Daniil Lwowitsch Lintschewski (; beim Weltschachbund FIDE Daniil Lintchevski; * 17. Mai 1990 in Gattschina) ist ein russischer Schachspieler.

Werdegang
Lintschewski wuchs in Gattschina auf. Das Schachspiel brachte ihm sein Vater im Alter von fünf Jahren bei. Er wurde zunächst von einem Freund seines Vaters und dann von GM Waleri Popow betreut. Schon im Jugendalter konnte Lintschewski nennenswerte Resultate vorweisen. Er wurde Fünfter, punktgleich mit dem Bronzemedaillengewinner Vüqar Rəsulov, bei der europäischen U16-Meisterschaft 2006 in Herceg Novi. Ebenfalls 2006 belegte er hinter Iwan Popow und Jan Nepomnjaschtschi den dritten Platz auf dem internationalen Jugendturnier in Kirischi. Im folgenden Jahr wurde er russischer U18-Meister.

2008, 2012 und 2017 errang er den Sieg bei den Meisterschaften des Föderationskreises Nordwestrussland. Im März 2009 wurde er zum Großmeister und kurz danach zum Meister des Sports Russlands ernannt. Die Normen für seinen GM-Titel erzielte er 2008 bei der europäischen Meisterschaft in Plowdiw und bei der russischen Meisterschaft in Nowokusnezk. Vereinsschach spielte Lintschewski für Grifon (Sankt Petersburg) in Russland und für den Club Chess Beer Sheva in Israel.

2007 holte er den Sieg beim FINEC-Turnier mit IM-Norm in Sankt Petersburg. Weitere Erfolge auf internationaler Ebene waren der 2.–4. Platz beim FINEC-2009 A-Turnier, 1. Platz bei der offenen Meisterschaft Lettlands 2009 (Pļaviņas), 2.–12. Platz in Oberwart 2010, 4.–12. Platz beim Minsk-Open 2010 und 3. Platz beim Tschigorin-Gedenkturnier 2011 (Sankt Petersburg).

Im Juni 2015 wurde Lintschewski Erster vor Adam Tuchajew und Boris Sawtschenko beim Aljechin-Gedenkturnier (Master Open) in Woronesch. Am Ende des Jahres gewann er den Pokal des Föderationskreises Nordwestrussland in Sankt Petersburg. Beim Neschmetdinow-Gedenkturnier 2017 in Kasan teilte er den zweiten Platz mit Schamsaran Zydypow.

Mit seiner Elo-Zahl 2555 (Stand: Mai 2021) führt Lintschewski souverän die Rangliste in der Oblast Leningrad an. Seine bisher höchste Elo-Zahl war 2579 im August 2015.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Schachspieler (Russland)
Schachspieler
Russe
Geboren 1990
Mann

Daniil Lwowitsch Lintschewski


Felix Eduardo Torres Caicedo (San Lorenzo, 11 de janeiro de 1997), é um futebolista equatoriano que atua como zagueiro. Atualmente joga pelo Santos Laguna.

Carreira no clube
Em janeiro de 2019, Torres foi transferido para o clube mexicano Santos Laguna.

Depois de jogar pelo Equador na Copa do Mundo Sub-20 da FIFA 2017, Torres foi convocado para a seleção nacional em fevereiro de 2017, mas não jogou.

Futebolistas do Equador
Futebolistas da Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Portoviejo
Futebolistas do Barcelona Sporting Club
Futebolistas do Club Santos Laguna
Jogadores da Seleção Equatoriana de Futebol
Jogadores da Copa América de 2021
Jogadores da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022

Félix Torres


Stríð og friður er hljómsveit sem samanstendur af Bubba Morthens, gítarleikurunum Guðmundi Péturssyni, og Pétri Hallgrímssyni, Jakob Smára Magnússyni Bassaleikara og Arnari Geir Ómarssyni trommuleikara. Hljómsveitin birtist fyrst á plötu Bubba frá 2001, Nýbúanum. Eftir að Nýbúinn kom út gerði Bubbi fleiri plötur með Stríð og friði. Til dæmis Sól að morgni frá 2002, en þá var Pétur Hallgrímsson upptekinn við annað svo að sveitin breyttist dálítið.

Plötur
 Nýbúinn (2001)
 Sól að morgni (2002)
 1000 Kossa Nótt (2003)
 Fjórir naglar (2008)

Bubbi Morthens

Stríð og Friður


Le Cumberland Lodge est une maison de campagne classée Grade II du  située dans le grand parc de Windsor à 5,6 km au sud du Château de Windsor. Il est occupé par une fondation caritative qui organise des conférences résidentielles, des conférences et des discussions. Les jardins de Cumberland Lodge sont classés Grade I dans le registre des parcs et jardins historiques.

Histoire du bâtiment
La maison est construite par John Byfield, un capitaine de l'armée, en 1650, lorsque Oliver Cromwell divise et vend des lots dans le Windsor Great Park. La maison s'appelait Byfield House jusqu'en 1670. Elle est ensuite renommée New Lodge et est parfois également connue sous le nom de Windsor Lodge ou Ranger Lodge.

Après la Restauration, le roi Charles II fait de la maison la résidence officielle du garde forestier du Grand Parc - une nomination de la Couronne toujours détenue par un proche du Souverain.

Parmi ceux qui ont vécu à la Loge on trouve :

 Baptist May, le premier Ranger résident;
 Sarah Churchill, duchesse de Marlborough (1702-1744) ; John Churchill (1er duc de Marlborough) qui y meurt en 1722 ;
 John Spencer (1744-1746);
 William Augustus de Cumberland, fils du roi George II (1746-1765) ;
 Henri de Cumberland et Strathearn, fils de Frederick, prince de Galles (1765–1790);
 Anne, duchesse de Cumberland et Strathearn, veuve d'Henri (1790-1803) ;
 George Spencer-Churchill (5e duc de Marlborough) (jusqu'en 1822) ;
 Auguste-Frédéric de Sussex, fils du roi George III (1830–1843) ;
 Le général William Wemyss de Wemyss, soldat écossais de l'armée britannique et membre du Parlement est décédé à la loge en 1852
 Helena du Royaume-Uni, fille de la reine Victoria et épouse du prince Christian de Schleswig-Holstein (après leur mariage en 1866);
 Lord Fitzalan de Derwent, dernier vice-roi d'Irlande (1923-1947).

En 1936, Cumberland Lodge est utilisé pour des réunions entre Alec Hardinge (le secrétaire privé du roi) et Stanley Baldwin (le premier ministre), ce qui a finalement conduit à l'abdication d'Édouard VIII.

Cumberland Lodge aujourd'hui
Aujourd'hui, Cumberland Lodge est un organisme de bienfaisance éducatif. Il est utilisé pour des ateliers académiques et des cours résidentiels de courte durée par des groupes d'étudiants, principalement des universités.

Il n'est pas ouvert au grand public, mais il y a des journées portes ouvertes, des conférences et des conférences gratuites tout au long de l'année. Divers plans intérieurs et extérieurs de Lodge peuvent être vus dans le film The King's Speech.

Références

Liens externes

Enseignement en Angleterre
Monument classé de Grade II dans le Berkshire

Cumberland Lodge


Milnes is a surname of British and scottish origin, a variant of the surname Mills.

Notable people with the surname include:
 Eric Milnes (born 1959), American harpsichordist, organist and conductor
 Fred Milnes (1878–1946), English footballer
 Richard Slater Milnes (1759-1804), English politician
 Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, English poet and politician
 Robert Milnes (disambiguation), multiple people
 Rodney Milnes (1936–2015), English opera critic and musicologist
 Sherrill Milnes, American baritone famous for his Verdi roles

See also
 Mills (disambiguation)
 Miln
 Milne (disambiguation)
 Milner (disambiguation)
 Mylne

References

English-language surnames

Milnes


Oman (lat. Inula), rod trajnica i jednogodišnjeg raslinja iz porodice Compositae raširen po gotovo čitavoj Euroaziji i velikim dijelovima Afrike. Postoji preko 100 vrsta, od kojih su neke zabilježene i u Hrvatskoj.

Vrste

 Inula acuminata DC.
 Inula anatolica Boiss.
 Inula angustifolia DC.
 Inula arbuscula Delile
 Inula aucheriana DC.
 Inula candida (L.) Cass.,  bjelušina
 Inula ciliaris Matsum.
 Inula clarkei (Hook.f.) R.R.Stewart
 Inula cuanzensis Hiern
 Inula decurrens Popov
 Inula discoidea Boiss.
 Inula eminii (O.Hoffm.) O.Hoffm.
 Inula engleriana O.Hoffm.
 Inula fragilis Boiss. & Hausskn.
 Inula gimbundensis S.Moore
 Inula glareosa E.M.Antipova
 Inula glauca C.Winkl.
 Inula glomerata Oliv. & Hiern
 Inula gombczewskyi C.Winkl.
 Inula gossweileri S.Moore
 Inula grandiflora Willd.
 Inula grandis Schrenk
 Inula haussmannii Huter
 Inula helenium L.
 Inula helianthus-aquatilis C.Y.Wu ex Y.Ling
 Inula hendersoniae S.Moore
 Inula hissarica R.Nabiev
 Inula hookeri C.B.Clarke
 Inula huillensis Hiern
 Inula hupehensis (Y.Ling) Y.Ling
 Inula hybrida Baumg.
 Inula inuloides (Fenzl) Grierson
 Inula japonica Thunb.
 Inula kalapani C.B.Clarke
 Inula klingii O.Hoffm.
 Inula koelzii R.Dawar & Qaiser
 Inula limosa O.Hoffm.
 Inula linariifolia Turcz.
 Inula macrocephala Boiss. & Kotschy
 Inula macrolepis Bunge
 Inula magnifica Lipsky
 Inula mannii (Hook.f.) Oliv. & Hiern
 Inula mildbraedii Muschl.
 Inula montbretiana DC.
 Inula × mucheri Starm.
 Inula multicaulis Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 Inula obtusifolia A.Kern.
 Inula oligocephala S.Moore
 Inula paludosa O.Hoffm.
 Inula paniculata (Klatt) Burtt Davy
 Inula peacockiana (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Korovin
 Inula perrieri (Humbert) Mattf.
 Inula persica F.Ghahrem. & Narimisa
 Inula poggeana O.Hoffm.
 Inula racemosa Hook.f.
 Inula rajamandii Narimisa & F.Ghahrem.
 Inula rhizocephala Schrenk
 Inula rhizocephaliformis Kamelin & Turak.
 Inula rhizocephaloides C.B.Clarke
 Inula rigida Döll
 Inula robynsii De Wild.
 Inula royleana DC.
 Inula rungwensis Beentje
 Inula salsoloides Ostenf.
 Inula sarana Boiss.
 Inula schischkinii Gorschk.
 Inula schmalhausenii C.Winkl.
 Inula sechmenii Hartvig & Strid
 Inula sericeo-villosa Rech.f.
 Inula sericophylla Franch.
 Inula serratuloides (Gilli) Grierson
 Inula shirensis Oliv.
 Inula speciosa O.Hoffm.
 Inula stenocalathia (Rech.f.) Soldano
 Inula stewartii Abid & Qaiser
 Inula stolzii Mattf.
 Inula stricta Tausch
 Inula suaveolens Jacq.
 Inula subfloccosa Rech.f.
 Inula taiwanensis S.S.Ying
 Inula thapsoides Spreng.
 Inula tuzgoluensis M.Öztürk & Ö.Çetin
 Inula urumoffii Degen
 Inula vernonioides O.Hoffm.
 Inula viscidula Boiss. & Kotschy
 Inula welwitschii O.Hoffm.

 Inula acaulis,  mali oman

U rod su nekada uključivane i vrste koje rastu i u Hrvatskoj, među njima su primorski oman, morski oman ili morski koprc, pripada rodu Limbarda, i priznata je kao Limbarda crithmoides subsp. crithmoides, a druga vrsta, poznata kao ljepivi oman predstavnik je roda Dittrichia, i priznata je kao Dittrichia viscosa subsp. viscosa, njezin sinonim je Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton. Ostale vrte ukjljučene su u rod Pentanema:
 Inula bifrons, kostriešna grmika = Pentanema bifrons (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort.
 Inula britannica,  britanski oman = Pentanema britannicum (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort.
 Inula conyzae, širokolisni oman, šumski oman, grmika = Pentanema conyzae (Griess.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort.
 Inula ensifolia, uskolisni oman = Pentanema ensifolium (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort.
 Inula germanica, germanski oman = Pentanema germanicum (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort.
 Inula hirta, hrapavodlakavi oman =  Pentanema hirtum (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort.
 Inula oculus-christi, kristovo oko, svilenasti oman =  Pentanema oculus-christi (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort.
 Inula salicina, vrboliki oman =  Pentanema salicinum (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort.
 Inula spiraeifolia,  oštri oman, gustolisnati oman =  Pentanema spiraeifolium (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort.
 Inula verbascifolia,  bila slavulja, bjelušina = Pentanema verbascifolium (Willd.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Inuleae

Oman (biljni rod)


An Cynorkis mellitula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Toill.-gen. ngan Jean Marie Bosser. An Cynorkis mellitula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cynorkis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cynorkis

Cynorkis mellitula


موسم 2008-09 كان هو الموسم 75 لـ إيه سي ميلان في الدوري الإيطالي. وهذه المقالة توضح لكم لاعبين الفريق لهذا الموسم وقائمة بالمباريات التي سيخوضها الفريق في مختلف المسابقات.

