscuits
 Flapjack (oat bar)
 Ninja diet
 D ration

References

Dietary supplements
Energy food products
Snack foods

Energy bar


Henri (Haïm) Matarasso, né le  à Salonique et mort le  à Nice, est un écrivain, éditeur et libraire.

Biographie
Né à Salonique, ville ottomane avant l'intégration à la Grèce, comme la plupart des membres de sa famille, il émigre et  puis s'installe en Belgique en 1922 avant de rejoint la France dans le courant des années 1930.

Frère du banquier Albert Matarasso, il est l'oncle de l'avocat Léo Matarasso, avocat honoraire et ancien président de la Ligue internationale pour le droit et la libération des peuples.

Il ouvre d'abord une petite librairie à Bruxelles avec les ouvrages de sa propre collection mais cela ne dure pas et il travaille ensuite pour la maison Van Oest.

Il reprend la librairie Landry à Paris en 1933 au 72 rue de Seine, fréquentée notamment par Picasso et les écrivains et poètes Paul Éluard, René Char, André Breton, Aragon, ainsi que Jean Giono grâce à l'intervention de son fils Jacques.

Spécialiste de Rimbaud, il édite également quelques livres dont, en 1936, le premier livre d'Henri Michaux illustré de ses dessins.

Il se retire en 1953 à Nice où il ouvre une galerie au 36 boulevard Dubouchage où il expose notamment Picasso, Cocteau et Miro.

Il fait don en 1954 à la Ville de Charleville de nombreux documents et ouvrages rares sur Rimbaud, base de la bibliothèque du Musée Rimbaud.

Son fils, Jacques Matarasso fut également libraire et éditeur. C'est notamment grâce à lui qu'Henri sera mis en contact avec les surréalistes.

Sa petite fille Laure Matarasso, filleule de René Char, déménage la Librairie-Galerie au 46 Boulevard Risso à Nice en septembre 2017.

Textes édités par Henri Matarasso (par date)
 L'apothicaire Lyrique, Max Moreau, Henri Matarasso éditeur, Paris, 1935.
 Entre Centre et Absence, Henri Michaux,  Henri Matarasso éditeur, 1936.
 Passante, Adrienne Revelard, Henri Matarasso éditeur, Paris, 1937.
 Le Soleil des Eaux, René Char, illustrations de Georges Braque, Henri Matarasso éditeur, Paris, 1949.
 Bibliographie des livres illustrés par Pablo Picasso, Galerie H. Matarasso, 1956.
 Eloge d'un chevalier enchanteur, Georges de Canino, Henri Matarasso éditeur, Nice, 1981.

Textes écrits par Henri Matarasso

Nouveaux documents sur Rimbaud, avec H. de Bouillane De Lacoste, Mercure de France, 1938.
Un nouveau portrait de Rimbaud, Mercure de France, 1947.
Vie d'Arthur Rimbaud, avec Pierre Petitfils, préface de Jean Cocteau éditions Hachette, 1962,  édition avec iconographie.
 Album Rimbaud, avec Pierre Petitfils, éditions Gallimard, collection La Pléiade, iconographie commentée, 1967

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1892
Naissance à Thessalonique
Libraire du XXe siècle
Éditeur français du XXe siècle
Biographe français
Décès en mai 1985
Décès à Nice
Décès à 92 ans

Henri Matarasso