النادي
 الطاقم الفني <div style="float:center; width:50%;">

الإدارة

ترتيب الكباتن
  باولو مالديني
  ماسيمو أمبروزيني
  جينارو غاتوزو
  كاخا كالادزه
  أندريا بيرلو

لاعبو الفريق

تشكيلة الفريق للموسم 2008-09

إحصائيات اللاعبين

المشاركات

جميع المشاركات

الدوري الإيطالي

الترتيب

نتائج الجولات

ملخص النتائج

كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي - المجموعة الخامسة

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width=165|فريق
!width=20|لعب
!width=20|فوز
!width=20|تعادل
!width=20|خسارة
!width=20|له
!width=20|عليه
!width=20|الفرق
!width=20|النقاط
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=right| فولفسبورغ
|4||3||1||0||13||7||+6||10
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=right| إيه سي ميلان
|4||2||2||0||8||5||+3||8|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=right| سبورتينغ براغا
|4||2||0||2||7||5||+2||6|-bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|align=right| بورتسموث
|4||1||1||2||7||8||-3||4|-bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|align=right| هيرنيفين
|4||0||0||4||3||13||-10||0'|}

 مباريات الفريق

 البطولات واللقاءات الودّية

 الدوري الإيطالي

 كأس إيطاليا

 كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي

 سجلات اللاعبين الموسمية  هذه الأرقام فقط للمباريات الرسمية. ''

آخر تحديث في 25 يوليو، 2009.

الهدافون

الأهداف المسجلة على الحراس

بدأو أساسيين

الانضباط

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي
 الموقع العربي

مواسم إيه سي ميلان
موسم أندية كرة قدم 2008–09
موسم رياضي 2008-09

إيه سي ميلان موسم 2008–09


نشوة السكران من صهباء تذكار الغزلان، هو كتاب من تأليف أبي الطيب محمد صديق خان بن حسن بن علي بن لطف الله الحُسيني البُخاري القنوجي (1248 - 1307هـ/ 1832 - 1890م)، وهو كتاب يندرج في الكتب التي ألفت في العشق والغرام والحب والهيام، وهو بيان للعشق والعشاق والمعشوقات من النسوان، وما يتصل بذلك من تطورات الصبوة والهيمان، وذكر آراء القدماء والحكماء في العشق ومنهم فيثاغورس وأفلاطون وأرسطو وابن سينا وغيرهم، وذكر آراء الصوفية ومنهم الجنيد البغدادي، ثم تطرق إلى آفات القلب وتعلقهِ بالمحبوبات وروى قصصاً مأثورة في التراث العربي عن العشق والحب العذري وما آل إليه العشاق في تصرفاتهم وأحوالهم وأنواع النساء وبيان لأصنافهم وتفضيلاتهم وغيرها من نوادر العرب ونوادر أهل الهند في العشق والغرام، فيذكر قول بعض الفلاسفة في العشق: (لم أر حقا أشبه بباطل ولا باطلا أشبه بحق من العشق، هزله جد، وجده هزل، أوله لعب، وآخره عطب).

المصادر

كتب أدب
كتب باللغة العربية
كتب عربية في القرن 18
كتب محمد صديق خان

نشوة السكران من صهباء تذكار الغزلان (كتاب)


San Cristóbal de La Laguna er en spansk by på den kanariske ø Tenerife. Med 152.843(2015) indbyggere, San Cristóbal de La Laguna er den næst mest folkerige by på Tenerife og den tredje største på De Kanariske Øer.

Byen er beliggende i den nordøstlige del af øen Tenerife, nær byen Santa Cruz de Tenerife, med hvilken den er forbundet fysisk og bymæssigt.

Byen blev optaget på UNESCOs Verdensarvsliste i 1999. Her ligger de Kanariske Øer Rådgivende Råd, Institut for Astrofysik på De Kanariske Øer, San Cristóbal de La Laguna Stift, Tenerife Nord Lufthavn og Universitetshospitalet på De Kanariske Øer. Derudover har det første universitet grundlagt i De Kanariske Øer hovedkvarter i byen, og det første og ældste institut aktivt i øgruppen, således blev San Cristóbal de La Laguna historisk betragtet som det intellektuelle centrum af De Kanariske Øer. Byen var den historiske hovedstad på De Kanariske Øer.

Attraktioner
 Universitetet i La Laguna
 Katedralen i San Cristóbal de La Laguna
 Plaza del Adelantado

Referencer

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 Ayuntamiento de San Cristóbal de La Laguna

Byer i Kanariske Øer
Tenerife
Verdensarvsområder

San Cristóbal de La Laguna


John Paul Murphy (born 31 May 1950) is an Australian former politician who served as an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from October 1998 until September 2013, representing Lowe and then Reid, New South Wales.

Early life and education
John Murphy was born in Dunedoo, New South Wales.  He was educated at Waverley College in NSW and worked with the Department of Veterans' Affairs for 20 years before moving to the Merit Protection Review Agency for eight years, including six years as Manager. Murphy served as a Councillor on Drummoyne Council (now part of Canada Bay Council) from 1995 to 1998.

Political career
Murphy gained pre-selection for the ALP over the high-profile Michael Costello, former head of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Australian Stock Exchange, following protests by local ALP members who did not want Costello (who lived outside the electorate) being imposed on them.

Lowe's previous MP was Paul Zammit, a Liberal who turned Independent in protest over the Howard Government's policies on aircraft noise.  Standing as an independent in the 1998 election, Zammit's preferences flowed to Murphy to help him win the seat for Labor. Murphy retained his seat at every subsequent election until 2013.

Murphy was the Parliamentary Secretary to the Shadow Minister for Health Stephen Smith from December 2001 to February 2003 and then Parliamentary Secretary to federal Labor leaders Simon Crean, Mark Latham, Kim Beazley and Kevin Rudd from February 2003 to December 2007. When Rudd become Prime Minister, Murphy became the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Trade. He left this position, citing family reasons, in a ministerial reshuffle which occurred on 19 February 2009.

Following an electoral redistribution in 2009, Murphy's electorate was renamed Reid following significant changes to its boundaries. On 4 December 2009, he was preselected unopposed as Labor's candidate for the federal electorate of Reid.

Murphy narrowly retained Reid in 2010 with a swing of 11% swing against him. However, he was defeated in 2013 by Liberal candidate Craig Laundy on a 2.7% swing.

Views
He is a member of the NSW Right and holds socially conservative views on most moral issues, such as abortion and stem-cell research. Murphy campaigned against the Howard Government's removal of cross-media ownership restrictions and has been a long-standing critic of media proprietors, such as Rupert Murdoch and the late Kerry Packer. He has also campaigned against any expansion of Sydney Airport and once told the House of Representatives that the Chairman of Sydney Airport, Max Moore-Wilton, "should be flogged" for his failure to act on aircraft noise which is a major issue in his electorate of Lowe.

During his term in Parliament, Murphy expressed strong views opposing same-sex marriage in Australia. In an interview on 27 August 2011, Murphy claimed that his electorate he had a large number of Christian and Islamic voters and that granting permission to homosexuals and lesbians to marry was "a step too far". The interview sparked further debate on the topic within Labor.

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Lowe
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Reid
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
People educated at Waverley College

John Murphy (Australian politician)


Viorela Filip (n. 15 martie 1951, comuna Tuzla, județul Constanța) este o  interpretă, compozitoare și textieră de muzica ușoară româncă, absolventă de Conservator. Din anul 2008, este membră a Uniunii Compozitorilor și Muzicologilor din România. Din anul 2012, este membră a Asociației Mondiale a Festivalurilor și Artiștilor – WAFA, cu sediul în Malta. Începând cu 1 septembrie 1990 și până în prezent, Viorela Filip este profesoară titulară de canto-muzică ușoară la Școala Populară de Artă din București.

Este fiica poetului și scriitorului Stelian Filip și a Elenei Filip (născută Elena Savu).

Șlagăre (selecție)
"Doar un trandafir", muzică Gh.E. Marian, versuri Viorela Filip;
"La o fereastră", muzică Dumitru Lupu, versuri Viorela Filip;
"Cînd a–nceput iubirea noastr㔂muzica: Dumitru Lupu, versuri: Mala Barbulescu;
"Vino, uită despărțirea", muzica: Dumitru Lupu, Versuri: Viorela Filip;
"Fără iubirea ta", Corneliu Meraru și Viorela Filip;
"Suntem numai musafiri", Muzica: Marcel Dragomir, Versuri:  Viorela Filip;

,,Dar te-am uitat", muzica: Dumitru Lupu, Versuri: Viorela Filip.

Discografie
"De tine m-am îndrăgostit" (Electrecord);
"Doar un trandafir" (Electrecord);

Casete :
"Aș vrea să chem iubirea" (Eurostar);
"Suntem numai musafiri" (Electrecord);

Compact Disc

"O floare pentru fiecare" (Fevronia - 2006);

,,Dragostea nu ia vacanță" (Eurostar - 2018)

,,Talismane pentru suflet" (Marius Media Group - 2019)

Referințe

Legături externe
 Cine a invatat-o pe Viorela Filip sa cante? , autor: Viorica Mehedinteanu - Graiul Muresului, publicat: 15 iunie 2008

Nașteri în 1951
Cântărețe române
Textieri români
Profesori români în viață
Profesori de canto români
Dobrogeni

Viorela Filip


Hedwige « Hedi » Lang-Gehri, née le  à Uster et morte le  à Zollikerberg, est une femme politique suisse. Elle compte parmi les premières femmes élues à l'Assemblée fédérale en 1971.

Elle est la deuxième femme à présider le Conseil national après Elisabeth Blunschy, et la première à assumer cette fonction pour une année complète. Elle est également la première femme conseillère d'État en Suisse.

Biographie

Hedi Lang est membre du Parti socialiste dès 1961. En 1971, après l'introduction du suffrage féminin, elle est l'une des premières femmes à siéger au Conseil national. Elle y reste jusqu'en 1983. Du 30 novembre 1981 au 29 novembre 1982, elle est présidente du Conseil national.

En 1983, elle est élue au Conseil d'État du canton de Zurich. Elle devient ainsi la première femme conseillère d'État en Suisse.

Elle est à la tête du département de la justice et de l'intérieur de 1983 à 1991. Par la suite, elle prend la tête du département de l'économie, jusqu'en 1995. Elle est présidente du Conseil d'État à deux reprises, de 1989 à 1990 et de 1994 à 1995. Son engagement en politique est particulièrement axé sur les questions sociales, la politique économique et les droits des femmes.

De 1973 à 1983, elle est présidente de l'Association Pro Familia Suisse.

En 1957, elle épouse Erwin A. Lang.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1931
Naissance à Uster
Femme politique suisse
Pionnière en politique
Personnalité du Parti socialiste suisse
Président du Conseil national suisse
Conseiller d'État zurichois
Décès en mars 2004
Décès dans le canton de Zurich
Décès à 72 ans

Hedi Lang


Elza ao Vivo no Municipal é o quarto álbum ao vivo da cantora e compositora brasileira Elza Soares, lançado em maio de 2022 pela gravadora brasileira Deck e com produção musical de Rafael Ramos.

Antecedentes
Durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil, Elza Soares teve que adiar a gravação e o lançamento de um álbum inédito, que seria No Tempo da Intolerância. Por isso, a cantora acabou por relançar um álbum gravado na década de 1990 e nunca apresentado ao público, chamado Elza Soares & João de Aquino. Com a melhora da pandemia, a cantora começou a trabalhar num projeto retrospectivo em vídeo, que seria o primeiro desde Elza Canta e Chora Lupi (2016).

Em novembro de 2021, em entrevista ao O Dia, Elza comentou sobre a produção dos dois projetos:

Gravação
Com produção musical e arranjos de Rafael Ramos, que tinha trabalhado com Elza em Planeta Fome (2019) e No Tempo da Intolerância (2022), Elza ao Vivo no Municipal foi gravado no Theatro Municipal de São Paulo, em 17 e 18 de janeiro, dois dias antes da morte da cantora. A gravação foi só anunciada para a imprensa após a morte de Elza, com a confirmação de que o projeto seria lançado ainda no primeiro semestre de 2022. O show ocorreu com um público pequeno escolhido pela cantora, em destaque pessoas que nunca tinham pisado no teatro e também pessoas negras.

Lançamento e recepção

O álbum foi formalmente apresentado com o lançamento do single "Meu Guri", inicialmente gravada por Elza Soares no álbum Trajetória (1997) em abril. O projeto foi lançado completamente em 13 de maio de 2022, em edição digital da Deck.

Em crítica feita a partir do G1, Mauro Ferreira atribuiu uma cotação de 5 de 5 estrelas para Elza ao Vivo no Municipal. Além de elogiar o repertório, especialmente por músicas até então nunca regravadas por Elza como "Saltei de Banda" e "O Morro" e que a obra "resume bem o legado de Elza da Conceição Soares".

Em análise também favorável por meio do MyNews, Bruno Cavalcanti afirmou que o álbum atesta que Elza foi "a maior intérprete da música popular tupiniquim", embora tenha feito críticas a performance "protocolar" da canção "Banho".

Faixas
A seguir lista-se as faixas, compositores e durações de cada canção de Elza ao Vivo no Municipal:

Álbuns ao vivo de 2022
Álbuns de Elza Soares
Álbuns em língua portuguesa
Álbuns lançados pela Deckdisc

Elza ao Vivo no Municipal


Dahod (en guyaratí: દાહોદ ) es una ciudad de la India capital del distrito de Dahod, en el estado de Guyarat.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 311  a 216 km de la capital estatal, Gandhinagar, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 89 672 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Guyarat

Dahod


Kokoa es una película del año 2001.

Sinopsis
¡Es un día de fiesta en el reino de las ranas! Alrededor de un ruedo, cientos de habitantes se han reunido para ver enfrentarse a los más grandes luchadores del país y, entre cada combate, Tountia, acompañada de sus músicos, da u n concierto que pone a la sala en trance.

Referencias

en:Moustapha Alassane#Filmography

Kokoa


Enfant terrible (; ; "copil teribil") este o expresie franceză care se referă, în mod tradițional, la un copil care spunea cu sinceritate și cu candoare lucruri jenante părinților săi sau altor persoane. Cu toate acestea, expresia a ajuns să aibă utilizări multiple în artă, modă, muzică și alte arte creative. În aceste cariere, ea implică un "geniu" plin de succes prin stilul său neortodox, neobișnuit și, în unele cazuri, ofensator sau rebel.

Ediția a II-a a Oxford English Dictionary oferă următoarea definiție: "un copil care-i pune în încurcătură pe cei mai în vârstă prin observații inadecvate; o persoană care-și compromite asociații sau partidul printr-un comportament sau discurs neortodox sau nepotrivit; vag, cineva care acționează neconvențional".

Dicționarul Webster definește, de asemenea, un enfant terrible ca o persoană de succes cu un comportament neortodox, inovator și/sau avangardist.

Note

Cuvinte și expresii în limba franceză

Enfant terrible


Un guru în domeniul afacerilor sau al managementului este o autoritate marcantă din domeniul practicii comerciale și poate fi definit ca o persoană care dezvoltă idei sau teorii influente despre afaceri. Prima utilizare a termenului de "guru în domeniul afacerilor" poate fi găsit încă din anul 1960, acesta fiind folosit în revista Business Week. Nu există calități prestabilite pentru a deveni guru. Lista persoanelor  care au fost denumite guru în afaceri s-a schimbat în mod constant de-a lungul timpului. Cu toate acestea, există unele persoane care au fost acceptate de marea majoritate ca fiind un fel de guru în afaceri și, de asemenea, există unele organizații care și-au creat propriile lor liste cu personalități. Un scriitor englez a descris personalitățile din domeniul  managementului ca fiind "un fenomen predominant american."

Exemple și liste
Nu există o listă definitivă de personalități publice din domeniul afacerilor, dar unii scriitori au propus "liste personale". Aceste liste sunt create în mare parte de organizații, cum ar fi reviste de afaceri, sau de scriitori din domeniul managementului. Multe liste cu  personalități din domeniul afacerilor au fost create de-a lungul istoriei.

O listă cu oamenii incluși în aproape toate listele create, cunoscută colectiv sub numele de "Famous Five", este compusă din: Frederick Winslow Taylor, Michael Porter, Alfred Sloan, Peter Drucker, și Douglas McGregor.

În 2001, Harvard Business Review le-a cerut personalităților din domeniul afacerilor numele modelelor lor preferate din afaceri. Oamenii desemnați au fost Peter Drucker, James March și Herbert Simon.

O altă listă îi include pe Peter Drucker, Michael Porter, și Tom Peters ca fiind cele trei personalități principale din domeniul afacerilor din prezent.

Există, de asemenea, mulți guru care au apărut și au dispărut de-a lungul istoriei. De exemplu, japonezii erau cunoscuți pentru îmbunătățirile făcute în domeniul  afacerilor globale, și pentru faptul că au scos în evidență în anii 1980 o serie de guru precum Keniche Ohmae și Akio Morita. Apoi au aparut guru europeni, precum  Yves Doz, Geert Hofstede, Manfred Kets De Vries și Charles Handy.

Peter Ferdinand Drucker
Peter Drucker a fost, fără îndoială, un guru care s-a bucurat de un mare succes și de recunoaștere în domeniul afacerilor. A fost scriitor, consultant în management și  profesor. De-a lungul vieții, a scris 41 de cărți care au fost traduse în 37 de limbi și, de asemenea, a scris articole pentru Wall Street Journal  timp de 20 de ani. Este bine cunoscut pentru numeroasele contribuții pe care le-a adus în lumea afacerilor.

Și-a început cariera în acest domeniu atunci când a petrecut doi ani studiind structura administrativă a firmei General Motors, ceea ce a condus la scrierea cărții "Conceptul de corporație". A predat managementul la Universitatea din New York, iar meritele i-au fost recunoscute și printr-un premiu acordat de președinția Statelor Unite.

Prima sa lucrare importantă a fost cartea "The End of Economic Man", iar după ce a citit-o, Winston Churchill l-a descris pe Peter Drucker ca fiind "unul dintre acei scriitori căruia aproape orice îi poate fi iertat, pentru că nu numai că are o minte proprie, dar are și darul de a pune alte minți la contribuție de-a lungul unei linii stimulante de gândire."

În 1971, a luat parte la dezvoltarea unuia dintre primele cursuri de masterat la Claremont Graduate School. Mai târziu, această școală de management a fost numită "Peter F. Drucker Graduate School of Management". Ulterior, numele omului de afaceri japonez Masatoshi Ito a fost adăugat școlii. Numele final al școlii a devenit "Peter F. Drucker și Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management". Diferența dintre alte programe de management din domeniul afacerilor și școala de manangement Drucker constă în faptul că Școala Drucker  predă cursul de management ca pe o artă liberală. Acest fapt înseamnă că principii din  artă, știință, psihologie, politică și religie sunt adăugate la modul. Cursul de masterat este conceput pentru profesioniștii care au început devreme în carieră, principalele domenii de studiu fiind  Strategie, Finanțe, Marketing, Leadership și Management la nivel mondial.

La apougeu, Peter Drucker a avut o cariera de succes lucrând ca și consultant atât cu cele mai mari companii ale lumii cat si cu Guvernele Americii, Japoniei si Canadei.. De asemenea, el și-a petrecut o mare parte din timpul de lucru cu organizații non-profit, cum ar fi Armata Salvării, C. A. R. E., Crucea Roșie Americană etc. Pentru realizările sale, a fost distins cu Medalia Prezidențială a Libertății în 2001 de către Președintele George W. Bush, fiindu-i conferite și o serie de doctorate onorifice de la universități din întreaga lume. BusinessWeek l-a numit pe Peter F. Drucker "omul care a inventat managementul."

Femei guru și Renee Mauborgne
Numărul femeilor guru în afaceri a crescut vertiginos. În 2013, femeile au ocupat 13 din cele 50 de poziții în lista întocmită de Thinkers50, pe când, în 2001 au ocupat doar două locuri. Renee Mauborgne a ocupat locul al doilea  în lista Thinkers50, acest fapt  făcând-o una din cele mai cea mai bine clasate femei din listă. Mauborgne este un coleg și profesor de strategie la Școala de Afaceri INSEAD, membră al Forumului Economic Mondial și  membră a comisiei de consilieri a președintelui Barack Obama privind  HBCU.

Mauborgne este co-autorul cărții Blue Ocean Strategy, împreună cu partenerul ei de cercetare W. Chan Kim. Aceasta a fost una din cele mai bine vândute cărți din istoria Harvard Business School Press. S-au vândut peste 3.5 milioane de exemplare, cartea devenind best-seller pe 5 continente și fiind tradusă în 43 de limbi. Strategia Blue Ocean a câștigat numeroase premii, inclusiv pentru cea mai bună carte de afaceri a anului 2005 la Frankfurt Book Fair, în 2011 premiul de strategie pentru cea mai bună carte de afaceri din ultimii 10 ani conferit de Thinkers50 și a ajuns pe multe alte liste de bestseller-uri. The observer i-a desemnat pe  Mauborgne si pe partenerul ei de cercetare "următorii mari guru cunoscuți în lumea afacerilor".

Clayton M. Christensen
Clayton Christensen este un guru recent relizat demn de  urmărit în lumea afacerilor. El este universal cunoscut ca  expert în domeniul de inovare și dezvoltare iar ideile sale au fost folosite de multe organizații. Thinkers50 a declarat că prima sa carte Dilema Inovatorilor a transformat modul în care liderii privesc inovarea, și a dus la clasarea sa pe prima poziție ca guru din domeniul managementului din anii 2011 și 2013. Această carte a primit de asemenea Global Business Book Award pentru cea mai bună carte de afaceri a anului, în 1997. Revista The Economist a plasat-o ca fiind una dintre cele mai importante 6 cărți de afaceri  scrise vreodată. Thinkers50 a spus de asemenea faptul că Christensen calcă pe urmele  personalităților din domeniul afacerilor Peter Drucker și CK Prahalad.

Christensen este în prezent Kim B. Clark, profesor de administrarea afacerilor la Harvard Business School, unde predă un curs de formare și menținere cu succes a unei întreprinderi . El a scris nouă cărți toate best-seller-uri, și  peste o sută de articole. A câștigat premiul McKinsey cinci ori pentru articolele sale în Harvard Business Review. În 2015, Christensen a primit Edison Achievement Award pentru contribuția la inovare lume.

Criticile statutului de guru
Un expert in management, Gary Hamel, susține că au existat  "câteva descoperiri veritabile" de la activitatea lui Taylor și Max Weber. În cartea sa, Hamel spune că managementul este "blocat într-o buclă a timpului."  În mod similar, chiar și unul dintre autorii unei cărți despre personalitățile din domeniul afacerilor avertizează că teoria managementului  "nu este bine primită de capricioși", numindu-l pe Enron un "capricios în management pentru așa-zisa sa cultura de inovare."

Note

Afaceri

Guru în domeniul afacerilor


On January 7, 1948, 25-year-old Captain Thomas F. Mantell, a Kentucky Air National Guard pilot, died in the crash of his P-51 Mustang fighter plane near Franklin, Kentucky, United States, after being sent in pursuit of an unidentified flying object (UFO). The event was among the most publicized early UFO incidents.

Later investigation by the United States Air Force's Project Blue Book indicated that Mantell may have died chasing a Skyhook balloon, which, in 1948, was a top-secret project that he would not have known about. Mantell pursued the object in a steep climb and disregarded suggestions to level his altitude. At high altitude, he blacked out from a lack of oxygen; his plane went into a downward spiral and crashed. In 1956, Air Force Captain Edward J. Ruppelt (the first head of Project Blue Book) wrote that the Mantell crash was one of three "classic" UFO cases in 1948 that would help to define the UFO phenomenon in the public mind, and would help convince some Air Force intelligence specialists that UFOs were a "real" physical phenomenon. Ruppelt's other two "classic" sightings in 1948 were the Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter and the Gorman dogfight.

Historian David M. Jacobs argues the Mantell case marked a sharp shift in both public and governmental perceptions of UFOs. Previously, the press often treated UFO reports with a whimsical or glib attitude reserved for "silly season news." Following Mantell's death, however, Jacobs notes "the fact that a person had died in an encounter with an alleged flying saucer dramatically increased public concern about the phenomenon. Now a dramatic new prospect entered thought about UFOs: they might be not only extraterrestrial but potentially hostile as well."

Incident

On 7 January 1948, Godman Army Airfield at Fort Knox, Kentucky, received a report from the Kentucky Highway Patrol of an unusual aerial object near Madisonville. Reports of a westbound circular object,  in diameter, were received from Owensboro and Irvington. At about 1:45 p.m., Sergeant Quinton Blackwell saw an object from his position in the control tower at Fort Knox. Two other witnesses in the tower also reported a white object in the distance. Colonel Guy Hix, the base commander, reported an object he described as "very white," and "about one fourth the size of the full moon ... Through binoculars it appeared to have a red border at the bottom ... It remained stationary, seemingly, for one and a half hours." Observers at Clinton County Army Air Field in Ohio described the object "as having the appearance of a flaming red cone trailing a gaseous green mist" and observed the object for around 35 minutes. Another observer at Lockbourne Army Air Field in Ohio noted, "Just before leaving it came to very near the ground, staying down for about ten seconds, then climbed at a very fast rate back to its original altitude, , leveling off and disappearing into the overcast heading 120 degrees. Its speed was greater than  in level flight."

Four F-51D Mustangs of C Flight, 165th Fighter Squadron Kentucky Air National Guard—one piloted by Captain Thomas F. Mantell—were already in the air and told to approach the object. Blackwell was in radio communication with the pilots throughout the event. One pilot's Mustang was low on fuel and he quickly returned to base. The other two pilots accompanied Mantell in steep pursuit of the object. They later reported they saw an object but described it as so small and indistinct that they could not identify it. Mantell ignored suggestions that the pilots should level their altitude and try to more clearly see the object. Ruppelt notes that there was some disagreement amongst the air traffic controllers as to Mantell's words as he communicated with the tower: some sources reported that Mantell had described an object "[which] looks metallic and of tremendous size," but according to Ruppelt, others disputed whether or not Mantell actually said this.

Only one of Mantell's wingmen, Lt. Albert Clements, had an oxygen mask, and his oxygen was in low supply. Clements and the third pilot, Lt. Hammond, called off their pursuit at . However, Mantell continued to climb. According to the United States Air Force, once Mantell passed  he blacked out from lack of oxygen and his plane began spiraling back towards the ground. A witness later reported Mantell's Mustang in a circling descent. His plane crashed on a farm south of Franklin, on Kentucky's border with Tennessee. Firemen later pulled Mantell's body from the wreckage. His seat belt was shredded and his wristwatch had stopped at 3:18 p.m., the time of his crash. Meanwhile, by 3:50 p.m. the UFO was no longer visible to observers at Godman Army Airfield.

The Mantell incident was reported by newspapers around the nation, and received significant press attention. A number of sensational rumors were also circulated about the crash. According to UFO historian Curtis Peebles, among the rumors were claims that "the flying saucer was a Soviet missile; it was [an alien] spacecraft that shot down [Mantell's fighter] when it got too close; Captain Mantell's body was found riddled with bullets; the body was missing; the plane had completely disintegrated in the air; [and] the wreckage was radioactive." However, no evidence has ever surfaced to substantiate any of these claims, and Air Force investigation specifically refuted some claims, such as the supposedly radioactive wreckage. Ruppelt wrote that, "I had always heard a lot of wild speculation about the condition of Mantell's crashed F-51, so I wired for a copy of the accident report. [It] said that...Mantell's body had not burned, not disintegrated, and was not full of holes; the wreck was not radioactive, nor was it magnetized." Mantell was the first member of the Kentucky Air National Guard to die in flight. According to John Trowbridge, historian of the Kentucky National Guard, "There is a real X-Files twist to this, too. Mantell lived almost his entire life in Louisville, but he was born in a hospital in Franklin, only a few miles from where he was killed."

Venus explanation and rejection
The Mantell crash was investigated by Project Sign, the first Air Force research group assigned to investigate UFO reports. Ruppelt noted that, "The people on Project Sign worked fast on the Mantell Incident. Contemplating a flood of queries from the press as soon as they heard about the crash, they realized that they had to get a quick answer. Venus had been the target of a chase by an Air Force F-51 several weeks before and there were similarities between this sighting and the Mantell Incident. So...the word 'Venus' went out. Mantell had unfortunately been killed trying to reach the planet Venus." An Air Force major who was interviewed by several reporters following Mantell's crash "flatly stated that it was Venus."

In 1952, USAF Captain Edward Ruppelt, the supervisor of Project Blue Book, Project Sign's successor, was ordered to reinvestigate the Mantell Incident. Ruppelt spoke with J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer at Ohio State University and scientific consultant to Project Sign and Project Blue Book. Hynek had supplied Project Sign with the Venus explanation in 1948, mainly because Venus had been in the same place in the sky that Mantell's UFO was observed. However, by 1952 Hynek had concluded that the Venus explanation was incorrect, because "Venus wasn't bright enough to be seen" by Mantell and the other witnesses, and because a considerable haze was present that would have further obscured the planet in the sky. Ruppelt also noted Hynek's statement that Venus, even if visible, would have been a "pinpoint of light", but that eyewitness "descriptions plainly indicated a large object. None of the descriptions could even vaguely be called a pinpoint of light."

Skyhook balloon explanation
Having rejected the Venus explanation, Ruppelt began to research other explanations for the Mantell incident. He was particularly interested in a suggestion by Hynek that Mantell could have misidentified a United States Navy Skyhook weather balloon. In Madisonville "the object was seen through a telescope [and] identified as a balloon by one observer." Additionally, between 4:30 and 4:45 PM an astronomer at Vanderbilt University "watched an object in the sky...viewed through binoculars, he said it was a pear-shaped balloon with cables and a basket attached."

However, others disputed this idea, noting that no particular Skyhook balloon could be conclusively identified as being in the area in question during Mantell's pursuit. Despite this objection, Ruppelt thought the Skyhook explanation was plausible: the balloons were a secret Navy project at the time of the crash, were made of reflective aluminum, and were about  in diameter, consistent with the description of the UFO as large, metallic, and cone-shaped. Since the Skyhook balloons were secret at the time, neither Mantell nor the other observers in the control tower would have been able to identify the UFO as a Skyhook. But this was never proved, as Ruppelt wrote. However, it has also been reported that an astronomer at Vanderbilt University saw the balloon through a telescope.

Inexperience with the P-51
Researchers have also noted that while Mantell was an experienced pilot, he was rather new to the P-51, and that this relative inexperience could have been a factor in the crash. This does not, however, account for the identity of the UFO.

Thomas Mantell biography

Captain Thomas Francis Mantell Jr. (30 June 1922 – 7 January 1948) was a United States Air Force officer and a World War II veteran. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for courageous action during Operation Market Garden, and an Air Medal with three oak leaf clusters for aerial achievement.

Career
Mantell graduated from Male High School in Louisville. On 16 June 1942, he joined the United States Army Air Corps, the preceding organization to the Air Force, finishing Flight School on 30 June 1943. During World War II, he was a C-47 Skytrain pilot assigned to the 96th Troop Carrier Squadron, 440th Troop Carrier Group, which air dropped the 101st Airborne Division into Normandy on 6 June 1944 and participated in Operation Market Garden.

Mantell, then a lieutenant, was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for heroism while flying over the Netherlands on 18 September 1944 during Operation Market Garden. While piloting a C-47 named Vulture's Delight, which was towing a glider, his plane came under heavy anti-aircraft fire. All but one of the rudder and elevator controls were disabled, and the C-47's tail was afire. Mantell's crew chief fought the fire with live ammunition detonating. Rather than release the glider, Mantell decided to continue with his mission. The glider was released at the correct location, and Mantell returned to base. Upon inspection, the C-47 was so damaged that it appeared to be unable to fly.  Mantell was nicknamed "Shiny" by his comrades for his "constant well-scrubbed look." He was also described as "able to think fast and act quickly."

After the war, Mantell returned to Louisville and joined the newly formed Kentucky Air National Guard on 16 February 1947, becoming a F-51D Mustang pilot in the 165th Fighter Squadron.

Following his death in January 1948, Mantell's remains were sent to Louisville for burial in the Zachary Taylor National Cemetery.
He was survived by his wife Peggy and their sons, Thomas and Terry Mantell.

On 29 September 2001, the Simpson County Historical Society unveiled a historical marker in honor of Mantell in his hometown of Franklin. The marker is located at the exit off Interstate 65.

Awards
 Pilot Badge
 Distinguished Flying Cross
 Air Medal with three oak leaf clusters
 Distinguished Unit Citation
 American Campaign Medal
 European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two campaign stars
 World War II Victory Medal

Legacy
The Mantell incident is one of the earliest UFO incidents to attract widespread public attention. It is considered one of the "classic" UFO incidents from the late 1940s.

The Mantell incident was featured in the 1956 quasi-documentary Unidentified Flying Objects: The True Story of Flying Saucers. The film helped spur public interest in UFOs and speculation that UFOs were of extraterrestrial origin. The Mantell incident was the second UFO event mentioned in the 1953 film Invaders from Mars. The incident was also featured in the 1975 Toei Animation film Kore ga UFO da! Soratobu Enban (これがUFOだ! 空飛ぶ円盤), albeit with several inaccuracies—for example, the UFO is shown as a disc rather than a cone.

The Mantell incident inspired the 1956 kaiju film Rodan.

An episode of Star Trek: The Original Series called "Tomorrow Is Yesterday" has a similar story to the Mantell incident. Although the aircraft broke apart when it got hit by the Enterprise's tractor beam, the pilot survived.

See also
 List of reported UFO sightings
 Project Mogul
 List of unusual deaths

References

Additional references

 Jerome Clark. (1998). The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial, Visible Ink,
 David Michael Jacobs. (1975). The UFO Controversy In America, Indiana University Press,
 Philip J. Klass. (1974).  UFOs Explained, Random House, hardback ; Vintage Books, paperback
 Curtis Peebles. (1994). Watch the Skies! A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth, Smithsonian Institution,
 Edward J. Ruppelt. (1956). The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, Doubleday Books

External links
 UFO Casebook: The Death of Thomas Mantell (includes official documents)
 1948-Death of Thomas Mantell:By Billy Booth, About.com

1948 in Kentucky
1948 in military history
Alleged UFO-related aviation incidents
Aviation accidents and incidents in Kentucky
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1948
January 1948 events in the United States
North American P-51 Mustang
Simpson County, Kentucky
UFO sightings in the United States
United States Air National Guard
Kentucky National Guard

Mantell UFO incident


Selice este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Šaľa din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.844 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Selice este atestată documentar din 1078.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Selice


Bully is a 2001 crime drama film directed by Larry Clark, and starring Brad Renfro, Bijou Phillips, Rachel Miner, Michael Pitt, Leo Fitzpatrick, Daniel Franzese, Kelli Garner, and Nick Stahl. Its plot follows a group of teenagers in South Florida who enact a murder plot against their mutual bully who has emotionally, physically, and sexually abused them for years.

The film is based on the murder of Bobby Kent, and its screenplay was adapted by David McKenna (under the pseudonym Zachary Long) and Roger Pullis from the book Bully: A True Story of High School Revenge by Jim Schutze. Filming took place in southern Florida in the summer of 2000.

Bully was given a limited release in the United States on July 13, 2001, and met with mixed critical responses, though many critics noted the film's disturbing handling of youth crime and murder.

Plot
South Florida high school dropouts Ali Willis and Lisa Connelly befriend Bobby Kent and Marty Puccio, employees at a local deli. The four go out on a double date. Later that evening, in Bobby's parked car, Ali performs oral sex on Bobby, while Lisa and Marty have sex in the back seat. Lisa later learns she is pregnant, but is afraid that the child is Bobby's instead of Marty's, since Bobby raped her after beating Marty unconscious.

Bobby emotionally and physically abuses Marty, who puts up with his violent tendencies. On one occasion, Bobby rapes Ali while trying to force her to watch gay pornography with him. Lisa later tells Marty that everyone suspects Bobby is attracted to him. Marty reveals to Lisa that the abuse has been going on since they were boys, starting with Marty taking drugs at an early age, which Marty thinks that Bobby has been using to take advantage of him. Marty and Bobby later go to a gay bar, where Marty is told to strip down to his underwear and dance for money, while Bobby takes pleasure in his humiliation.

Lisa eventually proposes that the group murder Bobby. Ali recruits her new boyfriend, the pot-smoking and acid-dropping Donny Semenec, and a troubled friend, Heather Swallers, who has recently been released from rehab; Lisa recruits her cousin, the shy and nerdy Derek Dzvirko. They initially plan to kill Bobby with a gun stolen from Lisa's mother. Ali and Lisa lure Bobby to the Everglades, the plan being that Lisa will shoot him while he has sex with Ali, but Lisa finds herself unable to do it. Realizing they need help, the group hire a supposed "hitman", Derek Kaufman, a friend of Ali's who is in actuality a tough-talking young man several years older than them.

With Kaufman's help, the group orchestrates a new plan: they drive with Bobby to the Everglades again, and Ali again lures Bobby to the bank of a canal with the promise of sex. Heather haphazardly gives a signal to Donny, who sneaks up behind Bobby and stabs him in the back of the neck. Horrified by the violence, Ali, Heather, and Dzvirko run back to Ali's car. Lisa watches as Marty and Donny repeatedly stab Bobby and slit his throat, before Kaufman bludgeons Bobby with a baseball bat. Kaufman forces Dzvirko to help carry the dying Bobby into the swamp, presuming alligators will consume the corpse.

Marty later realizes that he left the sheath to his diving knife at the canal. The group returns to retrieve the sheath and finds Bobby's corpse being devoured by crabs. Lisa, Dzvirko, Ali, and Heather do not believe they did anything wrong, since they did not directly participate in Bobby's actual death. Lisa decides to dispose of the knife, which is the only evidence linking them to the crime.

Unable to maintain the secret, Dzvirko and Lisa reveal to their other friends what they've done, while Ali phones in an anonymous tip to the media, alerting them to Bobby's death. Lisa calls Kaufman and speaks to his younger brother, who says that Kaufman has already been arrested for the murder. Eventually, all the teenagers turn themselves in, with the exception of Marty, who is subsequently arrested. Some time later, the group appear in court, wearing prison jumpsuits, with Lisa visibly pregnant by this time. Marty and Donny begin to argue, leading the others to join in as they each respectively deny their culpability in front of an onlooking courtroom.

Title cards reveal the convictions the perpetrators received in real life: Derek Kaufman, Donny Semenec, and Lisa Connelly received life sentences, Ali Willis received 40 years, Derek Dzvirko received 11 years, Heather Swallers received 7 years, and Marty Puccio was sentenced to death (The death penalty was vacated in 1997).

Cast
 Brad Renfro as Martin "Marty" Puccio
 Bijou Phillips as Ali Willis
 Rachel Miner as Lisa Connelly
 Nick Stahl as Bobby Kent
 Michael Pitt as Donny Semenec
 Leo Fitzpatrick as Derek Kaufman
 Kelli Garner as Heather Swallers
 Daniel Franzese as Derek Dzvirko
 Nathalie Paulding as Claudia
 Olivia Burnette as Jennifer Stable
 Jessica Sutta as Emma
 Ed Amatrudo as Fred Kent
 Deborah Smith Ford as Farah Kent
 Steven Raulerson as Mr. Willis
 Judith Clayton as Mrs. Willis
 Alan Lilly as Martin Puccio
 Irene B. Colletti as Veronica Puccio
 Marc Pearson as Marty's brother

Production

Basis
The film is based on the July 14, 1993 murder of Bobby Kent at a remote area in Weston, Florida, south of Alligator Alley. Four of the convicted teens, known as the Broward County Seven, were released after serving brief prison terms. Only three are still serving prison sentences as of May, 2022. The book, Bully: A True Story of High School Revenge by Jim Schutze, was released in 1998. The film includes two title cards that reveal how several of the perpetrators appealed their sentences and the results of those actions.

The actual co-perpetrators of the murder were convicted and sentenced as follows:
 Martin Joseph "Marty" Puccio Jr. - First-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder. Sentenced to death by electrocution on July 27, 1995; commuted to life in prison without the possibility of parole for 25 years on November 20, 1997. Currently incarcerated at the Desoto Annex in Arcadia, Florida.
 Heather June Swallers - Second-degree murder and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. Was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment on May 12, 1995; she received a lighter sentence than the others because, unlike Derek Dzvirko, she did not attempt to lie on the witness stand. Released February 14, 1998.
 Derek George Dzvirko - Second-degree murder and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. He was originally sentenced to seven years' imprisonment on May 12, 1995, but received four extra years for trying to lie on the witness stand. Released October 1, 1999.
 Alice Jean "Ali" Willis (aka Alice Jean Chapman, Alice Jean Slay) - Second-degree murder and conspiracy to commit second-degree murder. Sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment on May 19, 1995; reduced on appeal to 17 years for the murder charge and 15 years for the conspiracy charge. Released on Supervised Probation September 16, 2001 (the movie notes she will be under those probationary terms for 40 years). Currently residing in Belpre, Ohio. Probation set to terminate September 15, 2041.
 Donald Daniel "Donny" Semenec Jr. - Second-degree murder. Sentenced to life in prison on May 17, 1995. Two weeks after his conviction in the murder of Bobby Kent, Donny received another 14-month sentence for bringing drugs into jail and cocaine possession stemming from a 1994 case. Currently incarcerated at the Lake Correctional Institution in Clermont, Florida.
 Derek Leon Kaufman - First-degree murder and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. Sentenced to life plus 30 years' imprisonment on June 12, 1995. On November 15, 1994, Kaufman received a 30-month sentence for trafficking in stolen property, stemming from a February 1993 case. , he is incarcerated at the Mayo Correctional Institution in Mayo, Florida.
 Lisa Marie Connelly - Second-degree murder and conspiracy to commit aggravated battery with a deadly weapon. Sentenced to life plus five years' imprisonment on July 21, 1995; reduced on appeal to 22 years. Released on February 3, 2004. Lisa delivered her and Puccio's daughter in the Broward County Jail during her incarceration.

Development
The film was originally slated to go into  production in the mid-to-late '90s before the Columbine school shootings, but financiers backed away in the wake of the events. Screenwriter David McKenna said that the Columbine shootings, along with other high-school gun-related tragedies at the time, were justification for the script, commenting, "It's time that we woke up to the way many of our kids are living."

Several drafts of the screenplay had been written, all of which were turned down by Larry Clark in favor of filming scenes straight from Schutze's book, which featured real court testimonies and first-hand accounts of the murder. Clark said an early screenplay draft removed any homosexual subtext, particularly the implication Bobby is gay and closeted, but Clark tried to put it back in.

Casting
Before Brad Renfro was cast as Marty, Jake Gyllenhaal and Ashton Kutcher were considered for the role. Clark sought Nick Stahl for the role of Bobby, though Stahl initially thought he was not right for the role, saying, "If you drew the polar opposite of who I was at that time, it would probably be Bobby Kent. I mean, I was rail thin. I'd worked out twice before the movie started, so clearly it wasn't any kind of physicality that intrigued Larry." Though Lions Gate Films thought the roles of Bobby and Marty were miscast, Clark embraced the casting of Renfro and Stahl in their respective roles because he wanted to subvert audience expectations of what a bully looks like. Casting director Carmen Cuba said, "The idea of who is a bully and who gets bullied — in this case, it felt unusual to make the choice this way, but that made it more interesting and more layered."

Zooey Deschanel was originally set to play Ali Willis, but ended up doing another film that was also shooting in Florida at the time. Jared Leto was also considered for the role of Derek Kaufman before Leo Fitzpatrick, who had previously worked with Clark on Kids, was cast. Daniel Franzese had no prior screen credits and was scouted by Cuba while singing at a talent show night at a Florida bar.

Clark said that the casting of Bijou Phillips helped the film get green-lit, saying, "She hadn't acted, but that name - because she was in the paper every day for being a club kid…that name got us the money to get financed."

Filming
Principal photography of Bully began August 21, 2000, in southern Florida. Filming took place at many of the locations where the real-life incidents occurred. The crew was originally given 40 days to complete filming, but this was reduced to 23 days due to budgetary restrictions from Lions Gate. The shoot was said to be "chaotic" due to a "compressed production schedule, tempestuous weather conditions, and behind-the-scenes drama."

The plainclothes officer who arrests Marty is Frank Ilarraza, a police detective who arrested the real Marty Puccio in 1993. Several production assistants on the film had attended high school with the actual perpetrators.

Producers were able to secure the rights for the song "Forgot About Dre" because Eminem was a fan of Clark's work.

Release
Bully was originally slated for a wide theatrical release, but these plans were derailed due to executive changes at Lions Gate three weeks before release. Clark had sought an R rating for the film, but the MPAA ruled in favor of an NC-17. Clark chose to release the film unrated, and it opened on July 13, 2001 to a total of six theaters, later expanding to 20 theaters at its widest.

Screenwriter David McKenna was unhappy with the finished film and chose to be credited under the pseudonym "Zachary Long". Jim Schutze, the author of the book the film is based on, also disowned the film.

Home media
The film was released in DVD on January 29, 2002.

Critical reception
Bully received mixed reviews from critics. It has an approval rating of 54% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 90 reviews with an average score of 5.80 out of 10. The website's critical consensus states: "With its lingering shots of naked teenage bodies, Bully feels more sordidly exploitative than realistic." The film holds a score of 45 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 26 critics indicating 'Mixed or average reviews'.

Criticism of the film largely focused on the prolonged scenes of graphic sex and nudity, particularly of its female cast, which critics called "gratuitous", "voyeuristic," and "prurient." Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote while the film "certainly does sport believe-it-or-not black-comedy aspects, some of which Clark grasps — as in [a] late courtroom scene", it "seems convinced that staring agog at the banalities of affluent suburbia constitutes a scorching critique". Harvey claimed the film was hypocritical because "Clark wags a shaming finger [at the audience] on one hand while the other frantically keeps titillation value at full tumescence".

Critics were also divided about the intent and messaging of the film. Manohla Dargis of LA Weekly praised how Clark "catches, the way Warhol once did, the bottomed-out timelessness of too many hours spent hanging out, but since Clark is also a rigorous (and here, at least, rigid) moralist, he also puts the screws to the audience. He does it by refusing to offer up an ounce of psychological depth or rationale. He shows us a group of kids who murder then declines to really tell us why." In contrast, Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald said, "What Bully doesn't do -- what it can't do -- is explain how these otherwise sane kids went from merely talking about killing someone to actually doing it…Clark shies away from embellishing the story told in Schutze's book, which means that while the movie gets the facts right, it misses the inner life of its protagonists. The kids are all surface, with nothing underneath." Rodriguez added, "Although the performances are strong…the film keeps its distance, and that detachment has led some to dismiss Bully as a pointless wallow in degradation and exploitation".

Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle said, "The film's naked plenitude (and pulchritude) casts suspicion on Clark's ulterior reasons for making the movie -- especially in light of the fact that Bully doesn't seem to have an overall point of view that it's trying to push. There are no heroes or victims, and everyone is at least a minor villain. Clark's film is disturbing not only for what it shows, but how it shows it. If it weren't so rivetingly realistic, it would be an easy film to dismiss. And if it weren't so easily dismissible, it would be an easy film to defend."

David E. Williams of Film Threat described the film as "simply a borderline porno flick that only becomes a real movie in its third act" and critiqued the inconsistency of its character development; however, he praised the performances of Fitzpatrick, Pitt, and Garner. James Mottram of Sight & Sound said compared to Clark's film Kids, "the vérité visual style is missing". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times said Clark "brings alive so compellingly the aimless, brutal existence" of these teenagers, but "whatever aspirations he may have had in attempting to make a movie of the level of Jonathan Kaplan's 'Over the Edge' or Tim Hunter's 'River's Edge,' two classic studies of lethally disaffected suburban youth", are undercut by the film's lingering on sex and nudity. Thomas added, "Clark demands the utmost of Renfro, Miner and Stahl...[they] respond by daringly walking a tightrope between a craziness that escalates to a dark absurdity and an all-out ludicrousness. Renfro comes across as a good kid neither strong nor smart enough to resist Lisa and Bobby's relentlessly destructive personalities".

Roger Ebert was one of the film's notable admirers and gave the film four out of four stars. In his review, he stated: "Larry Clark's Bully calls the bluff of movies that pretend to be about murder but are really about entertainment. His film has all the sadness and shabbiness, all the mess and cruelty and thoughtless stupidity of the real thing...The movie is brilliantly and courageously well-acted by its young cast; it's one of those movies so perceptive and wounding that there's no place for the actors to hide, no cop out they can exercise."

Ebert added, "Clark is obviously obsessed by the culture of floating, unplugged teenagers. Sometimes his camera seems too willing to watch during the scenes of nudity and sex, and there is one particular shot that seems shameless in its voyeurism...But it's this very drive that fuels his films. If the director doesn't have a strong personal feeling about material like this, he shouldn't be making movies about it...I believe Bully is a masterpiece on its own terms, a frightening indictment of a society that offers absolutely nothing to some of its children—and an indictment of the children, who lack the imagination and courage to try to escape. Bobby and his killers deserve one another."

Accolades

Soundtrack

The soundtrack was released on October 2, 2001 by OCF Entertainment. Other songs that appear in the film include "Forgot About Dre" by Dr. Dre feat. Eminem, "Excess" by Tricky, and "When the Shit Goes Down" by Cypress Hill.

Track listing
 "Intro - Kill the Bully" – Thurston Moore
 "Thug Ass Bitch" – Ghetto Inmates
 "Last Call" – Ol' Dirty Bastard
 "Bottom Feeders" – Smut Peddlers feat. R.A. the Rugged Man
 "Suicidal Failure" – Cage
 "Blood on My Shirt" – Thurston Moore
 "Who Dat" – JT Money feat. Solé
 "Joyride" – Bomber
 "We About to Get F**k Up" – Tha Dogg Pound
 "Shut the F**k up Donny" – Thurston Moore
 "Latin Thug" – Sen Dog
 "Bury the Evidence" – Tricky
 "Jesus" – Bizzy Bone
 "Unloved" – Zoe Poledouris
 "Song for Shelter" – Fatboy Slim
 "Outro - Get Your Story Together" – Thurston Moore

See also
 River's Edge
 Mean Creek
 List of hood films

References

External links

2001 films
2001 crime drama films
2001 independent films
2001 LGBT-related films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s French films
American crime drama films
American films about revenge
American films based on actual events
American independent films
American LGBT-related films
Crime films based on actual events
Drama films based on actual events
English-language French films
Everglades in fiction
Film4 Productions films
Films about bullying
Films based on non-fiction books
Films directed by Larry Clark
Films produced by Don Murphy
Films set in 1993
Films set in Florida
Films shot in Florida
Films shot in Los Angeles
French crime drama films
French films about revenge
French films based on actual events
French independent films
French LGBT-related films
Juvenile sexuality in films
LGBT-related drama films
LGBT-related films based on actual events
Lionsgate films
StudioCanal films
Teen crime films

Bully (2001 film)


is a village located in Kuma District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

In March 2017 the village had an estimated population of 3,553 and a population density of 29 persons per km2. The total area is 121.2 km2.

References

External links

Yamae official website

Villages in Kumamoto Prefecture

Yamae, Kumamoto


بطولة  كوبا أمريكا 1995  لكرة القدم والتي استضافتها الأوروغواي. تمكن خلالها منتخب الأوروغواي من الظفر باللقب، بعد أن فاز على البرازيل 5-3 بركلات الترجيح بعد تعادلهما 1-1 في المباراة النهائية. شارك جميع أعضاء كونميبول (10) في البطولة، بالإضافة إلى المكسيك والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والتي دعيت إلى البطولة كمنتخبات زائرة والوصول إلى 12 فريقا.

الولايات المتحدة كانت مفاجأة البطولة بفوزه على حامل اللقب الأرجنتين 3-0 وتصدر المجموعة. بل ذهبت أبعد من ذلك بعد أن تمكنت من هزيمة المكسيك بضربات الترجيح في الدور الثاني، لكنها خسرت امام البرازيل 1-0 في الدور قبل النهائي. قبل أن تخسر أمام كولومبيا 4-1 في مباراة تحديد المركز الثالث واحتل بذلك المركز الرابع في الترتيب العام.

في هذه النسخة من البطولة، لم يتم الالتجاء للعب الأوقات الاضافية أبدا لكسر التعادل بين الفريقين المتعادلين خلال الوقت الأصلي للمباراة. وبدلا من ذلك ذهبت مباشرة إلى ركلات الترجيح.

المجموعات
قسمت الفرق إلى ثلاث مجموعات كل مجموعة أربعة فرق. جرى تشكيل مجموعات من قبل اتحاد أمريكا الجنوبية لكرة القدم من خلال القرعة.
كل فريق يلعب مباراة واحدة ضد كل من الفرق الأخرى ضمن نفس المجموعة. ويتم منح ثلاثة (3) نقاط للفوز ونقطة للتعادل وصفر للخسارة.
يتأهل الحاصلون على المراكز الأولى والثانية من كل مجموعة مباشرة إلى الدور ربع النهائي، ويتم اختيار أفضل فريق صاحب المركز الثالث وثاني أفضل فريق صاحب المركز الثالث للتقدم إلى الدور ربع النهائي.

نظام كسر التعادل.

إذا تساوى فريقين بالنفاط يتم اللجوء إلى كسر التعادل حسب التسلسل:
 أكبر فارق الأهداف في بمجموع مباريات الفريق في المجموعة ؛
 أكبر عدد من الأهداف سجل بمجموع مباريات الفريق في المجموعة ؛
 الفائز في المواجهة المباشرة بين الفريقين.؛
 سحب القرعة.

المجموعة A

المجموعة B

المجموعة C

أفضل مركز ثالث
في نهاية المرحلة الأولى، تمت المقارنة لأفضل فريقين صاحبة المركز الثالث في كل مجموعة لتتقدم إلى الدور ربع النهائي.

المكسيك (أفضل مركز ثالث) و بوليفيا (ثاني أفضل مركز ثالث) تأهلت لدور الثمانية.

الأدوار النهائية

ربع النهائي

نصف النهائي

المركز الثالث

النهائي

الفائز

الهدافين

4 أهداف
  غابرييل باتيستوتا
  لويس غارسيا

3 أهداف
  ابيل بالبو
  توليو
  فريدي رينكون
  إريك وينالدا
  مارتشيلو اوتيرو

هدفان
  ادموندو
  ايفو باساي
  فاوستينو اسبريا
  خوسيه كاردوزو
  خوان فيلامايور
  دانيال فونسيكا
  إنزو فرانسيسكولي
  خوسيه لويس دولغيتا

بالخطأ في مرماه
  رينيه هيغويتا
  إيفان هورتادو
  جورج كامبوس

هدف وحيد
  دييغو سيميوني
  ديميتريو انغولا
  ماركو ايتشيفيري
  ميغيل ميركادو
  موريسيو راموس
  كارلوس سانشيز
  ألدايير
  ليوناردو
  رونالداو
  زينهو
  سيباستيان روزنتال
  لويس كوينونيز
  كارلوس فالديراما
  انرجيو دياز
  خوسيه مورا
  إدواردو اسبينوزا
  كارلوس غامارا
  سامانييغو
  روبرتو بالاسيوس
  ادغاردو ادونلفي
  بابلو بنغوتشيا
  غوستافو بويت
  مارسيلو ساراليغي
  فرانك كلوباس
  اليكسي لالاس
  جو ماكس مور
  غابرييل ميراندا

إحصاءات

طالع أيضا
 Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation Copa América 1995

هوامش

أحداث يوليو 1995 الرياضية في أمريكا الجنوبية
الرياضة في بايساندو
إدارة مالدونادو
بطولات كوبا أمريكا
ريفيرا (أوروغواي)
مونتفيدو في عقد 1990
كرة القدم الأمريكية الجنوبية في 1995
كرة القدم الأوروغويانية في 1995
كرة القدم المكسيكية في 1994-95
منافسات رياضية في مونتفيدو
منافسات كرة قدم دولية تستضيفها أوروغواي

كوبا أمريكا 1995


Erotókritos (en griego moderno, Ερωτόκριτος) es una epopeya de corte romántico, compuesta por el poeta cretense Vitsentzos Kornaros a principios del . Se compone de 10.012 versos de quince sílabas. Narra los amores de dos jóvenes: Erotócrito (que en la obra aparece como Rotokritos o Rokritos) y Aretoussa ou Aretusa (en griego Αρετούσα). Los temas tratados son el honor, la amistad, el rango social y la valentía. El poema está escrito en dialecto cretense según el ritmo tradicional de las mantinadas.

Erotókritos, al igual que el Erophile de Georgios Hortatzis, constituye un ejemplo paradigmático de la literatura renacentista griega. Algunos extractos del Erotókritos han quedado como clásicos de la canción popular griega. Los nombres de ciertos lugares, como la cueva de Aretusa en Muniquia hacen referencia a los personajes de la obra.

Argumento
La acción sucede en la antigua Atenas. Se desarrolla en una ciudad fuera del tiempo: paralelamente a las referencias a la antigua Grecia, encontramos anacronismos y numerosos elementos del mundo occidental, como los torneos de caballería. La intriga se divide en cinco partes: :

I. Heraclés, rey de Atenas, y su esposa conciben a una hija, Aretusa, tras muchos años de matrimonio. Años más tarde el hijo del consejero real, Erotócrito, se enamora de la princesa. No pudiendo desvelarle su amor, canta bajo su ventana todas las tardes. Poco a poco, la joven va enamorándose de su misterioso cantor. Heraclés, cuando se entera de que un pretendiente ronda bajo la ventana de su hija todas las tardes, envía a su guardia y lo detiene. Erotócrito y su amigo matan a dos de los soldados y hieren a otros ocho. Comprendiendo que su amor es imposible Erotócrito intenta olvidar a Aretusa viajando a Eubea. El padre de Erotócrito cae enfermo y Aretusa, al ir a visitarlo, encuentra por casualidad un retrato y algunos poemas que le cantaba su admirador todas las tardes. Cuando este retorna a Atenas, se da cuenta de que el retrato y sus poemas han desaparecido. Se entera de que Aretusa ha entrado sola en su habitación. Aunque se sabe desenmascarado, no se atreve a aparecer en palacio: el peligro es demasiado grande. Así pues, se queda en su casa y decide no volver a ver a Aretusa. Al saber que Rotókritos está enfermo, la princesa le hace llegar un poema, desvelando así sus sentimientos.

II. El rey organiza un torneo de caballería para distraer a su hija. Numerosos príncipes, llegados de toda Grecia, participan en el torneo pero es Erotócrito quien lo gana.

III. Los amantes comienzan a verse secretamente bajo la ventana de Aretusa. La joven persuade a Erotócrito para que pida su mano al rey su padre, que por supuesto se niega categóricamente. Exasperado por la petición del joven, decide exiliarlo. Paralelamente, una embajada llegada de Bizancio le pide al rey que conceda la mano de su hija al príncipe de aquel lugar. Inmediatamente, la joven marcha para casarse secretamente con Erotócrito, antes de que éste abandone la ciudad.

IV. A pesar de la insistencia de su padre, Aretusa rechaza la petición del príncipe de Bizancio. Para castigarla, Heraclés la encierra junto con su nodriza. Tras tres años, mientras los valacos asedian Atenas, Erotócrito vuelve disfrazado, para evitar que se le reconozca. Formidable guerrero, abate a cuantos enemigos se le ponen por delante. Con el fin de arbitrar el conflicto, el rey de Valaquia propone un duelo entre el campeón valaco y el campeón ateniense. Erotócrito, que ha ocultado su identidad y se hace llamar Crítidis, propone defender los intereses de Atenas. Tras un épico combate, sale triunfante aunque resulta gravemente herido.

V. El rey, agradecido, propone al extranjero herido convertirse en su heredero. Erotócrito sólo quiere casarse con Aretusa, todavía encerrada en la mazmorra. La princesa rechaza nuevamente cualquier casamiento. Erotócrito, dándose cuenta de que Aretusa ha seguido fiel durante estos años, utiliza un filtro mágico que le devuelve su apariencia. El rey acepta el matrimonio y se reconcilia con Erotócrito y su padre. El joven accede al trono de Atenas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Literatura de Grecia
Literatura del siglo XVII
Obras de teatro del siglo XVII
Obras de teatro ambientadas en la Antigüedad

Erotokritos


آدم جرفيتس  ولد في سيدني، أستراليا في 21 أغسطس 1979 لاعب كرة قدم أسترالي. يلعب مع المنتخب القومي لبلاده منذ عام 2008 ولم يسجل معه أي هدف.

مسيرته الرياضية

روابط خارجية

مراجع

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Las elecciones presidenciales de Ecuador de 1984 constó de dos vueltas electorales, realizadas el domingo 29 de enero de 1984 y domingo 6 de mayo de ese mismo año. El vencedor de la primera vuelta fue Rodrigo Borja de Izquierda Democrática con el 28.7% de los votos, pasando a la segunda vuelta con el candidato del Partido Social Cristiano León Febres-Cordero, quién obtuvo 27.2%. En la segunda vuelta resultó elegido presidente constitucional León Febres Cordero con el 51,54% de los votos sucediendo así a Osvaldo Hurtado.

Antecedentes
Luego de la inesperada muerte de Jaime Roldós, el vicepresidente Osvaldo Hurtado asumió el gobierno, manejándolo de una forma tecnocrática siguiendo los lineamientos del Fondo Monetario Internacional favoreciendo a los sectores comerciales y empresariales del país, los cuales se encontraban en crisis, por lo que el gobierno efectuó un salvataje denominado "sucretización" que transformaba las deudas de las empresas de dólares a sucres. Esta medida fue muy impopular, provocando fuertes protestas y mucha oposición al gobierno de Hurtado. Mientras la política nacional se iba recomponiendo, forjándose nuevos liderazgos, desplazando en su mayoría a los veteranos actores políticos de la época del velasquismo.

En el 29 de enero de 1984, se realizaron las elecciones presidenciales, se candidatearon 9 binomios presidenciales. En la segunda vuelta, el 6 de mayo de 1984, Febres Cordero gana las elecciones con el 51,54% de los votos, por tres puntos de diferencia, obteniendo 1,381,709 votos, Rodrigo Borja obtuvo 1,299,084 votos, el 48,46%

Precandidaturas retiradas

Fuente:

Candidatos a la Presidencia y Vicepresidencia

Los siguientes fueron los candidatos a Presidente y Vicepresidente inscritos oficialmente en el Tribunal Supremo Electoral.

Se específica el partido, movimiento o alianza política que patrocinaron a los candidatos como fueron inscritos en el Tribunal Supremo Electoral, incluyendo además los partidos nacionales inscritos en el TSE que apoyaron las candidaturas, siendo estos ordenados de acuerdo al número de lista:

Sistema electoral
El presidente y vicepresidente de la República serán elegidos por mayoría absoluta de sufragios computados sobre el número total de votos válidos. Se entenderá por mayoría absoluta la mitad más uno de los votos válidos emitidos. Si en la primera vuelta ninguno de los binomios que compitan en la elección de presidente y vicepresidente de la República logrará mayoría absoluta, se realizará una segunda votación en la que se concretará la elección entre los dos binomios que hubieren alcanzado el mayor número de votos.

Requisitos para ser Presidente
Para ser presidente de la República se requiere ser ecuatoriano por nacimiento; estar en goce de los derechos de ciudadanía; tener 35 años de edad, por lo menos, al momento de la elección; estar afiliado a uno de los partidos políticos reconocidos legalmente; y, elegido por mayoría absoluta de sufragios, en votación directa, universal y secreta, conforme a la ley.

No puede ser elegido presidente de la República:

 Quien haya ejercido la presidencia de la República.
 Quien fuere pariente del Presidente de la República en ejercicio, dentro del cuarto grado de consanguinidad o segundo de afinidad
 Quien haya ejercido la vicepresidencia de la República en el período inmediatamente anterior a la elección
 Quien sea ministro o secretario de Estado al tiempo de la elección o seis meses antes de esta
 Quien sea miembro activo de la Fuerza Pública o lo hubiere sido seis meses antes de la elección
 Quien sea ministro o religioso de cualquier culto
 Quien personalmente o como representante de personas jurídicas tenga contrato en el Estado
 Quien sea representante legal de compañías extranjeras

Campaña Electoral
La campaña durante las elecciones de 1984 se centró en proponer soluciones a la crisis económica que vivía el país, la falta de empleo, viviendo, la creciente pobreza en los sectores populares. Los candidatos a la presidencia fueron:

León Febres-Cordero - Frente de Reconstrucción Nacional
León Febres Cordero, ingeniero guayaquileño, que se desempeñó como diputado durante la presidencia de Roldós, cargo mediante el cual obtuvo popularidad y amplia cobertura mediática por sus interpelaciones durante el juicio político al Ministro de Gobierno del régimen de Roldós, Carlos Feraud, acusado de peculado en el caso conocido como "Las Muñecas de Trapo", por haber comprado en sobreprecio las muñecas para las familias de la policía nacional y con el juicio político al Gobernador del Guayas del régimen de Hurtado, Juan Pablo Moncagatta, acusado de peculado por el sobreprecio en la compra de la Isla Santay y expropiaciones en esta; durante la presidencia de Hurtado (1981-1984) presentó juicios políticos por el caso conocido como "Arroz con Gorgojo": aproximadamente 20.000 toneladas importadas de Tailandia por las que se pagaron 300 millones de sucres, de igual manera presentó otro juicio contra el Ministro de Energía y Minas del régimen de Hurtado, Eduardo Ortega Gómez, acusado de peculado por el sobreprecio de las tarifas de la luz y la estrepitosa caída de los precios del petróleo por barril, además de la sucretización, las medidas económicas desatadas fluctuadas drásticamente en el gobierno de Hurtado, la devaluación del Sucre nuestra moneda, las deudas externas, las deudas privadas externas, las deudas públicas externas, los bonos de los dólares, el pago en dólares ante los acreedores internacionales, la deuda en dólares, entre otros.

El PSC, partido de mayor influencia en la capital y la región sierra en ese momento, decidió candidatear al guayaquileño Febres Cordero, conformando una amplia coalición con casi todos los partidos de derecha incluido el de liberalismo radical de centro político, el de conservadurismo de derecha, el de republicanismo de derecha, el de populismo de derecha y los de nacionalismo y populismo ambos de centro político, llamada Frente de Reconstrucción Nacional, aunque en la papeleta electoral el frente fue representado únicamente por el PSC.

Su campaña se enfocó en prometer una mejor condición de vida de la ciudadanía a través de la recuperación económica por medio de una mayor inversión extranjera y mayor participación y confianza del gobierno en el sector privado. Sus lemas de campaña fueron "Pan, Techo y Empleo", "León: Decisión Nacional", "León Sí Se Puede", "Con León Sí Se Puede", "Pan, Techo y Empleo Vamos todos con León!", "Con León Sí Se Puede! Todos con León", "León: Hace lo que dice", "El ECUADOR es mi partido!", "Pan, Techo y Empleo León Sí se puede!", "La esperanza está de pie!", "Pan, Techo y Empleo! Con León... Sí Se Puede…", "Pan, Techo y Empleo: Sí Se Puede…", "Cuatro años más, no los aguanta nadie", "Sí Se Puede…", entre otros. En esta campaña se presentó su cuña musical más recordada basada en su lema "Unidos en un abrazo con León sí se puede", utilizando cuñas televisivas para representar esto.

En la segunda vuelta, Febres Cordero se enfocó en debatir y desprestigiar los proyectos de marco ideológico socialista de Borja, quién había ganado la primera vuelta, advirtiendo de los riesgos totalitarios de ese sistema de gobierno. Febres Cordero despuntó y garantizó su victoria en el debate televisivo, donde enfrentó fuertemente a Borja.

Rodrigo Borja - Izquierda Democrática
Rodrigo Borja en su segundo intento de llegar a la presidencia por la Izquierda Democrática en alianza con el partido populista Pueblo, Cambio y Democracia, apoyado por el APRE. Luego del gobierno pro empresarial de Hurtado, el electorado empezó a tener mayor simpatía por las propuestas de reformas de corte social demócratas de Borja, empezando a tener mayor influencia la ID en la política nacional, partido joven todavía, lo cual le permitió ganar la primera vuelta. Su candidatura sufrió ante los incesantes ataques de Febres Cordero a su persona y su marco ideológico, no pudiendo combatir contra la imponente imagen del socialcristiano, perdiendo por pocos votos, dejando a la ID como la primera fuerza de oposición. Su eslogan de campaña fue "El Triunfo es de Todos".

Sondeos a boca de urna

Primera vuelta

Segunda vuelta

Resultados

Véase también
 Elecciones en Ecuador
 Presidente del Ecuador
 Elecciones legislativas de Ecuador de 1984

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 La Democracia en Ecuador por La TV
 Elecciones presidenciales desde el retorno a la democracia: 1979 y 1984
 León Febres Cordero - 4 décadas de Presidentes - Programa 2
 Segunda vuelta entre León Febres Cordero y Rodrigo Borja - Elecciones 1984

Ecuador en 1984
Elecciones presidenciales de Ecuador
Ecuador

Elecciones presidenciales de Ecuador de 1984


Kudüs Latin Krallığı veya Kudüs Haçlı Krallığı, 1099'da I. Haçlı Seferi'nden sonra Katolikler tarafından Kenan'da kurulmuştur. Batı Avrupa krallıklarıyla yakın bağlantıları vardı ama küçük bir krallıktı ve finansal ve askeri destekten yoksundu. En geniş sınırlarına ulaştığında Lübnan'dan Sina Yarımadası'na kadar uzanıyordu. Başlangıçta Müslümanlarda korku oluşturmuştu ama sonradan "Cihad" kavramının oluşmasıyla birlikte topraklarını kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Kudüs'ün 1187'de Selahaddin Eyyubi tarafından alınmasıyla toprakları Akdeniz kenarında küçük bir kıyı şeridine dönüşmüştür ve Memlüklerin Akka'yı 1291'de almasıyla tarihe karışmıştır.

Coğrafi Sınırlar

İlk başta krallık, Birinci Haçlı Seferi sırasında ele geçirilen gevşek bir kasaba ve şehirler koleksiyonundan biraz daha fazlasıydı, ancak 12. yüzyılın ortalarında, Krallık, kabaca günümüz İsrail topraklarını, Filistin'i ve güney kısımlarını kapsıyordu . Lübnan . Gönderen Akdeniz'e, Krallık arazi ince bir şerit halinde genişletilmiş Beyrut'ta kuzeyde Sina Çölü güneyindeki; doğuda modern Ürdün ve Suriye'ye ve batıda Fâtîmi Mısır'a doğru. Diğer üç Haçlı devleti Birinci Haçlı Seferi sırasında ve sonrasında kurulanlar daha kuzeydeydi : Edessa Kontluğu (1097-1144), Antakya Prensliği (1098-1268) ve Trablus Kontluğu (1109-1289). Üçü de bağımsız olmakla birlikte, Kudüs'e sıkı sıkıya bağlıydılar. Bunların ötesinde kuzeyde ve batıda, 12. yüzyılda Kudüs'ün yakın ilişki içinde olduğu Kilikya Ermeni Krallığı ve Bizans İmparatorluğu devletleri uzanıyordu . Daha doğuda, nihayetinde Bağdat'taki Abbasi halifesi ile müttefik olan çeşitli Müslüman emirlikleri bulunuyordu . Krallık, Kıbrıs Kralı Luzinyanlı Aimery (1197-1205) tarafından yönetildi.Üçüncü Haçlı Seferi sırasında kurulan başka bir Haçlı devleti. Hanedanlık bağları da Trablus, Antakya ve Ermenistan ile güçlendi. Krallık kısa süre sonra giderek artan bir şekilde İtalyan şehir devletleri Venedik ve Ceneviz'nın egemenliğine girdi . Kutsal Roma İmparatoru II.Frederick (1220-1250 hüküm) evlilik yoluyla krallığını iddia Haçlı Devlet iddiaları Krallığın soylular arasında İç savaş'a yol açtı.Krallığın soylular arasında (1228-1243). Krallık, Mısır'daki Eyyubi ve Memluk hanedanlarının yanı sıra Harezm ve Moğol hanedanlarının siyasetinde ve savaşında bir piyondan biraz daha fazlası oldu.işgalciler. Nispeten küçük bir krallık olarak, Avrupa'dan çok az mali veya askeri destek aldı; sayısız küçük sefere rağmen, Avrupalılar genellikle görünüşte kaybedilen bir dava için doğuya pahalı bir yolculuk yapmaya isteksiz olduklarını kanıtladılar. Memlûk Sultanları Baybars (1260-1277 hüküm) ve El-Eşref Halil (1290-1293 hüküm) sonunda sonuçlanan, geri kalan tüm haçlı kalelerine geri aldı.  1291 yılında Akka düştü.

İnsanlar

Haçlılar ve onların soyundan gelenler seçkin bir Katolik azınlık olmasına rağmen, krallık etnik, dini ve dilsel olarak çeşitliydi. Batı Avrupa'daki ana vatanlarından birçok gelenek ve kurum ithal ettiler ve krallığın varlığı boyunca Batı ile yakın ailesel ve siyasi bağlantılar vardı. Krallık ayrıca, önceden var olan geleneklerden ve nüfuslardan etkilenen "oryantal" nitelikleri miras aldı. Krallığın sakinlerinin çoğunluğu yerli Hristiyanlar, özellikle Yunan ve Süryani Ortodoksların yanı sıra Sünni ve Şii Müslümanlardı. Marjinalleştirilmiş bir alt sınıf olan yerli Hıristiyanlar ve Müslümanlar, Yunanca ve Arapça konuşma eğilimindeyken, Haçlılar, Fransa, Fransızca konuşuyordu . Az sayıda Yahudi ve Samiriyeli de vardı .

1170 civarında krallığı dolaşan Tudelalı Benjamin'e göre, Nablus'ta 1.000, Caesarea'da 200 ve Askalon'da 300 Samiriyeli vardı . Çağdaş beri bu setleri daha düşük, 1.500 at Samarit nüfus gitmekte Tolidah, Samiriyelinin kronik, aynı zamanda toplumlara bahseder Gazze ve Acre . Tudelalı Benjamin, krallıktaki 14 şehrin toplam Yahudi nüfusunun 1.200 olduğunu tahmin etti ve bu, zamanın Samiriyeli nüfusunu, belki de tarihteki tek zaman için, Yahudilerden daha büyük hale getirdi. [9]

Tarih
İlk kralı, Aşağı Lorraine Dükü Godfrey de Bouillon'dır. Kudüs alındıktan sonra "Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri" olarak (Kutsal Kabrin Koruyucusu) anılmıştır. Ölümü üzerine I. Baudouin" Kudüs Latin Krallığını kurarak başına geçti. Onun ardından eski Edassa Kontu ve I. Baudouin'in kuzeni II. Baudouin Kudüs tahtına oturdu. Bu iki kral haçlı devletini iyi yöneterek en azından haçlıların ortadoğu'ya yerleşmesini kesinleştirdi. II. Baudouin'in ölümünden sonra erkek varisi olmadığından dolayı kızı Melisende ve kocası Foulques Kudüs devletini beraber yönettiler. Foulques (Kudüs kralı)Foulques'un Akka'da yapılan bir av kazasında ölümünden sonra küçük yaşta olan III. Baudouin ile Melisende devleti beraber yönettiler. III. Baudouin büyüdükten sonra annesini bertaraf ederek Kudüs tahtına tek başına hükmetmeye başladı. İkinci Haçlı seferi'yle doğuya gelen birliklerle Şam'ı kuşattı fakat başarı sağlayamadan bu seferde 1101 yılı seferi gibi başarısız oldu. Onun ardından kardeşi I. Amalrik Kudüs yönetimine geçti. I. Amalrik genellikle Fatımiler Devleti'yle Mısır hakimiyeti için savaştı. Fakat pek de hatırı sayılır başarılar sağlayamadı. Onun ölümünün ardından Cüzzamlı olarak bilinen IV. Baudouin tahta geçti. Erken yaşta Selahaddin Eyyubi'ye karşı Remle'de Montgisard Muharebesi'ni kazandı ve bir barış ortamı oluşturdu. Cüzzamlı olarak bilinen Kudüs Kralı IV. Baudouin'in ölümünden sonra Kudüs tahtına kızkardeşi Kraliçe Sibylla'nın ilk evliliğinden olan 8 yaşındaki oğlu V. Baudouin'i halefi olarak gösterdi. Fakat V. Baudouin saltanatı erken öldüğünden dolayı kısa sürdü. Onun yerine IV. Baudouin'in kız kardeşi Kraliçe Sibylla ile evliliğinden dolayı Guy de Lusignan, krallığın başına geçerek 6 yıllık Selahaddin Eyyubi ile yapılan anlaşmayı Renaud de Châtillon ve Tapınak Şövalyeleri'nin lideri Gérard de Ridefort'un kışkırtmaları sayesinde Mısır'a gitmekte olan bir ticaret kervanına saldırarak bozdu. Selahaddin ile karşılaşmaya çıkan tüm Kudüs ordusu sudan uzak kaldığı için yorgun duruma gelmişti. Selahaddin'in tuzağına düşen Guy de Lusignan 4 Temmuz 1187'de yapılan Hittin Savaşı'nda iki tepenin arasında büyük bir bozguna uğradı ve neredeyse Kudüs ordusu tamamıyla yok edildi. Selahaddin kralın hayatını bağışladı fakat Tapınak Şövalyelerinden bağlı 200 şövalyenin idamını emretti. Hıttin Savaşı'nın ardından yeni zaferler peşinde koşan Selahaddin kıyı boyunca ilerleyerek Akka'yı ele geçirdi. İbelinli Balian komutasındaki bir avuç askerle korunan Kudüs 2 Ekim 1187'de Salahaddin'e teslim oldu. Balian Kudüs'ü yağmalama tehdidiyle Selahaddin'den halkın güvenli şekilde Katolik adalarına geçişini istedi ve Selahaddin bu anlaşmayı kabul etti.

Üçüncü Haçlı Seferi'nin amacı Kudüs Latin Krallığını kurtarmaktı ama bu sefer de işe yaramadı. Aslan Yürekli Richard Selahaddin'le kırılgan bir anlaşma imzalayarak ülkesine geri döndü.

Bundan sonra Kudüs Krallığı ismen devam etti ve merkezi Haçlı Latin'lerin elinde bulunan Akka kalesi ve şehri oldu. Bu Akka merkezli krallığın başına gecen krallardan bazıları Akka'da yaşamadılar ve gittikçe küçülen Akka etrafında bulunan ve Kudüs Krallığı ülkesi kabul edilen araziler fiilen taht naipleri tarafından idare edilir oldu.

Krallar ve taht naipleri listesi

Ayrıca bakınız
 Haçlı Seferleri
 Montgisard Muharebesi
 Hıttin Muharebesi

Kaynakça

[1] Frank McLynn, "Richard ve John: Kings at War," bölüm 5, sayfa 118.

[2] William Harris, "Lübnan: Bir Tarih, 600 - 2011," Oxford University Press, s. 51

[3] Benjamin Z. Kedar, "Samaritan History: The Frankish Period", Alan David Crown (ed.), The Samaritans (Tübingen: JCB Mohr, 1989), s. 82–94.

Dış bağlantılar

 Maalouf, Amin (çev. Ali Berktay), (2006) Arapların Gözünden Haçlı Seferleri, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Yayınları, ISBN 975-80-121-6
 Runciman, Steven (çev. Fikret Işıltan) (1992), Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi:   3 Cilt, Ankara:Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları ISBN 975-16-0497-4

Eski krallıklar
Orta Doğu tarihindeki devletler

Kudüs Krallığı


ذاكرة الترجمة (TM) هي عبارة عن قاعدة بيانات تخزن «عناصر»، والتي يمكن أن تكون عبارة عن جمل أو فقرات أو شبه الجملة (عناوين أو عناصر في قائمة) تمت ترجمتها من قبل، وذلك لمساعدة المترجمين. تقوم ذاكرة الترجمة بتخزين النص المصدر والترجمة المطابقة لها في أزواج لغوية تسمى «وحدات الترجمة»، وتتم ترجمة الكلمات الفردية باستخدام قواعد خاصة بالمصطلحات وهذا خارج نطاق TM

تعرف البرامج التي تستخدم ذاكرات الترجمة غالبا بمدير ذاكرة الترجمة (TMM) أو أنظمة ذاكرة الترجمة (TM S، لا ينبغي الخلط بينها وبين TMS(أنظمة إدارة الترجمة)، وهو نوع آخر من البرامج يركز على إدارة عملية الترجمة، وعادة ما تستخدم ذاكرات الترجمة بمعية أدوات الترجمة باستخدام الحاسوب (CAT)، وبرنامج معالجة الكلمات، ونظم إدارة المصطلحات، وقاموس متعدد اللغات، أو حتى الترجمات الأولية للترجمة الآلية. تشير البحوث إلى أن العديد من الشركات التي تصدر وثائق متعددة اللغات تستخدم أنظمة ذاكرة الترجمة حيث أظهرت دراسة استقصائية للغويين المحترفين في عام 2006 أن 82.5٪ من أصل 874 مستجيب استخدموا ذاكرة الترجمة TM.

ذاكرة الترجمة، أو (ذ ت - TM)
ذاكرة الترجمة (TM) هي عبارة عن قاعدة بيانات تخزن «عناصر»، والتي يمكن أن تكون عبارة عن جمل أو فقرات أو شبه الجملة (عناوين أو عناصر في قائمة) تمت ترجمتها من قبل، وذلك لمساعدة المترجمين. تقوم ذاكرة الترجمة بتخزين النص المصدر والترجمة المطابقة لها في أزواج لغوية تسمى «وحدات الترجمة»، وتتم ترجمة الكلمات الفردية باستخدام قواعد خاصة بالمصطلحات وهذا خارج نطاق TM

تعرف البرامج التي تستخدم ذاكرات الترجمة غالبا بمدير ذاكرة الترجمة (TMM) أو أنظمة ذاكرة الترجمة (TMS ''' ، لا ينبغي الخلط بينها وبين TMS (أنظمة إدارة الترجمة)، وهو نوع آخر من البرامج يركز على إدارة عملية الترجمة، وعادة ما تستخدم ذاكرات الترجمة بمعية أدوات الترجمة باستخدام الحاسوب (CAT)، وبرنامج معالجة الكلمات، ونظم إدارة المصطلحات، وقاموس متعدد اللغات، أو حتى الترجمات الأولية للترجمة الآلية. تشير البحوث إلى أن العديد من الشركات التي تصدر وثائق متعددة اللغات تستخدم أنظمة ذاكرة الترجمة حيث أظهرت دراسة استقصائية للغويين المحترفين في عام 2006 أن 82.5 ٪ من أصل 874 مستجيب استخدموا ذاكرة الترجمةTM.وظائف ذاكرة الترجمة:-فيما يلي ملخص لأهم وظائف ذاكرة الترجمة:الوظائف غير المتصلة بالشبكة:الاستيراد:تستخدم هذه الوظيفة لنقل النص وترجمته من ملف نصي إلى ذاكرة الترجمة. ويمكن أن يتم الاستيراد من خلال صيغة أولية، حيث يكون النص الأصلي وترجمته متاحة للاستيراد إلى ذاكرة الترجمة. بعض الأحيان يجب أن تتم معالجة النصوص من قبل المستخدم. وهنالك صيغة أخرى يمكن استخدامها للتصدير وهي: الصيغة المحلية وهي تعتبر الصيغة التي تستخدم لحفظ ذاكرات الترجمة في ملف.التحليل:تتضمن عملية التحليل الخطوات التالية:التحليل النصي:من المهم معرفة علامات الترقيم بشكل صحيح من أجل التمييز بين على سبيل المثال النقطة في اخر الجملة والنقطة المستخدمة في الاختصارات. ولذلك، تعتبر متابعة العلامات نوع من أنواع مرحلة ماقبل التحرير. عادة ما تحتوي المواد التي تمت معالجتها من خلال البرنامج، والتي تساعد المترجم، على برامج متابعة علامات الترقيم، وذلك لأن مرحلة الترجمة تكون معدة ببرامج دعم متعددة اللغات. وقد يتم أستبعاد عناصر النص الخاصة الأخرى من قبل برامج المتابعة. هنالك عناصر خاصة لا تحتاج إلى أن تترجم، مثل أسماء الأعلام والرموز. والبعض الآخر قد تحتاج إلى أن تنقل بالشكل الأصلي.التحليل اللغوي:وتستخدم قاعدة الاختزال الأساسية لتحضير قوائم من الكلمات والنصوص للاستعادة التلقائية للمصطلحات من بنك المصطلحات. من جهة أخرى، يمكن استخدام التحليل النحوي لاستخراج المصطلحات أو العبارات متعددة الكلمات من النص المصدر. حيث أن التحليل يستخدم لترتيب الكلمات المختلفة في العبارات، حتى يمكن تكوين عبارات من الكلمات المبعثرة.التقسيمات:والهدف منها هو أختيار وحدات الترجمة الأكثر فائدة. ويمكن اعتبار التقسيمات كنوع من أنواع التحليل. وهو يتم بشكل احادي اللغة باستخدام التحليل السطحي. ويستند التوافق على التقسيم. إذا قام المترجم بتصحيح التقسيمات بشكل يدوي، فإن الإصدارات الأحدث للمستند لن تجد مترادفات في ذاكرة الترجمة مستندة على التقسيمات التي تم تصحيحها لأن البرنامج سوف يعيد اخطائة. عادة ما يبدأ المترجم العمل جملة بجملة، بالرغم من أن ترجمة الجملة الواحدة يعتمد على الجمل المحيطة بها.المحاذاة:
وهي مهمة تحديد متطابقات الترجمة بين النصوص الأصلية والنصوص الهدف. وينبغي أن يكون هناك نتائج من المحاذاة إلى التقسيم، ويجب على منهاج المحاذاة الجيد أن يكون قادراً على تصحيح التقسيم الأولي.

مصطلح الاستخراج:

يمكن أن يكون كمدخل لقاموس سابق. ومن ناحية أخرى، عند استخراج مصطلحات غير معروفة، فإنه يمكن استخدام تحليل يستند على إحصائيات النص. وتستخدم لتقدير حجم العمل المطلوب في وظيفة الترجمة. وهذا مهم جداً لتخطيط وجدولة العمل. وتقوم إحصائيات الترجمة عادةً بإحصاء الكلمات وتقدير حجم التكرار في النص.التصدير:هو نقل النص من ذاكرة الترجمة إلى ملف نصي خارجي. ويجب أن يكونا الاستيراد والتصدير معكوسين.
الوظائف على الإنترنت:
إحدى أهم أهداف ذاكرة الترجمة هو استرداد أكثر المتطابقات مساعدة ًمن الذاكرة ليستطيع المترجم أن يختار أفضلهم عند الترجمة. ويجب على ذاكرة الترجمة أن تظهر كلا من النص الأصلي والنص الهدف مع الإشارة إلى التطابقات والاختلافات.الاسترداد:هناك عدة أنواع مختلفة للمتطابقات والتي يمكن استردادها من ذاكرة الترجمة.

•	التطابق التام:
يحصل التطابق التام عندما يظهر تطابق بين الفقرة الأصلية الحالية والمخزنة والتي يرمز لها برمز التطابق. وعند ترجمة جملة، فإن التطابق التام يعني أن الجملة نفسها تم ترجمتها من قبل. ويمكن تسمية التطابق التام أيضا ب «متطابقات 100%».

•	التطابق التام في السياق أو التطابق المضمون:التطابق التام في السياق هو تطابق تام يظهر في السياق نفسه تماماً، أي في المكان نفسه في الفقرة. ويعرف السياق عادة بالجمل والرموز المحيطة به، على سبيل المثال: مستند الملف الاسمي والتاريخ والرخص.

•	التطابق الجزئي:التطابق الجزئي هو التطابق غير التام. وتقوم بعض البرامج بتعيين نسبة مثل هذه المتطابقات، مما يعني أن التطابق الجزئي يكون أعلى من 0% وأقل من 100%. ولا يمكن مقارنة هذه الأرقام بين البرامج الا إذا كانت طريقة تسجيل الأرقام محددة.

•	التوافق:عندما يختار المترجم كلمةً أو أكثر في الفقرة الأصلية، فإن النظام يكون باسترداد الفقرة الثنائية والتي تطابق معايير البحث. وتعتبر هذه الميزة مفيدة لإيجاد تراجم للمصطلحات والأمثال عند عدم وجود قاعدة بيانات للمصطلحات.التحديث:يتم تحديث ذاكرة الترجمة بترجمة جديدة عندما يقبلها المترجم. وكما هو الحال دائماً عند تحديث قاعدة البيانات، هناك مسألة ما يجب القيام به مع المحتويات السابقة في قاعدة البيانات. ويمكن تعديل ذاكرة الترجمة من خلال تغيير أو حذف المدخلات فيها. بعض الأنظمة تسمح للمترجم بأن يحفظ ترجمات متعددة للفقرة الواحدة.الترجمة الآلية:غالباً ما توفر أدوات ذاكرة الترجمة وظيفتي الاسترجاع والاستبدال التلقائي.

•	الاسترجاع التلقائي:بينما يتصفح المترجم المستند المراد ترجمته، يتم البحث في ذاكرة الترجمة وتعرض النتائج تلقائياً.

•	الاستبدال التلقائي:وعند استخدام الاستبدال التلقائي، إذا ظهر تطابق تام أثناء ترجمة مستند جديد، يقوم البرنامج بتكرار الترجمات القديمة. إذا لم يتحقق المترجم من ترجمة المصدر، سيتم تكرار الخطأ في الترجمة السابقة.

 ذاكرات الترجمة المركزية
تعمل ذاكرة الترجمة المركزية على تخزين الذاكرة على خادم مركزي وتعمل مع ذاكرة الترجمة المكتبية على زيادة التطابق بنسبة 30-60%. تعمل على تصدير أدوات الترجمة المعاد بناءها إلى أدوات الترجمة المكتبية.الشبكات:'''

تمكن الشبكات مجموعة من المترجمين بأن يترجموا النص معاً بشكل أسرع مما لو كان كل مترجم يعمل في عزلة، لأن الجمل والعبارات المترجمة من قبل مترجم واحد ستكون متاحة للآخرين. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، إذا ما تم مشاركة ذاكرة الترجمة قبل الترجمة النهائية، فستكون هناك فرصة لتصحيح الأخطاء التي ارتكبها مترجم من قبل أعضاء الفريق الآخرين.

ترجمة بمساعدة الحاسوب
قواعد بيانات ترجمة

ذاكرة الترجمة